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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Art of Public Speaking
+by Dale Carnagey (AKA Dale Carnegie) and J. Berg Esenwein
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Art of Public Speaking
+
+Author: Dale Carnagey (AKA Dale Carnegie) and J. Berg Esenwein
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2005 [EBook #16317]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Cori Samuel, Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcribers note: Chapter XIV contains phonetic representation
+of the vowel 'o' using [)o]; [=o]; [=oo] and [)oo].
+
+
+The Art of Public Speaking
+
+BY
+
+J. BERG ESENWEIN
+
+AUTHOR OF
+
+"HOW TO ATTRACT AND HOLD AN AUDIENCE,"
+
+"WRITING THE SHORT-STORY,"
+
+"WRITING THE PHOTOPLAY," ETC., ETC.,
+
+AND
+
+DALE CARNAGEY
+
+PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING, BALTIMORE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE AND
+FINANCE; INSTRUCTOR IN PUBLIC SPEAKING, Y.M.C.A. SCHOOLS, NEW
+YORK, BROOKLYN, BALTIMORE, AND PHILADELPHIA, AND THE NEW YORK
+CITY CHAPTER, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BANKING
+
+
+THE WRITER'S LIBRARY
+
+EDITED BY J. BERG ESENWEIN
+
+THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL
+
+SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
+
+PUBLISHERS
+
+Copyright 1915
+
+THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+TO F. ARTHUR METCALF
+
+FELLOW-WORKER AND FRIEND
+
+
+Table of Contents
+                                                              Page
+THINGS TO THINK OF FIRST--A FOREWORD                           IX
+CHAPTER I--ACQUIRING CONFIDENCE BEFORE AN AUDIENCE              1
+CHAPTER II--THE SIN OF MONOTONY                                10
+CHAPTER III--EFFICIENCY THROUGH EMPHASIS AND SUBORDINATION     16
+CHAPTER IV--EFFICIENCY THROUGH CHANGE OF PITCH                 27
+CHAPTER V--EFFICIENCY THROUGH CHANGE OF PACE                   39
+CHAPTER VI--PAUSE AND POWER                                    55
+CHAPTER VII--EFFICIENCY THROUGH INFLECTION                     69
+CHAPTER VIII--CONCENTRATION IN DELIVERY                        80
+CHAPTER IX--FORCE                                              87
+CHAPTER X--FEELING AND ENTHUSIASM                             101
+CHAPTER XI--FLUENCY THROUGH PREPARATION                       115
+CHAPTER XII--THE VOICE                                        125
+CHAPTER XIII--VOICE CHARM                                     134
+CHAPTER XIV--DISTINCTNESS AND PRECISION OF UTTERANCE          146
+CHAPTER XV--THE TRUTH ABOUT GESTURE                           156
+CHAPTER XVI--METHODS OF DELIVERY                              171
+CHAPTER XVII--THOUGHT AND RESERVE POWER                       184
+CHAPTER XVIII--SUBJECT AND PREPARATION                        199
+CHAPTER XIX--INFLUENCING BY EXPOSITION                        218
+CHAPTER XX--INFLUENCING BY DESCRIPTION                        231
+CHAPTER XXI--INFLUENCING BY NARRATION                         249
+CHAPTER XXII--INFLUENCING BY SUGGESTION                       262
+CHAPTER XXIII--INFLUENCING BY ARGUMENT                        280
+CHAPTER XXIV--INFLUENCING BY PERSUASION                       295
+CHAPTER XXV--INFLUENCING THE CROWD                            308
+CHAPTER XXVI--RIDING THE WINGED HORSE                         321
+CHAPTER XXVII--GROWING A VOCABULARY                           334
+CHAPTER XXVIII--MEMORY TRAINING                               343
+CHAPTER XXIX--RIGHT THINKING AND PERSONALITY                  355
+CHAPTER XXX--AFTER-DINNER AND OTHER OCCASIONAL SPEAKING       362
+CHAPTER XXXI--MAKING CONVERSATION EFFECTIVE                   372
+
+APPENDIX A--FIFTY QUESTIONS FOR DEBATE        379
+APPENDIX B--THIRTY THEMES FOR SPEECHES, WITH SOURCE-REFERENCES     383
+APPENDIX C--SUGGESTIVE SUBJECTS FOR SPEECHES; HINTS FOR TREATMENT     386
+APPENDIX D--SPEECHES FOR STUDY AND PRACTISE     394
+
+GENERAL INDEX     506
+
+
+
+
+=Things to Think of First=
+
+A FOREWORD
+
+
+The efficiency of a book is like that of a man, in one important
+respect: its attitude toward its subject is the first source of its
+power. A book may be full of good ideas well expressed, but if its
+writer views his subject from the wrong angle even his excellent advice
+may prove to be ineffective.
+
+This book stands or falls by its authors' attitude toward its subject.
+If the best way to teach oneself or others to speak effectively in
+public is to fill the mind with rules, and to set up fixed standards for
+the interpretation of thought, the utterance of language, the making of
+gestures, and all the rest, then this book will be limited in value to
+such stray ideas throughout its pages as may prove helpful to the
+reader--as an effort to enforce a group of principles it must be
+reckoned a failure, because it is then untrue.
+
+It is of some importance, therefore, to those who take up this volume
+with open mind that they should see clearly at the out-start what is the
+thought that at once underlies and is builded through this structure. In
+plain words it is this:
+
+Training in public speaking is not a matter of externals--primarily; it
+is not a matter of imitation--fundamentally; it is not a matter of
+conformity to standards--at all. Public speaking is public utterance,
+public issuance, of the man himself; therefore the first thing both in
+time and in importance is that the man should be and think and feel
+things that are worthy of being given forth. Unless there be something
+of value within, no tricks of training can ever make of the talker
+anything more than a machine--albeit a highly perfected machine--for the
+delivery of other men's goods. So self-development is fundamental in our
+plan.
+
+The second principle lies close to the first: The man must enthrone his
+will to rule over his thought, his feelings, and all his physical
+powers, so that the outer self may give perfect, unhampered expression
+to the inner. It is futile, we assert, to lay down systems of rules for
+voice culture, intonation, gesture, and what not, unless these two
+principles of having something to say and making the will sovereign have
+at least begun to make themselves felt in the life.
+
+The third principle will, we surmise, arouse no dispute: No one can
+learn _how_ to speak who does not first speak as best he can. That may
+seem like a vicious circle in statement, but it will bear examination.
+
+Many teachers have begun with the _how_. Vain effort! It is an ancient
+truism that we learn to do by doing. The first thing for the beginner in
+public speaking is to speak--not to study voice and gesture and the
+rest. Once he has spoken he can improve himself by self-observation or
+according to the criticisms of those who hear.
+
+But how shall he be able to criticise himself? Simply by finding out
+three things: What are the qualities which by common consent go to make
+up an effective speaker; by what means at least some of these qualities
+may be acquired; and what wrong habits of speech in himself work against
+his acquiring and using the qualities which he finds to be good.
+
+Experience, then, is not only the best teacher, but the first and the
+last. But experience must be a dual thing--the experience of others must
+be used to supplement, correct and justify our own experience; in this
+way we shall become our own best critics only after we have trained
+ourselves in self-knowledge, the knowledge of what other minds think,
+and in the ability to judge ourselves by the standards we have come to
+believe are right. "If I ought," said Kant, "I can."
+
+An examination of the contents of this volume will show how consistently
+these articles of faith have been declared, expounded, and illustrated.
+The student is urged to begin to speak at once of what he knows. Then he
+is given simple suggestions for self-control, with gradually increasing
+emphasis upon the power of the inner man over the outer. Next, the way
+to the rich storehouses of material is pointed out. And finally, all the
+while he is urged to speak, _speak_, _SPEAK_ as he is applying to his own
+methods, in his own _personal_ way, the principles he has gathered from
+his own experience and observation and the recorded experiences of
+others.
+
+So now at the very first let it be as clear as light that methods are
+secondary matters; that the full mind, the warm heart, the dominant will
+are primary--and not only primary but paramount; for unless it be a full
+being that uses the methods it will be like dressing a wooden image in
+the clothes of a man.
+
+J. BERG ESENWEIN.
+NARBERTH, PA.,
+JANUARY 1, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
+
+    Sense never fails to give them that have it, Words enough to
+    make them understood. It too often happens in some
+    conversations, as in Apothecary Shops, that those Pots that are
+    Empty, or have Things of small Value in them, are as gaudily
+    Dress'd as those that are full of precious Drugs.
+
+    They that soar too high, often fall hard, making a low and level
+    Dwelling preferable. The tallest Trees are most in the Power of
+    the Winds, and Ambitious Men of the Blasts of Fortune. Buildings
+    have need of a good Foundation, that lie so much exposed to the
+    Weather.
+
+    --WILLIAM PENN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ACQUIRING CONFIDENCE BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
+
+
+    There is a strange sensation often experienced in the presence
+    of an audience. It may proceed from the gaze of the many eyes
+    that turn upon the speaker, especially if he permits himself to
+    steadily return that gaze. Most speakers have been conscious of
+    this in a nameless thrill, a real something, pervading the
+    atmosphere, tangible, evanescent, indescribable. All writers
+    have borne testimony to the power of a speaker's eye in
+    impressing an audience. This influence which we are now
+    considering is the reverse of that picture--the power _their_
+    eyes may exert upon him, especially before he begins to speak:
+    after the inward fires of oratory are fanned into flame the eyes
+    of the audience lose all terror.
+
+    --WILLIAM PITTENGER, _Extempore Speech_.
+
+Students of public speaking continually ask, "How can I overcome
+self-consciousness and the fear that paralyzes me before an audience?"
+
+Did you ever notice in looking from a train window that some horses feed
+near the track and never even pause to look up at the thundering cars,
+while just ahead at the next railroad crossing a farmer's wife will be
+nervously trying to quiet her scared horse as the train goes by?
+
+How would you cure a horse that is afraid of cars--graze him in a
+back-woods lot where he would never see steam-engines or automobiles, or
+drive or pasture him where he would frequently see the machines?
+
+Apply horse-sense to ridding yourself of self-consciousness and fear:
+face an audience as frequently as you can, and you will soon stop
+shying. You can never attain freedom from stage-fright by reading a
+treatise. A book may give you excellent suggestions on how best to
+conduct yourself in the water, but sooner or later you must get wet,
+perhaps even strangle and be "half scared to death." There are a great
+many "wetless" bathing suits worn at the seashore, but no one ever
+learns to swim in them. To plunge is the only way.
+
+Practise, _practise_, _PRACTISE_ in speaking before an audience will tend
+to remove all fear of audiences, just as practise in swimming will lead
+to confidence and facility in the water. You must learn to speak by
+speaking.
+
+The Apostle Paul tells us that every man must work out his own
+salvation. All we can do here is to offer you suggestions as to how best
+to prepare for your plunge. The real plunge no one can take for you. A
+doctor may prescribe, but _you_ must take the medicine.
+
+Do not be disheartened if at first you suffer from stage-fright. Dan
+Patch was more susceptible to suffering than a superannuated dray horse
+would be. It never hurts a fool to appear before an audience, for his
+capacity is not a capacity for feeling. A blow that would kill a
+civilized man soon heals on a savage. The higher we go in the scale of
+life, the greater is the capacity for suffering.
+
+For one reason or another, some master-speakers never entirely overcome
+stage-fright, but it will pay you to spare no pains to conquer it.
+Daniel Webster failed in his first appearance and had to take his seat
+without finishing his speech because he was nervous. Gladstone was often
+troubled with self-consciousness in the beginning of an address.
+Beecher was always perturbed before talking in public.
+
+Blacksmiths sometimes twist a rope tight around the nose of a horse, and
+by thus inflicting a little pain they distract his attention from the
+shoeing process. One way to get air out of a glass is to pour in water.
+
+
+_Be Absorbed by Your Subject_
+
+Apply the blacksmith's homely principle when you are speaking. If you
+feel deeply about your subject you will be able to think of little else.
+Concentration is a process of distraction from less important matters.
+It is too late to think about the cut of your coat when once you are
+upon the platform, so centre your interest on what you are about to
+say--fill your mind with your speech-material and, like the infilling
+water in the glass, it will drive out your unsubstantial fears.
+
+Self-consciousness is undue consciousness of self, and, for the purpose
+of delivery, self is secondary to your subject, not only in the opinion
+of the audience, but, if you are wise, in your own. To hold any other
+view is to regard yourself as an exhibit instead of as a messenger with
+a message worth delivering. Do you remember Elbert Hubbard's tremendous
+little tract, "A Message to Garcia"? The youth subordinated himself to
+the message he bore. So must you, by all the determination you can
+muster. It is sheer egotism to fill your mind with thoughts of self when
+a greater thing is there--_TRUTH_. Say this to yourself sternly, and
+shame your self-consciousness into quiescence. If the theater caught
+fire you could rush to the stage and shout directions to the audience
+without any self-consciousness, for the importance of what you were
+saying would drive all fear-thoughts out of your mind.
+
+Far worse than self-consciousness through fear of doing poorly is
+self-consciousness through assumption of doing well. The first sign of
+greatness is when a man does not attempt to look and act great. Before
+you can call yourself a man at all, Kipling assures us, you must "not
+look too good nor talk too wise."
+
+Nothing advertises itself so thoroughly as conceit. One may be so full
+of self as to be empty. Voltaire said, "We must conceal self-love." But
+that can not be done. You know this to be true, for you have recognized
+overweening self-love in others. If you have it, others are seeing it in
+you. There are things in this world bigger than self, and in working for
+them self will be forgotten, or--what is better--remembered only so as
+to help us win toward higher things.
+
+
+_Have Something to Say_
+
+The trouble with many speakers is that they go before an audience with
+their minds a blank. It is no wonder that nature, abhorring a vacuum,
+fills them with the nearest thing handy, which generally happens to be,
+"I wonder if I am doing this right! How does my hair look? I know I
+shall fail." Their prophetic souls are sure to be right.
+
+It is not enough to be absorbed by your subject--to acquire
+self-confidence you must have something in which to be confident. If you
+go before an audience without any preparation, or previous knowledge of
+your subject, you ought to be self-conscious--you ought to be ashamed to
+steal the time of your audience. Prepare yourself. Know what you are
+going to talk about, and, in general, how you are going to say it. Have
+the first few sentences worked out completely so that you may not be
+troubled in the beginning to find words. Know your subject better than
+your hearers know it, and you have nothing to fear.
