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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16404-8.txt b/16404-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..943af7c --- /dev/null +++ b/16404-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3343 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December +28, 1850, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December 28, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 31, 2005 [EBook #16404] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon +Ingram, Patricia A Benoy, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +NO. 61.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28. 1850. [Price Threepence. +Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{505} + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + Illustrations of Scottish Ballads, by Richard John King 505 + The Red Hand--The Holt Family--Vincent Family 506 + Vondel's Lucifer, by Janus Dousa 507 + A Myth of Midridge 509 + Folk Lore Miscellanies:--St. Thomas's Day--Black Doll + at Old Store-shops--Snake Charming--Mice as a + Medicine--"Many Nits, many Pits"--Swans hatched + during Thunder--Snakes--Pixies or Piskies--Straw + Necklaces--Breaking Judas' Bones 509 + Local Rhymes and Proverbs of Devonshire 511 + A Christmas Carol 513 + A Note for little Boys 513 + Similarity of Traditions 513 + Pixey Legends 514 + The Pool of the Black Hound 515 + Popular Rhymes 515 + Minor Notes:--"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde"-- + Inscription on an Alms-dish--The Use of the French + Word "savez"--Job's Luck--The Assassination of + Mountfort in For folk Street, Strand--The Oldenburgh + Horn--Curious Custom--Kite--Epitaph on John + Randal--Playing Cards 515 + + + QUERIES:-- + Dragons: their Origin 517 + John Sanderson, or the Cushion Dance; and Bab at the + Bowster 517 + Did Bunyan know Hobbes? by J.H. Friswell 518 + Minor Queries:--Boiling to Death--Meaning of + "Mocker"--"Away, let nought to love displeasing" + --Baron Münchausen--"Sing Tantararara Rogues + all," &c.--Meaning of "Cauking" 519 + + REPLIES:-- + The Wise Men of Gotham, by J.B. Colman 520 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Master John Shorne-- + Antiquity of Smoking--Meaning of the Word + "Thwaites"--Thomas Rogers of Horninger--Earl + of Roscommon--Parse--The Meaning of "Version" + --First Paper-mill in England--"Torn by Horses" + --Vineyards--Cardinal--Weights for Weighing + Coins--Umbrella--Croziers and Pastoral Staves 520 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 523 + Notices to Correspondents 524 + Advertisements 524 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCOTTISH BALLADS. + +In the ballad of "Annan Water" (_Border Minstrelsy_, vol. iii.) is the +following verse:-- + + "O he has pour'd aff his dapperpy coat, + The silver buttons glanced bonny; + The waistcoat bursted aff his breast, + He was sae full of melancholy." + +A very unexpected effect of sorrow, but one that does not seem to be +unprecedented. "A plague of sighing and grief," says Falstaff. "It blows +a man up like a bladder." + +A remarkable illustration of Falstaff's assertion, and of the Scottish +ballad, is to be found in this _Saga of Egil Skallagrimson_. Bodvar, the +son of Egil, was wrecked on the coast of Iceland. His body was thrown up +by the waves near Einarsness, where Egil found it, and buried it in the +tomb of his father Skallagrim. The _Saga_ continues thus:-- + + "After that, Egil rode home to Borgar; and when he came there, he + went straightway into the locked chamber where he was wont to sleep; + and there he laid him down, and shot forth the bolt. No man dared + speak a word to him. And thus it is said that Egil was clad when he + laid Bodvar in the tomb. His hose were bound fast about his legs, + and he had on a red linen kirtle, narrow above, and tied with + strings at the sides. And men say that his body swelled so greatly + that his kirtle burst from off him, and so did his hose."--P. 602. + +It is well known that the subjects of many ballads are common to +Scotland, and to the countries of Northern Europe. Thus, the fine old +"Douglas Tragedy," the scene of which is pointed out at Blackhouse +Tower, on the Yarrow, is equally localised in Denmark: + + "Seven large stones," says Sir Walter, "erected upon the + neighbouring heights of Blackhouse, are shown as marking the spot + where the seven brethren were slain; and the Douglas Burn is avowed + to have been the stream at which the lovers stopped to drink; so + minute is tradition in ascertaining, the scene of a tragical tale, + which, considering, the rude state of former times, had probably + foundation in some real event." + +The corresponding Danish ballad, however, that of "Ribolt and Guldborg," +which has been translated by Mr. Jamieson, is not less minute in +pointing out the scene of action. The origin of ballads, which are thus +widely spread, must probably be sought in very high antiquity; and we +cannot wonder if we find them undergoing considerable {506} change in +the passage from one country to another. At least the "Douglas Tragedy" +betrays one very singular mark of having lost something of the original. + +In "Ribolt and Guldborg," when the lady's brothers have all but +overtaken the fugitives, the knight addresses her thus: + + "Light down, Guldborg, my lady dear, + And hald our steeds lay the renyes here. + And e'en sae be that ye see me fa' + Be sure that ye never upon me ca'; + And e'en sae be that ye see me bleed, + Be sure that ye name na' me till dead." + +Ribolt kills her father and her two eldest brothers, and then Guldborg +can no longer restrain herself: + + "Hald, hald, my Ribolt, dearest mine, + Now belt thy brand, for its 'mair nor time. + My youngest brother ye spare, O spare, + To my mither the dowie news to bear." + +But she has broken her lover's mysterious caution, and he is mortally +wounded in consequence: + + "When Ribolt's name she named that stound, + 'Twas then that he gat his deadly wound." + +In the Scottish ballad, no such caution is given; nor is the lady's +calling on her lover's name at all alluded to as being the cause of his +death. It is so, however, as in the Danish version: + + "She held his steed in her milk-white hand, + And never shed one tear, + Until that she saw her seven brethren fa', + And her father hard fighting, who loved her so dear. + + "O hold your hand, Lord William, she said, + For your strokes they are wondrous sair; + True lovers I can get many a ane, + But a father I can never get mair." + +There is no note in the _Kæmpe Viser_, says Mr. Jamieson, on this +subject; nor does he attempt to explain it himself. It has, however, a +clear reference to a very curious Northern superstition. + +Thorkelin, in the essay on the Berserkir, appended to his edition of the +_Kristni-Saga_, tells us that an old name of the Berserk frenzy was +_hamremmi_, _i.e._, strength acquired from another or strange body, +because it was anciently believed that the persons who were liable to +this frenzy were mysteriously endowed, during its accesses, with a +strange body of unearthly strength. If, however, the Berserk was called +on by his own name, he lost his mysterious form, and his ordinary +strength alone remained. Thus it happens in the _Svarfdæla Saga:_ + + "Gris called aloud to Klanfi, and said, 'Klanfi, Klanfi! keep a fair + measure,' and instantly the strength which Klanfi had got in his + rage, failed him; so that now he could not even lift the beam with + which he had been fighting." + +It is clear, therefore, continues Thorkelin, that the state of men +labouring under the Berserk frenzy was held by some, at least, to +resemble that of those, who, whilst their own body lay at home +apparently dead or asleep, wandered under other forms into distant +places and countries. Such wanderings were called _hamfarir_ by the old +northmen; and were held to be only capable of performance by those who +had attained the very utmost skill in magic. + +RICHARD JOHN KING. + + * * * * * + + +THE RED HAND.--THE HOLT FAMILY. +(Vol. ii., pp. 248. 451.) + +Your correspondent ESTE, in allusion to the arms of the Holt +family, in a window of the church of Aston-juxta-Birmingham, refers to +the tradition that one of the family "murdered his cook, and was +afterwards compelled to adopt the red hand in his arms." Este is +perfectly correct in his concise but comprehensive particulars. That +which, by the illiterate, is termed "the bloody hand," and by them +reputed as an abatement of honour, is nothing more than the "Ulster +badge" of dignity. The tradition adds, that Sir Thomas Holt murdered the +cook in a cellar, at the old family mansion, by "running him through +with a spit," and afterwards buried him beneath the spot where the +tragedy was enacted. I merely revert to the subject, because, within the +last three months, the ancient family residence, where the murder is +said to have been committed, has been levelled with the ground; and +among persons who from their position in society might be supposed to be +better informed, considerable anxiety has been expressed to ascertain +whether any portion of the skeleton of the murdered cook has been +discovered beneath the flooring of the cellar, which tradition, fomented +by illiterate gossip, pointed out as the place of his interment. Your +correspondents would confer a heraldic benefit if they would point out +other instances--which I believe to exist--where family reputation has +been damaged by similar ignorance in heraldic interpretation. + +The ancient family residence to which I have referred was situated at +Duddeston, a hamlet adjoining Birmingham. Here the Holts resided until +May, 1631, when Sir Thomas took up his abode at Ashton Hall, a noble +structure in the Elizabethan style of architecture, which, according to +a contemporary inscription, was commenced in April, 1618, and completed +in 1635. Sir Thomas was a decided royalist, and maintained his +allegiance to his sovereign, although the men of Birmingham were +notorious for their disaffection, and the neighbouring garrison of +Edgbaston was occupied by Parliamentarian troops. When Charles I., of +glorious or unhappy memory, was on his way from Shrewsbury to the +important battle of Edgehill, {507} on the confines of Warwickshire, he +remained with Sir Thomas, as his guest, from the 15th to the 17th of +October (vide Mauley's _Iter Carolinum_, Gutch's _Collectanea_, vol. ii. +p. 425.); and a closet is still pointed out to the visitor where he is +said to have been concealed. A neighbouring eminence is to the present +day called "King's Standing," from the fact of the unhappy monarch +having stood thereon whilst addressing his troops. By his acts of +loyalty, Sir Thomas Holt acquired the hostility of his rebellious +neighbours; and accordingly we learn that on the 18th of December, 1643, +he had recourse to Colonel Leveson, who "put forty muskettiers into the +house" to avert impending dangers; but eight days afterwards, on the +26th of December, "the rebels, 1,200 strong, assaulted it, and the day +following tooke it, kil'd 12, and ye rest made prisoners, though w'th +losse of 60 of themselves." (Vide Dugdale's _Diary_, edited by Hamper, +4to. p. 57.) The grand staircase, deservedly so entitled, bears evident +marks of the injury occasioned at this period, and an offending +cannon-ball is still preserved. + +Edward, the son and heir of Sir Thomas, died at Oxford, on the 28th +August, 1643, and was buried in Christ Church. He was an ardent +supporter of the king. The old baronet was selected as ambassador to +Spain by Charles I., but was excused on account of his infirmities. He +died A.D. 1654, in the eighty-third year of his age. His excellence and +benevolence of character would afford presumptive evidence of the +falsehood of the tradition, if it were not totally exploded by the +absurdity of the hypothesis upon which it is grounded. Sir Thomas was +succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson, Robert, who in compliance +with his will built an almshouse or hospital for five men and five +women. It is unnecessary to pursue the family further, excepting to +state that nearly at the close of the last century the entail was cut +off: the family is now unknown in the neighbourhood, excepting in its +collateral branches, and the hall has passed into the possession of +strangers. Its last occupant was James Watt, Esq., son of the eminent +mechanical philosopher. He died about two years ago, and the venerable +mansion remains tenantless. + +With reference to the ancient family residence of the Holts, at +Duddeston, it will be sufficient to observe, that in the middle of the +last century the house and grounds were converted into a tavern and +pleasure gardens, under the metropolitan title of Vauxhall: and for a +century they continued to afford healthful recreation and scenic +amusement to the busy inhabitants of Birmingham. The amazing increase in +the size and population of the town has at length demanded this +interesting site for building purposes. Within the last three months the +house and gardens have been entirely dismantled, a range of building has +already been erected, and old Vauxhall is now numbered amongst the +things that were. + +J. GOODWIN. + +Birmingham. + + +_"Bloody Hands at Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey._--The legends of Sir Richard +Baker (Vol. ii., pp. 67. 244.) and of a member of the Holt family (Vol. +ii., p. 451.) recall to my mind one somewhat similar, connected with a +monument in the church of Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, the appearance of a +"bloody hand" upon which was thus accounted for to me:-- + + "Two young brothers of the family of Vincent, the elder of whom had + just come into possession of the estate, were out shooting on + Fairmile Common, about two miles from the village; they had put up + several birds, but had not been able to get a single shot, when the + elder swore with an oath that he would fire at whatever they next + met with. They had not gone much further before the miller of a mill + near at hand (and which is still standing) passed them, and made + some trifling remark. As soon as he had got by, the younger brother + jokingly reminded the elder of his oath, whereupon the latter + immediately fired at the miller, who fell dead upon the spot. Young + Vincent escaped to his home, and by the influence of his family, + backed by large sums of money, no effective steps were taken to + apprehend him, and he was concealed in the 'Nunnery' on his estate + for some years, when death put a period to the insupportable anguish + of his mind. To commemorate his rash act and his untimely death, + this 'bloody hand' was placed on his monument." + +So runs the story as far as I remember; the date I cannot recollect. The +legend was told me after I had left the church, and I had paid no +particular attention to the monument; but I thought at the time that the +hand might be only the Ulster badge. I shall be obliged to any of your +readers who will throw further light upon this matter. A pilgrimage to +Stoke d'Abernon, whose church contains the earliest known brass in +England, would not be uninteresting even at this season of the year. + +ARUN. + + * * * * * + + +VONDEL'S LUCIFER. + +I have to complain of injustice done by a correspondent of "NOTES +AND QUERIES," to the Dutch poet Vondel. To the question mooted by +F. (Vol. i. p. 142.), whether my countryman's _Lucifer_ has ever been +translated into English, Hermes answers by a passage taken from the +_Foreign Quarterly Review_ for April, 1829; and subjoins a list of the +_dramatis personæ_ "given from the _original Dutch_ before him. The +tragedy itself is condensed by your correspondent into a simple "&c." +Now, if HERMES, instead of referring to a stale review for a +comparison between Vondel's tragedy and the _Paradise Lost_, without +showing by _any_ proof that Milton's justly renowned epic {508} is +indeed superior to this, one of the Dutch poet's masterpiece--if +HERMES, being, as I conclude from his own words, conversant +with the language of _our_ Shakspeare, had taken pains to _read +Lucifer_, he would not have repeated a statement unfavourable to +Vondel's poetical genius. I, for my part, will _not_ hazard a judgment +on poems so different and yet so alike, I will _not_ sneer at Milton's +demon-gods of Olympus, nor laugh at "their artillery discharged in the +daylight of heaven;" for such instances of bad taste are to be +considered as clouds setting off the glories of the whole; but _this_ I +will say, that Vondel wrote his _Lucifer_ in 1654, the sixty-seventh of +his life, while Milton's _Paradise Lost_ was composed four years later. +The honour of precedence, in time, at least, belongs to my countryman. +All the odds were against the British poet's competitor, if one who +wrote before him may be so called; for, while Milton enjoyed every +privilege of a sound classical education, Vondel had still to begin a +course of study when more than twenty-six years of age; and, while the +Dutch poet told the price of homely stockings to prosaic burghers, the +writer of _Paradise Lost_ was speaking the language of Torquato Tasso in +the country enraptured by the first sight of _la divina comedia_. + +I am no friend of polemical writing, and I believe the less we see of it +in your friendly periodical, the better it is; but still I _must_ +protest against such copying of partially-written judgments, when good +information can be got. I say not by stretching out a hand, for the book +was already opened by your correspondent--but alone by using one's eyes +and turning over a leaf or two. Else, why did HERMES learn the +Dutch language? I ask your subscribers if the following verses are +_weak_, and if they would not have done honour to the English Vondel? + + CHORUS OF ANGELS. + + (From _Lucifer_.) + + "Who sits above heaven's heights sublime, + Yet fills the grave's profoundest place, + Beyond eternity, or time, + Or the vast round of viewless space: + Who on Himself alone depends-- + Immortal--glorious--but unseen-- + And in his mighty being blends + What rolls around or flows within. + Of all we know not--all we know-- + Prime source and origin--a sea, + Whose waters pour'd on earth below + Wake blessing's brightest radiancy. + 'Tis power, love, wisdom, first exalted + And waken'd from oblivion's birth; + Yon starry arch--yon palace, vaulted-- + Yon heaven of heavens, to smile on earth. + From his resplendent majesty + We shade us 'neath our sheltering wings, + While awe-inspired, and tremblingly + We praise the glorious King of Kings, + With sight and sense confused and dim; + O name--describe the Lord of Lords, + The seraph's praise shall hallow Him;-- + Or is the theme too vast for words?" + + RESPONSE. + + "'Tis God! who pours the living glow + Of light, creation's fountain-head: + Forgive the praise--too mean and low-- + Or from the living or the dead. + No tongue thy peerless name hath spoken, + No space can hold that awful name; + The aspiring spirit's wing is broken;-- + Thou wilt be, wert, and art the same! + Language is dumb. Imagination, + Knowledge, and science, helpless fall; + They are irreverent profanation, + And thou, O God! art all in all. + How vain on such a thought to dwell! + Who knows Thee--Thee the All-unknown? + Can angels be thy oracle, + Who art--who art Thyself alone? + None, none can trace Thy course sublime, + For none can catch a ray from Thee, + The splendour and the source of time-- + The Eternal of eternity. + Thy light of light outpour'd conveys + Salvation in its flight elysian, + Brighter than e'en Thy mercy's rays; + But vainly would our feeble vision + Aspire to Thee. From day to day + Age steals on us, but meets thee never; + Thy power is life's support and stay-- + We praise thee, sing thee, Lord! for ever." + + CHORUS. + + "Holy, holy, holy! Praise-- + Praise be His in every land; + Safety in His presence stays; + Sacred is His high command!" + +Dr. Bowring's version,--though a good one, if the difficulty be +considered of giving back a piece of poetry, whose every word is a poem +in itself, and by whose rhyme and accentuation a feeling of +indescribable awe is instilled into the most fastidious reader's +mind,--Dr. Bowring's version is but a feeble reverberation of the holy +fire pervading our Dutch poet's anthem. But still there rests enough in +his copy to give one a high idea of the original. I borrow the same +Englishman's words when I add:-- + + "The criticism that instructs, even though it instructs severely, is + most salutary and most valuable. It is of the criticism that + insults, and while it insults, informs not, that we have a right to + complain."--_Batavian Anthology_, p. 6. + +JANUS DOUSA. + +Manpadt House. + + * * * * *{509} + + +A MYTH OF MIDRIDGE; + + _Or, A Story anent a witless Wight's Adventures with the Midridge + Fairies in the Bishoprick of Durham; now more than two Centuries + ago._ + +Talking about fairies the other day to a nearly Octogenarian female +neighbour, I asked, had she ever seen one in her youthful days. Her +answer was in the negative; "but," quoth she, "I've heard my grandmother +tell a story, that Midridge (near Auckland) was a great place for +fairies when she was a child, and for many long years after that." A +rather lofty hill, only a short distance from the village, was their +chief place of resort, and around it they used to dance, not by dozens, +but by hundreds, when the gloaming began to show itself of the summer +nights. Occasionally a villager used to visit the scene of their gambols +in order to catch if it were but a passing glance of the tiny folks, +dressed in their vestments of green, as delicate as the thread of the +gossamer: for well knew the lass so favoured, that ere the current year +had disappeared, she would have become the happy wife of the object of +her only love; and also, as well ken'd the lucky lad that he too would +get a weel tochered lassie, long afore his brow became wrinkled with +age, or the snow-white blossoms had begun to bud forth upon his pate. +Woe to those, however, who dared to come by twos or by threes, with +inquisitive and curious eye, within the bounds of their domain; for if +caught, or only the eye of a fairy fell upon them, ill was sure to +betide them through life. Still more awful, however, was the result if +any were so rash as to address them, either in plain prose or rustic +rhyme. The last instance of their being spoken to, is thus still handed +down by tradition:--''Twas on a beautifully clear evening in the month +of August, when the last sheaf had crowned the last stack in their +master's hagyard, and after calling the "harvest home," the daytale-men +and household servants were enjoying themselves over massive pewter +quarts foaming over with strong beer, that the subject of the evening's +conversation at last turned upon the fairies of the neighbouring hill, +and each related his oft-told tale which he had learned by rote from the +lips of some parish grandame. At last the senior of the mirthful party +proposed to a youthful mate of his, who had dared to doubt even the +existence of such creatures, that he durst not go to the hill, mounted +on his master's best palfrey, and call aloud, at the full extent of his +voice, the following rhymes: + + "Rise little Lads, + Wi' your iron gads, + And set the Lad o' Midridge hame." + +Tam o' Shanter-like, elated with the contents of the pewter vessels, he +nothing either feared or doubted, and off went the lad to the fairy +hill; so, being arrived at the base, he was nothing loth to extend his +voice to its utmost powers in giving utterance to the above invitatory +verses. Scarcely had the last words escaped his lips ere he was nearly +surrounded by many hundreds of the little folks, who are ever ready to +revenge, with the infliction of the most dreadful punishment, every +attempt at insult. The most robust of the fairies, who I take to have +been Oberon, their king, wielding an enormous javelin, thus, also in +rhymes equally rough, rude, and rustic, addressed the witless wight: + + "Silly Willy, mount thy filly; + And if it isn't weel corn'd and fed, + I'll ha' thee afore thou gets hame to thy Midridge bed." + +Well was it for Willy that his home was not far distant, and that part +light was still remaining in the sky. Horrified beyond measure, he +struck his spurs into the sides of his beast, who, equally alarmed, +darted off as quick as lightning towards the mansion of its owner. +Luckily it was one of those houses of olden time, which would admit of +an equestrian and his horse within its portals without danger; lucky, +also, was it that at the moment they arrived the door was standing wide +open: so, considering the house a safer sanctuary from the belligerous +fairies than the stable, he galloped direct into the hall, to the no +small amazement of all beholders, when the door was instantly closed +upon his pursuing foes! As soon as Willy was able to draw his breath, +and had in part overcome the effects of his fear, he related to his +comrades a full and particular account of his adventures with the +fairies; but from that time forward, never more could any one, either +for love or money, prevail upon Willy to give the fairies of the hill an +invitation to take an evening walk with him as far as the village of +Midridge! + +To conclude, when the fairies had departed, and it was considered safe +to unbar the door, to give egress to Willy and his filly, it was found, +to the amazement of all beholders, that the identical iron javelin of +the fairy king had pierced through the thick oaken door, which for +service as well as safety was strongly plated with iron, where it still +stuck, and actually required the strength of the stoutest fellow in the +company, with the aid of a smith's great fore-hammer, to drive it forth. +This singular relic of fairy-land was preserved for many generations, +till passing eventually into the hands of one who cared for none of +those things, it was lost, to the no small regret of all lovers of +legendary lore! + +M.A.D. + + * * * * * + + +FOLK LORE. + +_St. Thomas's Day._--A Guernsey charm _pour ve ki ke sera son amant_-- + +"Into a golden pippin stick eighteen new pins, nine in the eye, and nine +in the stem, tie round it the left {510} garter, and place it under the +pillow. Get into bed backwards, saying, + + "Le jour de St. Thomas, + Le plus court, le plus bas, + Je prie Dieu journellement, + Qu'il me fasse voir, en dormant, + Celui qui sera mon amant; + Et le pays et la contrée + Où il fera sa demeurée, + Tel qu'il sera je l'aimerai, + Ainsi soit-il." + +VIATOR. + +NOV. 6. 1850. + + +_Black Doll at Old Store-shops_ (Vol. i., p. 27.).--Is it not probable +that the black doll was an image of the Virgin, sold at the Reformation +with a lot of church vestments, and other "rags of Popery," as the +Puritans called the surplice, and first hung up by some Puritan or +Hebrew dealer. + +Images of the black Virgin are not uncommon in Roman Catholic churches. +Has the colour an Egyptian origin, or whence is it? + +A. HOLT WHITE. + +Gladwins, Harlow. + + +_Snake Charming_.--Two or three summers ago, I was told a curious story +of snake charming by a lady of undoubted veracity, in whose +neighbourhood (about a dozen miles from Totnes) the occurrence had taken +place. Two coast-guard men in crossing a field fell in with a snake: one +of them, an _Irishman_, threw his jacket over the animal, and +immediately uttered or muttered a charm over it. On taking up the +garment, after a few seconds had passed, the _snake was dead_. + +When I heard this story, and understood that the operator was an +Irishman, I bethought me of how Rosalind says, "I was never so be-rhymed +since Pythagoras' time, that I was an Irish rat," and accounted +satisfactorily for the fact that, "as touching snakes, there are no +snakes in _Ireland_:" for, as the song voucheth, "the snakes committed +suicide to save themselves from slaughter," _i.e._ they _were charmed to +death by St. Patrick_. + +I fear it would now be impossible to recover the charm made use of by +the coast-guard man; but I will have inquiry made, and if I can obtain +any further particulars, I will forward them to you. + +J.M.B. + + +_Mice as a Medicine_ (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).--The remedy of the roast +mouse recommended in _The Pathway to Health_ (which I find is in the +British Museum), is also prescribed in _Most Excellent and Approved +Remedies_, 1652:--"Make it in powder," says the author, "and drink it +off at one draught, and it will presently help you, especially if you +use it three mornings together." The following is "an excellent remedy +to stanch bleeding:"-- + + "Take a toad and dry him very well in the sun, then put him in a + linen bag, and hang him with a string about the neck of the party + that bleedeth, and let it hang so low that it may touch the breast + on the left side near unto the heart; and this will certainly stay + all manner of bleeding at the mouth, nose," &c. + +Sage leaves, yarrow, and ale, are recommended for a "gnawing at the +heart;" which I think should be "made a note of" for the benefit of poor +poets and disappointed authors. + +WEDSECNARF. + + +_Mice as a Medicine_ (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).--I was stopping about +three years ago in the house of a gentleman whose cook had been in the +service of a quondam Canon of Ch. Ch., who averred that she roasted mice +to cure her master's children of the hooping cough. She said it had the +effect of so doing. + +CHAS. PASLAM. + + "Many Nits, [nuts] + Many Pits." + +A common saying hereabouts, meaning that if hazel-nuts, haws, hips, &c., +are plentiful, many deaths will occur. But whether the deaths are to be +occasioned by nut-devouring or by seasonal influence, I cannot +ascertain. In many places, an abundant crop of hips and haws is supposed +to betoken a severe winter. + +CHAS. PASLAM. + + +_Swans hatched during Thunder._--The fable of the singing of swans at +death is well known; but I recently heard a bit of "folk lore" as to the +birth of swans quite as poetical, and probably equally true. It is this: +that swans are always hatched during a thunderstorm. I was told this by +an old man in Hampshire, who had been connected with the care of swans +all his life. He, however, knew nothing about their singing at death. + +Is this opinion as to the birth of swans common? If so, probably some of +your numerous correspondents will detail the form in which such belief +is expressed. + +ROBERT RAWLINSON. + + +_Snakes_ (Vol. ii., p. 164.).--Several years ago, in returning from an +excursion from Clevedon, in Somerset, to Cadbury Camp, I saw a viper on +the down, which I pointed out to the old woman in charge of the donkeys, +who assailed it with a stout stick, and nearly killed it. I expressed +surprise at her leaving it with some remains of life; but she said that, +whatever she did to it, it would "live till sun-down, and as soon as the +sun was set it would die." The same superstition prevails in Cornwall, +and also in Devon. + +H.G.T. + + +_Pixies or Piskies._--At Chudleigh Rocks I was told, a few weeks ago, by +the old man who acts as guide to the caves, of a recent instance of a +man's being pixy-led. In going home, full of strong drink, across the +hill above the cavern called the "Pixies' Hole," on a moonlit night, he +heard sweet {511} music, and was led into the whirling dance by the +"good folk," who kept on spinning him without mercy, till he fell down +"in a swoon." + +On "coming to himself," he got up and found his way home, where he "took +to his bed, and never left it again, but died a little while after," the +victim (I suppose) of _delirium tremens_, or some such disorder, the +incipient symptoms of which his haunted fancy turned into the sweet +music in the night wind and the fairy revel on the heath. In the tale I +have above given he persisted (said the old man), when the medical +attendant who was called in inquired of him the symptoms of his illness. +This occurrence happened, I understood, very recently, and was told to +me in perfect good faith. + +I have just been told of a man who several years ago lost his way on +Whitchurch Down, near Tavistock. The farther he went the farther he had +to go; but happily calling to mind the antidote "in such case made and +provided," he turned his coat inside out, after which he had no +difficulty in finding his way. "He was supposed," adds my informant, "to +be pisky-led." + +About ten miles from Launceston, on the Bodmin road (or at least in that +direction) is a large piece of water called Dosmere (pronounced Dosmery) +Pool. A tradition of the neighbourhood says that on the shores of this +lonely mere the ghosts of bad men are ever employed in binding the sand +"in bundles with _beams_ of the same" (a local word meaning _bands_, in +Devonshire called _beans;_ as _hay-beans_, and in this neighbourhood +hay-_beams_, for hay-bands). These ghosts, or some of them, were driven +out (they say "_horsewhipped_ out," at any rate exorcised in some sort) +"by the parson" from Launceston. + +H.G.T. + +Launceston. + + +_Straw Necklaces_ (Vol. i., p. 104).--Perhaps these straw necklaces were +anciently worn to preserve their possessors against _witchcraft_; for, +till the thirteenth century, straw was spread on the floors to defend a +house from the same evil agencies. Cf. _Le Grand d'Aussi Vie des Anciens +Francs_, tom. iii. pp. 132. 134; "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., +pp. 245. 294. + +JANUS DOUSA. + + +_Breaking Judas' Bones._--On Good Friday eve the children at Boppart, on +the Rhine, in Germany, have the custom of making a most horrid noise +with _rattles_. They call it _breaking the bones of Judas_. Cf. +"NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., p. 357. + +JANUS DOUSA. + + +LOCAL RHYMES AND PROVERBS OF DEVONSHIRE. + + "River of Dart, oh river of Dart, + Every year thou claim'st a heart." + +It is said that a year never passes without the drowning of one person, +at least, in the Dart. The river has but few fords, and, like all +mountain streams, it is liable to sudden risings, when the water comes +down with great strength and violence. Compare Chambers' _Popular +Rhymes_, p. 8., "Tweed said to Till," &c. See also Olaus Wormius, +_Monumenta Danica_, p. 17. + +The moormen never say "_the_ Dart," but always "Dart." "Dart came down +last night--he is very full this morning." The _cry_ of the river is the +name given to that louder sound which rises toward nightfall. Cranmere +Pool, the source of the Dart, is a place of punishment for unhappy +spirits. They may frequently be heard wailing in the morasses there. +Compare Leyden _Scenes of Infancy_, pp. 315, 316., &c. + + * * * * * + +Wescote (_View of Devonshire_: Exeter, 1845 (reprint), p. 348.) has a +curious story of the Tamar and Torridge. It is worth comparing with a +local rhyme given by Chambers, p. 26.: "Annan, Tweed, and Clyde," &c. + + * * * * * + + "When Haldon hath a hat + Kenton may beware a skat." + +This often quoted saying is curiously illustrated by a passage from the +romance of Sir Gawaya and the Grene Knicht (Madden's _Sir Gawaya_, p. +77.): + + "Mist muged on the mor, malt on the mountes, + _Uch hille hadde a hatte_, a myst-hakel huge." + +In the note on this passage Sir Frederick quotes two proverbs like the +Devonshire one above. They are, however, well known, and there is no +lack of similar sayings. + + * * * * * + + "When Plymouth was a furzy down, + Plympton was a borough town." + + * * * * * + +When Brutus of Troy landed at Totnes, he gave the town its name; thus,-- + + "Here I sit, and here I rest, + And this town shall be called Totnes." + + * * * * * + + "Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone, + When the Conqueror came, were found at home." + + * * * * * + + "Who on the Sabbath pares his horn, + 'Twere better for him he had never been born." + + "At toto Thori die hominibus ungues secare minime licuit." + --Finn Magnusen, _Lex. Edd._, s.v. _Thor_. + +In the district of Bohnsland, in Sweden, in the middle of the eighteenth +century, it was not thought proper to fell wood on the afternoon of +Thursday. (Id.) + + * * * * * + + "Many slones [sloes], many groans, + Many nits [nuts], many pits." + + * * * * * + + "When the aspen leaves are no bigger than your nail, + Is the time to look out for truff and peel." + + * * * * *{512} + +_Margaret's Flood_.--Heavy rain is expected about the time of St. +Margaret's day (July 20th). It is called "Margaret's flood." + + * * * * * + + "Widdecombe folks are picking their geese, + Faster, faster, faster." + +A saying among the parishes of the south coast during a snow-storm. +'Widdecombe' is "Widdecombe in the Dartmoors." + + * * * * * + + "Quiet sow, quiet mow." + +A saying with reference to land or lease held on lives. If the seed is +sown without notice of the death of the life, the corn may be reaped, +although the death took place before the sowing. + + * * * * * + +Bees.-- + + "If they swarm in May, + They're worth a pound next day. + If they swarm in July, + They're not worth a fly." + +Bees must never be bought. It is best to give a sack of wheat for a +hive. + + * * * * * + +_Dinnick_ is the Devonshire name of a small bird, said to follow and +feed the cuckoo. + + * * * * * + +A cat will not remain in a house with an unburied corpse; and rooks will +leave the place until after the funeral, if the rookery be near the +house. + + * * * * * + +It is proper to make a low bow whenever a single magpie is seen. + + * * * * * + +It is not considered safe to plant a bed of lilies of the valley; the +person doing so will probably die in the course of the next twelve +months. + + * * * * * + +Where the rainbow rests, is a crock of gold. + + * * * * * + +A cork under the pillow is a certain cure for cramp. + + * * * * * + +Seven different herbs must be used for making a herb poultice. + + "The editor remembers a female relation of a former vicar of St. + Erth, who, instructed by a dream, prepared decoctions of various + herbs, and repairing to the Land's End, poured them into the sea, + with certain incantations, with the expectation of seeing the + Lionesse rise immediately out of the water having all its + inhabitants alive, notwithstanding their long immersion."--Davies + Gilbert's _Cornwall_, vol. iii. p. 310. + + * * * * * + +If the fire blazes up brightly when the crock is hung up, it is a sign +there is a stranger coming. + + * * * * * + +_Cure for Thrush_.--Take the child to a running stream, draw a straw +through its mouth, and repeat the verse, "Out of the mouth of babes and +sucklings," &c. + + * * * * * + +A creature of enormous size, called a "bull-frog," is believed to live +under the foundation stones of old houses, hedges, &c. I remember having +heard it spoken of with great awe. + + * * * * * + +_Hen and Chickens._--In a parish adjoining Dartmoor is a green fairy +ring of considerable size, within which a black hen and chickens are +occasionally seen at nightfall. + +The vicar of a certain Devonshire parish was a distinguished student of +the black art, and possessed a large collection of mysterious books and +manuscripts. During his absence at church, one of his servants visited +his study, and finding a large volume open on the desk, imprudently +began to read it aloud. He had scarcely read half a page when the sky +became dark, and a great wind shook the house violently; still he read +on; and in the midst of the storm the door flew open, and a black hen +and chickens came into the room. They were of the ordinary size when +they first appeared, but gradually became larger and larger, until the +hen was of the bigness of a good sized ox. At this point the vicar +suddenly closed his discourse, and dismissed his congregation, saying he +was wanted at home, and hoped he might arrive there in time. When he +entered the chamber the hen was already touching the ceiling. But he +threw down a bag of rice, which stood ready in the corner; and whilst +the hen and chickens were busily picking up the grains, he had time to +reverse the spell.--(Ceridwer takes the form of a hen in the _Hanes +Taliesin_.) I believe a hen and chickens is sometimes found on the +bosses of early church roofs. A sow and pigs certainly are. A black sow +and pigs haunt many cross roads in Devonshire. + + * * * * * + +The _Dewerstone_ is a lofty mass of rock rising above the bed of the +Plym, on the southern edge of Dartmoor. During a deep snow, the traces +of a naked human foot and of a cloven hoof were found ascending to the +highest point. The valley below is haunted by a black headless dog. +Query, is it Dewerstone, Tiwes-tun, or Tiwes-stan?--(Kemble's _Saxons_, +vol. i. p. 351.) + + * * * * * + +The great Cromlech at Drewsteignton is said to have been erected by +three _spinsters_ (meaning _spinners_); another legend says by three +young men. The first is the more usual saying. The Cromlech is generally +called "The Spinster's Rock." Rowe (_Dartmoor_, p. 99.) suggests that +the three spinsters were the Valkyrien, or perhaps the Fates. He is no +doubt right. + + * * * * * + +Rock and stone legends abound. A great quoit on the top of Heltor is +said to have been thrown {513} there by the Devil during fight with King +Arthur. Adin's Hole (Etin's) is the name of a sea cavern near Torquay; +another is Daddy's Hole. The Devil long hindered the building of +Buckfastleigh Church, which stands on the top of a steep hill. A stone, +at about the distance of a mile, has the marks of his finger and thumb. +The stone circles, &c. on Dartmoor, are said to have been made "when +there were wolves on the hills, and winged serpents in the low lands." +On the side of Belstone Tor, near Oakhampton, is a small grave circle +called "Nine Stones." It is said to dance every day at noon. + + * * * * * + +Whoever shall find the treasure hidden in Ringmore Down, may plough with +a golden plough-share, and yoke his oxen with golden cross-sticks. + +R.J.K. + + +A CHRISTMAS CAROL. + +The following carol has not, I believe, been printed in any of the +modern collections; certainly it is not in those of Mr. Sandys and Mr. +Wright. It is copied from Ad. MS. Brit. Mus. 15,225, a manuscript of the +time of James I. It may, perhaps, bethought appropriate for insertion in +your Christmas number. I have modernised the orthography. + + A CAROL FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY. + + Rejoice, rejoice, with heart and voice, + For Christ his birth this day rejoice. + + 1. + + From Virgin's womb to us this day did spring + The precious seed that only saved man; + This day let man rejoice and sweetly sing, + Since on this day salvation first began. + This day did Christ man's soul from death remove, + With glorious saints to dwell in heaven above. + + 2. + + This day to man came pledge of perfect peace, + This day to man came love and unity, + This day man's grief began for to surcease, + This day did man receive a remedy + For each offence, and every deadly sin, + With guilt of heart that erst he wander'd in. + + 3. + + In Christ his flock let love be surely placed, + From Christ his flock let concord hate expel, + In Christ his flock let love be so embraced, + As we in Christ, and Christ in us, may dwell. + Christ is the author of all unity, + From whence proceedeth all felicity. + + 4. + + O sing unto this glittering glorious King, + And praise His name let every living thing; + Let heart and voice, let bells of silver, ring, + The comfort that this day to us did bring; + Let lute, let shawm, with sound of sweet delight, + The joy of Christ his birth this day recite. + +BUON. ERIC. + + +A NOTE FOR LITTLE BOYS. + +In order that all good little boys who take an interest in the +"NOTES AND QUERIES" may know how much more lucky it is for them +to be little boys now, than it was in the ancient times, I would wish +them to be informed of the cruel manner in which even good little boys +were liable to be treated by the law of the Ripuarians. When a sale of +land took place it was required that there should be twelve witnesses, +and with these as many boys, in whose presence the price of the land +should be paid, and its formal surrender take place; and then the boys +were beaten, and their ears pulled, so that the pain thus inflicted upon +them should make an impression upon their memory, and that they might, +if necessary, be afterwards witnesses as to the sale and delivery of the +land. (_Lex Ripuarium LX., de Traditionibus et Testibus._) In a note of +Balucius upon this passage he states: + + "A practice somewhat similar to this prevails in our our times, for + in some of the provinces, whenever a notorious criminal is condemned + to death, parents bring their sons with them to the place of + execution, and, at the moment that he is put to death, they whip + their children with rods, so that being thus excited by their own + sufferings, and by seeing the punishment inflicted on another for + his sins, they may ever bear in mind how necessary it is for them, + in their progress through life, to be prudent and virtuous."