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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16417-0.txt b/16417-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bde3b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/16417-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2639 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Spadacrene Anglica + The English Spa Fountain + +Author: Edmund Deane + +Commentator: James Rutherford + Alex. Butler + +Release Date: August 2, 2005 [EBook #16417] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + + + + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: A carat is used in some instances to indicate +superscript. If part is in brackets, then only those letters in +brackets are superscripted and the rest of the word is the normal size. + + + + +SPADACRENE ANGLICA. OR, _The English Spa Fountain._ + + +BY EDMUND DEANE, M.D. OXON. + + +The First Work on the Waters of Harrogate. + + +_REPRINTED WITH INTRODUCTION_ BY JAMES RUTHERFORD, L.R.C.P. ED. + + +_AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES_ BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B. + + +BRISTOL: JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, +KENT & CO. LTD. 1922 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +If the Author of "Spadacrene Anglica" could see our modern Harrogate, +for whose existence he is to no small extent responsible, he would be +justly entitled to consider his labours as well spent, however surprised +he might be at the change that had taken place in the village as he knew +it in the year 1626. For so was Harrogate in those years, a small +scattered hamlet, part of that great Royal Forest of Knaresborough, +extending westward from the town of Knaresborough for about 20 miles +towards Bolton Abbey, with an average depth of about 8 miles from North +to South, a Royal Forest, as Grainge in his History thereof premises, +from the year 1130 until 1775. Not only the change in the physical +aspect of Harrogate would have been noted by our author. Since his days, +within a radius of a few miles, have been found over 80 mineral springs, +whereby Harrogate is distinguished from all other European health +resorts. Not that the curative powers of these waters were altogether +unknown before Edmund Deane extolled the merits of the Tuewhit Well in +"Spadacrene Anglica." Indeed, he would be a bold man who would +dogmatically lay down at what period the powers of these waters were +unknown. Thus, in mediæval times the waters of St. Mungo's and St. +Robert's were accredited with miraculous powers. The Tuewhit Well itself +derives its name, according to some authorities, from its association in +pre-Roman times with the pagan God Teut. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" was published by Dr. Edmund Deane, an eminent +physician of York, in the year 1626, and passed through three editions +after his death. All these editions are very scarce, and although there +are copies of the four editions in the British Museum, there are only +two other copies known to exist. I was indeed fortunate, therefore, when +some seventeen years ago I picked up a copy in a well-known second-hand +book shop in Harrogate. Now I am reprinting it, not so much for its +interest to my professional brethren as a quaint and learned +contribution to medical literature in the seventeenth century, but +because it is the earliest and most indispensable source of the history +of the waters of Harrogate. + +A careful study of it will correct a number of remarkable errors, which +now pass current as historical facts in connection with the rise into +fame of Harrogate as our premier Spa. These errors would never have +arisen had there been a more free access to this very scarce book. Most +writers appear to have depended for their knowledge of its contents +upon the summary of it contained in Dr. Thomas Short's "History of +Mineral Waters," published about a century after the publication of +"Spadacrene Anglica." In commenting on this and other works abridged in +his History, the learned author states: + +"Some of them are very scarce and rare. Therefore, such as have them +not, have here their whole _substance_, and need not trouble themselves +for the treatises." Unfortunately, they did not have their "whole +substance," and hence these errors. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" deals mainly with the Tuewhit Well or the English +Spa. It is not my intention to discuss here either the history of its +distinguished author or the early history of the English Spa. This task +has been kindly undertaken for me by my friend and colleague, Dr. +Alexander Butler, to whom I take this opportunity to express my grateful +thanks for his very suggestive contribution. + +Suffice it for the purpose of this short introduction to state that the +medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well were discovered about fifty-five +years prior to the publication of "Spadacrene Anglica," the credit of +the discovery being due to a certain Mr. William Slingsby, not to his +nephew, Sir William Slingsby as has been persistently but erroneously +stated. The Tuewhit Well was first designated "The English Spa" in or +about the year 1596 by Timothy Bright, M.D., sometime rector of both +Methley and Barwick in Elmet, near Leeds, which goes far to support the +well established belief that the waters of the Tuewhit Well were the +first to be used internally for medicinal purposes in England. To-day +the word Spa is, of course, a general term for a health resort +possessing mineral waters, but in the days of Dr. Timothy Bright no such +meaning attached to it; Spa was the celebrated German health resort, and +one can readily conceive with what patriotic enthusiasm Dr. Timothy +Bright would proclaim the Tuewhit Well as "The English Spa" when the +medicinal properties of this Well were found to resemble those of the +two famous medicinal springs of Sauveniere and Pouhon at Spa. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" (as already mentioned) was published in 1626. Later +in the same year appeared another work on Harrogate, entitled "News out +of Yorkshire," by Michael Stanhope, Esq. Further, the time of Mr. +William Slingsby's birth has been traced back to between the years 1525 +and 1527. The year 1926 is therefore the tercentenary of the publication +of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica," and Stanhope's "News out of Yorkshire," +and may also be regarded as the quatercentenary of the birth of Mr. +William Slingsby. What a triple event for commemoration! + +In this edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" the original title-page and +initial letters have been artistically reproduced by the publishers; +the text has not been modernized except in the case of the old vowel +forms I and U for the consonants J and V. Otherwise, the original +spelling and the use of capitals and italics have been retained. The +long S has not been retained. With these slight changes one cannot but +admire the forceful English in which it is written, and the clearness of +the style of the author. + +I am indebted to my daughter Dorothy for the sketch of the Tuewhit Well. + +JAMES RUTHERFORD. + +_Saint Mungo, + 12, York Road, + Harrogate, 1921._ + + +_Biographical Notes_ OF _Edmund Deane, M.D. and others in relation to +the Tuewhit Well, The English Spa_. + +BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B. + + + + +BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES + +_=of Edmund Deane and others in relation to the English Spa.=_ + + +The present reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" should arouse a keen +literary interest in its author, Edmund Deane, and in the early history +of Harrogate. As one who had the privilege of reading the original +edition of this work, belonging to Dr. Rutherford, I was struck by the +marked contrast between Deane's account of the history of the medicinal +waters of Harrogate, and that which is to be found in more recent +writings on that subject. + +These modern accounts cannot be better or more authoritatively +exemplified than by taking a short extract from the article "Harrogate" +in the "Encyclopædia Britannica."[1] + + "The principal chalybeate Springs are the Tewitt well called by Dr. + Bright, who wrote the first account of it, the English Spaw, + discovered by Captain William Slingsby of Bilton Hall, near the + close of the 16th. Century...." + +This paragraph, as a statement of facts, accurately sets out what is to +be found in more or less detail in the accessible literature of to-day +and will be referred to afterwards as the recognised history of +Harrogate. It has received the express or tacit sanction of the +Corporation of Harrogate and is embodied in its publications. Further a +memorial has been erected to Sir William Slingsby, the Captain William +Slingsby of Bilton Hall referred to in the above quotation, as the +discoverer of the Tuewhit Well. + +Notwithstanding the complete credence that has been given to this +account for many years, I think there can be no doubt that it is +entirely erroneous, and that unmerited fame has been given to Sir +William Slingsby as the discoverer of the medicinal qualities of the +Tuewhit Well, and to Dr. Bright as the author who first wrote an account +of it. + +Deane's history of the medicinal springs of Harrogate in the Elizabethan +period is to be found in the earlier chapters of his book. It is +therefore only necessary to mention here that, according to "Spadacrene +Anglica" the Tuewhit Well was _not_ discovered by Captain (or Sir) +William Slingsby, it was _not_ discovered near the close of the 16th +Century, and Dr. Bright did _not_ write an account of it. It is hardly +credible that the history as given in the extract from the "Encyclopædia +Britannica" is actually derived from "Spadacrene Anglica." Yet such is +the case. Owing to the great rarity of the first edition of that book, +and the fact that the later editions were all, more or less, abridged or +incomplete, a series of plausible conjectures by later writers founded +on these imperfect editions has evolved a history of Harrogate in this +period which is, as regards the main facts, largely fictitious. The +object of the following biographical notes is, briefly, to restate the +history of Harrogate during the Elizabethan period, in terms of the only +reliable source for such a purpose, and to trace the accumulated errors, +as far as possible, to their origin and source, an inquiry which the +reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" at the present time makes not +inopportune. + +No history of Harrogate should be written, unless preceded by a +biographical note of the author of "Spadacrene Anglica," to whom and to +whose work Harrogate doubtless owes its position as the premier Spa of +this country; and it is with no little sense of the fickleness of fame +that one finds his name so little known, and his worth as a writer +unrecognized. As far as I know, no biography has been written +heretofore, nor is his life given in the various collective records of +the lives of British medical men, such as Aikin, etc.[2] The same +neglect of him occurs in the "Dictionary of National Biography," where +in view of the national importance of the Spas of this country, a +biography of Deane might not unreasonably be expected. Here and there +one is able to glean some small scraps of information about him, but the +result of all the gleanings from contemporary records, so far, can be +condensed in a very small compass. It does not seem amiss therefore to +record here what is known of the "father of Harrogate" albeit at present +unrecognized by his off-spring. + +Deane was descended from a family who for many generations lived at +Saltonstall, a hamlet in Warley in the parish of Halifax, and whose +history appears to have been quite uneventful.[3] Owing to the frequency +with which the same Christian names occur in the Parish Registers, it is +by no means easy to identify the several families of the name of Deane, +but in 1612 the family from which the author of "Spadacrene Anglica" was +descended, recorded in the College of Arms a short entry of pedigree, of +which a copy is appended. His parents were Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall +and Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Jennings of Seilsden in Craven, and +their family consisted of four sons, viz. Gilbert, Richard, Edmund and +Symon (twins). The date of birth of Edmund is not known, but the entry +of baptism is on 23rd of March 1572.[4] The mother seems to have died at +their birth, for the date of her funeral is but two days' later.[5] + + Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall,-+-..... dau. of ..... + Co. York | Horsfold under the + | bank, near Heptonstall + | + +---------------+------------+-------------------------+--+ + | | | | +Richard Deane Gilbert Deane of-+-Elizabeth dau. William 3 + s.p. Saltonstall | of Edm. Jennings Roger 4 + | of Seilsden in Craven + | + +-----------------------+------+----+-----------------------+--+ + | | | | | +Gilbert Richard Edmund Deane--Anne Michaell +Deane -+-Susan Deane, of the City dau of Symon s.p. + | dau of Bishop of of York, ... Faurie + | ... Bentley Ossory in Doctor of of Leicester, + | Ireland Phisick & Widow of + | Marmaduke + | Haddesley of + | Hull, Alderman + +------------------+ + | + John Deane, son & heir. + +Of the brothers of Edmund, Gilbert, the eldest, apparently lived at +Saltonstall, and it was his son, John Deane, who eventually became the +chief beneficiary under the Will of Edmund. Symon (or Michaell Symon), +the twin brother, died at the age of seven years. His remaining brother, +Richard, born in 1570, entered Merton College, Oxford, in 1589, and in +1609 succeeded Dr. Horsfall as Bishop of Ossory. He died in 1614. + +Edmund also entered Merton College, matriculating 26th March, 1591, and +took the degree of B.A. on the 11th of December, 1594. He then "retired +to St. Alban's Hall, where prosecuting his geny which he had to the +faculty of physic" he was licensed to practise medicine on the 28th +March, 1601, subsequently taking his degrees of M.B. and M.D. as a +member of that hall on the 28th of June, 1608. He was incorporated at +Cambridge in 1614. After taking his degrees in medicine he retired to +York and practised in that city till his death in 1640.[6] + +Nothing further is known of his life in York, except that Camidge[7] +states that he occupied a house adjoining the residence of Mr. Laurence +Rawden in the street called Pavement, a name, it has been suggested[8], +derived from the Hebrew Judgement seat "in a place that is called the +Pavement,"--this being that part of the City of York where punishment +was inflicted and where the Pillory was a permanent erection. It is not +unreasonable to suppose that this fact was responsible for Deane's +tender pity for the "poore prisoners" in his Will. + +In 1626, Deane published his "Spadacrene Anglica" which is here +reprinted. "Spadacrene Anglica" is a model of lucid and logical +exposition. It provides a quaint and interesting epitome of the medical +opinion of the day, but it is of more special interest as the source for +the earliest history of the Harrogate waters. Its importance from this +particular standpoint will be considered later. + +Later in the same year Michael Stanhope published his "Newes out of +Yorkshire," and in this book he gives a lively description of his +journey with Deane to the Well "called at this day by the country +people, Tuit Well, it seemes for no other cause but that those birdes +(being our greene Plover) do usually haunt the place." The following +extract of the first recorded visit to Harrogate will, I think, be of +interest. + + "In the latter end of the summer 1625, being casually with Dr. Dean + (a Physitian of good repute at his house at York, one who is far + from the straine of many of his profession, who are so chained in + their opinion to their Apothecary Shops, that they renounce the + taking notice of any vertue not confined within that circuit) he + took occasion to make a motion to me (the rather for that he + remembered I had been at the Spa in Germany) of taking the aire, + and to make our rendez-vouz at Knaresbrough to the end wee might be + the better opportuned to take a view of the Tuit-well (whereof he + had sparingly heard) for that it was by some compared to the so + much fam'd Spa in Germany. I was not nice to give way to the + summons of his desire: the match was soon made, and the next day, + accompanied with a worthy Knight and judicious admirer, and curious + speculator of rarities, and three other physitians of allowable + knowledge, we set forwards for Knaresbrough, being about fourteen + miles from Yorke. We made no stay at the towne, but so soone as we + could be provided of a guide, we made towards the Well, which we + found almost two miles from the Towne. It is scetuate upon a rude + barren Moore, the way to it in a manner a continual ascent. Upon + our first approach to the Spring we were satisfied that former + times had taken notice of it, by reason it was encloased with + stone, and paved at the bottome, but withal we plainely perceived + that it had been long forgotten[9], which the filth wherewith it + was choaked did witnesse, besides that through neglect the current + of other waters were suffered to steale into it. Before any + peremptory triall was made of it, it was thought fit first to + clense the Well, and to stop the passage of any other waters + intermixture, which within the compasse of an hour we effected. The + bottom now cleared, we plainely descried where the waters did + spring up, and then the Physitians began to try their experiments. + + But, first of all I dranke of it and finding it to have a perfect + Spa relish (I confesse) I could not contain but in a tone louder + than ordinary I bad them welcome to the Spa. Presently they all + took essai of it, and though they could not denie, but that it had + a different smack from all other common waters, most confessing + that it did leave in the pallate a kinde of acidnesse, yet the + better to be assured whether it did partake with Vitrioll, the + prime ingredient in the natural Spa, they mixed in a glasse the + powder of Galls with this water, knowing by experience if this + Minerall had any acquaintance with the Spring, the powder would + discolour the water and turne it to a Claret die; wherein they were + not deceived, for presently (to their both wonder and joy) the + water changed colour, and seemed to blush in behalf of the Country, + who had amongst them so great a jewell and made no reckoning of + it.... You may suppose (being met together at our Inne, where we + found ourselves very well accomodated for our provision) we could + finde no other talke but of this our new Spa.... Three days after + our return to York, Dr. Deane (whose thirst for knowledge is not + superficially to be satisfied) by the consent of his + fellow-physitians sent for a great quantity of the water in large + violl glasses, entending partly by evaporation and partly by some + other chimical means to experiment it...." + +It would certainly appear from a perusal of the above, that at the +latter end of the year 1625, Deane knew little of the medicinal value +of the English Spaw. But such a conclusion is entirely opposed to the +dedication and text of "Spadacrene Anglica," which clearly indicates +that Deane was a close personal friend of the eminent physicians Dr. +Timothy Bright, and Dr. Anthony Hunton of Newark-upon-Trent, who for +years had been recommending the waters to their friends and patients. +Moreover Deane himself had paid many visits to the English Spaw with the +physicians of York, and had been at last induced to commit his knowledge +to print. Is it permissible to use imaginative license and see in Deane +a humorist who persuaded Stanhope "of taking the aire" while professing +no intimate knowledge of the spring, yet going the length of taking the +powder of Galls in his pocket to produce a stage effect, which he had +never found to fail?[10] + +Stanhope readily adopts the plover origin of the name Tuewhit, but the +silence of Deane is suggestive of his doubt, and especially so as he +mentions the pigeons haunting the sulphur springs as "an arguement of +much salt in them." There is no obvious reason of this kind for the +plovers frequenting the Tuewhit Well in preference to any other spring +in the neighbourhood. + +In 1630, Deane published a number of Tracts which had been left more or +less incomplete by Samuel Norton. His share in the authorship of the +different tracts varies. The titles of one or two will sufficiently +indicate the nature of the subjects, and it can be seen that his studies +included the philosophical stone, and other subjects receiving attention +at the present time, such as "culture pearls." + +"Mercurius Redivivus, seu modus conficiendi Lapidem Philosophicum." + +"Saturnus Saturatus Dissolutus et Coelo restitutus, seu modus +componendi Lapidem Philosophicum ... e plumbo...." + +"Metamorphosis Lapidem ignobilium in gemmas quasdam pretiosas, seu modus +transformandi perlas parvas ... in magnas et nobilis ..." etc. etc. + +Edmund Deane married twice, first to Anne, widow of Marmaduke Haddersley +of Hull; the date is not known, though it was before the entry of +pedigree was recorded in 1612. In 1625, he had a license at York to +marry Mary Bowes of Normanton at Normanton. There does not appear to +have been a family by either of his wives. + +He died in 1640, and was buried in St. Crux Church, York. This church +was demolished about the year 1885, as it was considered structurally +unsafe, but there does not appear to have been any memorial erected to +him in the church. The manuscript Registers of the Parish of St. Crux +are in the College of Arms: the manuscript extracts do not commence +until the year 1678. His Will, however, is preserved. It is dated 30th +of Oct. 1639, and was proved at York on the 14th of April, 1640. + +In a biography it should be the task of the writer to visualise the +personality of his subject as well as to record merely the material +events of his life. In this instance it would be quite impossible to do +so from lack of material, but yet from his works, and from the opinion +held of him by Michael Stanhope, and last, but not least, from the +contents of his own Will, I think some picture can be painted of him. A +man of learning is shown from his writings: a perusal of "Spadacrene +Anglica" will exhibit both the clearness of his intellect and the +forcibleness of his style. For many years he successfully practised +medicine at York. He was held in high esteem among his professional +brethren, and was recognized by them as a leader in the profession with +a broad mind, ready to listen to and investigate new ideas. His +personality is fully and finely revealed in his Will, and as this is the +only biography, as it were, written by himself, I append an extract from +it, so that he may speak for himself. + + In the name of God, Amen. + + I Edmund Deane of the Cittye of Yorke Doctor of Phisicke being some + what weake of bodye, yett in good & pfect remembrance of mynd & + understanding (praised be God therefore) and calling to mynd the + uncertainety of this my naturall life & my mortality, not knowing + howe soone I shall laye downe this my earthly Tabernackle & be + gathered to sleepe in the grave wth my fathers doe therefore + accordinge to the holy Ghost directions make, constitute, ordayne & + declare this my last Will and Testament for the better setleing of + peace & concord amongst my wife, friends & kindred heareby + revokeing in acte, deede and in lawe all other former Wills & + testaments whatsoever. In manner & forme following. + + That is to say first & principally I comend & bequeath my soule + unto the ever blessed hands of Almighty God my heavenly father my + maker & creator, whoe out of his meer mercy, free will & love to + mankinde & to me in pticuler did vouchsafe to send his onely + begotten sonne before all eternity, Christ Jesus the pmissed + Messias into this world to save sinners (whereof w^th S^t. Paull I + confesse my selfe the greatest) to laye downe his life for mankinde + & that he dyed for me & for my salvacÌ…on, & that he rose againe + the third day for my iustificacÌ…on, that where he now is, I shall + be there alsoe after my dissolution & I hope & looke to be saved + only by his mirritts, death & passion alone, & by noe other meanes + whatsoever, & when itt shall please Almighty God to putt an end & + period to these my dayes here on earth, ending this my pilgrimage, + and layeing downe this my earthly Tabernackle. + + Then I comitt & bequeath this my nowe liveing body to the earth + from whence itt came, & the same to be buryed (yf I fortune to dye + in Yorke or otherwise yf itt may be done wth convenyency) in the + p'ish Church of St. Crux w^{th}in the said Citty of Yorke in the + Chancell of the said Church & to be enterred as neare as may be + unto the body of my late dearely beloved wife Anne Deane deceased + w^{th}out any bowelling or embalmeing, & there to be decently + enterred by toarch light, w^{th}out any further funerall pompe or + solempnity whatsoever, beinge (as I thinke) a custome not + altogeither laudable to banquett & feast att funeralls w^ch rather + ought to be a tyme of mourneing, then banqueting and feasting + + w^th said body of myne I knowe & beleive assuredly that I shall + rise againe att the last day, & be reunited & ioyned againe unto my + soule & that itt shall be made like unto Christ his glorious body, + that where he is, there I shall be alsoe liveing and reigneing w^th + him in his everlasting kingdome for ever. + + Now concerning my temporall Estate w^ch God in his mercy hath + vouchsafed to bestowe on me (or rather lent me as his steward) I + bequeath it thus as followeth + + First I give & bequeath to Mr. Roger Belwood my pastor thirty + shillings. + + Item I give to the poore people of the Cittye of Yorke three pounds + XX^s whereof to be distributed to the poore of the Warde where I + now live and the remmant to the poore of the other three Wardes + equally to be divided. + + Item I give to the poore prisoners of the castle of Yorke XX^s and + to the poore prisoners on Ousebridge called the Kidcoate X^s and to + the poore prisoners of S^t. Peters prison in Yorke X^s. + + Item I give to the poore people of the old hospitall or massing + dewes of the Citty of Yorke thirty shillings. Item whereas.... + + Item my Will meaninge and harty desire is that my nowe loveing wife + Mary Deane shall & may quietly have & enjoye all her widdowe rights + whatsoever according to this pvince of Yorke w^{th}out any further + trouble molestacÌ…on or vexacÌ…on or suite in lawe and that my + Executor shall not make any claime to any such goods or plate as + she the said Mary had in her former widdowhood & brought w^th her + to me att her marriage w^th me. Item I give to my said nowe loveing + wife as a legacy my coatch horses & furniture & what hay or oates, + coales, turfes & fuell shall be in my howse att my death. Item I + give.... + + Item I give to Margery Smeton yf shee be my servant at my death + forty shillings and to each other of my servants att my death tenn + shillings. + + All the rest of my goods & chattells unbequeathed, my debts and + funerall expenses discharged I give and bequeath to my loveing + nephewe Mr. John Deane of Saltonstall Atturney in his Maty Court of + ComÌ…on Pleas att Westminster & eldest sonne of my late brother + Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall deceased w^ch said John Deane I doe + ordayne constitute & make my sole & onely Executor of this my last + Will & Testament + + And for as much as most of my Estate doth consist in debts, w^ch + will require tyme for gathering in, my Will & meaneing is that this + my said executor shall have twelvemonethes tyme for the payment of + the greater legacies.... + + And further my meaneing is That for as much as my said Executor + John Deane by Gods pvidence is likely to be lame by a fall & not to + live & followe his profession as an Atturney to London (but as it + weare undone) whome I have made my onely & sole Executor of this my + last Will & Testament. Therefore all my nephews & kindred may know + I have given them small legacy to doe him good + + In Witness.... etc. + +In "Spadacrene Anglica" Deane mentions that "out of the divers fountains +springing hereabouts" five are worthy the observation of physicians. +These are-- + +1.--The Dropping Well. + +2.--The Sulphur Well at Bilton Park. + +3.--The Sulphur Well near Knaresborough. + +4.--The Sulphur Well at "Haregate head." + +5.--The Tuewhit Well, or The English Spaw. + +The number of springs worthy the observation of physicians has largely +increased and the relative importance of the five mentioned has altered +considerably since Deane wrote. But in 1626, The Tuewhit Well, or The +English Spaw, was regarded as the most worthy of fame. This well, +according to the later writers, was discovered by Captain (afterwards +Sir) William Slingsby:--in Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica," however, a +Mr. William Slingsby is given as the discoverer. + + "The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far + forth as I can learn), was one Mr. William Slingesby, a Gentleman + of many good parts, of an ancient and worthy Family neere thereby: + who having travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted + with the taste, use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. In + his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to + live for a little while at a grange house very neare to this + fountaine, and afterwards in Bilton Parke all his life long." + +From this it appears that the discovery was made by Mr. William Slingsby +in his later years, about the year 1571, but if the Mr. William Slingsby +here referred to was Sir William Slingsby he would have been a youth of +some 8 or 9 years in 1571. Secondly, one would judge from the text that +the Mr. William Slingsby referred to by the writer was dead at the time +that he wrote, namely 1626, whereas, as a matter of fact, Sir William +Slingsby was alive until the year 1634. Thirdly, it is impossible to +conceive that Edmund Deane would refer to Sir William Slingsby as Mr. +William Slingsby, seeing that the former was knighted in 1603, or 23 +years prior to the publication of Deane's work. It is therefore +abundantly clear that Sir William Slingsby--a very gallant +gentleman--has no claim to the fame which history has insisted upon +according him. + +The fact is that the Mr. William Slingsby referred to[11] was the fourth +son of Thomas Slingsby of Scriven, who married Joan, daughter of Sir +John Mallory of Studley, and who had a family of six sons and four +daughters. The name of the eldest son was Francis, and, as just +mentioned, William was the fourth son. Sir William Slingsby was the +seventh son of Francis and the nephew therefore of Mr. William Slingsby. +Mr. William Slingsby was buried at Knaresborough on the 8th of Oct., +1606, but the date of his birth does not seem to have been recorded. His +elder brother, Francis, died in 1600 at the age of 78, so that he was +born in 1522. It is not unreasonable to suppose that William, his +brother, one of a large family, was born between the years 1525 and +1527. He would therefore be somewhere between 44 and 46 years of age, +when he discovered the medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well, which +equally accords with Deane's statement that in his younger days he had +travelled in Germany. + +So far as I can trace, Hargrove[12] is the first author to confuse the +uncle and the nephew. He writes that the well + + "was discovered by Capt. William Slingsby, about the year 1571. + This Gentleman, in the early part of his life, had travelled in + Germany, where he made himself acquainted with the Spaws of that + country. He lived sometime at Grange House, near the Old Spaw, from + whence he removed to Bilton Park, where he spent the remainder of + his days. He made severall trials of this water, and finding it + like the German, he walled it about, and paved it at the bottom, + leaving a small opening for the free access of the water. Its + current is always near the same, and is about the quantity of the + Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it preferable." + +From this quotation it is clearly apparent that Hargrove erroneously +inferred that Mr. Slingsby and Capt. Slingsby were the one and the same +person instead of being uncle and nephew. In the 3rd edition of the +"History of Knaresborough," published in 1782, the reference to Mr. +Slingsby is omitted and from that edition onwards, Captain Slingsby +appears as the discoverer of the Tuewhit Well in 1571, a discovery +clearly inconsistent with the fact that he was born in the year 1562. + +The source of Hargrove's information in the above quotation is, without +doubt, the summary of "Spadacrene Anglica," published by Dr. Short in +1734 in his History of Mineral waters.[13] The summary by Short of +Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica" is as follows:-- + + "This fifth Spaw is a Mile and half from Knaresburgh, up a very + gentle ascent, near Harrigate, has much the same Situation as the + foresaid Spaws in Germany. It was discovered first about fifty + years ago, by one Mr. William Slingsby, who had travelled in + Germany in his younger Years, seen, and been acquainted with + theirs; and as he was of an ancient Family near the place, so he + had fine Parts and was a capable Judge. He lived some time at a + Grange-House near it; then removed to Bilton-Park, where he spent + the rest of his Days. He, using this Water yearly, found it exactly + like the German Spaw. He made several Tryals of it, then walled it + about, and paved it in the bottom with two large Stone-flags, with + a Hole in their sides for the free Access of the Water, which + springs up only at the bottom, through a Chink or Cranny left on + purpose. Its current is always near the same, and is about the + quantity of the Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it + preferable being more brisk and lively, fuller of Mineral Spirits, + of speedier Operation; he found much benefit by it. Dr. Tim. + Bright, about thirty years ago, first gave it the name of the + English Spaw: Having spent some time at those in Germany, he was + Judge of both; and had so good an Opinion of ours, that he sent + many Patients hither yearly, and every Summer drank the Waters + himself. And Dr. Anthony Hunter, late Physician at + Newark-upon-Trent, often chided us Physicians in York, for not + writing upon it, and deservedly setting it upon the Wings of Fame." + +A more consistent form has been given to the error by Grainge, who in +1862 published a memoir of the Life of Sir William Slingsby, Discoverer +of the first Spaw at Harrogate. Grainge, like Hargrove, had only access +to Short's summary, but he sees the difficulty to which I have alluded, +for he writes[14]:-- + + "From the uncertain expression of the Dr. 'about 50 years ago' the + date of this discovery is generally fixed in the year 1576, though + it is probably twenty years or more too early, as at that time + Slingsby would only be fourteen years of age: and could not have + travelled much in Germany or elsewhere: while the expression 'in + his younger days' would infer that the discovery was not made until + he had attained middle age at least." + +Grainge accordingly dates Captain (or Sir) William Slingsby's discovery +to 1596 or later, the origin of the expression "near the close of the +16th Century" of the recognised history. + +In the first place Dr. Short is inaccurate in that Deane states it was +discovered "55" years ago, and not "50." In the second place, the only +authority whom Grainge could rely upon was Deane, either directly or +indirectly, and Deane could not have made the discoverer to be a boy of +nine years of age (not fourteen) for he must have known Sir William +Slingsby, a contemporary. Finally, Grainge only consulted the summary of +"Spadacrene Anglica" and not the actual work, and it is to be noted that +Deane in Chapter 6 says the first discoverer "so far forth as I can +learn." These words are not in the summary, but they show that Deane had +given care to his work, and if Sir William Slingsby had been the +discoverer, Deane could have obtained his information at first hand, and +would have given Sir William Slingsby as his authority. + +Grainge was an eminent and careful historian, and he has written a +number of valuable works. He had the acumen to see that Sir William +Slingsby could not possibly have been the discoverer in 1571, and it is +fairly certain that if he had had access to Deane's work, he would have +rectified the error as regards Sir William, instead of questioning the +accuracy of Deane's statement. + +Little has been added to the account of Mr. William Slingsby as given by +Deane, but it has been shown at any-rate that the facts of his life fit +in perfectly with that account. + +The medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well having been discovered by +Mr. William Slingsby in or about the year 1571, this gentleman did +"drink the water every yeare after all his life time" and averred that +"it was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the +seas." Much pains were taken to bring the waters into notoriety in the +interests of humanity, and by reason of a pardonable national pride that +the country could boast of a health resort in every way comparable with +the famous German health resort of Spa. Chief among these early +advocates of this home fountain was Dr. Timothy Bright, who is +responsible for naming the well the "English Spa," which name was +apparently adopted by the gentry partaking of the water, whereas the +common folk still cling to the ancient name of Tuewhit Well. + +Timothy Bright has had a varied literary history. For about three +centuries he was almost entirely forgotten, and some of his works even +ascribed to purely imaginary authors. In recent years full justice has +been done to his name as the "father of shorthand" following the +publication by J.H. Ford in 1888 of the tercentenary edition of his work +entitled "Characterie," and since that year there has been much written +of him. The curious may therefore consult the works mentioned in the +footnote,[15] but it will suffice for my purpose to give a brief sketch +of his life, not as the "father of shorthand," but as one of the +fathers of Harrogate. + +Timothy Bright was born in Cambridge in the year 1551, matriculated in +Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1565, and took his B.A. in 1567-8. He +then went to Paris to study medicine, and in 1572 narrowly escaped the +Massacre at Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve by taking shelter at the +house of Sir Francis Walsingham, the English ambassador. Returning to +England he graduated M.B. in 1574 and M.D. in 1579. In 1584 he was well +launched on his medical career, for he was the physician at St. +Bartholomew's Hospital. By this time he had achieved some reputation as +a writer and had obtained the friendship of the powerful Cecil Lord +Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, which probably +explains how his now famous work "Characterie" was in 1588 dedicated to +Queen Elizabeth. His connection with these powerful personages led to a +change in his profession and incidentally to his connection with +Harrogate, for on July 5th, 1591, the Queen presented him to the Rectory +of Methley in Yorkshire, and on the 30th of Dec., 1594, also to the +Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in the same county. He held both these +livings till his death, which took place in 1615. By his Will he left +his body "to be buried when and where it shall please God." He was no +mean linguist for he bequeathed his Hebrew Bible and a Syriac Testament +as well as Greek, Latin and Italian works to his brother. His books of +Phisick and Philosophie he bequeathed to his sonne Titus Bright, M.D. He +was fond of music and possessed the standard work on harmony by Joseph +Zarlino. This he left, along with some instruments of music, a Theorbo +and an Irish harp, "which I most usuallye played upon" to his brother. + +In spite of the fact that he took holy orders, it is evident from +"Spadacrene Anglica" that he was held in high esteem as a physician +(albeit non-practising) by his contemporaries in Yorkshire, and his +travel abroad in Germany well fitted him for the post of advocate, which +from humane and patriotic motives he assumed on behalf of the English +Spa. + +Deane states that Bright first gave the name of English Spaw "about +thirty years since, or more," that is, in 1596 or earlier. This would +seem to indicate that Bright's association with Harrogate began shortly +after he was presented to the Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in 1594. + +Dr. Bright was a prolific writer and the names of his works are given in +a footnote.[16] Some of his books passed through several editions. +Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy" is said to have been suggested by his +"Treatise of Melancholy," and Shakespere was evidently acquainted with +his book, "Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character." + + "This is not my writing, + Though, I confess, much like the character" + + Twelfth Night. Act V, Sc. 1. + + + "All my engagements I will construe to thee, + All the characterie of my sad brows." + + Julius Cæsar. Act ii, Sc. 1. + +Hargrove appears also to be the earliest to assert that Bright was the +first writer on Harrogate. In his "History of Knaresborough" it is +merely stated "soon after its discovery Dr. Bright wrote on its virtues +and uses."[17] There is no authority for that assertion in any of the +works of Dr. Bright mentioned in the footnote, and the only evidence in +support of Hargrove is that given by Wheater,[18] who writes:-- + + "Dr. Bright was first to rush into description and he acquits + himself with true Elizabethan flavour. He observes regarding the + water that 'It occasions the retention of nothing that should be + evacuated and by relaxation evacuates nothing that should be + retained. It dries nothing but what's too moist and flaccid, and + heats nothing but what's too cold, and e contra: that though no + doubt there are some accidents and objections to the contrary, it + makes the lean fat, the fat lean, cures the cholic and the + melancholy, and the vapours: and that it cures all aches speedily + and cheereth the heart.' Such a recommendation," &c. + +This quotation, which is apparently the only evidence in support of +Hargrove's assertion that Bright wrote the first account of the English +Spa, is not taken from Bright's writings at all, but from Dr. Short's +summary of "The Yorkshire Spaw." "The Yorkshire Spaw" was a treatise +written by Dr. John French in 1652, and so far therefore from being +written by Dr. Bright, was actually written thirty-seven years after +Bright's death. + +It is perhaps only fair to the memory of both Hargrove and Wheater to +state that neither of them would have fallen into this error if they had +had the privilege of reading Deane's dedication to "Spadacrene Anglica," +in which he states that Dr. Bright intended to write an account "in case +hee had longer lived." No edition after the original edition contains +this dedication, for, as will be shown later, this very important part +of Deane's work was omitted by John Taylor in the second edition and was +not restored in any of the later. Moreover it is quite clear from the +dedication of Taylor's edition, in 1649 that copies of the original +edition were even then unobtainable, owing probably to the commotions +which had accompanied the civil war. + +I may here therefore emphasise the good service that has been done to +restore the true history of the medicinal waters of Harrogate, by the +reprinting of the original edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" by my friend +Dr. Rutherford. + +Before passing to the Bibliography of "Spadacrene Anglica," a brief +mention must be made of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, whose two books did +much to add to the celebrity of the English Spa, and were afterwards +associated with the later editions of "Spadacrene Anglica." His first +work was published towards the end of 1626, and is entitled, + + "Newes out of Yorkshire, or an account of a journey, in the true + discovery of a sovereigne Minerall, Medicinal Water in the + West-Riding of Yorkeshire, neere an Ancient Towne called + Knaresbrough, not inferior to the Spa in Germany. Also a taste of + Other Minerall Waters of severall natures adjoyning" By M.S. + + Ecclest. 38. 4. The Lord hath created Medicines out of the Earth: + he that is wise will not despise them. + +A large extract has already been given from this book, which was +dedicated "To the Right Honourable, the Vertuous, and Religious Lady, +the Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord Philip Stanhope, Baron of +Shelford." + +Stanhope's other work was entitled, + + "Cures without Care, or, a summons to all who finde little or no + help by the use of ordinary physick to repaire to the Northerne + Spa. Wherein by many Presidents of a few late yeares, it is + evidenced to the world, that infirmities in their own nature + desperate and of long continance have received perfect recovery in + the west Riding of Yorkshire. Also a description of the said water, + and of other rare and usefull springs adjoyning, the nature and + efficacie of the Mineralls contained in them, with other not + impertinent notes. Faithfully collected for the publique good by M. + St." + + Tibul. "felix quicunque dolore + alterius disces posse carere tuo," + London, 1632. + +Stanhope dedicated this work "To The Right Honourable, Thomas Lord +Wentworth, etc., Lord President of his Majesties Council established in +the North." Lord Wentworth is better known as the Earl of Strafford, and +was beheaded in 1642. In it is contained a catalogue of persons who +have received either benefit or cure by the waters. + +An abridgement of the two works of Stanhope was made by John Taylor and +published in 1649 under the title "Spadacrene Anglica ... Treatise of +the learned Dr. Deane and the sedulous observations of the ingenious +Michael Stanhope, Esquire." The ingenious Michael Stanhope, Esquire, +also appears in the 1654 edition, but in that published in 1736, +Stanhope appears as Dr. Stanhope. Short[19] seems to have been the first +to make Stanhope a member of the medical profession. His opinion was +soon adopted by others, and has apparently never been questioned. After +a perusal of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care," it is +difficult to understand how Short arrived at his conclusion, for the +internal evidence is entirely opposed to it. Even in the extract from +"Newes out of Yorkshire" already quoted, it is obvious that Stanhope +dissociates himself from the physicians with the party, for he writes, +"then the physitians began to try their experiments," "three other +physitians of allowable knowledge," and he refers to Deane as "one who +is far from the straine of many of his profession." This extract was +selected for an entirely different purpose, yet it is clearly not the +language of a fellow-physician in practice in York. Short himself +partially recognizes this. He only summarised "Cures without Care," and +he justly remarks of the cures therein related that "some whereof are +perhaps the greatest and most remarkable in the Authentic Records of +Physic down from Hippocrates to this day." Short writes fully a century +after "Cures without Care" was published, whereas Taylor was a +Apothecary in York and a contemporary of both Deane and Stanhope there, +and is accordingly the best authority on the status of Stanhope. + + Sir Michael Stanhope, Knt.,-+ + had a grant of Shelford | + Manor: beheaded in 1552 | + | + | + +-----------------+------------------------------+ + | | | + Sir Thomas Stanhope-+ Sir Edward Stanhope Other + of Shelford, Knt., | of Grimston, 2nd son,-+ issue + died 1596 | M.P. for Co. York | + | | + +-------------+----+ +------------+-----+---------+ + | | | | | +Sir John Stanhope-+ Other George Michael Other +of Elvaston | issue Stanhope, D.D. Stanhope issue + | Precentor of York, + | Buried 26/7/1644 + | + +----------+---------------------------------------------+ + | | +Sir Philip Stanhope, Knt. ----+-Katherine, daur. of Other +Cr. Baron of Shelford, 7/11/1616 | Francis, Lord Hastings issue +and Earl of Chesterfield, 4/8/1628 | +Died 1656, Aged 71 | + | + +A clue to the identity of Stanhope offers itself in the dedication of +"Newes out of Yorkshire" to Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord +Philip Stanhope, afterwards the Earl of Chesterfield. An outline of the +pedigree of the Stanhope family was obtained from the College of Arms +and is here partly reproduced to show the relationship of Stanhope to +Lady Katherine Stanhope. + +A Michael Stanhope entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1597-8, and +Gray's Inn in 1593-4, but there is no evidence to identify him with +Michael Stanhope the second son of Sir Edward Stanhope, and the author +of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care." It may be +mentioned that in the latter book, Stanhope discovers and describes the +well at present known as John's well. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY OF "SPADACRENE ANGLICA." + + +1626. + +First Edition. + + +1649. + +"Spadacrene Anglica," the English Spaw, or The Glory of Knaresborough. +Springing from Severall famous Fountaines there adjacent, called the +Vitrioll, Sulphurous, and dropping Wells: and also other Minerall +Waters. Their nature, Physical use, Situation and many admirable Cures +being exactly exprest in the subsequent Treatise of the learned Dr. Dean +and the sedulous observations of the ingenious Michael Stanhope, +Esquire. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience, that the +Vitrioline Fountain is equall (and not inferior) to the Germaine Spaw. +Aris[t]on men udôr. Published (with other additions) by John +Taylor, Apothecary in York, and there printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1649. + +The important and felicitous letter of dedication in the first edition +is discarded, and one of Taylor's own composition, of a very different +character is substituted for it. In it occurs the following, which is of +bibliographical interest: "The importunate desire of my friends has +forced me to reprint this little Treatise of Dr. Dean's Spadacrene +Anglica, which the vacillation of these distracted and ruinous times had +almost lost and obliterated. To this of Dr. Dean's I have added the +Observations of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, which I have excerpted forth +of his two books of the Spaw." + + +1654. + +"Spadacrene Anglica," etc., York, printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1654. The +title is the same as the 1649 reprint, except for the fact that +Taylor's name does not appear on it. His dedication is also omitted. + + +1734. + +Thomas Short, M.D., "The Natural, Experimental and Medicinal History of +Mineral Waters." + +In this volume, there are summaries of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica": +Stanhope's "Cures without Care": and French's "The Yorkshire Spaw," etc. + + +1736. + +"Spadacrene Anglica, or The English Spaw." Being An Account of the +Situation, Nature, Physical Use, and admirable Cures, performed by the +Waters of Harrogate, and Parts adjacent. By the late learned and eminent +Physician, Dr. Dean of York, and also the Observations of the ingenious +Dr. Stanhope. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience the +vitrioline Fountain is equal to the German Spaw. To which are added Some +Observations (Collected from modern Authors) of the Nature, Vertues and +Manner of Using the Sweet and Sulphur Waters at Harrogate, Leeds, etc., +1736. + + +1921. + +The present edition, reprinted from the 1626 edition. + + * * * * * + +[Footnote 1: "Encyclopædia Britannica," 11th ed., 1910-11, vol. xiii, +page 27.] + +[Footnote 2: J. Aikin, "Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great +Britain from the Revival of Literature to the time of Harvey," 1780. Wm. +MacMichael, "Lives of British Physicians," 1830. T.J. Pettigrew, +"Medical Portrait Gallery," 1838. G.T. Bettany, "Eminent Doctors, their +Lives and their Works," 1885.] + +[Footnote 3: Watson, J., "The History and Antiquities of the Parish of +Halifax in Yorkshire," 1775.] + +[Footnote 4: "The Register of Halifax," Part 1, 1910, page 205.] + +[Footnote 5: "The Register of Halifax," Part 2, 1914, page 253, The +Yorkshire Parish Register Society.] + +[Footnote 6: Anthony A. Wood, "Athenæ Oxoniensis," ed. Bliss, vol. ii, +page 660. "Alumni Oxoniensis," arranged by Joseph Foster. Vol. 1, +1500-1714.] + +[Footnote 7: Camidge, Wm., "Ye Olde Streete of Pavement," York, c. +1893.] + +[Footnote 8: Davies, R., "Walks through the City of York," 1880, page +247.] + +[Footnote 9: cf. "Spadacrene Anglica," page 125.] + +[Footnote 10: "Spadacrene Anglica," page 92.] + +[Footnote 11: "Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire," Joseph +Foster, 1874, Vol. 1 (West Riding).] + +[Footnote 12: E. Hargrove, "The History of the Castle, Town, and Forest +of Knaresbrough, with Harrogate and its medicinal Springs." 2nd. ed., +1775, page 45. I have not seen the 1769 ed.] + +[Footnote 13: Thomas Short, M.D. "The Natural Experimental and Medicinal +History of the Mineral Waters, etc." 1734, page 238.] + +[Footnote 14: Grainge, W., "Memoir of the Life of Sir Wm. Slingsby." +1862. Page 16.] + +[Footnote 15: "Athenæ Oxoniensis," ed. by P. Bliss, 1815, vol. 2, 174, +footnote by Rev. Joseph Hunter. Dictionary of Nat. Biography, 1886, vol. +VI. "Dr. Timothy Bright, Some Troubles of an Elizabethan Rector," by +Rev. H. Armstrong Hall, 1905, in vol. xv; and "The History of the Parish +of Barwick in Elmet," by F.S. Colman, M.A., Rector, 1908, in vol. xvii +of the Publications of the Thoresby Society. "William Shakespeare and +Timothy Bright," by M. Levy, 1910. "Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physicke, +A Memoir of the Father of Shorthand," 1911, by W.J. Carlton. His Will is +published in "Yorkshire Archæological Journal," 1902, vol 17.] + +[Footnote 16: "A Treatise: wherein is declared the sufficiencie of +English Medicines for the cure of all diseases cured with medicine," +T.B. 1580. + +"Hygieina, id est de sanitate tuenda, Medicinæ Pars prima." 1581. + +"Medicinæ Therapeutiæ pars: de dyscrasia corporis humani." 1583. + +"Therapeutica, hoc est de sanitate restituenda. Medicinæ Pars altera." + +"In Physimam G.A. Scribonii Animadversiones." 1584. + +"A Treatise of Melancholie. Containing the causes thereof, & reasons of +the strange effects it worketh in our mindes and bodies, with the +phisicke, cure, and spirituall consolation for such as have therto +adjoyned an afflicted conscience, etc." 1586. + +"Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character. Invented by Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physike." 1588. + +"An Abridgement of the Book of Acts and Monumentes of the Church." 1589. +Better known as "Foxe's Book of the Martyrs."] + +[Footnote 17: E. Hargrove, "The History of Knaresbrough." 2nd ed., 1775, +page 45.] + +[Footnote 18: W. Wheatear, "A Guide to and History of Harrogate," 1890, +page 58.] + +[Footnote 19: Thomas Short, M.D., "History of Mineral Water," 1734, page +243.] + +[Illustration: TUEWHIT WELL THE ENGLISH SPAW FOUNTAIN 1571] + +[Illustration: Original title page of Deane's manuscript.] + + + + +Spadacrene Anglica. + + +OR, THE ENGLISH SPAWFOVNTAINE. + + +Being A BRIEFE TREATISE of the acide, or tart Fountaine in the Forest of +_Knaresborow_, in the West-Riding of _Yorkshire_. + +As also a Relation of other medicinall Waters in the said Forest. + + +BY _Edmund Deane_, D^r. in Physicke, _Oxon_. dwelling in the City of +YORKE. + + +_LONDON_, Printed for _John Grismand_: and are to be sold by _Richard +Foster_, neere the Minster-gate in _Yorke_. 1626. + + + + +THE EPISTLE + + +TO + +THE PHYSITIANS OF YORKE. + +_Though it was my fortune first of all to set a new edge on this +businesse; yet my journeyes to this Fountaine have not been made without +your good companies and association, nor the severall tryals had there, +and at home, performed without your worthy helpes and assistance; nor +this little Treatise begun without your instigations and incitements. +Therefore I find none so fit and meet to patronize it, as your_ +selves: being able out of your owne knowledge and observation to defend +it against all malicious detractions. To extoll it above the_ Germaine +Spaw, _may be thought in me either indiscretion, or too much partiality; +but why I may not parallele them (being in natures and qualities so +agreeable) nor I, nor you (I suppose) know any inducing, much lesse +perswading argument. Wherefore being thus confident, I thought it no +part of our duties, either to God, our King, or Country, to conceale so +great a benefit, as may thereby arise and accrue not onely unto this +whole Kingdome and his Majesties loving subjects, but also in time +(after further notice taken of it) to other foraigne nations and +countries, who may perhaps with more benefit, lesse hazard and danger of +their lives, spoiling and robbing, better partake of this our_ English +Spaw _Fountaine, then of those in_ Germanie. + +_It were to be wished, that those two famous Physitians, Dr._ Hunton +_and Dr._ Bright _had beene yet living, to_ _have given testimony of +the great good hopes and expectation they conceived of it. The former of +which did oftentimes request me to publish it to the world: and the +other was resolved (in case hee had longer lived) to have done it +himselfe. So carefull were they both to promote their countries good, +and studious to procure the health of their Countrimen._ + +_I am as briefe and plaine, as possibly I may, to the end the Reader may +not be wearied, nor the patient deluded; and, if for these causes I may +seem to bee censured, yet I am well assured, that to your selves brevity +and perspicuity cannot, but bee acceptable. So wishing you all +happinesse, I shall ever rest and remaine_ + +From my house in _Yorke_, +this 20th. of April, +1626. + +Your assured friend, +_Edm; Deane_. + + + + +The English Spaw. + + * * * * * + +_CHAP_. 1. + +_=Of the situation of the Towne of_ Knaresborow.= + + +_Gnaresbrugh_ (commonly called _Knaresborow_) is a very ancient Market +towne in the West-Riding of _Yorkeshire_, distant 14 miles from the City +of _Yorke_; where the Pole is elevated 54 degrees, and 20 odde minutes. +On the South-west part thereof is that faire, and goodly Fort, so much +renowned, both for the pleasant situation, and remarkable strength, +knowne by the name of _Knaresborow Castle_, seated on a most ragged and +rough Rock; whence (as learned Mr. _Camden_ saith) it is so named. + +Both the Castle and the Towne are fenced on the South and West parts +with the River _Nid_: which is beautified here with two faire Bridges of +stone, which lead from the Towne into the Forest adjoyning, as also unto +a large empaled Park of his Majesties, called _Bilton-parke_, well +stored with fallow Deere: part whereof is bordered with the said river. + +The Towne it selfe standeth on a hill, having almost on every side an +ascent to it; and about it are divers fruitfull valleyes well +replenished with grasse, corne, and wood. The waters there are wholesome +and cleare; the ayre dry and pure. In briefe, there is nothing wanting, +that may fitly serve for a good and commodious habitation, and the +content and entertainment of strangers. + +Many things are very observable in this place, which because they rather +do appertaine to the volumes of Geographers, & Antiquaries, then to the +purpose intended in this little treatise, are here omitted. + + + + +_CHAP_. 2. + +_=Of the severall earths, stones, and mineralls found neere and about +this place.