+
+
+_After Preparing for Success, Expect It_
+
+Let your bearing be modestly confident, but most of all be modestly
+confident within. Over-confidence is bad, but to tolerate premonitions
+of failure is worse, for a bold man may win attention by his very
+bearing, while a rabbit-hearted coward invites disaster.
+
+Humility is not the personal discount that we must offer in the presence
+of others--against this old interpretation there has been a most healthy
+modern reaction. True humility any man who thoroughly knows himself must
+feel; but it is not a humility that assumes a worm-like meekness; it is
+rather a strong, vibrant prayer for greater power for service--a prayer
+that Uriah Heep could never have uttered.
+
+Washington Irving once introduced Charles Dickens at a dinner given in
+the latter's honor. In the middle of his speech Irving hesitated, became
+embarrassed, and sat down awkwardly. Turning to a friend beside him he
+remarked, "There, I told you I would fail, and I did."
+
+If you believe you will fail, there is no hope for you. You will.
+
+Rid yourself of this I-am-a-poor-worm-in-the-dust idea. You are a god,
+with infinite capabilities. "All things are ready if the mind be so."
+The eagle looks the cloudless sun in the face.
+
+
+_Assume Mastery Over Your Audience_
+
+In public speech, as in electricity, there is a positive and a negative
+force. Either you or your audience are going to possess the positive
+factor. If you assume it you can almost invariably make it yours. If you
+assume the negative you are sure to be negative. Assuming a virtue or a
+vice vitalizes it. Summon all your power of self-direction, and remember
+that though your audience is infinitely more important than you, the
+truth is more important than both of you, because it is eternal. If your
+mind falters in its leadership the sword will drop from your hands. Your
+assumption of being able to instruct or lead or inspire a multitude or
+even a small group of people may appall you as being colossal
+impudence--as indeed it may be; but having once essayed to speak, be
+courageous. _BE_ courageous--it lies within you to be what you will.
+_MAKE_ yourself be calm and confident.
+
+Reflect that your audience will not hurt you. If Beecher in Liverpool
+had spoken behind a wire screen he would have invited the audience to
+throw the over-ripe missiles with which they were loaded; but he was a
+man, confronted his hostile hearers fearlessly--and won them.
+
+In facing your audience, pause a moment and look them over--a hundred
+chances to one they want you to succeed, for what man is so foolish as
+to spend his time, perhaps his money, in the hope that you will waste
+his investment by talking dully?
+
+
+_Concluding Hints_
+
+Do not make haste to begin--haste shows lack of control.
+
+Do not apologize. It ought not to be necessary; and if it is, it will
+not help. Go straight ahead.
+
+Take a deep breath, relax, and begin in a quiet conversational tone as
+though you were speaking to one large friend. You will not find it half
+so bad as you imagined; really, it is like taking a cold plunge: after
+you are in, the water is fine. In fact, having spoken a few times you
+will even anticipate the plunge with exhilaration. To stand before an
+audience and make them think your thoughts after you is one of the
+greatest pleasures you can ever know. Instead of fearing it, you ought
+to be as anxious as the fox hounds straining at their leashes, or the
+race horses tugging at their reins.
+
+So cast out fear, for fear is cowardly--when it is not mastered. The
+bravest know fear, but they do not yield to it. Face your audience
+pluckily--if your knees quake, _MAKE_ them stop. In your audience lies
+some victory for you and the cause you represent. Go win it. Suppose
+Charles Martell had been afraid to hammer the Saracen at Tours; suppose
+Columbus had feared to venture out into the unknown West; suppose our
+forefathers had been too timid to oppose the tyranny of George the
+Third; suppose that any man who ever did anything worth while had been a
+coward! The world owes its progress to the men who have dared, and you
+must dare to speak the effective word that is in your heart to
+speak--for often it requires courage to utter a single sentence. But
+remember that men erect no monuments and weave no laurels for those who
+fear to do what they can.
+
+Is all this unsympathetic, do you say?
+
+Man, what you need is not sympathy, but a push. No one doubts that
+temperament and nerves and illness and even praiseworthy modesty may,
+singly or combined, cause the speaker's cheek to blanch before an
+audience, but neither can any one doubt that coddling will magnify this
+weakness. The victory lies in a fearless frame of mind. Prof. Walter
+Dill Scott says: "Success or failure in business is caused more by
+mental attitude even than by mental capacity." Banish the fear-attitude;
+acquire the confident attitude. And remember that the only way to
+acquire it is--_to acquire it_.
+
+In this foundation chapter we have tried to strike the tone of much that
+is to follow. Many of these ideas will be amplified and enforced in a
+more specific way; but through all these chapters on an art which Mr.
+Gladstone believed to be more powerful than the public press, the note
+of _justifiable self-confidence_ must sound again and again.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES.
+
+1. What is the cause of self-consciousness?
+
+2. Why are animals free from it?
+
+3. What is your observation regarding self-consciousness in children?
+
+4. Why are you free from it under the stress of unusual excitement?
+
+5. How does moderate excitement affect you?
+
+6. What are the two fundamental requisites for the acquiring of
+self-confidence? Which is the more important?
+
+7. What effect does confidence on the part of the speaker have on the
+audience?
+
+8. Write out a two-minute speech on "Confidence and Cowardice."
+
+9. What effect do habits of thought have on confidence? In this
+connection read the chapter on "Right Thinking and Personality."
+
+10. Write out very briefly any experience you may have had involving the
+teachings of this chapter.
+
+11. Give a three-minute talk on "Stage-Fright," including a (kindly)
+imitation of two or more victims.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE SIN OF MONOTONY
+
+    One day Ennui was born from Uniformity.
+
+    --MOTTE.
+
+
+Our English has changed with the years so that many words now connote
+more than they did originally. This is true of the word _monotonous_.
+From "having but one tone," it has come to mean more broadly, "lack of
+variation."
+
+The monotonous speaker not only drones along in the same volume and
+pitch of tone but uses always the same emphasis, the same speed, the
+same thoughts--or dispenses with thought altogether.
+
+Monotony, the cardinal and most common sin of the public speaker, is not
+a transgression--it is rather a sin of omission, for it consists in
+living up to the confession of the Prayer Book: "We have left undone
+those things we ought to have done."
+
+Emerson says, "The virtue of art lies in detachment, in sequestering one
+object from the embarrassing variety." That is just what the monotonous
+speaker fails to do--he does _not_ detach one thought or phrase from
+another, they are all expressed in the same manner.
+
+To tell you that your speech is monotonous may mean very little to you,
+so let us look at the nature--and the curse--of monotony in other
+spheres of life, then we shall appreciate more fully how it will blight
+an otherwise good speech.
+
+If the Victrola in the adjoining apartment grinds out just three
+selections over and over again, it is pretty safe to assume that your
+neighbor has no other records. If a speaker uses only a few of his
+powers, it points very plainly to the fact that the rest of his powers
+are not developed. Monotony reveals our limitations.
+
+In its effect on its victim, monotony is actually deadly--it will drive
+the bloom from the cheek and the lustre from the eye as quickly as sin,
+and often leads to viciousness. The worst punishment that human
+ingenuity has ever been able to invent is extreme monotony--solitary
+confinement. Lay a marble on the table and do nothing eighteen hours of
+the day but change that marble from one point to another and back again,
+and you will go insane if you continue long enough.
+
+So this thing that shortens life, and is used as the most cruel of
+punishments in our prisons, is the thing that will destroy all the life
+and force of a speech. Avoid it as you would shun a deadly dull bore.
+The "idle rich" can have half-a-dozen homes, command all the varieties
+of foods gathered from the four corners of the earth, and sail for
+Africa or Alaska at their pleasure; but the poverty-stricken man must
+walk or take a street car--he does not have the choice of yacht, auto,
+or special train. He must spend the most of his life in labor and be
+content with the staples of the food-market. Monotony is poverty,
+whether in speech or in life. Strive to increase the variety of your
+speech as the business man labors to augment his wealth.
+
+Bird-songs, forest glens, and mountains are not monotonous--it is the
+long rows of brown-stone fronts and the miles of paved streets that are
+so terribly same. Nature in her wealth gives us endless variety; man
+with his limitations is often monotonous. Get back to nature in your
+methods of speech-making.
+
+The power of variety lies in its pleasure-giving quality. The great
+truths of the world have often been couched in fascinating stories--"Les
+Miserables," for instance. If you wish to teach or influence men, you
+must please them, first or last. Strike the same note on the piano over
+and over again. This will give you some idea of the displeasing, jarring
+effect monotony has on the ear. The dictionary defines "monotonous" as
+being synonymous with "wearisome." That is putting it mildly. It is
+maddening. The department-store prince does not disgust the public by
+playing only the one tune, "Come Buy My Wares!" He gives recitals on a
+$125,000 organ, and the pleased people naturally slip into a buying
+mood.
+
+
+_How to Conquer Monotony_
+
+We obviate monotony in dress by replenishing our wardrobes. We avoid
+monotony in speech by multiplying our powers of speech. We multiply our
+powers of speech by increasing our tools.
+
+The carpenter has special implements with which to construct the several
+parts of a building. The organist has certain keys and stops which he
+manipulates to produce his harmonies and effects. In like manner the
+speaker has certain instruments and tools at his command by which he
+builds his argument, plays on the feelings, and guides the beliefs of
+his audience. To give you a conception of these instruments, and
+practical help in learning to use them, are the purposes of the
+immediately following chapters.
+
+Why did not the Children of Israel whirl through the desert in
+limousines, and why did not Noah have moving-picture entertainments and
+talking machines on the Ark? The laws that enable us to operate an
+automobile, produce moving-pictures, or music on the Victrola, would
+have worked just as well then as they do today. It was ignorance of law
+that for ages deprived humanity of our modern conveniences. Many
+speakers still use ox-cart methods in their speech instead of employing
+automobile or overland-express methods. They are ignorant of laws that
+make for efficiency in speaking. Just to the extent that you regard and
+use the laws that we are about to examine and learn how to use will you
+have efficiency and force in your speaking; and just to the extent that
+you disregard them will your speaking be feeble and ineffective. We
+cannot impress too thoroughly upon you the necessity for a real working
+mastery of these principles. They are the very foundations of successful
+speaking. "Get your principles right," said Napoleon, "and the rest is a
+matter of detail."
+
+It is useless to shoe a dead horse, and all the sound principles in
+Christendom will never make a live speech out of a dead one. So let it
+be understood that public speaking is not a matter of mastering a few
+dead rules; the most important law of public speech is the necessity for
+truth, force, feeling, and life. Forget all else, but not this.
+
+When you have mastered the mechanics of speech outlined in the next few
+chapters you will no longer be troubled with monotony. The complete
+knowledge of these principles and the ability to apply them will give
+you great variety in your powers of expression. But they cannot be
+mastered and applied by thinking or reading about them--you must
+practise, _practise_, _PRACTISE_. If no one else will listen to you,
+listen to yourself--you must always be your own best critic, and the
+severest one of all.
+
+The technical principles that we lay down in the following chapters are
+not arbitrary creations of our own. They are all founded on the
+practices that good speakers and actors adopt--either naturally and
+unconsciously or under instruction--in getting their effects.
+
+It is useless to warn the student that he must be natural. To be natural
+may be to be monotonous. The little strawberry up in the arctics with a
+few tiny seeds and an acid tang is a natural berry, but it is not to be
+compared with the improved variety that we enjoy here. The dwarfed oak
+on the rocky hillside is natural, but a poor thing compared with the
+beautiful tree found in the rich, moist bottom lands. Be natural--but
+improve your natural gifts until you have approached the ideal, for we
+must strive after idealized nature, in fruit, tree, and speech.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES.
+
+1. What are the causes of monotony?
+
+2. Cite some instances in nature.
+
+3. Cite instances in man's daily life.
+
+4. Describe some of the effects of monotony in both cases.
+
+5. Read aloud some speech without paying particular attention to its
+meaning or force.
+
+6. Now repeat it after you have thoroughly assimilated its matter and
+spirit. What difference do you notice in its rendition?
+
+7. Why is monotony one of the worst as well as one of the most common
+faults of speakers?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+EFFICIENCY THROUGH EMPHASIS AND SUBORDINATION
+
+    In a word, the principle of emphasis...is followed best, not
+    by remembering particular rules, but by being full of a
+    particular feeling.
+
+    --C.S. BALDWIN, _Writing and Speaking_.
+
+
+The gun that scatters too much does not bag the birds. The same
+principle applies to speech. The speaker that fires his force and
+emphasis at random into a sentence will not get results. Not every word
+is of special importance--therefore only certain words demand emphasis.
+
+You say Massa_CHU_setts and Minne_AP_olis, you do not emphasize each
+syllable alike, but hit the accented syllable with force and hurry over
+the unimportant ones. Now why do you not apply this principle in
+speaking a sentence? To some extent you do, in ordinary speech; but do
+you in public discourse? It is there that monotony caused by lack of
+emphasis is so painfully apparent.
+
+So far as emphasis is concerned, you may consider the average sentence
+as just one big word, with the important word as the accented syllable.
+Note the following:
+
+"Destiny is not a matter of chance. It is a matter of choice."
+
+You might as well say _MASS-A-CHU-SETTS_, emphasizing every syllable
+equally, as to lay equal stress on each word in the foregoing sentences.
+
+Speak it aloud and see. Of course you will want to emphasize _destiny_,
+for it is the principal idea in your declaration, and you will put some
+emphasis on _not_, else your hearers may think you are affirming that
+destiny _is_ a matter of chance. By all means you must emphasize
+_chance_, for it is one of the two big ideas in the statement.
+
+Another reason why _chance_ takes emphasis is that it is contrasted with
+_choice_ in the next sentence. Obviously, the author has contrasted
+these ideas purposely, so that they might be more emphatic, and here we
+see that contrast is one of the very first devices to gain emphasis.