--_Rev. + Gall. et Franc. Script._, vol. iv. p. 277. n.e. + +W.B. MACCABE. + + +SIMILARITY OF TRADITIONS. + +Having recently met with some curious instances of the extent to which +the same or similar traditions extend themselves, not only in our own +country, but in Wales and France, I have "made a note" of them for your +service. + +_Burying in the church wall_ is supposed to be burying in neutral +ground. + +In the north wall of the church of Tremeirchion, near the banks of the +Elwy, North Wales (described by Pennant, vol. ii. p. 139.), is the tomb +of a former vicar, Daffydd Ddu, or the black of Hiradduc, who was vicar +of the parish, and celebrated as a necromancer, flourishing about 1340. +Of him the tradition is, that he proved himself more clever than the +Wicked One himself. A bargain was made between them that the vicar +should practise the black art with impunity during his life, but that +the Wicked One should possess his body after death, whether he were +buried within or without the church; and that the worthy vicar cheated +his ally of his bargain by being buried neither within nor without the +church, but in the wall itself. + +A very similar tradition exists at Brent Pelham, Hertfordshire, with +reference to the tomb of Pierce Shonke, which was also in the wall. He +is said to have died A.D. 1086. Under the feet of the figure {514} was +a "cross flourie, and under the cross a serpent" (Weever, p. 549.), and +the inscription is thus translated in Chauncy's _Hertfordshire_, p. 143: + + "Nothing of Cadmus nor St. George, those names + Of great renown, survives them, but their fames; + Time was so sharp set as to make no bones + Of theirs nor of their monumental stones, + But _Shonke_ one serpent kills, t'other defies, + And in this wall as in a fortress lyes." + +Whilst in the north wall of Rouen Cathedral is the tomb of an early +archbishop, who having accidentally killed a man by hitting him with a +soup ladle, because the soup given by the servant to the poor was of an +inferior quality, thought himself unworthy of a resting-place within the +church, and disliking to be buried without, was interred in the wall +itself. + + +_Miraculous Cures for Lameness._--The holy well _Y fynnon fair_, or Our +Lady's Well, near Pont yr allt Gôch, close to the Elwy, has to this day +the reputation of curing lameness so thoroughly, that those who can +reach it walking on crutches may fling their crutches away on their +return home. Welsh people still come several miles over the hills to +this holy spring. A whole family was there when I visited its healing +waters last month. + +The same virtue is ascribed at Rouen to a walk to the altar at St. +Katherine's Church, at the top of St. Katherine's Hill, where the +cast-off crutches have been preserved. In the latter case something less +than a miracle may account for the possibility of going away without +crutches; for they may be required to mount to a lofty eminence, and may +well be dispensed with on coming down: but as this supposition would +lessen the value of a tradition implicitly believed, of course all +sensible men will reject it at once. + +WM. DURANT COOPER. + +81. Guilford Street. + + +PIXEY LEGENDS. + +In reference to your correspondent H.G.T.'s article on _pixies_ (Vol. +ii., p. 475.), allow me to say that I have read the distich which he +quotes in a tale to the following effect:--In one of the southern +counties of England--(all the pixey tales which I have heard or read +have their seat laid in the south of England)--there lived a lass who +was courted and wed by a man who, after marriage, turned out to be a +drunkard, neglecting his work, which was that of threshing, thereby +causing his pretty wife to starve. But after she could bear this no +longer, she dressed herself in her husband's clothes (whilst he slept +off the effects of his drunkenness), and went to the barn to do her +husband's work. On the morning of the second day, when she went to the +barn, she found a large pile of corn threshed, which she had not done; +and so she found, for three or four days, her pile of corn doubled. One +night she determined to watch and see who did it, and carrying her +intention into practice, she saw a little pixey come into the barn with +a tiny flail, with which he set to work so vigorously that he soon +threshed a large quantity. During his work he sang, + + "Little Pixey, fair and slim, + Without a rag to cover him." + +The next day the good woman made a complete suit of miniature clothes, +and hung them up behind the barn door, and watched to see what _pixey_ +would do. I forgot to mention that he hung his flail behind the door +when he had done with it. + +At the usual time the pixey came to work, went to the door to take down +his flail, and saw the suit of clothes, took them down, and put them on +him, and surveyed himself with a satisfied air, and sang + + "Pixey fine, and pixie gay. + Pixey now must fly away." + +It then flew away, and she never saw it more. + +In this tale the word was invariably spelt "pixey." + +TYSIL. + + +_Pixies._--The _puckie_-stone is a rock above the Teign, near Chagford. +In the _Athenæum_ I mentioned the rags in which the pixies generally +appear. In _A Narrative of some strange Events that took place in Island +Magee and Neighbourhood in 1711_, is this description of a spirit that +troubled the house of Mr. James Hattridge: + + "About the 11th of December, 1710, when the aforesaid Mrs. Hattridge + was sitting at the kitchen-fire, in the evening, before daylight + going, a little boy (as she and the servants supposed) came in and + sat down beside her, having an old black bonnet on his head, with + short black hair, a half-worn blanket about him, trailing on the + ground behind him, and a _torn_ black vest under it. He seemed to be + about ten or twelve years old, but he still covered his face, + holding his arm with a piece of the blanket before it. She desired + to see his face, but he took no notice of her. Then she asked him + several questions; viz., if he was cold or hungry? If he would have + any meat? Where he came from, and where he was going? To which he + made no answer, but getting up, danced very nimbly, leaping higher + than usual, and then ran out of the house as far as the end of the + garden, and sometimes into the cowhouse, the servants running after + him to see where he would go, but soon lost sight of him; but when + they returned, he would be close after them in the house, which he + did above a dozen of times. At last the little girl, seeing her + master's dog coming in, said, 'Now my master is coming he will take + a course with this troublesome creature,' upon which he immediately + went away, and troubled them no more till the month of February, + 1711." + +This costume is appropriate enough for an Irish spirit; but here may +possibly be some connexion with the ragged clothes of the Pixies. (Comp. +"Tatrman," _Deutsche Mythol._, p. 470.; and Canciani's note "De +Simulachris de Pannis factis," _Leges Barbar._, iii. p. 108.; _Indic. +Superst._) The common story of Brownie and his clothes is, I suppose, +connected. {515} + +In some parts of Devonshire the pixies are called "derricks," evidently +the A.-S. "doeorg." In Cornwall it is believed that wherever the pixies +are fond of resorting, the depths of the earth are rich in metal. Very +many mines have been discovered by their singing. + +R.J.K. + + +THE POOL OF THE BLACK HOUND. + +In the parish of Dean Prior is a narrow wooded valley, watered by a +streamlet, that in two or three places falls into cascades of +considerable beauty. At the foot of one of these is a deep hollow called +the Hound's Pool. Its story is as follows. + +There once lived in the hamlet of Dean Combe a weaver of great fame and +skill. After long prosperity he died, and was buried. But the next day +he appeared sitting at the loom in his chamber, working diligently as +when he was alive. His sons applied to the parson, who went accordingly +to the foot of the stairs, and heard the noise of the weaver's shuttle +in the room above. "Knowles!" he said, "come down; this is no place for +thee." "I will," said the weaver, "as soon as I have worked out my +quill," (the "quill" is the shuttle full of wool). "Nay," said the +vicar, "thou hast been long enough at thy work; come down at once!"--So +when the spirit came down, the vicar took a handful of earth from the +churchyard, and threw it in its face. And in a moment it became a black +hound. "Follow me," said the vicar; and it followed him to the gate of +the wood. And when they came there, it seemed as if all the trees in the +wood were "coming together," so great was the wind. Then the vicar took +a nutshell with a hole in it, and led the hound to the pool below the +waterfall. "Take this shell," he said; "and when thou shalt have dipped +out the pool with it, thou mayst rest--not before." And at mid-day, or +at midnight, the hound may still be seen at its work. + +R.J.K. + + +POPULAR RHYMES. + +The following popular rhymes may perhaps amuse some of your readers. +They are not to be found in the article "Days Lucky or Unlucky," in +Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, or in Sir Henry Ellis's notes (see his +edition, vol. ii. p. 27.), and perhaps have never been printed:-- + + _Days of the Week.--Marriage._ + + "Monday for wealth, + Tuesday for health, + Wednesday the best day of all; + Thursday for crosses, + Friday for losses, + Saturday no luck at all." + + _Moon._ + + "Saturday new, + And Sunday full, + Never was fine, + And never wool." + + _Days of the Week.--Birth._ + + "Born of a Monday, + Fair in face; + Born of a Tuesday, + Full of God's grace; + Born of a Wednesday, + Merry and glad; + Born of a Thursday, + Sour and sad; + Born of a Friday, + Godly given; + Born of a Saturday, + Work for your living; + Born of a Sunday, + Never shall we want; + So there ends the week, + And there's an end on't." + + _How to treat a Horse._ + + "Up the hill, urge him not; + Down the bill, drive him not; + Cross the flat, spare him not; + To the hostler, trust him not." + + _How to sow Beans._ + + "One for the mouse, + One for the crow, + One to rot, + One to grow." + + _January Weather._ + + "When the days lengthen, + The colds strengthen." + +Two German proverbial distiches, similar to the last, are given in +Körte's _Sprichwörter_, p. 548.: + + "Wenn de Dage fangt an to längen, + Fangt de Winter an to strengen." + + "Wenn die Tage langen, + Kommt der Winter gegangen." + +With the first set of rhymes, we may compare the following verses on +washing on the successive days of the week, in Halliwell's _Nursery +Rhymes of England_, p. 42. ed. 3.: + + "They that wash on Monday + Have all the week to dry; + They that wash on Tuesday, + Are not so much awry; + They that wash on Wednesday, + Are not so much to blame; + They that wash on Thursday, + Wash for shame; + They that wash on Friday, + Wash in need; + And they that wash on Saturday, + Oh! they are sluts indeed." + +L. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde."_--Have these terms, which play so +memorable a part in the "Tale of King Edward and the Shepherd" {516} +(Hartshorne's _Ancient Metrical Tales_) been explained? The shepherd's +instructions (pp. 48, 49.) seem more zealous than luminous; but it has +occurred to me that _perhaps_ "passelodion," "passilodyon," or +"passilodion" may have some reference to the ancient custom of drinking +from a _peg_-tankard, since [Greek: passalos] means a _peg_, and [Greek: +passalôdia] would be a legitimate pedantic rendering of _peg-song_, or +_peg-stave_, and _might_ be used to denote an exclamation on having +_reached the peg_. + +H.G.T. + + +_Inscription on an Alms-dish._--In Bardsea Church, Island of Furness, is +an alms-dish(?) of a large size, apparently very old, gilt, and bearing +the following inscription:-- + + "WYLT : GHY : LANGHELEVEN : SOO : ERT : GODT : + ENDE : HOOVT : ZYN : GEBAT : VORWAR." + +Bardsea Church is recently erected in a district taken out of Urswick +parish. + +Can any of your readers give an explanation of the inscription? + +F.B. RELTON. + +[This is another specimen of the alms-dishes, of which several have been +described in our First Volume. The legend may be rendered, _If thou wilt +live long, honour God, and above all keep His commandments_.] + + +_The Use of the French Word "savez."_--About fifty years ago the use of +the French word _savez_, from the verb _savoir_, to know, was in general +use (and probably is so at the present time) among the negroes in the +island of Barbadoes,--"_Me no savez, Massa_," for, "I do not know, +Master (or Sir)." It occurred to the writer at that time as a very +singular fact, because the French had never occupied that island; nor is +he aware of any French negroes having been introduced there. He had also +been informed of its use in other places, but made no note of it. In the +_Morning Herald_ of the 7th instant there is a statement that the +Chinese at Canton, speaking a little English, make use of the same word. +Can any of your readers give an explanation of this? + +J.F. + + +_Job's Luck_.--I send you another version of Job's luck, in addition to +those that have lately appeared in "NOTES AND QUERIES:" + + "The devil engaged with Job's patience to battle, + Tooth and nail strove to worry him out of his life; + He robb'd him of children, slaves, houses, and cattle, + But, mark me, he ne'er thought of taking his wife. + + "But heaven at length Job's forbearance rewards, + At length double wealth, double honour arrives, + He doubles his children, slaves, houses, and herds, + But we don't hear a word of a couple of wives." + +A.M. + + +_The Assassination of Mountfort in Norfolk street, Strand._--The murder +of Mountfort is related with great particularity in Galt's _Lives of the +Players_, and is also detailed in, if I recollect aright, Mr. Jesse's +_London and its Celebrities;_ but in neither account is the following +anecdote mentioned, the purport of which adds, if possible, to the +blackness of Mohun's character:-- + + "Mr. Shorter, Horace Walpole's mother's father, was walking down + Norfolk Street in the Strand, to his house there, just before poor + Mountfort the player was killed in that street by assassins hired by + Lord Mohun. This nobleman lying in for his prey, came up and + embraced Mr. Shorter by mistake, saying 'Dear Mountfort.' It was + fortunate that he was instantly undeceived, for Mr. Shorter had + hardly reached his house before the Murder took + place."--_Walpoliana_, vol. ii. p. 97., 2nd ed. + +J.B.C. + + +_The Oldenburgh Horn_ (Vol. ii., p. 417.) is preserved amongst the +antiquities in the Gallery of the King of Denmark at Copenhagen. It is +of silver gilt, and ornamented in paste with enamel. It is considered by +the Danish antiquaries to be of the time of Christian I., in the latter +half of the fifteenth century. There are engraved on it coats of arms +and inscriptions, which show that it was made for King Christian I., in +honour of the three kings, or wise men, on whose festival he used it, at +Cologne. + +W.C. TREVELYAN. + +Wallington, Dec. 19. 1850. + +[We avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded by Sir Walter +Trevelyan's communication to add from Vulpius (_Handwörterbuch der +Mythologie_) the following additional references to representations and +descriptions of this celebrated horn--which is there said (p. 184.) to +have been found in 1639:--Schneider, _Saxon. Vetust._ p. 314.; +Winkelmann's _Oldenburgische Chronik._ s. 59.; S. Meyer, _Vom +Oldenburgischen Wunderhorne_, Bremen, 1757.] + + +_Curious Custom_.--In 1833 the late Record Commissioners issued Circular +Questions to the Municipal Corporations of England and Wales, requesting +various information; among such questions was the following:--"Do any +remarkable customs prevail, or have any remarkable customs prevailed +within memory, in relation to the ceremonies accompanying the choice of +corporate officers, annual processions, feasts, &c., not noticed in the +printed histories or accounts of your borough? Describe them, if there +be such." + +To this question the borough of Chippenham, Wilts, replied as +follows:--"The corporation dine together twice a-year, and _pay for it +themselves_!" (_Report of Record Commissioners_, 1837, p. 442.) + +J.E. + + +_Kite_ (_French_, "_Cerf-volant_").--Some years ago, when reading Dr. +Paris' popular work called _Philosophy in Sport made Science in +Earnest_, 5th edition, London, J. Murray, 1842, I observed that the +author could not explain the meaning of the French term "cerf-volant," +applied to the toy so well known among boys in England as a "kite," and +in Scotland as a "dragon." The following passages will solve this +mystery: {517} + + "Cerf-volant. Scarabæus lucanus. Sorte d'insecte volant qui porte + des cornes dentelées, comme celles du cerf. + + "Cerf-volant. Ludicra scarabei lucani effigies. On donne ce nom à + une sorte de joüet d'enfans qui est composé de quelques bâtons + croisés sur lesquels on étend du papier, et exposant cette petite + machine à l'air, le moindre vent la fait voler. On la retient et on + la tire comme l'on veut, par le moyen d'une longue corde qui y est + attachée."--See _Dictionnaire de la Langue Françoise_, de Pierre + Richelet; à Amsterdam, 1732. + +In Kirby and Spence's _Entomology_, vol. ii. p. 224., they mention "the +terrific and protended jaws of the stag-beetle of Europe, the _Lucanus +Cervus_ of Linnæus." + +The "toothed horns" alluded to by Richelet are represented by the pieces +of stiff paper fastened at intervals, and at right angles, to the +string-tail of the toy kite, or dragon, so much delighted in by boys at +certain seasons of the year in England and Scotland. + +G.F.G. + +Edinburgh. + + +_Epitaph on John Randal._--As a counterpart to Palise's death, I have +sent a Warwickshire epitaph, taken from Watford Magna churchyard, +written about the same period: + + "Here old John Randal lies, who counting by his sale, + Lived three score years and ten, such virtue was in ale; + Ale was his meat, ale was his drink, ale did his heart revive, + And could he still have drunk his ale, he still had been alive." + +J.R. + + +_Playing Cards._--As a rider to THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT'S Query +respecting his playing cards (Vol. ii., p. 462.), I would throw out a +suggestion to all your readers for notices of similar emblematic playing +cards: whether such were ever used for playing with? what period so +introduced? and where? as both France and Spain lay claim to their first +introduction. I see that Mr. Caton exhibited at one of the meetings of +the Archæological Institute this season a curious little volume of small +county maps, numbered so as to serve as a pack of cards (described more +fully in the _Archæological Journal_ for September, 1850, p 306.), and +which I regret I did not see. + +W.H.P. + +Wanstead, Dec. 13. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +DRAGONS: THEIR ORIGIN. + +When passing through the city of Brünn, in Moravia, rather more than a +year ago, my attention was drawn to the _Lindwurm_ or dragon, preserved +there from a very remote period. This monster, according to tradition, +was invulnerable, like his brother of Wantley, except in a few +well-guarded points, and from his particular predilection in favour of +veal and young children, was the scourge and terror of the +neighbourhood. The broken armour and well-picked bones of many doughty +knights, scattered around the entrance to the cave he inhabited, +testified to the impunity with which he had long carried on his +depredations, in spite of numerous attempts to destroy him. Craftiness, +however, at last prevailed where force had proved of no effect, and the +Lindwurm fell a victim to the skill of a knight, whose name I believe +has been handed down to posterity. The mode adopted by the warrior to +deceive his opponent, was to stuff, as true to nature as possible, with +unslaked lime, the skin of a freshly killed calf, which he laid before +the dragon's cave. The monster, smelling the skin, is said to have +rushed out and instantly to have swallowed the fatal repast, and feeling +afterwards, as may be readily expected, a most insatiable thirst, +hurried off to a neighbouring stream, where he drank until the water, +acting upon the lime, caused him to burst. The inhabitants, on learning +the joyful news, carried the knight and the Lindwurm in triumph into the +city of Brünn, where they have ever since treasured up the memento of +their former tyrant. The animal, or reptile, thus preserved, is +undoubtedly of the crocodile or alligator species, although I regret it +was not in my power to examine it more particularly, evening having set +in when I saw it in the arched passage leading to the town-hall of the +city where it has been suspended. I fear also that any attempt to count +the distinguishing bones would be fruitless, the scaly back having been +covered with a too liberal supply of pitch, with the view to protection +from the weather. + +Have any of your readers seen this _Lindwurm_ under more favourable +circumstances than myself, and can they throw any light on the genus to +which it belongs? + +May not the various legends respecting dragons, &c., have their origin +from similar circumstances to those of this Brünn Lindwurm, which I take +to leave strong proof of fact, the body being there? Perhaps some of our +correspondents may have it in their power to give further corroborative +evidence of the former existence of dragons under the shape of +crocodiles. The description of the Wantley dragon tallies with that of +the crocodile very nearly. + +R.S., Jun. + + * * * * * + + +JOAN SANDERSON, OR THE CUSHION DANCE; AND BAB AT THE BOWSTER. + +Can any of your numerous valuable correspondents give me the correct +date, or any clue to it, of the above dance. There is little doubt of +its great antiquity. The dance is begun by a single person (either a +woman or man), who {518} dances about the room with a cushion in his +hand, and at the end of the tune stops and sings: + + "This dance it will no further go!" + + [_The Musician answers._] + + "I pray you, good sir, why say you so?" + + [_Man._] + + "Because Joan Sanderson will not come to!" + + [_Music._] + + "She must come to, and she shall come to, + And she must come whither she will or no." + +He now lays down the cushion before a woman, on which she kneels, and he +kisses her, singing: + + "Welcome, Joan Sanderson, welcome, welcome." + +She rises with the cushion, and both dance about, singing: + + "Prinkum-prankum is a fine dance, + And shall we go dance it once again, + And once again, + And shall we go dance it once again?" + +Then making a stop, the woman sings, as before: + + "This dance it will no further go!" + + [_Music._] + + "I pray you, madam, why say you so?" + + [_Woman._] + + "Because John Sanderson will not come to." + + [_Music._] + + "He must come to," &c. + +And so she lays down the cushion before a man, who, kneeling, upon it, +salutes her, she singing: + + "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c. + +Then, he taking up the cushion, they take hands, and dance round, +singing as before: and this they do till the whole company is taken into +the ring. Then the cushion is laid down before the first man, the woman +singing, "This dance," &c. (as before), only instead of "Come to," they +sing "Go fro," and instead of "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c., they sing, +"Farewell, John Sanderson, farewell," &c.: and so they go out, one by +one, as they came in. This dance was at one time highly popular, both at +court and in the cottage, in the latter of which, in some remote country +villages, it is still danced. Selden, in his _Table Talk_, thus refers +to it: + + "The court of England is much altered. At a solemn dancing, first + you have the grave measures, then the _Corvantoes_ and the + _Galliards_, and this is kept up with ceremony, at length to + Trenchmore and the Cushion dance; and then all the company dance, + lord and groom, lady and kitchen-maid, no distinction. (Would our + fair Belgravians of 1850 condescend to dance with their + kitchen-maids?) So in our court in Queen Elizabeth's time, gravity + and state were kept up. In King James's time, things were pretty + well. But in King Charles's time there has been nothing but + Trenchmore and the Cushion dance," &c. + +I shall also feel obliged for the date of _Bab at the Bowster_, or _Bab +in the Bowster_, as it is called in Scotland. Jamieson, in his +_Dictionary_, describes it as a very old Scottish dance, and generally +the last danced at weddings and merry-makings. It is now danced with a +handkerchief in place of a cushion; and no words are used. That a rhyme +was formerly used, there is little doubt. Query, What were the words of +this rhyme? + +MAC. + +Charminster. + + * * * * * + + +DID BUNYAN KNOW HOBBES? + +I observe a querist wishes to know the artist of the portrait of Bunyan +prefixed to his works. I can only myself conjecture Cooper, the +miniature painter, but I am also curious about the great author of _The +Pilgrim's Progress_. + +First, is Bunyan really the author of "Heart's Ease in Heart's Trouble," +and the "Visions of Heaven and Hell," published in his works, and +perhaps, excepting "Grace Abounding," the most popular of his received +miscellanies? I think not. My reasons are these. The style is very +different, and much poorer than his best works. In the "Progress," when +he quotes Latin, he modestly puts a side-note [The Latin that _I +borrow_]. In the two tracts mentioned he flashes out a bit of Latin two +or three times where he might have much better used English, or in a +superfluous way. Also it is curious to know that in his "Visions of +Hell" he meets Leviathan Hobbes, the philosopher of Malmesbury. The +passage is curious, for if true, and written by Bunyan, it proves him to +be personally acquainted with Hobbes. I extract it. After hearing his +name called out, Epenetus (the author and visitant of the infernal +regions) naturally inquires who it is that calls him. He is answered,-- + + "I was once well acquainted with you on earth, and had almost + persuaded you to be of my opinion. I am the author of that + celebrated book, so well known by the title of _Leviathan_! + + "'What! the great Hobbes,' said I, 'are you come hither? _Your voice + is so much changed, I did not know it._'" + +The dialogue which ensues is not worth quoting, as it is from our +purpose. But I would ask when was the time when Bunyan "was nearly +persuaded to be of Hobbes' opinion?" If he is the author and speaks the +truth (and he is notoriously truthful), it must have been in early +youth; but surely the philosopher of Malmesbury could not know an +obscure tinker. Bunyan cannot speak metaphorically, for he had not read +the _Leviathan_, since he mentions that his only reading in early life, +_i.e._ when he was likely to have embraced freethinking, was the +_Practice of Piety_, and the _Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven_, his wife's +dowry. {519} Moreover, he notes particularly the _change of voice_, a +curious circumstance, which testifies personal acquaintance. Hobbes died +in 1679; Bunyan in 1688. Were they intimate? + +JAS. H. FRISWELL. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Boiling to Death._--Some of your correspondents have communicated +instances where burning to death was inflicted as a punishment; and +MR. GATTY suggests that it would prove an interesting subject +for inquiry, at what period such barbarous inflictions ceased. In Howe's +_Chronicle_ I find the two following notices: + + "The 5th of Aprill (1532) one Richard Rose, a cooke, was boiled in + Smithfielde, for poisoning of divers persons, to the number of + sixteen or more, at ye Bishop of Rochester's place, amongst the + which Benet Curwine, gentleman, was one, and hee intended to have + poisoned the bishop himselfe, but hee eate no potage that day, + whereby hee escaped. Marie the poore people that eate of them, many + of them died."--Howe's _Chronicle_, p. 559. + + "The 17th March (1542) Margaret Dany, a maid, was boiled in + Smithfield for poisoning of three households that shee had dwelled + in."--Howe's _Chronicle_, p. 583. + +Query, was this punishment peculiar to cooks guilty of poisoning? And +when did the latest instance occur? + +L.H.K. + + +_Meaning of "Mocker."_--To-day I went into the cottage of an old man, in +the village of which I am curate, and finding him about to cut up some +wood, and he being very infirm, I undertook the task for him, and +chopped up a fagot for his fire. + +During the progress of my work, the old fellow made the following +observation:-- + + "Old Nannie Hawkins have got a big stick o' wood, and she says as I + shall have him for eight pence. If I could get him, I'd soon + _mocker_ him." + +Upon my asking him the meaning of the word _mocker_, he informed me it +meant to _divide_ or _cleave in pieces;_ but, not being "a scholar" as +he termed it, he could not tell me how to spell it, so I know not +whether the orthography I have adopted is correct or not. + +Can any of your readers give me a clue to the derivation of this word? I +certainly never heard it before. + +I ought perhaps to state, that this is a country parish in +Herefordshire. + +W.M. + +Pembridge, Dec. 16. + + +_"Away, let nought to love displeasing"._--Is it known who was the +author of the song to be found in Percy's _Reliques_, and many other +collections, beginning-- + + "Away, let nought to love displeasing." + +The first collection, so far as I know, in which it appears is entitled +_Miscellaneous Poems by several Hands_, published by D. Lewis, London, +1726; and in this work it is called a translation from the ancient +British. Does this mean a translation of an ancient poem, or a +translation of a poem written in some extant dialect of the language +anciently spoken in Britain? Either would appear to me incredible. + +As I feel much interested in the poetry of English songs, can you or any +of your correspondents inform me if there exists any _good_ collection; +that is, a collection, of such only as are excellent of their respective +kinds? That the English language possesses materials for forming such a +collection, and an extensive one too, I have no doubt, though I have +never met with one. And, if there be none that answers the description I +give, I should be glad of information respecting the best that exist. + +It is scarcely necessary to add, that my standard of excellence would +admit only those which bore the character of "immortal verse," rejecting +such as had been saved merely by the music to which they had been +"married." + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +Dec. 14. 1850. + + +_Baron Münchausen._--Who was the author of this renowned hero's +adventures? The _Conversations-Lexicon_ (art. _Münchausen_) states that +the stories are to be found under the title of "Mendacia Ridicula," in +vol. iii. of _Deliciæ Academicæ_, by J.P. Lange (Heilbronn, 1665); and +that "at a later period they appeared in England, where a reviewer +supposed them to be a satire on the ministry." I remember to have read +when a boy (I think in _The Percy Anecdotes_), that the book was written +by an Englishman who was styled "M----," and was described as having +been long a prisoner in the Bastille. + +Since writing thus far I have seen the note by J.S. (Vol. ii., pp. +262-3.) on Münchausen's story of the horn. The idea of sounds frozen in +the air, and thawed by returning warmth, was no invention of "Castilian, +in his _Aulicus_" (_i.e._ Castiglione, author of _Il Cortegiano_); for, +besides that, it is found in his contemporary Rabelais (liv. iv. cc. +55-6), I believe it may be traced to one of the later Greek writers, +from whom Bishop Taylor, in one of his sermons, borrows it as an +illustration. + +J.C.R. + + +_"Sing Tantararara Rogues all," &c._--The above is the chorus of many +satirical songs written to expose the malpractices of peculators, &c. +Can any of your readers point out who was the author of the _original +song_, and where it is to be found? + +A SUBSCRIBER. + + +_Meaning of "Cauking."_--An old dame told me the other day, in Cheshire, +that her servant was a {520} good one, and among other good qualities +"she never went _cauking_ into the neighbours' houses." Unde derivatur +"cauking?" + +CHAS. PASLAM. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM. + +(Vol. ii., p. 476.) + +The proverb, "As wise as the men of Gotham." is given in Fuller's +_Worthies_ (ed. 1662, pp. 315, 316.). Ray, in his note upon this, +observes + + "It passeth for the _Periphrasis_ of a fool, and an hundred + fopperies are feigned and fathered on the townsfolk of _Gotham_, a + village in this county [Nottinghamshire]. Here two things may be + observed: + + "1. Men in all ages have made themselves merry with singling out + some place, and fixing the staple of stupidity and solidity therein. + So the _Phrygians_ in _Asia_, the _Abderitæ_ in _Thrace_, and + _Boeotians_ in _Greece_, were notorious for dulmen and blockheads. + + "2. These places thus slighted and scoffed at, afforded some as + witty and wise persons as the world produced. So _Democritus_ was an + _Abderite_, _Plutarch_ a _Boeotian_, &c. + + "As for _Gotham_, it doth breed as wise people as any which + causelessly laugh at their simplicity. Sure I am _Mr. William de + Gotham_, fifth Master of _Michael House_ in _Cambridge_, 1336, and + twice Chancellor of the University, was as grave a governor as that + age did afford."--3d. ed. p. 258. + +In Thoroton's _Nottinghamshire_, vol. i. pp. 42, 43., the origin of the +saying, as handed down by tradition, is thus given:--King John intending +to pass through this place towards Nottingham, was prevented by the +inhabitants, they apprehending that the ground over which a king passed +was for ever after to become a public road. The king, incensed at their +proceedings, sent from his court, soon afterwards, some of his servants +to inquire of them the reason of their incivility and ill-treatment, +that he might punish them. The villagers hearing of the approach of the +king's servants, thought of an expedient to turn away his majesty's +displeasure from them. When the messengers arrived at Gotham, they found +some of the inhabitants engaged in endeavouring to drown an eel in a +pool of water; some were employed in dragging carts upon a large barn, +to shade the wood from the sun; and others were engaged in hedging a +cuckoo, which had perched itself upon an old bush. In short, they were +all employed upon some foolish way or other, which convinced the king's +servants that it was a village of fools. + +Should J.R.M. not yet have seen it, I beg to refer him to Mr. +Halliwell's interesting edition of _The Merry Tales of the Wise Men of +Gotham_ (Lond. 1840) for fuller and further particulars. + +J.B. COLMAN. + + * * * * * + + +Replies To Minor Queries. + +_Master John Shorne_.--As neither MR. THOMS' Notes (Vol. ii., +p. 387.) nor MR. WAY'S (p. 450.) mention where this reputed +saint lived, or speak of him as connected with Buckinghamshire, I will +offer an extract from Lysons in the hope of casting some little light on +the subject. + + "North Marston.--The church is a handsome Gothic structure; there is + a tradition that the chancel was built with the offerings at the + shrine of Sir John Shorne, a very devout man, of great veneration + with the people, who was rector of North Marston about the year + 1290, and it is said that the place became populous and flourishing + in consequence of the great resort of persons to a well which he had + blessed. This story stands upon a better foundation than most vulgar + traditions; the great tithes of North Marston are still appropriated + to the dean and canons of Windsor, who, before the Reformation, + might without difficulty have rebuilt the chancel, as it is very + probable they did, with the offerings at the shrine of Sir John + Shorne, for we are told that they were so productive, that on an + average they amounted to 500l. per annum.[1] Sir John Shorne, + therefore, although his name is not to be found, appears to have + been a saint of no small reputation. The common people in the + neighbourhood still keep up his memory by many traditional stories. + Browne Willis, says, that in his time there were people who + remembered a direction-post standing, which pointed the way to Sir + John Shorne's shrine."[2] + +North Marston, formerly Merston, is about four miles from Winslow. I +visited it about a year ago, and drank of the well, or spring, which is +about a quarter of a mile from the village; but I know nothing of the +traditions alluded to by Lysons. The chancel of the church is a fine +specimen of perpendicular style, with a vestry of the same date, and of +two stories, with a fireplace in each. I do not find North Marston, in +Bucks, mentioned in Leland, Camden, or Defoe, nor can I meet with any +account of Sir John Shorne in any books of English saints within my +reach. A copy of Browne Willis's MSS. may be seen in the British Museum. + +W.H.K. + +[Footnote 1: _History of Windsor_, p. 111.] + +[Footnote 2: B. Willis's MSS., Bodleian Library.] + + +For the information of those who may not have the _Norfolk Archæology_ +to refer to, let me add that John Shorne appears to have been rector of +North Marston, in Buckinghamshire, about the year 1290, "and was held in +great veneration for his virtues, which his benediction had imparted to +a holy well in his parish, and for his miracles, one of which, _the feat +of conjuring the devil into a boot_, was considered so remarkable that +it was represented in the east window of his church." + +E.S.T. + + +_Antiquity of Smoking._--The passage is in Herodian. In the time of +Commodus there was a {521} pestilence in Italy. The emperor went to +Laurentum for the benefit of the smell of the laurel trees. + + "In ipsa quoque urbe de medicorum sententia plerique unguentis + suavissimus nares atque aures opplebant, suffituque[3] et + odoramentis assidua utebantur, quod meatus sensuum (ut quidem + dicunt) odoribus illis occupati, neque admittant aëra tabificum: et + si maxime admiserint, tamen eum majore quasi vi longe superari." + +This has nothing to do with the practice of smoking, nor is it clear +that they smoked these things with a pipe into the mouth at all. The +medical use of fumigation, as Sir William Temple observes, was greatly +esteemed among the ancients. But it is very probable that, being +sometimes practised by means of pipes, it was what led to the practice +of smoking constantly, either for general medical protection, or merely +for luxury, in countries and times too, when these epidemics from bad +air were very common. The great love of smoking among the Turks may be +originally owing to the plague. + +C.B. + +[Footnote 3: [Greek: "thumiamasi te kai arômasi sunechôs echrônto."]] + + +_Antiquity of Smoking_ (Vol. ii., pp. 41. 216. 465.).--Mr. Lane, in his +edition of the _Arabian Nights_, infers the very late date of that book +from there being no mention of tobacco or coffee in it. + +As two of the ancient authorities have broken down, it occurred to me +that others might. + +The reference to Strabo, vii. 296. leads me only to this; that the +Mysians were called [Greek: kapnobatai] (some correct to [Greek: +kapnopatai]) because they did not eat animals, but milk, cheese, and +honey; but of religion, living quietly. + +One cannot imagine that this can be meant. I referred to Almaloveen's +edition, the old paging. + +In the next page he repeats the epithet, coupling it, as before, with +the word religious, and arguing from both as having the same meaning. + +It occurred to me that somebody might have read [Greek: kapnopotai], +"fumum bibentes," which might have given occasion to the reference to +this passage: and I find in the English Passow that [Greek: kapnobotai], +"smoke-eaters," has been proposed. + +[Greek: Kapnopatai], is there derived from [Greek: paomai]. + +But if these are the readings, they can have nothing to do with smoking, +but with religion. From the context they would mean as we say, "living +on air;" like Democritus, who subsisted three days upon the steam of new +loaves. + +[Greek: Kapnobatai] meant, as I believe, to describe their religiousness +more directly; treading on the clouds, living _in_ the air: like +Socrates in Aristophanes, [Greek: Neph]. 225.: + + [Greek: "Aerobatô kai periphronô ton hêlion,"] + +And in v. 330. [Greek: kapnos] is used of the clouds: + + [Greek: "Ma Di all homichlên kai droson autas hêgoumên kai kapnon + einai."] + +There is nothing in Solinus, cap. 15.; and Mela, lib. ii., is too wide a +reference. + +C.B. + + +_Meaning of the Word "Thwaites"_(Vol. ii., p. 441.).--The word "Thwayte" +occurred in the ancient form of the Bidding Prayer: "Ye shalle byddee +for tham, that this cherche honour with book, with bell, with +vestiments, with _Thwayte_," &c. This form is said to be above four +hundred years old; and Palmer says (_Orig. Lit._, iii. p. 60.) that we +have memorials of these prayers used in England in the fourteenth +century. Hearne remarks that the explication of this word warranted by +Sir E. Coke is "a wood grubbed up and turned to arable." This land being +given to any church, the donors were thus commended by the prayers of +the congregation. + +In Yorkshire the word is so understood: Thwaite, or "stubbed ground, +ground that has been essarted or cleaned." + +J.H.M. + + +_Meaning of "Thwaites"_ (Vol. ii., p. 441.).--Hearne took the word +"Thwayte" to signify "a wood grubbed up and turned into arable." His +explanation, with other suggestions as to the meaning, of this word, may +be found in a letter from Hearne to Mr. Francis Cherry, printed in vol. +i. p. 194. of _Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and +Eighteenth Centuries_, published by Longman and Co. in 1813. + +J.P. JR. + +December 5. 1850. + + +_Thomas Rogers of Horninger_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--Your correspondent +S.G. will find a brief notice of this person in Rose's _Biographical +Dictionary_, London, 1848. It appears he was rector of Horninger, and a +friend of Camden; who prefixed some commendatory verses to a work of +his, entitled _The Anatomy of the Mind_. I would suggest to S.G. that +further information may probably be collected respecting him from these +verses, and from the prefaces, &c. of his other works, of which a long +list is given in Rose's _Dictionary_. + +T.H. KERSLEY, A.B. + +King William's Col., Isle of Man. + + +_Thomas Rogers of Horninger_ (Vol. ii., p 424.).--If S.G. will apply to +the Rev. J. Perowne, of his own college, who is understood to be +preparing an edition of Rogers's work for the Parker Society, he will +doubtless obtain the fullest information. + +A.H. + + +_Earl of Roscommon_ (Vol. ii., p. 468.).--A pretended copy of the +inscription at Kilkenny West, mentioned by your correspondent AN +HIBERNIAN, was produced in evidence, on the claim of Stephen +Francis Dillon to the earldom of Roscommon, before the House of Lords. +As there was reason to doubt the evidence of the person who produced +that copy, or the genuineness of the inscription itself, the House +decided against that claim; and by admitting that of the late earl +(descended {522} from the youngest son of the first earl) assumed +the extinction of all the issue of the six elder sons. The +evidence adduced altogether negatived the presumption of any such +issue. Your correspondents FRANCIS and AN HIBERNIAN will find a +very clear and succinct account of the late earl's claim, and Stephen +Francis Dillon's counter-claim, in _The Roscommon Claim of Peerage_, by +J. Sidney Tayler, Lond. 1829. + +W.H.C. + + +_Parse_ (Vol. ii., p. 430.).--Your correspondent J.W.H. is far from +correct in supposing that this word was not known in 1611, for he will +find it used by Roger Ascham, in a passage quoted by Richardson in his +_Dictionary_ sub voce. + +In Brinsley's curious _Ludus Literarius_, 1612, reprinted 1627, 4to., +the word is frequently used. At page 69. he recommends the "continual +practice of _parsing_." At p. 319., enumerating the contents of chap. +vi., we have "The Questions of the Accidence, called the _Poasing_ of +the English Parts;" and chap. ix. is "Of _Parsing_ and the kinds +thereof, &c." + +At the end of a kind of introduction there is an "Advertisement by the +Printer," intimating that the author's book, "The _Poasing_ of the +Accidence," is likely to come forth. From all this, it seems as if the +two words were used indifferently. + +F.R.A. + + +_The Meaning of "Version"_ (Vol. ii., p. 466.).--T. appears to apply a +peculiar meaning of his own to the word "version," which it would have +been quite as well if he had explained in a glossarial note. + +He thinks A.E.B. was _mistaken_ in using that phrase in reference to +Lord Bacon's translation into Latin of his own English original work, +and he proceeds to compare (to what end does not very clearly appear) a +sentence from Lord Bacon's English text, with the same sentence as +re-translated back again from Lord Bacon's Latin by Wats. Finally, T. +concludes with this very singular remark: "Wats' version is the more +exact of the two!" + +Does T. mean to call Lord Bacon's English text a _version_ of his Latin, +by anticipation of eighteen years? + +The only other authority for such meaning of the word would seem to be +the facetious Dr. Prout, who accused Tom Moore of a similar _version_ of +his celebrated papers. + +A.E.B. + + +_First Paper-mill in England_ (Vol. ii., p. 473).