=_ + + +Although there are in sundry places of this Kingdome as many, or moe +severall kinds, and sorts of earths quarreyes of stone, minerals, and +mines of mettalls, then in any other Realme whatsoever; notwithstanding +no one place hath beene observed to have them either in such plentie, or +variety in so small a distance, as this. For here is found not onely +white and yellow marle, plaister, oker, rudd, or rubricke, free-stone, +an hard greet-stone, a soft reddish stone, iron-stone, brimstone, +vitreall, nitre, allum, lead, copper, (and without doubt diverse +mixtures of these) but also many other mineralls might (perhaps) be +found out by the diligent search and skilfull industrie of those, who +would take paines to labour a little herein. + +All which do manifestly demonstrate, that nature hath stored this little +territorie with a greater diversitie of hidden benefits, then great and +spacious Countries otherwise abounding in outward native commodities, +and that the fountaines, or springs of water hereabouts cannot otherwise +then participate of their severall natures, and properties. + + + + +_CHAP_. 3. + +_=Of the fountaines, of pure and simple waters neere, and about the +Towne.=_ + + +As generally most parts of the West Riding of _Yorkeshire_ (especially +the hilly and more mountaineous places thereof) are stored with +fountaines and springs of cleare, limpide, and pure simple waters; so +likewise the territorie here abouts is not without plenty of them. Two +whereof have gotten and purchased that reputation, as to be saincted: +The one called by the name of Saint _Magnus_, or _Mugnus-Well_: th' +other, that of Saint _Roberts_. + +These, formerly for a yeere, or two, have beene in great request in +these parts amongst the common sort, much sought unto by many, and great +concourse of people have daily gathered and flocked to them both neere, +and a farre off, as is most commonly seene, when any new thing is first +found out. _Fama enim grescit eundo_, even unto incredible wonders and +miracles, or rather fictions, and lyes. All which commeth to passe as +wee may well suppose, through our overmuch English credulity, or (as I +may better say) rather superstition. For to any such like Well, will +swarme at first both yong and old (especially the female sexe, as ever +more apt to bee deluded) halt, lame, blind, deafe, dumbe, yea, almost +all, and that for all manner of maladies and diseases, both inward and +outward. + +But for as much, as these are springs of pure, and simple waters +meerely, without any mixture at all of minerals to make them become +medicinable, it is verily thought, that the many & severall cures, which +have bin attributed unto them in those times, when they were so +frequented, were rather fained, and imaginary, then true, and reall; +and that those, who then visited them, were desirous (either to uphold, +and maintaine the credit, and reputation of their Saints, or else, to +avoyd the scorne and derision of their owne delusion) to have others +likewise deceived. + +Time hath quite worne all their strength, and consumed all their +vertues; so that nothing of worth now remaines with them, saving onely +their bare names and titles: _Sic magna sua mole ruunt_. + +Wherefore to omit these, as scarce worthy the mentioning; those are +chiefly here to be described, which doe participate of minerall vertues, +and faculties. + + + + +_CHAP_. 4. + +_=Of five fountaines neare unto the town, which doe participate of +minerall vertues.=_ + + +Out of the divers Fountaines springing hereabouts, five are worthy the +observation of Physitians. The first whereof is very neare unto the +river banke, over against the Castle, called by the name of the +_Dropping-well_, for that it droppeth, distilleth, and trickleth downe +from the hanging rocke above. The water whereof hath a certaine quality +or property to turne any thing, that lieth in it, into a stony substance +in a very short space. + +Three of the others (being all of them much of one, and the same nature) +are termed by the country people thereabouts the _Stinking-wels_, in +regard they have an ill, and fetide smell, consisting most of +Sulphure-vive, or quicke brimstone. One of them, and that which hath the +greatest current, or streame of water, is in _Bilton park_. + +The other two are in the sayd Forest; one is neare unto the towne; the +other is further off, almost two miles from it, beyond a place called +_Haregate head_, in a bottome on the right hand of it, as you goe, and +almost in the side of a little brooke. + +The fift, and last (for which I have principally undertaken to write +this short Discourse) is an acide, or tart fountaine in the said Forest, +commonly named by the vulgar sort, _Tuewhit-well_, and the _English +Spaw_, by those of the better rank, in imitation of those two most +famous acide fountaines at the _Spaw_ in _Germany_, to wit, +_Sauvenir_, and _Pouhon_: whereof the first (being the prime one) is +halfe a league from the _Spa_, or _Spaw_ village; the other is in the +middle of the towne. + + + + +_CHAP_. 5. + +_=A more particular recitall of the first foure Wells.=_ + + +I purpose to speake somewhat more in this place of the first foure +Springs mentioned in the former Chapter, in regard the consideration of +them may perhaps give some light to those, who shall hereafter search +further into the secrets, which nature may seeme to afford in the +Country hereabouts. + +The first is the _Dropping-well_, knowne almost to all, who have +travelled unto this place. The water whereof distilleth and trickleth +downe from the hanging Rocke over it, not onely dropping wise, but also +falling in many pretty little streames. + +This water issueth at first out of the earth, not farre from the said +hanging rocke, and running a while in one entire current, continueth +so, till it commeth almost to the brim of the cragg; where being opposed +by a damme (as it were artificiall) of certaine spongy stones, is +afterwards divided into many smaller branches, and falleth from on high +in manner aforesaid. + +It is therefore very likely, that Mr. _Camden_ in person did not see +this Fountaine, but rather that hee had it by relation from others; or +at least wise (if he did see it) that hee did not marke, and duly +observe the originall springing up of the water, when in his _Britannia_ +he saith thus: _The waters thereof spring not up out of the veines of +the earth_, &c. + +Concerning the properties and qualities thereof, I have nothing more to +write at this time (there being formerly little tryall had of it) saving +that divers inhabitants thereabouts say, and affirme, that it hath beene +found to bee very effectuall in staying any flux of the body: which +thing I easily beleeve. + +The other three are sulphureous fountaines, and cast forth a stinking +smell a farre off, especially in the winter season, and when the weather +is coldest. They are all noysome to smell to, and cold to touch, without +any manifest, or actuall heat at all; by reason (as may most probably be +thought) their mynes, and veines of brimstone, are not kindled under the +earth; being (perhaps) hindred by the mixture of salt therewith. + +Those, who drinke of their waters, relate, they verily thinke there is +gunpowder in them, and that now and then they vomit after drinking +thereof. + +The waters, as they runne along the earth, doe leave behind them on the +grasse and leaves a gray slimy substance, which being set on fire, hath +the right savour of common brimstone. They are much haunted with +Pigeons, an argument of much salt in them; of which in the evaporation +of the water by fire, wee found a good quantity remaining in the +bottome of the vessell. + +One thing further was worth observation; that white mettall (as silver) +dipped into them, presently seemeth to resemble copper: which we first +noted by putting a silver porrenger into one of these; unto which _Sir +Francis Trapps_ did first bring us. Which tincture these waters give by +reason of their sulphur. + +Touching their vertues, and effects, there may in generall the like +properties be ascribed unto them, as are attributed unto other +sulphureous Bathes actually cold, participating also of salt. + +The vulgar sort drinke these waters (as they say) to expell reefe, and +fellon; yea, many, who are much troubled with itches, scabs, morphewes, +tetters, ring-wormes, and the like, are soone holpen, and cured by +washing the parts ill affected therewith. Which thing they might much +more conveniently, and more commodiously doe, if at that in _Bilton_ +parke were framed 2 capacious Bathes, the one cold, the other to be made +hot, or warme, by art, for certaine knowne howers a day. + + + + +_CHAP_. 6. + +_=A more particular description of the fift, or last fountaine, called +the_ English Spaw.= + + +This, being the principall subject of this whole Treatise, is in the +said forest, about halfe a league, or a mile and a halfe west from the +towne; from whence there is almost a continuall rising to it, but +nothing so great, as the ascent is from the _Spaw_ village to the +_Sauvenir_. This here springeth out of a mountainous ground, and almost +at the height of the ascent, at _Haregate-head_; having a great descent +on both sides the ridge thereof; and the Country thereabouts somewhat +resembleth that at the _Spaw_ in _Germany_. + +The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far forth +as I can learn) was one Mr. _William Slingesby_, a Gentleman of many +good parts, of an ancient, and worthy Family neere thereby; who having +travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted with the taste, +use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. + +In his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to live +for a little while at a grange house very neare to this fountaine, and +afterwards in _Bilton_ Parke all his life long. Who drinking of this +water, found it in all things to agree with those at the _Spaw_. +Whereupon (greatly rejoycing at so good and fortunate an accident) he +made some further triall and assay: That done, he caused the fountaine +to be well, and artificially walled about, and paved at the bottome (as +it is now at this day) with two faire stone flags, with a fit hole in +the side thereof, for the free passage of the water through a little +guttered stone. It is open at the top, and walled somewhat higher, then +the earth, as well to keepe out filth, as Cattle for comming and +approaching to it. It is foure-square, three foot wide, and the water +within is about three quarters of a yard deepe. + +First we caused it to be laded dry, as well to scoure it, as also to see +the rising up of the water, which we found to spring up onely at the +bottome at the chinke or cranny, betweene two stones, so left purposely +for the springing up of the water at the bottome: Which as _Pliny_ +observeth in his 31 booke of his Naturall History and the third Chapter, +is a signe above all of the goodnesse of a fountaine. + +"And above all (saith he,) one thing would bee observed, and seene unto, +that the source, which feedeth it, spring and boyle up directly from the +bottome, and not issue forth at the sides: which also is a maine point +that concerneth the perpetuity thereof, and whereby wee may collect, +that it will hold still, and be never drawne drye." + +The streame of water, which passeth away by the hole in the side +thereof, is much one, and about the proportion of the current of the +_Sauvenir_. + +The above named Gentleman did drinke the water of this Fountaine every +yeare after all his life time, for helping his infirmities, and +maintaining of his health, and would oftentimes say and averre, that it +was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the seas, as +being more quicke and lively, and fuller of minerall spirits; effecting +his operation more speedily, and sooner passing through the body. + +Moreover Doctor _Timothy Bright_ of happy memory, a learned Physitian, +(while hee lived, my very kind friend, and familiar acquaintance) first +gave the name of the _English Spaw_ unto this Fountaine about thirty +yeares since, or more. For he also formerly had spent some time at the +_Spaw_ in _Germany_; so that he was very able to compare those with +this of ours. Nay, hee had futhermore so good an opinion, and so high a +conceit of this, that hee did not onely direct, and advise others to it, +but himselfe also (for most part) would use it in the Sommer season. + +Likewise Doctor _Anthony Hunton_ lately of _Newarke_ upon _Trent_, +a Physitian of no lesse worth and happy memory, (to whom for his true love +to mee, and kind respect of mee, I was very much beholden) would often +expostulate with mee at our meetings, and with other Gentlemen of +_Yorkeshire_, his patients, how it came to passe, that I, and the +Physitians of _Yorke_, did not by publike writing make the fame and +worth thereof better knowne to the world? + + + + +_CHAP_. 7. + +_=Of the difference of this Fountaine from those at the_ Spaw, +_to wit_, Sauvenir, _and_ Pouhon.= + + +This springeth almost at the top of the ascent (as formerly hath beene +said) from a dry, and somewhat sandy earth: The water whereof running +South-East, is very cleare, pure, full of life, and minerall +exhalations. + +We find it chiefly to consist of a vitrioline nature and quality, with a +participation also of those other minerals, which are said to be in the +_Sauvenir_ fountaine; but in a more perfect, and exquisite mixture and +temper (as wee deeme) and therefore to be supposed better and nobler, +then it. The difference betweene them will be found to be onely +_secundum majus & minus_, that is, according to more, or lesse, which +maketh no difference in kind, but in degrees. This partaketh in greater +measure of the qualities, and lesser of the substances of the minerals, +then that doth; and for that cause it is of a more quicke and speedy +operation; as also for the same reason, his tenuity of body, and +fulnesse of minerall spirits therein contained, it cannot be so farre +transported from its owne source, and spring, without losse, and +diminution of his strength, and goodnesse. For being caried no further, +then to the towne it selfe (though the glasse or vessell be closely +stopt) it becommeth somewhat weaker: if as farre as to _Yorke_, much +more: but if 20 or 30 miles further, it will then bee found to be of +small force, or validity, as we have often observed. + +Whereas contrariwise the water of the lower fountaine at the _Spaw_, +called _Pouhon_, is frequently and usually caried and conveyed into +other Countries farre off, and remote, as into _France_, _England_, +_Scotland_, _Ireland_, divers parts of _Germany_, and some parts of +_Italy_; yea, and that of _Sauvenir_, (which is the better fountaine, +and whose water cannot be caried so farre away, as the other may) is +oftentimes used nowadayes at _Paris_, the chiefe City of _France_. + +But this of ours cannot be sent away any whit so farre off without losse +and decay of his efficacy, and vertue; so ayrie, subtill, and piercing +are its spirits, and minerall exhalations, that they soone passe, +vanish, and flye away. Which thing wee have esteemed to be a principall +good signe of the worthy properties of this rare Fountaine. So that this +water, being newly taken up at the Well, and presently after drunke, +cannot otherwise, but sooner passe by the Hypochondries and through the +body, and cause a speedier effect, then those in _Germany_ can. Whereby +any one may easily collect, and gather, that this getteth his soveraign +faculties better in its passage by and through the variety of minerals, +included in the earth (which only afford unto it an halitious body) then +those doe. + +If then wee bee desirous to have this of ours become commodious either +for preserving of our healths, or for altering any distemper, or curing +any infirmity (for which it is proper and availeable) it ought chiefly +to bee taken at the fountaine it selfe, before the minerall spirits bee +dissipated. + + + + +_CHAP_. 8. + +_=That Vitriol is here more predominant, then any other minerall.=_ + + +We have sufficiently beene satisfied by experience and trialls, through +what minerals this water doth passe: but to know in what proportion they +are exactly mixed therewith, it is beyond humane invention to find out; +nature having reserved this secret to her selfe alone. Neverthelesse it +may very well be conjectured, that as in the frame, and composition of +the most noble creature, Man (the lesser world) there is a temper of the +foure elements rather _ad justitiam_ (as Philosophers say) then _ad +pondus_; so nature in the mixture of these minerals, hath likewise taken +more of some, and lesse of others, as shee thought to be most fit, and +expedient for the good and behoofe of mans health, and the recovery and +restitution of it decayed; being indeed such a worke, as no Art is able +to imitate. + +That _Vitriolum_ (otherwise called _Chalcanthum_) is here most +predominant, there needs no other proofe, then from the assay of the +water it selfe; which both in the tart and inky smack thereof, joyned +with a piercing and a pricking quality, and in the savour (which is +somewhat a little vitrioline,) is altogether like unto the ancient +_Spaw_ waters; which according to the consent of all those, who have +considered their naturall compositions, doe most of all, and chiefly +participate of vitrioll. + +Notwithstanding, for a more manifest, and fuller tryall hereof, put as +much powder of galls, as will lye on two-pence, or three-pence, into a +glasse full of this water newly taken up at the fountaine, you shall see +it by and by turned into the right and perfect colour of Claret wine, +that is fully ripe, cleare, and well fined, which may easily deceive +the eye of the skilfullest Vintner. + +This demonstration hath beene often made, not without the admiration of +those, who first did see it. For the same quantity of galles mingled +with so much common water, or any other fountaine water thereabouts, +will not alter it any thing at all; unlesse to these you also adde +Vitrioll, and then the colour will appeare to be of a blewish violet, +somewhat inkish, not reddish, as in the former, which hath an exquisite +and accurate conjunction of other minerall exhalations, besides the +vitrioline. But this probation will not hold, if so be you make triall +with the said water being caried farre from the well; by reason of the +present dissipation of his spirits. + + + + +_CHAP_. 9. + +_=Of the properties, and effects of Vitrioll, according to the ancient +and moderne Writers.=_ + + +The qualities of Vitrioll, according to _Dioscorides, Galen, Ætius, +Paulus Ægineta_, and _Oribasius_, are to heate and dry, to bind, to +resist putrefaction, to give strength and vigour to the interiour parts, +to kill the flat wormes of the belly, to remedy venemous mushromes, to +preserve flesh over moyst from corruption, consuming the moysture +thereof by its heat, and constipating by his astriction the substance of +it, and pressing forth the serous humidity. + +And according to _Matthiolus_ in his Commentaries upon _Dioscorides_, it +is very profitable against the plague and pestilence, and the chymicall +oyle thereof is very availeable (as himselfe affirmeth to have +sufficiently proved) against the stone and stopping of urine, and many +other outward maladies and diseases, (_Andernæus_ and _Gesner_ adde to +these the Apoplexy) all which, for avoyding of prolixity, I doe here +purposely omit. + +Neither will I further trouble the Reader with the recitall of divers +and sundry excellent remedies, and medicines, found out and made of it +in these latter times, by the Spagyricke Physitians, and others: In so +much that _Joseph Quercetanus_, one of those, is verily of opinion, +that out of this one individuall minerall, well and exquisitely prepared, +there might be made all manner of remedies and medicines sufficient for +the storing and furnishing of a whole Apothecaries shop. + +But it will (perhaps) be objected by some one or other in this manner: +If vitrioll, which as most doe hold, is hote and dry in the third +degree, or beginning of the fourth, nay, of a causticke quality, and +nature (as _Discorides_ is of opinion) should here be predominant, then +the water of this fountaine must needs bee of great heat and acrimony; +and so become not onely unprofitable, but also very hurtfull for mans +use to be drunke, or inwardly taken. + +To which objection (not to take any advantage of the answer, which many +learned Physitians doe give, _viz_. that vitrioll is not hot, but cold) +I say: + +First, that although all medicinall waters doe participate of those +mineralls, by which they doe passe, yet they have them but weakly +(_viribus refractis_) especially when in their passages they touch, and +meet with divers others minerals of opposite tempers and natures. + +Secondly I answer, that in all such medicinall fountaines, as this, +simple water doth farre surpasse and exceed in quantity, whatsoever is +therewith intermixed; by whose coldnesse it commeth to passe, that the +contrary is scarce, or hardly perceived. For example, take one +proportion of any boyling liquor to 100. or more, of the same cold, and +you will hardly find in it any heat at all. Suppose then vitrioll to be +hot in the third degree, it doth not therefore follow, that the water, +which hath his vertue chiefly from it, should heat in the same degree. +This is plainly manifest not onely in this fountaine, but also in all +others, which have an acide taste, being indeed rather cold, then hot, +for the reasons above mentioned. + + + + +_CHAP_. 10. + +_=Of the effects, which this fountaine worketh, and produceth in those +who drinke of it.=_. + + +Experience sheweth sufficiently, besides reason, that this water first, +and in the beginning cooleth such, as use it: But being continued it +heateth and dryeth; and this for the most part it doth in all, yet not +alwayes. For (as we shall more fully declare afterwards) it effecteth +cures of opposite, and quite contrary natures, by the second and third +qualities, wherewith it is endowed, curing diseases both hot, cold, dry, +and moist. + +Those waters (saith _Renodæus_) which are replenished with a vitrioline +quality, as those at the _Spaw_, doe presently heale, and (as it were) +miraculously cure diseases, which are without all hope of recovery; +having that notable power, and faculty from vitrioll; by the vertue and +efficacy whereof, they passe through the meanders, turnings, and +windings of all parts of the whole body. Whatsoever is hurtfull, or +endammageth it, that they sweepe and carie away: what is profitable and +commodious, they touch not, nor hurt; that, which is flaccid, and loose, +they bind and fasten: that, which is fastened, and strictly tyed, they +loose: what is too grosse and thicke, they incide, dissolve, attenuate, +and expell. + +More particularly, the water of this fountaine hath an incisive and +abstersive faculty to cut, and loosen the viscous and clammy humours of +the body, and to make meable the grosse: as also by its piercing and +penetrating power, subtilty of parts, and by his deterging and +desiccative qualities to open all the obstructions, or oppilations of +the mesentery (from whence the seeds of most diseases doe arise and +spring) liver, splen, kidneis, and other interiour parts, and (which is +more to be noted and observed) to coole and contemperate their +unnaturall heat, helping, and removing also all the griefes and +infirmities depending thereupon. + +Besides all this, it comforteth the stomacke by the astriction it hath +from other minerals, especially iron, so that (without doubt) of a +thousand, who shall use it discreetly and with good advice (their bodies +first being well and orderly prepared by some learned and skilfull +Physitian, according to the states thereof, and as their infirmities +shall require) there will scarcely be any one found who shall not +receive great profit thereby. + +Moreover, it clenseth, and purifieth the whole masse of blood contained +in the veynes, by purging it from the seresity peccant, and from +cholericke, phlegmaticke, and melancholike humours; and that principally +by urine, which passeth through the body very cleare, and in great +quantity, leaving behind it the minerall forces, and vertues. + +Their stooles, who drinke of it, are commonly of a blackish, or dark +greene colour, partly because it emptieth the liver and splen from adult +humours, and melancholy, or the sediment of blood: but more especially, +because the mineralls intermixed doe produce and give such a tincture. + + + + +_CHAP_. 11. + +_=In what diseases the water of this Fountaine is most usefull and +beneficiall.=_ + + +Over and besides the peculiar and specificall faculties, which this +fountaine hath, it sheweth divers and sundry other manifest effects and +qualities in evacuating the noxious humours of the body, for most part +by urine especially when there is any obstruction about the kidneyes, +ureters and bladder: Or by urine and stoole both, if the mesentery, +liver, or splen, chance to bee obstructed. But, if the affect or griefe +be in the matrix or womb, then it clenseth that way according to the +accustomed and usuall manner of women. + +In melancholike people it purgeth by provoking the hæmorrhoides, and in +cholericke by siege, or stoole. If it causeth either vomit or sweat, it +is very seldome and rare. + +See here a most admirable worke guided by the omnipotency and wisedom of +the Almighty, that a naturall, cleare, and pure water, should produce so +many and severall effects and operations, being all of them in a manner +contrary one to another, which few medicines composed by art can easily +performe without hurt and damage to the party. Wherefore being drunke +with those cautions and circumstances necessarily required thereunto, it +is to be preferred before many other remedies, as not onely procuring +these evacuations; but also (which is more to be noted) staying them, +when they grow to any excesse. For seeing that here are minerals +contained both hot, cold, dry, aperitive, astringent, &c. there is none +so simple but must needs thinke and grant, that it cannot otherwise bee +but good and wholesome in grievances, and diseases, which in their owne +natures are opposite. + +But I may instance in some few, for which it is good and profitable, and +therein observe some order and methode; It dryeth the over moist braine, +and helpeth the evils proceeding therefrom, as rhumes, catarrhs, +palsies, cramps, &c. + +It is also good and availeable against inveterate headaches, migrims, +turnings, and swimmings of the head and braine, dizzinesse, epilepsie, +or falling sicknesse, and the like cold and moist diseases of the head. + +It cheereth and reviveth the spirits, strengtheneth the stomacke, +causeth a good and quicke appetite, and furthereth digestion. + +It helpeth the blacke and yellow Jaundisse, and the evill, which is +accompanied with strange feare and excessive sadnesse without any +evident occasion, or necessary cause, called _Melancholia +Hypochondriaca_. Likewise the cachexy, or evill habit of the body, and +the dropsie in the beginning thereof, before it be too farre gone. For +besides that it openeth obstructions, it expelleth the redundant water +contained in the belly, and contemperateth the unnaturall heat of the +liver. + +It cooleth the kidneyes or reynes, and driveth forth sand, gravell, and +stones out of them, and also hindreth the encrease or breeding of any +new, by the concretion, and saudering of gravell, bred of a viscous and +clammy humour, or substance. The same it performeth to the bladder, for +which it is also very beneficiall, if it chance to have any evill +disposition either in the cavity thereof, or in the necke of it, and +shutting muscle called _Sphincter_, whereby the whole part or member is +let and hindred in his office and function. + +Moreover, if there chance to be any ulcer in the parts last specified, +or any sore, or fistula in _perinaeo_ through an impostume ill cured, +this water is a good remedy for it, in regard of its clensing, +cicatrizing and constringing power, and vertue; and for that cause it is +very proper and commodious for the acrimony and sharpnesse of urine, and +against the stopping and suppression of urine, difficulty of making +water, and the strangury. + +Although it is very availeable against the stone in the kidneyes, and +against the breeding, and increase of any new there; yea, and against +little ones, that are loose in the bladder; yet notwithstanding it will +afford little or small benefit to those, in whom it is growne to bee +very great and big in the bladder: Because nothing will then serve to +breake it, as _Brassavolus_ saith, but a Smiths anvile and hammar. +Neverthelesse, if in this case incision be used, it will be very +commodious both for mundifying and consolidating the wound, made for the +extraction of it. + +It shall not bee needfull to speake much of the profit, which will +ensue by the fit administration of it in the inveterat venereous +Gonorrhæa, causing it to cease and stay totally, and correcting the +distemper, and the evill ulcerous disposition of the seed vessels, & the +vicine parts. + +There are very few infirmities properly incident to women, which this +water may not seeme to respect much. The use whereof, after the advice +and councell had of the learned Physitian, for the well and orderly +preparing their bodies, is singular good against the greene sicknesse, +and also very commodious and behoovefull to procure their monthly +evacuations, as also to stay their over much flowing; as well to +correct, as to stay their white floods; as well to dry the wombe being +too moist, as to heat it being too cold, through which causes and +distempers conception (for the most part) is let and hindered in cold +Northerne Countries, as _England_, and the like. For by the helpe of it +these distempers are changed and altered, the superfluous humidities +and mucosities are taken away, the part is corroborated, and the +retentive vertue is strengthned. + +This hath beene so much, and so often observed at the ancient _Spaw_, +that it cannot otherwise, but bee also verified at this in aftertimes, +when it shall bee frequented (as those have beene) with the company of +Ladyes, and Gentlewomen: Divers whereof, having beene formerly barren +for the space of ten, twelve yeares, or moe, and drinking of those +waters for curing and helping some other infirmities, then for want of +fruitfulnesse, have shortly conceived after their returne home to their +husbands, beyond their hopes and expectations. + +Besides all this, it is good for these women, who, though otherwise apt +enough to conceive, yet by reason of the too much lubricity of their +wombes, are prone to miscarry and abort, if before conception they shall +use it with those cautions and directions requisite. + +Also it respecteth very much the hard scirrhous and cancarous tumours, +and the grievous soares, and dangerous ulcers of the matrix. All these +excellent helpes and many moe it performeth to women with more speedy +successe, if it be also received by injection. But here by the way, all +such women, who are with child, are to be admonished, that they forbeare +to use it during that time. + +In children it killeth and expelleth the wormes of the guts and belly, +and letteth and hindreth the breeding and new encrease of any moe. + +I will here forbeare to write any thing of the benefits which it +affordeth against old and inveterate itches, morphewes, leprosies, &c. +in regard the other three sulphurous fountaines, before mentioned, doe +more properly respect such like grievances. Neither will I now spend any +more time in shewing what vertues it hath in the cure of the Indian, +commonly called the French, or rather Spanish disease: because +experience hath found out a more certaine and sure remedy against it. + + + + +_CHAP_. 12. + +_=Of the necessity of preparing the body before the use of this water.=_ + + +It is not in most things the bare and naked knowledge or contemplation +of them, that makes them profitable to us; but rather their right use, +and oppertune and fit administration. Medicines are not said to be +_Deorum manus_, that is, the hands of the Gods, (as _Herophilus_ calleth +them) or _Deorum dona_; that is, the gifts of the Gods (as _Hippocrates_ +beleeved) till they be fitly applyed and seasonably administered by the +counsell and advice of the learned and skilfull Physitian, according to +the true rules, and method of Art. + + _Temporibus medicina valet, data tempore prosunt, + Et data non apto tempore vina nocent._ + +That is, + + Medicines availe in their due times, + And profit is got by drinking wines + In timely sort; but in all reason + They doe offend, drunke out of season. + +Therefore to know th' originall mineralls, faculties, and vertues of +this worthy acide fountaine, will bee to no end, or to small purpose for +them, who understand not the right and true use, nor the fit and orderly +administration of it. For not only Physicke or medicines, but also +meats, and drinks taken disorderly, out of due time and without measure, +bringeth oftentimes detriment to the partie; who otherwise might receive +comfort and strength thereby: So likewise this water, if it be not +drunke at a convenient time and season, in due fashion and proportion, +yea, and that after preparatives and requisite purging and evacuation of +the body, may easily hurt those, whose infirmities otherwise it doth +principally respect. For medicines ought not to be taken rashly, and +unadvisably, as most doe hand over head without any consideration of +time, place, and other circumstances; as that ignorant man did, who +getting the recipt of that medicine, wherewith formerly he had been +cured, made triall of it againe long after for the same infirmity +without any helpe or good at all, whereat greatly marvailing, received +this answer fro his Physitian: I confesse (said hee) it was the selfe +same medicine, but because I did not give it, therefore it did you no +good. + +To the end therefore, that no occasion may hereafter be either given, or +taken by the misgovernment, or overrashnesse of any in using it to +calumniate and traduce the worth, and goodnesse of this fountaine, I +will briefly here shew, what course is chiefly to be followed and +observed by those who shall stand in need of it. + +First then, because very few men are thoroughly and sufficiently +informed concerning the natures, and causes of their grievances, it +will be necessary that every one shold apply himselfe to some one, or +other, who either out of his judgement, or experience, or both, may +truely be able to give him counsell and good advice concerning the +conveniency of this fountaine. And if he shall be avised to use it, then +let the party (in the feare of God) addresse himselfe for his way to it, +against the fit season of it, without making any long and tedious daies +journeys, which cause lassitude, and wearinesse. + +Then, being come to the place, he ought after a dayes rest, or two, to +have his body wel prepared, & gently clensed with easie lenitives, or +purgatives, both fit, and appropriate, as well to the habite and +constitution thereof, as also for the disease it selfe, and as occasion +shall require, according to the rule of method, which teacheth that +universal or generall remedies ought ever to precede and goe before +particulars. Now what these are in speciall, to fit every ones case in +particular, it is impossible for me here, or any else to define +precisely. _Ars non versatur circa individua._ We may see it true in +mechanicall trades. No one shoemaker can fit all by one Last; nor any +one taylor can suite all by one, and the selfe same measure. + +Yet in regard it may perhaps bee expected that something should be said +herein, I say, that in the beginning (if occasion serve) some easie +Clyster may very fitly bee given, as well for emptying the lower +intestines from their usuall excrements, as for carying away and +clensing the mucose slimes contained therein. After that, it will be +convenient to prepare the body by some Julep or Apozeme, or to give some +lenitive medicine to free the first region of the body from excrements. +For otherwise the water might peradventure convey some part of them, or +other peccaÌ…t matter, which it findeth in his passage either into the +bladder, or to some other weake, and infirme member of the body, to the +increase of that evill disposition which is to be removed, or else to +the breeding of some other new infirmity. + +_Object_. Some perhaps will here object and say, that the time of the +yeere, in which this fountaine will be found to bee most usefull, will +be the hottest season thereof; or (if you like to call it) the +dog-daies, when it will be no fit time to purge at all. + +_Answ_. 1. To this I answer and say: First, the purging medicines here +required are not strong, and generous but gentle, mild and weake, such +as are styled _Benedicta medicamenta_: which may with great safetie and +profit bee given either then or at any other time of the yeere without +any danger, or respect of any such like circumstance at all. + +2. Secondly I answer; Although this observation of the dog-dayes might +perhaps be of some moment in hotter countries, as _Greece_, where +_Hippocrates_ lived, who first made mention of those dales: Yet in +colder climates, as _England_, and such like Countries, they are of +little or small force at all, and almost not to be regarded any whit, +either in using mild & temperate purgatives, or almost in any other; or +in blood-letting: though very many, or most doe erroniously say and +thinke the contrary. So that (if there be cause) they may as well and +safely then purge, as at any other time: Or, if occasion shall urge, as +in plethoricall bodies, and many other cases, a veine may safely (or +rather most commodiously) be then opened and so much blood taken away, +as the skilfull Physitian shall thinke in his discretion and wisdome to +be needfull and requisite. + +Let no man here think, that this is any strange position, or a new +paradoxe (for the learned know the contrary) or that I am studious of +innovation, but rather desirous to roote out an old and inveterate +errour, which in all probabilitie hath cost moe Englishmens lives, then +would furnish a royall army, in neglecting those two greater helpes or +remedies, to wit, Purging, and Blood-letting in hot seasons of the +yeare: which in all likelihood might have saved many of their lives, +while expecting more temperate weather, they have beene summoned in the +meane time, or _interim_ by the messenger of pale death to appeare in an +other world. + +Wherefore let all those who are yet living, bee admonished hereafter by +their examples, not obstinately and wilfully to eschue and shunne these +two remedies in hot seasons, and in the time of the Dog-dayes, (much +lesse all other manner of physicall helpes) not once knowing so much as +why, or wherefore, and without any reason at all, following blind and +superstitious tradition, and error, haply first broched by some unworthy +and ignorant Physitian, not rightly understanding _Hippocrates_ his +saving in all likelyhood, or at least wise misapplying it. Which hath +so prevailed in these times, that it hath not onely worne out the use of +purging, but also of all other physicke for that season, because most +people by the name of physicke understanding purging onely, and nothing +else. As though the art and science of Physicke was nothing else, but to +give a potion or purge. Then we rightly and truly might say, _Filia +devor avit matrem_. + +But for as much as most people are altogether ignorant of the true +ground or reason, from whence this so dangerous an error concerning the +Dog-dayes did first spring and arise, give me leave a little to goe on +with this my digression, for their better instruction, and satisfaction: +and I will briefly, and in a few lines shew the case, and the mistake +somewhat more plainly. + +_Hippocrates_ in his fourth booke of Aphorismes, the fift, hath these +words: _Sub canicula, & ante caniculam difficiles sunt purgationes._ +That is, under the canicular, or dog-star, and before the dog-star, +purgations are painfull and difficill. This is all that is there said of +them, or brought against them for that season, or time of the yeare. A +great stumbling-blocke against which many have dashed their feet, and +knockt their shinnes, and a fearfull scar-crow, whereat too many have +nicely boggled. Here you doe not find or see purging medicines to bee +then prohibited, or forbidden to be given at all (much lesse all other +physicke) but onely said to be difficill in their working: partly +because (as all expositors agree) nature is then somewhat enfeebled by +the great heat of the weather; partly because the humours being then, as +it were, accended are more chaffed by the heat of the purging medicines; +partly, and lastly, because two contrary motions seeme then to be at one +and the same time, which may offend nature; as the great heat of the +weather leading the humours of the body outwardly to the circumference +thereof, and the medicine drawing them inwardly to the center. All which +circumstances in our cold region are little, or nothing at all (as +formerly hath beene mentioned) to be regarded. For as _Jacobus +Hollerius_, a French Physitian, much honoured for his great learning and +judgement, hath very well observed in his Comment upon this Aphorisme; +_Hippocrates_ speaketh here onely of those purging medicines, which are +strong, and vehement, or hot and fiery; and that this precept is to take +place in most hot Regions, but not in these cold Countries, as _France_, +_England_, and the like. + +Over and beside all this, those churlish hot purging medicines, which +were then in frequent use in _Hippocrates_ his time, and some hundred of +yeares after, are now for most part obsolete, and quite growne out of +use, seldom brought in practice by Physitians in these dayes; because we +have within these last six hundred yeares great choice and variety of +more mild, benigne, and gentle purgatives found out by the Arabian +Physitians, which were altogether unknowne unto the ancients, to wit, +_Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, &c._ which have little heat, and +acrimony, many whereof are temperate, and divers cooling, which may most +safely be given either in the hottest times and seasons of the yeare, or +in the hottest diseases. Let us adde to these the like familiar and +gentle purging medicines more lately, yea, almost daily newly found out +since the better discoveries of the East and West Indies. So that +henceforth let no man feare to take either easie purgatives, or other +inward Physicke, in the time of the canicular, or dog-dayes. + +The same _Hollerius_ goeth on in the exposition and interpretation of +the said Aphorisme, and confidently saith: _Over & besides that we have +benigne medicines which we may then use, as Cassia, &c._ Wee know and +finde by experience no time here with us more wholsome and more +temperat (especially when the Etesian, or Easterly, winds do blow) then +the Canicular dayes: so that, wee finde by observation, that those +diseases which are bred in the moneths of June and July, doe end in +August, and in the Canicular dayes. Wherefore, if a disease happen in +those dayes, we feare not to open a veyne divers times, and often, as +also to prescribe more strong purging medicines. + +Wherefore away henceforth with the scrupulous conceit, and too nice +feare of the Dogge-dayes, and let their supposed danger be had no more +in remembrance among us. And if any will yet remaine obstinate, and +still refuse to have their beames pulled out of their eyes, let them +still be blinde in the middest of the cleare Sun-shine, and groape on +after darkness; and let all learned Physitians rather pitty their +follies, then envy their wits. + + + + +_CHAP_. 13. + +_=At what time of the yeare, and at what houre of the day it is most fit +and meet to drinke this water.=_ + + +To speake in generall tearmes, it is a fit time to drinke it, when the +ayre is pure, cleare, hot and dry: for then the water is more tart, and +more easily digested, then at other times. On the contrary, it is best +to forbeare, when the ayre is cold, moist, darke, dull and misty: for +then it is more feeble, and harder to be concocted. + +But more specially, the most proper season to undertake this our English +Spaw dyet, will be from the middest or latter end of June to the middle +of September, or longer, according as the season of the yeare shall fall +out to be hot and dry, or otherwise. + +Not that in the Spring-time, and in Winter it is not also good, but for +that the ayre being more pure in Sommer, the water also must needs be of +greater force and power. Notwithstanding it may sometime so happen in +Sommer, that by reason of some extraordinary falling of raine, there may +be a cessation from it for a day or two. Or if it chance to have rained +over night, it will then be fit and necessary to refraine from drinking +of it, untill the raine bee passed away againe: or else (which I like +better) the fountaine laded dry, and filled againe, which may well be +done in an hower, or two at most. + +Touching the time of the day, when it is best to drinke this water, +questionlesse the most convenient hower will be in the morning, when the +party is empty, and fasting, about seaven aclocke: Nature having first +discharged her selfe of daily excrements both by stoole and urine, and +the concoctions perfected. This time is likewise fittest for exercise, +which is a great good help, and furtherance for the better distribution +of the water, whereby it doth produce its effects more speedily. + + + + +_CHAP_. 14. + +_=Of the manner of drinking this water, and the quantitie thereof.=_ + + +Those who desire the benefit of this Fountaine, ought to goe to it +somewhat early in the morning, &, if they be able and strong of body, +they may doe very well to walke to it on foot, or at least wise some +part of the way. Such, as have weake and feeble leggs may ride on +horsebacke, or be caryed in coaches, or borne in chaires. As for those, +whose infirmities cause them to keepe their beds, or chambers, they may +drinke the water in their lodgings, it being speedily brought to them in +a vessell or glasse well stopt. + +It is not my meaning or purpose to describe here particularly, what +quantitie of it is fit and meet for every one to drinke; for this is +part of the taske and office, which belongeth to the Physitian, who +shall be of counsell with the Patient in preparing and well ordering of +him; who is to consider all the severall circumstances, as well of the +maladie or disease it selfe, as of his habite and constitution, &c. +Neverthelesse I may advise, that at the first it be moderately taken, +increasing the quantitie daily by degrees, untill they shall come at +last to the full height of the proportion appointed, and thought to be +meet and necessary. There they are then to stay, and so to continue at +that quantitie, so long as it shall be needfull. For example, the first +morning may happely be 16 or 18 ounces, and so on by degrees to 20. 30. +40. 50. 60. or moe, in people, who are of good and strong constitutions. +Towards the ending, the abatement ought likewise to be made by degrees, +as the increment was formerly made by little and little. + +Here by the way every one must be admonished to take notice, that it is +not alwayes best to drinke most, lest they chance to oppresse and +overcharge Nature, that would rather be content with lesse. It will +therefore be more safe, to take it rather somewhat sparingly, though for +a longer time, then liberally and for a short time. But, indeed the +truest and justest proportion of it, is ever to be made and esteemed, by +the good and laudable concoction of it, and by the due and orderly +voiding of it againe. + +It will not be here amisse to adde this one observation further; That it +is better to drinke this water once a day, then twice, and that in the +mornings, after that the Sunne hath dryed up & consumed the vapors +retained through the coldnesse of the night, &c. as is formerly +declared. After drinking it, it will be needfull to abstaine from meat & +other drinke for the space of three or foure dayes. [hours?] + +But if any one, who hath a good stomacke, shall be desirous to take it +twice a day; or if any shall bee necessarily compelled so to doe for +some urgent cause, by the approbation of his Physitian, let him dine +somewhat sparingly, and drinke it not againe, untill five houres after +dinner be past, or not untill the concoction of meat and drinke in the +stomacke be perfected: Observing likewise, that hee content himselfe in +the afternoones with almost halfe the quantity he useth to take in the +mornings. + + + + +_CHAP_. 15. + +_=Of the manner of dyet to be observed by those who shall use this +water.=_ + + +The regiment of life in meats and drinks, ought chiefly to consist in +the right and moderate use of those, which are of light and easie +digestion, and of good and wholesome nourishment, breeding laudable +juice. Therefore all those are to be avoyded, which beget crude and ill +humours. There ought furthermore speciall notice to be taken, that great +diversity of meats and dishes at one meale is very hurtfull, as also +much condiments, sauces, spice, fat, &c. in their dressing and cookery. + +I commend hens, capons, pullets, chickens, partridge, phesants, turkies, +and generally all such small birds, as live in woods, hedges, and +mountaines. Likewise I doe approve of veale, mutton, kid, lambe, +rabbets, young hare or leverits, &c. All which (for the most part) are +rather to be roasted then boyled. Neverthelesse those, who are affected +with any dry distemper, or those, who otherwise are so accustomed to +feed, may have their meats sodden; but the plainer dressing, the better. + +I discommend all salt meats, beefe, bacon, porke, larde, and larded +meats, hare, venison, tripes, and the entrailes of beasts, puddings made +with blood, pig, goose, swan, teale, mallard, and such like; and in +generall all water-fowle, as being of hard digestion and ill nutriment. + +Amongst the severall kinds of fishes, trouts, pearches, loaches, and for +most part, all scaly fish of brookes, and fresh rivers may well bee +permitted. Moreover smelts, soales, dabs, whitings, sturbuts, gurnets, +and all such other, as are well knowne not to be ill, or unwholesome to +feed on. All which may be altered with mint, hyssope, anise, &c. Also +cre-fishes, crab-fish, lobsters, and the like, may bee permitted. + +Cunger, salmon, eeles, lampries, herrings, salt-ling, all salt-fish, +sturgion, anchovies, oysters, cockles, muscles, and the like shell-fish +are to be disallowed. + +White-meats, as milke, cruds, creame, old cheese, custards, white-pots, +pudding-pyes, and other like milke-meats, (except sweet butter and new +creame cheese) are to be forbidden. Soft and reer egges we doe not +prohibit. + +Raisons with almonds, bisket-bread, marchpane-stuffe, suckets, and the +like, are not here forbidden to be eaten. + +Let their bread be made of wheat, very well wrought, fermented or +leavened; and let their drinke be beere well boyled and brewed: and let +it bee stale, or old enough, but in no wise tart, sharp, or sower: And +above all let them forbeare to mixe the water of the fountaine with +their drinke at meales: for that may cause many inconveniences to +follow, and ensue. + +Let me advise them to eschew apples, peares, plumbs, codlings, +gooseberries, and all such like sommer fruits, either raw, in tarts, or +other wise: Also pease, and all other pulse; all cold sallets, and raw +hearbs; onions, leekes, chives, cabbage or coleworts, pompons, +cucumbers, and the like. + +In stead of cheese at the end of meales, it will not bee amisse to eate +citron, or lemon pils condited, or else fenell, anise, coriander +comfits, or biskets and carawayes, as well for to discusse and expell +wind, as to shut and close the stomacke, for the better furthering the +digestion of meats and drinkes. And for that purpose, it would bee much +better, if the Physitian, who is of counsell, should appoint and ordaine +some fit and proper Tragea in grosse powder mixed with sugar, or else +made into little cakes or morsels. Likewise marmalade of quinces, either +simple or compound, (such as the Physitians do often prescribe to their +patients) may be used very commodiously. + +After dinner they ought to use no violent exercise, neither ought they +to sit still, sadly, heavy, and musing, nor to slumber, and sleepe; but +rather to stirre a little, and to raise up the spirits for an houre or +two, by some fit recreation. After supper they may take a walke into the +fields, or Castle yard. + + + + +_CHAP_. 16. + +_=Of the Symtomes or accidents, which may now and then chance to happen +to some one or other in the use of this water.=_ + + +Although those who are of good and strong constitutions, observing the +aforenamed direction, doe seldome or never receive any harme, or +detriment by drinking this water: notwithstanding it may sometime so +fall forth, that some of the weaker sort may perhaps observe some +little, or small inconvenience thereby, as retention of it in the body: +inflation of the bellie: costivenesse, and the like. Wherefore to +gratifie those, a word [or] two of every one shall suffice. + +First then, for to cause a more ready and speedy passage of it by urine, +it will not be amisse to counsell the partie after his returne to his +lodging to goe to his naked bed for an houre or two, that thereby +warmnesse, and naturall heat may be brought into each part of the body, +the passages more opened, and nature by that meanes made more fit and +apt for the expulsion of it. During which time it will be very requisite +to apply hot cloathes to the stomack: but not so as to provoke sweat. Or +else, to cause it to voyd and evacuate either by urine, stoole, or +sweat, exercise will be a good helpe and furtherance: if the party be +fit for it. But if neither of these will prevaile, then a sharp glyster +ought to be administered. + +The inflation or swelling of the belly hapneth principally to those, who +have feeble and weake stomacks; who may do very wel to eate anise, +fenell, or coriander comfits at the fountaine betweene every draught, +and to walke a little after; or else some carminative Lozenges, made +with grosse powders, spices and seeds for breaking of wind: or what +other thing the learned Physitian shall deeme to be most fit and proper +in his wisdome, and judgment. But if the inflation chance to be very +great, then a carminative glyster must be ordained. + +Such as shall be very costive may doe well to eat moistning meats, and +to use mollifying hearbes, raisons stoned, corants, damascene prunes, +butter, or the yolkes of egges, and the like in their broths, or +pottage. If these will not be sufficient, then let a day be spared from +drinking the water, and let the party take some lenitive medicine, as +laxative corants, or some such like thing: whereof the Physitian hath +ever great choice and variety, wherewith he can fit directly every one +his case; to whom present recourse ever ought to be had, when any of +these, or the like accidents doe happen, as likewise in all other cases +of waight and moment. + + +FINIS. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + +***** This file should be named 16417-0.txt or 16417-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/1/16417/ + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/16417-0.zip b/16417-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4af52a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/16417-0.zip diff --git a/16417-8.txt b/16417-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4b405a --- /dev/null +++ b/16417-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2639 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Spadacrene Anglica + The English Spa Fountain + +Author: Edmund Deane + +Commentator: James Rutherford and Alex. Butler + +Release Date: August 2, 2005 [EBook #16417] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + + + + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: A carat is used in some instances to indicate +superscript. If part is in brackets, then only those letters in +brackets are superscripted and the rest of the word is the normal size. + + + + +SPADACRENE ANGLICA. OR, _The English Spa Fountain._ + + +BY EDMUND DEANE, M.D. OXON. + + +The First Work on the Waters of Harrogate. + + +_REPRINTED WITH INTRODUCTION_ BY JAMES RUTHERFORD, L.R.C.P. ED. + + +_AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES_ BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B. + + +BRISTOL: JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, +KENT & CO. LTD. 1922 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +If the Author of "Spadacrene Anglica" could see our modern Harrogate, +for whose existence he is to no small extent responsible, he would be +justly entitled to consider his labours as well spent, however surprised +he might be at the change that had taken place in the village as he knew +it in the year 1626. For so was Harrogate in those years, a small +scattered hamlet, part of that great Royal Forest of Knaresborough, +extending westward from the town of Knaresborough for about 20 miles +towards Bolton Abbey, with an average depth of about 8 miles from North +to South, a Royal Forest, as Grainge in his History thereof premises, +from the year 1130 until 1775. Not only the change in the physical +aspect of Harrogate would have been noted by our author. Since his days, +within a radius of a few miles, have been found over 80 mineral springs, +whereby Harrogate is distinguished from all other European health +resorts. Not that the curative powers of these waters were altogether +unknown before Edmund Deane extolled the merits of the Tuewhit Well in +"Spadacrene Anglica." Indeed, he would be a bold man who would +dogmatically lay down at what period the powers of these waters were +unknown. Thus, in mediæval times the waters of St. Mungo's and St. +Robert's were accredited with miraculous powers. The Tuewhit Well itself +derives its name, according to some authorities, from its association in +pre-Roman times with the pagan God Teut. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" was published by Dr. Edmund Deane, an eminent +physician of York, in the year 1626, and passed through three editions +after his death. All these editions are very scarce, and although there +are copies of the four editions in the British Museum, there are only +two other copies known to exist. I was indeed fortunate, therefore, when +some seventeen years ago I picked up a copy in a well-known second-hand +book shop in Harrogate. Now I am reprinting it, not so much for its +interest to my professional brethren as a quaint and learned +contribution to medical literature in the seventeenth century, but +because it is the earliest and most indispensable source of the history +of the waters of Harrogate. + +A careful study of it will correct a number of remarkable errors, which +now pass current as historical facts in connection with the rise into +fame of Harrogate as our premier Spa. These errors would never have +arisen had there been a more free access to this very scarce book. Most +writers appear to have depended for their knowledge of its contents +upon the summary of it contained in Dr. Thomas Short's "History of +Mineral Waters," published about a century after the publication of +"Spadacrene Anglica." In commenting on this and other works abridged in +his History, the learned author states: + +"Some of them are very scarce and rare. Therefore, such as have them +not, have here their whole _substance_, and need not trouble themselves +for the treatises." Unfortunately, they did not have their "whole +substance," and hence these errors. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" deals mainly with the Tuewhit Well or the English +Spa. It is not my intention to discuss here either the history of its +distinguished author or the early history of the English Spa. This task +has been kindly undertaken for me by my friend and colleague, Dr. +Alexander Butler, to whom I take this opportunity to express my grateful +thanks for his very suggestive contribution. + +Suffice it for the purpose of this short introduction to state that the +medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well were discovered about fifty-five +years prior to the publication of "Spadacrene Anglica," the credit of +the discovery being due to a certain Mr. William Slingsby, not to his +nephew, Sir William Slingsby as has been persistently but erroneously +stated. The Tuewhit Well was first designated "The English Spa" in or +about the year 1596 by Timothy Bright, M.D., sometime rector of both +Methley and Barwick in Elmet, near Leeds, which goes far to support the +well established belief that the waters of the Tuewhit Well were the +first to be used internally for medicinal purposes in England. To-day +the word Spa is, of course, a general term for a health resort +possessing mineral waters, but in the days of Dr. Timothy Bright no such +meaning attached to it; Spa was the celebrated German health resort, and +one can readily conceive with what patriotic enthusiasm Dr. Timothy +Bright would proclaim the Tuewhit Well as "The English Spa" when the +medicinal properties of this Well were found to resemble those of the +two famous medicinal springs of Sauveniere and Pouhon at Spa. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" (as already mentioned) was published in 1626. Later +in the same year appeared another work on Harrogate, entitled "News out +of Yorkshire," by Michael Stanhope, Esq. Further, the time of Mr. +William Slingsby's birth has been traced back to between the years 1525 +and 1527. The year 1926 is therefore the tercentenary of the publication +of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica," and Stanhope's "News out of Yorkshire," +and may also be regarded as the quatercentenary of the birth of Mr. +William Slingsby. What a triple event for commemoration! + +In this edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" the original title-page and +initial letters have been artistically reproduced by the publishers; +the text has not been modernized except in the case of the old vowel +forms I and U for the consonants J and V. Otherwise, the original +spelling and the use of capitals and italics have been retained. The +long S has not been retained. With these slight changes one cannot but +admire the forceful English in which it is written, and the clearness of +the style of the author. + +I am indebted to my daughter Dorothy for the sketch of the Tuewhit Well. + +JAMES RUTHERFORD. + +_Saint Mungo, + 12, York Road, + Harrogate, 1921._ + + +_Biographical Notes_ OF _Edmund Deane, M.D. and others in relation to +the Tuewhit Well, The English Spa_. + +BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B. + + + + +BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES + +_=of Edmund Deane and others in relation to the English Spa.=_ + + +The present reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" should arouse a keen +literary interest in its author, Edmund Deane, and in the early history +of Harrogate. As one who had the privilege of reading the original +edition of this work, belonging to Dr. Rutherford, I was struck by the +marked contrast between Deane's account of the history of the medicinal +waters of Harrogate, and that which is to be found in more recent +writings on that subject. + +These modern accounts cannot be better or more authoritatively +exemplified than by taking a short extract from the article "Harrogate" +in the "Encyclopædia Britannica."[1] + + "The principal chalybeate Springs are the Tewitt well called by Dr. + Bright, who wrote the first account of it, the English Spaw, + discovered by Captain William Slingsby of Bilton Hall, near the + close of the 16th. Century...." + +This paragraph, as a statement of facts, accurately sets out what is to +be found in more or less detail in the accessible literature of to-day +and will be referred to afterwards as the recognised history of +Harrogate. It has received the express or tacit sanction of the +Corporation of Harrogate and is embodied in its publications. Further a +memorial has been erected to Sir William Slingsby, the Captain William +Slingsby of Bilton Hall referred to in the above quotation, as the +discoverer of the Tuewhit Well. + +Notwithstanding the complete credence that has been given to this +account for many years, I think there can be no doubt that it is +entirely erroneous, and that unmerited fame has been given to Sir +William Slingsby as the discoverer of the medicinal qualities of the +Tuewhit Well, and to Dr. Bright as the author who first wrote an account +of it. + +Deane's history of the medicinal springs of Harrogate in the Elizabethan +period is to be found in the earlier chapters of his book. It is +therefore only necessary to mention here that, according to "Spadacrene +Anglica" the Tuewhit Well was _not_ discovered by Captain (or Sir) +William Slingsby, it was _not_ discovered near the close of the 16th +Century, and Dr. Bright did _not_ write an account of it. It is hardly +credible that the history as given in the extract from the "Encyclopædia +Britannica" is actually derived from "Spadacrene Anglica." Yet such is +the case. Owing to the great rarity of the first edition of that book, +and the fact that the later editions were all, more or less, abridged or +incomplete, a series of plausible conjectures by later writers founded +on these imperfect editions has evolved a history of Harrogate in this +period which is, as regards the main facts, largely fictitious. The +object of the following biographical notes is, briefly, to restate the +history of Harrogate during the Elizabethan period, in terms of the only +reliable source for such a purpose, and to trace the accumulated errors, +as far as possible, to their origin and source, an inquiry which the +reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" at the present time makes not +inopportune. + +No history of Harrogate should be written, unless preceded by a +biographical note of the author of "Spadacrene Anglica," to whom and to +whose work Harrogate doubtless owes its position as the premier Spa of +this country; and it is with no little sense of the fickleness of fame +that one finds his name so little known, and his worth as a writer +unrecognized. As far as I know, no biography has been written +heretofore, nor is his life given in the various collective records of +the lives of British medical men, such as Aikin, etc.[2] The same +neglect of him occurs in the "Dictionary of National Biography," where +in view of the national importance of the Spas of this country, a +biography of Deane might not unreasonably be expected. Here and there +one is able to glean some small scraps of information about him, but the +result of all the gleanings from contemporary records, so far, can be +condensed in a very small compass. It does not seem amiss therefore to +record here what is known of the "father of Harrogate" albeit at present +unrecognized by his off-spring. + +Deane was descended from a family who for many generations lived at +Saltonstall, a hamlet in Warley in the parish of Halifax, and whose +history appears to have been quite uneventful.[3] Owing to the frequency +with which the same Christian names occur in the Parish Registers, it is +by no means easy to identify the several families of the name of Deane, +but in 1612 the family from which the author of "Spadacrene Anglica" was +descended, recorded in the College of Arms a short entry of pedigree, of +which a copy is appended. His parents were Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall +and Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Jennings of Seilsden in Craven, and +their family consisted of four sons, viz. Gilbert, Richard, Edmund and +Symon (twins). The date of birth of Edmund is not known, but the entry +of baptism is on 23rd of March 1572.[4] The mother seems to have died at +their birth, for the date of her funeral is but two days' later.[5] + + Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall,-+-..... dau. of ..... + Co. York | Horsfold under the + | bank, near Heptonstall + | + +---------------+------------+-------------------------+--+ + | | | | +Richard Deane Gilbert Deane of-+-Elizabeth dau. William 3 + s.p. Saltonstall | of Edm. Jennings Roger 4 + | of Seilsden in Craven + | + +-----------------------+------+----+-----------------------+--+ + | | | | | +Gilbert Richard Edmund Deane--Anne Michaell +Deane -+-Susan Deane, of the City dau of Symon s.p. + | dau of Bishop of of York, ... Faurie + | ... Bentley Ossory in Doctor of of Leicester, + | Ireland Phisick & Widow of + | Marmaduke + | Haddesley of + | Hull, Alderman + +------------------+ + | + John Deane, son & heir. + +Of the brothers of Edmund, Gilbert, the eldest, apparently lived at +Saltonstall, and it was his son, John Deane, who eventually became the +chief beneficiary under the Will of Edmund. Symon (or Michaell Symon), +the twin brother, died at the age of seven years. His remaining brother, +Richard, born in 1570, entered Merton College, Oxford, in 1589, and in +1609 succeeded Dr. Horsfall as Bishop of Ossory. He died in 1614. + +Edmund also entered Merton College, matriculating 26th March, 1591, and +took the degree of B.A. on the 11th of December, 1594. He then "retired +to St. Alban's Hall, where prosecuting his geny which he had to the +faculty of physic" he was licensed to practise medicine on the 28th +March, 1601, subsequently taking his degrees of M.B. and M.D. as a +member of that hall on the 28th of June, 1608. He was incorporated at +Cambridge in 1614. After taking his degrees in medicine he retired to +York and practised in that city till his death in 1640.[6] + +Nothing further is known of his life in York, except that Camidge[7] +states that he occupied a house adjoining the residence of Mr. Laurence +Rawden in the street called Pavement, a name, it has been suggested[8], +derived from the Hebrew Judgement seat "in a place that is called the +Pavement,"--this being that part of the City of York where punishment +was inflicted and where the Pillory was a permanent erection. It is not +unreasonable to suppose that this fact was responsible for Deane's +tender pity for the "poore prisoners" in his Will. + +In 1626, Deane published his "Spadacrene Anglica" which is here +reprinted. "Spadacrene Anglica" is a model of lucid and logical +exposition. It provides a quaint and interesting epitome of the medical +opinion of the day, but it is of more special interest as the source for +the earliest history of the Harrogate waters. Its importance from this +particular standpoint will be considered later. + +Later in the same year Michael Stanhope published his "Newes out of +Yorkshire," and in this book he gives a lively description of his +journey with Deane to the Well "called at this day by the country +people, Tuit Well, it seemes for no other cause but that those birdes +(being our greene Plover) do usually haunt the place." The following +extract of the first recorded visit to Harrogate will, I think, be of +interest. + + "In the latter end of the summer 1625, being casually with Dr. Dean + (a Physitian of good repute at his house at York, one who is far + from the straine of many of his profession, who are so chained in + their opinion to their Apothecary Shops, that they renounce the + taking notice of any vertue not confined within that circuit) he + took occasion to make a motion to me (the rather for that he + remembered I had been at the Spa in Germany) of taking the aire, + and to make our rendez-vouz at Knaresbrough to the end wee might be + the better opportuned to take a view of the Tuit-well (whereof he + had sparingly heard) for that it was by some compared to the so + much fam'd Spa in Germany. I was not nice to give way to the + summons of his desire: the match was soon made, and the next day, + accompanied with a worthy Knight and judicious admirer, and curious + speculator of rarities, and three other physitians of allowable + knowledge, we set forwards for Knaresbrough, being about fourteen + miles from Yorke. We made no stay at the towne, but so soone as we + could be provided of a guide, we made towards the Well, which we + found almost two miles from the Towne. It is scetuate upon a rude + barren Moore, the way to it in a manner a continual ascent. Upon + our first approach to the Spring we were satisfied that former + times had taken notice of it, by reason it was encloased with + stone, and paved at the bottome, but withal we plainely perceived + that it had been long forgotten[9], which the filth wherewith it + was choaked did witnesse, besides that through neglect the current + of other waters were suffered to steale into it. Before any + peremptory triall was made of it, it was thought fit first to + clense the Well, and to stop the passage of any other waters + intermixture, which within the compasse of an hour we effected. The + bottom now cleared, we plainely descried where the waters did + spring up, and then the Physitians began to try their experiments. + + But, first of all I dranke of it and finding it to have a perfect + Spa relish (I confesse) I could not contain but in a tone louder + than ordinary I bad them welcome to the Spa. Presently they all + took essai of it, and though they could not denie, but that it had + a different smack from all other common waters, most confessing + that it did leave in the pallate a kinde of acidnesse, yet the + better to be assured whether it did partake with Vitrioll, the + prime ingredient in the natural Spa, they mixed in a glasse the + powder of Galls with this water, knowing by experience if this + Minerall had any acquaintance with the Spring, the powder would + discolour the water and turne it to a Claret die; wherein they were + not deceived, for presently (to their both wonder and joy) the + water changed colour, and seemed to blush in behalf of the Country, + who had amongst them so great a jewell and made no reckoning of + it.... You may suppose (being met together at our Inne, where we + found ourselves very well accomodated for our provision) we could + finde no other talke but of this our new Spa.... Three days after + our return to York, Dr. Deane (whose thirst for knowledge is not + superficially to be satisfied) by the consent of his + fellow-physitians sent for a great quantity of the water in large + violl glasses, entending partly by evaporation and partly by some + other chimical means to experiment it...." + +It would certainly appear from a perusal of the above, that at the +latter end of the year 1625, Deane knew little of the medicinal value +of the English Spaw. But such a conclusion is entirely opposed to the +dedication and text of "Spadacrene Anglica," which clearly indicates +that Deane was a close personal friend of the eminent physicians Dr. +Timothy Bright, and Dr. Anthony Hunton of Newark-upon-Trent, who for +years had been recommending the waters to their friends and patients. +Moreover Deane himself had paid many visits to the English Spaw with the +physicians of York, and had been at last induced to commit his knowledge +to print. Is it permissible to use imaginative license and see in Deane +a humorist who persuaded Stanhope "of taking the aire" while professing +no intimate knowledge of the spring, yet going the length of taking the +powder of Galls in his pocket to produce a stage effect, which he had +never found to fail?[10] + +Stanhope readily adopts the plover origin of the name Tuewhit, but the +silence of Deane is suggestive of his doubt, and especially so as he +mentions the pigeons haunting the sulphur springs as "an arguement of +much salt in them." There is no obvious reason of this kind for the +plovers frequenting the Tuewhit Well in preference to any other spring +in the neighbourhood. + +In 1630, Deane published a number of Tracts which had been left more or +less incomplete by Samuel Norton. His share in the authorship of the +different tracts varies. The titles of one or two will sufficiently +indicate the nature of the subjects, and it can be seen that his studies +included the philosophical stone, and other subjects receiving attention +at the present time, such as "culture pearls." + +"Mercurius Redivivus, seu modus conficiendi Lapidem Philosophicum." + +"Saturnus Saturatus Dissolutus et Coelo restitutus, seu modus +componendi Lapidem Philosophicum ... e plumbo...." + +"Metamorphosis Lapidem ignobilium in gemmas quasdam pretiosas, seu modus +transformandi perlas parvas ... in magnas et nobilis ..." etc. etc. + +Edmund Deane married twice, first to Anne, widow of Marmaduke Haddersley +of Hull; the date is not known, though it was before the entry of +pedigree was recorded in 1612. In 1625, he had a license at York to +marry Mary Bowes of Normanton at Normanton. There does not appear to +have been a family by either of his wives. + +He died in 1640, and was buried in St. Crux Church, York. This church +was demolished about the year 1885, as it was considered structurally +unsafe, but there does not appear to have been any memorial erected to +him in the church. The manuscript Registers of the Parish of St. Crux +are in the College of Arms: the manuscript extracts do not commence +until the year 1678. His Will, however, is preserved. It is dated 30th +of Oct. 1639, and was proved at York on the 14th of April, 1640. + +In a biography it should be the task of the writer to visualise the +personality of his subject as well as to record merely the material +events of his life. In this instance it would be quite impossible to do +so from lack of material, but yet from his works, and from the opinion +held of him by Michael Stanhope, and last, but not least, from the +contents of his own Will, I think some picture can be painted of him. A +man of learning is shown from his writings: a perusal of "Spadacrene +Anglica" will exhibit both the clearness of his intellect and the +forcibleness of his style. For many years he successfully practised +medicine at York. He was held in high esteem among his professional +brethren, and was recognized by them as a leader in the profession with +a broad mind, ready to listen to and investigate new ideas. His +personality is fully and finely revealed in his Will, and as this is the +only biography, as it were, written by himself, I append an extract from +it, so that he may speak for himself. + + In the name of God, Amen. + + I Edmund Deane of the Cittye of Yorke Doctor of Phisicke being some + what weake of bodye, yett in good & pfect remembrance of mynd & + understanding (praised be God therefore) and calling to mynd the + uncertainety of this my naturall life & my mortality, not knowing + howe soone I shall laye downe this my earthly Tabernackle & be + gathered to sleepe in the grave wth my fathers doe therefore + accordinge to the holy Ghost directions make, constitute, ordayne & + declare this my last Will and Testament for the better setleing of + peace & concord amongst my wife, friends & kindred heareby + revokeing in acte, deede and in lawe all other former Wills & + testaments whatsoever. In manner & forme following. + + That is to say first & principally I comend & bequeath my soule + unto the ever blessed hands of Almighty God my heavenly father my + maker & creator, whoe out of his meer mercy, free will & love to + mankinde & to me in pticuler did vouchsafe to send his onely + begotten sonne before all eternity, Christ Jesus the pmissed + Messias into this world to save sinners (whereof w^th S^t. Paull I + confesse my selfe the greatest) to laye downe his life for mankinde + & that he dyed for me & for my salvac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on, & that he rose againe + the third day for my iustificac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on, that where he now is, I shall + be there alsoe after my dissolution & I hope & looke to be saved + only by his mirritts, death & passion alone, & by noe other meanes + whatsoever, & when itt shall please Almighty God to putt an end & + period to these my dayes here on earth, ending this my pilgrimage, + and layeing downe this my earthly Tabernackle. + + Then I comitt & bequeath this my nowe liveing body to the earth + from whence itt came, & the same to be buryed (yf I fortune to dye + in Yorke or otherwise yf itt may be done wth convenyency) in the + p'ish Church of St. Crux w^{th}in the said Citty of Yorke in the + Chancell of the said Church & to be enterred as neare as may be + unto the body of my late dearely beloved wife Anne Deane deceased + w^{th}out any bowelling or embalmeing, & there to be decently + enterred by toarch light, w^{th}out any further funerall pompe or + solempnity whatsoever, beinge (as I thinke) a custome not + altogeither laudable to banquett & feast att funeralls w^ch rather + ought to be a tyme of mourneing, then banqueting and feasting + + w^th said body of myne I knowe & beleive assuredly that I shall + rise againe att the last day, & be reunited & ioyned againe unto my + soule & that itt shall be made like unto Christ his glorious body, + that where he is, there I shall be alsoe liveing and reigneing w^th + him in his everlasting kingdome for ever. + + Now concerning my temporall Estate w^ch God in his mercy hath + vouchsafed to bestowe on me (or rather lent me as his steward) I + bequeath it thus as followeth + + First I give & bequeath to Mr. Roger Belwood my pastor thirty + shillings. + + Item I give to the poore people of the Cittye of Yorke three pounds + XX^s whereof to be distributed to the poore of the Warde where I + now live and the remmant to the poore of the other three Wardes + equally to be divided. + + Item I give to the poore prisoners of the castle of Yorke XX^s and + to the poore prisoners on Ousebridge called the Kidcoate X^s and to + the poore prisoners of S^t. Peters prison in Yorke X^s. + + Item I give to the poore people of the old hospitall or massing + dewes of the Citty of Yorke thirty shillings. Item whereas.... + + Item my Will meaninge and harty desire is that my nowe loveing wife + Mary Deane shall & may quietly have & enjoye all her widdowe rights + whatsoever according to this pvince of Yorke w^{th}out any further + trouble molestac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on or vexac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on or suite in lawe and that my + Executor shall not make any claime to any such goods or plate as + she the said Mary had in her former widdowhood & brought w^th her + to me att her marriage w^th me. Item I give to my said nowe loveing + wife as a legacy my coatch horses & furniture & what hay or oates, + coales, turfes & fuell shall be in my howse att my death. Item I + give.... + + Item I give to Margery Smeton yf shee be my servant at my death + forty shillings and to each other of my servants att my death tenn + shillings. + + All the rest of my goods & chattells unbequeathed, my debts and + funerall expenses discharged I give and bequeath to my loveing + nephewe Mr. John Deane of Saltonstall Atturney in his Maty Court of + Com{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on Pleas att Westminster & eldest sonne of my late brother + Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall deceased w^ch said John Deane I doe + ordayne constitute & make my sole & onely Executor of this my last + Will & Testament + + And for as much as most of my Estate doth consist in debts, w^ch + will require tyme for gathering in, my Will & meaneing is that this + my said executor shall have twelvemonethes tyme for the payment of + the greater legacies.... + + And further my meaneing is That for as much as my said Executor + John Deane by Gods pvidence is likely to be lame by a fall & not to + live & followe his profession as an Atturney to London (but as it + weare undone) whome I have made my onely & sole Executor of this my + last Will & Testament. Therefore all my nephews & kindred may know + I have given them small legacy to doe him good + + In Witness.... etc. + +In "Spadacrene Anglica" Deane mentions that "out of the divers fountains +springing hereabouts" five are worthy the observation of physicians. +These are-- + +1.--The Dropping Well. + +2.--The Sulphur Well at Bilton Park. + +3.--The Sulphur Well near Knaresborough. + +4.--The Sulphur Well at "Haregate head." + +5.--The Tuewhit Well, or The English Spaw. + +The number of springs worthy the observation of physicians has largely +increased and the relative importance of the five mentioned has altered +considerably since Deane wrote. But in 1626, The Tuewhit Well, or The +English Spaw, was regarded as the most worthy of fame. This well, +according to the later writers, was discovered by Captain (afterwards +Sir) William Slingsby:--in Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica," however, a +Mr. William Slingsby is given as the discoverer. + + "The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far + forth as I can learn), was one Mr. William Slingesby, a Gentleman + of many good parts, of an ancient and worthy Family neere thereby: + who having travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted + with the taste, use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. In + his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to + live for a little while at a grange house very neare to this + fountaine, and afterwards in Bilton Parke all his life long." + +From this it appears that the discovery was made by Mr. William Slingsby +in his later years, about the year 1571, but if the Mr. William Slingsby +here referred to was Sir William Slingsby he would have been a youth of +some 8 or 9 years in 1571. Secondly, one would judge from the text that +the Mr. William Slingsby referred to by the writer was dead at the time +that he wrote, namely 1626, whereas, as a matter of fact, Sir William +Slingsby was alive until the year 1634. Thirdly, it is impossible to +conceive that Edmund Deane would refer to Sir William Slingsby as Mr. +William Slingsby, seeing that the former was knighted in 1603, or 23 +years prior to the publication of Deane's work. It is therefore +abundantly clear that Sir William Slingsby--a very gallant +gentleman--has no claim to the fame which history has insisted upon +according him. + +The fact is that the Mr. William Slingsby referred to[11] was the fourth +son of Thomas Slingsby of Scriven, who married Joan, daughter of Sir +John Mallory of Studley, and who had a family of six sons and four +daughters. The name of the eldest son was Francis, and, as just +mentioned, William was the fourth son. Sir William Slingsby was the +seventh son of Francis and the nephew therefore of Mr. William Slingsby. +Mr. William Slingsby was buried at Knaresborough on the 8th of Oct., +1606, but the date of his birth does not seem to have been recorded. His +elder brother, Francis, died in 1600 at the age of 78, so that he was +born in 1522. It is not unreasonable to suppose that William, his +brother, one of a large family, was born between the years 1525 and +1527. He would therefore be somewhere between 44 and 46 years of age, +when he discovered the medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well, which +equally accords with Deane's statement that in his younger days he had +travelled in Germany. + +So far as I can trace, Hargrove[12] is the first author to confuse the +uncle and the nephew. He writes that the well + + "was discovered by Capt. William Slingsby, about the year 1571. + This Gentleman, in the early part of his life, had travelled in + Germany, where he made himself acquainted with the Spaws of that + country. He lived sometime at Grange House, near the Old Spaw, from + whence he removed to Bilton Park, where he spent the remainder of + his days. He made severall trials of this water, and finding it + like the German, he walled it about, and paved it at the bottom, + leaving a small opening for the free access of the water. Its + current is always near the same, and is about the quantity of the + Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it preferable." + +From this quotation it is clearly apparent that Hargrove erroneously +inferred that Mr. Slingsby and Capt. Slingsby were the one and the same +person instead of being uncle and nephew. In the 3rd edition of the +"History of Knaresborough," published in 1782, the reference to Mr. +Slingsby is omitted and from that edition onwards, Captain Slingsby +appears as the discoverer of the Tuewhit Well in 1571, a discovery +clearly inconsistent with the fact that he was born in the year 1562. + +The source of Hargrove's information in the above quotation is, without +doubt, the summary of "Spadacrene Anglica," published by Dr. Short in +1734 in his History of Mineral waters.[13] The summary by Short of +Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica" is as follows:-- + + "This fifth Spaw is a Mile and half from Knaresburgh, up a very + gentle ascent, near Harrigate, has much the same Situation as the + foresaid Spaws in Germany. It was discovered first about fifty + years ago, by one Mr. William Slingsby, who had travelled in + Germany in his younger Years, seen, and been acquainted with + theirs; and as he was of an ancient Family near the place, so he + had fine Parts and was a capable Judge. He lived some time at a + Grange-House near it; then removed to Bilton-Park, where he spent + the rest of his Days. He, using this Water yearly, found it exactly + like the German Spaw. He made several Tryals of it, then walled it + about, and paved it in the bottom with two large Stone-flags, with + a Hole in their sides for the free Access of the Water, which + springs up only at the bottom, through a Chink or Cranny left on + purpose. Its current is always near the same, and is about the + quantity of the Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it + preferable being more brisk and lively, fuller of Mineral Spirits, + of speedier Operation; he found much benefit by it. Dr. Tim. + Bright, about thirty years ago, first gave it the name of the + English Spaw: Having spent some time at those in Germany, he was + Judge of both; and had so good an Opinion of ours, that he sent + many Patients hither yearly, and every Summer drank the Waters + himself. And Dr. Anthony Hunter, late Physician at + Newark-upon-Trent, often chided us Physicians in York, for not + writing upon it, and deservedly setting it upon the Wings of Fame." + +A more consistent form has been given to the error by Grainge, who in +1862 published a memoir of the Life of Sir William Slingsby, Discoverer +of the first Spaw at Harrogate. Grainge, like Hargrove, had only access +to Short's summary, but he sees the difficulty to which I have alluded, +for he writes[14]:-- + + "From the uncertain expression of the Dr. 'about 50 years ago' the + date of this discovery is generally fixed in the year 1576, though + it is probably twenty years or more too early, as at that time + Slingsby would only be fourteen years of age: and could not have + travelled much in Germany or elsewhere: while the expression 'in + his younger days' would infer that the discovery was not made until + he had attained middle age at least." + +Grainge accordingly dates Captain (or Sir) William Slingsby's discovery +to 1596 or later, the origin of the expression "near the close of the +16th Century" of the recognised history. + +In the first place Dr. Short is inaccurate in that Deane states it was +discovered "55" years ago, and not "50." In the second place, the only +authority whom Grainge could rely upon was Deane, either directly or +indirectly, and Deane could not have made the discoverer to be a boy of +nine years of age (not fourteen) for he must have known Sir William +Slingsby, a contemporary. Finally, Grainge only consulted the summary of +"Spadacrene Anglica" and not the actual work, and it is to be noted that +Deane in Chapter 6 says the first discoverer "so far forth as I can +learn." These words are not in the summary, but they show that Deane had +given care to his work, and if Sir William Slingsby had been the +discoverer, Deane could have obtained his information at first hand, and +would have given Sir William Slingsby as his authority. + +Grainge was an eminent and careful historian, and he has written a +number of valuable works. He had the acumen to see that Sir William +Slingsby could not possibly have been the discoverer in 1571, and it is +fairly certain that if he had had access to Deane's work, he would have +rectified the error as regards Sir William, instead of questioning the +accuracy of Deane's statement. + +Little has been added to the account of Mr. William Slingsby as given by +Deane, but it has been shown at any-rate that the facts of his life fit +in perfectly with that account. + +The medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well having been discovered by +Mr. William Slingsby in or about the year 1571, this gentleman did +"drink the water every yeare after all his life time" and averred that +"it was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the +seas." Much pains were taken to bring the waters into notoriety in the +interests of humanity, and by reason of a pardonable national pride that +the country could boast of a health resort in every way comparable with +the famous German health resort of Spa. Chief among these early +advocates of this home fountain was Dr. Timothy Bright, who is +responsible for naming the well the "English Spa," which name was +apparently adopted by the gentry partaking of the water, whereas the +common folk still cling to the ancient name of Tuewhit Well. + +Timothy Bright has had a varied literary history. For about three +centuries he was almost entirely forgotten, and some of his works even +ascribed to purely imaginary authors. In recent years full justice has +been done to his name as the "father of shorthand" following the +publication by J.H. Ford in 1888 of the tercentenary edition of his work +entitled "Characterie," and since that year there has been much written +of him. The curious may therefore consult the works mentioned in the +footnote,[15] but it will suffice for my purpose to give a brief sketch +of his life, not as the "father of shorthand," but as one of the +fathers of Harrogate. + +Timothy Bright was born in Cambridge in the year 1551, matriculated in +Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1565, and took his B.A. in 1567-8. He +then went to Paris to study medicine, and in 1572 narrowly escaped the +Massacre at Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve by taking shelter at the +house of Sir Francis Walsingham, the English ambassador. Returning to +England he graduated M.B. in 1574 and M.D. in 1579. In 1584 he was well +launched on his medical career, for he was the physician at St. +Bartholomew's Hospital. By this time he had achieved some reputation as +a writer and had obtained the friendship of the powerful Cecil Lord +Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, which probably +explains how his now famous work "Characterie" was in 1588 dedicated to +Queen Elizabeth. His connection with these powerful personages led to a +change in his profession and incidentally to his connection with +Harrogate, for on July 5th, 1591, the Queen presented him to the Rectory +of Methley in Yorkshire, and on the 30th of Dec., 1594, also to the +Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in the same county. He held both these +livings till his death, which took place in 1615. By his Will he left +his body "to be buried when and where it shall please God." He was no +mean linguist for he bequeathed his Hebrew Bible and a Syriac Testament +as well as Greek, Latin and Italian works to his brother. His books of +Phisick and Philosophie he bequeathed to his sonne Titus Bright, M.D. He +was fond of music and possessed the standard work on harmony by Joseph +Zarlino. This he left, along with some instruments of music, a Theorbo +and an Irish harp, "which I most usuallye played upon" to his brother. + +In spite of the fact that he took holy orders, it is evident from +"Spadacrene Anglica" that he was held in high esteem as a physician +(albeit non-practising) by his contemporaries in Yorkshire, and his +travel abroad in Germany well fitted him for the post of advocate, which +from humane and patriotic motives he assumed on behalf of the English +Spa. + +Deane states that Bright first gave the name of English Spaw "about +thirty years since, or more," that is, in 1596 or earlier. This would +seem to indicate that Bright's association with Harrogate began shortly +after he was presented to the Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in 1594. + +Dr. Bright was a prolific writer and the names of his works are given in +a footnote.[16] Some of his books passed through several editions. +Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy" is said to have been suggested by his +"Treatise of Melancholy," and Shakespere was evidently acquainted with +his book, "Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character." + + "This is not my writing, + Though, I confess, much like the character" + + Twelfth Night. Act V, Sc. 1. + + + "All my engagements I will construe to thee, + All the characterie of my sad brows." + + Julius Cæsar. Act ii, Sc. 1. + +Hargrove appears also to be the earliest to assert that Bright was the +first writer on Harrogate. In his "History of Knaresborough" it is +merely stated "soon after its discovery Dr. Bright wrote on its virtues +and uses."[17] There is no authority for that assertion in any of the +works of Dr. Bright mentioned in the footnote, and the only evidence in +support of Hargrove is that given by Wheater,[18] who writes:-- + + "Dr. Bright was first to rush into description and he acquits + himself with true Elizabethan flavour. He observes regarding the + water that 'It occasions the retention of nothing that should be + evacuated and by relaxation evacuates nothing that should be + retained. It dries nothing but what's too moist and flaccid, and + heats nothing but what's too cold, and e contra: that though no + doubt there are some accidents and objections to the contrary, it + makes the lean fat, the fat lean, cures the cholic and the + melancholy, and the vapours: and that it cures all aches speedily + and cheereth the heart.' Such a recommendation," &c. + +This quotation, which is apparently the only evidence in support of +Hargrove's assertion that Bright wrote the first account of the English +Spa, is not taken from Bright's writings at all, but from Dr. Short's +summary of "The Yorkshire Spaw." "The Yorkshire Spaw" was a treatise +written by Dr. John French in 1652, and so far therefore from being +written by Dr. Bright, was actually written thirty-seven years after +Bright's death. + +It is perhaps only fair to the memory of both Hargrove and Wheater to +state that neither of them would have fallen into this error if they had +had the privilege of reading Deane's dedication to "Spadacrene Anglica," +in which he states that Dr. Bright intended to write an account "in case +hee had longer lived." No edition after the original edition contains +this dedication, for, as will be shown later, this very important part +of Deane's work was omitted by John Taylor in the second edition and was +not restored in any of the later. Moreover it is quite clear from the +dedication of Taylor's edition, in 1649 that copies of the original +edition were even then unobtainable, owing probably to the commotions +which had accompanied the civil war. + +I may here therefore emphasise the good service that has been done to +restore the true history of the medicinal waters of Harrogate, by the +reprinting of the original edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" by my friend +Dr. Rutherford. + +Before passing to the Bibliography of "Spadacrene Anglica," a brief +mention must be made of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, whose two books did +much to add to the celebrity of the English Spa, and were afterwards +associated with the later editions of "Spadacrene Anglica." His first +work was published towards the end of 1626, and is entitled, + + "Newes out of Yorkshire, or an account of a journey, in the true + discovery of a sovereigne Minerall, Medicinal Water in the + West-Riding of Yorkeshire, neere an Ancient Towne called + Knaresbrough, not inferior to the Spa in Germany. Also a taste of + Other Minerall Waters of severall natures adjoyning" By M.S. + + Ecclest. 38. 4. The Lord hath created Medicines out of the Earth: + he that is wise will not despise them. + +A large extract has already been given from this book, which was +dedicated "To the Right Honourable, the Vertuous, and Religious Lady, +the Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord Philip Stanhope, Baron of +Shelford." + +Stanhope's other work was entitled, + + "Cures without Care, or, a summons to all who finde little or no + help by the use of ordinary physick to repaire to the Northerne + Spa. Wherein by many Presidents of a few late yeares, it is + evidenced to the world, that infirmities in their own nature + desperate and of long continance have received perfect recovery in + the west Riding of Yorkshire. Also a description of the said water, + and of other rare and usefull springs adjoyning, the nature and + efficacie of the Mineralls contained in them, with other not + impertinent notes. Faithfully collected for the publique good by M. + St." + + Tibul. "felix quicunque dolore + alterius disces posse carere tuo," + London, 1632. + +Stanhope dedicated this work "To The Right Honourable, Thomas Lord +Wentworth, etc., Lord President of his Majesties Council established in +the North." Lord Wentworth is better known as the Earl of Strafford, and +was beheaded in 1642. In it is contained a catalogue of persons who +have received either benefit or cure by the waters. + +An abridgement of the two works of Stanhope was made by John Taylor and +published in 1649 under the title "Spadacrene Anglica ... Treatise of +the learned Dr. Deane and the sedulous observations of the ingenious +Michael Stanhope, Esquire." The ingenious Michael Stanhope, Esquire, +also appears in the 1654 edition, but in that published in 1736, +Stanhope appears as Dr. Stanhope. Short[19] seems to have been the first +to make Stanhope a member of the medical profession. His opinion was +soon adopted by others, and has apparently never been questioned. After +a perusal of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care," it is +difficult to understand how Short arrived at his conclusion, for the +internal evidence is entirely opposed to it. Even in the extract from +"Newes out of Yorkshire" already quoted, it is obvious that Stanhope +dissociates himself from the physicians with the party, for he writes, +"then the physitians began to try their experiments," "three other +physitians of allowable knowledge," and he refers to Deane as "one who +is far from the straine of many of his profession." This extract was +selected for an entirely different purpose, yet it is clearly not the +language of a fellow-physician in practice in York. Short himself +partially recognizes this. He only summarised "Cures without Care," and +he justly remarks of the cures therein related that "some whereof are +perhaps the greatest and most remarkable in the Authentic Records of +Physic down from Hippocrates to this day." Short writes fully a century +after "Cures without Care" was published, whereas Taylor was a +Apothecary in York and a contemporary of both Deane and Stanhope there, +and is accordingly the best authority on the status of Stanhope. + + Sir Michael Stanhope, Knt.,-+ + had a grant of Shelford | + Manor: beheaded in 1552 | + | + | + +-----------------+------------------------------+ + | | | + Sir Thomas Stanhope-+ Sir Edward Stanhope Other + of Shelford, Knt., | of Grimston, 2nd son,-+ issue + died 1596 | M.P. for Co. York | + | | + +-------------+----+ +------------+-----+---------+ + | | | | | +Sir John Stanhope-+ Other George Michael Other +of Elvaston | issue Stanhope, D.D. Stanhope issue + | Precentor of York, + | Buried 26/7/1644 + | + +----------+---------------------------------------------+ + | | +Sir Philip Stanhope, Knt. ----+-Katherine, daur. of Other +Cr. Baron of Shelford, 7/11/1616 | Francis, Lord Hastings issue +and Earl of Chesterfield, 4/8/1628 | +Died 1656, Aged 71 | + | + +A clue to the identity of Stanhope offers itself in the dedication of +"Newes out of Yorkshire" to Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord +Philip Stanhope, afterwards the Earl of Chesterfield. An outline of the +pedigree of the Stanhope family was obtained from the College of Arms +and is here partly reproduced to show the relationship of Stanhope to +Lady Katherine Stanhope. + +A Michael Stanhope entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1597-8, and +Gray's Inn in 1593-4, but there is no evidence to identify him with +Michael Stanhope the second son of Sir Edward Stanhope, and the author +of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care." It may be +mentioned that in the latter book, Stanhope discovers and describes the +well at present known as John's well. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY OF "SPADACRENE ANGLICA." + + +1626. + +First Edition. + + +1649. + +"Spadacrene Anglica," the English Spaw, or The Glory of Knaresborough. +Springing from Severall famous Fountaines there adjacent, called the +Vitrioll, Sulphurous, and dropping Wells: and also other Minerall +Waters. Their nature, Physical use, Situation and many admirable Cures +being exactly exprest in the subsequent Treatise of the learned Dr. Dean +and the sedulous observations of the ingenious Michael Stanhope, +Esquire. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience, that the +Vitrioline Fountain is equall (and not inferior) to the Germaine Spaw. +Aris[t]on men udôr. Published (with other additions) by John +Taylor, Apothecary in York, and there printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1649. + +The important and felicitous letter of dedication in the first edition +is discarded, and one of Taylor's own composition, of a very different +character is substituted for it. In it occurs the following, which is of +bibliographical interest: "The importunate desire of my friends has +forced me to reprint this little Treatise of Dr. Dean's Spadacrene +Anglica, which the vacillation of these distracted and ruinous times had +almost lost and obliterated. To this of Dr. Dean's I have added the +Observations of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, which I have excerpted forth +of his two books of the Spaw." + + +1654. + +"Spadacrene Anglica," etc., York, printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1654. The +title is the same as the 1649 reprint, except for the fact that +Taylor's name does not appear on it. His dedication is also omitted. + + +1734. + +Thomas Short, M.D., "The Natural, Experimental and Medicinal History of +Mineral Waters." + +In this volume, there are summaries of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica": +Stanhope's "Cures without Care": and French's "The Yorkshire Spaw," etc. + + +1736. + +"Spadacrene Anglica, or The English Spaw." Being An Account of the +Situation, Nature, Physical Use, and admirable Cures, performed by the +Waters of Harrogate, and Parts adjacent. By the late learned and eminent +Physician, Dr. Dean of York, and also the Observations of the ingenious +Dr. Stanhope. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience the +vitrioline Fountain is equal to the German Spaw. To which are added Some +Observations (Collected from modern Authors) of the Nature, Vertues and +Manner of Using the Sweet and Sulphur Waters at Harrogate, Leeds, etc., +1736. + + +1921. + +The present edition, reprinted from the 1626 edition. + + * * * * * + +[Footnote 1: "Encyclopædia Britannica," 11th ed., 1910-11, vol. xiii, +page 27.] + +[Footnote 2: J. Aikin, "Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great +Britain from the Revival of Literature to the time of Harvey," 1780. Wm. +MacMichael, "Lives of British Physicians," 1830. T.J. Pettigrew, +"Medical Portrait Gallery," 1838. G.T. Bettany, "Eminent Doctors, their +Lives and their Works," 1885.] + +[Footnote 3: Watson, J., "The History and Antiquities of the Parish of +Halifax in Yorkshire," 1775.] + +[Footnote 4: "The Register of Halifax," Part 1, 1910, page 205.] + +[Footnote 5: "The Register of Halifax," Part 2, 1914, page 253, The +Yorkshire Parish Register Society.] + +[Footnote 6: Anthony A. Wood, "Athenæ Oxoniensis," ed. Bliss, vol. ii, +page 660. "Alumni Oxoniensis," arranged by Joseph Foster. Vol. 1, +1500-1714.] + +[Footnote 7: Camidge, Wm., "Ye Olde Streete of Pavement," York, c. +1893.] + +[Footnote 8: Davies, R., "Walks through the City of York," 1880, page +247.] + +[Footnote 9: cf. "Spadacrene Anglica," page 125.] + +[Footnote 10: "Spadacrene Anglica," page 92.] + +[Footnote 11: "Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire," Joseph +Foster, 1874, Vol. 1 (West Riding).] + +[Footnote 12: E. Hargrove, "The History of the Castle, Town, and Forest +of Knaresbrough, with Harrogate and its medicinal Springs." 2nd. ed., +1775, page 45. I have not seen the 1769 ed.] + +[Footnote 13: Thomas Short, M.D. "The Natural Experimental and Medicinal +History of the Mineral Waters, etc." 1734, page 238.] + +[Footnote 14: Grainge, W., "Memoir of the Life of Sir Wm. Slingsby." +1862. Page 16.] + +[Footnote 15: "Athenæ Oxoniensis," ed. by P. Bliss, 1815, vol. 2, 174, +footnote by Rev. Joseph Hunter. Dictionary of Nat. Biography, 1886, vol. +VI. "Dr. Timothy Bright, Some Troubles of an Elizabethan Rector," by +Rev. H. Armstrong Hall, 1905, in vol. xv; and "The History of the Parish +of Barwick in Elmet," by F.S. Colman, M.A., Rector, 1908, in vol. xvii +of the Publications of the Thoresby Society. "William Shakespeare and +Timothy Bright," by M. Levy, 1910. "Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physicke, +A Memoir of the Father of Shorthand," 1911, by W.J. Carlton. His Will is +published in "Yorkshire Archæological Journal," 1902, vol 17.] + +[Footnote 16: "A Treatise: wherein is declared the sufficiencie of +English Medicines for the cure of all diseases cured with medicine," +T.B. 1580. + +"Hygieina, id est de sanitate tuenda, Medicinæ Pars prima." 1581. + +"Medicinæ Therapeutiæ pars: de dyscrasia corporis humani." 1583. + +"Therapeutica, hoc est de sanitate restituenda. Medicinæ Pars altera." + +"In Physimam G.A. Scribonii Animadversiones." 1584. + +"A Treatise of Melancholie. Containing the causes thereof, & reasons of +the strange effects it worketh in our mindes and bodies, with the +phisicke, cure, and spirituall consolation for such as have therto +adjoyned an afflicted conscience, etc." 1586. + +"Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character. Invented by Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physike." 1588. + +"An Abridgement of the Book of Acts and Monumentes of the Church." 1589. +Better known as "Foxe's Book of the Martyrs."] + +[Footnote 17: E. Hargrove, "The History of Knaresbrough." 2nd ed., 1775, +page 45.] + +[Footnote 18: W. Wheatear, "A Guide to and History of Harrogate," 1890, +page 58.] + +[Footnote 19: Thomas Short, M.D., "History of Mineral Water," 1734, page +243.] + +[Illustration: TUEWHIT WELL THE ENGLISH SPAW FOUNTAIN 1571] + +[Illustration: Original title page of Deane's manuscript.] + + + + +Spadacrene Anglica. + + +OR, THE ENGLISH SPAWFOVNTAINE. + + +Being A BRIEFE TREATISE of the acide, or tart Fountaine in the Forest of +_Knaresborow_, in the West-Riding of _Yorkshire_. + +As also a Relation of other medicinall Waters in the said Forest. + + +BY _Edmund Deane_, D^r. in Physicke, _Oxon_. dwelling in the City of +YORKE. + + +_LONDON_, Printed for _John Grismand_: and are to be sold by _Richard +Foster_, neere the Minster-gate in _Yorke_. 1626. + + + + +THE EPISTLE + + +TO + +THE PHYSITIANS OF YORKE. + +_Though it was my fortune first of all to set a new edge on this +businesse; yet my journeyes to this Fountaine have not been made without +your good companies and association, nor the severall tryals had there, +and at home, performed without your worthy helpes and assistance; nor +this little Treatise begun without your instigations and incitements. +Therefore I find none so fit and meet to patronize it, as your_ +selves: being able out of your owne knowledge and observation to defend +it against all malicious detractions. To extoll it above the_ Germaine +Spaw, _may be thought in me either indiscretion, or too much partiality; +but why I may not parallele them (being in natures and qualities so +agreeable) nor I, nor you (I suppose) know any inducing, much lesse +perswading argument. Wherefore being thus confident, I thought it no +part of our duties, either to God, our King, or Country, to conceale so +great a benefit, as may thereby arise and accrue not onely unto this +whole Kingdome and his Majesties loving subjects, but also in time +(after further notice taken of it) to other foraigne nations and +countries, who may perhaps with more benefit, lesse hazard and danger of +their lives, spoiling and robbing, better partake of this our_ English +Spaw _Fountaine, then of those in_ Germanie. + +_It were to be wished, that those two famous Physitians, Dr._ Hunton +_and Dr._ Bright _had beene yet living, to_ _have given testimony of +the great good hopes and expectation they conceived of it. The former of +which did oftentimes request me to publish it to the world: and the +other was resolved (in case hee had longer lived) to have done it +himselfe. So carefull were they both to promote their countries good, +and studious to procure the health of their Countrimen._ + +_I am as briefe and plaine, as possibly I may, to the end the Reader may +not be wearied, nor the patient deluded; and, if for these causes I may +seem to bee censured, yet I am well assured, that to your selves brevity +and perspicuity cannot, but bee acceptable. So wishing you all +happinesse, I shall ever rest and remaine_ + +From my house in _Yorke_, +this 20th. of April, +1626. + +Your assured friend, +_Edm; Deane_. + + + + +The English Spaw. + + * * * * * + +_CHAP_. 1. + +_=Of the situation of the Towne of_ Knaresborow.= + + +_Gnaresbrugh_ (commonly called _Knaresborow_) is a very ancient Market +towne in the West-Riding of _Yorkeshire_, distant 14 miles from the City +of _Yorke_; where the Pole is elevated 54 degrees, and 20 odde minutes. +On the South-west part thereof is that faire, and goodly Fort, so much +renowned, both for the pleasant situation, and remarkable strength, +knowne by the name of _Knaresborow Castle_, seated on a most ragged and +rough Rock; whence (as learned Mr. _Camden_ saith) it is so named. + +Both the Castle and the Towne are fenced on the South and West parts +with the River _Nid_: which is beautified here with two faire Bridges of +stone, which lead from the Towne into the Forest adjoyning, as also unto +a large empaled Park of his Majesties, called _Bilton-parke_, well +stored with fallow Deere: part whereof is bordered with the said river. + +The Towne it selfe standeth on a hill, having almost on every side an +ascent to it; and about it are divers fruitfull valleyes well +replenished with grasse, corne, and wood. The waters there are wholesome +and cleare; the ayre dry and pure. In briefe, there is nothing wanting, +that may fitly serve for a good and commodious habitation, and the +content and entertainment of strangers. + +Many things are very observable in this place, which because they rather +do appertaine to the volumes of Geographers, & Antiquaries, then to the +purpose intended in this little treatise, are here omitted. + + + + +_CHAP_. 2. + +_=Of the severall earths, stones, and mineralls found neere and about +this place.=_ + + +Although there are in sundry places of this Kingdome as many, or moe +severall kinds, and sorts of earths quarreyes of stone, minerals, and +mines of mettalls, then in any other Realme whatsoever; notwithstanding +no one place hath beene observed to have them either in such plentie, or +variety in so small a distance, as this. For here is found not onely +white and yellow marle, plaister, oker, rudd, or rubricke, free-stone, +an hard greet-stone, a soft reddish stone, iron-stone, brimstone, +vitreall, nitre, allum, lead, copper, (and without doubt diverse +mixtures of these) but also many other mineralls might (perhaps) be +found out by the diligent search and skilfull industrie of those, who +would take paines to labour a little herein. + +All which do manifestly demonstrate, that nature hath stored this little +territorie with a greater diversitie of hidden benefits, then great and +spacious Countries otherwise abounding in outward native commodities, +and that the fountaines, or springs of water hereabouts cannot otherwise +then participate of their severall natures, and properties. + + + + +_CHAP_. 3. + +_=Of the fountaines, of pure and simple waters neere, and about the +Towne.=_ + + +As generally most parts of the West Riding of _Yorkeshire_ (especially +the hilly and more mountaineous places thereof) are stored with +fountaines and springs of cleare, limpide, and pure simple waters; so +likewise the territorie here abouts is not without plenty of them. Two +whereof have gotten and purchased that reputation, as to be saincted: +The one called by the name of Saint _Magnus_, or _Mugnus-Well_: th' +other, that of Saint _Roberts_. + +These, formerly for a yeere, or two, have beene in great request in +these parts amongst the common sort, much sought unto by many, and great +concourse of people have daily gathered and flocked to them both neere, +and a farre off, as is most commonly seene, when any new thing is first +found out. _Fama enim grescit eundo_, even unto incredible wonders and +miracles, or rather fictions, and lyes. All which commeth to passe as +wee may well suppose, through our overmuch English credulity, or (as I +may better say) rather superstition. For to any such like Well, will +swarme at first both yong and old (especially the female sexe, as ever +more apt to bee deluded) halt, lame, blind, deafe, dumbe, yea, almost +all, and that for all manner of maladies and diseases, both inward and +outward. + +But for as much, as these are springs of pure, and simple waters +meerely, without any mixture at all of minerals to make them become +medicinable, it is verily thought, that the many & severall cures, which +have bin attributed unto them in those times, when they were so +frequented, were rather fained, and imaginary, then true, and reall; +and that those, who then visited them, were desirous (either to uphold, +and maintaine the credit, and reputation of their Saints, or else, to +avoyd the scorne and derision of their owne delusion) to have others +likewise deceived. + +Time hath quite worne all their strength, and consumed all their +vertues; so that nothing of worth now remaines with them, saving onely +their bare names and titles: _Sic magna sua mole ruunt_. + +Wherefore to omit these, as scarce worthy the mentioning; those are +chiefly here to be described, which doe participate of minerall vertues, +and faculties. + + + + +_CHAP_. 4. + +_=Of five fountaines neare unto the town, which doe participate of +minerall vertues.=_ + + +Out of the divers Fountaines springing hereabouts, five are worthy the +observation of Physitians. The first whereof is very neare unto the +river banke, over against the Castle, called by the name of the +_Dropping-well_, for that it droppeth, distilleth, and trickleth downe +from the hanging rocke above. The water whereof hath a certaine quality +or property to turne any thing, that lieth in it, into a stony substance +in a very short space. + +Three of the others (being all of them much of one, and the same nature) +are termed by the country people thereabouts the _Stinking-wels_, in +regard they have an ill, and fetide smell, consisting most of +Sulphure-vive, or quicke brimstone. One of them, and that which hath the +greatest current, or streame of water, is in _Bilton park_. + +The other two are in the sayd Forest; one is neare unto the towne; the +other is further off, almost two miles from it, beyond a place called +_Haregate head_, in a bottome on the right hand of it, as you goe, and +almost in the side of a little brooke. + +The fift, and last (for which I have principally undertaken to write +this short Discourse) is an acide, or tart fountaine in the said Forest, +commonly named by the vulgar sort, _Tuewhit-well_, and the _English +Spaw_, by those of the better rank, in imitation of those two most +famous acide fountaines at the _Spaw_ in _Germany_, to wit, +_Sauvenir_, and _Pouhon_: whereof the first (being the prime one) is +halfe a league from the _Spa_, or _Spaw_ village; the other is in the +middle of the towne. + + + + +_CHAP_. 