+
+As a public speaker you can assist this emphasis of contrast with your
+voice. If you say, "My horse is not _black_," what color immediately
+comes into mind? White, naturally, for that is the opposite of black. If
+you wish to bring out the thought that destiny is a matter of choice,
+you can do so more effectively by first saying that "_DESTINY_ is _NOT_
+a matter of _CHANCE_." Is not the color of the horse impressed upon us
+more emphatically when you say, "My horse is _NOT BLACK_. He is _WHITE_"
+than it would be by hearing you assert merely that your horse is white?
+
+In the second sentence of the statement there is only one important
+word--_choice_. It is the one word that positively defines the quality
+of the subject being discussed, and the author of those lines desired to
+bring it out emphatically, as he has shown by contrasting it with
+another idea. These lines, then, would read like this:
+
+"_DESTINY_ is _NOT_ a matter of _CHANCE_. It is a matter of _CHOICE_."
+Now read this over, striking the words in capitals with a great deal of
+force.
+
+In almost every sentence there are a few _MOUNTAIN PEAK WORDS_ that
+represent the big, important ideas. When you pick up the evening paper
+you can tell at a glance which are the important news articles. Thanks
+to the editor, he does not tell about a "hold up" in Hong Kong in the
+same sized type as he uses to report the death of five firemen in your
+home city. Size of type is his device to show emphasis in bold relief.
+He brings out sometimes even in red headlines the striking news of the
+day.
+
+It would be a boon to speech-making if speakers would conserve the
+attention of their audiences in the same way and emphasize only the
+words representing the important ideas. The average speaker will deliver
+the foregoing line on destiny with about the same amount of emphasis on
+each word. Instead of saying, "It is a matter of _CHOICE_," he will
+deliver it, "It is a matter of choice," or "_IT IS A MATTER OF
+CHOICE_"--both equally bad.
+
+Charles Dana, the famous editor of _The New York Sun_, told one of his
+reporters that if he went up the street and saw a dog bite a man, to pay
+no attention to it. _The Sun_ could not afford to waste the time and
+attention of its readers on such unimportant happenings. "But," said Mr.
+Dana, "if you see a man bite a dog, hurry back to the office and write
+the story." Of course that is news; that is unusual.
+
+Now the speaker who says "_IT IS A MATTER OF CHOICE_" is putting too
+much emphasis upon things that are of no more importance to metropolitan
+readers than a dog bite, and when he fails to emphasize "choice" he is
+like the reporter who "passes up" the man's biting a dog. The ideal
+speaker makes his big words stand out like mountain peaks; his
+unimportant words are submerged like stream-beds. His big thoughts stand
+like huge oaks; his ideas of no especial value are merely like the grass
+around the tree.
+
+From all this we may deduce this important principle: _EMPHASIS_ is a
+matter of _CONTRAST_ and _COMPARISON_.
+
+Recently the _New York American_ featured an editorial by Arthur
+Brisbane. Note the following, printed in the same type as given here.
+
+=We do not know what the President THOUGHT when he got that message, or
+what the elephant thinks when he sees the mouse, but we do know what the
+President DID.=
+
+The words _THOUGHT_ and _DID_ immediately catch the reader's attention
+because they are different from the others, not especially because they
+are larger. If all the rest of the words in this sentence were made ten
+times as large as they are, and _DID_ and _THOUGHT_ were kept at their
+present size, they would still be emphatic, because different.
+
+Take the following from Robert Chambers' novel, "The Business of Life."
+The words _you_, _had_, _would_, are all emphatic, because they have been
+made different.
+
+    He looked at her in angry astonishment.
+
+    "Well, what do _you_ call it if it isn't cowardice--to slink off
+    and marry a defenseless girl like that!"
+
+    "Did you expect me to give you a chance to destroy me and poison
+    Jacqueline's mind? If I _had_ been guilty of the thing with
+    which you charge me, what I have done _would_ have been
+    cowardly. Otherwise, it is justified."
+
+A Fifth Avenue bus would attract attention up at Minisink Ford, New
+York, while one of the ox teams that frequently pass there would attract
+attention on Fifth Avenue. To make a word emphatic, deliver it
+differently from the manner in which the words surrounding it are
+delivered. If you have been talking loudly, utter the emphatic word in a
+concentrated whisper--and you have intense emphasis. If you have been
+going fast, go very slow on the emphatic word. If you have been talking
+on a low pitch, jump to a high one on the emphatic word. If you have
+been talking on a high pitch, take a low one on your emphatic ideas.
+Read the chapters on "Inflection," "Feeling," "Pause," "Change of
+Pitch," "Change of Tempo." Each of these will explain in detail how to
+get emphasis through the use of a certain principle.
+
+In this chapter, however, we are considering only one form of emphasis:
+that of applying force to the important word and subordinating the
+unimportant words. Do not forget: this is one of the main methods that
+you must continually employ in getting your effects.
+
+Let us not confound loudness with emphasis. To yell is not a sign of
+earnestness, intelligence, or feeling. The kind of force that we want
+applied to the emphatic word is not entirely physical. True, the
+emphatic word may be spoken more loudly, or it may be spoken more
+softly, but the _real_ quality desired is intensity, earnestness. It
+must come from within, outward.
+
+Last night a speaker said: "The curse of this country is not a lack of
+education. It's politics." He emphasized _curse, lack, education,
+politics_. The other words were hurried over and thus given no
+comparative importance at all. The word _politics_ was flamed out with
+great feeling as he slapped his hands together indignantly. His emphasis
+was both correct and powerful. He concentrated all our attention on the
+words that meant something, instead of holding it up on such words as
+_of this_, _a_, _of_, _It's_.
+
+What would you think of a guide who agreed to show New York to a
+stranger and then took up his time by visiting Chinese laundries and
+boot-blacking "parlors" on the side streets? There is only one excuse
+for a speaker's asking the attention of his audience: He must have
+either truth or entertainment for them. If he wearies their attention
+with trifles they will have neither vivacity nor desire left when he
+reaches words of Wall-Street and skyscraper importance. You do not dwell
+on these small words in your everyday conversation, because you are not
+a conversational bore. Apply the correct method of everyday speech to
+the platform. As we have noted elsewhere, public speaking is very much
+like conversation enlarged.
+
+Sometimes, for big emphasis, it is advisable to lay stress on every
+single syllable in a word, as _absolutely_ in the following sentence:
+
+    I ab-so-lute-ly refuse to grant your demand.
+
+Now and then this principle should be applied to an emphatic sentence by
+stressing each word. It is a good device for exciting special
+attention, and it furnishes a pleasing variety. Patrick Henry's notable
+climax could be delivered in that manner very effectively:
+"Give--me--liberty--or--give--me--death." The italicized part of the
+following might also be delivered with this every-word emphasis. Of
+course, there are many ways of delivering it; this is only one of several
+good interpretations that might be chosen.
+
+    Knowing the price we must pay, the sacrifice we must make, the
+    burdens we must carry, the assaults we must endure--knowing full
+    well the cost--yet we enlist, and we enlist for the war. For we
+    know the justice of our cause, and _we know, too, its certain
+    triumph._
+
+    --_From "Pass Prosperity Around,"_ by ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE,
+    _before the Chicago National Convention of the Progressive Party_.
+
+Strongly emphasizing a single word has a tendency to suggest its
+antithesis. Notice how the meaning changes by merely putting the
+emphasis on different words in the following sentence. The parenthetical
+expressions would really not be needed to supplement the emphatic words.
+
+    _I_ intended to buy a house this Spring (even if you did not).
+
+    I _INTENDED_ to buy a house this Spring (but something
+    prevented).
+
+    I intended to _BUY_ a house this Spring (instead of renting as
+    heretofore).
+
+    I intended to buy a _HOUSE_ this Spring (and not an automobile).
+
+    I intended to buy a house _THIS_ Spring (instead of next
+    Spring).
+
+    I intended to buy a house this _SPRING_ (instead of in the
+    Autumn).
+
+When a great battle is reported in the papers, they do not keep
+emphasizing the same facts over and over again. They try to get new
+information, or a "new slant." The news that takes an important place in
+the morning edition will be relegated to a small space in the late
+afternoon edition. We are interested in new ideas and new facts. This
+principle has a very important bearing in determining your emphasis. Do
+not emphasize the same idea over and over again unless you desire to lay
+extra stress on it; Senator Thurston desired to put the maximum amount
+of emphasis on "force" in his speech on page 50. Note how force is
+emphasized repeatedly. As a general rule, however, the new idea, the
+"new slant," whether in a newspaper report of a battle or a speaker's
+enunciation of his ideas, is emphatic.
+
+In the following selection, "larger" is emphatic, for it is the new
+idea. All men have eyes, but this man asks for a _LARGER_ eye.
+
+This man with the larger eye says he will discover, not rivers or safety
+appliances for aeroplanes, but _NEW STARS_ and _SUNS_. "New stars and
+suns" are hardly as emphatic as the word "larger." Why? Because we
+expect an astronomer to discover heavenly bodies rather than cooking
+recipes. The words, "Republic needs" in the next sentence, are emphatic;
+they introduce a new and important idea. Republics have always needed
+men, but the author says they need _NEW_ men. "New" is emphatic because
+it introduces a new idea. In like manner, "soil," "grain," "tools," are
+also emphatic.
+
+The most emphatic words are italicized in this selection. Are there any
+others you would emphasize? Why?
+
+    The old astronomer said, "Give me a _larger_ eye, and I will
+    discover _new stars_ and _suns_." That is what the _republic
+    needs_ today--_new men_--men who are _wise_ toward the _soil_,
+    toward the _grains_, toward the _tools_. If God would only raise
+    up for the people two or three men like _Watt_, _Fulton_ and
+    _McCormick_, they would be _worth more_ to the _State_ than that
+    _treasure box_ named _California_ or _Mexico_. And the _real
+    supremacy_ of man is based upon his _capacity_ for _education_.
+    Man is _unique_ in the _length_ of his _childhood_, which means
+    the _period_ of _plasticity_ and _education_. The childhood of a
+    _moth_, the distance that stands between the hatching of the
+    _robin_ and its _maturity_, represent a _few hours_ or a _few
+    weeks_, but _twenty years_ for growth stands between _man's_
+    cradle and his citizenship. This protracted childhood makes it
+    possible to hand over to the boy all the _accumulated stores
+    achieved_ by _races_ and _civilizations_ through _thousands_ of
+    _years_.
+
+    --_Anonymous_.
+
+You must understand that there are no steel-riveted rules of emphasis.
+It is not always possible to designate which word must, and which must
+not be emphasized. One speaker will put one interpretation on a speech,
+another speaker will use different emphasis to bring out a different
+interpretation. No one can say that one interpretation is right and the
+other wrong. This principle must be borne in mind in all our marked
+exercises. Here your own intelligence must guide--and greatly to your
+profit.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES.
+
+1. What is emphasis?
+
+2. Describe one method of destroying monotony of thought-presentation.
+
+3. What relation does this have to the use of the voice?
+
+4. Which words should be emphasized, which subordinated, in a sentence?
+
+5. Read the selections on pages 50, 51, 52, 53 and 54, devoting special
+attention to emphasizing the important words or phrases and
+subordinating the unimportant ones. Read again, changing emphasis
+slightly. What is the effect?
+
+6. Read some sentence repeatedly, emphasizing a different word each
+time, and show how the meaning is changed, as is done on page 22.
+
+7. What is the effect of a lack of emphasis?
+
+8. Read the selections on pages 30 and 48, emphasizing every word. What
+is the effect on the emphasis?
+
+9. When is it permissible to emphasize every single word in a sentence?
+
+10. Note the emphasis and subordination in some conversation or speech
+you have heard. Were they well made? Why? Can you suggest any
+improvement?
+
+11. From a newspaper or a magazine, clip a report of an address, or a
+biographical eulogy. Mark the passage for emphasis and bring it with you
+to class.
+
+12. In the following passage, would you make any changes in the author's
+markings for emphasis? Where? Why? Bear in mind that not all words
+marked require the same _degree_ of emphasis--_in a wide variety of
+emphasis, and in nice shading of the gradations, lie the excellence of
+emphatic speech_.
+
+    I would call him _Napoleon_, but Napoleon made his way to empire
+    over _broken oaths_ and through a _sea_ of _blood_. This man
+    _never_ broke his word. "No Retaliation" was his great motto and
+    the rule of his life; and the last words uttered to his son in
+    France were these: "My boy, you will one day go back to Santo
+    Domingo; _forget_ that _France murdered your father_." I would
+    call him _Cromwell_, but Cromwell was _only_ a _soldier_, and
+    the state he founded _went down_ with him into his grave. I
+    would call him _Washington_, but the great Virginian _held
+    slaves_. This man _risked_ his _empire_ rather than _permit_ the
+    slave-trade in the _humblest village_ of his dominions.
+
+    You think me a fanatic to-night, for you read history, _not_
+    with your _eyes_, but with your _prejudices_. But fifty years
+    hence, when _Truth_ gets a hearing, the Muse of History will put
+    _Phocion_ for the _Greek_, and _Brutus_ for the _Roman_,
+    _Hampden_ for _England_, _Lafayette_ for _France_, choose
+    _Washington_ as the bright, consummate flower of our _earlier_
+    civilization, and _John Brown_ the ripe fruit of our _noonday_,
+    then, dipping her pen in the sunlight, will write in the clear
+    blue, above them all, the name of the _soldier_, the
+    _statesman_, the _martyr_, _TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE_.
+
+    --WENDELL PHILLIPS, _Toussaint l'Ouverture_.
+
+Practise on the following selections for emphasis: Beecher's "Abraham
+Lincoln," page 76; Lincoln's "Gettysburg Speech," page 50; Seward's
+"Irrepressible Conflict," page 67; and Bryan's "Prince of Peace," page
+448.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+EFFICIENCY THROUGH CHANGE OF PITCH
+
+    Speech is simply a modified form of singing: the principal
+    difference being in the fact that in singing the vowel sounds
+    are prolonged and the intervals are short, whereas in speech the
+    words are uttered in what may be called "staccato" tones, the
+    vowels not being specially prolonged and the intervals between
+    the words being more distinct. The fact that in singing we have
+    a larger range of tones does not properly distinguish it from
+    ordinary speech. In speech we have likewise a variation of
+    tones, and even in ordinary conversation there is a difference
+    of from three to six semi-tones, as I have found in my
+    investigations, and in some persons the range is as high as one
+    octave.