--The birthplace of the +"High Germaine Spilman" (_Spielmann_), celebrated by Churchyard, your +English readers may not easily discover by his description as quoted by +DR. RIMBAULT. + +"Lyndoam Bodenze" is _Lindau am Boden-see_, on the Lake of Constance (in +German, _Bodensee_), once a free imperial city, called, from its site on +three islets in the lake, "the Swabian Venice," now a pretty little town +belonging to the kingdom of _Bavaria_. + +V. + + +"_Torn by Horses_" (Vol. ii., p. 480.).--This cruel death was suffered +by _Ravaillac_, who accomplished what Jean Châtel failed in doing. + +The execution took place on the 27th of May, 1610, with the most +atrocious severities of torture, of which the drawing by horses was but +the last out of a scene that continued for many hours. The day before he +had been racked to the very extremity of human suffering. The horses +dragged at the wretch's body for an hour in vain; at length a nobleman +present sent one of his own, which was stronger; but this even would not +suffice. The executioner had to sever the mangled body with his knife, +before the limbs would give way. I could add more of these details, but +the subject is intolerable. + +The execution of _Ravaillac_ was followed with the utmost exactness, but +with more cruelty, if possible, in the case of _Damiens_ (sentenced for +the attempt on Louis le Bien-Aimé), who suffered on the Place de Grève, +March 28. 1757. The frightful business lasted from morning till dusk! +Here again the knife was used before the body gave way, the horses +having dragged at it for more than an hour first; the poor wretch +living, it is said, all the while! + +I believe this was the last instance of the punishment in France, if not +in Europe. + +A concise summary of the trials of these men, and all the hideous +details of their tortures and execution, will be found, by those who +have a taste for such things, in the third volume of the new series of +the _Neuer Pitaval_, edited by Hitzig and Haring (Leipzig, +Brockhaus),--a collection of _causes célèbres_ which has been in course +of publication at intervals since 1842. The volume in question appeared +in the present year (1850). + +V. + +Belgravia. + + +_Vineyards_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--At Ingatestone Hall, in Essex, one of +the seats of Lord Petre, a part of the ground on the south side of the +house still goes by the name of "the Vineyard." And this autumn grapes +came to great perfection on the south wall. + +J.A.D. + + +_Cardinal_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--The expression referred to by O.P.Q. +was in some degree illustrated at the coronation of Edward II., 1308, +when the Pope, wishing the ceremony to be performed by a cardinal, whom +he offered to send for the purpose, was strenuously opposed by the king, +and compelled to withdraw his pretensions. (See Curtis's _History of +England_, vol. ii. p. 309.) + +C.H. + +St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge. + + +_Weights for weighing Coins_ (Vol. ii., p. 326.).--If the question of +your correspondent, who wishes to know at what period weights were +introduced {523} for weighing coins, is intended to have a general +reference, he will find many passages alluding to the practice amongst +the ancient Romans, who manufactured balances of various kinds for that +purpose: one for gold (_statera auraria_, Varro _Ap. Non._, p. 455., ed. +Mercer.; Cic. _Or._ ii. 38.); another for silver (Varro _De Vit. P.R._ +lib. ii.); and another for small pieces of money (_trutina momentana +pro parva modicaque pecunia._ Isidor. _Orig._, xvi. 25. 4.). The mint +is represented on the reverse of numerous imperial coins and medals +by three female figures, each of whom holds a pair of scales, one for +each of the three metals; and in Rich's _Illustrated Companion to the +Latin Dictionary_, under the word LIBRA, there is exhibited a balance +of very peculiar construction, from an original in the cabinet of the +Grand Duke at Florence, which has a scale at one end of the beam, and +a fixed weight at the opposite extremity, "to test the just weight of +a given quantity, and supposed to have been employed at the mint for +estimating the proper weight of coinage." + +MONETA. + + +_Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 414. etc.).--To the extensive exhibition of +_umbrellas_ formed through the exertions of the right worthy editor of +the "NOTES AND QUERIES" and his very numerous friends, I am happy to +have it in my power to make an addition of considerable curiosity, it +being of much earlier date than any specimen at present in the +collection:-- + + "Of doues I haue a dainty paire + Which, when you please to take the aier, + About your head shall gently houer, + Your cleere browe from the sunne to couer, + And with their nimble wings shall fan you + That neither cold nor heate shall tan you, + And, like _vmbrellas_, with their feathers + _Sheeld you in all sorts of weathers._" + _Michael Drayton, 1630_. + +Had not the exhibition been limited to umbrellas used in England, I +could have produced oriental specimens, very like those now in fashion +here, of the latter part of the sixteenth century. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + +_Croziers and Pastoral Staves_ (Vol. ii., p. 412.).--The staff with the +cross appears on the monument of Abp. Warham, in Canterbury Cathedral; +on the brass of Abp. Waldeby (1397), in Westminster Abbey and on that of +Abp. Cranley (1417), in New College Chapel, Oxford. + +The crook is bent _outwards_ in the brasses to the following +bishops:--Bp. Trellick (1360), Hereford Cathedral; Bp. Stanley (1515), +Manchester Cathedral; Bp. Goodrich (1554), Ely Cathedral; and Bp. +Pursglove (1579), Tideswell Church, Derbyshire. + +J.I.D. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +We never longed so much for greater space for our Notes upon Books as we +do at this season of gifts and good will, when the Christmas Books +demand our notice. + +Never did writer pen a sweeter tale than that which the author of _Mary +Barton_ has just produced under the title of _The Moorland Cottage_. It +is a purely English story, true to nature as a daguerreotype, without +one touch of exaggeration, without the smallest striving after effect, +yet so skilfully is it told, so effectually does it tell, so strongly do +Maggie's trials and single-mindedness excite our sympathies, that it +were hard to decide whether our tears are disposed to flow the more +readily at those trials, or at her quiet heroic perseverance in doing +right by which they are eventually surmounted. _The Moorland Cottage_ +with its skilful and characteristic woodcut illustrations by Birket +Foster, will be a favourite for many and many a Christmas yet to come. + +Rich in all the bibliopolic "pearl and gold" of a quaint and fanciful +binding, glancing with holly berries and mistletoe, Mr. Bogue presents +us with a volume as interesting as it is characteristic and elegant, +_Christmas with the Poets_. A more elegantly printed book was never +produced; and it is illustrated with fifty engravings designed and drawn +on wood by Birket Foster; engraved by Henry Vizetelly, and printed in +tints in a way to render most effective the artist's tasteful, +characteristic, and very able drawings. The volume is, as it were, a +casket, in which are enshrined all the gems which could be dug out of +the rich mines of English poetry; and when we say that the first +division treats of Carols from the Anglo-Norman period to the time of +the Reformation; that these are followed by Christmas Poems of the +Elizabethan period, by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and their great +cotemporaries; that to these succeed Herrick's Poems, and so on, till we +have the Christmas verses of our own century, by Southey, Wordsworth, +Scott, Shelley, Tennyson, &c., we have done more than all our praise +could do, to prove that a fitter present to one who loves poetry could +not be found than _Christmas with the Poets_. + +While if it be a _little_ lover of poetry--mind, not one who little +loves poetry, but one who listens with delight to those beloved ditties +of the olden times, which as we know charmed Shakspeare's +childhood,--learn that an English lady, with the hand and taste of an +artist, guided and refined by that purest and holiest of feelings, a +mother's love, has illustrated those dear old songs in a way to delight +all children; and at the same time charm the most refined. The +_Illustrated Ditties of the Olden Time_ is in sooth a delightful volume, +and if a love of the beautiful be as closely connected with a love of +the moral as wise heads tell us, we know no more agreeable way of early +inculcating morality than by circulating this splendid edition of our +time-honoured Nursery Rhymes. + +But we fancy the taste of some of our readers may not yet have been hit +upon. Let them try _The Story of Jack and the Giants, illustrated by +Richard Doyle_; and {524} they will find this wondrous story rendered +still more attractive by some thirty drawings, from the pencil of one +of the most imaginative artists of the day, and whose artistic spirit +seems to have revelled with delight as he pourtrayed the heroic +achievements of "the valiant Cornish man." + +We will now turn to those works which are of a somewhat graver class; +and we will begin with Miss Drury's able and well-written story, +entitled _Eastbury_, in which the heavy trials of Beatrice Eustace, +mitigated and eventually overcome through the friendship and +truthfulness of Julia Seymour, are told in a manner to delight all +readers of the class of tales to which _Eastbury_ belongs; and to +sustain the reputation as a writer, which Miss Drury so deservedly +acquired by her former story, _Friends and Fortune_. + +The name of the Rev. Charles B. Tayler would alone have served as a +sufficient warrant that _The Angel's Song, a Christmas Token_, is work +of still more serious character, even though the author had not told his +readers, in his _Envoy_, that the tale was written to correct the +mistake into which many well-meaning people have fallen on the subject +of Christmas merriment; and to suggest the spirit in which this sacred +season should be celebrated. That the book will be favourably received +by the large class of readers to whom it is addressed, there can be +little doubt; and to their attention we accordingly commend it. It is +very tastefully got up. + +To the publisher of _The Angel's Song_, Mr. Sampson Low, we are also +indebted for a very stirring and interesting book, _The Whaleman's +Adventures in the Southern Ocean_, edited by the Rev. Dr. Scoresby, from +the notes of a pious and observant American clergyman, whilst embarked, +on account of his health, on a whaling voyage to the South Seas and +Pacific Ocean. That Dr. Scoresby should think the matter of this work so +far novel and interesting, as well as "calculated for conveying useful +moral impressions," renders it scarcely necessary to say another word in +its recommendation. But it has a higher object than mere amusement; its +object is to enforce upon those "who go down to the sea in ships," the +duty of "remembering the Sabbath Day to keep it holy." + +Here our editorial labours have been interrupted by a band of infant +critics to whose unprejudiced judgments we had entrusted _Peter Little +and the Lucky Sixpence_,--each begging to be allowed to keep the book. +Good reader, do you wish for better criticism? Worthy author of this +_Verse Book for Children_, do you wish for higher praise? + +We have received the following Catalogues:--John Petheram's (94. High +Holborn) Catalogue, Part CXIX. No. 13. for 1850 of Old and New Books; +Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. +22. of English, French, German, and Italian Books; John Lyte's (498. New +Oxford Street) Book Catalogue for 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Notices To Correspondents. + +_Although we have enlarged our present Number to twenty-four pages, we +are compelled to request the indulgence of our correspondents for the +omission of many valuable communications._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all +Booksellers and Newsvendors. It is published at noon on Friday, so that +our country Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in +procuring it regularly. Many of the country booksellers, &c., are, +probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to +receive_ NOTES AND QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._ + +_Part XIV., for December, price 1s., is now ready for delivery._ + +THE INDEX TO VOLUME THE SECOND _will be ready early in +January._ + +_Communications should be addressed to the Editor of_ NOTES AND +QUERIES, _care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. _Fleet Street_. + +E.A.D. _has our best thanks_. + +_Errata._--In No. 60. Vol. ii., p. 492, for [Gothic: "Sant Valantinus"] +read [Gothic: "sant Valentinus"]. (The reference of Heinecken is _Idée +d'une collect. d'Estampes_, p. 275.) For "_Ind. Par_. i. 543.," read +"_Ind._ Par. i 343." For "suppressed" read "supposed;" and instead of +"De," before "Vita," put [Symbol: capitulum]. + + * * * * * + +Just published, in a rich and novel binding, royal 8vo., price 25s. + +CHRISTMAS WITH THE POETS; a Collection of Songs, Carols, and Descriptive +Verses, relating to the Festival of Christmas; with Introductory +Observations explanatory of Obsolete Rites and Customs. Illustrated with +upwards of Fifty highly-finished Wood Engravings, from Designs by BIRKET +FOSTER, and printed in several tints, with Gold Borders, Initial +Letters, and other Ornaments. + +DAVID BOGUE, Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE.--The First Number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE +for 1851 is embellished by a Portrait of the late THOMAS AMYOT, +Esq., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, accompanied with Memoirs +written by two of his most intimate friends. A second Plate represents a +very highly ornamented Roman Sword recently discovered near Mayence. +This Number also contains THE STORY OF NELL GWYN, Chapter 1., +by PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A., being the commencement of an +Original Work, which will be continued periodically in the Magazine. +Also, among other Articles, The Unpublished Diary of John First Earl of +Egmont, Part III.; Farindon and Owen, the Divines of the Cavalier and +Roundhead; Notes of an Antiquarian Tour on the Rhine, by C. ROACH +SMITH, Esq., F.S.A.; Milton and the Adamo Caduto of Salandra; the +Barons of London and the Cinque Ports; Effigy of a Notary (with an +Engraving), &c. &c. Reviews of Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of +Scotland; Vols. V. and VI. of Southey's Life, &c. &c. With Literary and +Antiquarian Intelligence; Historical Chronicle; and Obituary, including +Memoirs of the Marchioness Cornwallis. Lord Nugent, Rt. Hon. Sir W. H. +Fremantle, Mr. Raphael, Mrs. Bell Martin, &c. &c., Price 2s. 6d. + +NICHOLS AND SON, 25. Parliament Street. + + * * * * * + +THE LONDON HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, 32. Golden Square. Founded by the +BRITISH HOMOEOPATHIC ASSOCIATION. + + Patron: H.R.H. THE DUCHESS OF CAMBRIDGE. + Vice-Patron: HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G. + President: F.M. THE MARQUIS OF ANGLESEY, K.G. K.C.B. + Chairman: CULLING C. SMITH, ESQ. + Treasurer: JOHN DEAN PAUL, Esq., 217. Strand. + +This Hospital is open every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, +at 2 o'clock, for the reception of Out-patients without Letters of +Recommendation. In-Patients admitted every Tuesday at 3 o'clock upon +the Recommendation of a Governor or Subscribers. + +Subscriptions to the Hospital Funds will be thankfully received by the +Bankers, Messrs. Strahan and Co., Strand, and Messrs. Prescott and Co., +Threadneedle Street, and by + +RALPH BUCHAM. Honorary Secretary, 32. 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Brydges, Carlyle, Carrington, Coleridge, Cowper, Croly, Gillfillan, +Graham, Hazlitt, Heber, Heraud, Harvey, Irving, Keats, Miller, Pollock, +Tighe, Wordsworth, and other Modern Writers, by the Rev. J.W. LESTER, +B.A. Royal 8vo. 100 pages of closely printed letterpress, originally +published at 5s., reduced to 1s. 3d. + +"We give our cordial subscription to the general scope and tenor of his +views, which are in the main promulgated with a perspicuity and +eloquence not always found in the same individual."--_Church of England +Quarterly Review_. + +"Mr. Lester's volume is one of superior merit, and deserves a high rank +among works of its class."--_Tait's Edinburgh Review_. + +"He is the pioneer of the beautiful."--_Manchester Examiner_. + +JOHN MILLER, 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square. + + * * * * * + +MR. L.A. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December 28, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 31, 2005 [EBook #16404] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon +Ingram, Patricia A Benoy, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p>Transcriber's Notes:</p> +<p>This text contains accented Greek. You may need to change fonts +in order to view the accented Greek characters.</p> +<p>Two images of Gothic font and an image of the capitulum from the original +text have been included in the Errata section.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page505" name="page505"></a>{505}</span> + + <h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + + <h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, + GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3> + <b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—<span class="smcap">Captain Cuttle</span>. + </h3> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table title="masthead" summary="masthead" width="100%"> + <tr> + <td align="left" width="25%"><b>No. 61.</b></td> + <td align="center" width="50%"><b> + <span class ="smcap">Saturday, December 28. 1850.</span></b></td> + + <td align="right" width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> Stamped Edition + 4d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<div class="toc"> + <span class='smcap'>Notes</span>:— + <span class="linenum">Page</span><br /> + + <span class="i1">Illustrations of Scottish Ballads, by Richard John King</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page505">505</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i1">The Red Hand—The Holt Family—Vincent Family</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page506">506</a></span><br /> + + + <span class="i1">Vondel's Lucifer, by Janus Dousa</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page507">507</a></span><br /> + + + <span class="i1">A Myth of Midridge</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page509">509</a></span><br /> + + + <span class="i1">Folk Lore Miscellanies:—St. Thomas's Day—Black</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Doll at Old Store-shops—Snake Charming—Mice</span><br /> + <span class="i2">as a Medicine—"Many Nits, many Pits"—Swans</span><br /> + <span class="i2">hatched during Thunder—Snakes—Pixies or Piskies</span><br /> + <span class="i2">—Straw Necklaces—Breaking Judas' Bones</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page509">509</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">Local Rhymes and Proverbs of Devonshire</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page511">511</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">A Christmas Carol</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page513">513</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">A Note for little Boys</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page513">513</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">Similarity of Traditions</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page513">513</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">Pixey Legends</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page514">514</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">The Pool of the Black Hound</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page515">515</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i3">Popular Rhymes</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page515">515</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i1">Minor Notes:—"Passilodion" + and "Berafrynde"—</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Inscription on an Alms-dish—The Use of the French</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Word "savez"—Job's Luck—The Assassination of</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Mountfort in For folk Street, Strand—The Oldenburgh</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Horn—Curious Custom—Kite—Epitaph on</span><br /> + <span class="i2">John Randal—Playing Cards</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page515">515</a></span><br /><br /> + + <span class='smcap'>Queries</span>:—<br /> + <span class="i1">Dragons: their Origin</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page517">517</a></span><br /> + <span class ="i1">John Sanderson, or the Cushion Dance; and Bab at the</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Bowster</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page517">517</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i1">Did Bunyan know Hobbes? by J.H. Friswell</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page518">518</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i1">Minor Queries:—Boiling to Death—Meaning of</span><br /> + <span class="i2">"Mocker"—"Away, let nought to love displeasing"</span><br /> + <span class="i2">—Baron Münchausen—"Sing Tantararara Rogues</span><br /> + <span class="i2">all," &c.—Meaning of "Cauking"</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page519">519</a></span><br /><br /> + + <span class='smcap'>Replies</span>:—<br /> + <span class="i1">The Wise Men of Gotham, by J.B. Colman</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page520">520</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">Replies to Minor Queries:—Master John Shorne—</span><br /> + <span class="i2">Antiquity of Smoking—Meaning of the Word</span><br /> + <span class="i2">"Thwaites"—Thomas Rogers of Horninger—Earl</span><br /> + <span class="i2">of Roscommon—Parse—The Meaning of "Version"</span><br /> + <span class="i2">—First Paper-mill in England—"Torn by Horses"</span><br /> + <span class="i2">—Vineyards—Cardinal—Weights for Weighing</span><br /> + + <span class="i2">Coins—Umbrella—Croziers and Pastoral Staves</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page520">520</a></span><br /> + +<br /> + <span class='smcap'>Miscellaneous</span>:—<br /> + <span class="i1">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page523">523</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i1">Notices to Correspondents</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page524">524</a></span><br /> + + <span class="i1">Advertisements</span> + <span class='linenum'><a href="#page524">524</a></span><br /> +</div> + + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<h2>NOTES.</h2> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCOTTISH BALLADS.</h3> + +<p>In the ballad of "Annan Water" (<i>Border Minstrelsy</i>, vol. iii.) is the +following verse:—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p>"O he has pour'd aff his dapperpy coat,</p> +<p class="i15">The silver buttons glanced bonny;</p> +<p class="i51">The waistcoat bursted aff his breast,</p> +<p class="i15">He was sae full of melancholy."</p> +</div> + +<p>A very unexpected effect of sorrow, but one that does not seem to be +unprecedented. "A plague of sighing and grief," says Falstaff. "It blows +a man up like a bladder."</p> + +<p>A remarkable illustration of Falstaff's assertion, and of the Scottish +ballad, is to be found in this <i>Saga of Egil Skallagrimson</i>. Bodvar, the +son of Egil, was wrecked on the coast of Iceland. His body was thrown up +by the waves near Einarsness, where Egil found it, and buried it in the +tomb of his father Skallagrim. The <i>Saga</i> continues thus:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"After that, Egil rode home to Borgar; and when he came there, + he went straightway into the locked chamber where he was wont to + sleep; and there he laid him down, and shot forth the bolt. No + man dared speak a word to him. And thus it is said that Egil was + clad when he laid Bodvar in the tomb. His hose were bound fast + about his legs, and he had on a red linen kirtle, narrow above, + and tied with strings at the sides. And men say that his body + swelled so greatly that his kirtle burst from off him, and so + did his hose."—P. 602.</p></blockquote> + +<p>It is well known that the subjects of many ballads are common to +Scotland, and to the countries of Northern Europe. Thus, the fine old +"Douglas Tragedy," the scene of which is pointed out at Blackhouse +Tower, on the Yarrow, is equally localised in Denmark:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Seven large stones," says Sir Walter, "erected upon the + neighbouring heights of Blackhouse, are shown as marking the + spot where the seven brethren were slain; and the Douglas Burn + is avowed to have been the stream at which the lovers stopped to + drink; so minute is tradition in ascertaining, the scene of a + tragical tale, which, considering, the rude state of former + times, had probably foundation in some real event."</p></blockquote> + +<p>The corresponding Danish ballad, however, that of "Ribolt and Guldborg," +which has been translated by Mr. Jamieson, is not less minute in +pointing out the scene of action. The origin of ballads, which are thus +widely spread, must probably be sought in very high antiquity; and we +cannot wonder if we find them undergoing considerable +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page506" name="page506"></a>{506}</span>change in the +passage from one country to another. At least the "Douglas Tragedy" +betrays one very singular mark of having lost something of the original.</p> + +<p>In "Ribolt and Guldborg," when the lady's brothers have all but +overtaken the fugitives, the knight addresses her thus:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Light down, Guldborg, my lady dear,</p> +<p class="i51">And hald our steeds lay the renyes here.</p> +<p class="i51">And e'en sae be that ye see me fa'</p> +<p class="i51">Be sure that ye never upon me ca';</p> +<p class="i51">And e'en sae be that ye see me bleed,</p> +<p class="i51">Be sure that ye name na' me till dead."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Ribolt kills her father and her two eldest brothers, and then Guldborg +can no longer restrain herself:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Hald, hald, my Ribolt, dearest mine,</p> +<p class="i51">Now belt thy brand, for its 'mair nor time.</p> +<p class="i51">My youngest brother ye spare, O spare,</p> +<p class="i51">To my mither the dowie news to bear."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>But she has broken her lover's mysterious caution, and he is mortally +wounded in consequence:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"When Ribolt's name she named that stound,</p> +<p class="i51">'Twas then that he gat his deadly wound."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>In the Scottish ballad, no such caution is given; nor is the lady's +calling on her lover's name at all alluded to as being the cause of his +death. It is so, however, as in the Danish version:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"She held his steed in her milk-white hand,</p> +<p class="i51">And never shed one tear,</p> +<p class="i51">Until that she saw her seven brethren fa',</p> +<p class="i51">And her father hard fighting, who loved her so dear.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"O hold your hand, Lord William, she said,</p> +<p class="i51">For your strokes they are wondrous sair;</p> +<p class="i51">True lovers I can get many a ane,</p> +<p class="i51">But a father I can never get mair."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>There is no note in the <i>Kæmpe Viser</i>, says Mr. Jamieson, on this +subject; nor does he attempt to explain it himself. It has, however, a +clear reference to a very curious Northern superstition.</p> + +<p>Thorkelin, in the essay on the Berserkir, appended to his edition of the +<i>Kristni-Saga</i>, tells us that an old name of the Berserk frenzy was +<i>hamremmi</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, strength acquired from another or strange body, +because it was anciently believed that the persons who were liable to +this frenzy were mysteriously endowed, during its accesses, with a +strange body of unearthly strength. If, however, the Berserk was called +on by his own name, he lost his mysterious form, and his ordinary +strength alone remained. Thus it happens in the <i>Svarfdæla Saga:</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>"Gris called aloud to Klanfi, and said, 'Klanfi, Klanfi! keep a + fair measure,' and instantly the strength which Klanfi had got + in his rage, failed him; so that now he could not even lift the + beam with which he had been fighting."</p></blockquote> + +<p>It is clear, therefore, continues Thorkelin, that the state of men +labouring under the Berserk frenzy was held by some, at least, to +resemble that of those, who, whilst their own body lay at home +apparently dead or asleep, wandered under other forms into distant +places and countries. Such wanderings were called <i>hamfarir</i> by the old +northmen; and were held to be only capable of performance by those who +had attained the very utmost skill in magic.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Richard John King.</span></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>THE RED HAND.—THE HOLT FAMILY.</h3> + +<h4>(Vol. ii., pp. 248. 451.)</h4> + +<p>Your correspondent <span class ="smcap">Este</span>, in allusion to the arms of the Holt +family, in a window of the church of Aston-juxta-Birmingham, refers to +the tradition that one of the family "murdered his cook, and was +afterwards compelled to adopt the red hand in his arms." Este is +perfectly correct in his concise but comprehensive particulars. That +which, by the illiterate, is termed "the bloody hand," and by them +reputed as an abatement of honour, is nothing more than the "Ulster +badge" of dignity. The tradition adds, that Sir Thomas Holt murdered the +cook in a cellar, at the old family mansion, by "running him through +with a spit," and afterwards buried him beneath the spot where the +tragedy was enacted. I merely revert to the subject, because, within the +last three months, the ancient family residence, where the murder is +said to have been committed, has been levelled with the ground; and +among persons who from their position in society might be supposed to be +better informed, considerable anxiety has been expressed to ascertain +whether any portion of the skeleton of the murdered cook has been +discovered beneath the flooring of the cellar, which tradition, fomented +by illiterate gossip, pointed out as the place of his interment. Your +correspondents would confer a heraldic benefit if they would point out +other instances—which I believe to exist—where family reputation has +been damaged by similar ignorance in heraldic interpretation.</p> + +<p>The ancient family residence to which I have referred was situated at +Duddeston, a hamlet adjoining Birmingham. Here the Holts resided until +May, 1631, when Sir Thomas took up his abode at Ashton Hall, a noble +structure in the Elizabethan style of architecture, which, according to +a contemporary inscription, was commenced in April, 1618, and completed +in 1635. Sir Thomas was a decided royalist, and maintained his +allegiance to his sovereign, although the men of Birmingham were +notorious for their disaffection, and the neighbouring garrison of +Edgbaston was occupied by Parliamentarian troops. When Charles I., of +glorious or unhappy memory, was on his way from Shrewsbury to the +important battle of Edgehill, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page507" name="page507"></a>{507}</span> +on the confines of Warwickshire, he +remained with Sir Thomas, as his guest, from the 15th to the 17th of +October (vide Mauley's <i>Iter Carolinum</i>, Gutch's <i>Collectanea</i>, vol. ii. +p. 425.); and a closet is still pointed out to the visitor where he is +said to have been concealed. A neighbouring eminence is to the present +day called "King's Standing," from the fact of the unhappy monarch +having stood thereon whilst addressing his troops. By his acts of +loyalty, Sir Thomas Holt acquired the hostility of his rebellious +neighbours; and accordingly we learn that on the 18th of December, 1643, +he had recourse to Colonel Leveson, who "put forty muskettiers into the +house" to avert impending dangers; but eight days afterwards, on the +26th of December, "the rebels, 1,200 strong, assaulted it, and the day +following tooke it, kil'd 12, and y<sup>e</sup> rest made prisoners, though w<sup>th</sup> +losse of 60 of themselves." (Vide Dugdale's <i>Diary</i>, edited by Hamper, +4to. p. 57.) The grand staircase, deservedly so entitled, bears evident +marks of the injury occasioned at this period, and an offending +cannon-ball is still preserved.</p> + +<p>Edward, the son and heir of Sir Thomas, died at Oxford, on the 28th +August, 1643, and was buried in Christ Church. He was an ardent +supporter of the king. The old baronet was selected as ambassador to +Spain by Charles I., but was excused on account of his infirmities. He +died A.D. 1654, in the eighty-third year of his age. His excellence and +benevolence of character would afford presumptive evidence of the +falsehood of the tradition, if it were not totally exploded by the +absurdity of the hypothesis upon which it is grounded. Sir Thomas was +succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson, Robert, who in compliance +with his will built an almshouse or hospital for five men and five +women. It is unnecessary to pursue the family further, excepting to +state that nearly at the close of the last century the entail was cut +off: the family is now unknown in the neighbourhood, excepting in its +collateral branches, and the hall has passed into the possession of +strangers. Its last occupant was James Watt, Esq., son of the eminent +mechanical philosopher. He died about two years ago, and the venerable +mansion remains tenantless.</p> + +<p>With reference to the ancient family residence of the Holts, at +Duddeston, it will be sufficient to observe, that in the middle of the +last century the house and grounds were converted into a tavern and +pleasure gardens, under the metropolitan title of Vauxhall: and for a +century they continued to afford healthful recreation and scenic +amusement to the busy inhabitants of Birmingham. The amazing increase in +the size and population of the town has at length demanded this +interesting site for building purposes. Within the last three months the +house and gardens have been entirely dismantled, a range of building has +already been erected, and old Vauxhall is now numbered amongst the +things that were.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">J. Goodwin</span>.</p> + +<p>Birmingham.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><i>"Bloody Hands at Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey.</i>—The legends of Sir Richard +Baker (Vol. ii., pp. 67. 244.) and of a member of the Holt family (Vol. +ii., p. 451.) recall to my mind one somewhat similar, connected with a +monument in the church of Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, the appearance of a +"bloody hand" upon which was thus accounted for to me:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Two young brothers of the family of Vincent, the elder of whom + had just come into possession of the estate, were out shooting + on Fairmile Common, about two miles from the village; they had + put up several birds, but had not been able to get a single + shot, when the elder swore with an oath that he would fire at + whatever they next met with. They had not gone much further + before the miller of a mill near at hand (and which is still + standing) passed them, and made some trifling remark. As soon as + he had got by, the younger brother jokingly reminded the elder + of his oath, whereupon the latter immediately fired at the + miller, who fell dead upon the spot. Young Vincent escaped to + his home, and by the influence of his family, backed by large + sums of money, no effective steps were taken to apprehend him, + and he was concealed in the 'Nunnery' on his estate for some + years, when death put a period to the insupportable anguish of + his mind. To commemorate his rash act and his untimely death, + this 'bloody hand' was placed on his monument."</p></blockquote> + +<p>So runs the story as far as I remember; the date I cannot recollect. The +legend was told me after I had left the church, and I had paid no +particular attention to the monument; but I thought at the time that the +hand might be only the Ulster badge. I shall be obliged to any of your +readers who will throw further light upon this matter. A pilgrimage to +Stoke d'Abernon, whose church contains the earliest known brass in +England, would not be uninteresting even at this season of the year.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Arun.</span></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>VONDEL'S LUCIFER.</h3> + +<p>I have to complain of injustice done by a correspondent of +"<span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span> +," to the Dutch poet Vondel. To the question mooted by +F. (Vol. i. p. 142.), whether my countryman's <i>Lucifer</i> has ever been +translated into English, Hermes answers by a passage taken from the +<i>Foreign Quarterly Review</i> for April, 1829; and subjoins a list of the +<i>dramatis personæ</i> "given from the <i>original Dutch</i> before him. The +tragedy itself is condensed by your correspondent into a simple "&c." +Now, if <span class ="smcap">Hermes</span>, instead of referring to a stale review for a +comparison between Vondel's tragedy and the <i>Paradise Lost</i>, without +showing by <i>any</i> proof that Milton's justly renowned epic +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page508" name="page508"></a>{508}</span>is indeed +superior to this, one of the Dutch poet's masterpiece—if +<span class ="smcap">Hermes</span>, being, as I conclude from his own words, conversant +with the language of <i>our</i> Shakspeare, had taken pains to <i>read +Lucifer</i>, he would not have repeated a statement unfavourable to +Vondel's poetical genius. I, for my part, will <i>not</i> hazard a judgment +on poems so different and yet so alike, I will <i>not</i> sneer at Milton's +demon-gods of Olympus, nor laugh at "their artillery discharged in the +daylight of heaven;" for such instances of bad taste are to be +considered as clouds setting off the glories of the whole; but <i>this</i> I +will say, that Vondel wrote his <i>Lucifer</i> in 1654, the sixty-seventh of +his life, while Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i> was composed four years later. +The honour of precedence, in time, at least, belongs to my countryman. +All the odds were against the British poet's competitor, if one who +wrote before him may be so called; for, while Milton enjoyed every +privilege of a sound classical education, Vondel had still to begin a +course of study when more than twenty-six years of age; and, while the +Dutch poet told the price of homely stockings to prosaic burghers, the +writer of <i>Paradise Lost</i> was speaking the language of Torquato Tasso in +the country enraptured by the first sight of <i>la divina comedia</i>.</p> + +<p>I am no friend of polemical writing, and I believe the less we see of it +in your friendly periodical, the better it is; but still I <i>must</i> +protest against such copying of partially-written judgments, when good +information can be got. I say not by stretching out a hand, for the book +was already opened by your correspondent—but alone by using one's eyes +and turning over a leaf or two. Else, why did <span class ="smcap">Hermes</span> learn the +Dutch language? I ask your subscribers if the following verses are +<i>weak</i>, and if they would not have done honour to the English Vondel?</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4" >CHORUS OF ANGELS.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i5">(From <i>Lucifer</i>.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Who sits above heaven's heights sublime,</p> +<p class="i15">Yet fills the grave's profoundest place,</p> +<p class="i51">Beyond eternity, or time,</p> +<p class="i15">Or the vast round of viewless space:</p> +<p class="i51">Who on Himself alone depends—</p> +<p class="i15">Immortal—glorious—but unseen—</p> +<p class="i51">And in his mighty being blends</p> +<p class="i15">What rolls around or flows within.</p> +<p class="i51">Of all we know not—all we know—</p> +<p class="i15">Prime source and origin—a sea,</p> +<p class="i51">Whose waters pour'd on earth below</p> +<p class="i15">Wake blessing's brightest radiancy.</p> +<p class="i51">'Tis power, love, wisdom, first exalted</p> +<p class="i15">And waken'd from oblivion's birth;</p> +<p class="i51">Yon starry arch—yon palace, vaulted—</p> +<p class="i15">Yon heaven of heavens, to smile on earth.</p> +<p class="i51">From his resplendent majesty</p> +<p class="i15">We shade us 'neath our sheltering wings,</p> +<p class="i51">While awe-inspired, and tremblingly</p> +<p class="i15">We praise the glorious King of Kings,</p> +<p class="i51">With sight and sense confused and dim;</p> +<p class="i15">O name—describe the Lord of Lords,</p> +<p class="i51">The seraph's praise shall hallow Him;—</p> +<p class="i15">Or is the theme too vast for words?"</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">RESPONSE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"'Tis God! who pours the living glow</p> +<p class="i15">Of light, creation's fountain-head:</p> +<p class="i51">Forgive the praise—too mean and low—</p> +<p class="i15">Or from the living or the dead.</p> +<p class="i51">No tongue thy peerless name hath spoken,</p> +<p class="i15">No space can hold that awful name;</p> +<p class="i51">The aspiring spirit's wing is broken;—</p> +<p class="i15">Thou wilt be, wert, and art the same!</p> +<p class="i51">Language is dumb. Imagination,</p> +<p class="i15">Knowledge, and science, helpless fall;</p> +<p class="i51">They are irreverent profanation,</p> +<p class="i15">And thou, O God! art all in all.</p> +<p class="i51">How vain on such a thought to dwell!</p> +<p class="i15">Who knows Thee—Thee the All-unknown?</p> +<p class="i51">Can angels be thy oracle,</p> +<p class="i15">Who art—who art Thyself alone?</p> +<p class="i51">None, none can trace Thy course sublime,</p> +<p class="i15">For none can catch a ray from Thee,</p> +<p class="i51">The splendour and the source of time—</p> +<p class="i15">The Eternal of eternity.</p> +<p class="i51">Thy light of light outpour'd conveys</p> +<p class="i15">Salvation in its flight elysian,</p> +<p class="i51">Brighter than e'en Thy mercy's rays;</p> +<p class="i15">But vainly would our feeble vision</p> +<p class="i51">Aspire to Thee. From day to day</p> +<p class="i15">Age steals on us, but meets thee never;</p> +<p class="i51">Thy power is life's support and stay—</p> +<p class="i15">We praise thee, sing thee, Lord! for ever."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">CHORUS.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Holy, holy, holy! Praise—</p> +<p class="i15">Praise be His in every land;</p> +<p class="i51">Safety in His presence stays;</p> +<p class="i15">Sacred is His high command!"</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Dr. Bowring's version,—though a good one, if the difficulty be +considered of giving back a piece of poetry, whose every word is a poem +in itself, and by whose rhyme and accentuation a feeling of +indescribable awe is instilled into the most fastidious reader's +mind,—Dr. Bowring's version is but a feeble reverberation of the holy +fire pervading our Dutch poet's anthem. But still there rests enough in +his copy to give one a high idea of the original. I borrow the same +Englishman's words when I add:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The criticism that instructs, even though it instructs + severely, is most salutary and most valuable. It is of the + criticism that insults, and while it insults, informs not, that + we have a right to complain."—<i>Batavian Anthology</i>, p. 6.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Janus Dousa</span>.</p> + +<p>Manpadt House.