5. + +_=A more particular recitall of the first foure Wells.=_ + + +I purpose to speake somewhat more in this place of the first foure +Springs mentioned in the former Chapter, in regard the consideration of +them may perhaps give some light to those, who shall hereafter search +further into the secrets, which nature may seeme to afford in the +Country hereabouts. + +The first is the _Dropping-well_, knowne almost to all, who have +travelled unto this place. The water whereof distilleth and trickleth +downe from the hanging Rocke over it, not onely dropping wise, but also +falling in many pretty little streames. + +This water issueth at first out of the earth, not farre from the said +hanging rocke, and running a while in one entire current, continueth +so, till it commeth almost to the brim of the cragg; where being opposed +by a damme (as it were artificiall) of certaine spongy stones, is +afterwards divided into many smaller branches, and falleth from on high +in manner aforesaid. + +It is therefore very likely, that Mr. _Camden_ in person did not see +this Fountaine, but rather that hee had it by relation from others; or +at least wise (if he did see it) that hee did not marke, and duly +observe the originall springing up of the water, when in his _Britannia_ +he saith thus: _The waters thereof spring not up out of the veines of +the earth_, &c. + +Concerning the properties and qualities thereof, I have nothing more to +write at this time (there being formerly little tryall had of it) saving +that divers inhabitants thereabouts say, and affirme, that it hath beene +found to bee very effectuall in staying any flux of the body: which +thing I easily beleeve. + +The other three are sulphureous fountaines, and cast forth a stinking +smell a farre off, especially in the winter season, and when the weather +is coldest. They are all noysome to smell to, and cold to touch, without +any manifest, or actuall heat at all; by reason (as may most probably be +thought) their mynes, and veines of brimstone, are not kindled under the +earth; being (perhaps) hindred by the mixture of salt therewith. + +Those, who drinke of their waters, relate, they verily thinke there is +gunpowder in them, and that now and then they vomit after drinking +thereof. + +The waters, as they runne along the earth, doe leave behind them on the +grasse and leaves a gray slimy substance, which being set on fire, hath +the right savour of common brimstone. They are much haunted with +Pigeons, an argument of much salt in them; of which in the evaporation +of the water by fire, wee found a good quantity remaining in the +bottome of the vessell. + +One thing further was worth observation; that white mettall (as silver) +dipped into them, presently seemeth to resemble copper: which we first +noted by putting a silver porrenger into one of these; unto which _Sir +Francis Trapps_ did first bring us. Which tincture these waters give by +reason of their sulphur. + +Touching their vertues, and effects, there may in generall the like +properties be ascribed unto them, as are attributed unto other +sulphureous Bathes actually cold, participating also of salt. + +The vulgar sort drinke these waters (as they say) to expell reefe, and +fellon; yea, many, who are much troubled with itches, scabs, morphewes, +tetters, ring-wormes, and the like, are soone holpen, and cured by +washing the parts ill affected therewith. Which thing they might much +more conveniently, and more commodiously doe, if at that in _Bilton_ +parke were framed 2 capacious Bathes, the one cold, the other to be made +hot, or warme, by art, for certaine knowne howers a day. + + + + +_CHAP_. 6. + +_=A more particular description of the fift, or last fountaine, called +the_ English Spaw.= + + +This, being the principall subject of this whole Treatise, is in the +said forest, about halfe a league, or a mile and a halfe west from the +towne; from whence there is almost a continuall rising to it, but +nothing so great, as the ascent is from the _Spaw_ village to the +_Sauvenir_. This here springeth out of a mountainous ground, and almost +at the height of the ascent, at _Haregate-head_; having a great descent +on both sides the ridge thereof; and the Country thereabouts somewhat +resembleth that at the _Spaw_ in _Germany_. + +The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far forth +as I can learn) was one Mr. _William Slingesby_, a Gentleman of many +good parts, of an ancient, and worthy Family neere thereby; who having +travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted with the taste, +use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. + +In his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to live +for a little while at a grange house very neare to this fountaine, and +afterwards in _Bilton_ Parke all his life long. Who drinking of this +water, found it in all things to agree with those at the _Spaw_. +Whereupon (greatly rejoycing at so good and fortunate an accident) he +made some further triall and assay: That done, he caused the fountaine +to be well, and artificially walled about, and paved at the bottome (as +it is now at this day) with two faire stone flags, with a fit hole in +the side thereof, for the free passage of the water through a little +guttered stone. It is open at the top, and walled somewhat higher, then +the earth, as well to keepe out filth, as Cattle for comming and +approaching to it. It is foure-square, three foot wide, and the water +within is about three quarters of a yard deepe. + +First we caused it to be laded dry, as well to scoure it, as also to see +the rising up of the water, which we found to spring up onely at the +bottome at the chinke or cranny, betweene two stones, so left purposely +for the springing up of the water at the bottome: Which as _Pliny_ +observeth in his 31 booke of his Naturall History and the third Chapter, +is a signe above all of the goodnesse of a fountaine. + +"And above all (saith he,) one thing would bee observed, and seene unto, +that the source, which feedeth it, spring and boyle up directly from the +bottome, and not issue forth at the sides: which also is a maine point +that concerneth the perpetuity thereof, and whereby wee may collect, +that it will hold still, and be never drawne drye." + +The streame of water, which passeth away by the hole in the side +thereof, is much one, and about the proportion of the current of the +_Sauvenir_. + +The above named Gentleman did drinke the water of this Fountaine every +yeare after all his life time, for helping his infirmities, and +maintaining of his health, and would oftentimes say and averre, that it +was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the seas, as +being more quicke and lively, and fuller of minerall spirits; effecting +his operation more speedily, and sooner passing through the body. + +Moreover Doctor _Timothy Bright_ of happy memory, a learned Physitian, +(while hee lived, my very kind friend, and familiar acquaintance) first +gave the name of the _English Spaw_ unto this Fountaine about thirty +yeares since, or more. For he also formerly had spent some time at the +_Spaw_ in _Germany_; so that he was very able to compare those with +this of ours. Nay, hee had futhermore so good an opinion, and so high a +conceit of this, that hee did not onely direct, and advise others to it, +but himselfe also (for most part) would use it in the Sommer season. + +Likewise Doctor _Anthony Hunton_ lately of _Newarke_ upon _Trent_, +a Physitian of no lesse worth and happy memory, (to whom for his true love +to mee, and kind respect of mee, I was very much beholden) would often +expostulate with mee at our meetings, and with other Gentlemen of +_Yorkeshire_, his patients, how it came to passe, that I, and the +Physitians of _Yorke_, did not by publike writing make the fame and +worth thereof better knowne to the world? + + + + +_CHAP_. 7. + +_=Of the difference of this Fountaine from those at the_ Spaw, +_to wit_, Sauvenir, _and_ Pouhon.= + + +This springeth almost at the top of the ascent (as formerly hath beene +said) from a dry, and somewhat sandy earth: The water whereof running +South-East, is very cleare, pure, full of life, and minerall +exhalations. + +We find it chiefly to consist of a vitrioline nature and quality, with a +participation also of those other minerals, which are said to be in the +_Sauvenir_ fountaine; but in a more perfect, and exquisite mixture and +temper (as wee deeme) and therefore to be supposed better and nobler, +then it. The difference betweene them will be found to be onely +_secundum majus & minus_, that is, according to more, or lesse, which +maketh no difference in kind, but in degrees. This partaketh in greater +measure of the qualities, and lesser of the substances of the minerals, +then that doth; and for that cause it is of a more quicke and speedy +operation; as also for the same reason, his tenuity of body, and +fulnesse of minerall spirits therein contained, it cannot be so farre +transported from its owne source, and spring, without losse, and +diminution of his strength, and goodnesse. For being caried no further, +then to the towne it selfe (though the glasse or vessell be closely +stopt) it becommeth somewhat weaker: if as farre as to _Yorke_, much +more: but if 20 or 30 miles further, it will then bee found to be of +small force, or validity, as we have often observed. + +Whereas contrariwise the water of the lower fountaine at the _Spaw_, +called _Pouhon_, is frequently and usually caried and conveyed into +other Countries farre off, and remote, as into _France_, _England_, +_Scotland_, _Ireland_, divers parts of _Germany_, and some parts of +_Italy_; yea, and that of _Sauvenir_, (which is the better fountaine, +and whose water cannot be caried so farre away, as the other may) is +oftentimes used nowadayes at _Paris_, the chiefe City of _France_. + +But this of ours cannot be sent away any whit so farre off without losse +and decay of his efficacy, and vertue; so ayrie, subtill, and piercing +are its spirits, and minerall exhalations, that they soone passe, +vanish, and flye away. Which thing wee have esteemed to be a principall +good signe of the worthy properties of this rare Fountaine. So that this +water, being newly taken up at the Well, and presently after drunke, +cannot otherwise, but sooner passe by the Hypochondries and through the +body, and cause a speedier effect, then those in _Germany_ can. Whereby +any one may easily collect, and gather, that this getteth his soveraign +faculties better in its passage by and through the variety of minerals, +included in the earth (which only afford unto it an halitious body) then +those doe. + +If then wee bee desirous to have this of ours become commodious either +for preserving of our healths, or for altering any distemper, or curing +any infirmity (for which it is proper and availeable) it ought chiefly +to bee taken at the fountaine it selfe, before the minerall spirits bee +dissipated. + + + + +_CHAP_. 8. + +_=That Vitriol is here more predominant, then any other minerall.=_ + + +We have sufficiently beene satisfied by experience and trialls, through +what minerals this water doth passe: but to know in what proportion they +are exactly mixed therewith, it is beyond humane invention to find out; +nature having reserved this secret to her selfe alone. Neverthelesse it +may very well be conjectured, that as in the frame, and composition of +the most noble creature, Man (the lesser world) there is a temper of the +foure elements rather _ad justitiam_ (as Philosophers say) then _ad +pondus_; so nature in the mixture of these minerals, hath likewise taken +more of some, and lesse of others, as shee thought to be most fit, and +expedient for the good and behoofe of mans health, and the recovery and +restitution of it decayed; being indeed such a worke, as no Art is able +to imitate. + +That _Vitriolum_ (otherwise called _Chalcanthum_) is here most +predominant, there needs no other proofe, then from the assay of the +water it selfe; which both in the tart and inky smack thereof, joyned +with a piercing and a pricking quality, and in the savour (which is +somewhat a little vitrioline,) is altogether like unto the ancient +_Spaw_ waters; which according to the consent of all those, who have +considered their naturall compositions, doe most of all, and chiefly +participate of vitrioll. + +Notwithstanding, for a more manifest, and fuller tryall hereof, put as +much powder of galls, as will lye on two-pence, or three-pence, into a +glasse full of this water newly taken up at the fountaine, you shall see +it by and by turned into the right and perfect colour of Claret wine, +that is fully ripe, cleare, and well fined, which may easily deceive +the eye of the skilfullest Vintner. + +This demonstration hath beene often made, not without the admiration of +those, who first did see it. For the same quantity of galles mingled +with so much common water, or any other fountaine water thereabouts, +will not alter it any thing at all; unlesse to these you also adde +Vitrioll, and then the colour will appeare to be of a blewish violet, +somewhat inkish, not reddish, as in the former, which hath an exquisite +and accurate conjunction of other minerall exhalations, besides the +vitrioline. But this probation will not hold, if so be you make triall +with the said water being caried farre from the well; by reason of the +present dissipation of his spirits. + + + + +_CHAP_. 9. + +_=Of the properties, and effects of Vitrioll, according to the ancient +and moderne Writers.=_ + + +The qualities of Vitrioll, according to _Dioscorides, Galen, Ætius, +Paulus Ægineta_, and _Oribasius_, are to heate and dry, to bind, to +resist putrefaction, to give strength and vigour to the interiour parts, +to kill the flat wormes of the belly, to remedy venemous mushromes, to +preserve flesh over moyst from corruption, consuming the moysture +thereof by its heat, and constipating by his astriction the substance of +it, and pressing forth the serous humidity. + +And according to _Matthiolus_ in his Commentaries upon _Dioscorides_, it +is very profitable against the plague and pestilence, and the chymicall +oyle thereof is very availeable (as himselfe affirmeth to have +sufficiently proved) against the stone and stopping of urine, and many +other outward maladies and diseases, (_Andernæus_ and _Gesner_ adde to +these the Apoplexy) all which, for avoyding of prolixity, I doe here +purposely omit. + +Neither will I further trouble the Reader with the recitall of divers +and sundry excellent remedies, and medicines, found out and made of it +in these latter times, by the Spagyricke Physitians, and others: In so +much that _Joseph Quercetanus_, one of those, is verily of opinion, +that out of this one individuall minerall, well and exquisitely prepared, +there might be made all manner of remedies and medicines sufficient for +the storing and furnishing of a whole Apothecaries shop. + +But it will (perhaps) be objected by some one or other in this manner: +If vitrioll, which as most doe hold, is hote and dry in the third +degree, or beginning of the fourth, nay, of a causticke quality, and +nature (as _Discorides_ is of opinion) should here be predominant, then +the water of this fountaine must needs bee of great heat and acrimony; +and so become not onely unprofitable, but also very hurtfull for mans +use to be drunke, or inwardly taken. + +To which objection (not to take any advantage of the answer, which many +learned Physitians doe give, _viz_. that vitrioll is not hot, but cold) +I say: + +First, that although all medicinall waters doe participate of those +mineralls, by which they doe passe, yet they have them but weakly +(_viribus refractis_) especially when in their passages they touch, and +meet with divers others minerals of opposite tempers and natures. + +Secondly I answer, that in all such medicinall fountaines, as this, +simple water doth farre surpasse and exceed in quantity, whatsoever is +therewith intermixed; by whose coldnesse it commeth to passe, that the +contrary is scarce, or hardly perceived. For example, take one +proportion of any boyling liquor to 100. or more, of the same cold, and +you will hardly find in it any heat at all. Suppose then vitrioll to be +hot in the third degree, it doth not therefore follow, that the water, +which hath his vertue chiefly from it, should heat in the same degree. +This is plainly manifest not onely in this fountaine, but also in all +others, which have an acide taste, being indeed rather cold, then hot, +for the reasons above mentioned. + + + + +_CHAP_. 10. + +_=Of the effects, which this fountaine worketh, and produceth in those +who drinke of it.=_. + + +Experience sheweth sufficiently, besides reason, that this water first, +and in the beginning cooleth such, as use it: But being continued it +heateth and dryeth; and this for the most part it doth in all, yet not +alwayes. For (as we shall more fully declare afterwards) it effecteth +cures of opposite, and quite contrary natures, by the second and third +qualities, wherewith it is endowed, curing diseases both hot, cold, dry, +and moist. + +Those waters (saith _Renodæus_) which are replenished with a vitrioline +quality, as those at the _Spaw_, doe presently heale, and (as it were) +miraculously cure diseases, which are without all hope of recovery; +having that notable power, and faculty from vitrioll; by the vertue and +efficacy whereof, they passe through the meanders, turnings, and +windings of all parts of the whole body. Whatsoever is hurtfull, or +endammageth it, that they sweepe and carie away: what is profitable and +commodious, they touch not, nor hurt; that, which is flaccid, and loose, +they bind and fasten: that, which is fastened, and strictly tyed, they +loose: what is too grosse and thicke, they incide, dissolve, attenuate, +and expell. + +More particularly, the water of this fountaine hath an incisive and +abstersive faculty to cut, and loosen the viscous and clammy humours of +the body, and to make meable the grosse: as also by its piercing and +penetrating power, subtilty of parts, and by his deterging and +desiccative qualities to open all the obstructions, or oppilations of +the mesentery (from whence the seeds of most diseases doe arise and +spring) liver, splen, kidneis, and other interiour parts, and (which is +more to be noted and observed) to coole and contemperate their +unnaturall heat, helping, and removing also all the griefes and +infirmities depending thereupon. + +Besides all this, it comforteth the stomacke by the astriction it hath +from other minerals, especially iron, so that (without doubt) of a +thousand, who shall use it discreetly and with good advice (their bodies +first being well and orderly prepared by some learned and skilfull +Physitian, according to the states thereof, and as their infirmities +shall require) there will scarcely be any one found who shall not +receive great profit thereby. + +Moreover, it clenseth, and purifieth the whole masse of blood contained +in the veynes, by purging it from the seresity peccant, and from +cholericke, phlegmaticke, and melancholike humours; and that principally +by urine, which passeth through the body very cleare, and in great +quantity, leaving behind it the minerall forces, and vertues. + +Their stooles, who drinke of it, are commonly of a blackish, or dark +greene colour, partly because it emptieth the liver and splen from adult +humours, and melancholy, or the sediment of blood: but more especially, +because the mineralls intermixed doe produce and give such a tincture. + + + + +_CHAP_. 11. + +_=In what diseases the water of this Fountaine is most usefull and +beneficiall.=_ + + +Over and besides the peculiar and specificall faculties, which this +fountaine hath, it sheweth divers and sundry other manifest effects and +qualities in evacuating the noxious humours of the body, for most part +by urine especially when there is any obstruction about the kidneyes, +ureters and bladder: Or by urine and stoole both, if the mesentery, +liver, or splen, chance to bee obstructed. But, if the affect or griefe +be in the matrix or womb, then it clenseth that way according to the +accustomed and usuall manner of women. + +In melancholike people it purgeth by provoking the hæmorrhoides, and in +cholericke by siege, or stoole. If it causeth either vomit or sweat, it +is very seldome and rare. + +See here a most admirable worke guided by the omnipotency and wisedom of +the Almighty, that a naturall, cleare, and pure water, should produce so +many and severall effects and operations, being all of them in a manner +contrary one to another, which few medicines composed by art can easily +performe without hurt and damage to the party. Wherefore being drunke +with those cautions and circumstances necessarily required thereunto, it +is to be preferred before many other remedies, as not onely procuring +these evacuations; but also (which is more to be noted) staying them, +when they grow to any excesse. For seeing that here are minerals +contained both hot, cold, dry, aperitive, astringent, &c. there is none +so simple but must needs thinke and grant, that it cannot otherwise bee +but good and wholesome in grievances, and diseases, which in their owne +natures are opposite. + +But I may instance in some few, for which it is good and profitable, and +therein observe some order and methode; It dryeth the over moist braine, +and helpeth the evils proceeding therefrom, as rhumes, catarrhs, +palsies, cramps, &c. + +It is also good and availeable against inveterate headaches, migrims, +turnings, and swimmings of the head and braine, dizzinesse, epilepsie, +or falling sicknesse, and the like cold and moist diseases of the head. + +It cheereth and reviveth the spirits, strengtheneth the stomacke, +causeth a good and quicke appetite, and furthereth digestion. + +It helpeth the blacke and yellow Jaundisse, and the evill, which is +accompanied with strange feare and excessive sadnesse without any +evident occasion, or necessary cause, called _Melancholia +Hypochondriaca_. Likewise the cachexy, or evill habit of the body, and +the dropsie in the beginning thereof, before it be too farre gone. For +besides that it openeth obstructions, it expelleth the redundant water +contained in the belly, and contemperateth the unnaturall heat of the +liver. + +It cooleth the kidneyes or reynes, and driveth forth sand, gravell, and +stones out of them, and also hindreth the encrease or breeding of any +new, by the concretion, and saudering of gravell, bred of a viscous and +clammy humour, or substance. The same it performeth to the bladder, for +which it is also very beneficiall, if it chance to have any evill +disposition either in the cavity thereof, or in the necke of it, and +shutting muscle called _Sphincter_, whereby the whole part or member is +let and hindred in his office and function. + +Moreover, if there chance to be any ulcer in the parts last specified, +or any sore, or fistula in _perinaeo_ through an impostume ill cured, +this water is a good remedy for it, in regard of its clensing, +cicatrizing and constringing power, and vertue; and for that cause it is +very proper and commodious for the acrimony and sharpnesse of urine, and +against the stopping and suppression of urine, difficulty of making +water, and the strangury. + +Although it is very availeable against the stone in the kidneyes, and +against the breeding, and increase of any new there; yea, and against +little ones, that are loose in the bladder; yet notwithstanding it will +afford little or small benefit to those, in whom it is growne to bee +very great and big in the bladder: Because nothing will then serve to +breake it, as _Brassavolus_ saith, but a Smiths anvile and hammar. +Neverthelesse, if in this case incision be used, it will be very +commodious both for mundifying and consolidating the wound, made for the +extraction of it. + +It shall not bee needfull to speake much of the profit, which will +ensue by the fit administration of it in the inveterat venereous +Gonorrhæa, causing it to cease and stay totally, and correcting the +distemper, and the evill ulcerous disposition of the seed vessels, & the +vicine parts. + +There are very few infirmities properly incident to women, which this +water may not seeme to respect much. The use whereof, after the advice +and councell had of the learned Physitian, for the well and orderly +preparing their bodies, is singular good against the greene sicknesse, +and also very commodious and behoovefull to procure their monthly +evacuations, as also to stay their over much flowing; as well to +correct, as to stay their white floods; as well to dry the wombe being +too moist, as to heat it being too cold, through which causes and +distempers conception (for the most part) is let and hindered in cold +Northerne Countries, as _England_, and the like. For by the helpe of it +these distempers are changed and altered, the superfluous humidities +and mucosities are taken away, the part is corroborated, and the +retentive vertue is strengthned. + +This hath beene so much, and so often observed at the ancient _Spaw_, +that it cannot otherwise, but bee also verified at this in aftertimes, +when it shall bee frequented (as those have beene) with the company of +Ladyes, and Gentlewomen: Divers whereof, having beene formerly barren +for the space of ten, twelve yeares, or moe, and drinking of those +waters for curing and helping some other infirmities, then for want of +fruitfulnesse, have shortly conceived after their returne home to their +husbands, beyond their hopes and expectations. + +Besides all this, it is good for these women, who, though otherwise apt +enough to conceive, yet by reason of the too much lubricity of their +wombes, are prone to miscarry and abort, if before conception they shall +use it with those cautions and directions requisite. + +Also it respecteth very much the hard scirrhous and cancarous tumours, +and the grievous soares, and dangerous ulcers of the matrix. All these +excellent helpes and many moe it performeth to women with more speedy +successe, if it be also received by injection. But here by the way, all +such women, who are with child, are to be admonished, that they forbeare +to use it during that time. + +In children it killeth and expelleth the wormes of the guts and belly, +and letteth and hindreth the breeding and new encrease of any moe. + +I will here forbeare to write any thing of the benefits which it +affordeth against old and inveterate itches, morphewes, leprosies, &c. +in regard the other three sulphurous fountaines, before mentioned, doe +more properly respect such like grievances. Neither will I now spend any +more time in shewing what vertues it hath in the cure of the Indian, +commonly called the French, or rather Spanish disease: because +experience hath found out a more certaine and sure remedy against it. + + + + +_CHAP_. 12. + +_=Of the necessity of preparing the body before the use of this water.=_ + + +It is not in most things the bare and naked knowledge or contemplation +of them, that makes them profitable to us; but rather their right use, +and oppertune and fit administration. Medicines are not said to be +_Deorum manus_, that is, the hands of the Gods, (as _Herophilus_ calleth +them) or _Deorum dona_; that is, the gifts of the Gods (as _Hippocrates_ +beleeved) till they be fitly applyed and seasonably administered by the +counsell and advice of the learned and skilfull Physitian, according to +the true rules, and method of Art. + + _Temporibus medicina valet, data tempore prosunt, + Et data non apto tempore vina nocent._ + +That is, + + Medicines availe in their due times, + And profit is got by drinking wines + In timely sort; but in all reason + They doe offend, drunke out of season. + +Therefore to know th' originall mineralls, faculties, and vertues of +this worthy acide fountaine, will bee to no end, or to small purpose for +them, who understand not the right and true use, nor the fit and orderly +administration of it. For not only Physicke or medicines, but also +meats, and drinks taken disorderly, out of due time and without measure, +bringeth oftentimes detriment to the partie; who otherwise might receive +comfort and strength thereby: So likewise this water, if it be not +drunke at a convenient time and season, in due fashion and proportion, +yea, and that after preparatives and requisite purging and evacuation of +the body, may easily hurt those, whose infirmities otherwise it doth +principally respect. For medicines ought not to be taken rashly, and +unadvisably, as most doe hand over head without any consideration of +time, place, and other circumstances; as that ignorant man did, who +getting the recipt of that medicine, wherewith formerly he had been +cured, made triall of it againe long after for the same infirmity +without any helpe or good at all, whereat greatly marvailing, received +this answer fro his Physitian: I confesse (said hee) it was the selfe +same medicine, but because I did not give it, therefore it did you no +good. + +To the end therefore, that no occasion may hereafter be either given, or +taken by the misgovernment, or overrashnesse of any in using it to +calumniate and traduce the worth, and goodnesse of this fountaine, I +will briefly here shew, what course is chiefly to be followed and +observed by those who shall stand in need of it. + +First then, because very few men are thoroughly and sufficiently +informed concerning the natures, and causes of their grievances, it +will be necessary that every one shold apply himselfe to some one, or +other, who either out of his judgement, or experience, or both, may +truely be able to give him counsell and good advice concerning the +conveniency of this fountaine. And if he shall be avised to use it, then +let the party (in the feare of God) addresse himselfe for his way to it, +against the fit season of it, without making any long and tedious daies +journeys, which cause lassitude, and wearinesse. + +Then, being come to the place, he ought after a dayes rest, or two, to +have his body wel prepared, & gently clensed with easie lenitives, or +purgatives, both fit, and appropriate, as well to the habite and +constitution thereof, as also for the disease it selfe, and as occasion +shall require, according to the rule of method, which teacheth that +universal or generall remedies ought ever to precede and goe before +particulars. Now what these are in speciall, to fit every ones case in +particular, it is impossible for me here, or any else to define +precisely. _Ars non versatur circa individua._ We may see it true in +mechanicall trades. No one shoemaker can fit all by one Last; nor any +one taylor can suite all by one, and the selfe same measure. + +Yet in regard it may perhaps bee expected that something should be said +herein, I say, that in the beginning (if occasion serve) some easie +Clyster may very fitly bee given, as well for emptying the lower +intestines from their usuall excrements, as for carying away and +clensing the mucose slimes contained therein. After that, it will be +convenient to prepare the body by some Julep or Apozeme, or to give some +lenitive medicine to free the first region of the body from excrements. +For otherwise the water might peradventure convey some part of them, or +other pecca{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}t matter, which it findeth in his passage either into the +bladder, or to some other weake, and infirme member of the body, to the +increase of that evill disposition which is to be removed, or else to +the breeding of some other new infirmity. + +_Object_. Some perhaps will here object and say, that the time of the +yeere, in which this fountaine will be found to bee most usefull, will +be the hottest season thereof; or (if you like to call it) the +dog-daies, when it will be no fit time to purge at all. + +_Answ_. 1. To this I answer and say: First, the purging medicines here +required are not strong, and generous but gentle, mild and weake, such +as are styled _Benedicta medicamenta_: which may with great safetie and +profit bee given either then or at any other time of the yeere without +any danger, or respect of any such like circumstance at all. + +2. Secondly I answer; Although this observation of the dog-dayes might +perhaps be of some moment in hotter countries, as _Greece_, where +_Hippocrates_ lived, who first made mention of those dales: Yet in +colder climates, as _England_, and such like Countries, they are of +little or small force at all, and almost not to be regarded any whit, +either in using mild & temperate purgatives, or almost in any other; or +in blood-letting: though very many, or most doe erroniously say and +thinke the contrary. So that (if there be cause) they may as well and +safely then purge, as at any other time: Or, if occasion shall urge, as +in plethoricall bodies, and many other cases, a veine may safely (or +rather most commodiously) be then opened and so much blood taken away, +as the skilfull Physitian shall thinke in his discretion and wisdome to +be needfull and requisite. + +Let no man here think, that this is any strange position, or a new +paradoxe (for the learned know the contrary) or that I am studious of +innovation, but rather desirous to roote out an old and inveterate +errour, which in all probabilitie hath cost moe Englishmens lives, then +would furnish a royall army, in neglecting those two greater helpes or +remedies, to wit, Purging, and Blood-letting in hot seasons of the +yeare: which in all likelihood might have saved many of their lives, +while expecting more temperate weather, they have beene summoned in the +meane time, or _interim_ by the messenger of pale death to appeare in an +other world. + +Wherefore let all those who are yet living, bee admonished hereafter by +their examples, not obstinately and wilfully to eschue and shunne these +two remedies in hot seasons, and in the time of the Dog-dayes, (much +lesse all other manner of physicall helpes) not once knowing so much as +why, or wherefore, and without any reason at all, following blind and +superstitious tradition, and error, haply first broched by some unworthy +and ignorant Physitian, not rightly understanding _Hippocrates_ his +saving in all likelyhood, or at least wise misapplying it. Which hath +so prevailed in these times, that it hath not onely worne out the use of +purging, but also of all other physicke for that season, because most +people by the name of physicke understanding purging onely, and nothing +else. As though the art and science of Physicke was nothing else, but to +give a potion or purge. Then we rightly and truly might say, _Filia +devor avit matrem_. + +But for as much as most people are altogether ignorant of the true +ground or reason, from whence this so dangerous an error concerning the +Dog-dayes did first spring and arise, give me leave a little to goe on +with this my digression, for their better instruction, and satisfaction: +and I will briefly, and in a few lines shew the case, and the mistake +somewhat more plainly. + +_Hippocrates_ in his fourth booke of Aphorismes, the fift, hath these +words: _Sub canicula, & ante caniculam difficiles sunt purgationes._ +That is, under the canicular, or dog-star, and before the dog-star, +purgations are painfull and difficill. This is all that is there said of +them, or brought against them for that season, or time of the yeare. A +great stumbling-blocke against which many have dashed their feet, and +knockt their shinnes, and a fearfull scar-crow, whereat too many have +nicely boggled. Here you doe not find or see purging medicines to bee +then prohibited, or forbidden to be given at all (much lesse all other +physicke) but onely said to be difficill in their working: partly +because (as all expositors agree) nature is then somewhat enfeebled by +the great heat of the weather; partly because the humours being then, as +it were, accended are more chaffed by the heat of the purging medicines; +partly, and lastly, because two contrary motions seeme then to be at one +and the same time, which may offend nature; as the great heat of the +weather leading the humours of the body outwardly to the circumference +thereof, and the medicine drawing them inwardly to the center. All which +circumstances in our cold region are little, or nothing at all (as +formerly hath beene mentioned) to be regarded. For as _Jacobus +Hollerius_, a French Physitian, much honoured for his great learning and +judgement, hath very well observed in his Comment upon this Aphorisme; +_Hippocrates_ speaketh here onely of those purging medicines, which are +strong, and vehement, or hot and fiery; and that this precept is to take +place in most hot Regions, but not in these cold Countries, as _France_, +_England_, and the like. + +Over and beside all this, those churlish hot purging medicines, which +were then in frequent use in _Hippocrates_ his time, and some hundred of +yeares after, are now for most part obsolete, and quite growne out of +use, seldom brought in practice by Physitians in these dayes; because we +have within these last six hundred yeares great choice and variety of +more mild, benigne, and gentle purgatives found out by the Arabian +Physitians, which were altogether unknowne unto the ancients, to wit, +_Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, &c._ which have little heat, and +acrimony, many whereof are temperate, and divers cooling, which may most +safely be given either in the hottest times and seasons of the yeare, or +in the hottest diseases. Let us adde to these the like familiar and +gentle purging medicines more lately, yea, almost daily newly found out +since the better discoveries of the East and West Indies. So that +henceforth let no man feare to take either easie purgatives, or other +inward Physicke, in the time of the canicular, or dog-dayes. + +The same _Hollerius_ goeth on in the exposition and interpretation of +the said Aphorisme, and confidently saith: _Over & besides that we have +benigne medicines which we may then use, as Cassia, &c._ Wee know and +finde by experience no time here with us more wholsome and more +temperat (especially when the Etesian, or Easterly, winds do blow) then +the Canicular dayes: so that, wee finde by observation, that those +diseases which are bred in the moneths of June and July, doe end in +August, and in the Canicular dayes. Wherefore, if a disease happen in +those dayes, we feare not to open a veyne divers times, and often, as +also to prescribe more strong purging medicines. + +Wherefore away henceforth with the scrupulous conceit, and too nice +feare of the Dogge-dayes, and let their supposed danger be had no more +in remembrance among us. And if any will yet remaine obstinate, and +still refuse to have their beames pulled out of their eyes, let them +still be blinde in the middest of the cleare Sun-shine, and groape on +after darkness; and let all learned Physitians rather pitty their +follies, then envy their wits. + + + + +_CHAP_. 13. + +_=At what time of the yeare, and at what houre of the day it is most fit +and meet to drinke this water.=_ + + +To speake in generall tearmes, it is a fit time to drinke it, when the +ayre is pure, cleare, hot and dry: for then the water is more tart, and +more easily digested, then at other times. On the contrary, it is best +to forbeare, when the ayre is cold, moist, darke, dull and misty: for +then it is more feeble, and harder to be concocted. + +But more specially, the most proper season to undertake this our English +Spaw dyet, will be from the middest or latter end of June to the middle +of September, or longer, according as the season of the yeare shall fall +out to be hot and dry, or otherwise. + +Not that in the Spring-time, and in Winter it is not also good, but for +that the ayre being more pure in Sommer, the water also must needs be of +greater force and power. Notwithstanding it may sometime so happen in +Sommer, that by reason of some extraordinary falling of raine, there may +be a cessation from it for a day or two. Or if it chance to have rained +over night, it will then be fit and necessary to refraine from drinking +of it, untill the raine bee passed away againe: or else (which I like +better) the fountaine laded dry, and filled againe, which may well be +done in an hower, or two at most. + +Touching the time of the day, when it is best to drinke this water, +questionlesse the most convenient hower will be in the morning, when the +party is empty, and fasting, about seaven aclocke: Nature having first +discharged her selfe of daily excrements both by stoole and urine, and +the concoctions perfected. This time is likewise fittest for exercise, +which is a great good help, and furtherance for the better distribution +of the water, whereby it doth produce its effects more speedily. + + + + +_CHAP_. 14. + +_=Of the manner of drinking this water, and the quantitie thereof.=_ + + +Those who desire the benefit of this Fountaine, ought to goe to it +somewhat early in the morning, &, if they be able and strong of body, +they may doe very well to walke to it on foot, or at least wise some +part of the way. Such, as have weake and feeble leggs may ride on +horsebacke, or be caryed in coaches, or borne in chaires. As for those, +whose infirmities cause them to keepe their beds, or chambers, they may +drinke the water in their lodgings, it being speedily brought to them in +a vessell or glasse well stopt. + +It is not my meaning or purpose to describe here particularly, what +quantitie of it is fit and meet for every one to drinke; for this is +part of the taske and office, which belongeth to the Physitian, who +shall be of counsell with the Patient in preparing and well ordering of +him; who is to consider all the severall circumstances, as well of the +maladie or disease it selfe, as of his habite and constitution, &c. +Neverthelesse I may advise, that at the first it be moderately taken, +increasing the quantitie daily by degrees, untill they shall come at +last to the full height of the proportion appointed, and thought to be +meet and necessary. There they are then to stay, and so to continue at +that quantitie, so long as it shall be needfull. For example, the first +morning may happely be 16 or 18 ounces, and so on by degrees to 20. 30. +40. 50. 60. or moe, in people, who are of good and strong constitutions. +Towards the ending, the abatement ought likewise to be made by degrees, +as the increment was formerly made by little and little. + +Here by the way every one must be admonished to take notice, that it is +not alwayes best to drinke most, lest they chance to oppresse and +overcharge Nature, that would rather be content with lesse. It will +therefore be more safe, to take it rather somewhat sparingly, though for +a longer time, then liberally and for a short time. But, indeed the +truest and justest proportion of it, is ever to be made and esteemed, by +the good and laudable concoction of it, and by the due and orderly +voiding of it againe. + +It will not be here amisse to adde this one observation further; That it +is better to drinke this water once a day, then twice, and that in the +mornings, after that the Sunne hath dryed up & consumed the vapors +retained through the coldnesse of the night, &c. as is formerly +declared. After drinking it, it will be needfull to abstaine from meat & +other drinke for the space of three or foure dayes. [hours?] + +But if any one, who hath a good stomacke, shall be desirous to take it +twice a day; or if any shall bee necessarily compelled so to doe for +some urgent cause, by the approbation of his Physitian, let him dine +somewhat sparingly, and drinke it not againe, untill five houres after +dinner be past, or not untill the concoction of meat and drinke in the +stomacke be perfected: Observing likewise, that hee content himselfe in +the afternoones with almost halfe the quantity he useth to take in the +mornings. + + + + +_CHAP_. 15. + +_=Of the manner of dyet to be observed by those who shall use this +water.=_ + + +The regiment of life in meats and drinks, ought chiefly to consist in +the right and moderate use of those, which are of light and easie +digestion, and of good and wholesome nourishment, breeding laudable +juice. Therefore all those are to be avoyded, which beget crude and ill +humours. There ought furthermore speciall notice to be taken, that great +diversity of meats and dishes at one meale is very hurtfull, as also +much condiments, sauces, spice, fat, &c. in their dressing and cookery. + +I commend hens, capons, pullets, chickens, partridge, phesants, turkies, +and generally all such small birds, as live in woods, hedges, and +mountaines. Likewise I doe approve of veale, mutton, kid, lambe, +rabbets, young hare or leverits, &c. All which (for the most part) are +rather to be roasted then boyled. Neverthelesse those, who are affected +with any dry distemper, or those, who otherwise are so accustomed to +feed, may have their meats sodden; but the plainer dressing, the better. + +I discommend all salt meats, beefe, bacon, porke, larde, and larded +meats, hare, venison, tripes, and the entrailes of beasts, puddings made +with blood, pig, goose, swan, teale, mallard, and such like; and in +generall all water-fowle, as being of hard digestion and ill nutriment. + +Amongst the severall kinds of fishes, trouts, pearches, loaches, and for +most part, all scaly fish of brookes, and fresh rivers may well bee +permitted. Moreover smelts, soales, dabs, whitings, sturbuts, gurnets, +and all such other, as are well knowne not to be ill, or unwholesome to +feed on. All which may be altered with mint, hyssope, anise, &c. Also +cre-fishes, crab-fish, lobsters, and the like, may bee permitted. + +Cunger, salmon, eeles, lampries, herrings, salt-ling, all salt-fish, +sturgion, anchovies, oysters, cockles, muscles, and the like shell-fish +are to be disallowed. + +White-meats, as milke, cruds, creame, old cheese, custards, white-pots, +pudding-pyes, and other like milke-meats, (except sweet butter and new +creame cheese) are to be forbidden. Soft and reer egges we doe not +prohibit. + +Raisons with almonds, bisket-bread, marchpane-stuffe, suckets, and the +like, are not here forbidden to be eaten. + +Let their bread be made of wheat, very well wrought, fermented or +leavened; and let their drinke be beere well boyled and brewed: and let +it bee stale, or old enough, but in no wise tart, sharp, or sower: And +above all let them forbeare to mixe the water of the fountaine with +their drinke at meales: for that may cause many inconveniences to +follow, and ensue. + +Let me advise them to eschew apples, peares, plumbs, codlings, +gooseberries, and all such like sommer fruits, either raw, in tarts, or +other wise: Also pease, and all other pulse; all cold sallets, and raw +hearbs; onions, leekes, chives, cabbage or coleworts, pompons, +cucumbers, and the like. + +In stead of cheese at the end of meales, it will not bee amisse to eate +citron, or lemon pils condited, or else fenell, anise, coriander +comfits, or biskets and carawayes, as well for to discusse and expell +wind, as to shut and close the stomacke, for the better furthering the +digestion of meats and drinkes. And for that purpose, it would bee much +better, if the Physitian, who is of counsell, should appoint and ordaine +some fit and proper Tragea in grosse powder mixed with sugar, or else +made into little cakes or morsels. Likewise marmalade of quinces, either +simple or compound, (such as the Physitians do often prescribe to their +patients) may be used very commodiously. + +After dinner they ought to use no violent exercise, neither ought they +to sit still, sadly, heavy, and musing, nor to slumber, and sleepe; but +rather to stirre a little, and to raise up the spirits for an houre or +two, by some fit recreation. After supper they may take a walke into the +fields, or Castle yard. + + + + +_CHAP_. 16. + +_=Of the Symtomes or accidents, which may now and then chance to happen +to some one or other in the use of this water.=_ + + +Although those who are of good and strong constitutions, observing the +aforenamed direction, doe seldome or never receive any harme, or +detriment by drinking this water: notwithstanding it may sometime so +fall forth, that some of the weaker sort may perhaps observe some +little, or small inconvenience thereby, as retention of it in the body: +inflation of the bellie: costivenesse, and the like. Wherefore to +gratifie those, a word [or] two of every one shall suffice. + +First then, for to cause a more ready and speedy passage of it by urine, +it will not be amisse to counsell the partie after his returne to his +lodging to goe to his naked bed for an houre or two, that thereby +warmnesse, and naturall heat may be brought into each part of the body, +the passages more opened, and nature by that meanes made more fit and +apt for the expulsion of it. During which time it will be very requisite +to apply hot cloathes to the stomack: but not so as to provoke sweat. Or +else, to cause it to voyd and evacuate either by urine, stoole, or +sweat, exercise will be a good helpe and furtherance: if the party be +fit for it. But if neither of these will prevaile, then a sharp glyster +ought to be administered. + +The inflation or swelling of the belly hapneth principally to those, who +have feeble and weake stomacks; who may do very wel to eate anise, +fenell, or coriander comfits at the fountaine betweene every draught, +and to walke a little after; or else some carminative Lozenges, made +with grosse powders, spices and seeds for breaking of wind: or what +other thing the learned Physitian shall deeme to be most fit and proper +in his wisdome, and judgment. But if the inflation chance to be very +great, then a carminative glyster must be ordained. + +Such as shall be very costive may doe well to eat moistning meats, and +to use mollifying hearbes, raisons stoned, corants, damascene prunes, +butter, or the yolkes of egges, and the like in their broths, or +pottage. If these will not be sufficient, then let a day be spared from +drinking the water, and let the party take some lenitive medicine, as +laxative corants, or some such like thing: whereof the Physitian hath +ever great choice and variety, wherewith he can fit directly every one +his case; to whom present recourse ever ought to be had, when any of +these, or the like accidents doe happen, as likewise in all other cases +of waight and moment. + + +FINIS. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + +***** This file should be named 16417-8.txt or 16417-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/1/16417/ + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Or, the English Spa Fountain., by Edmund Deane, M.D. Oxon.. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + .poem span.i3 {display: block; margin-left: 3em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Spadacrene Anglica + The English Spa Fountain + +Author: Edmund Deane + +Commentator: James Rutherford + Alex. Butler + +Release Date: August 2, 2005 [EBook #16417] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + + + + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>SPADACRENE ANGLICA. </h1><h2>OR,</h2> <h1><i>The English Spa Fountain.</i></h1> + + +<h2>BY EDMUND DEANE, M.D. OXON.</h2> + + +<center>The First Work on the Waters of Harrogate.</center><br /> + +<center><i>REPRINTED WITH INTRODUCTION</i></center><br /> +<center>BY</center><br /> +<center>JAMES RUTHERFORD, L.R.C.P. ED.</center><br /> + +<center><i>AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES</i></center><br /> +<center>BY</center><br /> +<center>ALEX. BUTLER, M.B.</center><br /> + +<center>BRISTOL: JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, +KENT & CO. LTD. 1922</center> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2><br /> + +<center> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#INTRODUCTION"><b>INTRODUCTION.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#BIOGRAPHICAL_NOTES"><b>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_OF_SPADACRENE_ANGLICA"><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY OF "SPADACRENE ANGLICA."</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#Spadacrene_Anglica"><b>Spadacrene Anglica.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#THE_EPISTLE"><b>THE EPISTLE</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#The_English_Spaw"><b>The English Spaw.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_1"><b>CHAP. 1.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_2"><b>CHAP. 2.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_3"><b>CHAP. 3.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_4"><b>CHAP. 4.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_5"><b>CHAP. 5.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_6"><b>CHAP. 6.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_7"><b>CHAP. 7.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_8"><b>CHAP. 8.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_9"><b>CHAP. 9.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_10"><b>CHAP. 10.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_11"><b>CHAP. 11.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_12"><b>CHAP. 12.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_13"><b>CHAP. 13.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_14"><b>CHAP. 14.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_15"><b>CHAP. 15.</b></a><br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#CHAP_16"><b>CHAP. 16.</b></a><br /></span></center> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>If the Author of "Spadacrene Anglica" could see our modern Harrogate, +for whose existence he is to no small extent responsible, he would be +justly entitled to consider his labours as well spent, however surprised +he might be at the change that had taken place in the village as he knew +it in the year 1626. For so was Harrogate in those years, a small +scattered hamlet, part of that great Royal Forest of Knaresborough, +extending westward from the town of Knaresborough for about 20 miles +towards Bolton Abbey, with an average depth of about 8 miles from North +to South, a Royal Forest, as Grainge in his History thereof premises, +from the year 1130 until 1775. Not only the change in the physical +aspect of Harrogate would have been noted by our author. Since his days, +within a radius of a few miles, have been found over 80 mineral springs, +whereby Harrogate is distinguished from all other European health +resorts. Not that the curative powers of these waters were altogether +unknown before Edmund Deane extolled the merits of the Tuewhit Well in +"Spadacrene Anglica." Indeed, he would be a bold man who would +dogmatically lay down at what period the powers of these waters were +unknown. Thus, in mediæval times the waters of St. Mungo's and St. +Robert's were accredited with miraculous powers. The Tuewhit Well itself +derives its name, according to some authorities, from its association in +pre-Roman times with the pagan God Teut.</p> + +<p>"Spadacrene Anglica" was published by Dr. Edmund Deane, an eminent +physician of York, in the year 1626, and passed through three editions +after his death. All these editions are very scarce, and although there +are copies of the four editions in the British Museum, there are only +two other copies known to exist. I was indeed fortunate, therefore, when +some seventeen years ago I picked up a copy in a well-known second-hand +book shop in Harrogate. Now I am reprinting it, not so much for its +interest to my professional brethren as a quaint and learned +contribution to medical literature in the seventeenth century, but +because it is the earliest and most indispensable source of the history +of the waters of Harrogate.</p> + +<p>A careful study of it will correct a number of remarkable errors, which +now pass current as historical facts in connection with the rise into +fame of Harrogate as our premier Spa. These errors would never have +arisen had there been a more free access to this very scarce book. Most +writers appear to have depended for their knowledge of its contents +upon the summary of it contained in Dr. Thomas Short's "History of +Mineral Waters," published about a century after the publication of +"Spadacrene Anglica." In commenting on this and other works abridged in +his History, the learned author states:</p> + +<p>"Some of them are very scarce and rare. Therefore, such as have them +not, have here their whole <i>substance</i>, and need not trouble themselves +for the treatises." Unfortunately, they did not have their "whole +substance," and hence these errors.</p> + +<p>"Spadacrene Anglica" deals mainly with the Tuewhit Well or the English +Spa. It is not my intention to discuss here either the history of its +distinguished author or the early history of the English Spa. This task +has been kindly undertaken for me by my friend and colleague, Dr. +Alexander Butler, to whom I take this opportunity to express my grateful +thanks for his very suggestive contribution.</p> + +<p>Suffice it for the purpose of this short introduction to state that the +medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well were discovered about fifty-five +years prior to the publication of "Spadacrene Anglica," the credit of +the discovery being due to a certain Mr. William Slingsby, not to his +nephew, Sir William Slingsby as has been persistently but erroneously +stated. The Tuewhit Well was first designated "The English Spa" in or +about the year 1596 by Timothy Bright, M.D., sometime rector of both +Methley and Barwick in Elmet, near Leeds, which goes far to support the +well established belief that the waters of the Tuewhit Well were the +first to be used internally for medicinal purposes in England. To-day +the word Spa is, of course, a general term for a health resort +possessing mineral waters, but in the days of Dr. Timothy Bright no such +meaning attached to it; Spa was the celebrated German health resort, and +one can readily conceive with what patriotic enthusiasm Dr. Timothy +Bright would proclaim the Tuewhit Well as "The English Spa" when the +medicinal properties of this Well were found to resemble those of the +two famous medicinal springs of Sauveniere and Pouhon at Spa.</p> + +<p>"Spadacrene Anglica" (as already mentioned) was published in 1626. Later +in the same year appeared another work on Harrogate, entitled "News out +of Yorkshire," by Michael Stanhope, Esq. Further, the time of Mr. +William Slingsby's birth has been traced back to between the years 1525 +and 1527. The year 1926 is therefore the tercentenary of the publication +of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica," and Stanhope's "News out of Yorkshire," +and may also be regarded as the quatercentenary of the birth of Mr. +William Slingsby. What a triple event for commemoration!</p> + +<p>In this edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" the original title-page and +initial letters have been artistically reproduced by the publishers; +the text has not been modernized except in the case of the old vowel +forms I and U for the consonants J and V. Otherwise, the original +spelling and the use of capitals and italics have been retained. The +long S has not been retained. With these slight changes one cannot but +admire the forceful English in which it is written, and the clearness of +the style of the author.</p> + +<p>I am indebted to my daughter Dorothy for the sketch of the Tuewhit Well.</p> + +<p>JAMES RUTHERFORD.</p> + +<p> +<i>Saint Mungo,</i><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>12, York Road,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Harrogate, 1921.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<center><big><i>Biographical Notes</i><br /> +OF <br /> +<i>Edmund Deane, M.D. <br /> +and others in relation to +the Tuewhit Well, The English Spa</i></big>.<br /> + +<big>BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B.</big></center> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BIOGRAPHICAL_NOTES" id="BIOGRAPHICAL_NOTES"></a>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES</h2> + +<center><b><i>of Edmund Deane and others in relation to the English Spa.</i></b></center> + + +<p>The present reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" should arouse a keen +literary interest in its author, Edmund Deane, and in the early history +of Harrogate. As one who had the privilege of reading the original +edition of this work, belonging to Dr. Rutherford, I was struck by the +marked contrast between Deane's account of the history of the medicinal +waters of Harrogate, and that which is to be found in more recent +writings on that subject.