+
+    --WILLIAM SCHEPPEGRELL, _Popular Science Monthly_.
+
+
+By pitch, as everyone knows, we mean the relative position of a vocal
+tone--as, high, medium, low, or any variation between. In public speech
+we apply it not only to a single utterance, as an exclamation or a
+monosyllable (_Oh!_ or _the_) but to any group of syllables, words, and
+even sentences that may be spoken in a single tone. This distinction it
+is important to keep in mind, for the efficient speaker not only changes
+the pitch of successive syllables (see Chapter VII, "Efficiency through
+Inflection"), but gives a different pitch to different parts, or
+word-groups, of successive sentences. It is this phase of the subject
+which we are considering in this chapter.
+
+
+_Every Change in the Thought Demands a Change in the Voice-Pitch_
+
+Whether the speaker follows the rule consciously, unconsciously, or
+subconsciously, this is the logical basis upon which all good voice
+variation is made, yet this law is violated more often than any other by
+_public_ speakers. A criminal may disregard a law of the state without
+detection and punishment, but the speaker who violates this regulation
+suffers its penalty at once in his loss of effectiveness, while his
+innocent hearers must endure the monotony--for monotony is not only a
+sin of the perpetrator, as we have shown, but a plague on the victims as
+well.
+
+Change of pitch is a stumbling block for almost all beginners, and for
+many experienced speakers also. This is especially true when the words
+of the speech have been memorized.
+
+If you wish to hear how pitch-monotony sounds, strike the same note on
+the piano over and over again. You have in your speaking voice a range
+of pitch from high to low, with a great many shades between the
+extremes. With all these notes available there is no excuse for
+offending the ears and taste of your audience by continually using the
+one note. True, the reiteration of the same tone in music--as in pedal
+point on an organ composition--may be made the foundation of beauty, for
+the harmony weaving about that one basic tone produces a consistent,
+insistent quality not felt in pure variety of chord sequences. In like
+manner the intoning voice in a ritual may--though it rarely
+does--possess a solemn beauty. But the public speaker should shun the
+monotone as he would a pestilence.
+
+
+_Continual Change of Pitch is Nature's Highest Method_
+
+In our search for the principles of efficiency we must continually go
+back to nature. Listen--really listen--to the birds sing. Which of these
+feathered tribes are most pleasing in their vocal efforts: those whose
+voices, though sweet, have little or no range, or those that, like the
+canary, the lark, and the nightingale, not only possess a considerable
+range but utter their notes in continual variety of combinations? Even a
+sweet-toned chirp, when reiterated without change, may grow maddening to
+the enforced listener.
+
+The little child seldom speaks in a monotonous pitch. Observe the
+conversations of little folk that you hear on the street or in the home,
+and note the continual changes of pitch. The unconscious speech of most
+adults is likewise full of pleasing variations.
+
+Imagine someone speaking the following, and consider if the effect would
+not be just about as indicated. Remember, we are not now discussing the
+inflection of single words, but the general pitch in which phrases are
+spoken.
+
+(High pitch) "I'd like to leave for my vacation tomorrow,--(lower)
+still, I have so much to do. (Higher) Yet I suppose if I wait until I
+have time I'll never go."
+
+Repeat this, first in the pitches indicated, and then all in the one
+pitch, as many speakers would. Observe the difference in naturalness of
+effect.
+
+The following exercise should be spoken in a purely conversational
+tone, with numerous changes of pitch. Practise it until your delivery
+would cause a stranger in the next room to think you were discussing an
+actual incident with a friend, instead of delivering a memorized
+monologue. If you are in doubt about the effect you have secured, repeat
+it to a friend and ask him if it sounds like memorized words. If it
+does, it is wrong.
+
+
+
+    _A SIMILAR CASE_
+
+    Jack, I hear you've gone and done it.--Yes, I know; most fellows
+    will; went and tried it once myself, sir, though you see I'm
+    single still. And you met her--did you tell me--down at Newport,
+    last July, and resolved to ask the question at a _soiree_? So
+    did I.
+
+    I suppose you left the ball-room, with its music and its light;
+    for they say love's flame is brightest in the darkness of the
+    night. Well, you walked along together, overhead the starlit
+    sky; and I'll bet--old man, confess it--you were frightened. So
+    was I.
+
+    So you strolled along the terrace, saw the summer moonlight pour
+    all its radiance on the waters, as they rippled on the shore,
+    till at length you gathered courage, when you saw that none was
+    nigh--did you draw her close and tell her that you loved her? So
+    did I.
+
+    Well, I needn't ask you further, and I'm sure I wish you joy.
+    Think I'll wander down and see you when you're married--eh, my
+    boy? When the honeymoon is over and you're settled down, we'll
+    try--What? the deuce you say! Rejected--you rejected? So was
+    I.
+
+    --_Anonymous_.
+
+The necessity for changing pitch is so self-evident that it should be
+grasped and applied immediately. However, it requires patient drill to
+free yourself from monotony of pitch.
+
+In natural conversation you think of an idea first, and then find words
+to express it. In memorized speeches you are liable to speak the words,
+and then think what they mean--and many speakers seem to trouble very
+little even about that. Is it any wonder that reversing the process
+should reverse the result? Get back to nature in your methods of
+expression.
+
+Read the following selection in a nonchalant manner, never pausing to
+think what the words really mean. Try it again, carefully studying the
+thought you have assimilated. Believe the idea, desire to express it
+effectively, and imagine an audience before you. Look them earnestly in
+the face and repeat this truth. If you follow directions, you will note
+that you have made many changes of pitch after several readings.
+
+    It is not work that kills men; it is worry. Work is healthy; you
+    can hardly put more upon a man than he can bear. Worry is rust
+    upon the blade. It is not the revolution that destroys the
+    machinery but the friction.
+
+    --HENRY WARD BEECHER.
+
+
+_Change of Pitch Produces Emphasis_
+
+This is a highly important statement. Variety in pitch maintains the
+hearer's interest, but one of the surest ways to compel attention--to
+secure unusual emphasis--is to change the pitch of your voice suddenly
+and in a marked degree. A great contrast always arouses attention. White
+shows whiter against black; a cannon roars louder in the Sahara silence
+than in the Chicago hurly burly--these are simple illustrations of the
+power of contrast.
+
+"What is Congress going to do next?
+-----------------------------------
+(High pitch)                      |
+                                  |
+                                  | I do not know."
+                                  -----------------
+                                    (Low pitch)
+
+By such sudden change of pitch during a sermon Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis
+recently achieved great emphasis and suggested the gravity of the
+question he had raised.
+
+The foregoing order of pitch-change might be reversed with equally good
+effect, though with a slight change in seriousness--either method
+produces emphasis when used intelligently, that is, with a common-sense
+appreciation of the sort of emphasis to be attained.
+
+In attempting these contrasts of pitch it is important to avoid
+unpleasant extremes. Most speakers pitch their voices too high. One of
+the secrets of Mr. Bryan's eloquence is his low, bell-like voice.
+Shakespeare said that a soft, gentle, low voice was "an excellent thing
+in woman;" it is no less so in man, for a voice need not be blatant to
+be powerful,--and _must_ not be, to be pleasing.
+
+In closing, let us emphasize anew the importance of using variety of
+pitch. You sing up and down the scale, first touching one note and then
+another above or below it. Do likewise in speaking.
+
+Thought and individual taste must generally be your guide as to where to
+use a low, a moderate, or a high pitch.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Name two methods of destroying monotony and gaining force in
+speaking.
+
+2. Why is a continual change of pitch necessary in speaking?
+
+3. Notice your habitual tones in speaking. Are they too high to be
+pleasant?
+
+4. Do we express the following thoughts and emotions in a low or a high
+pitch? Which may be expressed in either high or low pitch? Excitement.
+Victory. Defeat. Sorrow. Love. Earnestness. Fear.
+
+5. How would you naturally vary the pitch in introducing an explanatory
+or parenthetical expression like the following:
+
+    He started--_that is, he made preparations to start_--on
+    September third.
+
+6. Speak the following lines with as marked variations in pitch as your
+interpretation of the sense may dictate. Try each line in two different
+ways. Which, in each instance, is the more effective--and why?
+
+    What have I to gain from you? Nothing.
+
+    To engage our nation in such a compact would be an infamy.
+
+    Note: In the foregoing sentence, experiment as to where the
+    change in pitch would better be made.
+
+    Once the flowers distilled their fragrance here, but now see the
+    devastations of war.
+
+    He had reckoned without one prime factor--his conscience.
+
+7. Make a diagram of a conversation you have heard, showing where high
+and low pitches were used. Were these changes in pitch advisable? Why or
+why not?
+
+8. Read the selections on pages 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38, paying careful
+attention to the changes in pitch. Reread, substituting low pitch for
+high, and vice versa.
+
+
+_Selections for Practise_
+
+Note: In the following selections, those passages that may best be
+delivered in a moderate pitch are printed in ordinary (roman) type.
+Those which may be rendered in a high pitch--do not make the mistake of
+raising the voice too high--are printed _in italics_. Those which might
+well be spoken in a low pitch are printed in _CAPITALS_.
+
+These arrangements, however, are merely suggestive--we cannot make it
+strong enough that you must use your own judgment in interpreting a
+selection. Before doing so, however, it is well to practise these
+passages as they are marked.
+
+    _Yes, all men labor. RUFUS CHOATE AND DANIEL WEBSTER_ labor, say
+    the critics. But every man who reads of the labor question knows
+    that it means the movement of the men that earn their living
+    with their hands; _THAT ARE EMPLOYED, AND PAID WAGES: are
+    gathered under roofs of factories, sent out on farms, sent out
+    on ships, gathered on the walls._ In popular acceptation, the
+    working class means the men that work with their hands, for
+    wages, so many hours a day, employed by great capitalists; that
+    work for everybody else. Why do we move for this class? "_Why_,"
+    asks a critic, "_don't you move FOR ALL WORKINGMEN?" BECAUSE,
+    WHILE DANIEL WEBSTER GETS FORTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR ARGUING THE
+    MEXICAN CLAIMS, there is no need of anybody's moving for him.
+    BECAUSE, WHILE RUFUS CHOATE GETS FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR
+    MAKING ONE ARGUMENT TO A JURY, there is no need of moving for
+    him, or for the men that work with their brains_,--that do
+    highly disciplined and skilled labor, invent, and write books.
+    The reason why the Labor movement confines itself to a single
+    class is because that class of work _DOES NOT GET PAID, does not
+    get protection. MENTAL LABOR is adequately paid_, and _MORE THAN
+    ADEQUATELY protected. IT CAN SHIFT ITS CHANNELS; it can vary
+    according to the supply and demand_.
+
+    _IF A MAN FAILS AS A MINISTER, why, he becomes a railway
+    conductor. IF THAT DOESN'T SUIT HIM, he goes West, and becomes
+    governor of a territory. AND IF HE FINDS HIMSELF INCAPABLE OF
+    EITHER OF THESE POSITIONS, he comes home, and gets to be a city
+    editor_. He varies his occupation as he pleases, and doesn't
+    need protection. _BUT THE GREAT MASS, CHAINED TO A TRADE, DOOMED
+    TO BE GROUND UP IN THE MILL OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND, THAT WORK SO
+    MANY HOURS A DAY, AND MUST RUN IN THE GREAT RUTS OF
+    BUSINESS,--they are the men whose inadequate protection, whose
+    unfair share of the general product, claims a movement in their
+    behalf_.
+
+    --WENDELL PHILLIPS.
+
+    _KNOWING THE PRICE WE MUST PAY, THE SACRIFICE WE MUST MAKE, THE
+    BURDENS WE MUST CARRY, THE ASSAULTS WE MUST ENDURE--KNOWING FULL
+    WELL THE COST--yet we enlist, and we enlist for the war. FOR WE
+    KNOW THE JUSTICE OF OUR CAUSE, and we know, too, its certain
+    triumph.
+
+    NOT RELUCTANTLY THEN, but eagerly_, not with _faint hearts BUT
+    STRONG, do we now advance upon the enemies of the people. FOR
+    THE CALL THAT COMES TO US is the call that came to our fathers_.
+    As they responded so shall we.
+
+    "_HE HATH SOUNDED FORTH A TRUMPET that shall never call retreat.
+    HE IS SIFTING OUT THE HEARTS OF MEN before His judgment seat.
+    OH, BE SWIFT OUR SOULS TO ANSWER HIM, BE JUBILANT OUR FEET,
+        Our God is marching on_."
+
+    --ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE.
+
+Remember that two sentences, or two parts of the same sentence, which
+contain changes of thought, cannot possibly be given effectively in the
+same key. Let us repeat, every big change of thought requires a big
+change of pitch. What the beginning student will think are big changes
+of pitch will be monotonously alike. Learn to speak some thoughts in a
+very high tone--others in a _very_, _very_ low tone. _DEVELOP RANGE._ It
+is almost impossible to use too much of it.
+
+    _HAPPY AM I THAT THIS MISSION HAS BROUGHT MY FEET AT LAST TO
+    PRESS NEW ENGLAND'S HISTORIC SOIL and my eyes to the knowledge
+    of her beauty and her thrift._ Here within touch of Plymouth
+    Rock and Bunker Hill--_WHERE WEBSTER THUNDERED and Longfellow
+    sang, Emerson thought AND CHANNING PREACHED--HERE IN THE CRADLE
+    OF AMERICAN LETTERS and almost of American liberty,_ I hasten to
+    make the obeisance that every American owes New England when
+    first he stands uncovered in her mighty presence. _Strange
+    apparition!_ This stern and unique figure--carved from the ocean
+    and the wilderness--its majesty kindling and growing amid the
+    storms of winter and of wars--until at last the gloom was
+    broken, _ITS BEAUTY DISCLOSED IN THE SUNSHINE, and the heroic
+    workers rested at its base_--while startled kings and emperors
+    gazed and marveled that from the rude touch of this handful cast
+    on a bleak and unknown shore should have come the _embodied
+    genius of human government AND THE PERFECTED MODEL OF HUMAN
+    LIBERTY!_ God bless the memory of those immortal workers, and
+    prosper the fortunes of their living sons--and perpetuate the
+    inspiration of their handiwork....