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page509" name="page509"></a>{509}</span></p> + +<h3>A MYTH OF MIDRIDGE;</h3> + +<blockquote><p><i>Or, A Story anent a witless Wight's Adventures with the + Midridge Fairies in the Bishoprick of Durham; now more than two + Centuries ago.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p>Talking about fairies the other day to a nearly Octogenarian female +neighbour, I asked, had she ever seen one in her youthful days. Her +answer was in the negative; "but," quoth she, "I've heard my grandmother +tell a story, that Midridge (near Auckland) was a great place for +fairies when she was a child, and for many long years after that." A +rather lofty hill, only a short distance from the village, was their +chief place of resort, and around it they used to dance, not by dozens, +but by hundreds, when the gloaming began to show itself of the summer +nights. Occasionally a villager used to visit the scene of their gambols +in order to catch if it were but a passing glance of the tiny folks, +dressed in their vestments of green, as delicate as the thread of the +gossamer: for well knew the lass so favoured, that ere the current year +had disappeared, she would have become the happy wife of the object of +her only love; and also, as well ken'd the lucky lad that he too would +get a weel tochered lassie, long afore his brow became wrinkled with +age, or the snow-white blossoms had begun to bud forth upon his pate. +Woe to those, however, who dared to come by twos or by threes, with +inquisitive and curious eye, within the bounds of their domain; for if +caught, or only the eye of a fairy fell upon them, ill was sure to +betide them through life. Still more awful, however, was the result if +any were so rash as to address them, either in plain prose or rustic +rhyme. The last instance of their being spoken to, is thus still handed +down by tradition:—''Twas on a beautifully clear evening in the month +of August, when the last sheaf had crowned the last stack in their +master's hagyard, and after calling the "harvest home," the daytale-men +and household servants were enjoying themselves over massive pewter +quarts foaming over with strong beer, that the subject of the evening's +conversation at last turned upon the fairies of the neighbouring hill, +and each related his oft-told tale which he had learned by rote from the +lips of some parish grandame. At last the senior of the mirthful party +proposed to a youthful mate of his, who had dared to doubt even the +existence of such creatures, that he durst not go to the hill, mounted +on his master's best palfrey, and call aloud, at the full extent of his +voice, the following rhymes:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2">"Rise little Lads,</p> +<p class="i25">Wi' your iron gads,</p> +<p>And set the Lad o' Midridge hame."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Tam o' Shanter-like, elated with the contents of the pewter vessels, he +nothing either feared or doubted, and off went the lad to the fairy +hill; so, being arrived at the base, he was nothing loth to extend his +voice to its utmost powers in giving utterance to the above invitatory +verses. Scarcely had the last words escaped his lips ere he was nearly +surrounded by many hundreds of the little folks, who are ever ready to +revenge, with the infliction of the most dreadful punishment, every +attempt at insult. The most robust of the fairies, who I take to have +been Oberon, their king, wielding an enormous javelin, thus, also in +rhymes equally rough, rude, and rustic, addressed the witless wight:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2">"Silly Willy, mount thy filly;</p> +<p class="i25">And if it isn't weel corn'd and fed,</p> +<p>I'll ha' thee afore thou gets hame to thy Midridge bed."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Well was it for Willy that his home was not far distant, and that part +light was still remaining in the sky. Horrified beyond measure, he +struck his spurs into the sides of his beast, who, equally alarmed, +darted off as quick as lightning towards the mansion of its owner. +Luckily it was one of those houses of olden time, which would admit of +an equestrian and his horse within its portals without danger; lucky, +also, was it that at the moment they arrived the door was standing wide +open: so, considering the house a safer sanctuary from the belligerous +fairies than the stable, he galloped direct into the hall, to the no +small amazement of all beholders, when the door was instantly closed +upon his pursuing foes! As soon as Willy was able to draw his breath, +and had in part overcome the effects of his fear, he related to his +comrades a full and particular account of his adventures with the +fairies; but from that time forward, never more could any one, either +for love or money, prevail upon Willy to give the fairies of the hill an +invitation to take an evening walk with him as far as the village of +Midridge!</p> + +<p>To conclude, when the fairies had departed, and it was considered safe +to unbar the door, to give egress to Willy and his filly, it was found, +to the amazement of all beholders, that the identical iron javelin of +the fairy king had pierced through the thick oaken door, which for +service as well as safety was strongly plated with iron, where it still +stuck, and actually required the strength of the stoutest fellow in the +company, with the aid of a smith's great fore-hammer, to drive it forth. +This singular relic of fairy-land was preserved for many generations, +till passing eventually into the hands of one who cared for none of +those things, it was lost, to the no small regret of all lovers of +legendary lore!</p> + +<p class="author">M.A.D.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> + +<p><i>St. Thomas's Day.</i>—A Guernsey charm <i>pour ve ki ke sera son amant</i>—</p> + +<p>"Into a golden pippin stick eighteen new pins, nine in the eye, and nine +in the stem, tie round it the left <span class="pagenum"> +<a id="page510" name="page510"></a>{510}</span> +garter, and place it under the +pillow. Get into bed backwards, saying,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Le jour de St. Thomas,</p> +<p class="i51">Le plus court, le plus bas,</p> +<p class="i51">Je prie Dieu journellement,</p> +<p class="i51">Qu'il me fasse voir, en dormant,</p> +<p class="i51">Celui qui sera mon amant;</p> +<p class="i51">Et le pays et la contrée</p> +<p class="i51">Où il fera sa demeurée,</p> +<p class="i51">Tel qu'il sera je l'aimerai,</p> +<p class="i4">Ainsi soit-il."</p> +</div></div> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Viator.</span></p> + +<p>NOV. 6. 1850.</p> + + +<p><i>Black Doll at Old Store-shops</i> (Vol. i., p. 27.).—Is it not probable +that the black doll was an image of the Virgin, sold at the Reformation +with a lot of church vestments, and other "rags of Popery," as the +Puritans called the surplice, and first hung up by some Puritan or +Hebrew dealer.</p> + +<p>Images of the black Virgin are not uncommon in Roman Catholic churches. +Has the colour an Egyptian origin, or whence is it?</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">A. Holt White</span>.</p> + +<p>Gladwins, Harlow.</p> + + +<p><i>Snake Charming</i>.—Two or three summers ago, I was told a curious story +of snake charming by a lady of undoubted veracity, in whose +neighbourhood (about a dozen miles from Totnes) the occurrence had taken +place. Two coast-guard men in crossing a field fell in with a snake: one +of them, an <i>Irishman</i>, threw his jacket over the animal, and +immediately uttered or muttered a charm over it. On taking up the +garment, after a few seconds had passed, the <i>snake was dead</i>.</p> + +<p>When I heard this story, and understood that the operator was an +Irishman, I bethought me of how Rosalind says, "I was never so be-rhymed +since Pythagoras' time, that I was an Irish rat," and accounted +satisfactorily for the fact that, "as touching snakes, there are no +snakes in <i>Ireland:</i>" for, as the song voucheth, "the snakes committed +suicide to save themselves from slaughter," <i>i.e.</i> they <i>were charmed to +death by St. Patrick</i>.</p> + +<p>I fear it would now be impossible to recover the charm made use of by +the coast-guard man; but I will have inquiry made, and if I can obtain +any further particulars, I will forward them to you.</p> + +<p class = "author">J.M.B.</p> + + +<p><i>Mice as a Medicine</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).—The remedy of the roast +mouse recommended in <i>The Pathway to Health</i> (which I find is in the +British Museum), is also prescribed in <i>Most Excellent and Approved +Remedies</i>, 1652:—"Make it in powder," says the author, "and drink it +off at one draught, and it will presently help you, especially if you +use it three mornings together." The following is "an excellent remedy +to stanch bleeding:"—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Take a toad and dry him very well in the sun, then put him in a + linen bag, and hang him with a string about the neck of the + party that bleedeth, and let it hang so low that it may touch + the breast on the left side near unto the heart; and this will + certainly stay all manner of bleeding at the mouth, nose," &c.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Sage leaves, yarrow, and ale, are recommended for a "gnawing at the +heart;" which I think should be "made a note of" for the benefit of poor +poets and disappointed authors.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Wedsecnarf.</span></p> + + +<p><i>Mice as a Medicine</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).—I was stopping about +three years ago in the house of a gentleman whose cook had been in the +service of a quondam Canon of Ch. Ch., who averred that she roasted mice +to cure her master's children of the hooping cough. She said it had the +effect of so doing.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Chas. Paslam.</span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Many Nits, [nuts]</p> +<p class="i51">Many Pits."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>A common saying hereabouts, meaning that if hazel-nuts, haws, hips, &c., +are plentiful, many deaths will occur. But whether the deaths are to be +occasioned by nut-devouring or by seasonal influence, I cannot +ascertain. In many places, an abundant crop of hips and haws is supposed +to betoken a severe winter.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Chas. Paslam.</span></p> + + +<p><i>Swans hatched during Thunder.</i>—The fable of the singing of swans at +death is well known; but I recently heard a bit of "folk lore" as to the +birth of swans quite as poetical, and probably equally true. It is this: +that swans are always hatched during a thunderstorm. I was told this by +an old man in Hampshire, who had been connected with the care of swans +all his life. He, however, knew nothing about their singing at death.</p> + +<p>Is this opinion as to the birth of swans common? If so, probably some of +your numerous correspondents will detail the form in which such belief +is expressed.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Robert Rawlinson.</span></p> + + +<p><i>Snakes</i> (Vol. ii., p. 164.).—Several years ago, in returning from an +excursion from Clevedon, in Somerset, to Cadbury Camp, I saw a viper on +the down, which I pointed out to the old woman in charge of the donkeys, +who assailed it with a stout stick, and nearly killed it. I expressed +surprise at her leaving it with some remains of life; but she said that, +whatever she did to it, it would "live till sun-down, and as soon as the +sun was set it would die." The same superstition prevails in Cornwall, +and also in Devon.</p> + +<p class="author">H.G.T.</p> + + +<p><i>Pixies or Piskies.</i>—At Chudleigh Rocks I was told, a few weeks ago, by +the old man who acts as guide to the caves, of a recent instance of a +man's being pixy-led. In going home, full of strong drink, across the +hill above the cavern called the "Pixies' Hole," on a moonlit night, he +heard sweet <span class="pagenum"><a id="page511" name="page511"></a>{511}</span> +music, and was led into the whirling dance by the "good +folk," who kept on spinning him without mercy, till he fell down "in a +swoon."</p> + +<p>On "coming to himself," he got up and found his way home, where he "took +to his bed, and never left it again, but died a little while after," the +victim (I suppose) of <i>delirium tremens</i>, or some such disorder, the +incipient symptoms of which his haunted fancy turned into the sweet +music in the night wind and the fairy revel on the heath. In the tale I +have above given he persisted (said the old man), when the medical +attendant who was called in inquired of him the symptoms of his illness. +This occurrence happened, I understood, very recently, and was told to +me in perfect good faith.</p> + +<p>I have just been told of a man who several years ago lost his way on +Whitchurch Down, near Tavistock. The farther he went the farther he had +to go; but happily calling to mind the antidote "in such case made and +provided," he turned his coat inside out, after which he had no +difficulty in finding his way. "He was supposed," adds my informant, "to +be pisky-led."</p> + +<p>About ten miles from Launceston, on the Bodmin road (or at least in that +direction) is a large piece of water called Dosmere (pronounced Dosmery) +Pool. A tradition of the neighbourhood says that on the shores of this +lonely mere the ghosts of bad men are ever employed in binding the sand +"in bundles with <i>beams</i> of the same" (a local word meaning <i>bands</i>, in +Devonshire called <i>beans;</i> as <i>hay-beans</i>, and in this neighbourhood +hay-<i>beams</i>, for hay-bands). These ghosts, or some of them, were driven +out (they say "<i>horsewhipped</i> out," at any rate exorcised in some sort) +"by the parson" from Launceston.</p> + +<p class="author">H.G.T.</p> + +<p>Launceston.</p> + + +<p><i>Straw Necklaces</i> (Vol. i., p. 104).—Perhaps these straw necklaces were +anciently worn to preserve their possessors against <i>witchcraft;</i> for, +till the thirteenth century, straw was spread on the floors to defend a +house from the same evil agencies. Cf. <i>Le Grand d'Aussi Vie des Anciens +Francs</i>, tom. iii. pp. 132. 134; "<span class ="smcap">Notes</span> +<small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span>" +pp. 245. 294.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Janus Dousa.</span></p> + + +<p><i>Breaking Judas' Bones.</i>—On Good Friday eve the children at Boppart, on +the Rhine, in Germany, have the custom of making a most horrid noise +with <i>rattles</i>. They call it <i>breaking the bones of Judas</i>. Cf. +"<span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> +<span class ="smcap">Queries</span>," Vol. i., p. 357.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Janus Dousa.</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>LOCAL RHYMES AND PROVERBS OF DEVONSHIRE.</h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"River of Dart, oh river of Dart,</p> +<p class="i51">Every year thou claim'st a heart."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>It is said that a year never passes without the drowning of one person, +at least, in the Dart. The river has but few fords, and, like all +mountain streams, it is liable to sudden risings, when the water comes +down with great strength and violence. Compare Chambers' <i>Popular +Rhymes</i>, p. 8., "Tweed said to Till," &c. See also Olaus Wormius, +<i>Monumenta Danica</i>, p. 17.</p> + +<p>The moormen never say "<i>the</i> Dart," but always " +Dart." "Dart came down +last night—he is very full this morning." The <i>cry</i> of the river is the +name given to that louder sound which rises toward nightfall. Cranmere +Pool, the source of the Dart, is a place of punishment for unhappy +spirits. They may frequently be heard wailing in the morasses there. +Compare Leyden <i>Scenes of Infancy</i>, pp. 315, 316., &c.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Wescote (<i>View of Devonshire:</i> Exeter, 1845 (reprint), p. 348.) has a +curious story of the Tamar and Torridge. It is worth comparing with a +local rhyme given by Chambers, p. 26.: "Annan, Tweed, and Clyde," &c.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"When Haldon hath a hat</p> +<p class="i51">Kenton may beware a skat."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>This often quoted saying is curiously illustrated by a passage from the +romance of Sir Gawaya and the Grene Knicht (Madden's <i>Sir Gawaya</i>, p. +77.):</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Mist muged on the mor, malt on the mountes,</p> +<p class="i51"><i>Uch hille hadde a hatte</i>, a myst-hakel huge."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>In the note on this passage Sir Frederick quotes two proverbs like the +Devonshire one above. They are, however, well known, and there is no +lack of similar sayings.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"When Plymouth was a furzy down,</p> +<p class="i51">Plympton was a borough town."</p> +</div></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>When Brutus of Troy landed at Totnes, he gave the town its name; thus,—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Here I sit, and here I rest,</p> +<p class="i51">And this town shall be called Totnes."</p> +</div></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone,</p> +<p class="i51">When the Conqueror came, were found at home."</p> +</div></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Who on the Sabbath pares his horn,</p> +<p class="i51">'Twere better for him he had never been born."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"At toto Thori die hominibus ungues secare minime licuit."</p> +<p>—Finn Magnusen, <i>Lex. Edd.</i>, s.v. <i>Thor</i>.</p> +</div></div> + +<p>In the district of Bohnsland, in Sweden, in the middle of the eighteenth +century, it was not thought proper to fell wood on the afternoon of +Thursday. (Id.)</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Many slones [sloes], many groans,</p> +<p class="i51">Many nits [nuts], many pits."</p> +</div></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"When the aspen leaves are no bigger than your nail,</p> +<p class="i51">Is the time to look out for truff and peel."</p> +</div></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page512" name="page512"></a>{512}</span> +<i>Margaret's Flood</i>.—Heavy rain is expected about the time of St. +Margaret's day (July 20th). It is called "Margaret's flood."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Widdecombe folks are picking their geese,</p> +<p class="i35">Faster, faster, faster."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>A saying among the parishes of the south coast during a snow-storm. +'Widdecombe' is "Widdecombe in the Dartmoors."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Quiet sow, quiet mow."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>A saying with reference to land or lease held on lives. If the seed is +sown without notice of the death of the life, the corn may be reaped, +although the death took place before the sowing.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Bees.—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"If they swarm in May,</p> +<p class="i51">They're worth a pound next day.</p> +<p class="i51">If they swarm in July,</p> +<p class="i51">They're not worth a fly."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Bees must never be bought. It is best to give a sack of wheat for a +hive.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><i>Dinnick</i> is the Devonshire name of a small bird, said to follow and +feed the cuckoo.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>A cat will not remain in a house with an unburied corpse; and rooks will +leave the place until after the funeral, if the rookery be near the +house.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>It is proper to make a low bow whenever a single magpie is seen.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>It is not considered safe to plant a bed of lilies of the valley; the +person doing so will probably die in the course of the next twelve +months.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Where the rainbow rests, is a crock of gold.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>A cork under the pillow is a certain cure for cramp.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>Seven different herbs must be used for making a herb poultice.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The editor remembers a female relation of a former vicar of St. + Erth, who, instructed by a dream, prepared decoctions of various + herbs, and repairing to the Land's End, poured them into the + sea, with certain incantations, with the expectation of seeing + the Lionesse rise immediately out of the water having all its + inhabitants alive, notwithstanding their long + immersion."—Davies Gilbert's <i>Cornwall</i>, vol. iii. p. 310.</p></blockquote> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>If the fire blazes up brightly when the crock is hung up, it is a sign +there is a stranger coming.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><i>Cure for Thrush</i>.—Take the child to a running stream, draw a straw +through its mouth, and repeat the verse, "Out of the mouth of babes and +sucklings," &c.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>A creature of enormous size, called a "bull-frog," is believed to live +under the foundation stones of old houses, hedges, &c. I remember having +heard it spoken of with great awe.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><i>Hen and Chickens.</i>—In a parish adjoining Dartmoor is a green fairy +ring of considerable size, within which a black hen and chickens are +occasionally seen at nightfall.</p> + +<p>The vicar of a certain Devonshire parish was a distinguished student of +the black art, and possessed a large collection of mysterious books and +manuscripts. During his absence at church, one of his servants visited +his study, and finding a large volume open on the desk, imprudently +began to read it aloud. He had scarcely read half a page when the sky +became dark, and a great wind shook the house violently; still he read +on; and in the midst of the storm the door flew open, and a black hen +and chickens came into the room. They were of the ordinary size when +they first appeared, but gradually became larger and larger, until the +hen was of the bigness of a good sized ox. At this point the vicar +suddenly closed his discourse, and dismissed his congregation, saying he +was wanted at home, and hoped he might arrive there in time. When he +entered the chamber the hen was already touching the ceiling. But he +threw down a bag of rice, which stood ready in the corner; and whilst +the hen and chickens were busily picking up the grains, he had time to +reverse the spell.—(Ceridwer takes the form of a hen in the <i>Hanes +Taliesin</i>.) I believe a hen and chickens is sometimes found on the +bosses of early church roofs. A sow and pigs certainly are. A black sow +and pigs haunt many cross roads in Devonshire.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The <i>Dewerstone</i> is a lofty mass of rock rising above the bed of the +Plym, on the southern edge of Dartmoor. During a deep snow, the traces +of a naked human foot and of a cloven hoof were found ascending to the +highest point. The valley below is haunted by a black headless dog. +Query, is it Dewerstone, Tiwes-tun, or Tiwes-stan?—(Kemble's <i>Saxons</i>, +vol. i. p. 351.)</p> + +<hr class="short"/> + +<p>The great Cromlech at Drewsteignton is said to have been erected by +three <i>spinsters</i> (meaning <i>spinners</i>); another legend says by three +young men. The first is the more usual saying. The Cromlech is generally +called "The Spinster's Rock." Rowe (<i>Dartmoor</i>, p. 99.) suggests that +the three spinsters were the Valkyrien, or perhaps the Fates. He is no +doubt right.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Rock and stone legends abound. A great quoit on the top of Heltor is +said to have been thrown <span class="pagenum"><a id="page513" name="page513"></a>{513}</span> +there by the Devil during fight with King +Arthur. Adin's Hole (Etin's) is the name of a sea cavern near Torquay; +another is Daddy's Hole. The Devil long hindered the building of +Buckfastleigh Church, which stands on the top of a steep hill. A stone, +at about the distance of a mile, has the marks of his finger and thumb. +The stone circles, &c. on Dartmoor, are said to have been made "when +there were wolves on the hills, and winged serpents in the low lands." +On the side of Belstone Tor, near Oakhampton, is a small grave circle +called "Nine Stones." It is said to dance every day at noon.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Whoever shall find the treasure hidden in Ringmore Down, may plough with +a golden plough-share, and yoke his oxen with golden cross-sticks.</p> + +<p class="author">R.J.K.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>A CHRISTMAS CAROL.</h3> + +<p>The following carol has not, I believe, been printed in any of the +modern collections; certainly it is not in those of Mr. Sandys and Mr. +Wright. It is copied from Ad. MS. Brit. Mus. 15,225, a manuscript of the +time of James I. It may, perhaps, bethought appropriate for insertion in +your Christmas number. I have modernised the orthography.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2">A CAROL FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p >Rejoice, rejoice, with heart and voice,</p> +<p >For Christ his birth this day rejoice.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">1.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>From Virgin's womb to us this day did spring</p> +<p class="i1">The precious seed that only saved man;</p> +<p>This day let man rejoice and sweetly sing,</p> +<p class="i1">Since on this day salvation first began.</p> +<p>This day did Christ man's soul from death remove,</p> +<p>With glorious saints to dwell in heaven above.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">2.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>This day to man came pledge of perfect peace,</p> +<p class="i1">This day to man came love and unity,</p> +<p>This day man's grief began for to surcease,</p> +<p class="i1">This day did man receive a remedy</p> +<p>For each offence, and every deadly sin,</p> +<p>With guilt of heart that erst he wander'd in.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">3.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>In Christ his flock let love be surely placed,</p> +<p class="i1">From Christ his flock let concord hate expel,</p> +<p>In Christ his flock let love be so embraced,</p> +<p class="i1">As we in Christ, and Christ in us, may dwell.</p> +<p>Christ is the author of all unity,</p> +<p>From whence proceedeth all felicity.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">4.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>O sing unto this glittering glorious King,</p> +<p class="i1">And praise His name let every living thing;</p> +<p>Let heart and voice, let bells of silver, ring,</p> +<p class="i1">The comfort that this day to us did bring;</p> +<p>Let lute, let shawm, with sound of sweet delight,</p> +<p>The joy of Christ his birth this day recite.</p> +</div></div> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Buon. Eric.</span></p> + + +<hr /> +<h3>A NOTE FOR LITTLE BOYS.</h3> + +<p>In order that all good little boys who take an interest in the +"<span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> +<span class ="smcap">Queries</span>" may know how much more lucky it is for them +to be little boys now, than it was in the ancient times, I would wish +them to be informed of the cruel manner in which even good little boys +were liable to be treated by the law of the Ripuarians. When a sale of +land took place it was required that there should be twelve witnesses, +and with these as many boys, in whose presence the price of the land +should be paid, and its formal surrender take place; and then the boys +were beaten, and their ears pulled, so that the pain thus inflicted upon +them should make an impression upon their memory, and that they might, +if necessary, be afterwards witnesses as to the sale and delivery of the +land. (<i>Lex Ripuarium LX., de Traditionibus et Testibus.</i>) In a note of +Balucius upon this passage he states:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"A practice somewhat similar to this prevails in our our times, + for in some of the provinces, whenever a notorious criminal is + condemned to death, parents bring their sons with them to the + place of execution, and, at the moment that he is put to death, + they whip their children with rods, so that being thus excited + by their own sufferings, and by seeing the punishment inflicted + on another for his sins, they may ever bear in mind how + necessary it is for them, in their progress through life, to be + prudent and virtuous."—<i>Rev. Gall. et Franc. Script.</i>, vol. iv. + p. 277. n.e.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">W.B. Maccabe.</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>SIMILARITY OF TRADITIONS.</h3> + +<p>Having recently met with some curious instances of the extent to which +the same or similar traditions extend themselves, not only in our own +country, but in Wales and France, I have "made a note" of them for your +service.</p> + +<p><i>Burying in the church wall</i> is supposed to be burying in neutral +ground.</p> + +<p>In the north wall of the church of Tremeirchion, near the banks of the +Elwy, North Wales (described by Pennant, vol. ii. p. 139.), is the tomb +of a former vicar, Daffydd Ddu, or the black of Hiradduc, who was vicar +of the parish, and celebrated as a necromancer, flourishing about 1340. +Of him the tradition is, that he proved himself more clever than the +Wicked One himself. A bargain was made between them that the vicar +should practise the black art with impunity during his life, but that +the Wicked One should possess his body after death, whether he were +buried within or without the church; and that the worthy vicar cheated +his ally of his bargain by being buried neither within nor without the +church, but in the wall itself.</p> + +<p>A very similar tradition exists at Brent Pelham, Hertfordshire, with +reference to the tomb of Pierce Shonke, which was also in the wall. He +is said to have died A.D. 1086. Under the feet of the figure + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page514" name="page514"></a>{514}</span>was a +"cross flourie, and under the cross a serpent" (Weever, p. 549.), and +the inscription is thus translated in Chauncy's <i>Hertfordshire</i>, p. 143:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Nothing of Cadmus nor St. George, those names</p> +<p class="i51">Of great renown, survives them, but their fames;</p> +<p class="i51">Time was so sharp set as to make no bones</p> +<p class="i51">Of theirs nor of their monumental stones,</p> +<p class="i51">But <i>Shonke</i> one serpent kills, t'other defies,</p> +<p class="i51">And in this wall as in a fortress lyes."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Whilst in the north wall of Rouen Cathedral is the tomb of an early +archbishop, who having accidentally killed a man by hitting him with a +soup ladle, because the soup given by the servant to the poor was of an +inferior quality, thought himself unworthy of a resting-place within the +church, and disliking to be buried without, was interred in the wall +itself.</p> + + +<p><i>Miraculous Cures for Lameness.</i>—The holy well <i>Y fynnon fair</i>, or Our +Lady's Well, near Pont yr allt Gôch, close to the Elwy, has to this day +the reputation of curing lameness so thoroughly, that those who can +reach it walking on crutches may fling their crutches away on their +return home. Welsh people still come several miles over the hills to +this holy spring. A whole family was there when I visited its healing +waters last month.</p> + +<p>The same virtue is ascribed at Rouen to a walk to the altar at St. +Katherine's Church, at the top of St. Katherine's Hill, where the +cast-off crutches have been preserved. In the latter case something less +than a miracle may account for the possibility of going away without +crutches; for they may be required to mount to a lofty eminence, and may +well be dispensed with on coming down: but as this supposition would +lessen the value of a tradition implicitly believed, of course all +sensible men will reject it at once.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Wm. Durant Cooper.</span></p> + +<p>81. Guilford Street.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<h3>PIXEY LEGENDS.</h3> + +<p>In reference to your correspondent H.G.T.'s article on <i>pixies</i> (Vol. +ii., p. 475.), allow me to say that I have read the distich which he +quotes in a tale to the following effect:—In one of the southern +counties of England—(all the pixey tales which I have heard or read +have their seat laid in the south of England)—there lived a lass who +was courted and wed by a man who, after marriage, turned out to be a +drunkard, neglecting his work, which was that of threshing, thereby +causing his pretty wife to starve. But after she could bear this no +longer, she dressed herself in her husband's clothes (whilst he slept +off the effects of his drunkenness), and went to the barn to do her +husband's work. On the morning of the second day, when she went to the +barn, she found a large pile of corn threshed, which she had not done; +and so she found, for three or four days, her pile of corn doubled. One +night she determined to watch and see who did it, and carrying her +intention into practice, she saw a little pixey come into the barn with +a tiny flail, with which he set to work so vigorously that he soon +threshed a large quantity. During his work he sang,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Little Pixey, fair and slim,</p> +<p class="i51">Without a rag to cover him."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>The next day the good woman made a complete suit of miniature clothes, +and hung them up behind the barn door, and watched to see what <i>pixey</i> +would do. I forgot to mention that he hung his flail behind the door +when he had done with it.</p> + +<p>At the usual time the pixey came to work, went to the door to take down +his flail, and saw the suit of clothes, took them down, and put them on +him, and surveyed himself with a satisfied air, and sang</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Pixey fine, and pixie gay.</p> +<p class="i51">Pixey now must fly away."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>It then flew away, and she never saw it more.</p> + +<p>In this tale the word was invariably spelt "pixey."</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Tysil.</span></p> + + +<p><i>Pixies.</i>—The <i>puckie</i>-stone is a rock above the Teign, near Chagford. +In the <i>Athenæum</i> I mentioned the rags in which the pixies generally +appear. In <i>A Narrative of some strange Events that took place in Island +Magee and Neighbourhood in 1711</i>, is this description of a spirit that +troubled the house of Mr. James Hattridge:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"About the 11th of December, 1710, when the aforesaid Mrs. + Hattridge was sitting at the kitchen-fire, in the evening, + before daylight going, a little boy (as she and the servants + supposed) came in and sat down beside her, having an old black + bonnet on his head, with short black hair, a half-worn blanket + about him, trailing on the ground behind him, and a <i>torn</i> black + vest under it. He seemed to be about ten or twelve years old, + but he still covered his face, holding his arm with a piece of + the blanket before it. She desired to see his face, but he took + no notice of her. Then she asked him several questions; viz., if + he was cold or hungry? If he would have any meat? Where he came + from, and where he was going? To which he made no answer, but + getting up, danced very nimbly, leaping higher than usual, and + then ran out of the house as far as the end of the garden, and + sometimes into the cowhouse, the servants running after him to + see where he would go, but soon lost sight of him; but when they + returned, he would be close after them in the house, which he + did above a dozen of times. At last the little girl, seeing her + master's dog coming in, said, 'Now my master is coming he will + take a course with this troublesome creature,' upon which he + immediately went away, and troubled them no more till the month + of February, 1711."</p></blockquote> + +<p>This costume is appropriate enough for an Irish spirit; but here may +possibly be some connexion with the ragged clothes of the Pixies. (Comp. +"Tatrman," <i>Deutsche Mythol.</i>, p. 470.; and Canciani's note "De +Simulachris de Pannis factis," <i>Leges Barbar.</i>, iii. p. 108.; <i>Indic. +Superst.</i>) The common story of Brownie and his clothes is, I suppose, +connected.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page515" name="page515"></a>{515}</span> +In some parts of Devonshire the pixies are called "derricks," evidently +the A.-S. "doeorg." In Cornwall it is believed that wherever the pixies +are fond of resorting, the depths of the earth are rich in metal. Very +many mines have been discovered by their singing.</p> + +<p class="author">R.J.K.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>THE POOL OF THE BLACK HOUND.</h3> + +<p>In the parish of Dean Prior is a narrow wooded valley, watered by a +streamlet, that in two or three places falls into cascades of +considerable beauty. At the foot of one of these is a deep hollow called +the Hound's Pool. Its story is as follows.</p> + +<p>There once lived in the hamlet of Dean Combe a weaver of great fame and +skill. After long prosperity he died, and was buried. But the next day +he appeared sitting at the loom in his chamber, working diligently as +when he was alive. His sons applied to the parson, who went accordingly +to the foot of the stairs, and heard the noise of the weaver's shuttle +in the room above. "Knowles!" he said, "come down; this is no place for +thee." "I will," said the weaver, "as soon as I have worked out my +quill," (the "quill" is the shuttle full of wool). "Nay," said the +vicar, "thou hast been long enough at thy work; come down at once!"—So +when the spirit came down, the vicar took a handful of earth from the +churchyard, and threw it in its face. And in a moment it became a black +hound. "Follow me," said the vicar; and it followed him to the gate of +the wood. And when they came there, it seemed as if all the trees in the +wood were "coming together," so great was the wind. Then the vicar took +a nutshell with a hole in it, and led the hound to the pool below the +waterfall. "Take this shell," he said; "and when thou shalt have dipped +out the pool with it, thou mayst rest—not before." And at mid-day, or +at midnight, the hound may still be seen at its work.</p> + +<p class ="author">R.J.K.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>POPULAR RHYMES.</h3> + +<p>The following popular rhymes may perhaps amuse some of your readers. +They are not to be found in the article "Days Lucky or Unlucky," in +Brand's <i>Popular Antiquities</i>, or in Sir Henry Ellis's notes (see his +edition, vol. ii. p. 27.), and perhaps have never been printed:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Days of the Week.—Marriage.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i51">"Monday for wealth,</p> +<p class="i1">Tuesday for health,</p> +<p>Wednesday the best day of all;</p> +<p class="i1">Thursday for crosses,</p> +<p class="i1">Friday for losses,</p> +<p>Saturday no luck at all."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4"><i>Moon.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p >"Saturday new,</p> +<p class="i51">And Sunday full,</p> +<p class="i51">Never was fine,</p> +<p class="i51">And never wool."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Days of the Week.—Birth.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Born of a Monday,</p> +<p class="i15">Fair in face;</p> +<p class="i51">Born of a Tuesday,</p> +<p class="i15">Full of God's grace;</p> +<p class="i51">Born of a Wednesday,</p> +<p class="i15">Merry and glad;</p> +<p class="i51">Born of a Thursday,</p> +<p class="i15">Sour and sad;</p> +<p class="i51">Born of a Friday,</p> +<p class="i15">Godly given;</p> +<p class="i51">Born of a Saturday,</p> +<p class="i15">Work for your living;</p> +<p class="i51">Born of a Sunday,</p> +<p class="i15">Never shall we want;</p> +<p class="i51">So there ends the week,</p> +<p class="i15">And there's an end on't."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i1"><i>How to treat a Horse.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Up the hill, urge him not;</p> +<p class="i51">Down the bill, drive him not;</p> +<p class="i51">Cross the flat, spare him not;</p> +<p class="i51">To the hostler, trust him not."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class ="i1"><i>How to sow Beans.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"One for the mouse,</p> +<p class="i51">One for the crow,</p> +<p class="i51">One to rot,</p> +<p class="i51">One to grow."</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class ="i1"><i>January Weather.</i></p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"When the days lengthen,</p> +<p class ="i51">The colds strengthen."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Two German proverbial distiches, similar to the last, are given in +Körte's <i>Sprichwörter</i>, p. 548.:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Wenn de Dage fangt an to längen,</p> +<p class="i51">Fangt de Winter an to strengen."</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i15">"Wenn die Tage langen,</p> +<p class="i2">Kommt der Winter gegangen."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>With the first set of rhymes, we may compare the following verses on +washing on the successive days of the week, in Halliwell's <i>Nursery +Rhymes of England</i>, p. 42. ed. 3.:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"They that wash on Monday</p> +<p class="i15">Have all the week to dry;</p> +<p class="i51">They that wash on Tuesday,</p> +<p class="i15">Are not so much awry;</p> +<p class="i51">They that wash on Wednesday,</p> +<p class="i15">Are not so much to blame;</p> +<p class="i51">They that wash on Thursday,</p> +<p class="i15">Wash for shame;</p> +<p class="i51">They that wash on Friday,</p> +<p class="i15">Wash in need;</p> +<p class="i51">And they that wash on Saturday,</p> +<p class="i15">Oh! they are sluts indeed."</p> +</div></div> + +<p class="author">L.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>Minor Notes.</h2> + +<p><i>"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde."</i>—Have these terms, +which play so memorable a part in the "Tale of King Edward and the Shepherd" +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page516" name="page516"></a>{516}</span> +(Hartshorne's <i>Ancient Metrical Tales</i>) been explained? The shepherd's +instructions (pp. 48, 49.) seem more zealous than luminous; but it has +occurred to me that <i>perhaps</i> "passelodion," "passilodyon," or +"passilodion" may have some reference to the ancient custom of drinking +from a <i>peg</i>-tankard, since πάσσαλος +means a <i>peg</i>, and πάσσαλῳδία +would be a legitimate pedantic rendering of <i>peg-song</i>, or +<i>peg-stave</i>, and <i>might</i> be used to denote an exclamation on having +<i>reached the peg</i>.</p> + +<p class="author">H.G.T.</p> + + +<p><i>Inscription on an Alms-dish.</i>—In Bardsea Church, Island of Furness, is +an alms-dish(?) of a large size, apparently very old, gilt, and bearing +the following inscription:—</p> + + +<p class='center'>"WYLT : GHY : LANGHELEVEN : + SOO : ERT : GODT :</p> +<p class='center'>ENDE : HOOVT : ZYN : +GEBAT : VORWAR."</p> + + +<p>Bardsea Church is recently erected in a district taken out of Urswick +parish.</p> + +<p>Can any of your readers give an explanation of the inscription?</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">F.B. Relton.</span></p> + +<p class="note">[This is another specimen of the alms-dishes, of which several have been +described in our First Volume. The legend may be rendered, <i>If thou wilt +live long, honour God, and above all keep His commandments</i>.]</p> + + +<p><i>The Use of the French Word "savez."</i>—About fifty years ago the use of +the French word <i>savez</i>, from the verb <i>savoir</i>, to know, was in general +use (and probably is so at the present time) among the negroes in the +island of Barbadoes,—"<i>Me no savez, Massa</i>," for, "I do not know, +Master (or Sir)." It occurred to the writer at that time as a very +singular fact, because the French had never occupied that island; nor is +he aware of any French negroes having been introduced there. He had also +been informed of its use in other places, but made no note of it. In the +<i>Morning Herald</i> of the 7th instant there is a statement that the +Chinese at Canton, speaking a little English, make use of the same word. +Can any of your readers give an explanation of this?