</p> + +<p>These modern accounts cannot be better or more authoritatively +exemplified than by taking a short extract from the article "Harrogate" +in the "Encyclopædia Britannica."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"The principal chalybeate Springs are the Tewitt well called by Dr.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Bright, who wrote the first account of it, the English Spaw,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">discovered by Captain William Slingsby of Bilton Hall, near the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">close of the 16th. Century...."</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>This paragraph, as a statement of facts, accurately sets out what is to +be found in more or less detail in the accessible literature of to-day +and will be referred to afterwards as the recognised history of +Harrogate. It has received the express or tacit sanction of the +Corporation of Harrogate and is embodied in its publications. Further a +memorial has been erected to Sir William Slingsby, the Captain William +Slingsby of Bilton Hall referred to in the above quotation, as the +discoverer of the Tuewhit Well.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the complete credence that has been given to this +account for many years, I think there can be no doubt that it is +entirely erroneous, and that unmerited fame has been given to Sir +William Slingsby as the discoverer of the medicinal qualities of the +Tuewhit Well, and to Dr. Bright as the author who first wrote an account +of it.</p> + +<p>Deane's history of the medicinal springs of Harrogate in the Elizabethan +period is to be found in the earlier chapters of his book. It is +therefore only necessary to mention here that, according to "Spadacrene +Anglica" the Tuewhit Well was <i>not</i> discovered by Captain (or Sir) +William Slingsby, it was <i>not</i> discovered near the close of the 16th +Century, and Dr. Bright did <i>not</i> write an account of it. It is hardly +credible that the history as given in the extract from the "Encyclopædia +Britannica" is actually derived from "Spadacrene Anglica." Yet such is +the case. Owing to the great rarity of the first edition of that book, +and the fact that the later editions were all, more or less, abridged or +incomplete, a series of plausible conjectures by later writers founded +on these imperfect editions has evolved a history of Harrogate in this +period which is, as regards the main facts, largely fictitious. The +object of the following biographical notes is, briefly, to restate the +history of Harrogate during the Elizabethan period, in terms of the only +reliable source for such a purpose, and to trace the accumulated errors, +as far as possible, to their origin and source, an inquiry which the +reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" at the present time makes not +inopportune.</p> + +<p>No history of Harrogate should be written, unless preceded by a +biographical note of the author of "Spadacrene Anglica," to whom and to +whose work Harrogate doubtless owes its position as the premier Spa of +this country; and it is with no little sense of the fickleness of fame +that one finds his name so little known, and his worth as a writer +unrecognized. As far as I know, no biography has been written +heretofore, nor is his life given in the various collective records of +the lives of British medical men, such as Aikin, etc.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The same +neglect of him occurs in the "Dictionary of National Biography," where +in view of the national importance of the Spas of this country, a +biography of Deane might not unreasonably be expected. Here and there +one is able to glean some small scraps of information about him, but the +result of all the gleanings from contemporary records, so far, can be +condensed in a very small compass. It does not seem amiss therefore to +record here what is known of the "father of Harrogate" albeit at present +unrecognized by his off-spring.</p> + +<p>Deane was descended from a family who for many generations lived at +Saltonstall, a hamlet in Warley in the parish of Halifax, and whose +history appears to have been quite uneventful.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Owing to the frequency +with which the same Christian names occur in the Parish Registers, it is +by no means easy to identify the several families of the name of Deane, +but in 1612 the family from which the author of "Spadacrene Anglica" was +descended, recorded in the College of Arms a short entry of pedigree, of +which a copy is appended. His parents were Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall +and Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Jennings of Seilsden in Craven, and +their family consisted of four sons, viz. Gilbert, Richard, Edmund and +Symon (twins). The date of birth of Edmund is not known, but the entry +of baptism is on 23rd of March 1572.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> The mother seems to have died at +their birth, for the date of her funeral is but two days' later.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> +<img src="images/dft.png" width="700" height="364" alt="Deane family tree" /> +</div> + +<p>Of the brothers of Edmund, Gilbert, the eldest, apparently lived at +Saltonstall, and it was his son, John Deane, who eventually became the +chief beneficiary under the Will of Edmund. Symon (or Michaell Symon), +the twin brother, died at the age of seven years. His remaining brother, +Richard, born in 1570, entered Merton College, Oxford, in 1589, and in +1609 succeeded Dr. Horsfall as Bishop of Ossory. He died in 1614.</p> + +<p>Edmund also entered Merton College, matriculating 26th March, 1591, and +took the degree of B.A. on the 11th of December, 1594. He then "retired +to St. Alban's Hall, where prosecuting his geny which he had to the +faculty of physic" he was licensed to practise medicine on the 28th +March, 1601, subsequently taking his degrees of M.B. and M.D. as a +member of that hall on the 28th of June, 1608. He was incorporated at +Cambridge in 1614. After taking his degrees in medicine he retired to +York and practised in that city till his death in 1640.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Nothing further is known of his life in York, except that Camidge<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +states that he occupied a house adjoining the residence of Mr. Laurence +Rawden in the street called Pavement, a name, it has been suggested<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, +derived from the Hebrew Judgement seat "in a place that is called the +Pavement,"—this being that part of the City of York where punishment +was inflicted and where the Pillory was a permanent erection. It is not +unreasonable to suppose that this fact was responsible for Deane's +tender pity for the "poore prisoners" in his Will.</p> + +<p>In 1626, Deane published his "Spadacrene Anglica" which is here +reprinted. "Spadacrene Anglica" is a model of lucid and logical +exposition. It provides a quaint and interesting epitome of the medical +opinion of the day, but it is of more special interest as the source for +the earliest history of the Harrogate waters. Its importance from this +particular standpoint will be considered later.</p> + +<p>Later in the same year Michael Stanhope published his "Newes out of +Yorkshire," and in this book he gives a lively description of his +journey with Deane to the Well "called at this day by the country +people, Tuit Well, it seemes for no other cause but that those birdes +(being our greene Plover) do usually haunt the place." The following +extract of the first recorded visit to Harrogate will, I think, be of +interest.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"In the latter end of the summer 1625, being casually with Dr. Dean</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">(a Physitian of good repute at his house at York, one who is far</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">from the straine of many of his profession, who are so chained in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">their opinion to their Apothecary Shops, that they renounce the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">taking notice of any vertue not confined within that circuit) he</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">took occasion to make a motion to me (the rather for that he</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">remembered I had been at the Spa in Germany) of taking the aire,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">and to make our rendez-vouz at Knaresbrough to the end wee might be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">the better opportuned to take a view of the Tuit-well (whereof he</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">had sparingly heard) for that it was by some compared to the so</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">much fam'd Spa in Germany. I was not nice to give way to the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">summons of his desire: the match was soon made, and the next day,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">accompanied with a worthy Knight and judicious admirer, and curious</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">speculator of rarities, and three other physitians of allowable</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">knowledge, we set forwards for Knaresbrough, being about fourteen</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">miles from Yorke. We made no stay at the towne, but so soone as we</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">could be provided of a guide, we made towards the Well, which we</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">found almost two miles from the Towne. It is scetuate upon a rude</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">barren Moore, the way to it in a manner a continual ascent. Upon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">our first approach to the Spring we were satisfied that former</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">times had taken notice of it, by reason it was encloased with</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">stone, and paved at the bottome, but withal we plainely perceived</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">that it had been long forgotten<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>, which the filth wherewith it</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">was choaked did witnesse, besides that through neglect the current</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">of other waters were suffered to steale into it. Before any</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">peremptory triall was made of it, it was thought fit first to</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">clense the Well, and to stop the passage of any other waters</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">intermixture, which within the compasse of an hour we effected. The</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">bottom now cleared, we plainely descried where the waters did</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">spring up, and then the Physitians began to try their experiments.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">But, first of all I dranke of it and finding it to have a perfect</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Spa relish (I confesse) I could not contain but in a tone louder</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">than ordinary I bad them welcome to the Spa. Presently they all</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">took essai of it, and though they could not denie, but that it had</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">a different smack from all other common waters, most confessing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">that it did leave in the pallate a kinde of acidnesse, yet the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">better to be assured whether it did partake with Vitrioll, the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">prime ingredient in the natural Spa, they mixed in a glasse the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">powder of Galls with this water, knowing by experience if this</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Minerall had any acquaintance with the Spring, the powder would</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">discolour the water and turne it to a Claret die; wherein they were</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">not deceived, for presently (to their both wonder and joy) the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">water changed colour, and seemed to blush in behalf of the Country,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">who had amongst them so great a jewell and made no reckoning of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">it.... You may suppose (being met together at our Inne, where we</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">found ourselves very well accomodated for our provision) we could</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">finde no other talke but of this our new Spa.... Three days after</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">our return to York, Dr. Deane (whose thirst for knowledge is not</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">superficially to be satisfied) by the consent of his</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">fellow-physitians sent for a great quantity of the water in large</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">violl glasses, entending partly by evaporation and partly by some</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">other chimical means to experiment it...."</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>It would certainly appear from a perusal of the above, that at the +latter end of the year 1625, Deane knew little of the medicinal value +of the English Spaw. But such a conclusion is entirely opposed to the +dedication and text of "Spadacrene Anglica," which clearly indicates +that Deane was a close personal friend of the eminent physicians Dr. +Timothy Bright, and Dr. Anthony Hunton of Newark-upon-Trent, who for +years had been recommending the waters to their friends and patients. +Moreover Deane himself had paid many visits to the English Spaw with the +physicians of York, and had been at last induced to commit his knowledge +to print. Is it permissible to use imaginative license and see in Deane +a humorist who persuaded Stanhope "of taking the aire" while professing +no intimate knowledge of the spring, yet going the length of taking the +powder of Galls in his pocket to produce a stage effect, which he had +never found to fail?<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Stanhope readily adopts the plover origin of the name Tuewhit, but the +silence of Deane is suggestive of his doubt, and especially so as he +mentions the pigeons haunting the sulphur springs as "an arguement of +much salt in them." There is no obvious reason of this kind for the +plovers frequenting the Tuewhit Well in preference to any other spring +in the neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>In 1630, Deane published a number of Tracts which had been left more or +less incomplete by Samuel Norton. His share in the authorship of the +different tracts varies. The titles of one or two will sufficiently +indicate the nature of the subjects, and it can be seen that his studies +included the philosophical stone, and other subjects receiving attention +at the present time, such as "culture pearls."</p> + +<p>"Mercurius Redivivus, seu modus conficiendi Lapidem Philosophicum."</p> + +<p>"Saturnus Saturatus Dissolutus et Coelo restitutus, seu modus +componendi Lapidem Philosophicum ... e plumbo...."</p> + +<p>"Metamorphosis Lapidem ignobilium in gemmas quasdam pretiosas, seu modus +transformandi perlas parvas ... in magnas et nobilis ..." etc. etc.</p> + +<p>Edmund Deane married twice, first to Anne, widow of Marmaduke Haddersley +of Hull; the date is not known, though it was before the entry of +pedigree was recorded in 1612. In 1625, he had a license at York to +marry Mary Bowes of Normanton at Normanton. There does not appear to +have been a family by either of his wives.</p> + +<p>He died in 1640, and was buried in St. Crux Church, York. This church +was demolished about the year 1885, as it was considered structurally +unsafe, but there does not appear to have been any memorial erected to +him in the church. The manuscript Registers of the Parish of St. Crux +are in the College of Arms: the manuscript extracts do not commence +until the year 1678. His Will, however, is preserved. It is dated 30th +of Oct. 1639, and was proved at York on the 14th of April, 1640.</p> + +<p>In a biography it should be the task of the writer to visualise the +personality of his subject as well as to record merely the material +events of his life. In this instance it would be quite impossible to do +so from lack of material, but yet from his works, and from the opinion +held of him by Michael Stanhope, and last, but not least, from the +contents of his own Will, I think some picture can be painted of him. A +man of learning is shown from his writings: a perusal of "Spadacrene +Anglica" will exhibit both the clearness of his intellect and the +forcibleness of his style. For many years he successfully practised +medicine at York. He was held in high esteem among his professional +brethren, and was recognized by them as a leader in the profession with +a broad mind, ready to listen to and investigate new ideas. His +personality is fully and finely revealed in his Will, and as this is the +only biography, as it were, written by himself, I append an extract from +it, so that he may speak for himself.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In the name of God, Amen.<br /></span> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I Edmund Deane of the Cittye of Yorke Doctor of Phisicke being some</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">what weake of bodye, yett in good & pfect remembrance of mynd &</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">understanding (praised be God therefore) and calling to mynd the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">uncertainety of this my naturall life & my mortality, not knowing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">howe soone I shall laye downe this my earthly Tabernackle & be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">gathered to sleepe in the grave wth my fathers doe therefore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">accordinge to the holy Ghost directions make, constitute, ordayne &</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">declare this my last Will and Testament for the better setleing of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">peace & concord amongst my wife, friends & kindred heareby</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">revokeing in acte, deede and in lawe all other former Wills &</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">testaments whatsoever. In manner & forme following.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">That is to say first & principally I comend & bequeath my soule</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">unto the ever blessed hands of Almighty God my heavenly father my</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">maker & creator, whoe out of his meer mercy, free will & love to</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">mankinde & to me in pticuler did vouchsafe to send his onely</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">begotten sonne before all eternity, Christ Jesus the pmissed</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Messias into this world to save sinners (whereof w<sup>th</sup> S<sup>t.</sup> Paull I</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">confesse my selfe the greatest) to laye downe his life for mankinde</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">& that he dyed for me & for my salvac̅on, & that he rose againe</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">the third day for my iustificac̅on, that where he now is, I shall</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">be there alsoe after my dissolution & I hope & looke to be saved</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">only by his mirritts, death & passion alone, & by noe other meanes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">whatsoever, & when itt shall please Almighty God to putt an end &</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">period to these my dayes here on earth, ending this my pilgrimage,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">and layeing downe this my earthly Tabernackle.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Then I comitt & bequeath this my nowe liveing body to the earth</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">from whence itt came, & the same to be buryed (yf I fortune to dye</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">in Yorke or otherwise yf itt may be done wth convenyency) in the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">p'ish Church of St. Crux w<sup>th</sup>in the said Citty of Yorke in the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Chancell of the said Church & to be enterred as neare as may be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">unto the body of my late dearely beloved wife Anne Deane deceased</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">w<sup>th</sup>out any bowelling or embalmeing, & there to be decently enterred by</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">toarch light, w<sup>th</sup>out any further funerall pompe or</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">solempnity whatsoever, beinge (as I thinke) a custome not</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">altogeither laudable to banquett & feast att funeralls w<sup>ch</sup> rather</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">ought to be a tyme of mourneing, then banqueting and feasting</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">w<sup>th</sup> said body of myne I knowe & beleive assuredly that I shall</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">rise againe att the last day, & be reunited & ioyned againe unto my</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">soule & that itt shall be made like unto Christ his glorious body,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">that where he is, there I shall be alsoe liveing and reigneing w<sup>th</sup></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">him in his everlasting kingdome for ever.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Now concerning my temporall Estate w<sup>ch</sup> God in his mercy hath</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">vouchsafed to bestowe on me (or rather lent me as his steward) I</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">bequeath it thus as followeth</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">First I give & bequeath to Mr. Roger Belwood my pastor thirty</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">shillings.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Item I give to the poore people of the Cittye of Yorke three pounds</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">XX<sup>s</sup> whereof to be distributed to the poore of the Warde where I</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">now live and the remmant to the poore of the other three Wardes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">equally to be divided.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Item I give to the poore prisoners of the castle of Yorke XX<sup>s</sup> and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">to the poore prisoners on Ousebridge called the Kidcoate X<sup>s</sup> and to</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">the poore prisoners of S<sup>t.</sup> Peters prison in Yorke X<sup>s</sup>.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Item I give to the poore people of the old hospitall or massing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">dewes of the Citty of Yorke thirty shillings. Item whereas....</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Item my Will meaninge and harty desire is that my nowe loveing wife</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Mary Deane shall & may quietly have & enjoye all her widdowe rights</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">whatsoever according to this pvince of Yorke w<sup>th</sup>out any further</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">trouble molestac̅on or vexac̅on or suite in lawe and that my</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Executor shall not make any claime to any such goods or plate as</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">she the said Mary had in her former widdowhood & brought w<sup>th</sup> her</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">to me att her marriage w<sup>th</sup> me. Item I give to my said nowe loveing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">wife as a legacy my coatch horses & furniture & what hay or oates,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">coales, turfes & fuell shall be in my howse att my death. Item I</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">give....</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Item I give to Margery Smeton yf shee be my servant at my death</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">forty shillings and to each other of my servants att my death tenn</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">shillings.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">All the rest of my goods & chattells unbequeathed, my debts and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">funerall expenses discharged I give and bequeath to my loveing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">nephewe Mr. John Deane of Saltonstall Atturney in his Maty Court of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Com̅on Pleas att Westminster & eldest sonne of my late brother</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall deceased w<sup>ch</sup> said John Deane I doe</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">ordayne constitute & make my sole & onely Executor of this my last</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Will & Testament</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And for as much as most of my Estate doth consist in debts, w<sup>ch</sup></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">will require tyme for gathering in, my Will & meaneing is that this</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">my said executor shall have twelvemonethes tyme for the payment of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">the greater legacies....</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And further my meaneing is That for as much as my said Executor</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">John Deane by Gods pvidence is likely to be lame by a fall & not to</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">live & followe his profession as an Atturney to London (but as it</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">weare undone) whome I have made my onely & sole Executor of this my</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">last Will & Testament. Therefore all my nephews & kindred may know</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I have given them small legacy to doe him good</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In Witness.... etc.</span><br /></p></div> + +<p><br />In "Spadacrene Anglica" Deane mentions that "out of the divers fountains +springing hereabouts" five are worthy the observation of physicians. +These are—</p> + +<p>1.—The Dropping Well.</p> + +<p>2.—The Sulphur Well at Bilton Park.</p> + +<p>3.—The Sulphur Well near Knaresborough.</p> + +<p>4.—The Sulphur Well at "Haregate head."</p> + +<p>5.—The Tuewhit Well, or The English Spaw.</p> + +<p>The number of springs worthy the observation of physicians has largely +increased and the relative importance of the five mentioned has altered +considerably since Deane wrote. But in 1626, The Tuewhit Well, or The +English Spaw, was regarded as the most worthy of fame. This well, +according to the later writers, was discovered by Captain (afterwards +Sir) William Slingsby:—in Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica," however, a +Mr. William Slingsby is given as the discoverer.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">forth as I can learn), was one Mr. William Slingesby, a Gentleman</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">of many good parts, of an ancient and worthy Family neere thereby:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">who having travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">with the taste, use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. In</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">live for a little while at a grange house very neare to this</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">fountaine, and afterwards in Bilton Parke all his life long."</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>From this it appears that the discovery was made by Mr. William Slingsby +in his later years, about the year 1571, but if the Mr. William Slingsby +here referred to was Sir William Slingsby he would have been a youth of +some 8 or 9 years in 1571. Secondly, one would judge from the text that +the Mr. William Slingsby referred to by the writer was dead at the time +that he wrote, namely 1626, whereas, as a matter of fact, Sir William +Slingsby was alive until the year 1634. Thirdly, it is impossible to +conceive that Edmund Deane would refer to Sir William Slingsby as Mr. +William Slingsby, seeing that the former was knighted in 1603, or 23 +years prior to the publication of Deane's work. It is therefore +abundantly clear that Sir William Slingsby—a very gallant +gentleman—has no claim to the fame which history has insisted upon +according him.</p> + +<p>The fact is that the Mr. William Slingsby referred to<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> was the fourth +son of Thomas Slingsby of Scriven, who married Joan, daughter of Sir +John Mallory of Studley, and who had a family of six sons and four +daughters. The name of the eldest son was Francis, and, as just +mentioned, William was the fourth son. Sir William Slingsby was the +seventh son of Francis and the nephew therefore of Mr. William Slingsby. +Mr. William Slingsby was buried at Knaresborough on the 8th of Oct., +1606, but the date of his birth does not seem to have been recorded. His +elder brother, Francis, died in 1600 at the age of 78, so that he was +born in 1522. It is not unreasonable to suppose that William, his +brother, one of a large family, was born between the years 1525 and +1527. He would therefore be somewhere between 44 and 46 years of age, +when he discovered the medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well, which +equally accords with Deane's statement that in his younger days he had +travelled in Germany.</p> + +<p>So far as I can trace, Hargrove<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> is the first author to confuse the +uncle and the nephew. He writes that the well</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"was discovered by Capt. William Slingsby, about the year 1571.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">This Gentleman, in the early part of his life, had travelled in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Germany, where he made himself acquainted with the Spaws of that</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">country. He lived sometime at Grange House, near the Old Spaw, from</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">whence he removed to Bilton Park, where he spent the remainder of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">his days. He made severall trials of this water, and finding it</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">like the German, he walled it about, and paved it at the bottom,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">leaving a small opening for the free access of the water. Its</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">current is always near the same, and is about the quantity of the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it preferable."</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>From this quotation it is clearly apparent that Hargrove erroneously +inferred that Mr. Slingsby and Capt. Slingsby were the one and the same +person instead of being uncle and nephew. In the 3rd edition of the +"History of Knaresborough," published in 1782, the reference to Mr. +Slingsby is omitted and from that edition onwards, Captain Slingsby +appears as the discoverer of the Tuewhit Well in 1571, a discovery +clearly inconsistent with the fact that he was born in the year 1562.</p> + +<p>The source of Hargrove's information in the above quotation is, without +doubt, the summary of "Spadacrene Anglica," published by Dr. Short in +1734 in his History of Mineral waters.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> The summary by Short of +Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica" is as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"This fifth Spaw is a Mile and half from Knaresburgh, up a very</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">gentle ascent, near Harrigate, has much the same Situation as the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">foresaid Spaws in Germany. It was discovered first about fifty</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">years ago, by one Mr. William Slingsby, who had travelled in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Germany in his younger Years, seen, and been acquainted with</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">theirs; and as he was of an ancient Family near the place, so he</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">had fine Parts and was a capable Judge. He lived some time at a</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Grange-House near it; then removed to Bilton-Park, where he spent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">the rest of his Days. He, using this Water yearly, found it exactly</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">like the German Spaw. He made several Tryals of it, then walled it</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">about, and paved it in the bottom with two large Stone-flags, with</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">a Hole in their sides for the free Access of the Water, which</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">springs up only at the bottom, through a Chink or Cranny left on</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">purpose. Its current is always near the same, and is about the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">quantity of the Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">preferable being more brisk and lively, fuller of Mineral Spirits,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">of speedier Operation; he found much benefit by it. Dr. Tim.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Bright, about thirty years ago, first gave it the name of the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">English Spaw: Having spent some time at those in Germany, he was</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Judge of both; and had so good an Opinion of ours, that he sent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">many Patients hither yearly, and every Summer drank the Waters</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">himself. And Dr. Anthony Hunter, late Physician at</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Newark-upon-Trent, often chided us Physicians in York, for not</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">writing upon it, and deservedly setting it upon the Wings of Fame."</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>A more consistent form has been given to the error by Grainge, who in +1862 published a memoir of the Life of Sir William Slingsby, Discoverer +of the first Spaw at Harrogate. Grainge, like Hargrove, had only access +to Short's summary, but he sees the difficulty to which I have alluded, +for he writes<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"From the uncertain expression of the Dr. 'about 50 years ago' the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">date of this discovery is generally fixed in the year 1576, though</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">it is probably twenty years or more too early, as at that time</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Slingsby would only be fourteen years of age: and could not have</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">travelled much in Germany or elsewhere: while the expression 'in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">his younger days' would infer that the discovery was not made until</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">he had attained middle age at least."</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>Grainge accordingly dates Captain (or Sir) William Slingsby's discovery +to 1596 or later, the origin of the expression "near the close of the +16th Century" of the recognised history.</p> + +<p>In the first place Dr. Short is inaccurate in that Deane states it was +discovered "55" years ago, and not "50." In the second place, the only +authority whom Grainge could rely upon was Deane, either directly or +indirectly, and Deane could not have made the discoverer to be a boy of +nine years of age (not fourteen) for he must have known Sir William +Slingsby, a contemporary. Finally, Grainge only consulted the summary of +"Spadacrene Anglica" and not the actual work, and it is to be noted that +Deane in Chapter 6 says the first discoverer "so far forth as I can +learn." These words are not in the summary, but they show that Deane had +given care to his work, and if Sir William Slingsby had been the +discoverer, Deane could have obtained his information at first hand, and +would have given Sir William Slingsby as his authority.</p> + +<p>Grainge was an eminent and careful historian, and he has written a +number of valuable works. He had the acumen to see that Sir William +Slingsby could not possibly have been the discoverer in 1571, and it is +fairly certain that if he had had access to Deane's work, he would have +rectified the error as regards Sir William, instead of questioning the +accuracy of Deane's statement.</p> + +<p>Little has been added to the account of Mr. William Slingsby as given by +Deane, but it has been shown at any-rate that the facts of his life fit +in perfectly with that account.</p> + +<p>The medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well having been discovered by +Mr. William Slingsby in or about the year 1571, this gentleman did +"drink the water every yeare after all his life time" and averred that +"it was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the +seas." Much pains were taken to bring the waters into notoriety in the +interests of humanity, and by reason of a pardonable national pride that +the country could boast of a health resort in every way comparable with +the famous German health resort of Spa. Chief among these early +advocates of this home fountain was Dr. Timothy Bright, who is +responsible for naming the well the "English Spa," which name was +apparently adopted by the gentry partaking of the water, whereas the +common folk still cling to the ancient name of Tuewhit Well.</p> + +<p>Timothy Bright has had a varied literary history. For about three +centuries he was almost entirely forgotten, and some of his works even +ascribed to purely imaginary authors. In recent years full justice has +been done to his name as the "father of shorthand" following the +publication by J.H. Ford in 1888 of the tercentenary edition of his work +entitled "Characterie," and since that year there has been much written +of him. The curious may therefore consult the works mentioned in the +footnote,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> but it will suffice for my purpose to give a brief sketch +of his life, not as the "father of shorthand," but as one of the +fathers of Harrogate.</p> + +<p>Timothy Bright was born in Cambridge in the year 1551, matriculated in +Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1565, and took his B.A. in 1567-8. He +then went to Paris to study medicine, and in 1572 narrowly escaped the +Massacre at Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve by taking shelter at the +house of Sir Francis Walsingham, the English ambassador. Returning to +England he graduated M.B. in 1574 and M.D. in 1579. In 1584 he was well +launched on his medical career, for he was the physician at St. +Bartholomew's Hospital. By this time he had achieved some reputation as +a writer and had obtained the friendship of the powerful Cecil Lord +Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, which probably +explains how his now famous work "Characterie" was in 1588 dedicated to +Queen Elizabeth. His connection with these powerful personages led to a +change in his profession and incidentally to his connection with +Harrogate, for on July 5th, 1591, the Queen presented him to the Rectory +of Methley in Yorkshire, and on the 30th of Dec., 1594, also to the +Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in the same county. He held both these +livings till his death, which took place in 1615. By his Will he left +his body "to be buried when and where it shall please God." He was no +mean linguist for he bequeathed his Hebrew Bible and a Syriac Testament +as well as Greek, Latin and Italian works to his brother. His books of +Phisick and Philosophie he bequeathed to his sonne Titus Bright, M.D. He +was fond of music and possessed the standard work on harmony by Joseph +Zarlino. This he left, along with some instruments of music, a Theorbo +and an Irish harp, "which I most usuallye played upon" to his brother.</p> + +<p>In spite of the fact that he took holy orders, it is evident from +"Spadacrene Anglica" that he was held in high esteem as a physician +(albeit non-practising) by his contemporaries in Yorkshire, and his +travel abroad in Germany well fitted him for the post of advocate, which +from humane and patriotic motives he assumed on behalf of the English +Spa.</p> + +<p>Deane states that Bright first gave the name of English Spaw "about +thirty years since, or more," that is, in 1596 or earlier. This would +seem to indicate that Bright's association with Harrogate began shortly +after he was presented to the Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in 1594.</p> + +<p>Dr. Bright was a prolific writer and the names of his works are given in +a footnote.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Some of his books passed through several editions. +Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy" is said to have been suggested by his +"Treatise of Melancholy," and Shakespere was evidently acquainted with +his book, "Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"This is not my writing,<br /></span> +<span>Though, I confess, much like the character"<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span>Twelfth Night. Act V, Sc. 1.<br /></span> +</div></div><br /> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>"All my engagements I will construe to thee,<br /></span> +<span>All the characterie of my sad brows."<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span>Julius Cæsar. Act ii, Sc. 1.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Hargrove appears also to be the earliest to assert that Bright was the +first writer on Harrogate. In his "History of Knaresborough" it is +merely stated "soon after its discovery Dr. Bright wrote on its virtues +and uses."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> There is no authority for that assertion in any of the +works of Dr. Bright mentioned in the footnote, and the only evidence in +support of Hargrove is that given by Wheater,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> who writes:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"Dr. Bright was first to rush into description and he acquits</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">himself with true Elizabethan flavour. He observes regarding the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">water that 'It occasions the retention of nothing that should be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">evacuated and by relaxation evacuates nothing that should be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">retained. It dries nothing but what's too moist and flaccid, and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">heats nothing but what's too cold, and e contra: that though no</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">doubt there are some accidents and objections to the contrary, it</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">makes the lean fat, the fat lean, cures the cholic and the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">melancholy, and the vapours: and that it cures all aches speedily</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">and cheereth the heart.' Such a recommendation," &c.</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>This quotation, which is apparently the only evidence in support of +Hargrove's assertion that Bright wrote the first account of the English +Spa, is not taken from Bright's writings at all, but from Dr. Short's +summary of "The Yorkshire Spaw." "The Yorkshire Spaw" was a treatise +written by Dr. John French in 1652, and so far therefore from being +written by Dr. Bright, was actually written thirty-seven years after +Bright's death.</p> + +<p>It is perhaps only fair to the memory of both Hargrove and Wheater to +state that neither of them would have fallen into this error if they had +had the privilege of reading Deane's dedication to "Spadacrene Anglica," +in which he states that Dr. Bright intended to write an account "in case +hee had longer lived." No edition after the original edition contains +this dedication, for, as will be shown later, this very important part +of Deane's work was omitted by John Taylor in the second edition and was +not restored in any of the later. Moreover it is quite clear from the +dedication of Taylor's edition, in 1649 that copies of the original +edition were even then unobtainable, owing probably to the commotions +which had accompanied the civil war.</p> + +<p>I may here therefore emphasise the good service that has been done to +restore the true history of the medicinal waters of Harrogate, by the +reprinting of the original edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" by my friend +Dr. Rutherford.</p> + +<p>Before passing to the Bibliography of "Spadacrene Anglica," a brief +mention must be made of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, whose two books did +much to add to the celebrity of the English Spa, and were afterwards +associated with the later editions of "Spadacrene Anglica." His first +work was published towards the end of 1626, and is entitled,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"Newes out of Yorkshire, or an account of a journey, in the true</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">discovery of a sovereigne Minerall, Medicinal Water in the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">West-Riding of Yorkeshire, neere an Ancient Towne called</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Knaresbrough, not inferior to the Spa in Germany. Also a taste of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Other Minerall Waters of severall natures adjoyning" By M.S.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ecclest. 38. 4. The Lord hath created Medicines out of the Earth:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">he that is wise will not despise them.</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>A large extract has already been given from this book, which was +dedicated "To the Right Honourable, the Vertuous, and Religious Lady, +the Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord Philip Stanhope, Baron of +Shelford."</p> + +<p>Stanhope's other work was entitled,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"Cures without Care, or, a summons to all who finde little or no</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">help by the use of ordinary physick to repaire to the Northerne</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Spa. Wherein by many Presidents of a few late yeares, it is</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">evidenced to the world, that infirmities in their own nature desperate</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">and of long continance have received perfect recovery in the west</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Riding of Yorkshire. Also a description of the said water, and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">of other rare and usefull springs adjoyning, the nature and efficacie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">of the Mineralls contained in them, with other not impertinent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">notes. Faithfully collected for the publique good by M. St."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tibul. "felix quicunque dolore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">alterius disces posse carere tuo,"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">London, 1632.</span></p></div><br /> + +<p>Stanhope dedicated this work "To The Right Honourable, Thomas Lord +Wentworth, etc., Lord President of his Majesties Council established in +the North." Lord Wentworth is better known as the Earl of Strafford, and +was beheaded in 1642. In it is contained a catalogue of persons who +have received either benefit or cure by the waters.</p> + +<p>An abridgement of the two works of Stanhope was made by John Taylor and +published in 1649 under the title "Spadacrene Anglica ... Treatise of +the learned Dr. Deane and the sedulous observations of the ingenious +Michael Stanhope, Esquire." The ingenious Michael Stanhope, Esquire, +also appears in the 1654 edition, but in that published in 1736, +Stanhope appears as Dr. Stanhope. Short<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> seems to have been the first +to make Stanhope a member of the medical profession. His opinion was +soon adopted by others, and has apparently never been questioned. After +a perusal of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care," it is +difficult to understand how Short arrived at his conclusion, for the +internal evidence is entirely opposed to it. Even in the extract from +"Newes out of Yorkshire" already quoted, it is obvious that Stanhope +dissociates himself from the physicians with the party, for he writes, +"then the physitians began to try their experiments," "three other +physitians of allowable knowledge," and he refers to Deane as "one who +is far from the straine of many of his profession." This extract was +selected for an entirely different purpose, yet it is clearly not the +language of a fellow-physician in practice in York. Short himself +partially recognizes this. He only summarised "Cures without Care," and +he justly remarks of the cures therein related that "some whereof are +perhaps the greatest and most remarkable in the Authentic Records of +Physic down from Hippocrates to this day." Short writes fully a century +after "Cures without Care" was published, whereas Taylor was a +Apothecary in York and a contemporary of both Deane and Stanhope there, +and is accordingly the best authority on the status of Stanhope.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> +<img src="images/sft.png" width="700" height="382" alt="Stanhope family tree" /> + +</div> + +<p>A clue to the identity of Stanhope offers itself in the dedication of +"Newes out of Yorkshire" to Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord +Philip Stanhope, afterwards the Earl of Chesterfield. An outline of the +pedigree of the Stanhope family was obtained from the College of Arms +and is here partly reproduced to show the relationship of Stanhope to +Lady Katherine Stanhope.</p> + +<p>A Michael Stanhope entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1597-8, and +Gray's Inn in 1593-4, but there is no evidence to identify him with +Michael Stanhope the second son of Sir Edward Stanhope, and the author +of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care." It may be +mentioned that in the latter book, Stanhope discovers and describes the +well at present known as John's well.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY_OF_SPADACRENE_ANGLICA" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY_OF_SPADACRENE_ANGLICA"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY OF "SPADACRENE ANGLICA."</h2> + + +<p>1626.</p> + +<p>First Edition.</p> + + +<p>1649.</p> + +<p>"Spadacrene Anglica," the English Spaw, or The Glory of Knaresborough. +Springing from Severall famous Fountaines there adjacent, called the +Vitrioll, Sulphurous, and dropping Wells: and also other Minerall +Waters. Their nature, Physical use, Situation and many admirable Cures +being exactly exprest in the subsequent Treatise of the learned Dr. Dean +and the sedulous observations of the ingenious Michael Stanhope, +Esquire. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience, that the +Vitrioline Fountain is equall (and not inferior) to the Germaine Spaw. +Aris[t]on men udôr. Published (with other additions) by John +Taylor, Apothecary in York, and there printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1649.</p> + +<p>The important and felicitous letter of dedication in the first edition +is discarded, and one of Taylor's own composition, of a very different +character is substituted for it. In it occurs the following, which is of +bibliographical interest: "The importunate desire of my friends has +forced me to reprint this little Treatise of Dr. Dean's Spadacrene +Anglica, which the vacillation of these distracted and ruinous times had +almost lost and obliterated. To this of Dr. Dean's I have added the +Observations of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, which I have excerpted forth +of his two books of the Spaw."</p> + + +<p>1654.</p> + +<p>"Spadacrene Anglica," etc., York, printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1654. The +title is the same as the 1649 reprint, except for the fact that +Taylor's name does not appear on it. His dedication is also omitted.</p> + + +<p>1734.</p> + +<p>Thomas Short, M.D., "The Natural, Experimental and Medicinal History of +Mineral Waters."</p> + +<p>In this volume, there are summaries of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica": +Stanhope's "Cures without Care": and French's "The Yorkshire Spaw," etc.</p> + + +<p>1736.</p> + +<p>"Spadacrene Anglica, or The English Spaw." Being An Account of the +Situation, Nature, Physical Use, and admirable Cures, performed by the +Waters of Harrogate, and Parts adjacent. By the late learned and eminent +Physician, Dr. Dean of York, and also the Observations of the ingenious +Dr. Stanhope. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience the +vitrioline Fountain is equal to the German Spaw. To which are added Some +Observations (Collected from modern Authors) of the Nature, Vertues and +Manner of Using the Sweet and Sulphur Waters at Harrogate, Leeds, etc., +1736.</p> + + +<p>1921.</p> + +<p>The present edition, reprinted from the 1626 edition.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>Footnotes</h3><br /> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "Encyclopædia Britannica," 11th ed., 1910-11, vol. xiii, +page 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> J. Aikin, "Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great +Britain from the Revival of Literature to the time of Harvey," 1780. Wm. +MacMichael, "Lives of British Physicians," 1830. T.J. Pettigrew, +"Medical Portrait Gallery," 1838. G.T. Bettany, "Eminent Doctors, their +Lives and their Works," 1885.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Watson, J., "The History and Antiquities of the Parish of +Halifax in Yorkshire," 1775.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "The Register of Halifax," Part 1, 1910, page 205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "The Register of Halifax," Part 2, 1914, page 253, The +Yorkshire Parish Register Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Anthony A. Wood, "Athenæ Oxoniensis," ed. Bliss, vol. ii, +page 660. "Alumni Oxoniensis," arranged by Joseph Foster. Vol. 1, +1500-1714.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Camidge, Wm., "Ye Olde Streete of Pavement," York, c. +1893.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Davies, R., "Walks through the City of York," 1880, page +247.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> cf. "Spadacrene Anglica," page 125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "Spadacrene Anglica," page 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> "Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire," Joseph +Foster, 1874, Vol. 1 (West Riding).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> E. Hargrove, "The History of the Castle, Town, and Forest +of Knaresbrough, with Harrogate and its medicinal Springs." 2nd. ed., +1775, page 45. I have not seen the 1769 ed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Thomas Short, M.D. "The Natural Experimental and Medicinal +History of the Mineral Waters, etc." 1734, page 238.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Grainge, W., "Memoir of the Life of Sir Wm. Slingsby." +1862. Page 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "Athenæ Oxoniensis," ed. by P. Bliss, 1815, vol. 2, 174, +footnote by Rev. Joseph Hunter. Dictionary of Nat. Biography, 1886, vol. +VI. "Dr. Timothy Bright, Some Troubles of an Elizabethan Rector," by +Rev. H. Armstrong Hall, 1905, in vol. xv; and "The History of the Parish +of Barwick in Elmet," by F.S. Colman, M.A., Rector, 1908, in vol. xvii +of the Publications of the Thoresby Society. "William Shakespeare and +Timothy Bright," by M. Levy, 1910. "Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physicke, +A Memoir of the Father of Shorthand," 1911, by W.J. Carlton. His Will is +published in "Yorkshire Archæological Journal," 1902, vol 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> "A Treatise: wherein is declared the sufficiencie of +English Medicines for the cure of all diseases cured with medicine," +T.B. 1580. +</p><p> +"Hygieina, id est de sanitate tuenda, Medicinæ Pars prima." 1581. +</p><p> +"Medicinæ Therapeutiæ pars: de dyscrasia corporis humani." 1583. +</p><p> +"Therapeutica, hoc est de sanitate restituenda. Medicinæ Pars altera." +</p><p> +"In Physimam G.A. Scribonii Animadversiones." 1584. +</p><p> +"A Treatise of Melancholie. Containing the causes thereof, & reasons of +the strange effects it worketh in our mindes and bodies, with the +phisicke, cure, and spirituall consolation for such as have therto +adjoyned an afflicted conscience, etc." 1586. +</p><p> +"Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character. Invented by Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physike." 1588. +</p><p> +"An Abridgement of the Book of Acts and Monumentes of the Church." 1589. +Better known as "Foxe's Book of the Martyrs."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> E. Hargrove, "The History of Knaresbrough." 