+
+    Far to the South, Mr. President, separated from this section by
+    a line--_once defined in irrepressible difference, once traced
+    in fratricidal blood, AND NOW, THANK GOD, BUT A VANISHING
+    SHADOW--lies the fairest and richest domain of this earth. It is
+    the home of a brave and hospitable people. THERE IS CENTERED ALL
+    THAT CAN PLEASE OR PROSPER HUMANKIND. A PERFECT CLIMATE ABOVE a
+    fertile soil_ yields to the husbandman every product of the
+    temperate zone.
+
+    There, by night _the cotton whitens beneath the stars,_ and by
+    day _THE WHEAT LOCKS THE SUNSHINE IN ITS BEARDED SHEAF._ In the
+    same field the clover steals the fragrance of the wind, and
+    tobacco catches the quick aroma of the rains. _THERE ARE
+    MOUNTAINS STORED WITH EXHAUSTLESS TREASURES: forests--vast and
+    primeval;_ and rivers that, _tumbling or loitering, run wanton to
+    the sea._ Of the three essential items of all industries--cotton,
+    iron and wood--that region has easy control. _IN COTTON, a fixed
+    monopoly--IN IRON, proven supremacy--IN TIMBER, the
+    reserve supply of the Republic._ From this assured and
+    permanent advantage, against which artificial conditions cannot
+    much longer prevail, has grown an amazing system of industries.
+    Not maintained by human contrivance of tariff or capital, afar
+    off from the fullest and cheapest source of supply, but resting
+    in divine assurance, within touch of field and mine and forest--not
+    set amid costly farms from which competition has driven the
+    farmer in despair, but amid cheap and sunny lands, rich with
+    agriculture, to which neither season nor soil has set a limit--this
+    system of industries is mounting to a splendor that shall dazzle
+    and illumine the world. _THAT, SIR, is the picture and the promise
+    of my home--A LAND BETTER AND FAIRER THAN I HAVE TOLD YOU, and
+    yet but fit setting in its material excellence for the loyal and
+    gentle quality of its citizenship._
+
+    This hour little needs the _LOYALTY THAT IS LOYAL TO ONE SECTION
+    and yet holds the other in enduring suspicion and estrangement._
+    Give us the _broad_ and _perfect loyalty that loves and trusts
+    GEORGIA_ alike with _Massachusetts_--that knows no _SOUTH_, no
+    _North_, no _EAST_, no _West_, but _endears with equal and
+    patriotic love_ every foot of our soil, every State of our
+    Union.
+
+    _A MIGHTY DUTY, SIR, AND A MIGHTY INSPIRATION impels every one
+    of us to-night to lose in patriotic consecration WHATEVER
+    ESTRANGES, WHATEVER DIVIDES._
+
+    _WE, SIR, are Americans--AND WE STAND FOR HUMAN LIBERTY!_ The
+    uplifting force of the American idea is under every throne on
+    earth. _France, Brazil--THESE ARE OUR VICTORIES. To redeem the
+    earth from kingcraft and oppression--THIS IS OUR MISSION! AND WE
+    SHALL NOT FAIL._ God has sown in our soil the seed of His
+    millennial harvest, and He will not lay the sickle to the
+    ripening crop until His full and perfect day has come. _OUR
+    HISTORY, SIR, has been a constant and expanding miracle, FROM
+    PLYMOUTH ROCK AND JAMESTOWN,_ all the way--aye, even from the
+    hour when from the voiceless and traceless ocean a new world
+    rose to the sight of the inspired sailor. As we approach the
+    fourth centennial of that stupendous day--when the old world
+    will come to _marvel_ and to _learn_ amid our gathered
+    treasures--let us resolve to crown the miracles of our past with
+    the spectacle of a Republic, _compact, united INDISSOLUBLE IN
+    THE BONDS OF LOVE_--loving from the Lakes to the Gulf--the
+    wounds of war healed in every heart as on every hill, _serene
+    and resplendent AT THE SUMMIT OF HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT AND EARTHLY
+    GLORY, blazing out the path and making clear the way up which
+    all the nations of the earth, must come in God's appointed
+    time!_
+
+    --HENRY W. GRADY, _The Race Problem_.
+
+
+    _ ... I WOULD CALL HIM NAPOLEON_, but Napoleon made his way to
+    empire _over broken oaths and through a sea of blood._ This man
+    never broke his word. "No Retaliation" was his great motto and
+    the rule of his life; _AND THE LAST WORDS UTTERED TO HIS SON IN
+    FRANCE WERE THESE: "My boy, you will one day go back to Santo
+    Domingo; forget that France murdered your father." I WOULD CALL
+    HIM CROMWELL,_ but Cromwell _was only a soldier, and the state
+    he founded went down with him into his grave. I WOULD CALL HIM
+    WASHINGTON,_ but the great Virginian _held slaves. THIS MAN
+    RISKED HIS EMPIRE rather than permit the slave-trade in the
+    humblest village of his dominions._
+
+    _YOU THINK ME A FANATIC TO-NIGHT,_ for you read history, _not
+    with your eyes, BUT WITH YOUR PREJUDICES._ But fifty years
+    hence, when Truth gets a hearing, the Muse of History will put
+    _PHOCION for the Greek,_ and _BRUTUS for the Roman, HAMPDEN for
+    England, LAFAYETTE for France,_ choose _WASHINGTON as the
+    bright, consummate flower of our EARLIER civilization, AND JOHN
+    BROWN the ripe fruit of our NOONDAY,_ then, dipping her pen in
+    the sunlight, will write in the clear blue, above them all, the
+    name of _THE SOLDIER, THE STATESMAN, THE MARTYR, TOUSSAINT
+    L'OUVERTURE._
+
+    --Wendell Phillips, _Toussaint l'Ouverture_.
+
+Drill on the following selections for change of pitch: Beecher's
+"Abraham Lincoln," p. 76; Seward's "Irrepressible Conflict," p. 67;
+Everett's "History of Liberty," p. 78; Grady's "The Race Problem," p.
+36; and Beveridge's "Pass Prosperity Around," p. 470.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+EFFICIENCY THROUGH CHANGE OF PACE
+
+    Hear how he clears the points o' Faith
+    Wi' rattlin' an' thumpin'!
+    Now meekly calm, now wild in wrath,
+    He's stampin' an' he's jumpin'.
+
+--ROBERT BURNS, _Holy Fair_.
+
+
+The Latins have bequeathed to us a word that has no precise equivalent
+in our tongue, therefore we have accepted it, body unchanged--it is the
+word _tempo_, and means _rate of movement_, as measured by the time
+consumed in executing that movement.
+
+Thus far its use has been largely limited to the vocal and musical arts,
+but it would not be surprising to hear tempo applied to more concrete
+matters, for it perfectly illustrates the real meaning of the word to
+say that an ox-cart moves in slow tempo, an express train in a fast
+tempo. Our guns that fire six hundred times a minute, shoot at a fast
+tempo; the old muzzle loader that required three minutes to load, shot
+at a slow tempo. Every musician understands this principle: it requires
+longer to sing a half note than it does an eighth note.
+
+Now tempo is a tremendously important element in good platform work, for
+when a speaker delivers a whole address at very nearly the same rate of
+speed he is depriving himself of one of his chief means of emphasis and
+power. The baseball pitcher, the bowler in cricket, the tennis server,
+all know the value of change of pace--change of tempo--in delivering
+their ball, and so must the public speaker observe its power.
+
+
+_Change of Tempo Lends Naturalness to the Delivery_
+
+Naturalness, or at least seeming naturalness, as was explained in the
+chapter on "Monotony," is greatly to be desired, and a continual change
+of tempo will go a long way towards establishing it. Mr. Howard Lindsay,
+Stage Manager for Miss Margaret Anglin, recently said to the present
+writer that change of pace was one of the most effective tools of the
+actor. While it must be admitted that the stilted mouthings of many
+actors indicate cloudy mirrors, still the public speaker would do well
+to study the actor's use of tempo.
+
+There is, however, a more fundamental and effective source at which to
+study naturalness--a trait which, once lost, is shy of recapture: that
+source is the common conversation of any well-bred circle. _This_ is the
+standard we strive to reach on both stage and platform--with certain
+differences, of course, which will appear as we go on. If speaker and
+actor were to reproduce with absolute fidelity every variation of
+utterance--every whisper, grunt, pause, silence, and explosion--of
+conversation as we find it typically in everyday life, much of the
+interest would leave the public utterance. Naturalness in public address
+is something more than faithful reproduction of nature--it is the
+reproduction of those _typical_ parts of nature's work which are truly
+representative of the whole.
+
+The realistic story-writer understands this in writing dialogue, and we
+must take it into account in seeking for naturalness through change of
+tempo.
+
+Suppose you speak the first of the following sentences in a slow tempo,
+the second quickly, observing how natural is the effect. Then speak both
+with the same rapidity and note the difference.
+
+    I can't recall what I did with my knife. Oh, now I remember I
+    gave it to Mary.
+
+We see here that a change of tempo often occurs in the same
+sentence--for tempo applies not only to single words, groups of words,
+and groups of sentences, but to the major parts of a public speech as
+well.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. In the following, speak the words "long, long while" very slowly; the
+rest of the sentence is spoken in moderately rapid tempo.
+
+    When you and I behind the Veil are past,
+    Oh but the long, long while the world shall last,
+    Which of our coming and departure heeds,
+    As the seven seas should heed a pebble cast.
+
+Note: In the following selections the passages that should be given a
+fast tempo are in italics; those that should be given in a slow tempo
+are in small capitals. Practise these selections, and then try others,
+changing from fast to slow tempo on different parts, carefully noting
+the effect.
+
+    2. No MIRABEAU, NAPOLEON, BURNS, CROMWELL, NO _man_ ADEQUATE
+    _to_ DO ANYTHING _but is first of all in_ RIGHT EARNEST _about
+    it--what I call_ A SINCERE _man. I should say_ SINCERITY, _a_
+    GREAT, DEEP, GENUINE SINCERITY, _is the first_ CHARACTERISTIC
+    _of a man in any way_ HEROIC. _Not the sincerity that_ CALLS
+    _itself sincere. Ah no. That is a very poor matter indeed_--A
+    SHALLOW, BRAGGART, CONSCIOUS _sincerity, oftenest_ SELF-CONCEIT
+    _mainly. The_ GREAT MAN'S SINCERITY _is of a kind he_ CANNOT
+    SPEAK OF. _Is_ NOT CONSCIOUS _of_.--THOMAS CARLYLE.
+
+    3. TRUE WORTH _is in_ BEING--NOT SEEMING--_in doing each day
+    that goes by_ SOME LITTLE GOOD, _not in_ DREAMING _of_ GREAT
+    THINGS _to do by and by. For whatever men say in their_
+    BLINDNESS, _and in spite of the_ FOLLIES _of_ YOUTH, _there is
+    nothing so_ KINGLY _as_ KINDNESS, _and nothing so_ ROYAL _as_
+    TRUTH.--_Anonymous_.
+
+4. To get a natural effect, where would you use slow and where fast
+tempo in the following?
+
+_FOOL'S GOLD_
+
+    See him there, cold and gray,
+    Watch him as he tries to play;
+    No, he doesn't know the way--
+    He began to learn too late.
+    She's a grim old hag, is Fate,
+    For she let him have his pile,
+    Smiling to herself the while,
+    Knowing what the cost would be,
+    When he'd found the Golden Key.
+    Multimillionaire is he,
+    Many times more rich than we;
+    But at that I wouldn't trade
+    With the bargain that he made.
+    Came here many years ago,
+    Not a person did he know;
+    Had the money-hunger bad--
+    Mad for money, piggish mad;
+    Didn't let a joy divert him,
+    Didn't let a sorrow hurt him,
+    Let his friends and kin desert him,
+    While he planned and plugged and hurried
+    On his quest for gold and power.
+    Every single wakeful hour
+    With a money thought he'd dower;
+    All the while as he grew older,
+    And grew bolder, he grew colder.
+    And he thought that some day
+    He would take the time to play;
+    But, say--he was wrong.
+    Life's a song;
+    In the spring
+    Youth can sing and can fling;
+    But joys wing
+    When we're older,
+    Like birds when it's colder.
+    The roses were red as he went rushing by,
+    And glorious tapestries hung in the sky,
+    And the clover was waving
+    'Neath honey-bees' slaving;
+    A bird over there
+    Roundelayed a soft air;
+    But the man couldn't spare
+    Time for gathering flowers,
+    Or resting in bowers,
+    Or gazing at skies
+    That gladdened the eyes.
+    So he kept on and swept on
+    Through mean, sordid years.
+    Now he's up to his ears
+    In the choicest of stocks.
+    He owns endless blocks
+    Of houses and shops,
+    And the stream never stops
+    Pouring into his banks.
+    I suppose that he ranks
+    Pretty near to the top.
+    What I have wouldn't sop
+    His ambition one tittle;
+    And yet with my little
+    I don't care to trade
+    With the bargain he made.
+    Just watch him to-day--
+    See him trying to play.
+    He's come back for blue skies.
+    But they're in a new guise--
+    Winter's here, all is gray,
+    The birds are away,
+    The meadows are brown,
+    The leaves lie aground,
+    And the gay brook that wound
+    With a swirling and whirling
+    Of waters, is furling
+    Its bosom in ice.
+    And he hasn't the price,
+    With all of his gold,
+    To buy what he sold.
+    He knows now the cost
+    Of the spring-time he lost,
+    Of the flowers he tossed
+    From his way,
+    And, say,
+    He'd pay
+    Any price if the day
+    Could be made not so gray.
+    _He can't play._
+
+    --HERBERT KAUFMAN. Used by permission of _Everybody's Magazine_.
+
+
+_Change of Tempo Prevents Monotony_
+
+The canary in the cage before the window is adding to the beauty and
+charm of his singing by a continual change of tempo. If King Solomon had
+been an orator he undoubtedly would have gathered wisdom from the song
+of the wild birds as well as from the bees. Imagine a song written with
+but quarter notes. Imagine an auto with only one speed.
+
+
+EXERCISES
+
+1. Note the change of tempo indicated in the following, and how it gives
+a pleasing variety. Read it aloud. (Fast tempo is indicated by italics,
+slow by small capitals.)