</p> + +<p class="author">J.F.</p> + + +<p><i>Job's Luck</i>.—I send you another version of Job's luck, in addition to +those that have lately appeared in "<span class="smcap">Notes</span> +<small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span>:"</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"The devil engaged with Job's patience to battle,</p> +<p class="i51">Tooth and nail strove to worry him out of his life;</p> +<p class="i51">He robb'd him of children, slaves, houses, and cattle,</p> +<p class="i51">But, mark me, he ne'er thought of taking his wife.</p> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"But heaven at length Job's forbearance rewards,</p> +<p class="i51">At length double wealth, double honour arrives,</p> +<p class="i51">He doubles his children, slaves, houses, and herds,</p> +<p class="i51">But we don't hear a word of a couple of wives."</p> +</div></div> + +<p class="author">A.M.</p> + + +<p><i>The Assassination of Mountfort in Norfolk street, Strand.</i>—The murder +of Mountfort is related with great particularity in Galt's <i>Lives of the +Players</i>, and is also detailed in, if I recollect aright, Mr. Jesse's +<i>London and its Celebrities;</i> but in neither account is the following +anecdote mentioned, the purport of which adds, if possible, to the +blackness of Mohun's character:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Mr. Shorter, Horace Walpole's mother's father, was walking down + Norfolk Street in the Strand, to his house there, just before + poor Mountfort the player was killed in that street by assassins + hired by Lord Mohun. This nobleman lying in for his prey, came + up and embraced Mr. Shorter by mistake, saying 'Dear Mountfort.' + It was fortunate that he was instantly undeceived, for Mr. + Shorter had hardly reached his house before the Murder took + place."—<i>Walpoliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 97., 2nd ed.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="author">J.B.C.</p> + + +<p><i>The Oldenburgh Horn</i> (Vol. ii., p. 417.) is preserved amongst the +antiquities in the Gallery of the King of Denmark at Copenhagen. It is +of silver gilt, and ornamented in paste with enamel. It is considered by +the Danish antiquaries to be of the time of Christian I., in the latter +half of the fifteenth century. There are engraved on it coats of arms +and inscriptions, which show that it was made for King Christian I., in +honour of the three kings, or wise men, on whose festival he used it, at +Cologne.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">W.C. Trevelyan.</span></p> + +<p>Wallington, Dec. 19. 1850.</p> + +<p class="note">[We avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded by Sir Walter +Trevelyan's communication to add from Vulpius (<i>Handwörterbuch der +Mythologie</i>) the following additional references to representations and +descriptions of this celebrated horn—which is there said (p. 184.) to +have been found in 1639:—Schneider, <i>Saxon. Vetust.</i> p. 314.; +Winkelmann's <i>Oldenburgische Chronik.</i> s. 59.; S. Meyer, <i>Vom +Oldenburgischen Wunderhorne</i>, Bremen, 1757.]</p> + + +<p><i>Curious Custom</i>.—In 1833 the late Record Commissioners issued Circular +Questions to the Municipal Corporations of England and Wales, requesting +various information; among such questions was the following:—"Do any +remarkable customs prevail, or have any remarkable customs prevailed +within memory, in relation to the ceremonies accompanying the choice of +corporate officers, annual processions, feasts, &c., not noticed in the +printed histories or accounts of your borough? Describe them, if there +be such."</p> + +<p>To this question the borough of Chippenham, Wilts, replied as +follows:—"The corporation dine together twice a-year, and <i>pay for it +themselves</i>!" (<i>Report of Record Commissioners</i>, 1837, p. 442.)</p> + +<p class="author">J.E.</p> + + +<p><i>Kite</i> (<i>French</i>, "<i>Cerf-volant</i>").—Some years ago, when reading Dr. +Paris' popular work called <i>Philosophy in Sport made Science in +Earnest</i>, 5th edition, London, J. Murray, 1842, I observed that the +author could not explain the meaning of the French term "cerf-volant," +applied to the toy so well known among boys in England as a "kite," and +in Scotland as a "dragon." The following passages will solve this +mystery:<span class="pagenum"><a id="page517" name="page517"></a>{517}</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>"Cerf-volant. Scarabæus lucanus. Sorte d'insecte volant qui + porte des cornes dentelées, comme celles du cerf.</p> + +<p> "Cerf-volant. Ludicra scarabei lucani effigies. On donne ce nom + à une sorte de joüet d'enfans qui est composé de quelques bâtons + croisés sur lesquels on étend du papier, et exposant cette + petite machine à l'air, le moindre vent la fait voler. On la + retient et on la tire comme l'on veut, par le moyen d'une longue + corde qui y est attachée."—See <i>Dictionnaire de la Langue + Françoise</i>, de Pierre Richelet; à Amsterdam, 1732.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In Kirby and Spence's <i>Entomology</i>, vol. ii. p. 224., they mention "the +terrific and protended jaws of the stag-beetle of Europe, the <i>Lucanus +Cervus</i> of Linnæus."</p> + +<p>The "toothed horns" alluded to by Richelet are represented by the pieces +of stiff paper fastened at intervals, and at right angles, to the +string-tail of the toy kite, or dragon, so much delighted in by boys at +certain seasons of the year in England and Scotland.</p> + +<p class="author">G.F.G.</p> + +<p>Edinburgh.</p> + + +<p><i>Epitaph on John Randal.</i>—As a counterpart to Palise's death, I have +sent a Warwickshire epitaph, taken from Watford Magna churchyard, +written about the same period:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Here old John Randal lies, who counting by his sale,</p> +<p class="i51">Lived three score years and ten, such virtue was in ale;</p> +<p class="i51">Ale was his meat, ale was his drink, ale did his heart revive,</p> +<p class="i51">And could he still have drunk his ale, he still had been alive."</p> +</div></div> + +<p class="author">J.R.</p> + + +<p><i>Playing Cards.</i>—As a rider to <span class ="smcap">The Hermit Of Holyport's</span> Query +respecting his playing cards (Vol. ii., p. 462.), I would throw out a +suggestion to all your readers for notices of similar emblematic playing +cards: whether such were ever used for playing with? what period so +introduced? and where? as both France and Spain lay claim to their first +introduction. I see that Mr. Caton exhibited at one of the meetings of +the Archæological Institute this season a curious little volume of small +county maps, numbered so as to serve as a pack of cards (described more +fully in the <i>Archæological Journal</i> for September, 1850, p 306.), and +which I regret I did not see.</p> + +<p class="author">W.H.P.</p> + +<p>Wanstead, Dec. 13. 1850.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<h2>Queries.</h2> + +<h3>DRAGONS: THEIR ORIGIN.</h3> + +<p>When passing through the city of Brünn, in Moravia, rather more than a +year ago, my attention was drawn to the <i>Lindwurm</i> or dragon, preserved +there from a very remote period. This monster, according to tradition, +was invulnerable, like his brother of Wantley, except in a few +well-guarded points, and from his particular predilection in favour of +veal and young children, was the scourge and terror of the +neighbourhood. The broken armour and well-picked bones of many doughty +knights, scattered around the entrance to the cave he inhabited, +testified to the impunity with which he had long carried on his +depredations, in spite of numerous attempts to destroy him. Craftiness, +however, at last prevailed where force had proved of no effect, and the +Lindwurm fell a victim to the skill of a knight, whose name I believe +has been handed down to posterity. The mode adopted by the warrior to +deceive his opponent, was to stuff, as true to nature as possible, with +unslaked lime, the skin of a freshly killed calf, which he laid before +the dragon's cave. The monster, smelling the skin, is said to have +rushed out and instantly to have swallowed the fatal repast, and feeling +afterwards, as may be readily expected, a most insatiable thirst, +hurried off to a neighbouring stream, where he drank until the water, +acting upon the lime, caused him to burst. The inhabitants, on learning +the joyful news, carried the knight and the Lindwurm in triumph into the +city of Brünn, where they have ever since treasured up the memento of +their former tyrant. The animal, or reptile, thus preserved, is +undoubtedly of the crocodile or alligator species, although I regret it +was not in my power to examine it more particularly, evening having set +in when I saw it in the arched passage leading to the town-hall of the +city where it has been suspended. I fear also that any attempt to count +the distinguishing bones would be fruitless, the scaly back having been +covered with a too liberal supply of pitch, with the view to protection +from the weather.</p> + +<p>Have any of your readers seen this <i>Lindwurm</i> under more favourable +circumstances than myself, and can they throw any light on the genus to +which it belongs?</p> + +<p>May not the various legends respecting dragons, &c., have their origin +from similar circumstances to those of this Brünn Lindwurm, which I take +to leave strong proof of fact, the body being there? Perhaps some of our +correspondents may have it in their power to give further corroborative +evidence of the former existence of dragons under the shape of +crocodiles. The description of the Wantley dragon tallies with that of +the crocodile very nearly.</p> + +<p class="author">R.S., Jun.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>JOAN SANDERSON, OR THE CUSHION DANCE; AND BAB AT THE BOWSTER.</h3> + +<p>Can any of your numerous valuable correspondents give me the correct +date, or any clue to it, of the above dance. There is little doubt of +its great antiquity. The dance is begun by a single person (either a +woman or man), who <span class="pagenum"><a id="page518" name="page518"></a>{518}</span> +dances about the room with a cushion in his hand, +and at the end of the tune stops and sings:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"This dance it will no further go!"</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i3">[<i>The Musician answers.</i>]</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"I pray you, good sir, why say you so?"</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">[<i>Man.</i>]</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Because Joan Sanderson will not come to!"</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">[<i>Music.</i>]</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"She must come to, and she shall come to,</p> +<p class="i51">And she must come whither she will or no."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>He now lays down the cushion before a woman, on which she kneels, and he +kisses her, singing:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Welcome, Joan Sanderson, welcome, welcome."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>She rises with the cushion, and both dance about, singing:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Prinkum-prankum is a fine dance,</p> +<p class="i51">And shall we go dance it once again,</p> +<p class="i3">And once again,</p> +<p class="i51">And shall we go dance it once again?"</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Then making a stop, the woman sings, as before:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"This dance it will no further go!"</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">[<i>Music.</i>]</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"I pray you, madam, why say you so?"</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">[<i>Woman.</i>]</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Because John Sanderson will not come to."</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">[<i>Music.</i>]</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>"He must come to," &c.</p> +</div></div> + +<p>And so she lays down the cushion before a man, who, kneeling, upon it, +salutes her, she singing:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Welcome, John Sanderson," &c.</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Then, he taking up the cushion, they take hands, and dance round, +singing as before: and this they do till the whole company is taken into +the ring. Then the cushion is laid down before the first man, the woman +singing, "This dance," &c. (as before), only instead of "Come to," they +sing "Go fro," and instead of "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c., they sing, +"Farewell, John Sanderson, farewell," &c.: and so they go out, one by +one, as they came in. This dance was at one time highly popular, both at +court and in the cottage, in the latter of which, in some remote country +villages, it is still danced. Selden, in his <i>Table Talk</i>, thus refers +to it:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The court of England is much altered. At a solemn dancing, + first you have the grave measures, then the <i>Corvantoes</i> and the + <i>Galliards</i>, and this is kept up with ceremony, at length to + Trenchmore and the Cushion dance; and then all the company + dance, lord and groom, lady and kitchen-maid, no distinction. + (Would our fair Belgravians of 1850 condescend to dance with + their kitchen-maids?) So in our court in Queen Elizabeth's time, + gravity and state were kept up. In King James's time, things + were pretty well. But in King Charles's time there has been + nothing but Trenchmore and the Cushion dance," &c.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I shall also feel obliged for the date of <i>Bab at the Bowster</i>, or <i>Bab +in the Bowster</i>, as it is called in Scotland. Jamieson, in his +<i>Dictionary</i>, describes it as a very old Scottish dance, and generally +the last danced at weddings and merry-makings. It is now danced with a +handkerchief in place of a cushion; and no words are used. That a rhyme +was formerly used, there is little doubt. Query, What were the words of +this rhyme?</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Mac.</span></p> + +<p>Charminster.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>DID BUNYAN KNOW HOBBES?</h3> + +<p>I observe a querist wishes to know the artist of the portrait of Bunyan +prefixed to his works. I can only myself conjecture Cooper, the +miniature painter, but I am also curious about the great author of <i>The +Pilgrim's Progress</i>.</p> + +<p>First, is Bunyan really the author of "Heart's Ease in Heart's Trouble," +and the "Visions of Heaven and Hell," published in his works, and +perhaps, excepting "Grace Abounding," the most popular of his received +miscellanies? I think not. My reasons are these. The style is very +different, and much poorer than his best works. In the "Progress," when +he quotes Latin, he modestly puts a side-note [The Latin that <i>I +borrow</i>]. In the two tracts mentioned he flashes out a bit of Latin two +or three times where he might have much better used English, or in a +superfluous way. Also it is curious to know that in his "Visions of +Hell" he meets Leviathan Hobbes, the philosopher of Malmesbury. The +passage is curious, for if true, and written by Bunyan, it proves him to +be personally acquainted with Hobbes. I extract it. After hearing his +name called out, Epenetus (the author and visitant of the infernal +regions) naturally inquires who it is that calls him. He is answered,—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"I was once well acquainted with you on earth, and had almost + persuaded you to be of my opinion. I am the author of that + celebrated book, so well known by the title of <i>Leviathan!</i></p> + +<p> "'What! the great Hobbes,' said I, 'are you come hither? <i>Your + voice is so much changed, I did not know it.</i>'"</p></blockquote> + +<p>The dialogue which ensues is not worth quoting, as it is from our +purpose. But I would ask when was the time when Bunyan "was nearly +persuaded to be of Hobbes' opinion?" If he is the author and speaks the +truth (and he is notoriously truthful), it must have been in early +youth; but surely the philosopher of Malmesbury could not know an +obscure tinker. Bunyan cannot speak metaphorically, for he had not read +the <i>Leviathan</i>, since he mentions that his only reading in early life, +<i>i.e.</i> when he was likely to have embraced freethinking, was the +<i>Practice of Piety</i>, and the <i>Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven</i>, his wife's +dowry. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page519" name="page519"></a>{519}</span> +Moreover, he notes particularly the <i>change of voice</i>, a curious +circumstance, which testifies personal acquaintance. Hobbes died in +1679; Bunyan in 1688. Were they intimate?</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Jas. H. Friswell.</span></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>Minor Queries.</h3> + +<p><i>Boiling to Death.</i>—Some of your correspondents have communicated +instances where burning to death was inflicted as a punishment; and +<span class ="smcap">Mr. Gatty</span> suggests that it would prove an interesting subject +for inquiry, at what period such barbarous inflictions ceased. In Howe's +<i>Chronicle</i> I find the two following notices:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The 5th of Aprill (1532) one Richard Rose, a cooke, was boiled + in Smithfielde, for poisoning of divers persons, to the number + of sixteen or more, at y<sup>e</sup> Bishop of Rochester's place, amongst + the which Benet Curwine, gentleman, was one, and hee intended to + have poisoned the bishop himselfe, but hee eate no potage that + day, whereby hee escaped. Marie the poore people that eate of + them, many of them died."—Howe's <i>Chronicle</i>, p. 559.</p> + +<p> "The 17th March (1542) Margaret Dany, a maid, was boiled in + Smithfield for poisoning of three households that shee had + dwelled in."—Howe's <i>Chronicle</i>, p. 583.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Query, was this punishment peculiar to cooks guilty of poisoning? And +when did the latest instance occur?</p> + +<p class="author">L.H.K.</p> + + +<p><i>Meaning of "Mocker."</i>—To-day I went into the cottage of an old man, in +the village of which I am curate, and finding him about to cut up some +wood, and he being very infirm, I undertook the task for him, and +chopped up a fagot for his fire.</p> + +<p>During the progress of my work, the old fellow made the following +observation:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Old Nannie Hawkins have got a big stick o' wood, and she says + as I shall have him for eight pence. If I could get him, I'd + soon <i>mocker</i> him."</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon my asking him the meaning of the word <i>mocker</i>, he informed me it +meant to <i>divide</i> or <i>cleave in pieces;</i> but, not being "a scholar" as +he termed it, he could not tell me how to spell it, so I know not +whether the orthography I have adopted is correct or not.</p> + +<p>Can any of your readers give me a clue to the derivation of this word? I +certainly never heard it before.</p> + +<p>I ought perhaps to state, that this is a country parish in +Herefordshire.</p> + +<p class="author">W.M.</p> + +<p>Pembridge, Dec. 16.</p> + + +<p><i>"Away, let nought to love displeasing".</i>—Is it known who was the +author of the song to be found in Percy's <i>Reliques</i>, and many other +collections, beginning—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Away, let nought to love displeasing."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>The first collection, so far as I know, in which it appears is entitled +<i>Miscellaneous Poems by several Hands</i>, published by D. Lewis, London, +1726; and in this work it is called a translation from the ancient +British. Does this mean a translation of an ancient poem, or a +translation of a poem written in some extant dialect of the language +anciently spoken in Britain? Either would appear to me incredible.</p> + +<p>As I feel much interested in the poetry of English songs, can you or any +of your correspondents inform me if there exists any <i>good</i> collection; +that is, a collection, of such only as are excellent of their respective +kinds? That the English language possesses materials for forming such a +collection, and an extensive one too, I have no doubt, though I have +never met with one. And, if there be none that answers the description I +give, I should be glad of information respecting the best that exist.</p> + +<p>It is scarcely necessary to add, that my standard of excellence would +admit only those which bore the character of "immortal verse," rejecting +such as had been saved merely by the music to which they had been +"married."</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Samuel Hickson.</span></p> + +<p>Dec. 14. 1850.</p> + + +<p><i>Baron Münchausen.</i>—Who was the author of this renowned hero's +adventures? The <i>Conversations-Lexicon</i> (art. <i>Münchausen</i>) states that +the stories are to be found under the title of "Mendacia Ridicula," in +vol. iii. of <i>Deliciæ Academicæ</i>, by J.P. Lange (Heilbronn, 1665); and +that "at a later period they appeared in England, where a reviewer +supposed them to be a satire on the ministry." I remember to have read +when a boy (I think in <i>The Percy Anecdotes</i>), that the book was written +by an Englishman who was styled "M——," and was described as having +been long a prisoner in the Bastille.</p> + +<p>Since writing thus far I have seen the note by J.S. (Vol. ii., pp. +262-3.) on Münchausen's story of the horn. The idea of sounds frozen in +the air, and thawed by returning warmth, was no invention of "Castilian, +in his <i>Aulicus</i>" (<i>i.e.</i> Castiglione, author of <i>Il Cortegiano</i>); for, +besides that, it is found in his contemporary Rabelais (liv. iv. cc. +55-6), I believe it may be traced to one of the later Greek writers, +from whom Bishop Taylor, in one of his sermons, borrows it as an +illustration.</p> + +<p class="author">J.C.R.</p> + + +<p><i>"Sing Tantararara Rogues all," &c.</i>—The above is the chorus of many +satirical songs written to expose the malpractices of peculators, &c. +Can any of your readers point out who was the author of the <i>original +song</i>, and where it is to be found?</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">A Subscriber.</span></p> + + +<p><i>Meaning of "Cauking."</i>—An old dame told me the other day, in Cheshire, +that her servant was a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page520" name="page520"></a>{520}</span> +good one, and among other good qualities "she +never went <i>cauking</i> into the neighbours' houses." Unde derivatur +"cauking?"</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Chas. Paslam.</span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<h2>REPLIES.</h2> + +<h3>THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM.</h3> + +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 476.)</h4> + +<p>The proverb, "As wise as the men of Gotham." is given in Fuller's +<i>Worthies</i> (ed. 1662, pp. 315, 316.). Ray, in his note upon this, +observes</p> + +<blockquote><p>"It passeth for the <i>Periphrasis</i> of a fool, and an hundred + fopperies are feigned and fathered on the townsfolk of <i>Gotham</i>, + a village in this county [Nottinghamshire]. Here two things may + be observed:</p> + +<p> "1. Men in all ages have made themselves merry with singling out + some place, and fixing the staple of stupidity and solidity + therein. So the <i>Phrygians</i> in <i>Asia</i>, the <i>Abderitæ</i> in + <i>Thrace</i>, and <i>Bœotians</i> in <i>Greece</i>, were notorious for + dulmen and blockheads.</p> + +<p> "2. These places thus slighted and scoffed at, afforded some as + witty and wise persons as the world produced. So <i>Democritus</i> + was an <i>Abderite</i>, <i>Plutarch</i> a <i>Bœotian</i>, &c.</p> + +<p> "As for <i>Gotham</i>, it doth breed as wise people as any which + causelessly laugh at their simplicity. Sure I am <i>Mr. William de + Gotham</i>, fifth Master of <i>Michael House</i> in <i>Cambridge</i>, 1336, + and twice Chancellor of the University, was as grave a governor + as that age did afford."—3d. ed. p. 258.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In Thoroton's <i>Nottinghamshire</i>, vol. i. pp. 42, 43., the origin of the +saying, as handed down by tradition, is thus given:—King John intending +to pass through this place towards Nottingham, was prevented by the +inhabitants, they apprehending that the ground over which a king passed +was for ever after to become a public road. The king, incensed at their +proceedings, sent from his court, soon afterwards, some of his servants +to inquire of them the reason of their incivility and ill-treatment, +that he might punish them. The villagers hearing of the approach of the +king's servants, thought of an expedient to turn away his majesty's +displeasure from them. When the messengers arrived at Gotham, they found +some of the inhabitants engaged in endeavouring to drown an eel in a +pool of water; some were employed in dragging carts upon a large barn, +to shade the wood from the sun; and others were engaged in hedging a +cuckoo, which had perched itself upon an old bush. In short, they were +all employed upon some foolish way or other, which convinced the king's +servants that it was a village of fools.</p> + +<p>Should J.R.M. not yet have seen it, I beg to refer him to Mr. +Halliwell's interesting edition of <i>The Merry Tales of the Wise Men of +Gotham</i> (Lond. 1840) for fuller and further particulars.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">J.B. Colman</span>.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>Replies To Minor Queries.</h3> + +<p><i>Master John Shorne</i>.—As neither <span class ="smcap">Mr. Thoms</span>' Notes (Vol. ii., +p. 387.) nor <span class ="smcap">Mr. Way's</span> (p. 450.) mention where this reputed +saint lived, or speak of him as connected with Buckinghamshire, I will +offer an extract from Lysons in the hope of casting some little light on +the subject.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"North Marston.—The church is a handsome Gothic structure; + there is a tradition that the chancel was built with the + offerings at the shrine of Sir John Shorne, a very devout man, + of great veneration with the people, who was rector of North + Marston about the year 1290, and it is said that the place + became populous and flourishing in consequence of the great + resort of persons to a well which he had blessed. This story + stands upon a better foundation than most vulgar traditions; the + great tithes of North Marston are still appropriated to the dean + and canons of Windsor, who, before the Reformation, might + without difficulty have rebuilt the chancel, as it is very + probable they did, with the offerings at the shrine of Sir John + Shorne, for we are told that they were so productive, that on an + average they amounted to 500<i>l.</i> per annum.<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1" + href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Sir John Shorne, + therefore, although his name is not to be found, appears to have + been a saint of no small reputation. The common people in the + neighbourhood still keep up his memory by many traditional + stories. Browne Willis, says, that in his time there were people + who remembered a direction-post standing, which pointed the way + to Sir John Shorne's shrine."<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2" + href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p></blockquote> + +<p>North Marston, formerly Merston, is about four miles from Winslow. I +visited it about a year ago, and drank of the well, or spring, which is +about a quarter of a mile from the village; but I know nothing of the +traditions alluded to by Lysons. The chancel of the church is a fine +specimen of perpendicular style, with a vestry of the same date, and of +two stories, with a fireplace in each. I do not find North Marston, in +Bucks, mentioned in Leland, Camden, or Defoe, nor can I meet with any +account of Sir John Shorne in any books of English saints within my +reach. A copy of Browne Willis's MSS. may be seen in the British Museum.</p> + +<p class="author">W.H.K.</p> + + +<div class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"><b>Footnote 1:</b></a> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p><i>History of Windsor</i>, p. 111.</p> + + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"><b>Footnote 2:</b></a> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>B. Willis's MSS., Bodleian Library.</p> +</div> + + +<p>For the information of those who may not have the <i>Norfolk Archæology</i> +to refer to, let me add that John Shorne appears to have been rector of +North Marston, in Buckinghamshire, about the year 1290, "and was held in +great veneration for his virtues, which his benediction had imparted to +a holy well in his parish, and for his miracles, one of which, <i>the feat +of conjuring the devil into a boot</i>, was considered so remarkable that +it was represented in the east window of his church."</p> + +<p class="author">E.S.T.</p> + + +<p><i>Antiquity of Smoking.</i>—The passage is in Herodian. In the time of +Commodus there was a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page521" name="page521"></a>{521}</span> +pestilence in Italy. The emperor went to Laurentum +for the benefit of the smell of the laurel trees.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"In ipsa quoque urbe de medicorum sententia plerique unguentis + suavissimus nares atque aures opplebant, suffituque<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3" + href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> et + odoramentis assidua utebantur, quod meatus sensuum (ut quidem + dicunt) odoribus illis occupati, neque admittant aëra tabificum: + et si maxime admiserint, tamen eum majore quasi vi longe + superari."</p></blockquote> + +<p>This has nothing to do with the practice of smoking, nor is it clear +that they smoked these things with a pipe into the mouth at all. The +medical use of fumigation, as Sir William Temple observes, was greatly +esteemed among the ancients. But it is very probable that, being +sometimes practised by means of pipes, it was what led to the practice +of smoking constantly, either for general medical protection, or merely +for luxury, in countries and times too, when these epidemics from bad +air were very common. The great love of smoking among the Turks may be +originally owing to the plague.</p> + +<p class="author">C.B.</p> + + + +<div class="note"><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"><b>Footnote 3:</b></a> +<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +<p>"Θυμιάμασί + τε + καὶ + ἀρώμασι + συνεχῶς + ἐχρῶντο."</p> + </div> + +<p><i>Antiquity of Smoking</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 41. 216. 465.).—Mr. Lane, in his +edition of the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, infers the very late date of that book +from there being no mention of tobacco or coffee in it.</p> + +<p>As two of the ancient authorities have broken down, it occurred to me +that others might.</p> + +<p>The reference to Strabo, vii. 296. leads me only to this; that the +Mysians were called καπνοβάται +(some correct to καπνοπάται) +because they did not eat animals, but milk, cheese, and +honey; but of religion, living quietly.</p> + +<p>One cannot imagine that this can be meant. I referred to Almaloveen's +edition, the old paging.</p> + +<p>In the next page he repeats the epithet, coupling it, as before, with +the word religious, and arguing from both as having the same meaning.</p> + +<p>It occurred to me that somebody might have read +καπνοπόται, +"fumum bibentes," which might have given occasion to the reference to +this passage: and I find in the English Passow that +καπνοβόται, +"smoke-eaters," has been proposed.</p> + +<p>Καπνοπάται, +is there derived from πάομαι.</p> + + +<p>But if these are the readings, they can have nothing to do with smoking, +but with religion. From the context they would mean as we say, "living +on air;" like Democritus, who subsisted three days upon the steam of new +loaves.</p> + +<p>Καπνοβάται +meant, as I believe, to describe their religiousness +more directly; treading on the clouds, living <i>in</i> the air: like +Socrates in Aristophanes, +Νεφ. 225.:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Ἀεροβατῶ + καὶ + περιφρονῶ + τὸν + ἤλιον,"</p></blockquote> + +<p>And in v. 330. καπνὸς is used of the clouds:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Μὰ +Δῖ᾿ +ἀλλ᾽ +ὁμίχλην +καὶ +δρόσον +αὐτὰς + ἡγούμην +καὶ + καπνὸν +εἶναι."</p></blockquote> + + +<p>There is nothing in Solinus, cap. 15.; and Mela, lib. ii., is too wide a +reference.</p> + +<p class="author">C.B.</p> + + +<p><i>Meaning of the Word "Thwaites"</i>(Vol. ii., p. 441.).—The word "Thwayte" +occurred in the ancient form of the Bidding Prayer: "Ye shalle byddee +for tham, that this cherche honour with book, with bell, with +vestiments, with <i>Thwayte</i>," &c. This form is said to be above four +hundred years old; and Palmer says (<i>Orig. Lit.</i>, iii. p. 60.) that we +have memorials of these prayers used in England in the fourteenth +century. Hearne remarks that the explication of this word warranted by +Sir E. Coke is "a wood grubbed up and turned to arable." This land being +given to any church, the donors were thus commended by the prayers of +the congregation.</p> + +<p>In Yorkshire the word is so understood: Thwaite, or "stubbed ground, +ground that has been essarted or cleaned."</p> + +<p class="author">J.H.M.</p> + + +<p><i>Meaning of "Thwaites"</i> (Vol. ii., p. 441.).—Hearne took the word +"Thwayte" to signify "a wood grubbed up and turned into arable." His +explanation, with other suggestions as to the meaning, of this word, may +be found in a letter from Hearne to Mr. Francis Cherry, printed in vol. +i. p. 194. of <i>Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and +Eighteenth Centuries</i>, published by Longman and Co. in 1813.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">J.P. Jr</span>.</p> + +<p>December 5. 1850.</p> + + +<p><i>Thomas Rogers of Horninger</i> (Vol. ii., p. 424.).—Your correspondent +S.G. will find a brief notice of this person in Rose's <i>Biographical +Dictionary</i>, London, 1848. It appears he was rector of Horninger, and a +friend of Camden; who prefixed some commendatory verses to a work of +his, entitled <i>The Anatomy of the Mind</i>. I would suggest to S.G. that +further information may probably be collected respecting him from these +verses, and from the prefaces, &c. of his other works, of which a long +list is given in Rose's <i>Dictionary</i>.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">T.H. Kersley</span>, A.B.</p> + +<p>King William's Col., Isle of Man.</p> + + +<p><i>Thomas Rogers of Horninger</i> (Vol. ii., p 424.).—If S.G. will apply to +the Rev. J. Perowne, of his own college, who is understood to be +preparing an edition of Rogers's work for the Parker Society, he will +doubtless obtain the fullest information.</p> + +<p class="author">A.H.</p> + + +<p><i>Earl of Roscommon</i> (Vol. ii., p. 468.).—A pretended copy of the +inscription at Kilkenny West, mentioned by your correspondent +<span class ="smcap">An Hibernian</span>, was produced in evidence, on the claim of Stephen +Francis Dillon to the earldom of Roscommon, before the House of Lords. +As there was reason to doubt the evidence of the person who produced +that copy, or the genuineness of the inscription itself, the House +decided against that claim; and by admitting that of the late earl +(descended <span class="pagenum"><a id="page522" name="page522"></a>{522}</span> +from the youngest son of the first earl) assumed the +extinction of all the issue of the six elder sons. The evidence adduced +altogether negatived the presumption of any such issue. Your +correspondents <span class ="smcap">Francis</span> and <span class ="smcap">An Hibernian</span> will find a +very clear and succinct account of the late earl's claim, and Stephen +Francis Dillon's counter-claim, in <i>The Roscommon Claim of Peerage</i>, by +J. Sidney Tayler, Lond. 1829.</p> + +<p class="author">W.H.C.</p> + + +<p><i>Parse</i> (Vol. ii., p. 430.).—Your correspondent J.W.H. is far from +correct in supposing that this word was not known in 1611, for he will +find it used by Roger Ascham, in a passage quoted by Richardson in his +<i>Dictionary</i> sub voce.</p> + +<p>In Brinsley's curious <i>Ludus Literarius</i>, 1612, reprinted 1627, 4to., +the word is frequently used. At page 69. he recommends the "continual +practice of <i>parsing</i>." At p. 319., enumerating the contents of chap. +vi., we have "The Questions of the Accidence, called the <i>Poasing</i> of +the English Parts;" and chap. ix. is "Of <i>Parsing</i> and the kinds +thereof, &c."</p> + +<p>At the end of a kind of introduction there is an "Advertisement by the +Printer," intimating that the author's book, "The <i>Poasing</i> of the +Accidence," is likely to come forth. From all this, it seems as if the +two words were used indifferently.</p> + +<p class="author">F.R.A.</p> + + +<p><i>The Meaning of "Version"</i> (Vol. ii., p. 466.).—T. appears to apply a +peculiar meaning of his own to the word "version," which it would have +been quite as well if he had explained in a glossarial note.</p> + +<p>He thinks A.E.B. was <i>mistaken</i> in using that phrase in reference to +Lord Bacon's translation into Latin of his own English original work, +and he proceeds to compare (to what end does not very clearly appear) a +sentence from Lord Bacon's English text, with the same sentence as +re-translated back again from Lord Bacon's Latin by Wats. Finally, T. +concludes with this very singular remark: "Wats' version is the more +exact of the two!"</p> + +<p>Does T. mean to call Lord Bacon's English text a <i>version</i> of his Latin, +by anticipation of eighteen years?</p> + +<p>The only other authority for such meaning of the word would seem to be +the facetious Dr. Prout, who accused Tom Moore of a similar <i>version</i> of +his celebrated papers.</p> + +<p class="author">A.E.B.</p> + + +<p><i>First Paper-mill in England</i> (Vol. ii., p. 473).—The birthplace of the +"High Germaine Spilman" (<i>Spielmann</i>), celebrated by Churchyard, your +English readers may not easily discover by his description as quoted by +<span class ="smcap">Dr. Rimbault</span>.</p> + +<p>"Lyndoam Bodenze" is <i>Lindau am Boden-see</i>, on the Lake of Constance (in +German, <i>Bodensee</i>), once a free imperial city, called, from its site on +three islets in the lake, "the Swabian Venice," now a pretty little town +belonging to the kingdom of <i>Bavaria</i>.</p> + +<p class="author">V.</p> + + +<p>"<i>Torn by Horses</i>" (Vol. ii., p. 480.).—This cruel death was suffered +by <i>Ravaillac</i>, who accomplished what Jean Châtel failed in doing.</p> + +<p>The execution took place on the 27th of May, 1610, with the most +atrocious severities of torture, of which the drawing by horses was but +the last out of a scene that continued for many hours. The day before he +had been racked to the very extremity of human suffering. The horses +dragged at the wretch's body for an hour in vain; at length a nobleman +present sent one of his own, which was stronger; but this even would not +suffice. The executioner had to sever the mangled body with his knife, +before the limbs would give way. I could add more of these details, but +the subject is intolerable.</p> + +<p>The execution of <i>Ravaillac</i> was followed with the utmost exactness, but +with more cruelty, if possible, in the case of <i>Damiens</i> (sentenced for +the attempt on Louis le Bien-Aimé), who suffered on the Place de Grève, +March 28. 1757. The frightful business lasted from morning till dusk! +Here again the knife was used before the body gave way, the horses +having dragged at it for more than an hour first; the poor wretch +living, it is said, all the while!</p> + +<p>I believe this was the last instance of the punishment in France, if not +in Europe.</p> + +<p>A concise summary of the trials of these men, and all the hideous +details of their tortures and execution, will be found, by those who +have a taste for such things, in the third volume of the new series of +the <i>Neuer Pitaval</i>, edited by Hitzig and Haring (Leipzig, +Brockhaus),—a collection of <i>causes célèbres</i> which has been in course +of publication at intervals since 1842. The volume in question appeared +in the present year (1850).</p> + +<p class="author">V.</p> + +<p>Belgravia.</p> + + +<p><i>Vineyards</i> (Vol. ii., p. 392.).—At Ingatestone Hall, in Essex, one of +the seats of Lord Petre, a part of the ground on the south side of the +house still goes by the name of "the Vineyard." And this autumn grapes +came to great perfection on the south wall.</p> + +<p class="author">J.A.D.</p> + + +<p><i>Cardinal</i> (Vol. ii., p. 424.).—The expression referred to by O.P.Q. +was in some degree illustrated at the coronation of Edward II., 1308, +when the Pope, wishing the ceremony to be performed by a cardinal, whom +he offered to send for the purpose, was strenuously opposed by the king, +and compelled to withdraw his pretensions. (See Curtis's <i>History of +England</i>, vol. ii. p. 309.)</p> + +<p class="author">C.H.</p> + +<p>St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge.</p> + + +<p><i>Weights for weighing Coins</i> (Vol. ii., p. 326.).—If the question of +your correspondent, who wishes to know at what period weights were +introduced <span class="pagenum"><a id="page523" name="page523"></a>{523}</span> +for weighing coins, is intended to have a general reference, +he will find many passages alluding to the practice amongst the ancient +Romans, who manufactured balances of various kinds for that purpose: one +for gold (<i>statera auraria</i>, Varro <i>Ap. Non.</i>, p. 455., ed. Mercer.; +Cic. <i>Or.</i> ii. 38.); another for silver (Varro <i>De Vit. P.R.</i> lib. ii.); +and another for small pieces of money (<i>trutina momentana pro parva +modicaque pecunia.</i> Isidor. <i>Orig.</i>, xvi. 25. 4.). The mint is +represented on the reverse of numerous imperial coins and medals by +three female figures, each of whom holds a pair of scales, one for each +of the three metals; and in Rich's <i>Illustrated Companion to the Latin +Dictionary</i>, under the word <span class ="smcap">Libra</span>, there is exhibited a balance +of very peculiar construction, from an original in the cabinet of the +Grand Duke at Florence, which has a scale at one end of the beam, and a +fixed weight at the opposite extremity, "to test the just weight of a +given quantity, and supposed to have been employed at the mint for +estimating the proper weight of coinage."</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Moneta</span>.</p> + + +<p><i>Umbrellas</i> (Vol. i., p. 414. etc.).—To the extensive exhibition of +<i>umbrellas</i> formed through the exertions of the right worthy editor of +the "<span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span>" and his very numerous friends, I am happy to +have it in my power to make an addition of considerable curiosity, it +being of much earlier date than any specimen at present in the +collection:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Of doues I haue a dainty paire</p> +<p class="i51">Which, when you please to take the aier,</p> +<p class="i51">About your head shall gently houer,</p> +<p class="i51">Your cleere browe from the sunne to couer,</p> +<p class="i51">And with their nimble wings shall fan you</p> +<p class="i51">That neither cold nor heate shall tan you,</p> +<p class="i51">And, like <i>vmbrellas</i>, with their feathers</p> +<p class="i51"><i>Sheeld you in all sorts of weathers.</i>"</p> +<p class="i10"><i>Michael Drayton, 1630</i>.</p> +</div></div> + +<p>Had not the exhibition been limited to umbrellas used in England, I +could have produced oriental specimens, very like those now in fashion +here, of the latter part of the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class = "smcap">Bolton Corney</span>.</p> + + +<p><i>Croziers and Pastoral Staves</i> (Vol. ii., p. 412.).—The staff with the +cross appears on the monument of Abp. Warham, in Canterbury Cathedral; +on the brass of Abp. Waldeby (1397), in Westminster Abbey and on that of +Abp. Cranley (1417), in New College Chapel, Oxford.</p> + +<p>The crook is bent <i>outwards</i> in the brasses to the following +bishops:—Bp. Trellick (1360), Hereford Cathedral; Bp. Stanley (1515), +Manchester Cathedral; Bp. Goodrich (1554), Ely Cathedral; and Bp. +Pursglove (1579), Tideswell Church, Derbyshire.