2nd ed., 1775, +page 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> W. Wheatear, "A Guide to and History of Harrogate," 1890, +page 58.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Thomas Short, M.D., "History of Mineral Water," 1734, page +243.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/well.png" width="450" height="564" alt="TUEWHIT WELL THE ENGLISH SPAW FOUNTAIN 1571" /> +<span class="caption">TUEWHIT WELL THE ENGLISH SPAW FOUNTAIN 1571</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fpa.png" width="400" height="605" alt="Original title page" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Spadacrene_Anglica" id="Spadacrene_Anglica"></a>Spadacrene Anglica.</h2> + +<center>OR, THE ENGLISH SPAWFOVNTAINE.<br /> + +Being A BRIEFE TREATISE of the acide, or tart Fountaine in the Forest of +<i>Knaresborow</i>, in the West-Riding of <i>Yorkshire</i>.<br /> + +As also a Relation of other medicinall Waters in the said Forest.<br /> + +BY <i>Edmund Deane</i>, D<sup>r</sup>. in Physicke, <i>Oxon</i>. dwelling in the City of +YORKE.<br /> + +<i>LONDON</i>, Printed for <i>John Grismand</i>: and are to be sold by <i>Richard +Foster</i>, neere the Minster-gate in <i>Yorke</i>. 1626.</center> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_EPISTLE" id="THE_EPISTLE"></a>THE EPISTLE</h2> + + +<p>TO</p> + +<p>THE PHYSITIANS OF YORKE.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;"> +<img src="images/bigt.png" width="120" height="120" alt="T" /> +</div><p><i>hough it was my fortune first of all to set a new edge on this +businesse; yet my journeyes to this Fountaine have not been made without +your good companies and association, nor the severall tryals had there, +and at home, performed without your worthy helpes and assistance; nor +this little Treatise begun without your instigations and incitements. +Therefore I find none so fit and meet to patronize it, as your</i> +<i>selves: being able out of your owne knowledge and observation to defend +it against all malicious detractions. To extoll it above the</i> Germaine +Spaw, <i>may be thought in me either indiscretion, or too much partiality; +but why I may not parallele them (being in natures and qualities so +agreeable) nor I, nor you (I suppose) know any inducing, much lesse +perswading argument. Wherefore being thus confident, I thought it no +part of our duties, either to God, our King, or Country, to conceale so +great a benefit, as may thereby arise and accrue not onely unto this +whole Kingdome and his Majesties loving subjects, but also in time +(after further notice taken of it) to other foraigne nations and +countries, who may perhaps with more benefit, lesse hazard and danger of +their lives, spoiling and robbing, better partake of this our</i> English +Spaw <i>Fountaine, then of those in</i> Germanie.</p> + +<p><i>It were to be wished, that those two famous Physitians, Dr.</i> Hunton +<i>and Dr.</i> Bright <i>had beene yet living, to</i> <i>have given testimony of +the great good hopes and expectation they conceived of it. The former of +which did oftentimes request me to publish it to the world: and the +other was resolved (in case hee had longer lived) to have done it +himselfe. So carefull were they both to promote their countries good, +and studious to procure the health of their Countrimen.</i></p> + +<p><i>I am as briefe and plaine, as possibly I may, to the end the Reader may +not be wearied, nor the patient deluded; and, if for these causes I may +seem to bee censured, yet I am well assured, that to your selves brevity +and perspicuity cannot, but bee acceptable. So wishing you all +happinesse, I shall ever rest and remaine</i></p> + +<p> +From my house in <i>Yorke</i>,<br /> +this 20th. of April,<br /> +1626.<br /> +<br /> +Your assured friend,<br /> +<i>Edm; Deane</i>.<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_English_Spaw" id="The_English_Spaw"></a>The English Spaw.</h2> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h2><a name="CHAP_1" id="CHAP_1"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 1.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the situation of the Towne of</i> Knaresborow.</b></center> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;"> +<img src="images/bigg.png" width="120" height="120" alt="G" /> +</div><p><i>naresbrugh</i> (commonly called <i>Knaresborow</i>) is a very ancient Market +towne in the West-Riding of <i>Yorkeshire</i>, distant 14 miles from the City +of <i>Yorke</i>; where the Pole is elevated 54 degrees, and 20 odde minutes. +On the South-west part thereof is that faire, and goodly Fort, so much +renowned, both for the pleasant situation, and remarkable strength, +knowne by the name of <i>Knaresborow Castle</i>, seated on a most ragged and +rough Rock; whence (as learned Mr. <i>Camden</i> saith) it is so named.</p> + +<p>Both the Castle and the Towne are fenced on the South and West parts +with the River <i>Nid</i>: which is beautified here with two faire Bridges of +stone, which lead from the Towne into the Forest adjoyning, as also unto +a large empaled Park of his Majesties, called <i>Bilton-parke</i>, well +stored with fallow Deere: part whereof is bordered with the said river.</p> + +<p>The Towne it selfe standeth on a hill, having almost on every side an +ascent to it; and about it are divers fruitfull valleyes well +replenished with grasse, corne, and wood. The waters there are wholesome +and cleare; the ayre dry and pure. In briefe, there is nothing wanting, +that may fitly serve for a good and commodious habitation, and the +content and entertainment of strangers.</p> + +<p>Many things are very observable in this place, which because they rather +do appertaine to the volumes of Geographers, & Antiquaries, then to the +purpose intended in this little treatise, are here omitted.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_2" id="CHAP_2"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 2.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the severall earths, stones, and mineralls found neere and about +this place</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>Although there are in sundry places of this Kingdome as many, or moe +severall kinds, and sorts of earths quarreyes of stone, minerals, and +mines of mettalls, then in any other Realme whatsoever; notwithstanding +no one place hath beene observed to have them either in such plentie, or +variety in so small a distance, as this. For here is found not onely +white and yellow marle, plaister, oker, rudd, or rubricke, free*stone, +an hard greet-stone, a soft reddish stone, iron-stone, brimstone, +vitreall, nitre, allum, lead, copper, (and without doubt diverse +mixtures of these) but also many other mineralls might (perhaps) be +found out by the diligent search and skilfull industrie of those, who +would take paines to labour a little herein.</p> + +<p>All which do manifestly demonstrate, that nature hath stored this little +territorie with a greater diversitie of hidden benefits, then great and +spacious Countries otherwise abounding in outward native commodities, +and that the fountaines, or springs of water hereabouts cannot otherwise +then participate of their severall natures, and properties.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_3" id="CHAP_3"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 3.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the fountaines, of pure and simple waters neere, and about the +Towne</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>As generally most parts of the West Riding of <i>Yorkeshire</i> (especially +the hilly and more mountaineous places thereof) are stored with +fountaines and springs of cleare, limpide, and pure simple waters; so +likewise the territorie here abouts is not without plenty of them. Two +whereof have gotten and purchased that reputation, as to be saincted: +The one called by the name of Saint <i>Magnus</i>, or <i>Mugnus-Well</i>: th' +other, that of Saint <i>Roberts</i>.</p> + +<p>These, formerly for a yeere, or two, have beene in great request in +these parts amongst the common sort, much sought unto by many, and great +concourse of people have daily gathered and flocked to them both neere, +and a farre off, as is most commonly seene, when any new thing is first +found out. <i>Fama enim grescit eundo</i>, even unto incredible wonders and +miracles, or rather fictions, and lyes. All which commeth to passe as +wee may well suppose, through our overmuch English credulity, or (as I +may better say) rather superstition. For to any such like Well, will +swarme at first both yong and old (especially the female sexe, as ever +more apt to bee deluded) halt, lame, blind, deafe, dumbe, yea, almost +all, and that for all manner of maladies and diseases, both inward and +outward.</p> + +<p>But for as much, as these are springs of pure, and simple waters +meerely, without any mixture at all of minerals to make them become +medicinable, it is verily thought, that the many & severall cures, which +have bin attributed unto them in those times, when they were so +frequented, were rather fained, and imaginary, then true, and reall; +and that those, who then visited them, were desirous (either to uphold, +and maintaine the credit, and reputation of their Saints, or else, to +avoyd the scorne and derision of their owne delusion) to have others +likewise deceived.</p> + +<p>Time hath quite worne all their strength, and consumed all their +vertues; so that nothing of worth now remaines with them, saving onely +their bare names and titles: <i>Sic magna sua mole ruunt</i>.</p> + +<p>Wherefore to omit these, as scarce worthy the mentioning; those are +chiefly here to be described, which doe participate of minerall vertues, +and faculties.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_4" id="CHAP_4"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 4.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of five fountaines neare unto the town, which doe participate of +minerall vertues</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>Out of the divers Fountaines springing hereabouts, five are worthy the +observation of Physitians. The first whereof is very neare unto the +river banke, over against the Castle, called by the name of the +<i>Dropping-well</i>, for that it droppeth, distilleth, and trickleth downe +from the hanging rocke above. The water whereof hath a certaine quality +or property to turne any thing, that lieth in it, into a stony substance +in a very short space.</p> + +<p>Three of the others (being all of them much of one, and the same nature) +are termed by the country people thereabouts the <i>Stinking-wels</i>, in +regard they have an ill, and fetide smell, consisting most of +Sulphure-vive, or quicke brimstone. One of them, and that which hath the +greatest current, or streame of water, is in <i>Bilton park</i>.</p> + +<p>The other two are in the sayd Forest; one is neare unto the towne; the +other is further off, almost two miles from it, beyond a place called +<i>Haregate head</i>, in a bottome on the right hand of it, as you goe, and +almost in the side of a little brooke.</p> + +<p>The fift, and last (for which I have principally undertaken to write +this short Discourse) is an acide, or tart fountaine in the said Forest, +commonly named by the vulgar sort, <i>Tuewhit-well</i>, and the <i>English +Spaw</i>, by those of the better rank, in imitation of those two most +famous acide fountaines at the <i>Spaw</i> in <i>Germany</i>, to wit, +<i>Sauvenir</i>, and <i>Pouhon</i>: whereof the first (being the prime one) is +halfe a league from the <i>Spa</i>, or <i>Spaw</i> village; the other is in the +middle of the towne.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_5" id="CHAP_5"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 5.</h2> + +<center><b><i>A more particular recitall of the first foure Wells</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>I purpose to speake somewhat more in this place of the first foure +Springs mentioned in the former Chapter, in regard the consideration of +them may perhaps give some light to those, who shall hereafter search +further into the secrets, which nature may seeme to afford in the +Country hereabouts.</p> + +<p>The first is the <i>Dropping-well</i>, knowne almost to all, who have +travelled unto this place. The water whereof distilleth and trickleth +downe from the hanging Rocke over it, not onely dropping wise, but also +falling in many pretty little streames.</p> + +<p>This water issueth at first out of the earth, not farre from the said +hanging rocke, and running a while in one entire current, continueth +so, till it commeth almost to the brim of the cragg; where being opposed +by a damme (as it were artificiall) of certaine spongy stones, is +afterwards divided into many smaller branches, and falleth from on high +in manner aforesaid.</p> + +<p>It is therefore very likely, that Mr. <i>Camden</i> in person did not see +this Fountaine, but rather that hee had it by relation from others; or +at least wise (if he did see it) that hee did not marke, and duly +observe the originall springing up of the water, when in his <i>Britannia</i> +he saith thus: <i>The waters thereof spring not up out of the veines of +the earth</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Concerning the properties and qualities thereof, I have nothing more to +write at this time (there being formerly little tryall had of it) saving +that divers inhabitants thereabouts say, and affirme, that it hath beene +found to bee very effectuall in staying any flux of the body: which +thing I easily beleeve.</p> + +<p>The other three are sulphureous fountaines, and cast forth a stinking +smell a farre off, especially in the winter season, and when the weather +is coldest. They are all noysome to smell to, and cold to touch, without +any manifest, or actuall heat at all; by reason (as may most probably be +thought) their mynes, and veines of brimstone, are not kindled under the +earth; being (perhaps) hindred by the mixture of salt therewith.</p> + +<p>Those, who drinke of their waters, relate, they verily thinke there is +gunpowder in them, and that now and then they vomit after drinking +thereof.</p> + +<p>The waters, as they runne along the earth, doe leave behind them on the +grasse and leaves a gray slimy substance, which being set on fire, hath +the right savour of common brimstone. They are much haunted with +Pigeons, an argument of much salt in them; of which in the evaporation +of the water by fire, wee found a good quantity remaining in the +bottome of the vessell.</p> + +<p>One thing further was worth observation; that white mettall (as silver) +dipped into them, presently seemeth to resemble copper: which we first +noted by putting a silver porrenger into one of these; unto which <i>Sir +Francis Trapps</i> did first bring us. Which tincture these waters give by +reason of their sulphur.</p> + +<p>Touching their vertues, and effects, there may in generall the like +properties be ascribed unto them, as are attributed unto other +sulphureous Bathes actually cold, participating also of salt.</p> + +<p>The vulgar sort drinke these waters (as they say) to expell reefe, and +fellon; yea, many, who are much troubled with itches, scabs, morphewes, +tetters, ring-wormes, and the like, are soone holpen, and cured by +washing the parts ill affected therewith. Which thing they might much +more conveniently, and more commodiously doe, if at that in <i>Bilton</i> +parke were framed 2 capacious Bathes, the one cold, the other to be made +hot, or warme, by art, for certaine knowne howers a day.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_6" id="CHAP_6"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 6.</h2> + +<center><b><i>A more particular description of the fift, or last fountaine, called +the</i> English Spaw.</b></center> + + +<p>This, being the principall subject of this whole Treatise, is in the +said forest, about halfe a league, or a mile and a halfe west from the +towne; from whence there is almost a continuall rising to it, but +nothing so great, as the ascent is from the <i>Spaw</i> village to the +<i>Sauvenir</i>. This here springeth out of a mountainous ground, and almost +at the height of the ascent, at <i>Haregate-head</i>; having a great descent +on both sides the ridge thereof; and the Country thereabouts somewhat +resembleth that at the <i>Spaw</i> in <i>Germany</i>.</p> + +<p>The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far forth +as I can learn) was one Mr. <i>William Slingesby</i>, a Gentleman of many +good parts, of an ancient, and worthy Family neere thereby; who having +travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted with the taste, +use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines.</p> + +<p>In his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to live +for a little while at a grange house very neare to this fountaine, and +afterwards in <i>Bilton</i> Parke all his life long. Who drinking of this +water, found it in all things to agree with those at the <i>Spaw</i>. +Whereupon (greatly rejoycing at so good and fortunate an accident) he +made some further triall and assay: That done, he caused the fountaine +to be well, and artificially walled about, and paved at the bottome (as +it is now at this day) with two faire stone flags, with a fit hole in +the side thereof, for the free passage of the water through a little +guttered stone. It is open at the top, and walled somewhat higher, then +the earth, as well to keepe out filth, as Cattle for comming and +approaching to it. It is foure-square, three foot wide, and the water +within is about three quarters of a yard deepe.</p> + +<p>First we caused it to be laded dry, as well to scoure it, as also to see +the rising up of the water, which we found to spring up onely at the +bottome at the chinke or cranny, betweene two stones, so left purposely +for the springing up of the water at the bottome: Which as <i>Pliny</i> +observeth in his 31 booke of his Naturall History and the third Chapter, +is a signe above all of the goodnesse of a fountaine.</p> + +<p>"And above all (saith he,) one thing would bee observed, and seene unto, +that the source, which feedeth it, spring and boyle up directly from the +bottome, and not issue forth at the sides: which also is a maine point +that concerneth the perpetuity thereof, and whereby wee may collect, +that it will hold still, and be never drawne drye."</p> + +<p>The streame of water, which passeth away by the hole in the side +thereof, is much one, and about the proportion of the current of the +<i>Sauvenir</i>.</p> + +<p>The above named Gentleman did drinke the water of this Fountaine every +yeare after all his life time, for helping his infirmities, and +maintaining of his health, and would oftentimes say and averre, that it +was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the seas, as +being more quicke and lively, and fuller of minerall spirits; effecting +his operation more speedily, and sooner passing through the body.</p> + +<p>Moreover Doctor <i>Timothy Bright</i> of happy memory, a learned Physitian, +(while hee lived, my very kind friend, and familiar acquaintance) first +gave the name of the <i>English Spaw</i> unto this Fountaine about thirty +yeares since, or more. For he also formerly had spent some time at the +<i>Spaw</i> in <i>Germany</i>; so that he was very able to compare those with +this of ours. Nay, hee had futhermore so good an opinion, and so high a +conceit of this, that hee did not onely direct, and advise others to it, +but himselfe also (for most part) would use it in the Sommer season.</p> + +<p>Likewise Doctor <i>Anthony Hunton</i> lately of <i>Newarke</i> upon <i>Trent</i>, +a Physitian of no lesse worth and happy memory, (to whom for his true love +to mee, and kind respect of mee, I was very much beholden) would often +expostulate with mee at our meetings, and with other Gentlemen of +<i>Yorkeshire</i>, his patients, how it came to passe, that I, and the +Physitians of <i>Yorke</i>, did not by publike writing make the fame and +worth thereof better knowne to the world?</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_7" id="CHAP_7"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 7.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the difference of this Fountaine from those at the</i> Spaw, +<i>to wit</i>, Sauvenir, <i>and</i> Pouhon.</b></center> + + +<p>This springeth almost at the top of the ascent (as formerly hath beene +said) from a dry, and somewhat sandy earth: The water whereof running +South-East, is very cleare, pure, full of life, and minerall +exhalations.</p> + +<p>We find it chiefly to consist of a vitrioline nature and quality, with a +participation also of those other minerals, which are said to be in the +<i>Sauvenir</i> fountaine; but in a more perfect, and exquisite mixture and +temper (as wee deeme) and therefore to be supposed better and nobler, +then it. The difference betweene them will be found to be onely +<i>secundum majus & minus</i>, that is, according to more, or lesse, which +maketh no difference in kind, but in degrees. This partaketh in greater +measure of the qualities, and lesser of the substances of the minerals, +then that doth; and for that cause it is of a more quicke and speedy +operation; as also for the same reason, his tenuity of body, and +fulnesse of minerall spirits therein contained, it cannot be so farre +transported from its owne source, and spring, without losse, and +diminution of his strength, and goodnesse. For being caried no further, +then to the towne it selfe (though the glasse or vessell be closely +stopt) it becommeth somewhat weaker: if as farre as to <i>Yorke</i>, much +more: but if 20 or 30 miles further, it will then bee found to be of +small force, or validity, as we have often observed.</p> + +<p>Whereas contrariwise the water of the lower fountaine at the <i>Spaw</i>, +called <i>Pouhon</i>, is frequently and usually caried and conveyed into +other Countries farre off, and remote, as into <i>France</i>, <i>England</i>, +<i>Scotland</i>, <i>Ireland</i>, divers parts of <i>Germany</i>, and some parts of +<i>Italy</i>; yea, and that of <i>Sauvenir</i>, (which is the better fountaine, +and whose water cannot be caried so farre away, as the other may) is +oftentimes used nowadayes at <i>Paris</i>, the chiefe City of <i>France</i>.</p> + +<p>But this of ours cannot be sent away any whit so farre off without losse +and decay of his efficacy, and vertue; so ayrie, subtill, and piercing +are its spirits, and minerall exhalations, that they soone passe, +vanish, and flye away. Which thing wee have esteemed to be a principall +good signe of the worthy properties of this rare Fountaine. So that this +water, being newly taken up at the Well, and presently after drunke, +cannot otherwise, but sooner passe by the Hypochondries and through the +body, and cause a speedier effect, then those in <i>Germany</i> can. Whereby +any one may easily collect, and gather, that this getteth his soveraign +faculties better in its passage by and through the variety of minerals, +included in the earth (which only afford unto it an halitious body) then +those doe.</p> + +<p>If then wee bee desirous to have this of ours become commodious either +for preserving of our healths, or for altering any distemper, or curing +any infirmity (for which it is proper and availeable) it ought chiefly +to bee taken at the fountaine it selfe, before the minerall spirits bee +dissipated.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_8" id="CHAP_8"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 8.</h2> + +<center><b><i>That Vitriol is here more predominant, then any other minerall</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>We have sufficiently beene satisfied by experience and trialls, through +what minerals this water doth passe: but to know in what proportion they +are exactly mixed therewith, it is beyond humane invention to find out; +nature having reserved this secret to her selfe alone. Neverthelesse it +may very well be conjectured, that as in the frame, and composition of +the most noble creature, Man (the lesser world) there is a temper of the +foure elements rather <i>ad justitiam</i> (as Philosophers say) then <i>ad +pondus</i>; so nature in the mixture of these minerals, hath likewise taken +more of some, and lesse of others, as shee thought to be most fit, and +expedient for the good and behoofe of mans health, and the recovery and +restitution of it decayed; being indeed such a worke, as no Art is able +to imitate.</p> + +<p>That <i>Vitriolum</i> (otherwise called <i>Chalcanthum</i>) is here most +predominant, there needs no other proofe, then from the assay of the +water it selfe; which both in the tart and inky smack thereof, joyned +with a piercing and a pricking quality, and in the savour (which is +somewhat a little vitrioline,) is altogether like unto the ancient +<i>Spaw</i> waters; which according to the consent of all those, who have +considered their naturall compositions, doe most of all, and chiefly +participate of vitrioll.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding, for a more manifest, and fuller tryall hereof, put as +much powder of galls, as will lye on two-pence, or three-pence, into a +glasse full of this water newly taken up at the fountaine, you shall see +it by and by turned into the right and perfect colour of Claret wine, +that is fully ripe, cleare, and well fined, which may easily deceive +the eye of the skilfullest Vintner.</p> + +<p>This demonstration hath beene often made, not without the admiration of +those, who first did see it. For the same quantity of galles mingled +with so much common water, or any other fountaine water thereabouts, +will not alter it any thing at all; unlesse to these you also adde +Vitrioll, and then the colour will appeare to be of a blewish violet, +somewhat inkish, not reddish, as in the former, which hath an exquisite +and accurate conjunction of other minerall exhalations, besides the +vitrioline. But this probation will not hold, if so be you make triall +with the said water being caried farre from the well; by reason of the +present dissipation of his spirits.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_9" id="CHAP_9"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 9.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the properties, and effects of Vitrioll, according to the ancient +and moderne Writers</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>The qualities of Vitrioll, according to <i>Dioscorides, Galen, Ætius, +Paulus Ægineta</i>, and <i>Oribasius</i>, are to heate and dry, to bind, to +resist putrefaction, to give strength and vigour to the interiour parts, +to kill the flat wormes of the belly, to remedy venemous mushromes, to +preserve flesh over moyst from corruption, consuming the moysture +thereof by its heat, and constipating by his astriction the substance of +it, and pressing forth the serous humidity.</p> + +<p>And according to <i>Matthiolus</i> in his Commentaries upon <i>Dioscorides</i>, it +is very profitable against the plague and pestilence, and the chymicall +oyle thereof is very availeable (as himselfe affirmeth to have +sufficiently proved) against the stone and stopping of urine, and many +other outward maladies and diseases, (<i>Andernæus</i> and <i>Gesner</i> adde to +these the Apoplexy) all which, for avoyding of prolixity, I doe here +purposely omit.</p> + +<p>Neither will I further trouble the Reader with the recitall of divers +and sundry excellent remedies, and medicines, found out and made of it +in these latter times, by the Spagyricke Physitians, and others: In so +much that <i>Joseph Quercetanus</i>, one of those, is verily of opinion, +that out of this one individuall minerall, well and exquisitely prepared, +there might be made all manner of remedies and medicines sufficient for +the storing and furnishing of a whole Apothecaries shop.</p> + +<p>But it will (perhaps) be objected by some one or other in this manner: +If vitrioll, which as most doe hold, is hote and dry in the third +degree, or beginning of the fourth, nay, of a causticke quality, and +nature (as <i>Discorides</i> is of opinion) should here be predominant, then +the water of this fountaine must needs bee of great heat and acrimony; +and so become not onely unprofitable, but also very hurtfull for mans +use to be drunke, or inwardly taken.</p> + +<p>To which objection (not to take any advantage of the answer, which many +learned Physitians doe give, <i>viz</i>. that vitrioll is not hot, but cold) +I say:</p> + +<p>First, that although all medicinall waters doe participate of those +mineralls, by which they doe passe, yet they have them but weakly +(<i>viribus refractis</i>) especially when in their passages they touch, and +meet with divers others minerals of opposite tempers and natures.</p> + +<p>Secondly I answer, that in all such medicinall fountaines, as this, +simple water doth farre surpasse and exceed in quantity, whatsoever is +therewith intermixed; by whose coldnesse it commeth to passe, that the +contrary is scarce, or hardly perceived. For example, take one +proportion of any boyling liquor to 100. or more, of the same cold, and +you will hardly find in it any heat at all. Suppose then vitrioll to be +hot in the third degree, it doth not therefore follow, that the water, +which hath his vertue chiefly from it, should heat in the same degree. +This is plainly manifest not onely in this fountaine, but also in all +others, which have an acide taste, being indeed rather cold, then hot, +for the reasons above mentioned.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_10" id="CHAP_10"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 10.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the effects, which this fountaine worketh, and produceth in those +who drinke of it</i>.</b>.</center> + + +<p>Experience sheweth sufficiently, besides reason, that this water first, +and in the beginning cooleth such, as use it: But being continued it +heateth and dryeth; and this for the most part it doth in all, yet not +alwayes. For (as we shall more fully declare afterwards) it effecteth +cures of opposite, and quite contrary natures, by the second and third +qualities, wherewith it is endowed, curing diseases both hot, cold, dry, +and moist.</p> + +<p>Those waters (saith <i>Renodæus</i>) which are replenished with a vitrioline +quality, as those at the <i>Spaw</i>, doe presently heale, and (as it were) +miraculously cure diseases, which are without all hope of recovery; +having that notable power, and faculty from vitrioll; by the vertue and +efficacy whereof, they passe through the meanders, turnings, and +windings of all parts of the whole body. Whatsoever is hurtfull, or +endammageth it, that they sweepe and carie away: what is profitable and +commodious, they touch not, nor hurt; that, which is flaccid, and loose, +they bind and fasten: that, which is fastened, and strictly tyed, they +loose: what is too grosse and thicke, they incide, dissolve, attenuate, +and expell.</p> + +<p>More particularly, the water of this fountaine hath an incisive and +abstersive faculty to cut, and loosen the viscous and clammy humours of +the body, and to make meable the grosse: as also by its piercing and +penetrating power, subtilty of parts, and by his deterging and +desiccative qualities to open all the obstructions, or oppilations of +the mesentery (from whence the seeds of most diseases doe arise and +spring) liver, splen, kidneis, and other interiour parts, and (which is +more to be noted and observed) to coole and contemperate their +unnaturall heat, helping, and removing also all the griefes and +infirmities depending thereupon.</p> + +<p>Besides all this, it comforteth the stomacke by the astriction it hath +from other minerals, especially iron, so that (without doubt) of a +thousand, who shall use it discreetly and with good advice (their bodies +first being well and orderly prepared by some learned and skilfull +Physitian, according to the states thereof, and as their infirmities +shall require) there will scarcely be any one found who shall not +receive great profit thereby.</p> + +<p>Moreover, it clenseth, and purifieth the whole masse of blood contained +in the veynes, by purging it from the seresity peccant, and from +cholericke, phlegmaticke, and melancholike humours; and that principally +by urine, which passeth through the body very cleare, and in great +quantity, leaving behind it the minerall forces, and vertues.</p> + +<p>Their stooles, who drinke of it, are commonly of a blackish, or dark +greene colour, partly because it emptieth the liver and splen from adult +humours, and melancholy, or the sediment of blood: but more especially, +because the mineralls intermixed doe produce and give such a tincture.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_11" id="CHAP_11"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 11.</h2> + +<center><b><i>In what diseases the water of this Fountaine is most usefull and +beneficiall</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>Over and besides the peculiar and specificall faculties, which this +fountaine hath, it sheweth divers and sundry other manifest effects and +qualities in evacuating the noxious humours of the body, for most part +by urine especially when there is any obstruction about the kidneyes, +ureters and bladder: Or by urine and stoole both, if the mesentery, +liver, or splen, chance to bee obstructed. But, if the affect or griefe +be in the matrix or womb, then it clenseth that way according to the +accustomed and usuall manner of women.</p> + +<p>In melancholike people it purgeth by provoking the hæmorrhoides, and in +cholericke by siege, or stoole. If it causeth either vomit or sweat, it +is very seldome and rare.</p> + +<p>See here a most admirable worke guided by the omnipotency and wisedom of +the Almighty, that a naturall, cleare, and pure water, should produce so +many and severall effects and operations, being all of them in a manner +contrary one to another, which few medicines composed by art can easily +performe without hurt and damage to the party. Wherefore being drunke +with those cautions and circumstances necessarily required thereunto, it +is to be preferred before many other remedies, as not onely procuring +these evacuations; but also (which is more to be noted) staying them, +when they grow to any excesse. For seeing that here are minerals +contained both hot, cold, dry, aperitive, astringent, &c. there is none +so simple but must needs thinke and grant, that it cannot otherwise bee +but good and wholesome in grievances, and diseases, which in their owne +natures are opposite.</p> + +<p>But I may instance in some few, for which it is good and profitable, and +therein observe some order and methode; It dryeth the over moist braine, +and helpeth the evils proceeding therefrom, as rhumes, catarrhs, +palsies, cramps, &c.</p> + +<p>It is also good and availeable against inveterate headaches, migrims, +turnings, and swimmings of the head and braine, dizzinesse, epilepsie, +or falling sicknesse, and the like cold and moist diseases of the head.</p> + +<p>It cheereth and reviveth the spirits, strengtheneth the stomacke, +causeth a good and quicke appetite, and furthereth digestion.</p> + +<p>It helpeth the blacke and yellow Jaundisse, and the evill, which is +accompanied with strange feare and excessive sadnesse without any +evident occasion, or necessary cause, called <i>Melancholia +Hypochondriaca</i>. Likewise the cachexy, or evill habit of the body, and +the dropsie in the beginning thereof, before it be too farre gone. For +besides that it openeth obstructions, it expelleth the redundant water +contained in the belly, and contemperateth the unnaturall heat of the +liver.</p> + +<p>It cooleth the kidneyes or reynes, and driveth forth sand, gravell, and +stones out of them, and also hindreth the encrease or breeding of any +new, by the concretion, and saudering of gravell, bred of a viscous and +clammy humour, or substance. The same it performeth to the bladder, for +which it is also very beneficiall, if it chance to have any evill +disposition either in the cavity thereof, or in the necke of it, and +shutting muscle called <i>Sphincter</i>, whereby the whole part or member is +let and hindred in his office and function.</p> + +<p>Moreover, if there chance to be any ulcer in the parts last specified, +or any sore, or fistula in <i>perinaeo</i> through an impostume ill cured, +this water is a good remedy for it, in regard of its clensing, +cicatrizing and constringing power, and vertue; and for that cause it is +very proper and commodious for the acrimony and sharpnesse of urine, and +against the stopping and suppression of urine, difficulty of making +water, and the strangury.</p> + +<p>Although it is very availeable against the stone in the kidneyes, and +against the breeding, and increase of any new there; yea, and against +little ones, that are loose in the bladder; yet notwithstanding it will +afford little or small benefit to those, in whom it is growne to bee +very great and big in the bladder: Because nothing will then serve to +breake it, as <i>Brassavolus</i> saith, but a Smiths anvile and hammar. +Neverthelesse, if in this case incision be used, it will be very +commodious both for mundifying and consolidating the wound, made for the +extraction of it.</p> + +<p>It shall not bee needfull to speake much of the profit, which will +ensue by the fit administration of it in the inveterat venereous +Gonorrhæa, causing it to cease and stay totally, and correcting the +distemper, and the evill ulcerous disposition of the seed vessels, & the +vicine parts.</p> + +<p>There are very few infirmities properly incident to women, which this +water may not seeme to respect much. The use whereof, after the advice +and councell had of the learned Physitian, for the well and orderly +preparing their bodies, is singular good against the greene sicknesse, +and also very commodious and behoovefull to procure their monthly +evacuations, as also to stay their over much flowing; as well to +correct, as to stay their white floods; as well to dry the wombe being +too moist, as to heat it being too cold, through which causes and +distempers conception (for the most part) is let and hindered in cold +Northerne Countries, as <i>England</i>, and the like. For by the helpe of it +these distempers are changed and altered, the superfluous humidities +and mucosities are taken away, the part is corroborated, and the +retentive vertue is strengthned.</p> + +<p>This hath beene so much, and so often observed at the ancient <i>Spaw</i>, +that it cannot otherwise, but bee also verified at this in aftertimes, +when it shall bee frequented (as those have beene) with the company of +Ladyes, and Gentlewomen: Divers whereof, having beene formerly barren +for the space of ten, twelve yeares, or moe, and drinking of those +waters for curing and helping some other infirmities, then for want of +fruitfulnesse, have shortly conceived after their returne home to their +husbands, beyond their hopes and expectations.</p> + +<p>Besides all this, it is good for these women, who, though otherwise apt +enough to conceive, yet by reason of the too much lubricity of their +wombes, are prone to miscarry and abort, if before conception they shall +use it with those cautions and directions requisite.</p> + +<p>Also it respecteth very much the hard scirrhous and cancarous tumours, +and the grievous soares, and dangerous ulcers of the matrix. All these +excellent helpes and many moe it performeth to women with more speedy +successe, if it be also received by injection. But here by the way, all +such women, who are with child, are to be admonished, that they forbeare +to use it during that time.</p> + +<p>In children it killeth and expelleth the wormes of the guts and belly, +and letteth and hindreth the breeding and new encrease of any moe.</p> + +<p>I will here forbeare to write any thing of the benefits which it +affordeth against old and inveterate itches, morphewes, leprosies, &c. +in regard the other three sulphurous fountaines, before mentioned, doe +more properly respect such like grievances. Neither will I now spend any +more time in shewing what vertues it hath in the cure of the Indian, +commonly called the French, or rather Spanish disease: because +experience hath found out a more certaine and sure remedy against it.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_12" id="CHAP_12"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 12.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the necessity of preparing the body before the use of this water</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>It is not in most things the bare and naked knowledge or contemplation +of them, that makes them profitable to us; but rather their right use, +and oppertune and fit administration. Medicines are not said to be +<i>Deorum manus</i>, that is, the hands of the Gods, (as <i>Herophilus</i> calleth +them) or <i>Deorum dona</i>; that is, the gifts of the Gods (as <i>Hippocrates</i> +beleeved) till they be fitly applyed and seasonably administered by the +counsell and advice of the learned and skilfull Physitian, according to +the true rules, and method of Art.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span><i>Temporibus medicina valet, data tempore prosunt,</i></span><br /> +<span><i>Et data non apto tempore vina nocent.</i><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>That is,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Medicines availe in their due times,<br /></span> +<span>And profit is got by drinking wines<br /></span> +<span>In timely sort; but in all reason<br /></span> +<span>They doe offend, drunke out of season.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Therefore to know th' originall mineralls, faculties, and vertues of +this worthy acide fountaine, will bee to no end, or to small purpose for +them, who understand not the right and true use, nor the fit and orderly +administration of it. For not only Physicke or medicines, but also +meats, and drinks taken disorderly, out of due time and without measure, +bringeth oftentimes detriment to the partie; who otherwise might receive +comfort and strength thereby: So likewise this water, if it be not +drunke at a convenient time and season, in due fashion and proportion, +yea, and that after preparatives and requisite purging and evacuation of +the body, may easily hurt those, whose infirmities otherwise it doth +principally respect. For medicines ought not to be taken rashly, and +unadvisably, as most doe hand over head without any consideration of +time, place, and other circumstances; as that ignorant man did, who +getting the recipt of that medicine, wherewith formerly he had been +cured, made triall of it againe long after for the same infirmity +without any helpe or good at all, whereat greatly marvailing, received +this answer fro his Physitian: I confesse (said hee) it was the selfe +same medicine, but because I did not give it, therefore it did you no +good.</p> + +<p>To the end therefore, that no occasion may hereafter be either given, or +taken by the misgovernment, or overrashnesse of any in using it to +calumniate and traduce the worth, and goodnesse of this fountaine, I +will briefly here shew, what course is chiefly to be followed and +observed by those who shall stand in need of it.</p> + +<p>First then, because very few men are thoroughly and sufficiently +informed concerning the natures, and causes of their grievances, it +will be necessary that every one shold apply himselfe to some one, or +other, who either out of his judgement, or experience, or both, may +truely be able to give him counsell and good advice concerning the +conveniency of this fountaine. And if he shall be avised to use it, then +let the party (in the feare of God) addresse himselfe for his way to it, +against the fit season of it, without making any long and tedious daies +journeys, which cause lassitude, and wearinesse.</p> + +<p>Then, being come to the place, he ought after a dayes rest, or two, to +have his body wel prepared, & gently clensed with easie lenitives, or +purgatives, both fit, and appropriate, as well to the habite and +constitution thereof, as also for the disease it selfe, and as occasion +shall require, according to the rule of method, which teacheth that +universal or generall remedies ought ever to precede and goe before +particulars. Now what these are in speciall, to fit every ones case in +particular, it is impossible for me here, or any else to define +precisely. <i>Ars non versatur circa individua.</i> We may see it true in +mechanicall trades. No one shoemaker can fit all by one Last; nor any +one taylor can suite all by one, and the selfe same measure.</p> + +<p>Yet in regard it may perhaps bee expected that something should be said +herein, I say, that in the beginning (if occasion serve) some easie +Clyster may very fitly bee given, as well for emptying the lower +intestines from their usuall excrements, as for carying away and +clensing the mucose slimes contained therein. After that, it will be +convenient to prepare the body by some Julep or Apozeme, or to give some +lenitive medicine to free the first region of the body from excrements. +For otherwise the water might peradventure convey some part of them, or +other pecca̅t matter, which it findeth in his passage either into the +bladder, or to some other weake, and infirme member of the body, to the +increase of that evill disposition which is to be removed, or else to +the breeding of some other new infirmity.</p> + +<p><i>Object</i>. Some perhaps will here object and say, that the time of the +yeere, in which this fountaine will be found to bee most usefull, will +be the hottest season thereof; or (if you like to call it) the +dog-daies, when it will be no fit time to purge at all.</p> + +<p><i>Answ</i>. 1. To this I answer and say: First, the purging medicines here +required are not strong, and generous but gentle, mild and weake, such +as are styled <i>Benedicta medicamenta</i>: which may with great safetie and +profit bee given either then or at any other time of the yeere without +any danger, or respect of any such like circumstance at all.</p> + +<p>2. Secondly I answer; Although this observation of the dog-dayes might +perhaps be of some moment in hotter countries, as <i>Greece</i>, where +<i>Hippocrates</i> lived, who first made mention of those dales: Yet in +colder climates, as <i>England</i>, and such like Countries, they are of +little or small force at all, and almost not to be regarded any whit, +either in using mild & temperate purgatives, or almost in any other; or +in blood-letting: though very many, or most doe erroniously say and +thinke the contrary. So that (if there be cause) they may as well and +safely then purge, as at any other time: Or, if occasion shall urge, as +in plethoricall bodies, and many other cases, a veine may safely (or +rather most commodiously) be then opened and so much blood taken away, +as the skilfull Physitian shall thinke in his discretion and wisdome to +be needfull and requisite.</p> + +<p>Let no man here think, that this is any strange position, or a new +paradoxe (for the learned know the contrary) or that I am studious of +innovation, but rather desirous to roote out an old and inveterate +errour, which in all probabilitie hath cost moe Englishmens lives, then +would furnish a royall army, in neglecting those two greater helpes or +remedies, to wit, Purging, and Blood-letting in hot seasons of the +yeare: which in all likelihood might have saved many of their lives, +while expecting more temperate weather, they have beene summoned in the +meane time, or <i>interim</i> by the messenger of pale death to appeare in an +other world.</p> + +<p>Wherefore let all those who are yet living, bee admonished hereafter by +their examples, not obstinately and wilfully to eschue and shunne these +two remedies in hot seasons, and in the time of the Dog-dayes, (much +lesse all other manner of physicall helpes) not once knowing so much as +why, or wherefore, and without any reason at all, following blind and +superstitious tradition, and error, haply first broched by some unworthy +and ignorant Physitian, not rightly understanding <i>Hippocrates</i> his +saving in all likelyhood, or at least wise misapplying it. Which hath +so prevailed in these times, that it hath not onely worne out the use of +purging, but also of all other physicke for that season, because most +people by the name of physicke understanding purging onely, and nothing +else. As though the art and science of Physicke was nothing else, but to +give a potion or purge. Then we rightly and truly might say, <i>Filia +devor avit matrem</i>.</p> + +<p>But for as much as most people are altogether ignorant of the true +ground or reason, from whence this so dangerous an error concerning the +Dog-dayes did first spring and arise, give me leave a little to goe on +with this my digression, for their better instruction, and satisfaction: +and I will briefly, and in a few lines shew the case, and the mistake +somewhat more plainly.</p> + +<p><i>Hippocrates</i> in his fourth booke of Aphorismes, the fift, hath these +words: <i>Sub canicula, & ante caniculam difficiles sunt purgationes.</i> +That is, under the canicular, or dog-star, and before the dog-star, +purgations are painfull and difficill. This is all that is there said of +them, or brought against them for that season, or time of the yeare. A +great stumbling-blocke against which many have dashed their feet, and +knockt their shinnes, and a fearfull scar-crow, whereat too many have +nicely boggled. Here you doe not find or see purging medicines to bee +then prohibited, or forbidden to be given at all (much lesse all other +physicke) but onely said to be difficill in their working: partly +because (as all expositors agree) nature is then somewhat enfeebled by +the great heat of the weather; partly because the humours being then, as +it were, accended are more chaffed by the heat of the purging medicines; +partly, and lastly, because two contrary motions seeme then to be at one +and the same time, which may offend nature; as the great heat of the +weather leading the humours of the body outwardly to the circumference +thereof, and the medicine drawing them inwardly to the center. All which +circumstances in our cold region are little, or nothing at all (as +formerly hath beene mentioned) to be regarded. For as <i>Jacobus +Hollerius</i>, a French Physitian, much honoured for his great learning and +judgement, hath very well observed in his Comment upon this Aphorisme; +<i>Hippocrates</i> speaketh here onely of those purging medicines, which are +strong, and vehement, or hot and fiery; and that this precept is to take +place in most hot Regions, but not in these cold Countries, as <i>France</i>, +<i>England</i>, and the like.</p> + +<p>Over and beside all this, those churlish hot purging medicines, which +were then in frequent use in <i>Hippocrates</i> his time, and some hundred of +yeares after, are now for most part obsolete, and quite growne out of +use, seldom brought in practice by Physitians in these dayes; because we +have within these last six hundred yeares great choice and variety of +more mild, benigne, and gentle purgatives found out by the Arabian +Physitians, which were altogether unknowne unto the ancients, to wit, +<i>Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, &c.</i> which have little heat, and +acrimony, many whereof are temperate, and divers cooling, which may most +safely be given either in the hottest times and seasons of the yeare, or +in the hottest diseases. Let us adde to these the like familiar and +gentle purging medicines more lately, yea, almost daily newly found out +since the better discoveries of the East and West Indies. So that +henceforth let no man feare to take either easie purgatives, or other +inward Physicke, in the time of the canicular, or dog-dayes.</p> + +<p>The same <i>Hollerius</i> goeth on in the exposition and interpretation of +the said Aphorisme, and confidently saith: <i>Over & besides that we have +benigne medicines which we may then use, as Cassia, &c.</i> Wee know and +finde by experience no time here with us more wholsome and more +temperat (especially when the Etesian, or Easterly, winds do blow) then +the Canicular dayes: so that, wee finde by observation, that those +diseases which are bred in the moneths of June and July, doe end in +August, and in the Canicular dayes. Wherefore, if a disease happen in +those dayes, we feare not to open a veyne divers times, and often, as +also to prescribe more strong purging medicines.</p> + +<p>Wherefore away henceforth with the scrupulous conceit, and too nice +feare of the Dogge-dayes, and let their supposed danger be had no more +in remembrance among us. And if any will yet remaine obstinate, and +still refuse to have their beames pulled out of their eyes, let them +still be blinde in the middest of the cleare Sun-shine, and groape on +after darkness; and let all learned Physitians rather pitty their +follies, then envy their wits.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_13" id="CHAP_13"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 13.</h2> + +<center><b><i>At what time of the yeare, and at what houre of the day it is most fit +and meet to drinke this water</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>To speake in generall tearmes, it is a fit time to drinke it, when the +ayre is pure, cleare, hot and dry: for then the water is more tart, and +more easily digested, then at other times. On the contrary, it is best +to forbeare, when the ayre is cold, moist, darke, dull and misty: for +then it is more feeble, and harder to be concocted.</p> + +<p>But more specially, the most proper season to undertake this our English +Spaw dyet, will be from the middest or latter end of June to the middle +of September, or longer, according as the season of the yeare shall fall +out to be hot and dry, or otherwise.</p> + +<p>Not that in the Spring-time, and in Winter it is not also good, but for +that the ayre being more pure in Sommer, the water also must needs be of +greater force and power. Notwithstanding it may sometime so happen in +Sommer, that by reason of some extraordinary falling of raine, there may +be a cessation from it for a day or two. Or if it chance to have rained +over night, it will then be fit and necessary to refraine from drinking +of it, untill the raine bee passed away againe: or else (which I like +better) the fountaine laded dry, and filled againe, which may well be +done in an hower, or two at most.</p> + +<p>Touching the time of the day, when it is best to drinke this water, +questionlesse the most convenient hower will be in the morning, when the +party is empty, and fasting, about seaven aclocke: Nature having first +discharged her selfe of daily excrements both by stoole and urine, and +the concoctions perfected. This time is likewise fittest for exercise, +which is a great good help, and furtherance for the better distribution +of the water, whereby it doth produce its effects more speedily.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_14" id="CHAP_14"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 14.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the manner of drinking this water, and the quantitie thereof</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>Those who desire the benefit of this Fountaine, ought to goe to it +somewhat early in the morning, &, if they be able and strong of body, +they may doe very well to walke to it on foot, or at least wise some +part of the way. Such, as have weake and feeble leggs may ride on +horsebacke, or be caryed in coaches, or borne in chaires. As for those, +whose infirmities cause them to keepe their beds, or chambers, they may +drinke the water in their lodgings, it being speedily brought to them in +a vessell or glasse well stopt.</p> + +<p>It is not my meaning or purpose to describe here particularly, what +quantitie of it is fit and meet for every one to drinke; for this is +part of the taske and office, which belongeth to the Physitian, who +shall be of counsell with the Patient in preparing and well ordering of +him; who is to consider all the severall circumstances, as well of the +maladie or disease it selfe, as of his habite and constitution, &c. +Neverthelesse I may advise, that at the first it be moderately taken, +increasing the quantitie daily by degrees, untill they shall come at +last to the full height of the proportion appointed, and thought to be +meet and necessary. There they are then to stay, and so to continue at +that quantitie, so long as it shall be needfull. For example, the first +morning may happely be 16 or 18 ounces, and so on by degrees to 20. 30. +40. 50. 60. or moe, in people, who are of good and strong constitutions. +Towards the ending, the abatement ought likewise to be made by degrees, +as the increment was formerly made by little and little.</p> + +<p>Here by the way every one must be admonished to take notice, that it is +not alwayes best to drinke most, lest they chance to oppresse and +overcharge Nature, that would rather be content with lesse. It will +therefore be more safe, to take it rather somewhat sparingly, though for +a longer time, then liberally and for a short time. But, indeed the +truest and justest proportion of it, is ever to be made and esteemed, by +the good and laudable concoction of it, and by the due and orderly +voiding of it againe.</p> + +<p>It will not be here amisse to adde this one observation further; That it +is better to drinke this water once a day, then twice, and that in the +mornings, after that the Sunne hath dryed up & consumed the vapors +retained through the coldnesse of the night, &c. as is formerly +declared. After drinking it, it will be needfull to abstaine from meat & +other drinke for the space of three or foure dayes. [hours?]</p> + +<p>But if any one, who hath a good stomacke, shall be desirous to take it +twice a day; or if any shall bee necessarily compelled so to doe for +some urgent cause, by the approbation of his Physitian, let him dine +somewhat sparingly, and drinke it not againe, untill five houres after +dinner be past, or not untill the concoction of meat and drinke in the +stomacke be perfected: Observing likewise, that hee content himselfe in +the afternoones with almost halfe the quantity he useth to take in the +mornings.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_15" id="CHAP_15"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 15.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the manner of dyet to be observed by those who shall use this +water</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>The regiment of life in meats and drinks, ought chiefly to consist in +the right and moderate use of those, which are of light and easie +digestion, and of good and wholesome nourishment, breeding laudable +juice. Therefore all those are to be avoyded, which beget crude and ill +humours. There ought furthermore speciall notice to be taken, that great +diversity of meats and dishes at one meale is very hurtfull, as also +much condiments, sauces, spice, fat, &c. in their dressing and cookery.</p> + +<p>I commend hens, capons, pullets, chickens, partridge, phesants, turkies, +and generally all such small birds, as live in woods, hedges, and +mountaines. Likewise I doe approve of veale, mutton, kid, lambe, +rabbets, young hare or leverits, &c. All which (for the most part) are +rather to be roasted then boyled. Neverthelesse those, who are affected +with any dry distemper, or those, who otherwise are so accustomed to +feed, may have their meats sodden; but the plainer dressing, the better.</p> + +<p>I discommend all salt meats, beefe, bacon, porke, larde, and larded +meats, hare, venison, tripes, and the entrailes of beasts, puddings made +with blood, pig, goose, swan, teale, mallard, and such like; and in +generall all water-fowle, as being of hard digestion and ill nutriment.</p> + +<p>Amongst the severall kinds of fishes, trouts, pearches, loaches, and for +most part, all scaly fish of brookes, and fresh rivers may well bee +permitted. Moreover smelts, soales, dabs, whitings, sturbuts, gurnets, +and all such other, as are well knowne not to be ill, or unwholesome to +feed on. All which may be altered with mint, hyssope, anise, &c. Also +cre-fishes, crab-fish, lobsters, and the like, may bee permitted.