+
+    _And he thought that some day he would take the time to play;
+    but, say_--HE WAS WRONG. LIFE'S A SONG; _in the_ SPRING YOUTH
+    _can_ SING _and can_ FLING; BUT JOYS WING WHEN WE'RE OLDER, LIKE
+    THE BIRDS _when it's_ COLDER. _The roses were red as he went
+    rushing by, and glorious tapestries hung in the sky._
+
+2. Turn to "Fools Gold," on Page 42, and deliver it in an unvaried
+tempo: note how monotonous is the result. This poem requires a great
+many changes of tempo, and is an excellent one for practise.
+
+3. Use the changes of tempo indicated in the following, noting how they
+prevent monotony. Where no change of tempo is indicated, use a moderate
+speed. Too much of variety would really be a return to monotony.
+
+    _THE MOB_
+
+    "A MOB KILLS THE WRONG MAN" _was flashed in a newspaper headline
+    lately. The mob is an_ IRRESPONSIBLE, UNTHINKING MASS. _It
+    always destroys_ BUT NEVER CONSTRUCTS. _It criticises_ BUT NEVER
+    CREATES.
+
+    _Utter a great truth_ AND THE MOB WILL HATE YOU. _See how it
+    condemned_ DANTE _to_ EXILE. _Encounter the dangers of the
+    unknown world for its benefit_, AND THE MOB WILL DECLARE YOU
+    CRAZY. _It ridiculed_ COLUMBUS, _and for discovering a new
+    world_ GAVE HIM PRISON AND CHAINS.
+
+    _Write a poem to thrill human hearts with pleasure_, AND THE MOB
+    WILL ALLOW YOU TO GO HUNGRY: THE BLIND HOMER BEGGED BREAD
+    THROUGH THE STREETS. _Invent a machine to save labor_ AND THE
+    MOB WILL DECLARE YOU ITS ENEMY. _Less than a hundred years ago a
+    furious rabble smashed Thimonier's invention, the sewing
+    machine._
+
+    BUILD A STEAMSHIP TO CARRY MERCHANDISE AND ACCELERATE TRAVEL
+    _and the mob will call you a fool_. A MOB LINED THE SHORES OF
+    THE HUDSON RIVER TO LAUGH AT THE MAIDEN ATTEMPT OF "FULTON'S
+    FOLLY," _as they called his little steamboat._
+
+    Emerson says: "A mob is a society of bodies voluntarily
+    bereaving themselves of reason and traversing its work. The mob
+    is man voluntarily descended to the nature of the beast. _Its
+    fit hour of activity_ is NIGHT. ITS ACTIONS ARE INSANE, _like
+    its whole constitution. It persecutes a principle_--IT WOULD
+    WHIP A RIGHT. It would tar and feather justice by inflicting
+    fire and outrage upon the house and persons of those who have
+    these."
+
+    The mob spirit stalks abroad in our land today. Every week gives
+    a fresh victim to its malignant cry for blood. There were 48
+    persons killed by mobs in the United States in 1913; 64 in 1912,
+    and 71 in 1911. Among the 48 last year were a woman and a child.
+    Two victims were proven innocent after their death.
+
+    IN 399 B.C. A DEMAGOG APPEALED TO THE POPULAR MOB TO HAVE
+    SOCRATES PUT TO DEATH _and he was sentenced to the hemlock cup._
+    FOURTEEN HUNDRED YEARS AFTERWARD AN ENTHUSIAST APPEALED TO THE
+    POPULAR MOB _and all Europe plunged into the Holy Land to kill
+    and mangle the heathen. In the seventeenth century a demagog
+    appealed to the ignorance of men_ AND TWENTY PEOPLE WERE
+    EXECUTED AT SALEM, MASS., WITHIN SIX MONTHS FOR WITCHCRAFT. _Two
+    thousand years ago the mob yelled_, "_RELEASE UNTO US
+    BARABBAS_"--AND BARABBAS WAS A MURDERER!
+
+    --_From an Editorial by D.C. in "Leslie's Weekly," by permission._
+
+
+    _Present-day business_ is as unlike OLD-TIME BUSINESS as the
+    OLD-TIME OX-CART is unlike the _present-day locomotive._
+    INVENTION has made the _whole world over again. The railroad,
+    telegraph, telephone_ have bound the people of MODERN NATIONS
+    into FAMILIES. _To do the business of these closely knit
+    millions in every modern country_ GREAT BUSINESS CONCERNS CAME
+    INTO BEING. _What we call big business is the_ CHILD OF THE
+    ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF MANKIND. _So warfare to destroy big
+    business_ is FOOLISH BECAUSE IT CAN NOT SUCCEED _and wicked_
+    BECAUSE IT OUGHT NOT TO SUCCEED. _Warfare to destroy big
+    business does not hurt big business, which always comes out on
+    top_, SO MUCH AS IT HURTS ALL OTHER BUSINESS WHICH, IN SUCH A
+    WARFARE, NEVER COME OUT ON TOP.
+
+    --A.J. BEVERIDGE.
+
+
+_Change of Tempo Produces Emphasis_
+
+Any big change of tempo is emphatic and will catch the attention. You
+may scarcely be conscious that a passenger train is moving when it is
+flying over the rails at ninety miles an hour, but if it slows down very
+suddenly to a ten-mile gait your attention will be drawn to it very
+decidedly. You may forget that you are listening to music as you dine,
+but let the orchestra either increase or diminish its tempo in a very
+marked degree and your attention will be arrested at once.
+
+This same principle will procure emphasis in a speech. If you have a
+point that you want to bring home to your audience forcefully, make a
+sudden and great change of tempo, and they will be powerless to keep
+from paying attention to that point. Recently the present writer saw a
+play in which these lines were spoken:
+
+"I don't want you to forget what I said. I want you to remember it the
+longest day you--I don't care if you've got six guns." The part up to
+the dash was delivered in a very slow tempo, the remainder was named out
+at lightning speed, as the character who was spoken to drew a revolver.
+The effect was so emphatic that the lines are remembered six months
+afterwards, while most of the play has faded from memory. The student
+who has powers of observation will see this principle applied by all our
+best actors in their efforts to get emphasis where emphasis is due. But
+remember that the emotion in the matter must warrant the intensity in
+the manner, or the effect will be ridiculous. Too many public speakers
+are impressive over nothing.
+
+Thought rather than rules must govern you while practising change of
+pace. It is often a matter of no consequence which part of a sentence is
+spoken slowly and which is given in fast tempo. The main thing to be
+desired is the change itself. For example, in the selection, "The Mob,"
+on page 46, note the last paragraph. Reverse the instructions given,
+delivering everything that is marked for slow tempo, quickly; and
+everything that is marked for quick tempo, slowly. You will note that
+the force or meaning of the passage has not been destroyed.
+
+However, many passages cannot be changed to a slow tempo without
+destroying their force. Instances: The Patrick Henry speech on page 110,
+and the following passage from Whittier's "Barefoot Boy."
+
+    O for boyhood's time of June, crowding years in one brief moon,
+    when all things I heard or saw, me, their master, waited for. I
+    was rich in flowers and trees, humming-birds and honey-bees; for
+    my sport the squirrel played; plied the snouted mole his spade;
+    for my taste the blackberry cone purpled over hedge and stone;
+    laughed the brook for my delight through the day and through the
+    night, whispering at the garden wall, talked with me from fall
+    to fall; mine the sand-rimmed pickerel pond; mine the walnut
+    slopes beyond; mine, an bending orchard trees, apples of
+    Hesperides! Still, as my horizon grew, larger grew my riches,
+    too; all the world I saw or knew seemed a complex Chinese toy,
+    fashioned for a barefoot boy!
+
+    --J.G. WHITTIER.
+
+Be careful in regulating your tempo not to get your movement too fast.
+This is a common fault with amateur speakers. Mrs. Siddons rule was,
+"Take time." A hundred years ago there was used in medical circles a
+preparation known as "the shot gun remedy;" it was a mixture of about
+fifty different ingredients, and was given to the patient in the hope
+that at least one of them would prove efficacious! That seems a rather
+poor scheme for medical practice, but it is good to use "shot gun" tempo
+for most speeches, as it gives a variety. Tempo, like diet, is best when
+mixed.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Define tempo.
+
+2. What words come from the same root?
+
+3. What is meant by a change of tempo?
+
+4. What effects are gained by it?
+
+5. Name three methods of destroying monotony and gaining force in
+speaking.
+
+6. Note the changes of tempo in a conversation or speech that you hear.
+Were they well made? Why? Illustrate.
+
+7. Read selections on pages 34, 35, 36, 37, and 38, paying careful
+attention to change of tempo.
+
+8. As a rule, excitement, joy, or intense anger take a fast tempo, while
+sorrow, and sentiments of great dignity or solemnity tend to a slow
+tempo. Try to deliver Lincoln's Gettysburg speech (page 50), in a fast
+tempo, or Patrick Henry's speech (page 110), in a slow tempo, and note
+how ridiculous the effect will be.
+
+Practise the following selections, noting carefully where the tempo may
+be changed to advantage. Experiment, making numerous changes. Which one
+do you like best?
+
+
+    _DEDICATION OF GETTYSBURG CEMETERY_
+
+    Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon
+    this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated
+    to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are
+    engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation--or
+    any nation so conceived and so dedicated--can long endure.
+
+    We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We are met to
+    dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who
+    have given their lives that that nation might live. It is
+    altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
+
+    But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot
+    consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living
+    and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
+    power to add or to detract. The world will very little note nor
+    long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what
+    they did here.
+
+    It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
+    unfinished work they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is
+    rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining
+    before us: that from these honored dead we take increased
+    devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full
+    measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead
+    shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God,
+    have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people,
+    by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
+
+    --ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+
+    _A PLEA FOR CUBA_
+
+    [This deliberative oration was delivered by Senator Thurston in
+    the United States Senate on March 24, 1898. It is recorded in
+    full in the _Congressional Record_ of that date. Mrs. Thurston
+    died in Cuba. As a dying request she urged her husband, who was
+    investigating affairs in the island, to do his utmost to induce
+    the United States to intervene--hence this oration.]
+
+
+    Mr. President, I am here by command of silent lips to speak once
+    and for all upon the Cuban situation. I shall endeavor to be
+    honest, conservative, and just. I have no purpose to stir the
+    public passion to any action not necessary and imperative to
+    meet the duties and necessities of American responsibility,
+    Christian humanity, and national honor. I would shirk this task
+    if I could, but I dare not. I cannot satisfy my conscience
+    except by speaking, and speaking now.
+
+    I went to Cuba firmly believing that the condition of affairs
+    there had been greatly exaggerated by the press, and my own
+    efforts were directed in the first instance to the attempted
+    exposure of these supposed exaggerations. There has undoubtedly
+    been much sensationalism in the journalism of the time, but as
+    to the condition of affairs in Cuba, there has been no
+    exaggeration, because exaggeration has been impossible.
+
+    Under the inhuman policy of Weyler not less than four hundred
+    thousand self-supporting, simple, peaceable, defenseless country
+    people were driven from their homes in the agricultural portions
+    of the Spanish provinces to the cities, and imprisoned upon the
+    barren waste outside the residence portions of these cities and
+    within the lines of intrenchment established a little way
+    beyond. Their humble homes were burned, their fields laid waste,
+    their implements of husbandry destroyed, their live stock and
+    food supplies for the most part confiscated. Most of the people
+    were old men, women, and children. They were thus placed in
+    hopeless imprisonment, without shelter or food. There was no
+    work for them in the cities to which they were driven. They were
+    left with nothing to depend upon except the scanty charity of
+    the inhabitants of the cities and with slow starvation their
+    inevitable fate....
+
+    The pictures in the American newspapers of the starving
+    reconcentrados are true. They can all be duplicated by the
+    thousands. I never before saw, and please God I may never again
+    see, so deplorable a sight as the reconcentrados in the suburbs
+    of Matanzas. I can never forget to my dying day the hopeless
+    anguish in their despairing eyes. Huddled about their little
+    bark huts, they raised no voice of appeal to us for alms as we
+    went among them....
+
+    Men, women, and children stand silent, famishing with hunger.
+    Their only appeal comes from their sad eyes, through which one
+    looks as through an open window into their agonizing souls.
+
+    The government of Spain has not appropriated and will not
+    appropriate one dollar to save these people. They are now being
+    attended and nursed and administered to by the charity of the
+    United States. Think of the spectacle! We are feeding these
+    citizens of Spain; we are nursing their sick; we are saving such
+    as can be saved, and yet there are those who still say it is
+    right for us to send food, but we must keep hands off. I say
+    that the time has come when muskets ought to go with the food.
+
+    We asked the governor if he knew of any relief for these people
+    except through the charity of the United States. He did not. We
+    asked him, "When do you think the time will come that these
+    people can be placed in a position of self-support?" He replied
+    to us, with deep feeling, "Only the good God or the great
+    government of the United States will answer that question." I
+    hope and believe that the good God by the great government of
+    the United States will answer that question.
+
+    I shall refer to these horrible things no further. They are
+    there. God pity me, I have seen them; they will remain in my
+    mind forever--and this is almost the twentieth century. Christ
+    died nineteen hundred years ago, and Spain is a Christian
+    nation. She has set up more crosses in more lands, beneath more
+    skies, and under them has butchered more people than all the
+    other nations of the earth combined. Europe may tolerate her
+    existence as long as the people of the Old World wish. God grant
+    that before another Christmas morning the last vestige of
+    Spanish tyranny and oppression will have vanished from the
+    Western Hemisphere!...
+
+    The time for action has come. No greater reason for it can exist
+    to-morrow than exists to-day. Every hour's delay only adds
+    another chapter to the awful story of misery and death. Only one
+    power can intervene--the United States of America. Ours is the
+    one great nation in the world, the mother of American republics.
+    She holds a position of trust and responsibility toward the
+    peoples and affairs of the whole Western Hemisphere. It was her
+    glorious example which inspired the patriots of Cuba to raise
+    the flag of liberty in her eternal hills. We cannot refuse to
+    accept this responsibility which the God of the universe has
+    placed upon us as the one great power in the New World. We must
+    act! What shall our action be?