</p> + +<p class="author">J.I.D.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2> + +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3> + +<p>We never longed so much for greater space for our Notes upon Books as we +do at this season of gifts and good will, when the Christmas Books +demand our notice.</p> + +<p>Never did writer pen a sweeter tale than that which the author of <i>Mary +Barton</i> has just produced under the title of <i>The Moorland Cottage</i>. It +is a purely English story, true to nature as a daguerreotype, without +one touch of exaggeration, without the smallest striving after effect, +yet so skilfully is it told, so effectually does it tell, so strongly do +Maggie's trials and single-mindedness excite our sympathies, that it +were hard to decide whether our tears are disposed to flow the more +readily at those trials, or at her quiet heroic perseverance in doing +right by which they are eventually surmounted. <i>The Moorland Cottage</i> +with its skilful and characteristic woodcut illustrations by Birket +Foster, will be a favourite for many and many a Christmas yet to come.</p> + +<p>Rich in all the bibliopolic "pearl and gold" of a quaint and fanciful +binding, glancing with holly berries and mistletoe, Mr. Bogue presents +us with a volume as interesting as it is characteristic and elegant, +<i>Christmas with the Poets</i>. A more elegantly printed book was never +produced; and it is illustrated with fifty engravings designed and drawn +on wood by Birket Foster; engraved by Henry Vizetelly, and printed in +tints in a way to render most effective the artist's tasteful, +characteristic, and very able drawings. The volume is, as it were, a +casket, in which are enshrined all the gems which could be dug out of +the rich mines of English poetry; and when we say that the first +division treats of Carols from the Anglo-Norman period to the time of +the Reformation; that these are followed by Christmas Poems of the +Elizabethan period, by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and their great +cotemporaries; that to these succeed Herrick's Poems, and so on, till we +have the Christmas verses of our own century, by Southey, Wordsworth, +Scott, Shelley, Tennyson, &c., we have done more than all our praise +could do, to prove that a fitter present to one who loves poetry could +not be found than <i>Christmas with the Poets</i>.</p> + +<p>While if it be a <i>little</i> lover of poetry—mind, not one who little +loves poetry, but one who listens with delight to those beloved ditties +of the olden times, which as we know charmed Shakspeare's +childhood,—learn that an English lady, with the hand and taste of an +artist, guided and refined by that purest and holiest of feelings, a +mother's love, has illustrated those dear old songs in a way to delight +all children; and at the same time charm the most refined. The +<i>Illustrated Ditties of the Olden Time</i> is in sooth a delightful volume, +and if a love of the beautiful be as closely connected with a love of +the moral as wise heads tell us, we know no more agreeable way of early +inculcating morality than by circulating this splendid edition of our +time-honoured Nursery Rhymes.</p> + +<p>But we fancy the taste of some of our readers may not yet have been hit +upon. Let them try <i>The Story of Jack and the Giants, illustrated by +Richard Doyle</i>; and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page524" name="page524"></a>{524}</span> +they will find this wondrous story rendered still +more attractive by some thirty drawings, from the pencil of one of the +most imaginative artists of the day, and whose artistic spirit seems to +have revelled with delight as he pourtrayed the heroic achievements of +"the valiant Cornish man."</p> + +<p>We will now turn to those works which are of a somewhat graver class; +and we will begin with Miss Drury's able and well-written story, +entitled <i>Eastbury</i>, in which the heavy trials of Beatrice Eustace, +mitigated and eventually overcome through the friendship and +truthfulness of Julia Seymour, are told in a manner to delight all +readers of the class of tales to which <i>Eastbury</i> belongs; and to +sustain the reputation as a writer, which Miss Drury so deservedly +acquired by her former story, <i>Friends and Fortune</i>.</p> + +<p>The name of the Rev. Charles B. Tayler would alone have served as a +sufficient warrant that <i>The Angel's Song, a Christmas Token</i>, is work +of still more serious character, even though the author had not told his +readers, in his <i>Envoy</i>, that the tale was written to correct the +mistake into which many well-meaning people have fallen on the subject +of Christmas merriment; and to suggest the spirit in which this sacred +season should be celebrated. That the book will be favourably received +by the large class of readers to whom it is addressed, there can be +little doubt; and to their attention we accordingly commend it. It is +very tastefully got up.</p> + +<p>To the publisher of <i>The Angel's Song</i>, Mr. Sampson Low, we are also +indebted for a very stirring and interesting book, <i>The Whaleman's +Adventures in the Southern Ocean</i>, edited by the Rev. Dr. Scoresby, from +the notes of a pious and observant American clergyman, whilst embarked, +on account of his health, on a whaling voyage to the South Seas and +Pacific Ocean. That Dr. Scoresby should think the matter of this work so +far novel and interesting, as well as "calculated for conveying useful +moral impressions," renders it scarcely necessary to say another word in +its recommendation. But it has a higher object than mere amusement; its +object is to enforce upon those "who go down to the sea in ships," the +duty of "remembering the Sabbath Day to keep it holy."</p> + +<p>Here our editorial labours have been interrupted by a band of infant +critics to whose unprejudiced judgments we had entrusted <i>Peter Little +and the Lucky Sixpence</i>,—each begging to be allowed to keep the book. +Good reader, do you wish for better criticism? Worthy author of this +<i>Verse Book for Children</i>, do you wish for higher praise?</p> + +<p>We have received the following Catalogues:—John Petheram's (94. High +Holborn) Catalogue, Part CXIX. No. 13. for 1850 of Old and New Books; +Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. +22. of English, French, German, and Italian Books; John Lyte's (498. New +Oxford Street) Book Catalogue for 1851.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>Notices To Correspondents.</h3> + +<p><i>Although we have enlarged our present Number to twenty-four pages, we +are compelled to request the indulgence of our correspondents for the +omission of many valuable communications.</i></p> + +<p><span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span> <i>may be procured, by order, of all +Booksellers and Newsvendors. It is published at noon on Friday, so that +our country Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in +procuring it regularly. Many of the country booksellers, &c., are, +probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to +receive</i> <span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span> <i>in their Saturday parcels.</i></p> + +<p><i>Part XIV., for December, price 1s., is now ready for delivery.</i></p> + +<p><span class ="smcap">The Index To Volume The Second</span> <i>will be ready early in +January.</i></p> + +<p><i>Communications should be addressed to the Editor of</i> <span class ="smcap">Notes</span> <small>AND</small> <span class ="smcap">Queries</span>, +<i>care of</i> <span class ="smcap">Mr. Bell</span>, No. 186. <i>Fleet Street</i>.</p> + +<p>E.A.D. <i>has our best thanks</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Errata.</i>—In No. 60. Vol. ii., p. 492, for <a href="images/SANTscan2.png" +title="Transcriber's Note: Click to see image of original gothic typeface." >"Sant Valantinus"</a> +read <a href="images/sant3.png" title="Transcriber's Note: Click to see image +of original gothic typeface.">"sant Valentinus".</a> +(The reference of Heinecken is <i>Idée +d'une collect. d'Estampes</i>, p. 275.) For "<i>Ind. Par</i>. i. 543.," read +"<i>Ind.</i> Par. i 343." For "suppressed" read "supposed;" and instead of +"De," before "Vita," put [Symbol: <a href="images/capitulum2.png" +title="Transcriber's Note: Click to see capitulum image." >capitulum</a>].</p> + +<hr class="adverts" /> + +<p>Just published, in a rich and novel binding, royal 8vo., price 25<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CHRISTMAS WITH THE POETS; a Collection of Songs, Carols, and Descriptive +Verses, relating to the Festival of Christmas; with Introductory +Observations explanatory of Obsolete Rites and Customs. Illustrated with +upwards of Fifty highly-finished Wood Engravings, from Designs by <span class ="smcap">Birket +Foster</span>, and printed in several tints, with Gold Borders, Initial +Letters, and other Ornaments.</p> + +<p><span class ="smcap">David Bogue</span>, Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE.—The First Number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE +for 1851 is embellished by a Portrait of the late <span class ="smcap">Thomas Amyot</span>, +Esq., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, accompanied with Memoirs +written by two of his most intimate friends. A second Plate represents a +very highly ornamented Roman Sword recently discovered near Mayence. +This Number also contains <span class ="smcap">The Story Of Nell Gwyn</span>, Chapter 1., +by <span class ="smcap">Peter Cunningham</span>, Esq., F.S.A., being the commencement of an +Original Work, which will be continued periodically in the Magazine. +Also, among other Articles, The Unpublished Diary of John First Earl of +Egmont, Part III.; Farindon and Owen, the Divines of the Cavalier and +Roundhead; Notes of an Antiquarian Tour on the Rhine, by C. <span class ="smcap">Roach +Smith</span>, Esq., F.S.A.; Milton and the Adamo Caduto of Salandra; the +Barons of London and the Cinque Ports; Effigy of a Notary (with an +Engraving), &c. &c. Reviews of Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of +Scotland; Vols. V. and VI. of Southey's Life, &c. &c. With Literary and +Antiquarian Intelligence; Historical Chronicle; and Obituary, including +Memoirs of the Marchioness Cornwallis. Lord Nugent, Rt. Hon. Sir W. H. +Fremantle, Mr. Raphael, Mrs. Bell Martin, &c. &c., Price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class ="smcap">Nichols And Son</span>, 25. Parliament Street.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>THE LONDON HOMŒOPATHIC HOSPITAL, 32. Golden Square. Founded by the +BRITISH HOMŒOPATHIC ASSOCIATION.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patron: H.R.H. </span><span class ="smcap">The Duchess Of Cambridge</span>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vice-Patron: </span><span class ="smcap">His Grace The Duke Of Beaufort</span>, K.G.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President: F.M. </span><span class ="smcap">The Marquis Of Anglesey</span>, K.G K.C.B.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chairman: </span><span class ="smcap">Culling C. Smith, Esq.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treasurer: </span><span class ="smcap">John Dean Paul, Esq</span>., 217. Strand.<br /> +</p> + +<p>This Hospital is open every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, at 2 +o'clock, for the reception of Out-patients without Letters of +Recommendation. In-Patients admitted every Tuesday at 3 o'clock upon the +Recommendation of a Governor or Subscribers.</p> + +<p>Subscriptions to the Hospital Funds will be thankfully received by the +Bankers, Messrs. Strahan and Co., Strand, and Messrs. Prescott and Co., +Threadneedle Street, and by</p> + +<p><span class ="smcap">Ralph Bucham</span>. Honorary Secretary, 32. Golden Square.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page525" name="page525"></a>{525}</span></p> +<p class='center'>JUST PUBLISHED,</p> +<p class='center'>CHOICE EXAMPLES OF ART-WORKMANSHIP,</p> +<p class='center'>IN</p> +<p class='center'><b>GOLD, SILVER, +STEEL, BRONZE, IVORY, WOOD, GLASS, LEATHER, EARTHENWARE, &c.</b></p> + +<p class='center'>UPWARDS OF SIXTY EXAMPLES SELECTED FROM THE</p> + +<p>EXHIBITION OF ANCIENT AND MEDIÆVAL ART AT THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, DRAWN AND +ENGRAVED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF PHILIP DE LA MOTTE.</p> + +<p><b>Elegantly Bound in Cloth, with Gilt Bosses, in fac-simile of an Ancient +Venetian Binding.</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr> + <td align='left'>Imperial Octavo, bound in cloth with bosses</td> + <td align='right'>£1 5 0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'> Ditto coloured and gilt, bound in morocco</td> + <td align='right'>4 4 0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>Large Paper, bound in cloth with bosses </td> + <td align='right'>3 3 0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'> Ditto coloured and gilt, bound in morocco </td> + <td align='right'>6 6 0</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>*<sub>*</sub>*<i>A few Vellum Copies will be printed to Order only. These will be +most carefully Illuminated and finished by</i> <span class ="smcap">Mr. De La Motte</span>, +<i>Bound in Velvet, price Twelve Guineas</i>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH ART-MANUFACTURES, selected for their Beauty of +Design, with about 150 Engravings of Articles of Use and Ornament for +the Breakfast Table, Dinner Table, Drawing-Room, Library, in Pottery, +Carved Wood, Glass, and Metal. 4to. Price 1<i>s.</i> in Wrapper, or 1<i>s.</i> +4<i>d.</i> per Post.</p> + +<p>THE ART-CIRCULAR.—A Monthly Record of Illustrated Literature and Art +Manufactures. With Eight or Ten Illustrations. Issued on the +Twenty-first of every Month. Price of each Number, 2<i>d.</i>; or Stamped for +Post, 3<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>(This work will be forwarded, Post free, 3<i>s.</i> per annum.)</p> + + +<p>LONDON: CUNDALL AND ADDEY, 21. OLD BOND STREET.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class='center'><i>Now ready, fcap. 8vo., price</i> 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>,</p> + +<p class='center'><small>A THIRD SERIES OF</small></p> + +<p class='center'><big>PLAIN SERMONS,</big></p> + +<p class='center'><small>ADDRESSED TO A COUNTRY CONGREGATION.</small></p> + +<p>By the LATE REV. EDWARD BLENCOWE, CURATE OF TEVERSAL, NOTTS, AND +FORMERLY FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class='center'><small>ALSO,</small></p> + +<p>A NEW EDITION OF THE FIRST SERIES, AND A SECOND EDITION OF THE SECOND +SERIES, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<blockquote>"Their style is simple; the sentences are not artfully constructed; and +there is an utter absence of all attempt at rhetoric. The language is +plain Saxon language, from which 'the men on the wall' can easily gather +what it most concerns them to know".—<i>Theologian</i>.</blockquote> + +<p>Also, 2 vols. 12mo., sold separately, 8<i>s.</i> each,</p> + +<p>SERMONS. By the REV. ALFRED GATTY, M.A., <span class ="smcap">Vicar Of Ecclesfield</span>.</p> + +<blockquote> +"Sermons of a high and solid character—earnest and affectionate."—<i>Theologian</i>.<br /> +"Plain and practical, but close and scholarly discourses."—<i>Spectator</i>.<br /> +</blockquote> + + + +<p>LONDON: GEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page526" name="page526"></a>{526}</span></p> +<p class='center'><b>PRICE THREE PENCE.</b></p> + +<p class='center'><i>After the 1st of January, 1851</i>,</p> + +<p class='center'><small>THE</small></p> +<p class='center'><big>LITERARY GAZETTE</big></p> + +<p class='center'>WILL BE EXCLUSIVELY DEVOTED TO</p> + +<p class='center'><b>REVIEWS OF NEW PUBLICATIONS</b></p> + +<p class='center'>AND LITERARY VARIETIES.</p> + +<p class='center'>Orders and Advertisements will be received by</p> + +<p class='center'>MESSRS. REEVE AND BENHAM, 5. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>MILLER'S CATALOGUE OF BOOKS FOR JANUARY, 1851, will be ready on <span class='smcap'>New +Year's Day</span>. To be had <span class='smcap'>Gratis</span> on application. It will also appear in the +Number of the <span class='smcap'>Gentleman's Magazine</span> for that Month.</p> + +<p>BALLAD ROMANCES, by R.H. <span class ="smcap">Horne</span>, Esq., Author of +"<span class ="smcap">Orion</span>," &c.—Containing the Noble Heart, a Bohemian Legend; +The Monk of Swinstead Abbey, a Ballad Chronicle of the Death of King +John; The Three Knights of Camelott, a Fairy Tale; The Ballad of Delora, +or the Passion of Andrea Como; Red Gelert, a Welsh Legend; Ben Capstan, +a Ballad of the Night Watch; The Elf of the Woodlands, a Child's Story. +Fcap. 8vo. elegantly printed and bound in cloth, 248 pages, only 2<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>"Pure fancy of the most abundant and picturesque description. Mr. Horne +should write us more Fairy Tales; we know none to equal him since the +days of Drayton and Herrick."—<i>Examiner</i>.</p> + +<p>"The opening poem in this volume is a fine one; it is entitled the +'Noble Heart,' and not only in title, but in treatment, well imitates +the style of Beaumont and Fletcher."—<i>Athenæum</i>.</p></blockquote> + +<p>CRITICISMS AND ESSAYS on the Writings of Atherstone, Blair, Bowles, Sir +E. Brydges, Carlyle, Carrington, Coleridge, Cowper, Croly, Gillfillan, +Graham, Hazlitt, Heber, Heraud, Harvey, Irving, Keats, Miller, Pollock, +Tighe, Wordsworth, and other Modern Writers, by the Rev. J.W. +<span class ="smcap">Lester</span>, B.A. Royal 8vo. 100 pages of closely printed +letterpress, originally published at 5<i>s.</i>, reduced to 1<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>"We give our cordial subscription to the general scope and tenor of his +views, which are in the main promulgated with a perspicuity and +eloquence not always found in the same individual."—<i>Church of England +Quarterly Review</i>.</p> + +<p>"Mr. Lester's volume is one of superior merit, and deserves a high rank +among works of its class."—<i>Tait's Edinburgh Review</i>.</p> + +<p>"He is the pioneer of the beautiful."—<i>Manchester Examiner</i>.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class ="smcap">John Miller</span>, 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>MR. L.A. LEWIS, AUCTIONEER OF LITERARY PROPERTY, established 1825, 125. +Fleet Street, London, will have Sales by Auction of Libraries, Small +Parcels of Books, Prints, Pictures, and Miscellaneous Effects, every +Friday throughout the Year 1851. Property sent in on the previous +Saturday will be certain to be sold (if required) on the following +Friday. Dec. 1850.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>GUTCH'S SCIENTIFIC POCKET-BOOK, Now ready, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> roan tuck.</p> + +<p>LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC REGISTER AND ALMANACK for 1851, with an ample +Collection of Useful Statistical and Miscellaneous Tables, Facts, and +Formulæ, in Acoustics, Aërial Phenomena, Agriculture, Anatomy, +Architecture, Astronomy, Chemistry, Gardening, Geography, Geology, +Hydraulics, Mechanics, Optics, &c. &c., with a complete Index. +Dedicated, by special Permission, to <span class ="smcap">Prince Albert</span>. By J.W.G. +<span class ="smcap">Gutch</span>, M.R.C.S.L., F.L.S. Foreign Service Queen's Messenger.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"As perfect a compendium of useful knowledge in connexion with +Literature, Science, and the Arts, as it is necessary every body should +have acquaintance with. It is, in short, a little volume which will save +the trouble of hunting through many books of more pretension, and +supply, off-hand, what without it would require much time and +trouble."—<i>Times</i>, Dec. 19.</p></blockquote> + +<p>D. <span class ="smcap">Bogue</span>, Fleet Street, and all Booksellers.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>RICHARDS'S UNIVERSAL DAILY REMEMBRANCER for 1851 is now ready, and may +be had of all Booksellers and Stationers, comprising a correct Diary of +Memoranda, Appointments, &c., and much authentic and useful Information. +In various forms, adapted to the use of Attorneys, the Clergy, +Merchants, Tradesmen, Travellers, and generally serviceable to all +Persons of Business.</p> + +<p>RICHARDS, 100 St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>FAMILY AND HISTORICAL PORTRAITS.—G.P. <span class ="smcap">Harding</span>, having acquired +the Art of faithfully making copies in Water Colours of Ancient and +Modern Portraits, and having in his possession a large Collection of +them, will he happy to treat with any Noblemen and Gentlemen wishing to +add to their series of Ancestral Portraits. <span class ="smcap">Mr. Harding</span> having +visited more than Three hundred of the principal Mansions in the country +to make himself acquainted with what Pictures are contained in them, is +enabled to point out where Portraits are to be obtained. G.P. +<span class ="smcap">Harding</span> also restores Ancient Missals, and Miniatures, having +had much experience in that Branch of Art.</p> + +<p>G.P. <span class ="smcap">Harding</span>, 69. Hercules Buildings, near the Palace, Lambeth.</p> +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page527" name="page527"></a>{527}</span></p> +<p class='center'><b><big>NEW PUBLICATIONS.</big></b></p> + + +<p class='center'>I.</p> + +<p>Professor Potter's Treatise on Optics Part II. [Now ready.</p> + +<p class='center'>II.</p> + +<p>Robson's First Latin Reading Lessons. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>III.</p> + +<p>Latham's English Language. Third Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>IV.</p> + +<p>Latham's English Grammar. Fifth Edition. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>V.</p> + +<p>Griesbach's Greek Testament. New Edition 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>VI.</p> + +<p>Baron Reichenbach on Magnetism. 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Reprinted from <i>The Times</i>, with an +Advertisement on the Subject of the <span class ="smcap">Westminster Spiritual Aid +Fund</span>, and more especially on the Duty and Justice of applying the +Revenues of the suspended Stalls of the Abbey for the adequate Endowment +of the District Churches in the immediate neighbourhood.</p> + +<p class='center'>Second Edition, with an Appendix.</p> + +<p>London: <span class ="smcap">George Bell</span>, 186. Fleet Street; Messrs. +<span class ="smcap">Rivington's</span> St. Paul's Church-yard, and Waterloo Place; and +<span class ="smcap">Thomas Hatchard</span>, 187. Piccadilly; and <i>by Order</i> of all +Booksellers.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>JOURNAL FRANCAIS, publié à Londres.—Le COURRIER de l'EUROPE, fondé en +1840, paraissant le Samedi, donne dans chaque numéro les nouvelles de la +semaine, les meilleurs articles de tous les journaux de Paris, la +Semaine Dramatique par Th. Gautier ou J. Janin, la Révue de Paris par +Pierre Durand, et reproduit en entier les romans, nouvelles, etc., en +vogue par les premiers écrivains de France. Prix 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>London: <span class ="smcap">Joseph Thomas</span>, 1. Finch Lane.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class='center'>FAC-SIMILES.</p> + +<p>ASHBEE AND TUCKETT, LITHOGRAPHERS, &c., 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, beg +respectfully to draw Attention to their Establishment for the Execution +of <span class ="smcap">Ancient And Modern Fac-similes</span>, both Plain and in Colours, +comprising Autographs, Charters, Deeds, Drawings, Illuminations, Title +Pages, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce with the utmost fidelity and +exactness, also without the slightest injury to the Original. Specimens +may be inspected at the Offices, or will be forwarded on Application.</p> + +<p>Every Description of Plain and Ornamental <span class ="smcap">Lithography</span> executed +with the greatest attention and punctuality.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class='center'><span class="pagenum"><a id="page529" name="page529"></a>{529}</span> +NEW WORKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE.</p> + +<p class='center'>I.</p> + +<p>MEMOIRS OF THE DUKES OF URBINO (1440 to 1630). By <span class ="smcap">James +Dennistoun</span>, of Dennistoun. With numerous Portraits, Plates, +Facsimiles, and Woodcuts. 3 vols. square crown 8vo. 2<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>II.</p> + +<p>SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY. From "The Spectator." With Notes, &c., by W.H. +<span class ="smcap">Willis</span>; and Twelve fine Woodcuts from drawings by F. +<span class ="smcap">Tayler</span>. Crown 8vo. 15<i>s.</i>; morocco, 27<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>III.</p> + +<p>Mrs. JAMESON'S SACRED and LEGENDARY ART; or, LEGENDS of the SAINTS and +MARTYRS. New Edition, complete in One Volume; with Etchings by the +Author, and Woodcuts. Square crown 8vo. 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>IV.</p> + +<p>Mrs. JAMESON'S LEGENDS OF THE SAINTS AND MARTYRS, as represented in the +Fine Arts. With Etchings by the Author, and Woodcuts. Square crown 8vo. +28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>V.</p> + +<p>THE CHURCH IN THE CATACOMBS: a Description of the Primitive Church of +Rome. By <span class ="smcap">Charles Maitland</span>. New Edition, with Woodcuts. 8vo. +14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>VI.</p> + +<p>MR. MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James II. New +Edition. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>VII.</p> + +<p>JOHN COAD'S MEMORANDUM of the SUFFERINGS of the REBELS sentenced to +Transportation by Judge Jeffreys. Square fcap. 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>VIII.</p> + +<p>AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES. Intended as a Companion to the +History of England. By <span class ="smcap">James Eccleston</span>. With many Wood +Engravings. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>IX.</p> + +<p>Mr. A. RICH'S ILLUSTRATED COMPANION to the LATIN DICTIONARY and GREEK +LEXICON. With about 2,000 Woodcuts, from the Antique. Post 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>X.</p> + +<p>MAUNDER'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE and LIBRARY of REFERENCE: a Compendium +of Universal Knowledge. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i>; bound 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>XI.</p> + +<p>MAUNDER'S BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY; a New Dictionary of Ancient and Modern +Biography: comprising about 12,000 Memoirs. New Edition, with +Supplement. Fcap. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i>; bound, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>XII.</p> + +<p>MAUNDER'S SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY; a copious portable +Encyclopædia of Science and the Belles Lettres. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. +10<i>s.</i>; bound, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>XIII.</p> + +<p>MAUNDER'S HISTORICAL TREASURY: comprising an Outline of General History, +and a separate History of every Nation. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i>; +bound, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>XIV.</p> + +<p>MAUNDER'S TREASURY OF NATURAL HISTORY, or, a Popular Dictionary of +Animated Nature. New Edition; with 900 Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i>; +bound, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>XV.</p> + +<p>SOUTHEY'S COMMON-PLACE BOOK. <span class ="smcap">First Series</span>—CHOICE PASSAGES, &c. +<span class ="smcap">Second Edition</span>, with Medallion Portrait. 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Complete in One Volume, with Portrait, Bust, +Vignette, and coloured Plate. Edited by the Rev. J.W. <span class ="smcap">Warter</span>, +B.D., the Author's Son-in-Law. Square crown 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='center'>XX.</p> + +<p>SOUTHEY'S LIFE and CORRESPONDENCE. Edited by his Son, the Rev. C.C. +<span class ="smcap">Southey</span>, M.A.; with Portraits and Landscape illustrations. 6 +vols. post 8vo. 63<i>s.</i></p> + + +<p class='center'>LONDON:</p> + +<p class='center'>LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS.</p> + +<hr class='full' /> + +<p>Printed by <span class ="smcap">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 8. New Street Square, at +No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of +London; and published by <span class ="smcap">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet Street, +in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, +Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, Dec. 28. 1850.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, +December 28, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 16404-h.htm or 16404-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/0/16404/ + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon +Ingram, Patricia A Benoy, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December 28, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 31, 2005 [EBook #16404] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon +Ingram, Patricia A Benoy, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +NO. 61.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28. 1850. [Price Threepence. +Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{505} + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + Illustrations of Scottish Ballads, by Richard John King 505 + The Red Hand--The Holt Family--Vincent Family 506 + Vondel's Lucifer, by Janus Dousa 507 + A Myth of Midridge 509 + Folk Lore Miscellanies:--St. Thomas's Day--Black Doll + at Old Store-shops--Snake Charming--Mice as a + Medicine--"Many Nits, many Pits"--Swans hatched + during Thunder--Snakes--Pixies or Piskies--Straw + Necklaces--Breaking Judas' Bones 509 + Local Rhymes and Proverbs of Devonshire 511 + A Christmas Carol 513 + A Note for little Boys 513 + Similarity of Traditions 513 + Pixey Legends 514 + The Pool of the Black Hound 515 + Popular Rhymes 515 + Minor Notes:--"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde"-- + Inscription on an Alms-dish--The Use of the French + Word "savez"--Job's Luck--The Assassination of + Mountfort in For folk Street, Strand--The Oldenburgh + Horn--Curious Custom--Kite--Epitaph on John + Randal--Playing Cards 515 + + + QUERIES:-- + Dragons: their Origin 517 + John Sanderson, or the Cushion Dance; and Bab at the + Bowster 517 + Did Bunyan know Hobbes? by J.H. Friswell 518 + Minor Queries:--Boiling to Death--Meaning of + "Mocker"--"Away, let nought to love displeasing" + --Baron Muenchausen--"Sing Tantararara Rogues + all," &c.--Meaning of "Cauking" 519 + + REPLIES:-- + The Wise Men of Gotham, by J.B. Colman 520 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Master John Shorne-- + Antiquity of Smoking--Meaning of the Word + "Thwaites"--Thomas Rogers of Horninger--Earl + of Roscommon--Parse--The Meaning of "Version" + --First Paper-mill in England--"Torn by Horses" + --Vineyards--Cardinal--Weights for Weighing + Coins--Umbrella--Croziers and Pastoral Staves 520 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 523 + Notices to Correspondents 524 + Advertisements 524 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCOTTISH BALLADS. + +In the ballad of "Annan Water" (_Border Minstrelsy_, vol. iii.) is the +following verse:-- + + "O he has pour'd aff his dapperpy coat, + The silver buttons glanced bonny; + The waistcoat bursted aff his breast, + He was sae full of melancholy." + +A very unexpected effect of sorrow, but one that does not seem to be +unprecedented. "A plague of sighing and grief," says Falstaff. "It blows +a man up like a bladder." + +A remarkable illustration of Falstaff's assertion, and of the Scottish +ballad, is to be found in this _Saga of Egil Skallagrimson_. Bodvar, the +son of Egil, was wrecked on the coast of Iceland. His body was thrown up +by the waves near Einarsness, where Egil found it, and buried it in the +tomb of his father Skallagrim. The _Saga_ continues thus:-- + + "After that, Egil rode home to Borgar; and when he came there, he + went straightway into the locked chamber where he was wont to sleep; + and there he laid him down, and shot forth the bolt. No man dared + speak a word to him. And thus it is said that Egil was clad when he + laid Bodvar in the tomb. His hose were bound fast about his legs, + and he had on a red linen kirtle, narrow above, and tied with + strings at the sides. And men say that his body swelled so greatly + that his kirtle burst from off him, and so did his hose."--P. 602. + +It is well known that the subjects of many ballads are common to +Scotland, and to the countries of Northern Europe. Thus, the fine old +"Douglas Tragedy," the scene of which is pointed out at Blackhouse +Tower, on the Yarrow, is equally localised in Denmark: + + "Seven large stones," says Sir Walter, "erected upon the + neighbouring heights of Blackhouse, are shown as marking the spot + where the seven brethren were slain; and the Douglas Burn is avowed + to have been the stream at which the lovers stopped to drink; so + minute is tradition in ascertaining, the scene of a tragical tale, + which, considering, the rude state of former times, had probably + foundation in some real event." + +The corresponding Danish ballad, however, that of "Ribolt and Guldborg," +which has been translated by Mr. Jamieson, is not less minute in +pointing out the scene of action. The origin of ballads, which are thus +widely spread, must probably be sought in very high antiquity; and we +cannot wonder if we find them undergoing considerable {506} change in +the passage from one country to another. At least the "Douglas Tragedy" +betrays one very singular mark of having lost something of the original. + +In "Ribolt and Guldborg," when the lady's brothers have all but +overtaken the fugitives, the knight addresses her thus: + + "Light down, Guldborg, my lady dear, + And hald our steeds lay the renyes here. + And e'en sae be that ye see me fa' + Be sure that ye never upon me ca'; + And e'en sae be that ye see me bleed, + Be sure that ye name na' me till dead." + +Ribolt kills her father and her two eldest brothers, and then Guldborg +can no longer restrain herself: + + "Hald, hald, my Ribolt, dearest mine, + Now belt thy brand, for its 'mair nor time. + My youngest brother ye spare, O spare, + To my mither the dowie news to bear." + +But she has broken her lover's mysterious caution, and he is mortally +wounded in consequence: + + "When Ribolt's name she named that stound, + 'Twas then that he gat his deadly wound." + +In the Scottish ballad, no such caution is given; nor is the lady's +calling on her lover's name at all alluded to as being the cause of his +death. It is so, however, as in the Danish version: + + "She held his steed in her milk-white hand, + And never shed one tear, + Until that she saw her seven brethren fa', + And her father hard fighting, who loved her so dear. + + "O hold your hand, Lord William, she said, + For your strokes they are wondrous sair; + True lovers I can get many a ane, + But a father I can never get mair." + +There is no note in the _Kaempe Viser_, says Mr. Jamieson, on this +subject; nor does he attempt to explain it himself. It has, however, a +clear reference to a very curious Northern superstition. + +Thorkelin, in the essay on the Berserkir, appended to his edition of the +_Kristni-Saga_, tells us that an old name of the Berserk frenzy was +_hamremmi_, _i.e._, strength acquired from another or strange body, +because it was anciently believed that the persons who were liable to +this frenzy were mysteriously endowed, during its accesses, with a +strange body of unearthly strength. If, however, the Berserk was called +on by his own name, he lost his mysterious form, and his ordinary +strength alone remained. Thus it happens in the _Svarfdaela Saga:_ + + "Gris called aloud to Klanfi, and said, 'Klanfi, Klanfi! keep a fair + measure,' and instantly the strength which Klanfi had got in his + rage, failed him; so that now he could not even lift the beam with + which he had been fighting." + +It is clear, therefore, continues Thorkelin, that the state of men +labouring under the Berserk frenzy was held by some, at least, to +resemble that of those, who, whilst their own body lay at home +apparently dead or asleep, wandered under other forms into distant +places and countries. Such wanderings were called _hamfarir_ by the old +northmen; and were held to be only capable of performance by those who +had attained the very utmost skill in magic. + +RICHARD JOHN KING. + + * * * * * + + +THE RED HAND.--THE HOLT FAMILY. +(Vol. ii., pp. 248. 451.) + +Your correspondent ESTE, in allusion to the arms of the Holt +family, in a window of the church of Aston-juxta-Birmingham, refers to +the tradition that one of the family "murdered his cook, and was +afterwards compelled to adopt the red hand in his arms." Este is +perfectly correct in his concise but comprehensive particulars. That +which, by the illiterate, is termed "the bloody hand," and by them +reputed as an abatement of honour, is nothing more than the "Ulster +badge" of dignity. The tradition adds, that Sir Thomas Holt murdered the +cook in a cellar, at the old family mansion, by "running him through +with a spit," and afterwards buried him beneath the spot where the +tragedy was enacted. I merely revert to the subject, because, within the +last three months, the ancient family residence, where the murder is +said to have been committed, has been levelled with the ground; and +among persons who from their position in society might be supposed to be +better informed, considerable anxiety has been expressed to ascertain +whether any portion of the skeleton of the murdered cook has been +discovered beneath the flooring of the cellar, which tradition, fomented +by illiterate gossip, pointed out as the place of his interment. Your +correspondents would confer a heraldic benefit if they would point out +other instances--which I believe to exist--where family reputation has +been damaged by similar ignorance in heraldic interpretation. + +The ancient family residence to which I have referred was situated at +Duddeston, a hamlet adjoining Birmingham. Here the Holts resided until +May, 1631, when Sir Thomas took up his abode at Ashton Hall, a noble +structure in the Elizabethan style of architecture, which, according to +a contemporary inscription, was commenced in April, 1618, and completed +in 1635. Sir Thomas was a decided royalist, and maintained his +allegiance to his sovereign, although the men of Birmingham were +notorious for their disaffection, and the neighbouring garrison of +Edgbaston was occupied by Parliamentarian troops. When Charles I., of +glorious or unhappy memory, was on his way from Shrewsbury to the +important battle of Edgehill, {507} on the confines of Warwickshire, he +remained with Sir Thomas, as his guest, from the 15th to the 17th of +October (vide Mauley's _Iter Carolinum_, Gutch's _Collectanea_, vol. ii. +p. 425.); and a closet is still pointed out to the visitor where he is +said to have been concealed. A neighbouring eminence is to the present +day called "King's Standing," from the fact of the unhappy monarch +having stood thereon whilst addressing his troops. By his acts of +loyalty, Sir Thomas Holt acquired the hostility of his rebellious +neighbours; and accordingly we learn that on the 18th of December, 1643, +he had recourse to Colonel Leveson, who "put forty muskettiers into the +house" to avert impending dangers; but eight days afterwards, on the +26th of December, "the rebels, 1,200 strong, assaulted it, and the day +following tooke it, kil'd 12, and ye rest made prisoners, though w'th +losse of 60 of themselves." (Vide Dugdale's _Diary_, edited by Hamper, +4to. p. 57.) The grand staircase, deservedly so entitled, bears evident +marks of the injury occasioned at this period, and an offending +cannon-ball is still preserved. + +Edward, the son and heir of Sir Thomas, died at Oxford, on the 28th +August, 1643, and was buried in Christ Church. He was an ardent +supporter of the king. The old baronet was selected as ambassador to +Spain by Charles I., but was excused on account of his infirmities. He +died A.D. 1654, in the eighty-third year of his age. His excellence and +benevolence of character would afford presumptive evidence of the +falsehood of the tradition, if it were not totally exploded by the +absurdity of the hypothesis upon which it is grounded. Sir Thomas was +succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson, Robert, who in compliance +with his will built an almshouse or hospital for five men and five +women. It is unnecessary to pursue the family further, excepting to +state that nearly at the close of the last century the entail was cut +off: the family is now unknown in the neighbourhood, excepting in its +collateral branches, and the hall has passed into the possession of +strangers. Its last occupant was James Watt, Esq., son of the eminent +mechanical philosopher. He died about two years ago, and the venerable +mansion remains tenantless. + +With reference to the ancient family residence of the Holts, at +Duddeston, it will be sufficient to observe, that in the middle of the +last century the house and grounds were converted into a tavern and +pleasure gardens, under the metropolitan title of Vauxhall: and for a +century they continued to afford healthful recreation and scenic +amusement to the busy inhabitants of Birmingham. The amazing increase in +the size and population of the town has at length demanded this +interesting site for building purposes. Within the last three months the +house and gardens have been entirely dismantled, a range of building has +already been erected, and old Vauxhall is now numbered amongst the +things that were. + +J. GOODWIN. + +Birmingham. + + +_"Bloody Hands at Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey._--The legends of Sir Richard +Baker (Vol. ii., pp. 67. 