</p> + +<p>Cunger, salmon, eeles, lampries, herrings, salt-ling, all salt-fish, +sturgion, anchovies, oysters, cockles, muscles, and the like shell-fish +are to be disallowed.</p> + +<p>White-meats, as milke, cruds, creame, old cheese, custards, white-pots, +pudding-pyes, and other like milke-meats, (except sweet butter and new +creame cheese) are to be forbidden. Soft and reer egges we doe not +prohibit.</p> + +<p>Raisons with almonds, bisket-bread, marchpane-stuffe, suckets, and the +like, are not here forbidden to be eaten.</p> + +<p>Let their bread be made of wheat, very well wrought, fermented or +leavened; and let their drinke be beere well boyled and brewed: and let +it bee stale, or old enough, but in no wise tart, sharp, or sower: And +above all let them forbeare to mixe the water of the fountaine with +their drinke at meales: for that may cause many inconveniences to +follow, and ensue.</p> + +<p>Let me advise them to eschew apples, peares, plumbs, codlings, +gooseberries, and all such like sommer fruits, either raw, in tarts, or +other wise: Also pease, and all other pulse; all cold sallets, and raw +hearbs; onions, leekes, chives, cabbage or coleworts, pompons, +cucumbers, and the like.</p> + +<p>In stead of cheese at the end of meales, it will not bee amisse to eate +citron, or lemon pils condited, or else fenell, anise, coriander +comfits, or biskets and carawayes, as well for to discusse and expell +wind, as to shut and close the stomacke, for the better furthering the +digestion of meats and drinkes. And for that purpose, it would bee much +better, if the Physitian, who is of counsell, should appoint and ordaine +some fit and proper Tragea in grosse powder mixed with sugar, or else +made into little cakes or morsels. Likewise marmalade of quinces, either +simple or compound, (such as the Physitians do often prescribe to their +patients) may be used very commodiously.</p> + +<p>After dinner they ought to use no violent exercise, neither ought they +to sit still, sadly, heavy, and musing, nor to slumber, and sleepe; but +rather to stirre a little, and to raise up the spirits for an houre or +two, by some fit recreation. After supper they may take a walke into the +fields, or Castle yard.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAP_16" id="CHAP_16"></a><i>CHAP</i>. 16.</h2> + +<center><b><i>Of the Symtomes or accidents, which may now and then chance to happen +to some one or other in the use of this water</i>.</b></center> + + +<p>Although those who are of good and strong constitutions, observing the +aforenamed direction, doe seldome or never receive any harme, or +detriment by drinking this water: notwithstanding it may sometime so +fall forth, that some of the weaker sort may perhaps observe some +little, or small inconvenience thereby, as retention of it in the body: +inflation of the bellie: costivenesse, and the like. Wherefore to +gratifie those, a word [or] two of every one shall suffice.</p> + +<p>First then, for to cause a more ready and speedy passage of it by urine, +it will not be amisse to counsell the partie after his returne to his +lodging to goe to his naked bed for an houre or two, that thereby +warmnesse, and naturall heat may be brought into each part of the body, +the passages more opened, and nature by that meanes made more fit and +apt for the expulsion of it. During which time it will be very requisite +to apply hot cloathes to the stomack: but not so as to provoke sweat. Or +else, to cause it to voyd and evacuate either by urine, stoole, or +sweat, exercise will be a good helpe and furtherance: if the party be +fit for it. But if neither of these will prevaile, then a sharp glyster +ought to be administered.</p> + +<p>The inflation or swelling of the belly hapneth principally to those, who +have feeble and weake stomacks; who may do very wel to eate anise, +fenell, or coriander comfits at the fountaine betweene every draught, +and to walke a little after; or else some carminative Lozenges, made +with grosse powders, spices and seeds for breaking of wind: or what +other thing the learned Physitian shall deeme to be most fit and proper +in his wisdome, and judgment. But if the inflation chance to be very +great, then a carminative glyster must be ordained.</p> + +<p>Such as shall be very costive may doe well to eat moistning meats, and +to use mollifying hearbes, raisons stoned, corants, damascene prunes, +butter, or the yolkes of egges, and the like in their broths, or +pottage. If these will not be sufficient, then let a day be spared from +drinking the water, and let the party take some lenitive medicine, as +laxative corants, or some such like thing: whereof the Physitian hath +ever great choice and variety, wherewith he can fit directly every one +his case; to whom present recourse ever ought to be had, when any of +these, or the like accidents doe happen, as likewise in all other cases +of waight and moment.</p> + + +<p>FINIS.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + +***** This file should be named 16417-h.htm or 16417-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/1/16417/ + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Spadacrene Anglica + The English Spa Fountain + +Author: Edmund Deane + +Commentator: James Rutherford + Alex. Butler + +Release Date: August 2, 2005 [EBook #16417] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + + + + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: A carat is used in some instances to indicate +superscript. If part is in brackets, then only those letters in +brackets are superscripted and the rest of the word is the normal size. + + + + +SPADACRENE ANGLICA. OR, _The English Spa Fountain._ + + +BY EDMUND DEANE, M.D. OXON. + + +The First Work on the Waters of Harrogate. + + +_REPRINTED WITH INTRODUCTION_ BY JAMES RUTHERFORD, L.R.C.P. ED. + + +_AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES_ BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B. + + +BRISTOL: JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, +KENT & CO. LTD. 1922 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +If the Author of "Spadacrene Anglica" could see our modern Harrogate, +for whose existence he is to no small extent responsible, he would be +justly entitled to consider his labours as well spent, however surprised +he might be at the change that had taken place in the village as he knew +it in the year 1626. For so was Harrogate in those years, a small +scattered hamlet, part of that great Royal Forest of Knaresborough, +extending westward from the town of Knaresborough for about 20 miles +towards Bolton Abbey, with an average depth of about 8 miles from North +to South, a Royal Forest, as Grainge in his History thereof premises, +from the year 1130 until 1775. Not only the change in the physical +aspect of Harrogate would have been noted by our author. Since his days, +within a radius of a few miles, have been found over 80 mineral springs, +whereby Harrogate is distinguished from all other European health +resorts. Not that the curative powers of these waters were altogether +unknown before Edmund Deane extolled the merits of the Tuewhit Well in +"Spadacrene Anglica." Indeed, he would be a bold man who would +dogmatically lay down at what period the powers of these waters were +unknown. Thus, in mediaeval times the waters of St. Mungo's and St. +Robert's were accredited with miraculous powers. The Tuewhit Well itself +derives its name, according to some authorities, from its association in +pre-Roman times with the pagan God Teut. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" was published by Dr. Edmund Deane, an eminent +physician of York, in the year 1626, and passed through three editions +after his death. All these editions are very scarce, and although there +are copies of the four editions in the British Museum, there are only +two other copies known to exist. I was indeed fortunate, therefore, when +some seventeen years ago I picked up a copy in a well-known second-hand +book shop in Harrogate. Now I am reprinting it, not so much for its +interest to my professional brethren as a quaint and learned +contribution to medical literature in the seventeenth century, but +because it is the earliest and most indispensable source of the history +of the waters of Harrogate. + +A careful study of it will correct a number of remarkable errors, which +now pass current as historical facts in connection with the rise into +fame of Harrogate as our premier Spa. These errors would never have +arisen had there been a more free access to this very scarce book. Most +writers appear to have depended for their knowledge of its contents +upon the summary of it contained in Dr. Thomas Short's "History of +Mineral Waters," published about a century after the publication of +"Spadacrene Anglica." In commenting on this and other works abridged in +his History, the learned author states: + +"Some of them are very scarce and rare. Therefore, such as have them +not, have here their whole _substance_, and need not trouble themselves +for the treatises." Unfortunately, they did not have their "whole +substance," and hence these errors. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" deals mainly with the Tuewhit Well or the English +Spa. It is not my intention to discuss here either the history of its +distinguished author or the early history of the English Spa. This task +has been kindly undertaken for me by my friend and colleague, Dr. +Alexander Butler, to whom I take this opportunity to express my grateful +thanks for his very suggestive contribution. + +Suffice it for the purpose of this short introduction to state that the +medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well were discovered about fifty-five +years prior to the publication of "Spadacrene Anglica," the credit of +the discovery being due to a certain Mr. William Slingsby, not to his +nephew, Sir William Slingsby as has been persistently but erroneously +stated. The Tuewhit Well was first designated "The English Spa" in or +about the year 1596 by Timothy Bright, M.D., sometime rector of both +Methley and Barwick in Elmet, near Leeds, which goes far to support the +well established belief that the waters of the Tuewhit Well were the +first to be used internally for medicinal purposes in England. To-day +the word Spa is, of course, a general term for a health resort +possessing mineral waters, but in the days of Dr. Timothy Bright no such +meaning attached to it; Spa was the celebrated German health resort, and +one can readily conceive with what patriotic enthusiasm Dr. Timothy +Bright would proclaim the Tuewhit Well as "The English Spa" when the +medicinal properties of this Well were found to resemble those of the +two famous medicinal springs of Sauveniere and Pouhon at Spa. + +"Spadacrene Anglica" (as already mentioned) was published in 1626. Later +in the same year appeared another work on Harrogate, entitled "News out +of Yorkshire," by Michael Stanhope, Esq. Further, the time of Mr. +William Slingsby's birth has been traced back to between the years 1525 +and 1527. The year 1926 is therefore the tercentenary of the publication +of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica," and Stanhope's "News out of Yorkshire," +and may also be regarded as the quatercentenary of the birth of Mr. +William Slingsby. What a triple event for commemoration! + +In this edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" the original title-page and +initial letters have been artistically reproduced by the publishers; +the text has not been modernized except in the case of the old vowel +forms I and U for the consonants J and V. Otherwise, the original +spelling and the use of capitals and italics have been retained. The +long S has not been retained. With these slight changes one cannot but +admire the forceful English in which it is written, and the clearness of +the style of the author. + +I am indebted to my daughter Dorothy for the sketch of the Tuewhit Well. + +JAMES RUTHERFORD. + +_Saint Mungo, + 12, York Road, + Harrogate, 1921._ + + +_Biographical Notes_ OF _Edmund Deane, M.D. and others in relation to +the Tuewhit Well, The English Spa_. + +BY ALEX. BUTLER, M.B. + + + + +BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES + +_=of Edmund Deane and others in relation to the English Spa.=_ + + +The present reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" should arouse a keen +literary interest in its author, Edmund Deane, and in the early history +of Harrogate. As one who had the privilege of reading the original +edition of this work, belonging to Dr. Rutherford, I was struck by the +marked contrast between Deane's account of the history of the medicinal +waters of Harrogate, and that which is to be found in more recent +writings on that subject. + +These modern accounts cannot be better or more authoritatively +exemplified than by taking a short extract from the article "Harrogate" +in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica."[1] + + "The principal chalybeate Springs are the Tewitt well called by Dr. + Bright, who wrote the first account of it, the English Spaw, + discovered by Captain William Slingsby of Bilton Hall, near the + close of the 16th. Century...." + +This paragraph, as a statement of facts, accurately sets out what is to +be found in more or less detail in the accessible literature of to-day +and will be referred to afterwards as the recognised history of +Harrogate. It has received the express or tacit sanction of the +Corporation of Harrogate and is embodied in its publications. Further a +memorial has been erected to Sir William Slingsby, the Captain William +Slingsby of Bilton Hall referred to in the above quotation, as the +discoverer of the Tuewhit Well. + +Notwithstanding the complete credence that has been given to this +account for many years, I think there can be no doubt that it is +entirely erroneous, and that unmerited fame has been given to Sir +William Slingsby as the discoverer of the medicinal qualities of the +Tuewhit Well, and to Dr. Bright as the author who first wrote an account +of it. + +Deane's history of the medicinal springs of Harrogate in the Elizabethan +period is to be found in the earlier chapters of his book. It is +therefore only necessary to mention here that, according to "Spadacrene +Anglica" the Tuewhit Well was _not_ discovered by Captain (or Sir) +William Slingsby, it was _not_ discovered near the close of the 16th +Century, and Dr. Bright did _not_ write an account of it. It is hardly +credible that the history as given in the extract from the "Encyclopaedia +Britannica" is actually derived from "Spadacrene Anglica." Yet such is +the case. Owing to the great rarity of the first edition of that book, +and the fact that the later editions were all, more or less, abridged or +incomplete, a series of plausible conjectures by later writers founded +on these imperfect editions has evolved a history of Harrogate in this +period which is, as regards the main facts, largely fictitious. The +object of the following biographical notes is, briefly, to restate the +history of Harrogate during the Elizabethan period, in terms of the only +reliable source for such a purpose, and to trace the accumulated errors, +as far as possible, to their origin and source, an inquiry which the +reprint of "Spadacrene Anglica" at the present time makes not +inopportune. + +No history of Harrogate should be written, unless preceded by a +biographical note of the author of "Spadacrene Anglica," to whom and to +whose work Harrogate doubtless owes its position as the premier Spa of +this country; and it is with no little sense of the fickleness of fame +that one finds his name so little known, and his worth as a writer +unrecognized. As far as I know, no biography has been written +heretofore, nor is his life given in the various collective records of +the lives of British medical men, such as Aikin, etc.[2] The same +neglect of him occurs in the "Dictionary of National Biography," where +in view of the national importance of the Spas of this country, a +biography of Deane might not unreasonably be expected. Here and there +one is able to glean some small scraps of information about him, but the +result of all the gleanings from contemporary records, so far, can be +condensed in a very small compass. It does not seem amiss therefore to +record here what is known of the "father of Harrogate" albeit at present +unrecognized by his off-spring. + +Deane was descended from a family who for many generations lived at +Saltonstall, a hamlet in Warley in the parish of Halifax, and whose +history appears to have been quite uneventful.[3] Owing to the frequency +with which the same Christian names occur in the Parish Registers, it is +by no means easy to identify the several families of the name of Deane, +but in 1612 the family from which the author of "Spadacrene Anglica" was +descended, recorded in the College of Arms a short entry of pedigree, of +which a copy is appended. His parents were Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall +and Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Jennings of Seilsden in Craven, and +their family consisted of four sons, viz. Gilbert, Richard, Edmund and +Symon (twins). The date of birth of Edmund is not known, but the entry +of baptism is on 23rd of March 1572.[4] The mother seems to have died at +their birth, for the date of her funeral is but two days' later.[5] + + Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall,-+-..... dau. of ..... + Co. York | Horsfold under the + | bank, near Heptonstall + | + +---------------+------------+-------------------------+--+ + | | | | +Richard Deane Gilbert Deane of-+-Elizabeth dau. William 3 + s.p. Saltonstall | of Edm. Jennings Roger 4 + | of Seilsden in Craven + | + +-----------------------+------+----+-----------------------+--+ + | | | | | +Gilbert Richard Edmund Deane--Anne Michaell +Deane -+-Susan Deane, of the City dau of Symon s.p. + | dau of Bishop of of York, ... Faurie + | ... Bentley Ossory in Doctor of of Leicester, + | Ireland Phisick & Widow of + | Marmaduke + | Haddesley of + | Hull, Alderman + +------------------+ + | + John Deane, son & heir. + +Of the brothers of Edmund, Gilbert, the eldest, apparently lived at +Saltonstall, and it was his son, John Deane, who eventually became the +chief beneficiary under the Will of Edmund. Symon (or Michaell Symon), +the twin brother, died at the age of seven years. His remaining brother, +Richard, born in 1570, entered Merton College, Oxford, in 1589, and in +1609 succeeded Dr. Horsfall as Bishop of Ossory. He died in 1614. + +Edmund also entered Merton College, matriculating 26th March, 1591, and +took the degree of B.A. on the 11th of December, 1594. He then "retired +to St. Alban's Hall, where prosecuting his geny which he had to the +faculty of physic" he was licensed to practise medicine on the 28th +March, 1601, subsequently taking his degrees of M.B. and M.D. as a +member of that hall on the 28th of June, 1608. He was incorporated at +Cambridge in 1614. After taking his degrees in medicine he retired to +York and practised in that city till his death in 1640.[6] + +Nothing further is known of his life in York, except that Camidge[7] +states that he occupied a house adjoining the residence of Mr. Laurence +Rawden in the street called Pavement, a name, it has been suggested[8], +derived from the Hebrew Judgement seat "in a place that is called the +Pavement,"--this being that part of the City of York where punishment +was inflicted and where the Pillory was a permanent erection. It is not +unreasonable to suppose that this fact was responsible for Deane's +tender pity for the "poore prisoners" in his Will. + +In 1626, Deane published his "Spadacrene Anglica" which is here +reprinted. "Spadacrene Anglica" is a model of lucid and logical +exposition. It provides a quaint and interesting epitome of the medical +opinion of the day, but it is of more special interest as the source for +the earliest history of the Harrogate waters. Its importance from this +particular standpoint will be considered later. + +Later in the same year Michael Stanhope published his "Newes out of +Yorkshire," and in this book he gives a lively description of his +journey with Deane to the Well "called at this day by the country +people, Tuit Well, it seemes for no other cause but that those birdes +(being our greene Plover) do usually haunt the place." The following +extract of the first recorded visit to Harrogate will, I think, be of +interest. + + "In the latter end of the summer 1625, being casually with Dr. Dean + (a Physitian of good repute at his house at York, one who is far + from the straine of many of his profession, who are so chained in + their opinion to their Apothecary Shops, that they renounce the + taking notice of any vertue not confined within that circuit) he + took occasion to make a motion to me (the rather for that he + remembered I had been at the Spa in Germany) of taking the aire, + and to make our rendez-vouz at Knaresbrough to the end wee might be + the better opportuned to take a view of the Tuit-well (whereof he + had sparingly heard) for that it was by some compared to the so + much fam'd Spa in Germany. I was not nice to give way to the + summons of his desire: the match was soon made, and the next day, + accompanied with a worthy Knight and judicious admirer, and curious + speculator of rarities, and three other physitians of allowable + knowledge, we set forwards for Knaresbrough, being about fourteen + miles from Yorke. We made no stay at the towne, but so soone as we + could be provided of a guide, we made towards the Well, which we + found almost two miles from the Towne. It is scetuate upon a rude + barren Moore, the way to it in a manner a continual ascent. Upon + our first approach to the Spring we were satisfied that former + times had taken notice of it, by reason it was encloased with + stone, and paved at the bottome, but withal we plainely perceived + that it had been long forgotten[9], which the filth wherewith it + was choaked did witnesse, besides that through neglect the current + of other waters were suffered to steale into it. Before any + peremptory triall was made of it, it was thought fit first to + clense the Well, and to stop the passage of any other waters + intermixture, which within the compasse of an hour we effected. The + bottom now cleared, we plainely descried where the waters did + spring up, and then the Physitians began to try their experiments. + + But, first of all I dranke of it and finding it to have a perfect + Spa relish (I confesse) I could not contain but in a tone louder + than ordinary I bad them welcome to the Spa. Presently they all + took essai of it, and though they could not denie, but that it had + a different smack from all other common waters, most confessing + that it did leave in the pallate a kinde of acidnesse, yet the + better to be assured whether it did partake with Vitrioll, the + prime ingredient in the natural Spa, they mixed in a glasse the + powder of Galls with this water, knowing by experience if this + Minerall had any acquaintance with the Spring, the powder would + discolour the water and turne it to a Claret die; wherein they were + not deceived, for presently (to their both wonder and joy) the + water changed colour, and seemed to blush in behalf of the Country, + who had amongst them so great a jewell and made no reckoning of + it.... You may suppose (being met together at our Inne, where we + found ourselves very well accomodated for our provision) we could + finde no other talke but of this our new Spa.... Three days after + our return to York, Dr. Deane (whose thirst for knowledge is not + superficially to be satisfied) by the consent of his + fellow-physitians sent for a great quantity of the water in large + violl glasses, entending partly by evaporation and partly by some + other chimical means to experiment it...." + +It would certainly appear from a perusal of the above, that at the +latter end of the year 1625, Deane knew little of the medicinal value +of the English Spaw. But such a conclusion is entirely opposed to the +dedication and text of "Spadacrene Anglica," which clearly indicates +that Deane was a close personal friend of the eminent physicians Dr. +Timothy Bright, and Dr. Anthony Hunton of Newark-upon-Trent, who for +years had been recommending the waters to their friends and patients. +Moreover Deane himself had paid many visits to the English Spaw with the +physicians of York, and had been at last induced to commit his knowledge +to print. Is it permissible to use imaginative license and see in Deane +a humorist who persuaded Stanhope "of taking the aire" while professing +no intimate knowledge of the spring, yet going the length of taking the +powder of Galls in his pocket to produce a stage effect, which he had +never found to fail?[10] + +Stanhope readily adopts the plover origin of the name Tuewhit, but the +silence of Deane is suggestive of his doubt, and especially so as he +mentions the pigeons haunting the sulphur springs as "an arguement of +much salt in them." There is no obvious reason of this kind for the +plovers frequenting the Tuewhit Well in preference to any other spring +in the neighbourhood. + +In 1630, Deane published a number of Tracts which had been left more or +less incomplete by Samuel Norton. His share in the authorship of the +different tracts varies. The titles of one or two will sufficiently +indicate the nature of the subjects, and it can be seen that his studies +included the philosophical stone, and other subjects receiving attention +at the present time, such as "culture pearls." + +"Mercurius Redivivus, seu modus conficiendi Lapidem Philosophicum." + +"Saturnus Saturatus Dissolutus et Coelo restitutus, seu modus +componendi Lapidem Philosophicum ... e plumbo...." + +"Metamorphosis Lapidem ignobilium in gemmas quasdam pretiosas, seu modus +transformandi perlas parvas ... in magnas et nobilis ..." etc. etc. + +Edmund Deane married twice, first to Anne, widow of Marmaduke Haddersley +of Hull; the date is not known, though it was before the entry of +pedigree was recorded in 1612. In 1625, he had a license at York to +marry Mary Bowes of Normanton at Normanton. There does not appear to +have been a family by either of his wives. + +He died in 1640, and was buried in St. Crux Church, York. This church +was demolished about the year 1885, as it was considered structurally +unsafe, but there does not appear to have been any memorial erected to +him in the church. The manuscript Registers of the Parish of St. Crux +are in the College of Arms: the manuscript extracts do not commence +until the year 1678. His Will, however, is preserved. It is dated 30th +of Oct. 1639, and was proved at York on the 14th of April, 1640. + +In a biography it should be the task of the writer to visualise the +personality of his subject as well as to record merely the material +events of his life. In this instance it would be quite impossible to do +so from lack of material, but yet from his works, and from the opinion +held of him by Michael Stanhope, and last, but not least, from the +contents of his own Will, I think some picture can be painted of him. A +man of learning is shown from his writings: a perusal of "Spadacrene +Anglica" will exhibit both the clearness of his intellect and the +forcibleness of his style. For many years he successfully practised +medicine at York. He was held in high esteem among his professional +brethren, and was recognized by them as a leader in the profession with +a broad mind, ready to listen to and investigate new ideas. His +personality is fully and finely revealed in his Will, and as this is the +only biography, as it were, written by himself, I append an extract from +it, so that he may speak for himself. + + In the name of God, Amen. + + I Edmund Deane of the Cittye of Yorke Doctor of Phisicke being some + what weake of bodye, yett in good & pfect remembrance of mynd & + understanding (praised be God therefore) and calling to mynd the + uncertainety of this my naturall life & my mortality, not knowing + howe soone I shall laye downe this my earthly Tabernackle & be + gathered to sleepe in the grave wth my fathers doe therefore + accordinge to the holy Ghost directions make, constitute, ordayne & + declare this my last Will and Testament for the better setleing of + peace & concord amongst my wife, friends & kindred heareby + revokeing in acte, deede and in lawe all other former Wills & + testaments whatsoever. In manner & forme following. + + That is to say first & principally I comend & bequeath my soule + unto the ever blessed hands of Almighty God my heavenly father my + maker & creator, whoe out of his meer mercy, free will & love to + mankinde & to me in pticuler did vouchsafe to send his onely + begotten sonne before all eternity, Christ Jesus the pmissed + Messias into this world to save sinners (whereof w^th S^t. Paull I + confesse my selfe the greatest) to laye downe his life for mankinde + & that he dyed for me & for my salvac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on, & that he rose againe + the third day for my iustificac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on, that where he now is, I shall + be there alsoe after my dissolution & I hope & looke to be saved + only by his mirritts, death & passion alone, & by noe other meanes + whatsoever, & when itt shall please Almighty God to putt an end & + period to these my dayes here on earth, ending this my pilgrimage, + and layeing downe this my earthly Tabernackle. + + Then I comitt & bequeath this my nowe liveing body to the earth + from whence itt came, & the same to be buryed (yf I fortune to dye + in Yorke or otherwise yf itt may be done wth convenyency) in the + p'ish Church of St. Crux w^{th}in the said Citty of Yorke in the + Chancell of the said Church & to be enterred as neare as may be + unto the body of my late dearely beloved wife Anne Deane deceased + w^{th}out any bowelling or embalmeing, & there to be decently + enterred by toarch light, w^{th}out any further funerall pompe or + solempnity whatsoever, beinge (as I thinke) a custome not + altogeither laudable to banquett & feast att funeralls w^ch rather + ought to be a tyme of mourneing, then banqueting and feasting + + w^th said body of myne I knowe & beleive assuredly that I shall + rise againe att the last day, & be reunited & ioyned againe unto my + soule & that itt shall be made like unto Christ his glorious body, + that where he is, there I shall be alsoe liveing and reigneing w^th + him in his everlasting kingdome for ever. + + Now concerning my temporall Estate w^ch God in his mercy hath + vouchsafed to bestowe on me (or rather lent me as his steward) I + bequeath it thus as followeth + + First I give & bequeath to Mr. Roger Belwood my pastor thirty + shillings. + + Item I give to the poore people of the Cittye of Yorke three pounds + XX^s whereof to be distributed to the poore of the Warde where I + now live and the remmant to the poore of the other three Wardes + equally to be divided. + + Item I give to the poore prisoners of the castle of Yorke XX^s and + to the poore prisoners on Ousebridge called the Kidcoate X^s and to + the poore prisoners of S^t. Peters prison in Yorke X^s. + + Item I give to the poore people of the old hospitall or massing + dewes of the Citty of Yorke thirty shillings. Item whereas.... + + Item my Will meaninge and harty desire is that my nowe loveing wife + Mary Deane shall & may quietly have & enjoye all her widdowe rights + whatsoever according to this pvince of Yorke w^{th}out any further + trouble molestac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on or vexac{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on or suite in lawe and that my + Executor shall not make any claime to any such goods or plate as + she the said Mary had in her former widdowhood & brought w^th her + to me att her marriage w^th me. Item I give to my said nowe loveing + wife as a legacy my coatch horses & furniture & what hay or oates, + coales, turfes & fuell shall be in my howse att my death. Item I + give.... + + Item I give to Margery Smeton yf shee be my servant at my death + forty shillings and to each other of my servants att my death tenn + shillings. + + All the rest of my goods & chattells unbequeathed, my debts and + funerall expenses discharged I give and bequeath to my loveing + nephewe Mr. John Deane of Saltonstall Atturney in his Maty Court of + Com{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}on Pleas att Westminster & eldest sonne of my late brother + Gilbert Deane of Saltonstall deceased w^ch said John Deane I doe + ordayne constitute & make my sole & onely Executor of this my last + Will & Testament + + And for as much as most of my Estate doth consist in debts, w^ch + will require tyme for gathering in, my Will & meaneing is that this + my said executor shall have twelvemonethes tyme for the payment of + the greater legacies.... + + And further my meaneing is That for as much as my said Executor + John Deane by Gods pvidence is likely to be lame by a fall & not to + live & followe his profession as an Atturney to London (but as it + weare undone) whome I have made my onely & sole Executor of this my + last Will & Testament. Therefore all my nephews & kindred may know + I have given them small legacy to doe him good + + In Witness.... etc. + +In "Spadacrene Anglica" Deane mentions that "out of the divers fountains +springing hereabouts" five are worthy the observation of physicians. +These are-- + +1.--The Dropping Well. + +2.--The Sulphur Well at Bilton Park. + +3.--The Sulphur Well near Knaresborough. + +4.--The Sulphur Well at "Haregate head." + +5.--The Tuewhit Well, or The English Spaw. + +The number of springs worthy the observation of physicians has largely +increased and the relative importance of the five mentioned has altered +considerably since Deane wrote. But in 1626, The Tuewhit Well, or The +English Spaw, was regarded as the most worthy of fame. This well, +according to the later writers, was discovered by Captain (afterwards +Sir) William Slingsby:--in Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica," however, a +Mr. William Slingsby is given as the discoverer. + + "The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far + forth as I can learn), was one Mr. William Slingesby, a Gentleman + of many good parts, of an ancient and worthy Family neere thereby: + who having travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted + with the taste, use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. In + his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to + live for a little while at a grange house very neare to this + fountaine, and afterwards in Bilton Parke all his life long." + +From this it appears that the discovery was made by Mr. William Slingsby +in his later years, about the year 1571, but if the Mr. William Slingsby +here referred to was Sir William Slingsby he would have been a youth of +some 8 or 9 years in 1571. Secondly, one would judge from the text that +the Mr. William Slingsby referred to by the writer was dead at the time +that he wrote, namely 1626, whereas, as a matter of fact, Sir William +Slingsby was alive until the year 1634. Thirdly, it is impossible to +conceive that Edmund Deane would refer to Sir William Slingsby as Mr. +William Slingsby, seeing that the former was knighted in 1603, or 23 +years prior to the publication of Deane's work. It is therefore +abundantly clear that Sir William Slingsby--a very gallant +gentleman--has no claim to the fame which history has insisted upon +according him. + +The fact is that the Mr. William Slingsby referred to[11] was the fourth +son of Thomas Slingsby of Scriven, who married Joan, daughter of Sir +John Mallory of Studley, and who had a family of six sons and four +daughters. The name of the eldest son was Francis, and, as just +mentioned, William was the fourth son. Sir William Slingsby was the +seventh son of Francis and the nephew therefore of Mr. William Slingsby. +Mr. William Slingsby was buried at Knaresborough on the 8th of Oct., +1606, but the date of his birth does not seem to have been recorded. His +elder brother, Francis, died in 1600 at the age of 78, so that he was +born in 1522. It is not unreasonable to suppose that William, his +brother, one of a large family, was born between the years 1525 and +1527. He would therefore be somewhere between 44 and 46 years of age, +when he discovered the medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well, which +equally accords with Deane's statement that in his younger days he had +travelled in Germany. + +So far as I can trace, Hargrove[12] is the first author to confuse the +uncle and the nephew. He writes that the well + + "was discovered by Capt. William Slingsby, about the year 1571. + This Gentleman, in the early part of his life, had travelled in + Germany, where he made himself acquainted with the Spaws of that + country. He lived sometime at Grange House, near the Old Spaw, from + whence he removed to Bilton Park, where he spent the remainder of + his days. He made severall trials of this water, and finding it + like the German, he walled it about, and paved it at the bottom, + leaving a small opening for the free access of the water. Its + current is always near the same, and is about the quantity of the + Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it preferable." + +From this quotation it is clearly apparent that Hargrove erroneously +inferred that Mr. Slingsby and Capt. Slingsby were the one and the same +person instead of being uncle and nephew. In the 3rd edition of the +"History of Knaresborough," published in 1782, the reference to Mr. +Slingsby is omitted and from that edition onwards, Captain Slingsby +appears as the discoverer of the Tuewhit Well in 1571, a discovery +clearly inconsistent with the fact that he was born in the year 1562. + +The source of Hargrove's information in the above quotation is, without +doubt, the summary of "Spadacrene Anglica," published by Dr. Short in +1734 in his History of Mineral waters.[13] The summary by Short of +Chapter 6 of "Spadacrene Anglica" is as follows:-- + + "This fifth Spaw is a Mile and half from Knaresburgh, up a very + gentle ascent, near Harrigate, has much the same Situation as the + foresaid Spaws in Germany. It was discovered first about fifty + years ago, by one Mr. William Slingsby, who had travelled in + Germany in his younger Years, seen, and been acquainted with + theirs; and as he was of an ancient Family near the place, so he + had fine Parts and was a capable Judge. He lived some time at a + Grange-House near it; then removed to Bilton-Park, where he spent + the rest of his Days. He, using this Water yearly, found it exactly + like the German Spaw. He made several Tryals of it, then walled it + about, and paved it in the bottom with two large Stone-flags, with + a Hole in their sides for the free Access of the Water, which + springs up only at the bottom, through a Chink or Cranny left on + purpose. Its current is always near the same, and is about the + quantity of the Sauvenir, to which Mr. Slingsby thought it + preferable being more brisk and lively, fuller of Mineral Spirits, + of speedier Operation; he found much benefit by it. Dr. Tim. + Bright, about thirty years ago, first gave it the name of the + English Spaw: Having spent some time at those in Germany, he was + Judge of both; and had so good an Opinion of ours, that he sent + many Patients hither yearly, and every Summer drank the Waters + himself. And Dr. Anthony Hunter, late Physician at + Newark-upon-Trent, often chided us Physicians in York, for not + writing upon it, and deservedly setting it upon the Wings of Fame." + +A more consistent form has been given to the error by Grainge, who in +1862 published a memoir of the Life of Sir William Slingsby, Discoverer +of the first Spaw at Harrogate. Grainge, like Hargrove, had only access +to Short's summary, but he sees the difficulty to which I have alluded, +for he writes[14]:-- + + "From the uncertain expression of the Dr. 'about 50 years ago' the + date of this discovery is generally fixed in the year 1576, though + it is probably twenty years or more too early, as at that time + Slingsby would only be fourteen years of age: and could not have + travelled much in Germany or elsewhere: while the expression 'in + his younger days' would infer that the discovery was not made until + he had attained middle age at least." + +Grainge accordingly dates Captain (or Sir) William Slingsby's discovery +to 1596 or later, the origin of the expression "near the close of the +16th Century" of the recognised history. + +In the first place Dr. Short is inaccurate in that Deane states it was +discovered "55" years ago, and not "50." In the second place, the only +authority whom Grainge could rely upon was Deane, either directly or +indirectly, and Deane could not have made the discoverer to be a boy of +nine years of age (not fourteen) for he must have known Sir William +Slingsby, a contemporary. Finally, Grainge only consulted the summary of +"Spadacrene Anglica" and not the actual work, and it is to be noted that +Deane in Chapter 6 says the first discoverer "so far forth as I can +learn." These words are not in the summary, but they show that Deane had +given care to his work, and if Sir William Slingsby had been the +discoverer, Deane could have obtained his information at first hand, and +would have given Sir William Slingsby as his authority. + +Grainge was an eminent and careful historian, and he has written a +number of valuable works. He had the acumen to see that Sir William +Slingsby could not possibly have been the discoverer in 1571, and it is +fairly certain that if he had had access to Deane's work, he would have +rectified the error as regards Sir William, instead of questioning the +accuracy of Deane's statement. + +Little has been added to the account of Mr. William Slingsby as given by +Deane, but it has been shown at any-rate that the facts of his life fit +in perfectly with that account. + +The medicinal qualities of the Tuewhit Well having been discovered by +Mr. William Slingsby in or about the year 1571, this gentleman did +"drink the water every yeare after all his life time" and averred that +"it was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the +seas." Much pains were taken to bring the waters into notoriety in the +interests of humanity, and by reason of a pardonable national pride that +the country could boast of a health resort in every way comparable with +the famous German health resort of Spa. Chief among these early +advocates of this home fountain was Dr. Timothy Bright, who is +responsible for naming the well the "English Spa," which name was +apparently adopted by the gentry partaking of the water, whereas the +common folk still cling to the ancient name of Tuewhit Well. + +Timothy Bright has had a varied literary history. For about three +centuries he was almost entirely forgotten, and some of his works even +ascribed to purely imaginary authors. In recent years full justice has +been done to his name as the "father of shorthand" following the +publication by J.H. Ford in 1888 of the tercentenary edition of his work +entitled "Characterie," and since that year there has been much written +of him. The curious may therefore consult the works mentioned in the +footnote,[15] but it will suffice for my purpose to give a brief sketch +of his life, not as the "father of shorthand," but as one of the +fathers of Harrogate. + +Timothy Bright was born in Cambridge in the year 1551, matriculated in +Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1565, and took his B.A. in 1567-8. He +then went to Paris to study medicine, and in 1572 narrowly escaped the +Massacre at Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve by taking shelter at the +house of Sir Francis Walsingham, the English ambassador. Returning to +England he graduated M.B. in 1574 and M.D. in 1579. In 1584 he was well +launched on his medical career, for he was the physician at St. +Bartholomew's Hospital. By this time he had achieved some reputation as +a writer and had obtained the friendship of the powerful Cecil Lord +Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, which probably +explains how his now famous work "Characterie" was in 1588 dedicated to +Queen Elizabeth. His connection with these powerful personages led to a +change in his profession and incidentally to his connection with +Harrogate, for on July 5th, 1591, the Queen presented him to the Rectory +of Methley in Yorkshire, and on the 30th of Dec., 1594, also to the +Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in the same county. He held both these +livings till his death, which took place in 1615. By his Will he left +his body "to be buried when and where it shall please God." He was no +mean linguist for he bequeathed his Hebrew Bible and a Syriac Testament +as well as Greek, Latin and Italian works to his brother. His books of +Phisick and Philosophie he bequeathed to his sonne Titus Bright, M.D. He +was fond of music and possessed the standard work on harmony by Joseph +Zarlino. This he left, along with some instruments of music, a Theorbo +and an Irish harp, "which I most usuallye played upon" to his brother. + +In spite of the fact that he took holy orders, it is evident from +"Spadacrene Anglica" that he was held in high esteem as a physician +(albeit non-practising) by his contemporaries in Yorkshire, and his +travel abroad in Germany well fitted him for the post of advocate, which +from humane and patriotic motives he assumed on behalf of the English +Spa. + +Deane states that Bright first gave the name of English Spaw "about +thirty years since, or more," that is, in 1596 or earlier. This would +seem to indicate that Bright's association with Harrogate began shortly +after he was presented to the Rectory of Barwick in Elmet in 1594. + +Dr. Bright was a prolific writer and the names of his works are given in +a footnote.[16] Some of his books passed through several editions. +Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy" is said to have been suggested by his +"Treatise of Melancholy," and Shakespere was evidently acquainted with +his book, "Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character." + + "This is not my writing, + Though, I confess, much like the character" + + Twelfth Night. Act V, Sc. 1. + + + "All my engagements I will construe to thee, + All the characterie of my sad brows." + + Julius Caesar. Act ii, Sc. 1. + +Hargrove appears also to be the earliest to assert that Bright was the +first writer on Harrogate. In his "History of Knaresborough" it is +merely stated "soon after its discovery Dr. Bright wrote on its virtues +and uses."[17] There is no authority for that assertion in any of the +works of Dr. Bright mentioned in the footnote, and the only evidence in +support of Hargrove is that given by Wheater,[18] who writes:-- + + "Dr. Bright was first to rush into description and he acquits + himself with true Elizabethan flavour. He observes regarding the + water that 'It occasions the retention of nothing that should be + evacuated and by relaxation evacuates nothing that should be + retained. It dries nothing but what's too moist and flaccid, and + heats nothing but what's too cold, and e contra: that though no + doubt there are some accidents and objections to the contrary, it + makes the lean fat, the fat lean, cures the cholic and the + melancholy, and the vapours: and that it cures all aches speedily + and cheereth the heart.' Such a recommendation," &c. + +This quotation, which is apparently the only evidence in support of +Hargrove's assertion that Bright wrote the first account of the English +Spa, is not taken from Bright's writings at all, but from Dr. Short's +summary of "The Yorkshire Spaw." "The Yorkshire Spaw" was a treatise +written by Dr. John French in 1652, and so far therefore from being +written by Dr. Bright, was actually written thirty-seven years after +Bright's death. + +It is perhaps only fair to the memory of both Hargrove and Wheater to +state that neither of them would have fallen into this error if they had +had the privilege of reading Deane's dedication to "Spadacrene Anglica," +in which he states that Dr. Bright intended to write an account "in case +hee had longer lived." No edition after the original edition contains +this dedication, for, as will be shown later, this very important part +of Deane's work was omitted by John Taylor in the second edition and was +not restored in any of the later. Moreover it is quite clear from the +dedication of Taylor's edition, in 1649 that copies of the original +edition were even then unobtainable, owing probably to the commotions +which had accompanied the civil war. + +I may here therefore emphasise the good service that has been done to +restore the true history of the medicinal waters of Harrogate, by the +reprinting of the original edition of "Spadacrene Anglica" by my friend +Dr. Rutherford. + +Before passing to the Bibliography of "Spadacrene Anglica," a brief +mention must be made of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, whose two books did +much to add to the celebrity of the English Spa, and were afterwards +associated with the later editions of "Spadacrene Anglica." His first +work was published towards the end of 1626, and is entitled, + + "Newes out of Yorkshire, or an account of a journey, in the true + discovery of a sovereigne Minerall, Medicinal Water in the + West-Riding of Yorkeshire, neere an Ancient Towne called + Knaresbrough, not inferior to the Spa in Germany. Also a taste of + Other Minerall Waters of severall natures adjoyning" By M.S. + + Ecclest. 38. 4. The Lord hath created Medicines out of the Earth: + he that is wise will not despise them. + +A large extract has already been given from this book, which was +dedicated "To the Right Honourable, the Vertuous, and Religious Lady, +the Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord Philip Stanhope, Baron of +Shelford." + +Stanhope's other work was entitled, + + "Cures without Care, or, a summons to all who finde little or no + help by the use of ordinary physick to repaire to the Northerne + Spa. Wherein by many Presidents of a few late yeares, it is + evidenced to the world, that infirmities in their own nature + desperate and of long continance have received perfect recovery in + the west Riding of Yorkshire. Also a description of the said water, + and of other rare and usefull springs adjoyning, the nature and + efficacie of the Mineralls contained in them, with other not + impertinent notes. Faithfully collected for the publique good by M. + St." + + Tibul. "felix quicunque dolore + alterius disces posse carere tuo," + London, 1632. + +Stanhope dedicated this work "To The Right Honourable, Thomas Lord +Wentworth, etc., Lord President of his Majesties Council established in +the North." Lord Wentworth is better known as the Earl of Strafford, and +was beheaded in 1642. In it is contained a catalogue of persons who +have received either benefit or cure by the waters. + +An abridgement of the two works of Stanhope was made by John Taylor and +published in 1649 under the title "Spadacrene Anglica ... Treatise of +the learned Dr. Deane and the sedulous observations of the ingenious +Michael Stanhope, Esquire." The ingenious Michael Stanhope, Esquire, +also appears in the 1654 edition, but in that published in 1736, +Stanhope appears as Dr. Stanhope. Short[19] seems to have been the first +to make Stanhope a member of the medical profession. His opinion was +soon adopted by others, and has apparently never been questioned. After +a perusal of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care," it is +difficult to understand how Short arrived at his conclusion, for the +internal evidence is entirely opposed to it. Even in the extract from +"Newes out of Yorkshire" already quoted, it is obvious that Stanhope +dissociates himself from the physicians with the party, for he writes, +"then the physitians began to try their experiments," "three other +physitians of allowable knowledge," and he refers to Deane as "one who +is far from the straine of many of his profession." This extract was +selected for an entirely different purpose, yet it is clearly not the +language of a fellow-physician in practice in York. Short himself +partially recognizes this. He only summarised "Cures without Care," and +he justly remarks of the cures therein related that "some whereof are +perhaps the greatest and most remarkable in the Authentic Records of +Physic down from Hippocrates to this day." Short writes fully a century +after "Cures without Care" was published, whereas Taylor was a +Apothecary in York and a contemporary of both Deane and Stanhope there, +and is accordingly the best authority on the status of Stanhope. + + Sir Michael Stanhope, Knt.,-+ + had a grant of Shelford | + Manor: beheaded in 1552 | + | + | + +-----------------+------------------------------+ + | | | + Sir Thomas Stanhope-+ Sir Edward Stanhope Other + of Shelford, Knt., | of Grimston, 2nd son,-+ issue + died 1596 | M.P. for Co. York | + | | + +-------------+----+ +------------+-----+---------+ + | | | | | +Sir John Stanhope-+ Other George Michael Other +of Elvaston | issue Stanhope, D.D. Stanhope issue + | Precentor of York, + | Buried 26/7/1644 + | + +----------+---------------------------------------------+ + | | +Sir Philip Stanhope, Knt. ----+-Katherine, daur. of Other +Cr. Baron of Shelford, 7/11/1616 | Francis, Lord Hastings issue +and Earl of Chesterfield, 4/8/1628 | +Died 1656, Aged 71 | + | + +A clue to the identity of Stanhope offers itself in the dedication of +"Newes out of Yorkshire" to Lady Katherine Stanhope, wife to the Lord +Philip Stanhope, afterwards the Earl of Chesterfield. An outline of the +pedigree of the Stanhope family was obtained from the College of Arms +and is here partly reproduced to show the relationship of Stanhope to +Lady Katherine Stanhope. + +A Michael Stanhope entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1597-8, and +Gray's Inn in 1593-4, but there is no evidence to identify him with +Michael Stanhope the second son of Sir Edward Stanhope, and the author +of "Newes out of Yorkshire" and "Cures without Care." It may be +mentioned that in the latter book, Stanhope discovers and describes the +well at present known as John's well. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY OF "SPADACRENE ANGLICA." + + +1626. + +First Edition. + + +1649. + +"Spadacrene Anglica," the English Spaw, or The Glory of Knaresborough. +Springing from Severall famous Fountaines there adjacent, called the +Vitrioll, Sulphurous, and dropping Wells: and also other Minerall +Waters. Their nature, Physical use, Situation and many admirable Cures +being exactly exprest in the subsequent Treatise of the learned Dr. Dean +and the sedulous observations of the ingenious Michael Stanhope, +Esquire. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience, that the +Vitrioline Fountain is equall (and not inferior) to the Germaine Spaw. +Aris[t]on men udor. Published (with other additions) by John +Taylor, Apothecary in York, and there printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1649. + +The important and felicitous letter of dedication in the first edition +is discarded, and one of Taylor's own composition, of a very different +character is substituted for it. In it occurs the following, which is of +bibliographical interest: "The importunate desire of my friends has +forced me to reprint this little Treatise of Dr. Dean's Spadacrene +Anglica, which the vacillation of these distracted and ruinous times had +almost lost and obliterated. To this of Dr. Dean's I have added the +Observations of Michael Stanhope, Esquire, which I have excerpted forth +of his two books of the Spaw." + + +1654. + +"Spadacrene Anglica," etc., York, printed by Tho: Broad, etc., 1654. The +title is the same as the 1649 reprint, except for the fact that +Taylor's name does not appear on it. His dedication is also omitted. + + +1734. + +Thomas Short, M.D., "The Natural, Experimental and Medicinal History of +Mineral Waters." + +In this volume, there are summaries of Deane's "Spadacrene Anglica": +Stanhope's "Cures without Care": and French's "The Yorkshire Spaw," etc. + + +1736. + +"Spadacrene Anglica, or The English Spaw." Being An Account of the +Situation, Nature, Physical Use, and admirable Cures, performed by the +Waters of Harrogate, and Parts adjacent. By the late learned and eminent +Physician, Dr. Dean of York, and also the Observations of the ingenious +Dr. Stanhope. Wherein it is proved by Reason and Experience the +vitrioline Fountain is equal to the German Spaw. To which are added Some +Observations (Collected from modern Authors) of the Nature, Vertues and +Manner of Using the Sweet and Sulphur Waters at Harrogate, Leeds, etc., +1736. + + +1921. + +The present edition, reprinted from the 1626 edition. + + * * * * * + +[Footnote 1: "Encyclopaedia Britannica," 11th ed., 1910-11, vol. xiii, +page 27.] + +[Footnote 2: J. Aikin, "Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great +Britain from the Revival of Literature to the time of Harvey," 1780. Wm. +MacMichael, "Lives of British Physicians," 1830. T.J. Pettigrew, +"Medical Portrait Gallery," 1838. G.T. Bettany, "Eminent Doctors, their +Lives and their Works," 1885.] + +[Footnote 3: Watson, J., "The History and Antiquities of the Parish of +Halifax in Yorkshire," 1775.] + +[Footnote 4: "The Register of Halifax," Part 1, 1910, page 205.] + +[Footnote 5: "The Register of Halifax," Part 2, 1914, page 253, The +Yorkshire Parish Register Society.] + +[Footnote 6: Anthony A. Wood, "Athenae Oxoniensis," ed. Bliss, vol. ii, +page 660. "Alumni Oxoniensis," arranged by Joseph Foster. Vol. 1, +1500-1714.] + +[Footnote 7: Camidge, Wm., "Ye Olde Streete of Pavement," York, c. +1893.] + +[Footnote 8: Davies, R., "Walks through the City of York," 1880, page +247.] + +[Footnote 9: cf. "Spadacrene Anglica," page 125.] + +[Footnote 10: "Spadacrene Anglica," page 92.] + +[Footnote 11: "Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire," Joseph +Foster, 1874, Vol. 1 (West Riding).] + +[Footnote 12: E. Hargrove, "The History of the Castle, Town, and Forest +of Knaresbrough, with Harrogate and its medicinal Springs." 2nd. ed., +1775, page 45. I have not seen the 1769 ed.] + +[Footnote 13: Thomas Short, M.D. "The Natural Experimental and Medicinal +History of the Mineral Waters, etc." 1734, page 238.] + +[Footnote 14: Grainge, W., "Memoir of the Life of Sir Wm. Slingsby." +1862. Page 16.] + +[Footnote 15: "Athenae Oxoniensis," ed. by P. Bliss, 1815, vol. 2, 174, +footnote by Rev. Joseph Hunter. Dictionary of Nat. Biography, 1886, vol. +VI. "Dr. Timothy Bright, Some Troubles of an Elizabethan Rector," by +Rev. H. Armstrong Hall, 1905, in vol. xv; and "The History of the Parish +of Barwick in Elmet," by F.S. Colman, M.A., Rector, 1908, in vol. xvii +of the Publications of the Thoresby Society. "William Shakespeare and +Timothy Bright," by M. Levy, 1910. "Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physicke, +A Memoir of the Father of Shorthand," 1911, by W.J. Carlton. His Will is +published in "Yorkshire Archaeological Journal," 1902, vol 17.] + +[Footnote 16: "A Treatise: wherein is declared the sufficiencie of +English Medicines for the cure of all diseases cured with medicine," +T.B. 1580. + +"Hygieina, id est de sanitate tuenda, Medicinae Pars prima." 1581. + +"Medicinae Therapeutiae pars: de dyscrasia corporis humani." 1583. + +"Therapeutica, hoc est de sanitate restituenda. Medicinae Pars altera." + +"In Physimam G.A. Scribonii Animadversiones." 1584. + +"A Treatise of Melancholie. Containing the causes thereof, & reasons of +the strange effects it worketh in our mindes and bodies, with the +phisicke, cure, and spirituall consolation for such as have therto +adjoyned an afflicted conscience, etc." 1586. + +"Characterie, an Arte of shorte, swifte and secrete Writing by +Character. Invented by Timothe Bright, Doctor of Physike." 1588. + +"An Abridgement of the Book of Acts and Monumentes of the Church." 1589. +Better known as "Foxe's Book of the Martyrs."] + +[Footnote 17: E. Hargrove, "The History of Knaresbrough." 