+
+    Against the intervention of the United States in this holy cause
+    there is but one voice of dissent; that voice is the voice of
+    the money-changers. They fear war! Not because of any Christian
+    or ennobling sentiment against war and in favor of peace, but
+    because they fear that a declaration of war, or the intervention
+    which might result in war, would have a depressing effect upon
+    the stock market. Let them go. They do not represent American
+    sentiment; they do not represent American patriotism. Let them
+    take their chances as they can. Their weal or woe is of but
+    little importance to the liberty-loving people of the United
+    States. They will not do the fighting; their blood will not
+    flow; they will keep on dealing in options on human life. Let
+    the men whose loyalty is to the dollar stand aside while the men
+    whose loyalty is to the flag come to the front.
+
+    Mr. President, there is only one action possible, if any is
+    taken; that is, intervention for the independence of the island.
+    But we cannot intervene and save Cuba without the exercise of
+    force, and force means war; war means blood. The lowly Nazarene
+    on the shores of Galilee preached the divine doctrine of love,
+    "Peace on earth, good will toward men." Not peace on earth at
+    the expense of liberty and humanity. Not good will toward men
+    who despoil, enslave, degrade, and starve to death their
+    fellow-men. I believe in the doctrine of Christ. I believe in
+    the doctrine of peace; but, Mr. President, men must have liberty
+    before there can come abiding peace.
+
+    Intervention means force. Force means war. War means blood. But
+    it will be God's force. When has a battle for humanity and
+    liberty ever been won except by force? What barricade of wrong,
+    injustice, and oppression has ever been carried except by force?
+
+    Force compelled the signature of unwilling royalty to the great
+    Magna Charta; force put life into the Declaration of
+    Independence and made effective the Emancipation Proclamation;
+    force beat with naked hands upon the iron gateway of the Bastile
+    and made reprisal in one awful hour for centuries of kingly
+    crime; force waved the flag of revolution over Bunker Hill and
+    marked the snows of Valley Forge with blood-stained feet; force
+    held the broken line of Shiloh, climbed the flame-swept hill at
+    Chattanooga, and stormed the clouds on Lookout Heights; force
+    marched with Sherman to the sea, rode with Sheridan in the
+    valley of the Shenandoah, and gave Grant victory at Appomattox;
+    force saved the Union, kept the stars in the flag, made
+    "niggers" men. The time for God's force has come again. Let the
+    impassioned lips of American patriots once more take up the
+    song:--
+
+    "In the beauty of the lilies, Christ was born across the sea.
+    With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me;
+    As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free.
+         While God is marching on."
+
+    Others may hesitate, others may procrastinate, others may plead
+    for further diplomatic negotiation, which means delay; but for
+    me, I am ready to act now, and for my action I am ready to
+    answer to my conscience, my country, and my God.
+
+    --JAMES MELLEN THURSTON.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+PAUSE AND POWER
+
+    The true business of the literary artist is to plait or weave
+    his meaning, involving it around itself; so that each sentence,
+    by successive phrases, shall first come into a kind of knot, and
+    then, after a moment of suspended meaning, solve and clear
+    itself.
+
+    --GEORGE SAINTSBURY, on _English Prose Style_, in _Miscellaneous
+    Essays_.
+
+
+    ... pause ... has a distinctive value, expressed in silence; in
+    other words, while the voice is waiting, the music of the
+    movement is going on ... To manage it, with its delicacies and
+    compensations, requires that same fineness of ear on which we
+    must depend for all faultless prose rhythm. When there is no
+    compensation, when the pause is inadvertent ... there is a sense
+    of jolting and lack, as if some pin or fastening had fallen out.
+
+    --JOHN FRANKLIN GENUNG, _The Working Principles of Rhetoric_.
+
+
+Pause, in public speech, is not mere silence--it is silence made
+designedly eloquent.
+
+When a man says: "I-uh-it is with profound-ah-pleasure that-er-I have
+been permitted to speak to you tonight and-uh-uh-I should say-er"--that
+is not pausing; that is stumbling. It is conceivable that a speaker may
+be effective in spite of stumbling--but never because of it.
+
+On the other hand, one of the most important means of developing power
+in public speaking is to pause either before or after, or both before
+and after, an important word or phrase. No one who would be a forceful
+speaker can afford to neglect this principle--one of the most
+significant that has ever been inferred from listening to great orators.
+Study this potential device until you have absorbed and assimilated it.
+
+It would seem that this principle of rhetorical pause ought to be easily
+grasped and applied, but a long experience in training both college men
+and maturer speakers has demonstrated that the device is no more readily
+understood by the average man when it is first explained to him than if
+it were spoken in Hindoostani. Perhaps this is because we do not eagerly
+devour the fruit of experience when it is impressively set before us on
+the platter of authority; we like to pluck fruit for ourselves--it not
+only tastes better, but we never forget that tree! Fortunately, this is
+no difficult task, in this instance, for the trees stand thick all about
+us.
+
+One man is pleading the cause of another:
+
+    "This man, my friends, has made this wonderful sacrifice--for
+    you and me."
+
+Did not the pause surprisingly enhance the power of this statement? See
+how he gathered up reserve force and impressiveness to deliver the words
+"for you and me." Repeat this passage without making a pause. Did it
+lose in effectiveness?
+
+Naturally enough, during a premeditated pause of this kind the mind of
+the speaker is concentrated on the thought to which he is about to give
+expression. He will not dare to allow his thoughts to wander for an
+instant--he will rather supremely center his thought and his emotion
+upon the sacrifice whose service, sweetness and divinity he is
+enforcing by his appeal.
+
+_Concentration_, then, is the big word here--no pause without it can
+perfectly hit the mark.
+
+Efficient pausing accomplishes one or all of four results:
+
+
+_1. Pause Enables the Mind of the Speaker to Gather His Forces Before
+Delivering the Final Volley_
+
+It is often dangerous to rush into battle without pausing for
+preparation or waiting for recruits. Consider Custer's massacre as an
+instance.
+
+You can light a match by holding it beneath a lens and concentrating the
+sun's rays. You would not expect the match to flame if you jerked the
+lens back and forth quickly. Pause, and the lens gathers the heat. Your
+thoughts will not set fire to the minds of your hearers unless you pause
+to gather the force that comes by a second or two of concentration.
+Maple trees and gas wells are rarely tapped continually; when a stronger
+flow is wanted, a pause is made, nature has time to gather her reserve
+forces, and when the tree or the well is reopened, a stronger flow is
+the result.
+
+Use the same common sense with your mind. If you would make a thought
+particularly effective, pause just before its utterance, concentrate
+your mind-energies, and then give it expression with renewed vigor.
+Carlyle was right: "Speak not, I passionately entreat thee, till thy
+thought has silently matured itself. Out of silence comes thy strength.
+Speech is silvern, Silence is golden; Speech is human, Silence is
+divine."
+
+Silence has been called the father of speech. It should be. Too many of
+our public speeches have no fathers. They ramble along without pause or
+break. Like Tennyson's brook, they run on forever. Listen to little
+children, the policeman on the corner, the family conversation around
+the table, and see how many pauses they naturally use, for they are
+unconscious of effects. When we get before an audience, we throw most of
+our natural methods of expression to the wind, and strive after
+artificial effects. Get back to the methods of nature--and pause.
+
+
+_2. Pause Prepares the Mind of the Auditor to Receive Your
+Message_
+
+Herbert Spencer said that all the universe is in motion. So it
+is--and all perfect motion is rhythm. Part of rhythm is rest.
+Rest follows activity all through nature. Instances: day and night;
+spring--summer--autumn--winter; a period of rest between breaths; an
+instant of complete rest between heart beats. Pause, and give the
+attention-powers of your audience a rest. What you say after such
+a silence will then have a great deal more effect.
+
+When your country cousins come to town, the noise of a passing car will
+awaken them, though it seldom affects a seasoned city dweller. By the
+continual passing of cars his attention-power has become deadened. In
+one who visits the city but seldom, attention-value is insistent. To him
+the noise comes after a long pause; hence its power. To you, dweller in
+the city, there is no pause; hence the low attention-value. After riding
+on a train several hours you will become so accustomed to its roar that
+it will lose its attention-value, unless the train should stop for a
+while and start again. If you attempt to listen to a clock-tick that is
+so far away that you can barely hear it, you will find that at times you
+are unable to distinguish it, but in a few moments the sound becomes
+distinct again. Your mind will pause for rest whether you desire it to
+do so or not.
+
+The attention of your audience will act in quite the same way. Recognize
+this law and prepare for it--by pausing. Let it be repeated: the thought
+that follows a pause is much more dynamic than if no pause had occurred.
+What is said to you of a night will not have the same effect on your
+mind as if it had been uttered in the morning when your attention had
+been lately refreshed by the pause of sleep. We are told on the first
+page of the Bible that even the Creative Energy of God rested on the
+"seventh day." You may be sure, then, that the frail finite mind of your
+audience will likewise demand rest. Observe nature, study her laws, and
+obey them in your speaking.
+
+
+_3. Pause Creates Effective Suspense_
+
+Suspense is responsible for a great share of our interest in life; it
+will be the same with your speech. A play or a novel is often robbed of
+much of its interest if you know the plot beforehand. We like to keep
+guessing as to the outcome. The ability to create suspense is part of
+woman's power to hold the other sex. The circus acrobat employs this
+principle when he fails purposely in several attempts to perform a
+feat, and then achieves it. Even the deliberate manner in which he
+arranges the preliminaries increases our expectation--we like to be kept
+waiting. In the last act of the play, "Polly of the Circus," there is a
+circus scene in which a little dog turns a backward somersault on the
+back of a running pony. One night when he hesitated and had to be coaxed
+and worked with a long time before he would perform his feat he got a
+great deal more applause than when he did his trick at once. We not only
+like to wait but we appreciate what we wait for. If fish bite too
+readily the sport soon ceases to be a sport.
+
+It is this same principle of suspense that holds you in a Sherlock
+Holmes story--you wait to see how the mystery is solved, and if it is
+solved too soon you throw down the tale unfinished. Wilkie Collins'
+receipt for fiction writing well applies to public speech: "Make 'em
+laugh; make 'em weep; make 'em wait." Above all else make them wait; if
+they will not do that you may be sure they will neither laugh nor weep.
+
+Thus pause is a valuable instrument in the hands of a trained speaker to
+arouse and maintain suspense. We once heard Mr. Bryan say in a speech:
+"It was my privilege to hear"--and he paused, while the audience
+wondered for a second whom it was his privilege to hear--"the great
+evangelist"--and he paused again; we knew a little more about the man he
+had heard, but still wondered to which evangelist he referred; and then
+he concluded: "Dwight L. Moody." Mr. Bryan paused slightly again and
+continued: "I came to regard him"--here he paused again and held the
+audience in a brief moment of suspense as to how he had regarded Mr.
+Moody, then continued--"as the greatest preacher of his day." Let the
+dashes illustrate pauses and we have the following:
+
+    "It was my privilege to hear--the great evangelist--Dwight L.
+    Moody.--I came to regard him--as the greatest preacher of his
+    day."
+
+The unskilled speaker would have rattled this off with neither pause nor
+suspense, and the sentences would have fallen flat upon the audience. It
+is precisely the application of these small things that makes much of
+the difference between the successful and the unsuccessful speaker.
+
+
+_4. Pausing After An Important Idea Gives it Time to Penetrate_
+
+Any Missouri farmer will tell you that a rain that falls too fast will
+run off into the creeks and do the crops but little good. A story is
+told of a country deacon praying for rain in this manner: "Lord, don't
+send us any chunk floater. Just give us a good old drizzle-drazzle." A
+speech, like a rain, will not do anybody much good if it comes too fast
+to soak in. The farmer's wife follows this same principle in doing her
+washing when she puts the clothes in water--and pauses for several hours
+that the water may soak in. The physician puts cocaine on your
+turbinates--and pauses to let it take hold before he removes them. Why
+do we use this principle everywhere except in the communication of
+ideas? If you have given the audience a big idea, pause for a second or
+two and let them turn it over. See what effect it has. After the smoke
+clears away you may have to fire another 14-inch shell on the same
+subject before you demolish the citadel of error that you are trying to
+destroy. Take time. Don't let your speech resemble those tourists who
+try "to do" New York in a day. They spend fifteen minutes looking at the
+masterpieces in the Metropolitan Museum of Arts, ten minutes in the
+Museum of Natural History, take a peep into the Aquarium, hurry across
+the Brooklyn Bridge, rush up to the Zoo, and back by Grant's Tomb--and
+call that "Seeing New York." If you hasten by your important points
+without pausing, your audience will have just about as adequate an idea
+of what you have tried to convey.
+
+Take time, you have just as much of it as our richest multimillionaire.
+Your audience will wait for you. It is a sign of smallness to hurry. The
+great redwood trees of California had burst through the soil five
+hundred years before Socrates drank his cup of hemlock poison, and are
+only in their prime today. Nature shames us with our petty haste.
+Silence is one of the most eloquent things in the world. Master it, and
+use it through pause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the following selections dashes have been inserted where pauses may
+be used effectively. Naturally, you may omit some of these and insert
+others without going wrong--one speaker would interpret a passage in one
+way, one in another; it is largely a matter of personal preference. A
+dozen great actors have played Hamlet well, and yet each has played the
+part differently. Which comes the nearest to perfection is a question
+of opinion. You will succeed best by daring to follow your own
+course--if you are individual enough to blaze an original trail.
+
+    A moment's halt--a momentary taste of being from the well amid
+    the waste--and lo! the phantom caravan has reached--the nothing
+    it set out from--Oh make haste!
+
+    The worldly hope men set their hearts upon--turns ashes--or it
+    prospers;--and anon like snow upon the desert's dusty
+    face--lighting a little hour or two--is gone.
+
+    The bird of time has but a little way to flutter,--and the bird
+    is on the wing.
+
+You will note that the punctuation marks have nothing to do with the
+pausing. You may run by a period very quickly and make a long pause
+where there is no kind of punctuation. Thought is greater than
+punctuation. It must guide you in your pauses.
+
+    A book of verses underneath the bough,--a jug of wine, a loaf of
+    bread--and thou beside me singing in the
+    wilderness--Oh--wilderness were paradise enow.
+
+You must not confuse the pause for emphasis with the natural pauses that
+come through taking breath and phrasing. For example, note the pauses
+indicated in this selection from Byron:
+
+    But _hush!_--_hark!_--that deep sound breaks in once more,
+    And _nearer!_--_clearer!_--_deadlier_ than before.