244.) and of a member of the Holt family (Vol. +ii., p. 451.) recall to my mind one somewhat similar, connected with a +monument in the church of Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, the appearance of a +"bloody hand" upon which was thus accounted for to me:-- + + "Two young brothers of the family of Vincent, the elder of whom had + just come into possession of the estate, were out shooting on + Fairmile Common, about two miles from the village; they had put up + several birds, but had not been able to get a single shot, when the + elder swore with an oath that he would fire at whatever they next + met with. They had not gone much further before the miller of a mill + near at hand (and which is still standing) passed them, and made + some trifling remark. As soon as he had got by, the younger brother + jokingly reminded the elder of his oath, whereupon the latter + immediately fired at the miller, who fell dead upon the spot. Young + Vincent escaped to his home, and by the influence of his family, + backed by large sums of money, no effective steps were taken to + apprehend him, and he was concealed in the 'Nunnery' on his estate + for some years, when death put a period to the insupportable anguish + of his mind. To commemorate his rash act and his untimely death, + this 'bloody hand' was placed on his monument." + +So runs the story as far as I remember; the date I cannot recollect. The +legend was told me after I had left the church, and I had paid no +particular attention to the monument; but I thought at the time that the +hand might be only the Ulster badge. I shall be obliged to any of your +readers who will throw further light upon this matter. A pilgrimage to +Stoke d'Abernon, whose church contains the earliest known brass in +England, would not be uninteresting even at this season of the year. + +ARUN. + + * * * * * + + +VONDEL'S LUCIFER. + +I have to complain of injustice done by a correspondent of "NOTES +AND QUERIES," to the Dutch poet Vondel. To the question mooted by +F. (Vol. i. p. 142.), whether my countryman's _Lucifer_ has ever been +translated into English, Hermes answers by a passage taken from the +_Foreign Quarterly Review_ for April, 1829; and subjoins a list of the +_dramatis personae_ "given from the _original Dutch_ before him. The +tragedy itself is condensed by your correspondent into a simple "&c." +Now, if HERMES, instead of referring to a stale review for a +comparison between Vondel's tragedy and the _Paradise Lost_, without +showing by _any_ proof that Milton's justly renowned epic {508} is +indeed superior to this, one of the Dutch poet's masterpiece--if +HERMES, being, as I conclude from his own words, conversant +with the language of _our_ Shakspeare, had taken pains to _read +Lucifer_, he would not have repeated a statement unfavourable to +Vondel's poetical genius. I, for my part, will _not_ hazard a judgment +on poems so different and yet so alike, I will _not_ sneer at Milton's +demon-gods of Olympus, nor laugh at "their artillery discharged in the +daylight of heaven;" for such instances of bad taste are to be +considered as clouds setting off the glories of the whole; but _this_ I +will say, that Vondel wrote his _Lucifer_ in 1654, the sixty-seventh of +his life, while Milton's _Paradise Lost_ was composed four years later. +The honour of precedence, in time, at least, belongs to my countryman. +All the odds were against the British poet's competitor, if one who +wrote before him may be so called; for, while Milton enjoyed every +privilege of a sound classical education, Vondel had still to begin a +course of study when more than twenty-six years of age; and, while the +Dutch poet told the price of homely stockings to prosaic burghers, the +writer of _Paradise Lost_ was speaking the language of Torquato Tasso in +the country enraptured by the first sight of _la divina comedia_. + +I am no friend of polemical writing, and I believe the less we see of it +in your friendly periodical, the better it is; but still I _must_ +protest against such copying of partially-written judgments, when good +information can be got. I say not by stretching out a hand, for the book +was already opened by your correspondent--but alone by using one's eyes +and turning over a leaf or two. Else, why did HERMES learn the +Dutch language? I ask your subscribers if the following verses are +_weak_, and if they would not have done honour to the English Vondel? + + CHORUS OF ANGELS. + + (From _Lucifer_.) + + "Who sits above heaven's heights sublime, + Yet fills the grave's profoundest place, + Beyond eternity, or time, + Or the vast round of viewless space: + Who on Himself alone depends-- + Immortal--glorious--but unseen-- + And in his mighty being blends + What rolls around or flows within. + Of all we know not--all we know-- + Prime source and origin--a sea, + Whose waters pour'd on earth below + Wake blessing's brightest radiancy. + 'Tis power, love, wisdom, first exalted + And waken'd from oblivion's birth; + Yon starry arch--yon palace, vaulted-- + Yon heaven of heavens, to smile on earth. + From his resplendent majesty + We shade us 'neath our sheltering wings, + While awe-inspired, and tremblingly + We praise the glorious King of Kings, + With sight and sense confused and dim; + O name--describe the Lord of Lords, + The seraph's praise shall hallow Him;-- + Or is the theme too vast for words?" + + RESPONSE. + + "'Tis God! who pours the living glow + Of light, creation's fountain-head: + Forgive the praise--too mean and low-- + Or from the living or the dead. + No tongue thy peerless name hath spoken, + No space can hold that awful name; + The aspiring spirit's wing is broken;-- + Thou wilt be, wert, and art the same! + Language is dumb. Imagination, + Knowledge, and science, helpless fall; + They are irreverent profanation, + And thou, O God! art all in all. + How vain on such a thought to dwell! + Who knows Thee--Thee the All-unknown? + Can angels be thy oracle, + Who art--who art Thyself alone? + None, none can trace Thy course sublime, + For none can catch a ray from Thee, + The splendour and the source of time-- + The Eternal of eternity. + Thy light of light outpour'd conveys + Salvation in its flight elysian, + Brighter than e'en Thy mercy's rays; + But vainly would our feeble vision + Aspire to Thee. From day to day + Age steals on us, but meets thee never; + Thy power is life's support and stay-- + We praise thee, sing thee, Lord! for ever." + + CHORUS. + + "Holy, holy, holy! Praise-- + Praise be His in every land; + Safety in His presence stays; + Sacred is His high command!" + +Dr. Bowring's version,--though a good one, if the difficulty be +considered of giving back a piece of poetry, whose every word is a poem +in itself, and by whose rhyme and accentuation a feeling of +indescribable awe is instilled into the most fastidious reader's +mind,--Dr. Bowring's version is but a feeble reverberation of the holy +fire pervading our Dutch poet's anthem. But still there rests enough in +his copy to give one a high idea of the original. I borrow the same +Englishman's words when I add:-- + + "The criticism that instructs, even though it instructs severely, is + most salutary and most valuable. It is of the criticism that + insults, and while it insults, informs not, that we have a right to + complain."--_Batavian Anthology_, p. 6. + +JANUS DOUSA. + +Manpadt House. + + * * * * *{509} + + +A MYTH OF MIDRIDGE; + + _Or, A Story anent a witless Wight's Adventures with the Midridge + Fairies in the Bishoprick of Durham; now more than two Centuries + ago._ + +Talking about fairies the other day to a nearly Octogenarian female +neighbour, I asked, had she ever seen one in her youthful days. Her +answer was in the negative; "but," quoth she, "I've heard my grandmother +tell a story, that Midridge (near Auckland) was a great place for +fairies when she was a child, and for many long years after that." A +rather lofty hill, only a short distance from the village, was their +chief place of resort, and around it they used to dance, not by dozens, +but by hundreds, when the gloaming began to show itself of the summer +nights. Occasionally a villager used to visit the scene of their gambols +in order to catch if it were but a passing glance of the tiny folks, +dressed in their vestments of green, as delicate as the thread of the +gossamer: for well knew the lass so favoured, that ere the current year +had disappeared, she would have become the happy wife of the object of +her only love; and also, as well ken'd the lucky lad that he too would +get a weel tochered lassie, long afore his brow became wrinkled with +age, or the snow-white blossoms had begun to bud forth upon his pate. +Woe to those, however, who dared to come by twos or by threes, with +inquisitive and curious eye, within the bounds of their domain; for if +caught, or only the eye of a fairy fell upon them, ill was sure to +betide them through life. Still more awful, however, was the result if +any were so rash as to address them, either in plain prose or rustic +rhyme. The last instance of their being spoken to, is thus still handed +down by tradition:--''Twas on a beautifully clear evening in the month +of August, when the last sheaf had crowned the last stack in their +master's hagyard, and after calling the "harvest home," the daytale-men +and household servants were enjoying themselves over massive pewter +quarts foaming over with strong beer, that the subject of the evening's +conversation at last turned upon the fairies of the neighbouring hill, +and each related his oft-told tale which he had learned by rote from the +lips of some parish grandame. At last the senior of the mirthful party +proposed to a youthful mate of his, who had dared to doubt even the +existence of such creatures, that he durst not go to the hill, mounted +on his master's best palfrey, and call aloud, at the full extent of his +voice, the following rhymes: + + "Rise little Lads, + Wi' your iron gads, + And set the Lad o' Midridge hame." + +Tam o' Shanter-like, elated with the contents of the pewter vessels, he +nothing either feared or doubted, and off went the lad to the fairy +hill; so, being arrived at the base, he was nothing loth to extend his +voice to its utmost powers in giving utterance to the above invitatory +verses. Scarcely had the last words escaped his lips ere he was nearly +surrounded by many hundreds of the little folks, who are ever ready to +revenge, with the infliction of the most dreadful punishment, every +attempt at insult. The most robust of the fairies, who I take to have +been Oberon, their king, wielding an enormous javelin, thus, also in +rhymes equally rough, rude, and rustic, addressed the witless wight: + + "Silly Willy, mount thy filly; + And if it isn't weel corn'd and fed, + I'll ha' thee afore thou gets hame to thy Midridge bed." + +Well was it for Willy that his home was not far distant, and that part +light was still remaining in the sky. Horrified beyond measure, he +struck his spurs into the sides of his beast, who, equally alarmed, +darted off as quick as lightning towards the mansion of its owner. +Luckily it was one of those houses of olden time, which would admit of +an equestrian and his horse within its portals without danger; lucky, +also, was it that at the moment they arrived the door was standing wide +open: so, considering the house a safer sanctuary from the belligerous +fairies than the stable, he galloped direct into the hall, to the no +small amazement of all beholders, when the door was instantly closed +upon his pursuing foes! As soon as Willy was able to draw his breath, +and had in part overcome the effects of his fear, he related to his +comrades a full and particular account of his adventures with the +fairies; but from that time forward, never more could any one, either +for love or money, prevail upon Willy to give the fairies of the hill an +invitation to take an evening walk with him as far as the village of +Midridge! + +To conclude, when the fairies had departed, and it was considered safe +to unbar the door, to give egress to Willy and his filly, it was found, +to the amazement of all beholders, that the identical iron javelin of +the fairy king had pierced through the thick oaken door, which for +service as well as safety was strongly plated with iron, where it still +stuck, and actually required the strength of the stoutest fellow in the +company, with the aid of a smith's great fore-hammer, to drive it forth. +This singular relic of fairy-land was preserved for many generations, +till passing eventually into the hands of one who cared for none of +those things, it was lost, to the no small regret of all lovers of +legendary lore! + +M.A.D. + + * * * * * + + +FOLK LORE. + +_St. Thomas's Day._--A Guernsey charm _pour ve ki ke sera son amant_-- + +"Into a golden pippin stick eighteen new pins, nine in the eye, and nine +in the stem, tie round it the left {510} garter, and place it under the +pillow. Get into bed backwards, saying, + + "Le jour de St. Thomas, + Le plus court, le plus bas, + Je prie Dieu journellement, + Qu'il me fasse voir, en dormant, + Celui qui sera mon amant; + Et le pays et la contree + Ou il fera sa demeuree, + Tel qu'il sera je l'aimerai, + Ainsi soit-il." + +VIATOR. + +NOV. 6. 1850. + + +_Black Doll at Old Store-shops_ (Vol. i., p. 27.).--Is it not probable +that the black doll was an image of the Virgin, sold at the Reformation +with a lot of church vestments, and other "rags of Popery," as the +Puritans called the surplice, and first hung up by some Puritan or +Hebrew dealer. + +Images of the black Virgin are not uncommon in Roman Catholic churches. +Has the colour an Egyptian origin, or whence is it? + +A. HOLT WHITE. + +Gladwins, Harlow. + + +_Snake Charming_.--Two or three summers ago, I was told a curious story +of snake charming by a lady of undoubted veracity, in whose +neighbourhood (about a dozen miles from Totnes) the occurrence had taken +place. Two coast-guard men in crossing a field fell in with a snake: one +of them, an _Irishman_, threw his jacket over the animal, and +immediately uttered or muttered a charm over it. On taking up the +garment, after a few seconds had passed, the _snake was dead_. + +When I heard this story, and understood that the operator was an +Irishman, I bethought me of how Rosalind says, "I was never so be-rhymed +since Pythagoras' time, that I was an Irish rat," and accounted +satisfactorily for the fact that, "as touching snakes, there are no +snakes in _Ireland_:" for, as the song voucheth, "the snakes committed +suicide to save themselves from slaughter," _i.e._ they _were charmed to +death by St. Patrick_. + +I fear it would now be impossible to recover the charm made use of by +the coast-guard man; but I will have inquiry made, and if I can obtain +any further particulars, I will forward them to you. + +J.M.B. + + +_Mice as a Medicine_ (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).--The remedy of the roast +mouse recommended in _The Pathway to Health_ (which I find is in the +British Museum), is also prescribed in _Most Excellent and Approved +Remedies_, 1652:--"Make it in powder," says the author, "and drink it +off at one draught, and it will presently help you, especially if you +use it three mornings together." The following is "an excellent remedy +to stanch bleeding:"-- + + "Take a toad and dry him very well in the sun, then put him in a + linen bag, and hang him with a string about the neck of the party + that bleedeth, and let it hang so low that it may touch the breast + on the left side near unto the heart; and this will certainly stay + all manner of bleeding at the mouth, nose," &c. + +Sage leaves, yarrow, and ale, are recommended for a "gnawing at the +heart;" which I think should be "made a note of" for the benefit of poor +poets and disappointed authors. + +WEDSECNARF. + + +_Mice as a Medicine_ (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).--I was stopping about +three years ago in the house of a gentleman whose cook had been in the +service of a quondam Canon of Ch. Ch., who averred that she roasted mice +to cure her master's children of the hooping cough. She said it had the +effect of so doing. + +CHAS. PASLAM. + + "Many Nits, [nuts] + Many Pits." + +A common saying hereabouts, meaning that if hazel-nuts, haws, hips, &c., +are plentiful, many deaths will occur. But whether the deaths are to be +occasioned by nut-devouring or by seasonal influence, I cannot +ascertain. In many places, an abundant crop of hips and haws is supposed +to betoken a severe winter. + +CHAS. PASLAM. + + +_Swans hatched during Thunder._--The fable of the singing of swans at +death is well known; but I recently heard a bit of "folk lore" as to the +birth of swans quite as poetical, and probably equally true. It is this: +that swans are always hatched during a thunderstorm. I was told this by +an old man in Hampshire, who had been connected with the care of swans +all his life. He, however, knew nothing about their singing at death. + +Is this opinion as to the birth of swans common? If so, probably some of +your numerous correspondents will detail the form in which such belief +is expressed. + +ROBERT RAWLINSON. + + +_Snakes_ (Vol. ii., p. 164.).--Several years ago, in returning from an +excursion from Clevedon, in Somerset, to Cadbury Camp, I saw a viper on +the down, which I pointed out to the old woman in charge of the donkeys, +who assailed it with a stout stick, and nearly killed it. I expressed +surprise at her leaving it with some remains of life; but she said that, +whatever she did to it, it would "live till sun-down, and as soon as the +sun was set it would die." The same superstition prevails in Cornwall, +and also in Devon. + +H.G.T. + + +_Pixies or Piskies._--At Chudleigh Rocks I was told, a few weeks ago, by +the old man who acts as guide to the caves, of a recent instance of a +man's being pixy-led. In going home, full of strong drink, across the +hill above the cavern called the "Pixies' Hole," on a moonlit night, he +heard sweet {511} music, and was led into the whirling dance by the +"good folk," who kept on spinning him without mercy, till he fell down +"in a swoon." + +On "coming to himself," he got up and found his way home, where he "took +to his bed, and never left it again, but died a little while after," the +victim (I suppose) of _delirium tremens_, or some such disorder, the +incipient symptoms of which his haunted fancy turned into the sweet +music in the night wind and the fairy revel on the heath. In the tale I +have above given he persisted (said the old man), when the medical +attendant who was called in inquired of him the symptoms of his illness. +This occurrence happened, I understood, very recently, and was told to +me in perfect good faith. + +I have just been told of a man who several years ago lost his way on +Whitchurch Down, near Tavistock. The farther he went the farther he had +to go; but happily calling to mind the antidote "in such case made and +provided," he turned his coat inside out, after which he had no +difficulty in finding his way. "He was supposed," adds my informant, "to +be pisky-led." + +About ten miles from Launceston, on the Bodmin road (or at least in that +direction) is a large piece of water called Dosmere (pronounced Dosmery) +Pool. A tradition of the neighbourhood says that on the shores of this +lonely mere the ghosts of bad men are ever employed in binding the sand +"in bundles with _beams_ of the same" (a local word meaning _bands_, in +Devonshire called _beans;_ as _hay-beans_, and in this neighbourhood +hay-_beams_, for hay-bands). These ghosts, or some of them, were driven +out (they say "_horsewhipped_ out," at any rate exorcised in some sort) +"by the parson" from Launceston. + +H.G.T. + +Launceston. + + +_Straw Necklaces_ (Vol. i., p. 104).--Perhaps these straw necklaces were +anciently worn to preserve their possessors against _witchcraft_; for, +till the thirteenth century, straw was spread on the floors to defend a +house from the same evil agencies. Cf. _Le Grand d'Aussi Vie des Anciens +Francs_, tom. iii. pp. 132. 134; "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., +pp. 245. 294. + +JANUS DOUSA. + + +_Breaking Judas' Bones._--On Good Friday eve the children at Boppart, on +the Rhine, in Germany, have the custom of making a most horrid noise +with _rattles_. They call it _breaking the bones of Judas_. Cf. +"NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., p. 357. + +JANUS DOUSA. + + +LOCAL RHYMES AND PROVERBS OF DEVONSHIRE. + + "River of Dart, oh river of Dart, + Every year thou claim'st a heart." + +It is said that a year never passes without the drowning of one person, +at least, in the Dart. The river has but few fords, and, like all +mountain streams, it is liable to sudden risings, when the water comes +down with great strength and violence. Compare Chambers' _Popular +Rhymes_, p. 8., "Tweed said to Till," &c. See also Olaus Wormius, +_Monumenta Danica_, p. 17. + +The moormen never say "_the_ Dart," but always "Dart." "Dart came down +last night--he is very full this morning." The _cry_ of the river is the +name given to that louder sound which rises toward nightfall. Cranmere +Pool, the source of the Dart, is a place of punishment for unhappy +spirits. They may frequently be heard wailing in the morasses there. +Compare Leyden _Scenes of Infancy_, pp. 315, 316., &c. + + * * * * * + +Wescote (_View of Devonshire_: Exeter, 1845 (reprint), p. 348.) has a +curious story of the Tamar and Torridge. It is worth comparing with a +local rhyme given by Chambers, p. 26.: "Annan, Tweed, and Clyde," &c. + + * * * * * + + "When Haldon hath a hat + Kenton may beware a skat." + +This often quoted saying is curiously illustrated by a passage from the +romance of Sir Gawaya and the Grene Knicht (Madden's _Sir Gawaya_, p. +77.): + + "Mist muged on the mor, malt on the mountes, + _Uch hille hadde a hatte_, a myst-hakel huge." + +In the note on this passage Sir Frederick quotes two proverbs like the +Devonshire one above. They are, however, well known, and there is no +lack of similar sayings. + + * * * * * + + "When Plymouth was a furzy down, + Plympton was a borough town." + + * * * * * + +When Brutus of Troy landed at Totnes, he gave the town its name; thus,-- + + "Here I sit, and here I rest, + And this town shall be called Totnes." + + * * * * * + + "Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone, + When the Conqueror came, were found at home." + + * * * * * + + "Who on the Sabbath pares his horn, + 'Twere better for him he had never been born." + + "At toto Thori die hominibus ungues secare minime licuit." + --Finn Magnusen, _Lex. Edd._, s.v. _Thor_. + +In the district of Bohnsland, in Sweden, in the middle of the eighteenth +century, it was not thought proper to fell wood on the afternoon of +Thursday. (Id.) + + * * * * * + + "Many slones [sloes], many groans, + Many nits [nuts], many pits." + + * * * * * + + "When the aspen leaves are no bigger than your nail, + Is the time to look out for truff and peel." + + * * * * *{512} + +_Margaret's Flood_.--Heavy rain is expected about the time of St. +Margaret's day (July 20th). It is called "Margaret's flood." + + * * * * * + + "Widdecombe folks are picking their geese, + Faster, faster, faster." + +A saying among the parishes of the south coast during a snow-storm. +'Widdecombe' is "Widdecombe in the Dartmoors." + + * * * * * + + "Quiet sow, quiet mow." + +A saying with reference to land or lease held on lives. If the seed is +sown without notice of the death of the life, the corn may be reaped, +although the death took place before the sowing. + + * * * * * + +Bees.-- + + "If they swarm in May, + They're worth a pound next day. + If they swarm in July, + They're not worth a fly." + +Bees must never be bought. It is best to give a sack of wheat for a +hive. + + * * * * * + +_Dinnick_ is the Devonshire name of a small bird, said to follow and +feed the cuckoo. + + * * * * * + +A cat will not remain in a house with an unburied corpse; and rooks will +leave the place until after the funeral, if the rookery be near the +house. + + * * * * * + +It is proper to make a low bow whenever a single magpie is seen. + + * * * * * + +It is not considered safe to plant a bed of lilies of the valley; the +person doing so will probably die in the course of the next twelve +months. + + * * * * * + +Where the rainbow rests, is a crock of gold. + + * * * * * + +A cork under the pillow is a certain cure for cramp. + + * * * * * + +Seven different herbs must be used for making a herb poultice. + + "The editor remembers a female relation of a former vicar of St. + Erth, who, instructed by a dream, prepared decoctions of various + herbs, and repairing to the Land's End, poured them into the sea, + with certain incantations, with the expectation of seeing the + Lionesse rise immediately out of the water having all its + inhabitants alive, notwithstanding their long immersion."--Davies + Gilbert's _Cornwall_, vol. iii. p. 310. + + * * * * * + +If the fire blazes up brightly when the crock is hung up, it is a sign +there is a stranger coming. + + * * * * * + +_Cure for Thrush_.--Take the child to a running stream, draw a straw +through its mouth, and repeat the verse, "Out of the mouth of babes and +sucklings," &c. + + * * * * * + +A creature of enormous size, called a "bull-frog," is believed to live +under the foundation stones of old houses, hedges, &c. I remember having +heard it spoken of with great awe. + + * * * * * + +_Hen and Chickens._--In a parish adjoining Dartmoor is a green fairy +ring of considerable size, within which a black hen and chickens are +occasionally seen at nightfall. + +The vicar of a certain Devonshire parish was a distinguished student of +the black art, and possessed a large collection of mysterious books and +manuscripts. During his absence at church, one of his servants visited +his study, and finding a large volume open on the desk, imprudently +began to read it aloud. He had scarcely read half a page when the sky +became dark, and a great wind shook the house violently; still he read +on; and in the midst of the storm the door flew open, and a black hen +and chickens came into the room. They were of the ordinary size when +they first appeared, but gradually became larger and larger, until the +hen was of the bigness of a good sized ox. At this point the vicar +suddenly closed his discourse, and dismissed his congregation, saying he +was wanted at home, and hoped he might arrive there in time. When he +entered the chamber the hen was already touching the ceiling. But he +threw down a bag of rice, which stood ready in the corner; and whilst +the hen and chickens were busily picking up the grains, he had time to +reverse the spell.--(Ceridwer takes the form of a hen in the _Hanes +Taliesin_.) I believe a hen and chickens is sometimes found on the +bosses of early church roofs. A sow and pigs certainly are. A black sow +and pigs haunt many cross roads in Devonshire. + + * * * * * + +The _Dewerstone_ is a lofty mass of rock rising above the bed of the +Plym, on the southern edge of Dartmoor. During a deep snow, the traces +of a naked human foot and of a cloven hoof were found ascending to the +highest point. The valley below is haunted by a black headless dog. +Query, is it Dewerstone, Tiwes-tun, or Tiwes-stan?--(Kemble's _Saxons_, +vol. i. p. 351.) + + * * * * * + +The great Cromlech at Drewsteignton is said to have been erected by +three _spinsters_ (meaning _spinners_); another legend says by three +young men. The first is the more usual saying. The Cromlech is generally +called "The Spinster's Rock." Rowe (_Dartmoor_, p. 99.) suggests that +the three spinsters were the Valkyrien, or perhaps the Fates. He is no +doubt right. + + * * * * * + +Rock and stone legends abound. A great quoit on the top of Heltor is +said to have been thrown {513} there by the Devil during fight with King +Arthur. Adin's Hole (Etin's) is the name of a sea cavern near Torquay; +another is Daddy's Hole. The Devil long hindered the building of +Buckfastleigh Church, which stands on the top of a steep hill. A stone, +at about the distance of a mile, has the marks of his finger and thumb. +The stone circles, &c. on Dartmoor, are said to have been made "when +there were wolves on the hills, and winged serpents in the low lands." +On the side of Belstone Tor, near Oakhampton, is a small grave circle +called "Nine Stones." It is said to dance every day at noon. + + * * * * * + +Whoever shall find the treasure hidden in Ringmore Down, may plough with +a golden plough-share, and yoke his oxen with golden cross-sticks. + +R.J.K. + + +A CHRISTMAS CAROL. + +The following carol has not, I believe, been printed in any of the +modern collections; certainly it is not in those of Mr. Sandys and Mr. +Wright. It is copied from Ad. MS. Brit. Mus. 15,225, a manuscript of the +time of James I. It may, perhaps, bethought appropriate for insertion in +your Christmas number. I have modernised the orthography. + + A CAROL FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY. + + Rejoice, rejoice, with heart and voice, + For Christ his birth this day rejoice. + + 1. + + From Virgin's womb to us this day did spring + The precious seed that only saved man; + This day let man rejoice and sweetly sing, + Since on this day salvation first began. + This day did Christ man's soul from death remove, + With glorious saints to dwell in heaven above. + + 2. + + This day to man came pledge of perfect peace, + This day to man came love and unity, + This day man's grief began for to surcease, + This day did man receive a remedy + For each offence, and every deadly sin, + With guilt of heart that erst he wander'd in. + + 3. + + In Christ his flock let love be surely placed, + From Christ his flock let concord hate expel, + In Christ his flock let love be so embraced, + As we in Christ, and Christ in us, may dwell. + Christ is the author of all unity, + From whence proceedeth all felicity. + + 4. + + O sing unto this glittering glorious King, + And praise His name let every living thing; + Let heart and voice, let bells of silver, ring, + The comfort that this day to us did bring; + Let lute, let shawm, with sound of sweet delight, + The joy of Christ his birth this day recite. + +BUON. ERIC. + + +A NOTE FOR LITTLE BOYS. + +In order that all good little boys who take an interest in the +"NOTES AND QUERIES" may know how much more lucky it is for them +to be little boys now, than it was in the ancient times, I would wish +them to be informed of the cruel manner in which even good little boys +were liable to be treated by the law of the Ripuarians. When a sale of +land took place it was required that there should be twelve witnesses, +and with these as many boys, in whose presence the price of the land +should be paid, and its formal surrender take place; and then the boys +were beaten, and their ears pulled, so that the pain thus inflicted upon +them should make an impression upon their memory, and that they might, +if necessary, be afterwards witnesses as to the sale and delivery of the +land. (_Lex Ripuarium LX., de Traditionibus et Testibus._) In a note of +Balucius upon this passage he states: + + "A practice somewhat similar to this prevails in our our times, for + in some of the provinces, whenever a notorious criminal is condemned + to death, parents bring their sons with them to the place of + execution, and, at the moment that he is put to death, they whip + their children with rods, so that being thus excited by their own + sufferings, and by seeing the punishment inflicted on another for + his sins, they may ever bear in mind how necessary it is for them, + in their progress through life, to be prudent and virtuous."--_Rev. + Gall. et Franc. Script._, vol. iv. p. 277. n.e. + +W.B. MACCABE. + + +SIMILARITY OF TRADITIONS. + +Having recently met with some curious instances of the extent to which +the same or similar traditions extend themselves, not only in our own +country, but in Wales and France, I have "made a note" of them for your +service. + +_Burying in the church wall_ is supposed to be burying in neutral +ground. + +In the north wall of the church of Tremeirchion, near the banks of the +Elwy, North Wales (described by Pennant, vol. ii. p. 139.), is the tomb +of a former vicar, Daffydd Ddu, or the black of Hiradduc, who was vicar +of the parish, and celebrated as a necromancer, flourishing about 1340. +Of him the tradition is, that he proved himself more clever than the +Wicked One himself. A bargain was made between them that the vicar +should practise the black art with impunity during his life, but that +the Wicked One should possess his body after death, whether he were +buried within or without the church; and that the worthy vicar cheated +his ally of his bargain by being buried neither within nor without the +church, but in the wall itself. + +A very similar tradition exists at Brent Pelham, Hertfordshire, with +reference to the tomb of Pierce Shonke, which was also in the wall. He +is said to have died A.D. 1086. Under the feet of the figure {514} was +a "cross flourie, and under the cross a serpent" (Weever, p. 549.), and +the inscription is thus translated in Chauncy's _Hertfordshire_, p. 143: + + "Nothing of Cadmus nor St. George, those names + Of great renown, survives them, but their fames; + Time was so sharp set as to make no bones + Of theirs nor of their monumental stones, + But _Shonke_ one serpent kills, t'other defies, + And in this wall as in a fortress lyes." + +Whilst in the north wall of Rouen Cathedral is the tomb of an early +archbishop, who having accidentally killed a man by hitting him with a +soup ladle, because the soup given by the servant to the poor was of an +inferior quality, thought himself unworthy of a resting-place within the +church, and disliking to be buried without, was interred in the wall +itself. + + +_Miraculous Cures for Lameness._--The holy well _Y fynnon fair_, or Our +Lady's Well, near Pont yr allt Goch, close to the Elwy, has to this day +the reputation of curing lameness so thoroughly, that those who can +reach it walking on crutches may fling their crutches away on their +return home. Welsh people still come several miles over the hills to +this holy spring. A whole family was there when I visited its healing +waters last month. + +The same virtue is ascribed at Rouen to a walk to the altar at St. +Katherine's Church, at the top of St. Katherine's Hill, where the +cast-off crutches have been preserved. In the latter case something less +than a miracle may account for the possibility of going away without +crutches; for they may be required to mount to a lofty eminence, and may +well be dispensed with on coming down: but as this supposition would +lessen the value of a tradition implicitly believed, of course all +sensible men will reject it at once. + +WM. DURANT COOPER. + +81. Guilford Street. + + +PIXEY LEGENDS. + +In reference to your correspondent H.G.T.'s article on _pixies_ (Vol. +ii., p. 475.), allow me to say that I have read the distich which he +quotes in a tale to the following effect:--In one of the southern +counties of England--(all the pixey tales which I have heard or read +have their seat laid in the south of England)--there lived a lass who +was courted and wed by a man who, after marriage, turned out to be a +drunkard, neglecting his work, which was that of threshing, thereby +causing his pretty wife to starve. But after she could bear this no +longer, she dressed herself in her husband's clothes (whilst he slept +off the effects of his drunkenness), and went to the barn to do her +husband's work. On the morning of the second day, when she went to the +barn, she found a large pile of corn threshed, which she had not done; +and so she found, for three or four days, her pile of corn doubled. One +night she determined to watch and see who did it, and carrying her +intention into practice, she saw a little pixey come into the barn with +a tiny flail, with which he set to work so vigorously that he soon +threshed a large quantity. During his work he sang, + + "Little Pixey, fair and slim, + Without a rag to cover him." + +The next day the good woman made a complete suit of miniature clothes, +and hung them up behind the barn door, and watched to see what _pixey_ +would do. I forgot to mention that he hung his flail behind the door +when he had done with it. + +At the usual time the pixey came to work, went to the door to take down +his flail, and saw the suit of clothes, took them down, and put them on +him, and surveyed himself with a satisfied air, and sang + + "Pixey fine, and pixie gay. + Pixey now must fly away." + +It then flew away, and she never saw it more. + +In this tale the word was invariably spelt "pixey." + +TYSIL. + + +_Pixies._--The _puckie_-stone is a rock above the Teign, near Chagford. +In the _Athenaeum_ I mentioned the rags in which the pixies generally +appear. In _A Narrative of some strange Events that took place in Island +Magee and Neighbourhood in 1711_, is this description of a spirit that +troubled the house of Mr. James Hattridge: + + "About the 11th of December, 1710, when the aforesaid Mrs. Hattridge + was sitting at the kitchen-fire, in the evening, before daylight + going, a little boy (as she and the servants supposed) came in and + sat down beside her, having an old black bonnet on his head, with + short black hair, a half-worn blanket about him, trailing on the + ground behind him, and a _torn_ black vest under it. He seemed to be + about ten or twelve years old, but he still covered his face, + holding his arm with a piece of the blanket before it. She desired + to see his face, but he took no notice of her. Then she asked him + several questions; viz., if he was cold or hungry? If he would have + any meat? Where he came from, and where he was going? To which he + made no answer, but getting up, danced very nimbly, leaping higher + than usual, and then ran out of the house as far as the end of the + garden, and sometimes into the cowhouse, the servants running after + him to see where he would go, but soon lost sight of him; but when + they returned, he would be close after them in the house, which he + did above a dozen of times. At last the little girl, seeing her + master's dog coming in, said, 'Now my master is coming he will take + a course with this troublesome creature,' upon which he immediately + went away, and troubled them no more till the month of February, + 1711." + +This costume is appropriate enough for an Irish spirit; but here may +possibly be some connexion with the ragged clothes of the Pixies. (Comp. +"Tatrman," _Deutsche Mythol._, p. 470.; and Canciani's note "De +Simulachris de Pannis factis," _Leges Barbar._, iii. p. 108.; _Indic. +Superst._) The common story of Brownie and his clothes is, I suppose, +connected. {515} + +In some parts of Devonshire the pixies are called "derricks," evidently +the A.-S. "doeorg." In Cornwall it is believed that wherever the pixies +are fond of resorting, the depths of the earth are rich in metal. Very +many mines have been discovered by their singing. + +R.J.K. + + +THE POOL OF THE BLACK HOUND. + +In the parish of Dean Prior is a narrow wooded valley, watered by a +streamlet, that in two or three places falls into cascades of +considerable beauty. At the foot of one of these is a deep hollow called +the Hound's Pool. Its story is as follows. + +There once lived in the hamlet of Dean Combe a weaver of great fame and +skill. After long prosperity he died, and was buried. But the next day +he appeared sitting at the loom in his chamber, working diligently as +when he was alive. His sons applied to the parson, who went accordingly +to the foot of the stairs, and heard the noise of the weaver's shuttle +in the room above. "Knowles!" he said, "come down; this is no place for +thee." "I will," said the weaver, "as soon as I have worked out my +quill," (the "quill" is the shuttle full of wool). "Nay," said the +vicar, "thou hast been long enough at thy work; come down at once!"--So +when the spirit came down, the vicar took a handful of earth from the +churchyard, and threw it in its face. And in a moment it became a black +hound. "Follow me," said the vicar; and it followed him to the gate of +the wood. And when they came there, it seemed as if all the trees in the +wood were "coming together," so great was the wind. Then the vicar took +a nutshell with a hole in it, and led the hound to the pool below the +waterfall. "Take this shell," he said; "and when thou shalt have dipped +out the pool with it, thou mayst rest--not before." And at mid-day, or +at midnight, the hound may still be seen at its work. + +R.J.K. + + +POPULAR RHYMES. + +The following popular rhymes may perhaps amuse some of your readers. +They are not to be found in the article "Days Lucky or Unlucky," in +Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, or in Sir Henry Ellis's notes (see his +edition, vol. ii. p. 27.), and perhaps have never been printed:-- + + _Days of the Week.--Marriage._ + + "Monday for wealth, + Tuesday for health, + Wednesday the best day of all; + Thursday for crosses, + Friday for losses, + Saturday no luck at all." + + _Moon._ + + "Saturday new, + And Sunday full, + Never was fine, + And never wool." + + _Days of the Week.--Birth._ + + "Born of a Monday, + Fair in face; + Born of a Tuesday, + Full of God's grace; + Born of a Wednesday, + Merry and glad; + Born of a Thursday, + Sour and sad; + Born of a Friday, + Godly given; + Born of a Saturday, + Work for your living; + Born of a Sunday, + Never shall we want; + So there ends the week, + And there's an end on't." + + _How to treat a Horse._ + + "Up the hill, urge him not; + Down the bill, drive him not; + Cross the flat, spare him not; + To the hostler, trust him not." + + _How to sow Beans._ + + "One for the mouse, + One for the crow, + One to rot, + One to grow." + + _January Weather._ + + "When the days lengthen, + The colds strengthen." + +Two German proverbial distiches, similar to the last, are given in +Koerte's _Sprichwoerter_, p. 548.: + + "Wenn de Dage fangt an to laengen, + Fangt de Winter an to strengen." + + "Wenn die Tage langen, + Kommt der Winter gegangen." + +With the first set of rhymes, we may compare the following verses on +washing on the successive days of the week, in Halliwell's _Nursery +Rhymes of England_, p. 42. ed. 3.: + + "They that wash on Monday + Have all the week to dry; + They that wash on Tuesday, + Are not so much awry; + They that wash on Wednesday, + Are not so much to blame; + They that wash on Thursday, + Wash for shame; + They that wash on Friday, + Wash in need; + And they that wash on Saturday, + Oh! they are sluts indeed." + +L. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde."_--Have these terms, which play so +memorable a part in the "Tale of King Edward and the Shepherd" {516} +(Hartshorne's _Ancient Metrical Tales_) been explained? The shepherd's +instructions (pp. 48, 49.) seem more zealous than luminous; but it has +occurred to me that _perhaps_ "passelodion," "passilodyon," or +"passilodion" may have some reference to the ancient custom of drinking +from a _peg_-tankard, since [Greek: passalos] means a _peg_, and [Greek: +passalodia] would be a legitimate pedantic rendering of _peg-song_, or +_peg-stave_, and _might_ be used to denote an exclamation on having +_reached the peg_. + +H.G.T. + + +_Inscription on an Alms-dish._--In Bardsea Church, Island of Furness, is +an alms-dish(?) of a large size, apparently very old, gilt, and bearing +the following inscription:-- + + "WYLT : GHY : LANGHELEVEN : SOO : ERT : GODT : + ENDE : HOOVT : ZYN : GEBAT : VORWAR." + +Bardsea Church is recently erected in a district taken out of Urswick +parish. + +Can any of your readers give an explanation of the inscription? + +F.B. RELTON. + +[This is another specimen of the alms-dishes, of which several have been +described in our First Volume. The legend may be rendered, _If thou wilt +live long, honour God, and above all keep His commandments_.] + + +_The Use of the French Word "savez."_--About fifty years ago the use of +the French word _savez_, from the verb _savoir_, to know, was in general +use (and probably is so at the present time) among the negroes in the +island of Barbadoes,--"_Me no savez, Massa_," for, "I do not know, +Master (or Sir)." It occurred to the writer at that time as a very +singular fact, because the French had never occupied that island; nor is +he aware of any French negroes having been introduced there. He had also +been informed of its use in other places, but made no note of it. In the +_Morning Herald_ of the 7th instant there is a statement that the +Chinese at Canton, speaking a little English, make use of the same word. +Can any of your readers give an explanation of this? + +J.F. + + +_Job's Luck_.--I send you another version of Job's luck, in addition to +those that have lately appeared in "NOTES AND QUERIES:" + + "The devil engaged with Job's patience to battle, + Tooth and nail strove to worry him out of his life; + He robb'd him of children, slaves, houses, and cattle, + But, mark me, he ne'er thought of taking his wife. + + "But heaven at length Job's forbearance rewards, + At length double wealth, double honour arrives, + He doubles his children, slaves, houses, and herds, + But we don't hear a word of a couple of wives." + +A.M. + + +_The Assassination of Mountfort in Norfolk street, Strand._--The murder +of Mountfort is related with great particularity in Galt's _Lives of the +Players_, and is also detailed in, if I recollect aright, Mr. Jesse's +_London and its Celebrities;_ but in neither account is the following +anecdote mentioned, the purport of which adds, if possible, to the +blackness of Mohun's character:-- + + "Mr. Shorter, Horace Walpole's mother's father, was walking down + Norfolk Street in the Strand, to his house there, just before poor + Mountfort the player was killed in that street by assassins hired by + Lord Mohun. This nobleman lying in for his prey, came up and + embraced Mr. Shorter by mistake, saying 'Dear Mountfort.' It was + fortunate that he was instantly undeceived, for Mr. Shorter had + hardly reached his house before the Murder took + place."--_Walpoliana_, vol. ii. p. 97., 2nd ed. + +J.B.C. + + +_The Oldenburgh Horn_ (Vol. ii., p. 417.) is preserved amongst the +antiquities in the Gallery of the King of Denmark at Copenhagen. It is +of silver gilt, and ornamented in paste with enamel. It is considered by +the Danish antiquaries to be of the time of Christian I., in the latter +half of the fifteenth century. There are engraved on it coats of arms +and inscriptions, which show that it was made for King Christian I., in +honour of the three kings, or wise men, on whose festival he used it, at +Cologne. + +W.C. TREVELYAN. + +Wallington, Dec. 19. 1850. + +[We avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded by Sir Walter +Trevelyan's communication to add from Vulpius (_Handwoerterbuch der +Mythologie_) the following additional references to representations and +descriptions of this celebrated horn--which is there said (p. 184.) to +have been found in 1639:--Schneider, _Saxon. Vetust._ p. 314.; +Winkelmann's _Oldenburgische Chronik._ s. 59.; S. Meyer, _Vom +Oldenburgischen Wunderhorne_, Bremen, 1757.] + + +_Curious Custom_.--In 1833 the late Record Commissioners issued Circular +Questions to the Municipal Corporations of England and Wales, requesting +various information; among such questions was the following:--"Do any +remarkable customs prevail, or have any remarkable customs prevailed +within memory, in relation to the ceremonies accompanying the choice of +corporate officers, annual processions, feasts, &c., not noticed in the +printed histories or accounts of your borough? Describe them, if there +be such." + +To this question the borough of Chippenham, Wilts, replied as +follows:--"The corporation dine together twice a-year, and _pay for it +themselves_!" (_Report of Record Commissioners_, 1837, p. 442.) + +J.E. + + +_Kite_ (_French_, "_Cerf-volant_").