2nd ed., 1775, +page 45.] + +[Footnote 18: W. Wheatear, "A Guide to and History of Harrogate," 1890, +page 58.] + +[Footnote 19: Thomas Short, M.D., "History of Mineral Water," 1734, page +243.] + +[Illustration: TUEWHIT WELL THE ENGLISH SPAW FOUNTAIN 1571] + +[Illustration: Original title page of Deane's manuscript.] + + + + +Spadacrene Anglica. + + +OR, THE ENGLISH SPAWFOVNTAINE. + + +Being A BRIEFE TREATISE of the acide, or tart Fountaine in the Forest of +_Knaresborow_, in the West-Riding of _Yorkshire_. + +As also a Relation of other medicinall Waters in the said Forest. + + +BY _Edmund Deane_, D^r. in Physicke, _Oxon_. dwelling in the City of +YORKE. + + +_LONDON_, Printed for _John Grismand_: and are to be sold by _Richard +Foster_, neere the Minster-gate in _Yorke_. 1626. + + + + +THE EPISTLE + + +TO + +THE PHYSITIANS OF YORKE. + +_Though it was my fortune first of all to set a new edge on this +businesse; yet my journeyes to this Fountaine have not been made without +your good companies and association, nor the severall tryals had there, +and at home, performed without your worthy helpes and assistance; nor +this little Treatise begun without your instigations and incitements. +Therefore I find none so fit and meet to patronize it, as your_ +selves: being able out of your owne knowledge and observation to defend +it against all malicious detractions. To extoll it above the_ Germaine +Spaw, _may be thought in me either indiscretion, or too much partiality; +but why I may not parallele them (being in natures and qualities so +agreeable) nor I, nor you (I suppose) know any inducing, much lesse +perswading argument. Wherefore being thus confident, I thought it no +part of our duties, either to God, our King, or Country, to conceale so +great a benefit, as may thereby arise and accrue not onely unto this +whole Kingdome and his Majesties loving subjects, but also in time +(after further notice taken of it) to other foraigne nations and +countries, who may perhaps with more benefit, lesse hazard and danger of +their lives, spoiling and robbing, better partake of this our_ English +Spaw _Fountaine, then of those in_ Germanie. + +_It were to be wished, that those two famous Physitians, Dr._ Hunton +_and Dr._ Bright _had beene yet living, to_ _have given testimony of +the great good hopes and expectation they conceived of it. The former of +which did oftentimes request me to publish it to the world: and the +other was resolved (in case hee had longer lived) to have done it +himselfe. So carefull were they both to promote their countries good, +and studious to procure the health of their Countrimen._ + +_I am as briefe and plaine, as possibly I may, to the end the Reader may +not be wearied, nor the patient deluded; and, if for these causes I may +seem to bee censured, yet I am well assured, that to your selves brevity +and perspicuity cannot, but bee acceptable. So wishing you all +happinesse, I shall ever rest and remaine_ + +From my house in _Yorke_, +this 20th. of April, +1626. + +Your assured friend, +_Edm; Deane_. + + + + +The English Spaw. + + * * * * * + +_CHAP_. 1. + +_=Of the situation of the Towne of_ Knaresborow.= + + +_Gnaresbrugh_ (commonly called _Knaresborow_) is a very ancient Market +towne in the West-Riding of _Yorkeshire_, distant 14 miles from the City +of _Yorke_; where the Pole is elevated 54 degrees, and 20 odde minutes. +On the South-west part thereof is that faire, and goodly Fort, so much +renowned, both for the pleasant situation, and remarkable strength, +knowne by the name of _Knaresborow Castle_, seated on a most ragged and +rough Rock; whence (as learned Mr. _Camden_ saith) it is so named. + +Both the Castle and the Towne are fenced on the South and West parts +with the River _Nid_: which is beautified here with two faire Bridges of +stone, which lead from the Towne into the Forest adjoyning, as also unto +a large empaled Park of his Majesties, called _Bilton-parke_, well +stored with fallow Deere: part whereof is bordered with the said river. + +The Towne it selfe standeth on a hill, having almost on every side an +ascent to it; and about it are divers fruitfull valleyes well +replenished with grasse, corne, and wood. The waters there are wholesome +and cleare; the ayre dry and pure. In briefe, there is nothing wanting, +that may fitly serve for a good and commodious habitation, and the +content and entertainment of strangers. + +Many things are very observable in this place, which because they rather +do appertaine to the volumes of Geographers, & Antiquaries, then to the +purpose intended in this little treatise, are here omitted. + + + + +_CHAP_. 2. + +_=Of the severall earths, stones, and mineralls found neere and about +this place.=_ + + +Although there are in sundry places of this Kingdome as many, or moe +severall kinds, and sorts of earths quarreyes of stone, minerals, and +mines of mettalls, then in any other Realme whatsoever; notwithstanding +no one place hath beene observed to have them either in such plentie, or +variety in so small a distance, as this. For here is found not onely +white and yellow marle, plaister, oker, rudd, or rubricke, free-stone, +an hard greet-stone, a soft reddish stone, iron-stone, brimstone, +vitreall, nitre, allum, lead, copper, (and without doubt diverse +mixtures of these) but also many other mineralls might (perhaps) be +found out by the diligent search and skilfull industrie of those, who +would take paines to labour a little herein. + +All which do manifestly demonstrate, that nature hath stored this little +territorie with a greater diversitie of hidden benefits, then great and +spacious Countries otherwise abounding in outward native commodities, +and that the fountaines, or springs of water hereabouts cannot otherwise +then participate of their severall natures, and properties. + + + + +_CHAP_. 3. + +_=Of the fountaines, of pure and simple waters neere, and about the +Towne.=_ + + +As generally most parts of the West Riding of _Yorkeshire_ (especially +the hilly and more mountaineous places thereof) are stored with +fountaines and springs of cleare, limpide, and pure simple waters; so +likewise the territorie here abouts is not without plenty of them. Two +whereof have gotten and purchased that reputation, as to be saincted: +The one called by the name of Saint _Magnus_, or _Mugnus-Well_: th' +other, that of Saint _Roberts_. + +These, formerly for a yeere, or two, have beene in great request in +these parts amongst the common sort, much sought unto by many, and great +concourse of people have daily gathered and flocked to them both neere, +and a farre off, as is most commonly seene, when any new thing is first +found out. _Fama enim grescit eundo_, even unto incredible wonders and +miracles, or rather fictions, and lyes. All which commeth to passe as +wee may well suppose, through our overmuch English credulity, or (as I +may better say) rather superstition. For to any such like Well, will +swarme at first both yong and old (especially the female sexe, as ever +more apt to bee deluded) halt, lame, blind, deafe, dumbe, yea, almost +all, and that for all manner of maladies and diseases, both inward and +outward. + +But for as much, as these are springs of pure, and simple waters +meerely, without any mixture at all of minerals to make them become +medicinable, it is verily thought, that the many & severall cures, which +have bin attributed unto them in those times, when they were so +frequented, were rather fained, and imaginary, then true, and reall; +and that those, who then visited them, were desirous (either to uphold, +and maintaine the credit, and reputation of their Saints, or else, to +avoyd the scorne and derision of their owne delusion) to have others +likewise deceived. + +Time hath quite worne all their strength, and consumed all their +vertues; so that nothing of worth now remaines with them, saving onely +their bare names and titles: _Sic magna sua mole ruunt_. + +Wherefore to omit these, as scarce worthy the mentioning; those are +chiefly here to be described, which doe participate of minerall vertues, +and faculties. + + + + +_CHAP_. 4. + +_=Of five fountaines neare unto the town, which doe participate of +minerall vertues.=_ + + +Out of the divers Fountaines springing hereabouts, five are worthy the +observation of Physitians. The first whereof is very neare unto the +river banke, over against the Castle, called by the name of the +_Dropping-well_, for that it droppeth, distilleth, and trickleth downe +from the hanging rocke above. The water whereof hath a certaine quality +or property to turne any thing, that lieth in it, into a stony substance +in a very short space. + +Three of the others (being all of them much of one, and the same nature) +are termed by the country people thereabouts the _Stinking-wels_, in +regard they have an ill, and fetide smell, consisting most of +Sulphure-vive, or quicke brimstone. One of them, and that which hath the +greatest current, or streame of water, is in _Bilton park_. + +The other two are in the sayd Forest; one is neare unto the towne; the +other is further off, almost two miles from it, beyond a place called +_Haregate head_, in a bottome on the right hand of it, as you goe, and +almost in the side of a little brooke. + +The fift, and last (for which I have principally undertaken to write +this short Discourse) is an acide, or tart fountaine in the said Forest, +commonly named by the vulgar sort, _Tuewhit-well_, and the _English +Spaw_, by those of the better rank, in imitation of those two most +famous acide fountaines at the _Spaw_ in _Germany_, to wit, +_Sauvenir_, and _Pouhon_: whereof the first (being the prime one) is +halfe a league from the _Spa_, or _Spaw_ village; the other is in the +middle of the towne. + + + + +_CHAP_. 5. + +_=A more particular recitall of the first foure Wells.=_ + + +I purpose to speake somewhat more in this place of the first foure +Springs mentioned in the former Chapter, in regard the consideration of +them may perhaps give some light to those, who shall hereafter search +further into the secrets, which nature may seeme to afford in the +Country hereabouts. + +The first is the _Dropping-well_, knowne almost to all, who have +travelled unto this place. The water whereof distilleth and trickleth +downe from the hanging Rocke over it, not onely dropping wise, but also +falling in many pretty little streames. + +This water issueth at first out of the earth, not farre from the said +hanging rocke, and running a while in one entire current, continueth +so, till it commeth almost to the brim of the cragg; where being opposed +by a damme (as it were artificiall) of certaine spongy stones, is +afterwards divided into many smaller branches, and falleth from on high +in manner aforesaid. + +It is therefore very likely, that Mr. _Camden_ in person did not see +this Fountaine, but rather that hee had it by relation from others; or +at least wise (if he did see it) that hee did not marke, and duly +observe the originall springing up of the water, when in his _Britannia_ +he saith thus: _The waters thereof spring not up out of the veines of +the earth_, &c. + +Concerning the properties and qualities thereof, I have nothing more to +write at this time (there being formerly little tryall had of it) saving +that divers inhabitants thereabouts say, and affirme, that it hath beene +found to bee very effectuall in staying any flux of the body: which +thing I easily beleeve. + +The other three are sulphureous fountaines, and cast forth a stinking +smell a farre off, especially in the winter season, and when the weather +is coldest. They are all noysome to smell to, and cold to touch, without +any manifest, or actuall heat at all; by reason (as may most probably be +thought) their mynes, and veines of brimstone, are not kindled under the +earth; being (perhaps) hindred by the mixture of salt therewith. + +Those, who drinke of their waters, relate, they verily thinke there is +gunpowder in them, and that now and then they vomit after drinking +thereof. + +The waters, as they runne along the earth, doe leave behind them on the +grasse and leaves a gray slimy substance, which being set on fire, hath +the right savour of common brimstone. They are much haunted with +Pigeons, an argument of much salt in them; of which in the evaporation +of the water by fire, wee found a good quantity remaining in the +bottome of the vessell. + +One thing further was worth observation; that white mettall (as silver) +dipped into them, presently seemeth to resemble copper: which we first +noted by putting a silver porrenger into one of these; unto which _Sir +Francis Trapps_ did first bring us. Which tincture these waters give by +reason of their sulphur. + +Touching their vertues, and effects, there may in generall the like +properties be ascribed unto them, as are attributed unto other +sulphureous Bathes actually cold, participating also of salt. + +The vulgar sort drinke these waters (as they say) to expell reefe, and +fellon; yea, many, who are much troubled with itches, scabs, morphewes, +tetters, ring-wormes, and the like, are soone holpen, and cured by +washing the parts ill affected therewith. Which thing they might much +more conveniently, and more commodiously doe, if at that in _Bilton_ +parke were framed 2 capacious Bathes, the one cold, the other to be made +hot, or warme, by art, for certaine knowne howers a day. + + + + +_CHAP_. 6. + +_=A more particular description of the fift, or last fountaine, called +the_ English Spaw.= + + +This, being the principall subject of this whole Treatise, is in the +said forest, about halfe a league, or a mile and a halfe west from the +towne; from whence there is almost a continuall rising to it, but +nothing so great, as the ascent is from the _Spaw_ village to the +_Sauvenir_. This here springeth out of a mountainous ground, and almost +at the height of the ascent, at _Haregate-head_; having a great descent +on both sides the ridge thereof; and the Country thereabouts somewhat +resembleth that at the _Spaw_ in _Germany_. + +The first discoverer of it to have any medicinall quality (so far forth +as I can learn) was one Mr. _William Slingesby_, a Gentleman of many +good parts, of an ancient, and worthy Family neere thereby; who having +travelled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted with the taste, +use, and faculties of the two Spaw fountaines. + +In his latter time, about 55 yeeres agoe it was his good fortune to live +for a little while at a grange house very neare to this fountaine, and +afterwards in _Bilton_ Parke all his life long. Who drinking of this +water, found it in all things to agree with those at the _Spaw_. +Whereupon (greatly rejoycing at so good and fortunate an accident) he +made some further triall and assay: That done, he caused the fountaine +to be well, and artificially walled about, and paved at the bottome (as +it is now at this day) with two faire stone flags, with a fit hole in +the side thereof, for the free passage of the water through a little +guttered stone. It is open at the top, and walled somewhat higher, then +the earth, as well to keepe out filth, as Cattle for comming and +approaching to it. It is foure-square, three foot wide, and the water +within is about three quarters of a yard deepe. + +First we caused it to be laded dry, as well to scoure it, as also to see +the rising up of the water, which we found to spring up onely at the +bottome at the chinke or cranny, betweene two stones, so left purposely +for the springing up of the water at the bottome: Which as _Pliny_ +observeth in his 31 booke of his Naturall History and the third Chapter, +is a signe above all of the goodnesse of a fountaine. + +"And above all (saith he,) one thing would bee observed, and seene unto, +that the source, which feedeth it, spring and boyle up directly from the +bottome, and not issue forth at the sides: which also is a maine point +that concerneth the perpetuity thereof, and whereby wee may collect, +that it will hold still, and be never drawne drye." + +The streame of water, which passeth away by the hole in the side +thereof, is much one, and about the proportion of the current of the +_Sauvenir_. + +The above named Gentleman did drinke the water of this Fountaine every +yeare after all his life time, for helping his infirmities, and +maintaining of his health, and would oftentimes say and averre, that it +was much better, and did excell the tart fountaines beyond the seas, as +being more quicke and lively, and fuller of minerall spirits; effecting +his operation more speedily, and sooner passing through the body. + +Moreover Doctor _Timothy Bright_ of happy memory, a learned Physitian, +(while hee lived, my very kind friend, and familiar acquaintance) first +gave the name of the _English Spaw_ unto this Fountaine about thirty +yeares since, or more. For he also formerly had spent some time at the +_Spaw_ in _Germany_; so that he was very able to compare those with +this of ours. Nay, hee had futhermore so good an opinion, and so high a +conceit of this, that hee did not onely direct, and advise others to it, +but himselfe also (for most part) would use it in the Sommer season. + +Likewise Doctor _Anthony Hunton_ lately of _Newarke_ upon _Trent_, +a Physitian of no lesse worth and happy memory, (to whom for his true love +to mee, and kind respect of mee, I was very much beholden) would often +expostulate with mee at our meetings, and with other Gentlemen of +_Yorkeshire_, his patients, how it came to passe, that I, and the +Physitians of _Yorke_, did not by publike writing make the fame and +worth thereof better knowne to the world? + + + + +_CHAP_. 7. + +_=Of the difference of this Fountaine from those at the_ Spaw, +_to wit_, Sauvenir, _and_ Pouhon.= + + +This springeth almost at the top of the ascent (as formerly hath beene +said) from a dry, and somewhat sandy earth: The water whereof running +South-East, is very cleare, pure, full of life, and minerall +exhalations. + +We find it chiefly to consist of a vitrioline nature and quality, with a +participation also of those other minerals, which are said to be in the +_Sauvenir_ fountaine; but in a more perfect, and exquisite mixture and +temper (as wee deeme) and therefore to be supposed better and nobler, +then it. The difference betweene them will be found to be onely +_secundum majus & minus_, that is, according to more, or lesse, which +maketh no difference in kind, but in degrees. This partaketh in greater +measure of the qualities, and lesser of the substances of the minerals, +then that doth; and for that cause it is of a more quicke and speedy +operation; as also for the same reason, his tenuity of body, and +fulnesse of minerall spirits therein contained, it cannot be so farre +transported from its owne source, and spring, without losse, and +diminution of his strength, and goodnesse. For being caried no further, +then to the towne it selfe (though the glasse or vessell be closely +stopt) it becommeth somewhat weaker: if as farre as to _Yorke_, much +more: but if 20 or 30 miles further, it will then bee found to be of +small force, or validity, as we have often observed. + +Whereas contrariwise the water of the lower fountaine at the _Spaw_, +called _Pouhon_, is frequently and usually caried and conveyed into +other Countries farre off, and remote, as into _France_, _England_, +_Scotland_, _Ireland_, divers parts of _Germany_, and some parts of +_Italy_; yea, and that of _Sauvenir_, (which is the better fountaine, +and whose water cannot be caried so farre away, as the other may) is +oftentimes used nowadayes at _Paris_, the chiefe City of _France_. + +But this of ours cannot be sent away any whit so farre off without losse +and decay of his efficacy, and vertue; so ayrie, subtill, and piercing +are its spirits, and minerall exhalations, that they soone passe, +vanish, and flye away. Which thing wee have esteemed to be a principall +good signe of the worthy properties of this rare Fountaine. So that this +water, being newly taken up at the Well, and presently after drunke, +cannot otherwise, but sooner passe by the Hypochondries and through the +body, and cause a speedier effect, then those in _Germany_ can. Whereby +any one may easily collect, and gather, that this getteth his soveraign +faculties better in its passage by and through the variety of minerals, +included in the earth (which only afford unto it an halitious body) then +those doe. + +If then wee bee desirous to have this of ours become commodious either +for preserving of our healths, or for altering any distemper, or curing +any infirmity (for which it is proper and availeable) it ought chiefly +to bee taken at the fountaine it selfe, before the minerall spirits bee +dissipated. + + + + +_CHAP_. 8. + +_=That Vitriol is here more predominant, then any other minerall.=_ + + +We have sufficiently beene satisfied by experience and trialls, through +what minerals this water doth passe: but to know in what proportion they +are exactly mixed therewith, it is beyond humane invention to find out; +nature having reserved this secret to her selfe alone. Neverthelesse it +may very well be conjectured, that as in the frame, and composition of +the most noble creature, Man (the lesser world) there is a temper of the +foure elements rather _ad justitiam_ (as Philosophers say) then _ad +pondus_; so nature in the mixture of these minerals, hath likewise taken +more of some, and lesse of others, as shee thought to be most fit, and +expedient for the good and behoofe of mans health, and the recovery and +restitution of it decayed; being indeed such a worke, as no Art is able +to imitate. + +That _Vitriolum_ (otherwise called _Chalcanthum_) is here most +predominant, there needs no other proofe, then from the assay of the +water it selfe; which both in the tart and inky smack thereof, joyned +with a piercing and a pricking quality, and in the savour (which is +somewhat a little vitrioline,) is altogether like unto the ancient +_Spaw_ waters; which according to the consent of all those, who have +considered their naturall compositions, doe most of all, and chiefly +participate of vitrioll. + +Notwithstanding, for a more manifest, and fuller tryall hereof, put as +much powder of galls, as will lye on two-pence, or three-pence, into a +glasse full of this water newly taken up at the fountaine, you shall see +it by and by turned into the right and perfect colour of Claret wine, +that is fully ripe, cleare, and well fined, which may easily deceive +the eye of the skilfullest Vintner. + +This demonstration hath beene often made, not without the admiration of +those, who first did see it. For the same quantity of galles mingled +with so much common water, or any other fountaine water thereabouts, +will not alter it any thing at all; unlesse to these you also adde +Vitrioll, and then the colour will appeare to be of a blewish violet, +somewhat inkish, not reddish, as in the former, which hath an exquisite +and accurate conjunction of other minerall exhalations, besides the +vitrioline. But this probation will not hold, if so be you make triall +with the said water being caried farre from the well; by reason of the +present dissipation of his spirits. + + + + +_CHAP_. 9. + +_=Of the properties, and effects of Vitrioll, according to the ancient +and moderne Writers.=_ + + +The qualities of Vitrioll, according to _Dioscorides, Galen, AEtius, +Paulus AEgineta_, and _Oribasius_, are to heate and dry, to bind, to +resist putrefaction, to give strength and vigour to the interiour parts, +to kill the flat wormes of the belly, to remedy venemous mushromes, to +preserve flesh over moyst from corruption, consuming the moysture +thereof by its heat, and constipating by his astriction the substance of +it, and pressing forth the serous humidity. + +And according to _Matthiolus_ in his Commentaries upon _Dioscorides_, it +is very profitable against the plague and pestilence, and the chymicall +oyle thereof is very availeable (as himselfe affirmeth to have +sufficiently proved) against the stone and stopping of urine, and many +other outward maladies and diseases, (_Andernaeus_ and _Gesner_ adde to +these the Apoplexy) all which, for avoyding of prolixity, I doe here +purposely omit. + +Neither will I further trouble the Reader with the recitall of divers +and sundry excellent remedies, and medicines, found out and made of it +in these latter times, by the Spagyricke Physitians, and others: In so +much that _Joseph Quercetanus_, one of those, is verily of opinion, +that out of this one individuall minerall, well and exquisitely prepared, +there might be made all manner of remedies and medicines sufficient for +the storing and furnishing of a whole Apothecaries shop. + +But it will (perhaps) be objected by some one or other in this manner: +If vitrioll, which as most doe hold, is hote and dry in the third +degree, or beginning of the fourth, nay, of a causticke quality, and +nature (as _Discorides_ is of opinion) should here be predominant, then +the water of this fountaine must needs bee of great heat and acrimony; +and so become not onely unprofitable, but also very hurtfull for mans +use to be drunke, or inwardly taken. + +To which objection (not to take any advantage of the answer, which many +learned Physitians doe give, _viz_. that vitrioll is not hot, but cold) +I say: + +First, that although all medicinall waters doe participate of those +mineralls, by which they doe passe, yet they have them but weakly +(_viribus refractis_) especially when in their passages they touch, and +meet with divers others minerals of opposite tempers and natures. + +Secondly I answer, that in all such medicinall fountaines, as this, +simple water doth farre surpasse and exceed in quantity, whatsoever is +therewith intermixed; by whose coldnesse it commeth to passe, that the +contrary is scarce, or hardly perceived. For example, take one +proportion of any boyling liquor to 100. or more, of the same cold, and +you will hardly find in it any heat at all. Suppose then vitrioll to be +hot in the third degree, it doth not therefore follow, that the water, +which hath his vertue chiefly from it, should heat in the same degree. +This is plainly manifest not onely in this fountaine, but also in all +others, which have an acide taste, being indeed rather cold, then hot, +for the reasons above mentioned. + + + + +_CHAP_. 10. + +_=Of the effects, which this fountaine worketh, and produceth in those +who drinke of it.=_. + + +Experience sheweth sufficiently, besides reason, that this water first, +and in the beginning cooleth such, as use it: But being continued it +heateth and dryeth; and this for the most part it doth in all, yet not +alwayes. For (as we shall more fully declare afterwards) it effecteth +cures of opposite, and quite contrary natures, by the second and third +qualities, wherewith it is endowed, curing diseases both hot, cold, dry, +and moist. + +Those waters (saith _Renodaeus_) which are replenished with a vitrioline +quality, as those at the _Spaw_, doe presently heale, and (as it were) +miraculously cure diseases, which are without all hope of recovery; +having that notable power, and faculty from vitrioll; by the vertue and +efficacy whereof, they passe through the meanders, turnings, and +windings of all parts of the whole body. Whatsoever is hurtfull, or +endammageth it, that they sweepe and carie away: what is profitable and +commodious, they touch not, nor hurt; that, which is flaccid, and loose, +they bind and fasten: that, which is fastened, and strictly tyed, they +loose: what is too grosse and thicke, they incide, dissolve, attenuate, +and expell. + +More particularly, the water of this fountaine hath an incisive and +abstersive faculty to cut, and loosen the viscous and clammy humours of +the body, and to make meable the grosse: as also by its piercing and +penetrating power, subtilty of parts, and by his deterging and +desiccative qualities to open all the obstructions, or oppilations of +the mesentery (from whence the seeds of most diseases doe arise and +spring) liver, splen, kidneis, and other interiour parts, and (which is +more to be noted and observed) to coole and contemperate their +unnaturall heat, helping, and removing also all the griefes and +infirmities depending thereupon. + +Besides all this, it comforteth the stomacke by the astriction it hath +from other minerals, especially iron, so that (without doubt) of a +thousand, who shall use it discreetly and with good advice (their bodies +first being well and orderly prepared by some learned and skilfull +Physitian, according to the states thereof, and as their infirmities +shall require) there will scarcely be any one found who shall not +receive great profit thereby. + +Moreover, it clenseth, and purifieth the whole masse of blood contained +in the veynes, by purging it from the seresity peccant, and from +cholericke, phlegmaticke, and melancholike humours; and that principally +by urine, which passeth through the body very cleare, and in great +quantity, leaving behind it the minerall forces, and vertues. + +Their stooles, who drinke of it, are commonly of a blackish, or dark +greene colour, partly because it emptieth the liver and splen from adult +humours, and melancholy, or the sediment of blood: but more especially, +because the mineralls intermixed doe produce and give such a tincture. + + + + +_CHAP_. 11. + +_=In what diseases the water of this Fountaine is most usefull and +beneficiall.=_ + + +Over and besides the peculiar and specificall faculties, which this +fountaine hath, it sheweth divers and sundry other manifest effects and +qualities in evacuating the noxious humours of the body, for most part +by urine especially when there is any obstruction about the kidneyes, +ureters and bladder: Or by urine and stoole both, if the mesentery, +liver, or splen, chance to bee obstructed. But, if the affect or griefe +be in the matrix or womb, then it clenseth that way according to the +accustomed and usuall manner of women. + +In melancholike people it purgeth by provoking the haemorrhoides, and in +cholericke by siege, or stoole. If it causeth either vomit or sweat, it +is very seldome and rare. + +See here a most admirable worke guided by the omnipotency and wisedom of +the Almighty, that a naturall, cleare, and pure water, should produce so +many and severall effects and operations, being all of them in a manner +contrary one to another, which few medicines composed by art can easily +performe without hurt and damage to the party. Wherefore being drunke +with those cautions and circumstances necessarily required thereunto, it +is to be preferred before many other remedies, as not onely procuring +these evacuations; but also (which is more to be noted) staying them, +when they grow to any excesse. For seeing that here are minerals +contained both hot, cold, dry, aperitive, astringent, &c. there is none +so simple but must needs thinke and grant, that it cannot otherwise bee +but good and wholesome in grievances, and diseases, which in their owne +natures are opposite. + +But I may instance in some few, for which it is good and profitable, and +therein observe some order and methode; It dryeth the over moist braine, +and helpeth the evils proceeding therefrom, as rhumes, catarrhs, +palsies, cramps, &c. + +It is also good and availeable against inveterate headaches, migrims, +turnings, and swimmings of the head and braine, dizzinesse, epilepsie, +or falling sicknesse, and the like cold and moist diseases of the head. + +It cheereth and reviveth the spirits, strengtheneth the stomacke, +causeth a good and quicke appetite, and furthereth digestion. + +It helpeth the blacke and yellow Jaundisse, and the evill, which is +accompanied with strange feare and excessive sadnesse without any +evident occasion, or necessary cause, called _Melancholia +Hypochondriaca_. Likewise the cachexy, or evill habit of the body, and +the dropsie in the beginning thereof, before it be too farre gone. For +besides that it openeth obstructions, it expelleth the redundant water +contained in the belly, and contemperateth the unnaturall heat of the +liver. + +It cooleth the kidneyes or reynes, and driveth forth sand, gravell, and +stones out of them, and also hindreth the encrease or breeding of any +new, by the concretion, and saudering of gravell, bred of a viscous and +clammy humour, or substance. The same it performeth to the bladder, for +which it is also very beneficiall, if it chance to have any evill +disposition either in the cavity thereof, or in the necke of it, and +shutting muscle called _Sphincter_, whereby the whole part or member is +let and hindred in his office and function. + +Moreover, if there chance to be any ulcer in the parts last specified, +or any sore, or fistula in _perinaeo_ through an impostume ill cured, +this water is a good remedy for it, in regard of its clensing, +cicatrizing and constringing power, and vertue; and for that cause it is +very proper and commodious for the acrimony and sharpnesse of urine, and +against the stopping and suppression of urine, difficulty of making +water, and the strangury. + +Although it is very availeable against the stone in the kidneyes, and +against the breeding, and increase of any new there; yea, and against +little ones, that are loose in the bladder; yet notwithstanding it will +afford little or small benefit to those, in whom it is growne to bee +very great and big in the bladder: Because nothing will then serve to +breake it, as _Brassavolus_ saith, but a Smiths anvile and hammar. +Neverthelesse, if in this case incision be used, it will be very +commodious both for mundifying and consolidating the wound, made for the +extraction of it. + +It shall not bee needfull to speake much of the profit, which will +ensue by the fit administration of it in the inveterat venereous +Gonorrhaea, causing it to cease and stay totally, and correcting the +distemper, and the evill ulcerous disposition of the seed vessels, & the +vicine parts. + +There are very few infirmities properly incident to women, which this +water may not seeme to respect much. The use whereof, after the advice +and councell had of the learned Physitian, for the well and orderly +preparing their bodies, is singular good against the greene sicknesse, +and also very commodious and behoovefull to procure their monthly +evacuations, as also to stay their over much flowing; as well to +correct, as to stay their white floods; as well to dry the wombe being +too moist, as to heat it being too cold, through which causes and +distempers conception (for the most part) is let and hindered in cold +Northerne Countries, as _England_, and the like. For by the helpe of it +these distempers are changed and altered, the superfluous humidities +and mucosities are taken away, the part is corroborated, and the +retentive vertue is strengthned. + +This hath beene so much, and so often observed at the ancient _Spaw_, +that it cannot otherwise, but bee also verified at this in aftertimes, +when it shall bee frequented (as those have beene) with the company of +Ladyes, and Gentlewomen: Divers whereof, having beene formerly barren +for the space of ten, twelve yeares, or moe, and drinking of those +waters for curing and helping some other infirmities, then for want of +fruitfulnesse, have shortly conceived after their returne home to their +husbands, beyond their hopes and expectations. + +Besides all this, it is good for these women, who, though otherwise apt +enough to conceive, yet by reason of the too much lubricity of their +wombes, are prone to miscarry and abort, if before conception they shall +use it with those cautions and directions requisite. + +Also it respecteth very much the hard scirrhous and cancarous tumours, +and the grievous soares, and dangerous ulcers of the matrix. All these +excellent helpes and many moe it performeth to women with more speedy +successe, if it be also received by injection. But here by the way, all +such women, who are with child, are to be admonished, that they forbeare +to use it during that time. + +In children it killeth and expelleth the wormes of the guts and belly, +and letteth and hindreth the breeding and new encrease of any moe. + +I will here forbeare to write any thing of the benefits which it +affordeth against old and inveterate itches, morphewes, leprosies, &c. +in regard the other three sulphurous fountaines, before mentioned, doe +more properly respect such like grievances. Neither will I now spend any +more time in shewing what vertues it hath in the cure of the Indian, +commonly called the French, or rather Spanish disease: because +experience hath found out a more certaine and sure remedy against it. + + + + +_CHAP_. 12. + +_=Of the necessity of preparing the body before the use of this water.=_ + + +It is not in most things the bare and naked knowledge or contemplation +of them, that makes them profitable to us; but rather their right use, +and oppertune and fit administration. Medicines are not said to be +_Deorum manus_, that is, the hands of the Gods, (as _Herophilus_ calleth +them) or _Deorum dona_; that is, the gifts of the Gods (as _Hippocrates_ +beleeved) till they be fitly applyed and seasonably administered by the +counsell and advice of the learned and skilfull Physitian, according to +the true rules, and method of Art. + + _Temporibus medicina valet, data tempore prosunt, + Et data non apto tempore vina nocent._ + +That is, + + Medicines availe in their due times, + And profit is got by drinking wines + In timely sort; but in all reason + They doe offend, drunke out of season. + +Therefore to know th' originall mineralls, faculties, and vertues of +this worthy acide fountaine, will bee to no end, or to small purpose for +them, who understand not the right and true use, nor the fit and orderly +administration of it. For not only Physicke or medicines, but also +meats, and drinks taken disorderly, out of due time and without measure, +bringeth oftentimes detriment to the partie; who otherwise might receive +comfort and strength thereby: So likewise this water, if it be not +drunke at a convenient time and season, in due fashion and proportion, +yea, and that after preparatives and requisite purging and evacuation of +the body, may easily hurt those, whose infirmities otherwise it doth +principally respect. For medicines ought not to be taken rashly, and +unadvisably, as most doe hand over head without any consideration of +time, place, and other circumstances; as that ignorant man did, who +getting the recipt of that medicine, wherewith formerly he had been +cured, made triall of it againe long after for the same infirmity +without any helpe or good at all, whereat greatly marvailing, received +this answer fro his Physitian: I confesse (said hee) it was the selfe +same medicine, but because I did not give it, therefore it did you no +good. + +To the end therefore, that no occasion may hereafter be either given, or +taken by the misgovernment, or overrashnesse of any in using it to +calumniate and traduce the worth, and goodnesse of this fountaine, I +will briefly here shew, what course is chiefly to be followed and +observed by those who shall stand in need of it. + +First then, because very few men are thoroughly and sufficiently +informed concerning the natures, and causes of their grievances, it +will be necessary that every one shold apply himselfe to some one, or +other, who either out of his judgement, or experience, or both, may +truely be able to give him counsell and good advice concerning the +conveniency of this fountaine. And if he shall be avised to use it, then +let the party (in the feare of God) addresse himselfe for his way to it, +against the fit season of it, without making any long and tedious daies +journeys, which cause lassitude, and wearinesse. + +Then, being come to the place, he ought after a dayes rest, or two, to +have his body wel prepared, & gently clensed with easie lenitives, or +purgatives, both fit, and appropriate, as well to the habite and +constitution thereof, as also for the disease it selfe, and as occasion +shall require, according to the rule of method, which teacheth that +universal or generall remedies ought ever to precede and goe before +particulars. Now what these are in speciall, to fit every ones case in +particular, it is impossible for me here, or any else to define +precisely. _Ars non versatur circa individua._ We may see it true in +mechanicall trades. No one shoemaker can fit all by one Last; nor any +one taylor can suite all by one, and the selfe same measure. + +Yet in regard it may perhaps bee expected that something should be said +herein, I say, that in the beginning (if occasion serve) some easie +Clyster may very fitly bee given, as well for emptying the lower +intestines from their usuall excrements, as for carying away and +clensing the mucose slimes contained therein. After that, it will be +convenient to prepare the body by some Julep or Apozeme, or to give some +lenitive medicine to free the first region of the body from excrements. +For otherwise the water might peradventure convey some part of them, or +other pecca{~COMBINING OVERLINE~}t matter, which it findeth in his passage either into the +bladder, or to some other weake, and infirme member of the body, to the +increase of that evill disposition which is to be removed, or else to +the breeding of some other new infirmity. + +_Object_. Some perhaps will here object and say, that the time of the +yeere, in which this fountaine will be found to bee most usefull, will +be the hottest season thereof; or (if you like to call it) the +dog-daies, when it will be no fit time to purge at all. + +_Answ_. 1. To this I answer and say: First, the purging medicines here +required are not strong, and generous but gentle, mild and weake, such +as are styled _Benedicta medicamenta_: which may with great safetie and +profit bee given either then or at any other time of the yeere without +any danger, or respect of any such like circumstance at all. + +2. Secondly I answer; Although this observation of the dog-dayes might +perhaps be of some moment in hotter countries, as _Greece_, where +_Hippocrates_ lived, who first made mention of those dales: Yet in +colder climates, as _England_, and such like Countries, they are of +little or small force at all, and almost not to be regarded any whit, +either in using mild & temperate purgatives, or almost in any other; or +in blood-letting: though very many, or most doe erroniously say and +thinke the contrary. So that (if there be cause) they may as well and +safely then purge, as at any other time: Or, if occasion shall urge, as +in plethoricall bodies, and many other cases, a veine may safely (or +rather most commodiously) be then opened and so much blood taken away, +as the skilfull Physitian shall thinke in his discretion and wisdome to +be needfull and requisite. + +Let no man here think, that this is any strange position, or a new +paradoxe (for the learned know the contrary) or that I am studious of +innovation, but rather desirous to roote out an old and inveterate +errour, which in all probabilitie hath cost moe Englishmens lives, then +would furnish a royall army, in neglecting those two greater helpes or +remedies, to wit, Purging, and Blood-letting in hot seasons of the +yeare: which in all likelihood might have saved many of their lives, +while expecting more temperate weather, they have beene summoned in the +meane time, or _interim_ by the messenger of pale death to appeare in an +other world. + +Wherefore let all those who are yet living, bee admonished hereafter by +their examples, not obstinately and wilfully to eschue and shunne these +two remedies in hot seasons, and in the time of the Dog-dayes, (much +lesse all other manner of physicall helpes) not once knowing so much as +why, or wherefore, and without any reason at all, following blind and +superstitious tradition, and error, haply first broched by some unworthy +and ignorant Physitian, not rightly understanding _Hippocrates_ his +saving in all likelyhood, or at least wise misapplying it. Which hath +so prevailed in these times, that it hath not onely worne out the use of +purging, but also of all other physicke for that season, because most +people by the name of physicke understanding purging onely, and nothing +else. As though the art and science of Physicke was nothing else, but to +give a potion or purge. Then we rightly and truly might say, _Filia +devor avit matrem_. + +But for as much as most people are altogether ignorant of the true +ground or reason, from whence this so dangerous an error concerning the +Dog-dayes did first spring and arise, give me leave a little to goe on +with this my digression, for their better instruction, and satisfaction: +and I will briefly, and in a few lines shew the case, and the mistake +somewhat more plainly. + +_Hippocrates_ in his fourth booke of Aphorismes, the fift, hath these +words: _Sub canicula, & ante caniculam difficiles sunt purgationes._ +That is, under the canicular, or dog-star, and before the dog-star, +purgations are painfull and difficill. This is all that is there said of +them, or brought against them for that season, or time of the yeare. A +great stumbling-blocke against which many have dashed their feet, and +knockt their shinnes, and a fearfull scar-crow, whereat too many have +nicely boggled. Here you doe not find or see purging medicines to bee +then prohibited, or forbidden to be given at all (much lesse all other +physicke) but onely said to be difficill in their working: partly +because (as all expositors agree) nature is then somewhat enfeebled by +the great heat of the weather; partly because the humours being then, as +it were, accended are more chaffed by the heat of the purging medicines; +partly, and lastly, because two contrary motions seeme then to be at one +and the same time, which may offend nature; as the great heat of the +weather leading the humours of the body outwardly to the circumference +thereof, and the medicine drawing them inwardly to the center. All which +circumstances in our cold region are little, or nothing at all (as +formerly hath beene mentioned) to be regarded. For as _Jacobus +Hollerius_, a French Physitian, much honoured for his great learning and +judgement, hath very well observed in his Comment upon this Aphorisme; +_Hippocrates_ speaketh here onely of those purging medicines, which are +strong, and vehement, or hot and fiery; and that this precept is to take +place in most hot Regions, but not in these cold Countries, as _France_, +_England_, and the like. + +Over and beside all this, those churlish hot purging medicines, which +were then in frequent use in _Hippocrates_ his time, and some hundred of +yeares after, are now for most part obsolete, and quite growne out of +use, seldom brought in practice by Physitians in these dayes; because we +have within these last six hundred yeares great choice and variety of +more mild, benigne, and gentle purgatives found out by the Arabian +Physitians, which were altogether unknowne unto the ancients, to wit, +_Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, &c._ which have little heat, and +acrimony, many whereof are temperate, and divers cooling, which may most +safely be given either in the hottest times and seasons of the yeare, or +in the hottest diseases. Let us adde to these the like familiar and +gentle purging medicines more lately, yea, almost daily newly found out +since the better discoveries of the East and West Indies. So that +henceforth let no man feare to take either easie purgatives, or other +inward Physicke, in the time of the canicular, or dog-dayes. + +The same _Hollerius_ goeth on in the exposition and interpretation of +the said Aphorisme, and confidently saith: _Over & besides that we have +benigne medicines which we may then use, as Cassia, &c._ Wee know and +finde by experience no time here with us more wholsome and more +temperat (especially when the Etesian, or Easterly, winds do blow) then +the Canicular dayes: so that, wee finde by observation, that those +diseases which are bred in the moneths of June and July, doe end in +August, and in the Canicular dayes. Wherefore, if a disease happen in +those dayes, we feare not to open a veyne divers times, and often, as +also to prescribe more strong purging medicines. + +Wherefore away henceforth with the scrupulous conceit, and too nice +feare of the Dogge-dayes, and let their supposed danger be had no more +in remembrance among us. And if any will yet remaine obstinate, and +still refuse to have their beames pulled out of their eyes, let them +still be blinde in the middest of the cleare Sun-shine, and groape on +after darkness; and let all learned Physitians rather pitty their +follies, then envy their wits. + + + + +_CHAP_. 13. + +_=At what time of the yeare, and at what houre of the day it is most fit +and meet to drinke this water.=_ + + +To speake in generall tearmes, it is a fit time to drinke it, when the +ayre is pure, cleare, hot and dry: for then the water is more tart, and +more easily digested, then at other times. On the contrary, it is best +to forbeare, when the ayre is cold, moist, darke, dull and misty: for +then it is more feeble, and harder to be concocted. + +But more specially, the most proper season to undertake this our English +Spaw dyet, will be from the middest or latter end of June to the middle +of September, or longer, according as the season of the yeare shall fall +out to be hot and dry, or otherwise. + +Not that in the Spring-time, and in Winter it is not also good, but for +that the ayre being more pure in Sommer, the water also must needs be of +greater force and power. Notwithstanding it may sometime so happen in +Sommer, that by reason of some extraordinary falling of raine, there may +be a cessation from it for a day or two. Or if it chance to have rained +over night, it will then be fit and necessary to refraine from drinking +of it, untill the raine bee passed away againe: or else (which I like +better) the fountaine laded dry, and filled againe, which may well be +done in an hower, or two at most. + +Touching the time of the day, when it is best to drinke this water, +questionlesse the most convenient hower will be in the morning, when the +party is empty, and fasting, about seaven aclocke: Nature having first +discharged her selfe of daily excrements both by stoole and urine, and +the concoctions perfected. This time is likewise fittest for exercise, +which is a great good help, and furtherance for the better distribution +of the water, whereby it doth produce its effects more speedily. + + + + +_CHAP_. 14. + +_=Of the manner of drinking this water, and the quantitie thereof.=_ + + +Those who desire the benefit of this Fountaine, ought to goe to it +somewhat early in the morning, &, if they be able and strong of body, +they may doe very well to walke to it on foot, or at least wise some +part of the way. Such, as have weake and feeble leggs may ride on +horsebacke, or be caryed in coaches, or borne in chaires. As for those, +whose infirmities cause them to keepe their beds, or chambers, they may +drinke the water in their lodgings, it being speedily brought to them in +a vessell or glasse well stopt. + +It is not my meaning or purpose to describe here particularly, what +quantitie of it is fit and meet for every one to drinke; for this is +part of the taske and office, which belongeth to the Physitian, who +shall be of counsell with the Patient in preparing and well ordering of +him; who is to consider all the severall circumstances, as well of the +maladie or disease it selfe, as of his habite and constitution, &c. +Neverthelesse I may advise, that at the first it be moderately taken, +increasing the quantitie daily by degrees, untill they shall come at +last to the full height of the proportion appointed, and thought to be +meet and necessary. There they are then to stay, and so to continue at +that quantitie, so long as it shall be needfull. For example, the first +morning may happely be 16 or 18 ounces, and so on by degrees to 20. 30. +40. 50. 60. or moe, in people, who are of good and strong constitutions. +Towards the ending, the abatement ought likewise to be made by degrees, +as the increment was formerly made by little and little. + +Here by the way every one must be admonished to take notice, that it is +not alwayes best to drinke most, lest they chance to oppresse and +overcharge Nature, that would rather be content with lesse. It will +therefore be more safe, to take it rather somewhat sparingly, though for +a longer time, then liberally and for a short time. But, indeed the +truest and justest proportion of it, is ever to be made and esteemed, by +the good and laudable concoction of it, and by the due and orderly +voiding of it againe. + +It will not be here amisse to adde this one observation further; That it +is better to drinke this water once a day, then twice, and that in the +mornings, after that the Sunne hath dryed up & consumed the vapors +retained through the coldnesse of the night, &c. as is formerly +declared. After drinking it, it will be needfull to abstaine from meat & +other drinke for the space of three or foure dayes. [hours?] + +But if any one, who hath a good stomacke, shall be desirous to take it +twice a day; or if any shall bee necessarily compelled so to doe for +some urgent cause, by the approbation of his Physitian, let him dine +somewhat sparingly, and drinke it not againe, untill five houres after +dinner be past, or not untill the concoction of meat and drinke in the +stomacke be perfected: Observing likewise, that hee content himselfe in +the afternoones with almost halfe the quantity he useth to take in the +mornings. + + + + +_CHAP_. 15. + +_=Of the manner of dyet to be observed by those who shall use this +water.=_ + + +The regiment of life in meats and drinks, ought chiefly to consist in +the right and moderate use of those, which are of light and easie +digestion, and of good and wholesome nourishment, breeding laudable +juice. Therefore all those are to be avoyded, which beget crude and ill +humours. There ought furthermore speciall notice to be taken, that great +diversity of meats and dishes at one meale is very hurtfull, as also +much condiments, sauces, spice, fat, &c. in their dressing and cookery. + +I commend hens, capons, pullets, chickens, partridge, phesants, turkies, +and generally all such small birds, as live in woods, hedges, and +mountaines. Likewise I doe approve of veale, mutton, kid, lambe, +rabbets, young hare or leverits, &c. All which (for the most part) are +rather to be roasted then boyled. Neverthelesse those, who are affected +with any dry distemper, or those, who otherwise are so accustomed to +feed, may have their meats sodden; but the plainer dressing, the better. + +I discommend all salt meats, beefe, bacon, porke, larde, and larded +meats, hare, venison, tripes, and the entrailes of beasts, puddings made +with blood, pig, goose, swan, teale, mallard, and such like; and in +generall all water-fowle, as being of hard digestion and ill nutriment. + +Amongst the severall kinds of fishes, trouts, pearches, loaches, and for +most part, all scaly fish of brookes, and fresh rivers may well bee +permitted. Moreover smelts, soales, dabs, whitings, sturbuts, gurnets, +and all such other, as are well knowne not to be ill, or unwholesome to +feed on. All which may be altered with mint, hyssope, anise, &c. Also +cre-fishes, crab-fish, lobsters, and the like, may bee permitted. + +Cunger, salmon, eeles, lampries, herrings, salt-ling, all salt-fish, +sturgion, anchovies, oysters, cockles, muscles, and the like shell-fish +are to be disallowed. + +White-meats, as milke, cruds, creame, old cheese, custards, white-pots, +pudding-pyes, and other like milke-meats, (except sweet butter and new +creame cheese) are to be forbidden. Soft and reer egges we doe not +prohibit. + +Raisons with almonds, bisket-bread, marchpane-stuffe, suckets, and the +like, are not here forbidden to be eaten. + +Let their bread be made of wheat, very well wrought, fermented or +leavened; and let their drinke be beere well boyled and brewed: and let +it bee stale, or old enough, but in no wise tart, sharp, or sower: And +above all let them forbeare to mixe the water of the fountaine with +their drinke at meales: for that may cause many inconveniences to +follow, and ensue. + +Let me advise them to eschew apples, peares, plumbs, codlings, +gooseberries, and all such like sommer fruits, either raw, in tarts, or +other wise: Also pease, and all other pulse; all cold sallets, and raw +hearbs; onions, leekes, chives, cabbage or coleworts, pompons, +cucumbers, and the like. + +In stead of cheese at the end of meales, it will not bee amisse to eate +citron, or lemon pils condited, or else fenell, anise, coriander +comfits, or biskets and carawayes, as well for to discusse and expell +wind, as to shut and close the stomacke, for the better furthering the +digestion of meats and drinkes. And for that purpose, it would bee much +better, if the Physitian, who is of counsell, should appoint and ordaine +some fit and proper Tragea in grosse powder mixed with sugar, or else +made into little cakes or morsels. Likewise marmalade of quinces, either +simple or compound, (such as the Physitians do often prescribe to their +patients) may be used very commodiously. + +After dinner they ought to use no violent exercise, neither ought they +to sit still, sadly, heavy, and musing, nor to slumber, and sleepe; but +rather to stirre a little, and to raise up the spirits for an houre or +two, by some fit recreation. After supper they may take a walke into the +fields, or Castle yard. + + + + +_CHAP_. 16. + +_=Of the Symtomes or accidents, which may now and then chance to happen +to some one or other in the use of this water.=_ + + +Although those who are of good and strong constitutions, observing the +aforenamed direction, doe seldome or never receive any harme, or +detriment by drinking this water: notwithstanding it may sometime so +fall forth, that some of the weaker sort may perhaps observe some +little, or small inconvenience thereby, as retention of it in the body: +inflation of the bellie: costivenesse, and the like. Wherefore to +gratifie those, a word [or] two of every one shall suffice. + +First then, for to cause a more ready and speedy passage of it by urine, +it will not be amisse to counsell the partie after his returne to his +lodging to goe to his naked bed for an houre or two, that thereby +warmnesse, and naturall heat may be brought into each part of the body, +the passages more opened, and nature by that meanes made more fit and +apt for the expulsion of it. During which time it will be very requisite +to apply hot cloathes to the stomack: but not so as to provoke sweat. Or +else, to cause it to voyd and evacuate either by urine, stoole, or +sweat, exercise will be a good helpe and furtherance: if the party be +fit for it. But if neither of these will prevaile, then a sharp glyster +ought to be administered. + +The inflation or swelling of the belly hapneth principally to those, who +have feeble and weake stomacks; who may do very wel to eate anise, +fenell, or coriander comfits at the fountaine betweene every draught, +and to walke a little after; or else some carminative Lozenges, made +with grosse powders, spices and seeds for breaking of wind: or what +other thing the learned Physitian shall deeme to be most fit and proper +in his wisdome, and judgment. But if the inflation chance to be very +great, then a carminative glyster must be ordained. + +Such as shall be very costive may doe well to eat moistning meats, and +to use mollifying hearbes, raisons stoned, corants, damascene prunes, +butter, or the yolkes of egges, and the like in their broths, or +pottage. If these will not be sufficient, then let a day be spared from +drinking the water, and let the party take some lenitive medicine, as +laxative corants, or some such like thing: whereof the Physitian hath +ever great choice and variety, wherewith he can fit directly every one +his case; to whom present recourse ever ought to be had, when any of +these, or the like accidents doe happen, as likewise in all other cases +of waight and moment. + + +FINIS. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Spadacrene Anglica, by Edmund Deane + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPADACRENE ANGLICA *** + +***** This file should be named 16417.txt or 16417.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/1/16417/ + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Stephanie Maschek and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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