--Some years ago, when reading Dr. +Paris' popular work called _Philosophy in Sport made Science in +Earnest_, 5th edition, London, J. Murray, 1842, I observed that the +author could not explain the meaning of the French term "cerf-volant," +applied to the toy so well known among boys in England as a "kite," and +in Scotland as a "dragon." The following passages will solve this +mystery: {517} + + "Cerf-volant. Scarabaeus lucanus. Sorte d'insecte volant qui porte + des cornes dentelees, comme celles du cerf. + + "Cerf-volant. Ludicra scarabei lucani effigies. On donne ce nom a + une sorte de joueet d'enfans qui est compose de quelques batons + croises sur lesquels on etend du papier, et exposant cette petite + machine a l'air, le moindre vent la fait voler. On la retient et on + la tire comme l'on veut, par le moyen d'une longue corde qui y est + attachee."--See _Dictionnaire de la Langue Francoise_, de Pierre + Richelet; a Amsterdam, 1732. + +In Kirby and Spence's _Entomology_, vol. ii. p. 224., they mention "the +terrific and protended jaws of the stag-beetle of Europe, the _Lucanus +Cervus_ of Linnaeus." + +The "toothed horns" alluded to by Richelet are represented by the pieces +of stiff paper fastened at intervals, and at right angles, to the +string-tail of the toy kite, or dragon, so much delighted in by boys at +certain seasons of the year in England and Scotland. + +G.F.G. + +Edinburgh. + + +_Epitaph on John Randal._--As a counterpart to Palise's death, I have +sent a Warwickshire epitaph, taken from Watford Magna churchyard, +written about the same period: + + "Here old John Randal lies, who counting by his sale, + Lived three score years and ten, such virtue was in ale; + Ale was his meat, ale was his drink, ale did his heart revive, + And could he still have drunk his ale, he still had been alive." + +J.R. + + +_Playing Cards._--As a rider to THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT'S Query +respecting his playing cards (Vol. ii., p. 462.), I would throw out a +suggestion to all your readers for notices of similar emblematic playing +cards: whether such were ever used for playing with? what period so +introduced? and where? as both France and Spain lay claim to their first +introduction. I see that Mr. Caton exhibited at one of the meetings of +the Archaeological Institute this season a curious little volume of small +county maps, numbered so as to serve as a pack of cards (described more +fully in the _Archaeological Journal_ for September, 1850, p 306.), and +which I regret I did not see. + +W.H.P. + +Wanstead, Dec. 13. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +DRAGONS: THEIR ORIGIN. + +When passing through the city of Bruenn, in Moravia, rather more than a +year ago, my attention was drawn to the _Lindwurm_ or dragon, preserved +there from a very remote period. This monster, according to tradition, +was invulnerable, like his brother of Wantley, except in a few +well-guarded points, and from his particular predilection in favour of +veal and young children, was the scourge and terror of the +neighbourhood. The broken armour and well-picked bones of many doughty +knights, scattered around the entrance to the cave he inhabited, +testified to the impunity with which he had long carried on his +depredations, in spite of numerous attempts to destroy him. Craftiness, +however, at last prevailed where force had proved of no effect, and the +Lindwurm fell a victim to the skill of a knight, whose name I believe +has been handed down to posterity. The mode adopted by the warrior to +deceive his opponent, was to stuff, as true to nature as possible, with +unslaked lime, the skin of a freshly killed calf, which he laid before +the dragon's cave. The monster, smelling the skin, is said to have +rushed out and instantly to have swallowed the fatal repast, and feeling +afterwards, as may be readily expected, a most insatiable thirst, +hurried off to a neighbouring stream, where he drank until the water, +acting upon the lime, caused him to burst. The inhabitants, on learning +the joyful news, carried the knight and the Lindwurm in triumph into the +city of Bruenn, where they have ever since treasured up the memento of +their former tyrant. The animal, or reptile, thus preserved, is +undoubtedly of the crocodile or alligator species, although I regret it +was not in my power to examine it more particularly, evening having set +in when I saw it in the arched passage leading to the town-hall of the +city where it has been suspended. I fear also that any attempt to count +the distinguishing bones would be fruitless, the scaly back having been +covered with a too liberal supply of pitch, with the view to protection +from the weather. + +Have any of your readers seen this _Lindwurm_ under more favourable +circumstances than myself, and can they throw any light on the genus to +which it belongs? + +May not the various legends respecting dragons, &c., have their origin +from similar circumstances to those of this Bruenn Lindwurm, which I take +to leave strong proof of fact, the body being there? Perhaps some of our +correspondents may have it in their power to give further corroborative +evidence of the former existence of dragons under the shape of +crocodiles. The description of the Wantley dragon tallies with that of +the crocodile very nearly. + +R.S., Jun. + + * * * * * + + +JOAN SANDERSON, OR THE CUSHION DANCE; AND BAB AT THE BOWSTER. + +Can any of your numerous valuable correspondents give me the correct +date, or any clue to it, of the above dance. There is little doubt of +its great antiquity. The dance is begun by a single person (either a +woman or man), who {518} dances about the room with a cushion in his +hand, and at the end of the tune stops and sings: + + "This dance it will no further go!" + + [_The Musician answers._] + + "I pray you, good sir, why say you so?" + + [_Man._] + + "Because Joan Sanderson will not come to!" + + [_Music._] + + "She must come to, and she shall come to, + And she must come whither she will or no." + +He now lays down the cushion before a woman, on which she kneels, and he +kisses her, singing: + + "Welcome, Joan Sanderson, welcome, welcome." + +She rises with the cushion, and both dance about, singing: + + "Prinkum-prankum is a fine dance, + And shall we go dance it once again, + And once again, + And shall we go dance it once again?" + +Then making a stop, the woman sings, as before: + + "This dance it will no further go!" + + [_Music._] + + "I pray you, madam, why say you so?" + + [_Woman._] + + "Because John Sanderson will not come to." + + [_Music._] + + "He must come to," &c. + +And so she lays down the cushion before a man, who, kneeling, upon it, +salutes her, she singing: + + "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c. + +Then, he taking up the cushion, they take hands, and dance round, +singing as before: and this they do till the whole company is taken into +the ring. Then the cushion is laid down before the first man, the woman +singing, "This dance," &c. (as before), only instead of "Come to," they +sing "Go fro," and instead of "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c., they sing, +"Farewell, John Sanderson, farewell," &c.: and so they go out, one by +one, as they came in. This dance was at one time highly popular, both at +court and in the cottage, in the latter of which, in some remote country +villages, it is still danced. Selden, in his _Table Talk_, thus refers +to it: + + "The court of England is much altered. At a solemn dancing, first + you have the grave measures, then the _Corvantoes_ and the + _Galliards_, and this is kept up with ceremony, at length to + Trenchmore and the Cushion dance; and then all the company dance, + lord and groom, lady and kitchen-maid, no distinction. (Would our + fair Belgravians of 1850 condescend to dance with their + kitchen-maids?) So in our court in Queen Elizabeth's time, gravity + and state were kept up. In King James's time, things were pretty + well. But in King Charles's time there has been nothing but + Trenchmore and the Cushion dance," &c. + +I shall also feel obliged for the date of _Bab at the Bowster_, or _Bab +in the Bowster_, as it is called in Scotland. Jamieson, in his +_Dictionary_, describes it as a very old Scottish dance, and generally +the last danced at weddings and merry-makings. It is now danced with a +handkerchief in place of a cushion; and no words are used. That a rhyme +was formerly used, there is little doubt. Query, What were the words of +this rhyme? + +MAC. + +Charminster. + + * * * * * + + +DID BUNYAN KNOW HOBBES? + +I observe a querist wishes to know the artist of the portrait of Bunyan +prefixed to his works. I can only myself conjecture Cooper, the +miniature painter, but I am also curious about the great author of _The +Pilgrim's Progress_. + +First, is Bunyan really the author of "Heart's Ease in Heart's Trouble," +and the "Visions of Heaven and Hell," published in his works, and +perhaps, excepting "Grace Abounding," the most popular of his received +miscellanies? I think not. My reasons are these. The style is very +different, and much poorer than his best works. In the "Progress," when +he quotes Latin, he modestly puts a side-note [The Latin that _I +borrow_]. In the two tracts mentioned he flashes out a bit of Latin two +or three times where he might have much better used English, or in a +superfluous way. Also it is curious to know that in his "Visions of +Hell" he meets Leviathan Hobbes, the philosopher of Malmesbury. The +passage is curious, for if true, and written by Bunyan, it proves him to +be personally acquainted with Hobbes. I extract it. After hearing his +name called out, Epenetus (the author and visitant of the infernal +regions) naturally inquires who it is that calls him. He is answered,-- + + "I was once well acquainted with you on earth, and had almost + persuaded you to be of my opinion. I am the author of that + celebrated book, so well known by the title of _Leviathan_! + + "'What! the great Hobbes,' said I, 'are you come hither? _Your voice + is so much changed, I did not know it._'" + +The dialogue which ensues is not worth quoting, as it is from our +purpose. But I would ask when was the time when Bunyan "was nearly +persuaded to be of Hobbes' opinion?" If he is the author and speaks the +truth (and he is notoriously truthful), it must have been in early +youth; but surely the philosopher of Malmesbury could not know an +obscure tinker. Bunyan cannot speak metaphorically, for he had not read +the _Leviathan_, since he mentions that his only reading in early life, +_i.e._ when he was likely to have embraced freethinking, was the +_Practice of Piety_, and the _Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven_, his wife's +dowry. {519} Moreover, he notes particularly the _change of voice_, a +curious circumstance, which testifies personal acquaintance. Hobbes died +in 1679; Bunyan in 1688. Were they intimate? + +JAS. H. FRISWELL. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Boiling to Death._--Some of your correspondents have communicated +instances where burning to death was inflicted as a punishment; and +MR. GATTY suggests that it would prove an interesting subject +for inquiry, at what period such barbarous inflictions ceased. In Howe's +_Chronicle_ I find the two following notices: + + "The 5th of Aprill (1532) one Richard Rose, a cooke, was boiled in + Smithfielde, for poisoning of divers persons, to the number of + sixteen or more, at ye Bishop of Rochester's place, amongst the + which Benet Curwine, gentleman, was one, and hee intended to have + poisoned the bishop himselfe, but hee eate no potage that day, + whereby hee escaped. Marie the poore people that eate of them, many + of them died."--Howe's _Chronicle_, p. 559. + + "The 17th March (1542) Margaret Dany, a maid, was boiled in + Smithfield for poisoning of three households that shee had dwelled + in."--Howe's _Chronicle_, p. 583. + +Query, was this punishment peculiar to cooks guilty of poisoning? And +when did the latest instance occur? + +L.H.K. + + +_Meaning of "Mocker."_--To-day I went into the cottage of an old man, in +the village of which I am curate, and finding him about to cut up some +wood, and he being very infirm, I undertook the task for him, and +chopped up a fagot for his fire. + +During the progress of my work, the old fellow made the following +observation:-- + + "Old Nannie Hawkins have got a big stick o' wood, and she says as I + shall have him for eight pence. If I could get him, I'd soon + _mocker_ him." + +Upon my asking him the meaning of the word _mocker_, he informed me it +meant to _divide_ or _cleave in pieces;_ but, not being "a scholar" as +he termed it, he could not tell me how to spell it, so I know not +whether the orthography I have adopted is correct or not. + +Can any of your readers give me a clue to the derivation of this word? I +certainly never heard it before. + +I ought perhaps to state, that this is a country parish in +Herefordshire. + +W.M. + +Pembridge, Dec. 16. + + +_"Away, let nought to love displeasing"._--Is it known who was the +author of the song to be found in Percy's _Reliques_, and many other +collections, beginning-- + + "Away, let nought to love displeasing." + +The first collection, so far as I know, in which it appears is entitled +_Miscellaneous Poems by several Hands_, published by D. Lewis, London, +1726; and in this work it is called a translation from the ancient +British. Does this mean a translation of an ancient poem, or a +translation of a poem written in some extant dialect of the language +anciently spoken in Britain? Either would appear to me incredible. + +As I feel much interested in the poetry of English songs, can you or any +of your correspondents inform me if there exists any _good_ collection; +that is, a collection, of such only as are excellent of their respective +kinds? That the English language possesses materials for forming such a +collection, and an extensive one too, I have no doubt, though I have +never met with one. And, if there be none that answers the description I +give, I should be glad of information respecting the best that exist. + +It is scarcely necessary to add, that my standard of excellence would +admit only those which bore the character of "immortal verse," rejecting +such as had been saved merely by the music to which they had been +"married." + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +Dec. 14. 1850. + + +_Baron Muenchausen._--Who was the author of this renowned hero's +adventures? The _Conversations-Lexicon_ (art. _Muenchausen_) states that +the stories are to be found under the title of "Mendacia Ridicula," in +vol. iii. of _Deliciae Academicae_, by J.P. Lange (Heilbronn, 1665); and +that "at a later period they appeared in England, where a reviewer +supposed them to be a satire on the ministry." I remember to have read +when a boy (I think in _The Percy Anecdotes_), that the book was written +by an Englishman who was styled "M----," and was described as having +been long a prisoner in the Bastille. + +Since writing thus far I have seen the note by J.S. (Vol. ii., pp. +262-3.) on Muenchausen's story of the horn. The idea of sounds frozen in +the air, and thawed by returning warmth, was no invention of "Castilian, +in his _Aulicus_" (_i.e._ Castiglione, author of _Il Cortegiano_); for, +besides that, it is found in his contemporary Rabelais (liv. iv. cc. +55-6), I believe it may be traced to one of the later Greek writers, +from whom Bishop Taylor, in one of his sermons, borrows it as an +illustration. + +J.C.R. + + +_"Sing Tantararara Rogues all," &c._--The above is the chorus of many +satirical songs written to expose the malpractices of peculators, &c. +Can any of your readers point out who was the author of the _original +song_, and where it is to be found? + +A SUBSCRIBER. + + +_Meaning of "Cauking."_--An old dame told me the other day, in Cheshire, +that her servant was a {520} good one, and among other good qualities +"she never went _cauking_ into the neighbours' houses." Unde derivatur +"cauking?" + +CHAS. PASLAM. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM. + +(Vol. ii., p. 476.) + +The proverb, "As wise as the men of Gotham." is given in Fuller's +_Worthies_ (ed. 1662, pp. 315, 316.). Ray, in his note upon this, +observes + + "It passeth for the _Periphrasis_ of a fool, and an hundred + fopperies are feigned and fathered on the townsfolk of _Gotham_, a + village in this county [Nottinghamshire]. Here two things may be + observed: + + "1. Men in all ages have made themselves merry with singling out + some place, and fixing the staple of stupidity and solidity therein. + So the _Phrygians_ in _Asia_, the _Abderitae_ in _Thrace_, and + _Boeotians_ in _Greece_, were notorious for dulmen and blockheads. + + "2. These places thus slighted and scoffed at, afforded some as + witty and wise persons as the world produced. So _Democritus_ was an + _Abderite_, _Plutarch_ a _Boeotian_, &c. + + "As for _Gotham_, it doth breed as wise people as any which + causelessly laugh at their simplicity. Sure I am _Mr. William de + Gotham_, fifth Master of _Michael House_ in _Cambridge_, 1336, and + twice Chancellor of the University, was as grave a governor as that + age did afford."--3d. ed. p. 258. + +In Thoroton's _Nottinghamshire_, vol. i. pp. 42, 43., the origin of the +saying, as handed down by tradition, is thus given:--King John intending +to pass through this place towards Nottingham, was prevented by the +inhabitants, they apprehending that the ground over which a king passed +was for ever after to become a public road. The king, incensed at their +proceedings, sent from his court, soon afterwards, some of his servants +to inquire of them the reason of their incivility and ill-treatment, +that he might punish them. The villagers hearing of the approach of the +king's servants, thought of an expedient to turn away his majesty's +displeasure from them. When the messengers arrived at Gotham, they found +some of the inhabitants engaged in endeavouring to drown an eel in a +pool of water; some were employed in dragging carts upon a large barn, +to shade the wood from the sun; and others were engaged in hedging a +cuckoo, which had perched itself upon an old bush. In short, they were +all employed upon some foolish way or other, which convinced the king's +servants that it was a village of fools. + +Should J.R.M. not yet have seen it, I beg to refer him to Mr. +Halliwell's interesting edition of _The Merry Tales of the Wise Men of +Gotham_ (Lond. 1840) for fuller and further particulars. + +J.B. COLMAN. + + * * * * * + + +Replies To Minor Queries. + +_Master John Shorne_.--As neither MR. THOMS' Notes (Vol. ii., +p. 387.) nor MR. WAY'S (p. 450.) mention where this reputed +saint lived, or speak of him as connected with Buckinghamshire, I will +offer an extract from Lysons in the hope of casting some little light on +the subject. + + "North Marston.--The church is a handsome Gothic structure; there is + a tradition that the chancel was built with the offerings at the + shrine of Sir John Shorne, a very devout man, of great veneration + with the people, who was rector of North Marston about the year + 1290, and it is said that the place became populous and flourishing + in consequence of the great resort of persons to a well which he had + blessed. This story stands upon a better foundation than most vulgar + traditions; the great tithes of North Marston are still appropriated + to the dean and canons of Windsor, who, before the Reformation, + might without difficulty have rebuilt the chancel, as it is very + probable they did, with the offerings at the shrine of Sir John + Shorne, for we are told that they were so productive, that on an + average they amounted to 500l. per annum.[1] Sir John Shorne, + therefore, although his name is not to be found, appears to have + been a saint of no small reputation. The common people in the + neighbourhood still keep up his memory by many traditional stories. + Browne Willis, says, that in his time there were people who + remembered a direction-post standing, which pointed the way to Sir + John Shorne's shrine."[2] + +North Marston, formerly Merston, is about four miles from Winslow. I +visited it about a year ago, and drank of the well, or spring, which is +about a quarter of a mile from the village; but I know nothing of the +traditions alluded to by Lysons. The chancel of the church is a fine +specimen of perpendicular style, with a vestry of the same date, and of +two stories, with a fireplace in each. I do not find North Marston, in +Bucks, mentioned in Leland, Camden, or Defoe, nor can I meet with any +account of Sir John Shorne in any books of English saints within my +reach. A copy of Browne Willis's MSS. may be seen in the British Museum. + +W.H.K. + +[Footnote 1: _History of Windsor_, p. 111.] + +[Footnote 2: B. Willis's MSS., Bodleian Library.] + + +For the information of those who may not have the _Norfolk Archaeology_ +to refer to, let me add that John Shorne appears to have been rector of +North Marston, in Buckinghamshire, about the year 1290, "and was held in +great veneration for his virtues, which his benediction had imparted to +a holy well in his parish, and for his miracles, one of which, _the feat +of conjuring the devil into a boot_, was considered so remarkable that +it was represented in the east window of his church." + +E.S.T. + + +_Antiquity of Smoking._--The passage is in Herodian. In the time of +Commodus there was a {521} pestilence in Italy. The emperor went to +Laurentum for the benefit of the smell of the laurel trees. + + "In ipsa quoque urbe de medicorum sententia plerique unguentis + suavissimus nares atque aures opplebant, suffituque[3] et + odoramentis assidua utebantur, quod meatus sensuum (ut quidem + dicunt) odoribus illis occupati, neque admittant aera tabificum: et + si maxime admiserint, tamen eum majore quasi vi longe superari." + +This has nothing to do with the practice of smoking, nor is it clear +that they smoked these things with a pipe into the mouth at all. The +medical use of fumigation, as Sir William Temple observes, was greatly +esteemed among the ancients. But it is very probable that, being +sometimes practised by means of pipes, it was what led to the practice +of smoking constantly, either for general medical protection, or merely +for luxury, in countries and times too, when these epidemics from bad +air were very common. The great love of smoking among the Turks may be +originally owing to the plague. + +C.B. + +[Footnote 3: [Greek: "thumiamasi te kai aromasi sunechos echronto."]] + + +_Antiquity of Smoking_ (Vol. ii., pp. 41. 216. 465.).--Mr. Lane, in his +edition of the _Arabian Nights_, infers the very late date of that book +from there being no mention of tobacco or coffee in it. + +As two of the ancient authorities have broken down, it occurred to me +that others might. + +The reference to Strabo, vii. 296. leads me only to this; that the +Mysians were called [Greek: kapnobatai] (some correct to [Greek: +kapnopatai]) because they did not eat animals, but milk, cheese, and +honey; but of religion, living quietly. + +One cannot imagine that this can be meant. I referred to Almaloveen's +edition, the old paging. + +In the next page he repeats the epithet, coupling it, as before, with +the word religious, and arguing from both as having the same meaning. + +It occurred to me that somebody might have read [Greek: kapnopotai], +"fumum bibentes," which might have given occasion to the reference to +this passage: and I find in the English Passow that [Greek: kapnobotai], +"smoke-eaters," has been proposed. + +[Greek: Kapnopatai], is there derived from [Greek: paomai]. + +But if these are the readings, they can have nothing to do with smoking, +but with religion. From the context they would mean as we say, "living +on air;" like Democritus, who subsisted three days upon the steam of new +loaves. + +[Greek: Kapnobatai] meant, as I believe, to describe their religiousness +more directly; treading on the clouds, living _in_ the air: like +Socrates in Aristophanes, [Greek: Neph]. 225.: + + [Greek: "Aerobato kai periphrono ton helion,"] + +And in v. 330. [Greek: kapnos] is used of the clouds: + + [Greek: "Ma Di all homichlen kai droson autas hegoumen kai kapnon + einai."] + +There is nothing in Solinus, cap. 15.; and Mela, lib. ii., is too wide a +reference. + +C.B. + + +_Meaning of the Word "Thwaites"_(Vol. ii., p. 441.).--The word "Thwayte" +occurred in the ancient form of the Bidding Prayer: "Ye shalle byddee +for tham, that this cherche honour with book, with bell, with +vestiments, with _Thwayte_," &c. This form is said to be above four +hundred years old; and Palmer says (_Orig. Lit._, iii. p. 60.) that we +have memorials of these prayers used in England in the fourteenth +century. Hearne remarks that the explication of this word warranted by +Sir E. Coke is "a wood grubbed up and turned to arable." This land being +given to any church, the donors were thus commended by the prayers of +the congregation. + +In Yorkshire the word is so understood: Thwaite, or "stubbed ground, +ground that has been essarted or cleaned." + +J.H.M. + + +_Meaning of "Thwaites"_ (Vol. ii., p. 441.).--Hearne took the word +"Thwayte" to signify "a wood grubbed up and turned into arable." His +explanation, with other suggestions as to the meaning, of this word, may +be found in a letter from Hearne to Mr. Francis Cherry, printed in vol. +i. p. 194. of _Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and +Eighteenth Centuries_, published by Longman and Co. in 1813. + +J.P. JR. + +December 5. 1850. + + +_Thomas Rogers of Horninger_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--Your correspondent +S.G. will find a brief notice of this person in Rose's _Biographical +Dictionary_, London, 1848. It appears he was rector of Horninger, and a +friend of Camden; who prefixed some commendatory verses to a work of +his, entitled _The Anatomy of the Mind_. I would suggest to S.G. that +further information may probably be collected respecting him from these +verses, and from the prefaces, &c. of his other works, of which a long +list is given in Rose's _Dictionary_. + +T.H. KERSLEY, A.B. + +King William's Col., Isle of Man. + + +_Thomas Rogers of Horninger_ (Vol. ii., p 424.).--If S.G. will apply to +the Rev. J. Perowne, of his own college, who is understood to be +preparing an edition of Rogers's work for the Parker Society, he will +doubtless obtain the fullest information. + +A.H. + + +_Earl of Roscommon_ (Vol. ii., p. 468.).--A pretended copy of the +inscription at Kilkenny West, mentioned by your correspondent AN +HIBERNIAN, was produced in evidence, on the claim of Stephen +Francis Dillon to the earldom of Roscommon, before the House of Lords. +As there was reason to doubt the evidence of the person who produced +that copy, or the genuineness of the inscription itself, the House +decided against that claim; and by admitting that of the late earl +(descended {522} from the youngest son of the first earl) assumed +the extinction of all the issue of the six elder sons. The +evidence adduced altogether negatived the presumption of any such +issue. Your correspondents FRANCIS and AN HIBERNIAN will find a +very clear and succinct account of the late earl's claim, and Stephen +Francis Dillon's counter-claim, in _The Roscommon Claim of Peerage_, by +J. Sidney Tayler, Lond. 1829. + +W.H.C. + + +_Parse_ (Vol. ii., p. 430.).--Your correspondent J.W.H. is far from +correct in supposing that this word was not known in 1611, for he will +find it used by Roger Ascham, in a passage quoted by Richardson in his +_Dictionary_ sub voce. + +In Brinsley's curious _Ludus Literarius_, 1612, reprinted 1627, 4to., +the word is frequently used. At page 69. he recommends the "continual +practice of _parsing_." At p. 319., enumerating the contents of chap. +vi., we have "The Questions of the Accidence, called the _Poasing_ of +the English Parts;" and chap. ix. is "Of _Parsing_ and the kinds +thereof, &c." + +At the end of a kind of introduction there is an "Advertisement by the +Printer," intimating that the author's book, "The _Poasing_ of the +Accidence," is likely to come forth. From all this, it seems as if the +two words were used indifferently. + +F.R.A. + + +_The Meaning of "Version"_ (Vol. ii., p. 466.).--T. appears to apply a +peculiar meaning of his own to the word "version," which it would have +been quite as well if he had explained in a glossarial note. + +He thinks A.E.B. was _mistaken_ in using that phrase in reference to +Lord Bacon's translation into Latin of his own English original work, +and he proceeds to compare (to what end does not very clearly appear) a +sentence from Lord Bacon's English text, with the same sentence as +re-translated back again from Lord Bacon's Latin by Wats. Finally, T. +concludes with this very singular remark: "Wats' version is the more +exact of the two!" + +Does T. mean to call Lord Bacon's English text a _version_ of his Latin, +by anticipation of eighteen years? + +The only other authority for such meaning of the word would seem to be +the facetious Dr. Prout, who accused Tom Moore of a similar _version_ of +his celebrated papers. + +A.E.B. + + +_First Paper-mill in England_ (Vol. ii., p. 473).--The birthplace of the +"High Germaine Spilman" (_Spielmann_), celebrated by Churchyard, your +English readers may not easily discover by his description as quoted by +DR. RIMBAULT. + +"Lyndoam Bodenze" is _Lindau am Boden-see_, on the Lake of Constance (in +German, _Bodensee_), once a free imperial city, called, from its site on +three islets in the lake, "the Swabian Venice," now a pretty little town +belonging to the kingdom of _Bavaria_. + +V. + + +"_Torn by Horses_" (Vol. ii., p. 480.).--This cruel death was suffered +by _Ravaillac_, who accomplished what Jean Chatel failed in doing. + +The execution took place on the 27th of May, 1610, with the most +atrocious severities of torture, of which the drawing by horses was but +the last out of a scene that continued for many hours. The day before he +had been racked to the very extremity of human suffering. The horses +dragged at the wretch's body for an hour in vain; at length a nobleman +present sent one of his own, which was stronger; but this even would not +suffice. The executioner had to sever the mangled body with his knife, +before the limbs would give way. I could add more of these details, but +the subject is intolerable. + +The execution of _Ravaillac_ was followed with the utmost exactness, but +with more cruelty, if possible, in the case of _Damiens_ (sentenced for +the attempt on Louis le Bien-Aime), who suffered on the Place de Greve, +March 28. 1757. The frightful business lasted from morning till dusk! +Here again the knife was used before the body gave way, the horses +having dragged at it for more than an hour first; the poor wretch +living, it is said, all the while! + +I believe this was the last instance of the punishment in France, if not +in Europe. + +A concise summary of the trials of these men, and all the hideous +details of their tortures and execution, will be found, by those who +have a taste for such things, in the third volume of the new series of +the _Neuer Pitaval_, edited by Hitzig and Haring (Leipzig, +Brockhaus),--a collection of _causes celebres_ which has been in course +of publication at intervals since 1842. The volume in question appeared +in the present year (1850). + +V. + +Belgravia. + + +_Vineyards_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--At Ingatestone Hall, in Essex, one of +the seats of Lord Petre, a part of the ground on the south side of the +house still goes by the name of "the Vineyard." And this autumn grapes +came to great perfection on the south wall. + +J.A.D. + + +_Cardinal_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--The expression referred to by O.P.Q. +was in some degree illustrated at the coronation of Edward II., 1308, +when the Pope, wishing the ceremony to be performed by a cardinal, whom +he offered to send for the purpose, was strenuously opposed by the king, +and compelled to withdraw his pretensions. (See Curtis's _History of +England_, vol. ii. p. 309.) + +C.H. + +St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge. + + +_Weights for weighing Coins_ (Vol. ii., p. 326.).--If the question of +your correspondent, who wishes to know at what period weights were +introduced {523} for weighing coins, is intended to have a general +reference, he will find many passages alluding to the practice amongst +the ancient Romans, who manufactured balances of various kinds for that +purpose: one for gold (_statera auraria_, Varro _Ap. Non._, p. 455., ed. +Mercer.; Cic. _Or._ ii. 38.); another for silver (Varro _De Vit. P.R._ +lib. ii.); and another for small pieces of money (_trutina momentana +pro parva modicaque pecunia._ Isidor. _Orig._, xvi. 25. 4.). The mint +is represented on the reverse of numerous imperial coins and medals +by three female figures, each of whom holds a pair of scales, one for +each of the three metals; and in Rich's _Illustrated Companion to the +Latin Dictionary_, under the word LIBRA, there is exhibited a balance +of very peculiar construction, from an original in the cabinet of the +Grand Duke at Florence, which has a scale at one end of the beam, and +a fixed weight at the opposite extremity, "to test the just weight of +a given quantity, and supposed to have been employed at the mint for +estimating the proper weight of coinage." + +MONETA. + + +_Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 414. etc.).--To the extensive exhibition of +_umbrellas_ formed through the exertions of the right worthy editor of +the "NOTES AND QUERIES" and his very numerous friends, I am happy to +have it in my power to make an addition of considerable curiosity, it +being of much earlier date than any specimen at present in the +collection:-- + + "Of doues I haue a dainty paire + Which, when you please to take the aier, + About your head shall gently houer, + Your cleere browe from the sunne to couer, + And with their nimble wings shall fan you + That neither cold nor heate shall tan you, + And, like _vmbrellas_, with their feathers + _Sheeld you in all sorts of weathers._" + _Michael Drayton, 1630_. + +Had not the exhibition been limited to umbrellas used in England, I +could have produced oriental specimens, very like those now in fashion +here, of the latter part of the sixteenth century. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + +_Croziers and Pastoral Staves_ (Vol. ii., p. 412.).--The staff with the +cross appears on the monument of Abp. Warham, in Canterbury Cathedral; +on the brass of Abp. Waldeby (1397), in Westminster Abbey and on that of +Abp. Cranley (1417), in New College Chapel, Oxford. + +The crook is bent _outwards_ in the brasses to the following +bishops:--Bp. Trellick (1360), Hereford Cathedral; Bp. Stanley (1515), +Manchester Cathedral; Bp. Goodrich (1554), Ely Cathedral; and Bp. +Pursglove (1579), Tideswell Church, Derbyshire. + +J.I.D. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +We never longed so much for greater space for our Notes upon Books as we +do at this season of gifts and good will, when the Christmas Books +demand our notice. + +Never did writer pen a sweeter tale than that which the author of _Mary +Barton_ has just produced under the title of _The Moorland Cottage_. It +is a purely English story, true to nature as a daguerreotype, without +one touch of exaggeration, without the smallest striving after effect, +yet so skilfully is it told, so effectually does it tell, so strongly do +Maggie's trials and single-mindedness excite our sympathies, that it +were hard to decide whether our tears are disposed to flow the more +readily at those trials, or at her quiet heroic perseverance in doing +right by which they are eventually surmounted. _The Moorland Cottage_ +with its skilful and characteristic woodcut illustrations by Birket +Foster, will be a favourite for many and many a Christmas yet to come. + +Rich in all the bibliopolic "pearl and gold" of a quaint and fanciful +binding, glancing with holly berries and mistletoe, Mr. Bogue presents +us with a volume as interesting as it is characteristic and elegant, +_Christmas with the Poets_. A more elegantly printed book was never +produced; and it is illustrated with fifty engravings designed and drawn +on wood by Birket Foster; engraved by Henry Vizetelly, and printed in +tints in a way to render most effective the artist's tasteful, +characteristic, and very able drawings. The volume is, as it were, a +casket, in which are enshrined all the gems which could be dug out of +the rich mines of English poetry; and when we say that the first +division treats of Carols from the Anglo-Norman period to the time of +the Reformation; that these are followed by Christmas Poems of the +Elizabethan period, by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and their great +cotemporaries; that to these succeed Herrick's Poems, and so on, till we +have the Christmas verses of our own century, by Southey, Wordsworth, +Scott, Shelley, Tennyson, &c., we have done more than all our praise +could do, to prove that a fitter present to one who loves poetry could +not be found than _Christmas with the Poets_. + +While if it be a _little_ lover of poetry--mind, not one who little +loves poetry, but one who listens with delight to those beloved ditties +of the olden times, which as we know charmed Shakspeare's +childhood,--learn that an English lady, with the hand and taste of an +artist, guided and refined by that purest and holiest of feelings, a +mother's love, has illustrated those dear old songs in a way to delight +all children; and at the same time charm the most refined. The +_Illustrated Ditties of the Olden Time_ is in sooth a delightful volume, +and if a love of the beautiful be as closely connected with a love of +the moral as wise heads tell us, we know no more agreeable way of early +inculcating morality than by circulating this splendid edition of our +time-honoured Nursery Rhymes. + +But we fancy the taste of some of our readers may not yet have been hit +upon. Let them try _The Story of Jack and the Giants, illustrated by +Richard Doyle_; and {524} they will find this wondrous story rendered +still more attractive by some thirty drawings, from the pencil of one +of the most imaginative artists of the day, and whose artistic spirit +seems to have revelled with delight as he pourtrayed the heroic +achievements of "the valiant Cornish man." + +We will now turn to those works which are of a somewhat graver class; +and we will begin with Miss Drury's able and well-written story, +entitled _Eastbury_, in which the heavy trials of Beatrice Eustace, +mitigated and eventually overcome through the friendship and +truthfulness of Julia Seymour, are told in a manner to delight all +readers of the class of tales to which _Eastbury_ belongs; and to +sustain the reputation as a writer, which Miss Drury so deservedly +acquired by her former story, _Friends and Fortune_. + +The name of the Rev. Charles B. Tayler would alone have served as a +sufficient warrant that _The Angel's Song, a Christmas Token_, is work +of still more serious character, even though the author had not told his +readers, in his _Envoy_, that the tale was written to correct the +mistake into which many well-meaning people have fallen on the subject +of Christmas merriment; and to suggest the spirit in which this sacred +season should be celebrated. That the book will be favourably received +by the large class of readers to whom it is addressed, there can be +little doubt; and to their attention we accordingly commend it. It is +very tastefully got up. + +To the publisher of _The Angel's Song_, Mr. Sampson Low, we are also +indebted for a very stirring and interesting book, _The Whaleman's +Adventures in the Southern Ocean_, edited by the Rev. Dr. Scoresby, from +the notes of a pious and observant American clergyman, whilst embarked, +on account of his health, on a whaling voyage to the South Seas and +Pacific Ocean. That Dr. Scoresby should think the matter of this work so +far novel and interesting, as well as "calculated for conveying useful +moral impressions," renders it scarcely necessary to say another word in +its recommendation. But it has a higher object than mere amusement; its +object is to enforce upon those "who go down to the sea in ships," the +duty of "remembering the Sabbath Day to keep it holy." + +Here our editorial labours have been interrupted by a band of infant +critics to whose unprejudiced judgments we had entrusted _Peter Little +and the Lucky Sixpence_,--each begging to be allowed to keep the book. +Good reader, do you wish for better criticism? Worthy author of this +_Verse Book for Children_, do you wish for higher praise? + +We have received the following Catalogues:--John Petheram's (94. High +Holborn) Catalogue, Part CXIX. No. 13. for 1850 of Old and New Books; +Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. +22. of English, French, German, and Italian Books; John Lyte's (498. New +Oxford Street) Book Catalogue for 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Notices To Correspondents. + +_Although we have enlarged our present Number to twenty-four pages, we +are compelled to request the indulgence of our correspondents for the +omission of many valuable communications._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all +Booksellers and Newsvendors. It is published at noon on Friday, so that +our country Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in +procuring it regularly. Many of the country booksellers, &c., are, +probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to +receive_ NOTES AND QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._ + +_Part XIV., for December, price 1s., is now ready for delivery._ + +THE INDEX TO VOLUME THE SECOND _will be ready early in +January._ + +_Communications should be addressed to the Editor of_ NOTES AND +QUERIES, _care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. _Fleet Street_. + +E.A.D. _has our best thanks_. + +_Errata._--In No. 60. Vol. ii., p. 492, for [Gothic: "Sant Valantinus"] +read [Gothic: "sant Valentinus"]. (The reference of Heinecken is _Idee +d'une collect. d'Estampes_, p. 275.) For "_Ind. Par_. i. 543.," read +"_Ind._ Par. i 343." For "suppressed" read "supposed;" and instead of +"De," before "Vita," put [Symbol: capitulum]. + + * * * * * + +Just published, in a rich and novel binding, royal 8vo., price 25s. + +CHRISTMAS WITH THE POETS; a Collection of Songs, Carols, and Descriptive +Verses, relating to the Festival of Christmas; with Introductory +Observations explanatory of Obsolete Rites and Customs. Illustrated with +upwards of Fifty highly-finished Wood Engravings, from Designs by BIRKET +FOSTER, and printed in several tints, with Gold Borders, Initial +Letters, and other Ornaments. + +DAVID BOGUE, Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE.--The First Number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE +for 1851 is embellished by a Portrait of the late THOMAS AMYOT, +Esq., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, accompanied with Memoirs +written by two of his most intimate friends. A second Plate represents a +very highly ornamented Roman Sword recently discovered near Mayence. +This Number also contains THE STORY OF NELL GWYN, Chapter 1., +by PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A., being the commencement of an +Original Work, which will be continued periodically in the Magazine. +Also, among other Articles, The Unpublished Diary of John First Earl of +Egmont, Part III.; Farindon and Owen, the Divines of the Cavalier and +Roundhead; Notes of an Antiquarian Tour on the Rhine, by C. ROACH +SMITH, Esq., F.S.A.; Milton and the Adamo Caduto of Salandra; the +Barons of London and the Cinque Ports; Effigy of a Notary (with an +Engraving), &c. &c. Reviews of Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of +Scotland; Vols. V. and VI. of Southey's Life, &c. &c. With Literary and +Antiquarian Intelligence; Historical Chronicle; and Obituary, including +Memoirs of the Marchioness Cornwallis. Lord Nugent, Rt. Hon. Sir W. 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Brydges, Carlyle, Carrington, Coleridge, Cowper, Croly, Gillfillan, +Graham, Hazlitt, Heber, Heraud, Harvey, Irving, Keats, Miller, Pollock, +Tighe, Wordsworth, and other Modern Writers, by the Rev. J.W. LESTER, +B.A. Royal 8vo. 100 pages of closely printed letterpress, originally +published at 5s., reduced to 1s. 3d. + +"We give our cordial subscription to the general scope and tenor of his +views, which are in the main promulgated with a perspicuity and +eloquence not always found in the same individual."--_Church of England +Quarterly Review_. + +"Mr. Lester's volume is one of superior merit, and deserves a high rank +among works of its class."--_Tait's Edinburgh Review_. + +"He is the pioneer of the beautiful."--_Manchester Examiner_. + +JOHN MILLER, 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square. + + * * * * * + +MR. L.A. 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