+    _Arm_, ARM!--it is--it is the cannon's opening roar!
+
+It is not necessary to dwell at length upon these obvious distinctions.
+You will observe that in natural conversation our words are gathered
+into clusters or phrases, and we often pause to take breath between
+them. So in public speech, breathe naturally and do not talk until you
+must gasp for breath; nor until the audience is equally winded.
+
+A serious word of caution must here be uttered: do not overwork the
+pause. To do so will make your speech heavy and stilted. And do not
+think that pause can transmute commonplace thoughts into great and
+dignified utterance. A grand manner combined with insignificant ideas is
+like harnessing a Hambletonian with an ass. You remember the farcical
+old school declamation, "A Midnight Murder," that proceeded in grandiose
+manner to a thrilling climax, and ended--"and relentlessly murdered--a
+mosquito!"
+
+The pause, dramatically handled, always drew a laugh from the tolerant
+hearers. This is all very well in farce, but such anti-climax becomes
+painful when the speaker falls from the sublime to the ridiculous quite
+unintentionally. The pause, to be effective in some other manner than in
+that of the boomerang, must precede or follow a thought that is really
+worth while, or at least an idea whose bearing upon the rest of the
+speech is important.
+
+William Pittenger relates in his volume, "Extempore Speech," an instance
+of the unconsciously farcical use of the pause by a really great
+American statesman and orator. "He had visited Niagara Falls and was to
+make an oration at Buffalo the same day, but, unfortunately, he sat too
+long over the wine after dinner. When he arose to speak, the oratorical
+instinct struggled with difficulties, as he declared, 'Gentlemen, I have
+been to look upon your mag--mag--magnificent cataract, one hundred--and
+forty--seven--feet high! Gentlemen, Greece and Rome in their palmiest
+days never had a cataract one hundred--and forty--seven--feet high!'"
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Name four methods for destroying monotony and gaining power in
+speaking.
+
+2. What are the four special effects of pause?
+
+3. Note the pauses in a conversation, play, or speech. Were they the
+best that could have been used? Illustrate.
+
+4. Read aloud selections on pages 50-54, paying special attention to
+pause.
+
+5. Read the following without making any pauses. Reread correctly and
+note the difference:
+
+    Soon the night will pass; and when, of the Sentinel on the
+    ramparts of Liberty the anxious ask: | "Watchman, what of the
+    night?" his answer will be | "Lo, the morn appeareth."
+
+    Knowing the price we must pay, | the sacrifice | we must make, |
+    the burdens | we must carry, | the assaults | we must endure, |
+    knowing full well the cost, | yet we enlist, and we enlist | for
+    the war. | For we know the justice of our cause, | and we know,
+    too, its certain triumph. |
+
+    Not reluctantly, then, | but eagerly, | not with faint hearts, |
+    but strong, do we now advance upon the enemies of the people. |
+    For the call that comes to us is the call that came to our
+    fathers. | As they responded, so shall we.
+
+    "He hath sounded forth a trumpet | that shall never call retreat,
+    He is sifting out the hearts of men | before His judgment seat.
+    Oh, be swift | our souls to answer Him, | be jubilant our feet,
+    Our God | is marching on."
+
+    --ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE, _From his speech as temporary chairman of
+    Progressive National Convention, Chicago, 1912_.
+
+6. Bring out the contrasting ideas in the following by using the pause:
+
+    Contrast now the circumstances of your life and mine, gently and
+    with temper, AEschines; and then ask these people whose fortune
+    they would each of them prefer. You taught reading, I went to
+    school: you performed initiations, I received them: you danced
+    in the chorus, I furnished it: you were assembly-clerk, I was a
+    speaker: you acted third parts, I heard you: you broke down, and
+    I hissed: you have worked as a statesman for the enemy, I for my
+    country. I pass by the rest; but this very day I am on my
+    probation for a crown, and am acknowledged to be innocent of all
+    offence; while you are already judged to be a pettifogger, and
+    the question is, whether you shall continue that trade, or at
+    once be silenced by not getting a fifth part of the votes. A
+    happy fortune, do you see, you have enjoyed, that you should
+    denounce mine as miserable!
+
+    --DEMOSTHENES.
+
+7. After careful study and practice, mark the pauses in the following:
+
+    The past rises before me like a dream. Again we are in the
+    great struggle for national life. We hear the sounds of
+    preparation--the music of the boisterous drums, the silver
+    voices of heroic bugles. We see thousands of assemblages, and
+    hear the appeals of orators; we see the pale cheeks of women and
+    the flushed faces of men; and in those assemblages we see all
+    the dead whose dust we have covered with flowers. We lose sight
+    of them no more. We are with them when they enlist in the great
+    army of freedom. We see them part from those they love. Some are
+    walking for the last time in quiet woody places with the maiden
+    they adore. We hear the whisperings and the sweet vows of
+    eternal love as they lingeringly part forever. Others are
+    bending over cradles, kissing babies that are asleep. Some are
+    receiving the blessings of old men. Some are parting from those
+    who hold them and press them to their hearts again and again,
+    and say nothing; and some are talking with wives, and
+    endeavoring with brave words spoken in the old tones to drive
+    from their hearts the awful fear. We see them part. We see the
+    wife standing in the door, with the babe in her arms--standing
+    in the sunlight sobbing; at the turn of the road a hand
+    waves--she answers by holding high in her loving hands the
+    child. He is gone--and forever.
+
+    --ROBERT J. INGERSOLL, _to the Soldiers of Indianapolis_.
+
+8. Where would you pause in the following selections? Try pausing in
+different places and note the effect it gives.
+
+    The moving finger writes; and having writ moves on: nor all your
+    piety nor wit shall lure it back to cancel half a line, nor all
+    your tears wash out a word of it.
+
+    The history of womankind is a story of abuse. For ages men beat,
+    sold, and abused their wives and daughters like cattle. The
+    Spartan mother that gave birth to one of her own sex disgraced
+    herself; the girl babies were often deserted in the mountains to
+    starve; China bound and deformed their feet; Turkey veiled their
+    faces; America denied them equal educational advantages with
+    men. Most of the world still refuses them the right to
+    participate in the government and everywhere women bear the
+    brunt of an unequal standard of morality.
+
+    But the women are on the march. They are walking upward to the
+    sunlit plains where the thinking people rule. China has ceased
+    binding their feet. In the shadow of the Harem Turkey has opened
+    a school for girls. America has given the women equal
+    educational advantages, and America, we believe, will
+    enfranchise them.
+
+    We can do little to help and not much to hinder this great
+    movement. The thinking people have put their O.K. upon it. It is
+    moving forward to its goal just as surely as this old earth is
+    swinging from the grip of winter toward the spring's blossoms
+    and the summer's harvest.[1]
+
+9. Read aloud the following address, paying careful attention to pause
+wherever the emphasis may thereby be heightened.
+
+    _THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT_
+
+    ... At last, the Republican party has appeared. It avows, now,
+    as the Republican party of 1800 did, in one word, its faith and
+    its works, "Equal and exact justice to all men." Even when it
+    first entered the field, only half organized, it struck a blow
+    which only just failed to secure complete and triumphant
+    victory. In this, its second campaign, it has already won
+    advantages which render that triumph now both easy and certain.
+    The secret of its assured success lies in that very
+    characteristic which, in the mouth of scoffers, constitutes its
+    great and lasting imbecility and reproach. It lies in the fact
+    that it is a party of one idea; but that is a noble one--an idea
+    that fills and expands all generous souls; the idea of equality
+    of all men before human tribunals and human laws, as they all
+    are equal before the Divine tribunal and Divine laws.
+
+    I know, and you know, that a revolution has begun. I know, and
+    all the world knows, that revolutions never go backward. Twenty
+    senators and a hundred representatives proclaim boldly in
+    Congress to-day sentiments and opinions and principles of
+    freedom which hardly so many men, even in this free State, dared
+    to utter in their own homes twenty years ago. While the
+    government of the United States, under the conduct of the
+    Democratic party, has been all that time surrendering one plain
+    and castle after another to slavery, the people of the United
+    States have been no less steadily and perseveringly gathering
+    together the forces with which to recover back again all the
+    fields and all the castles which have been lost, and to confound
+    and overthrow, by one decisive blow, the betrayers of the
+    Constitution and freedom forever.
+
+    --W.H. SEWARD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: From an editorial by D.C. in _Leslie's Weekly_, June 4,
+1914. Used by permission.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+EFFICIENCY THROUGH INFLECTION
+
+    How soft the music of those village bells,
+    Falling at intervals upon the ear
+    In cadence sweet; now dying all away,
+    Now pealing loud again, and louder still,
+    Clear and sonorous, as the gale comes on!
+    With easy force it opens all the cells
+    Where Memory slept.
+
+--WILLIAM COWPER, _The Task_.
+
+
+Herbert Spencer remarked that "Cadence"--by which he meant the
+modulation of the tones of the voice in speaking--"is the running
+commentary of the emotions upon the propositions of the intellect." How
+true this is will appear when we reflect that the little upward and
+downward shadings of the voice tell more truly what we mean than our
+words. The expressiveness of language is literally multiplied by this
+subtle power to shade the vocal tones, and this voice-shading we call
+_inflection_.
+
+The change of pitch _within_ a word is even more important, because more
+delicate, than the change of pitch from phrase to phrase. Indeed, one
+cannot be practised without the other. The bare words are only so many
+bricks--inflection will make of them a pavement, a garage, or a
+cathedral. It is the power of inflection to change the meaning of words
+that gave birth to the old saying: "It is not so much what you say, as
+how you say it."
+
+Mrs. Jameson, the Shakespearean commentator, has given us a penetrating
+example of the effect of inflection; "In her impersonation of the part
+of Lady Macbeth, Mrs. Siddons adopted successively three different
+intonations in giving the words 'We fail.' At first a quick contemptuous
+interrogation--'We fail?' Afterwards, with the note of admiration--'We
+fail,' an accent of indignant astonishment laying the principal emphasis
+on the word 'we'--'_we_ fail.' Lastly, she fixed on what I am convinced
+is the true reading--_We fail_--with the simple period, modulating the
+voice to a deep, low, resolute tone which settles the issue at once as
+though she had said: 'If we fail, why then we fail, and all is over.'"
+
+This most expressive element of our speech is the last to be mastered in
+attaining to naturalness in speaking a foreign language, and its correct
+use is the main element in a natural, flexible utterance of our native
+tongue. Without varied inflections speech becomes wooden and monotonous.
+
+There are but two kinds of inflection, the rising and the falling, yet
+these two may be so shaded or so combined that they are capable of
+producing as many varieties of modulation as maybe illustrated by either
+one or two lines, straight or curved, thus:
+
+    [Illustration of each line]
+
+    Sharp rising
+
+    Long rising
+
+    Level
+
+    Long falling
+
+    Sharp falling
+
+    Sharp rising and falling
+
+    Sharp falling and rising
+
+    Hesitating
+
+These may be varied indefinitely, and serve merely to illustrate what
+wide varieties of combination may be effected by these two simple
+inflections of the voice.
+
+It is impossible to tabulate the various inflections which serve to
+express various shades of thought and feeling. A few suggestions are
+offered here, together with abundant exercises for practise, but the
+only real way to master inflection is to observe, experiment, and
+practise.
+
+For example, take the common sentence, "Oh, he's all right." Note how a
+rising inflection may be made to express faint praise, or polite doubt,
+or uncertainty of opinion. Then note how the same words, spoken with a
+generally falling inflection may denote certainty, or good-natured
+approval, or enthusiastic praise, and so on.
+
+In general, then, we find that a bending upward of the voice will
+suggest doubt and uncertainty, while a decided falling inflection will
+suggest that you are certain of your ground.
+
+Students dislike to be told that their speeches are "not so bad," spoken
+with a rising inflection. To enunciate these words with a long falling
+inflection would indorse the speech rather heartily.
+
+Say good-bye to an imaginary person whom you expect to see again
+tomorrow; then to a dear friend you never expect to meet again. Note the
+difference in inflection.
+
+"I have had a delightful time," when spoken at the termination of a
+formal tea by a frivolous woman takes altogether different inflection
+than the same words spoken between lovers who have enjoyed themselves.
+Mimic the two characters in repeating this and observe the difference.
+
+Note how light and short the inflections are in the following brief
+quotation from "Anthony the Absolute," by Samuel Mervin.
+
+    _At Sea--March 28th_.
+
+    This evening I told Sir Robert What's His Name he was a fool.
+
+    I was quite right in this. He is.
+
+    Every evening since the ship left Vancouver he has presided over
+    the round table in the middle of the smoking-room. There he sips
+    his coffee and liqueur, and holds forth on every subject known
+    to the mind of man. Each subject is _his_ subject. He is an
+    elderly person, with a bad face and a drooping left eyelid.
+
+    They tell me that he is in the British Service--a judge
+    somewhere down in Malaysia, where they drink more than is good
+    for them.
+
+Deliver the two following selections with great earnestness, and note
+how the inflections differ from the foregoing. Then reread these
+selections in a light, superficial manner, noting that the change of
+attitude is expressed through a change of inflection.
+
+    When I read a sublime fact in Plutarch, or an unselfish deed in
+    a line of poetry, or thrill beneath some heroic legend, it is no
+    longer fairyland--I have seen it matched.
+
+    --WENDELL PHILLIPS.
+
+    Thought is deeper than all speech,
+       Feeling deeper than all thought;
+    Souls to souls can never teach
+       What unto themselves was taught.
+
+--CRANCH
+
+It must be made perfectly clear that inflection deals mostly in subtle,
+delicate shading _within single words_, and is not by any means
+accomplished by a general rise or fall in the voice in speaking a
+sentence. Yet certain sentences may be effectively delivered with just
+such inflection. Try this sentence in several ways, making no
+modulation until you come to the last two syllables, as indicated,
+
+  And yet I told him dis-
+ __________________________
+          (high)          |  tinctly.
+                          |___________
+                              (low)
+
+
+
+                             tinctly.
+                          ____________
+  And yet I told him dis- |   (high)
+ _________________________|
+          (low)
+
+Now try this sentence by inflecting the important words so as to bring
+out various shades of meaning. The first forms, illustrated above, show
+change of pitch _within a single word_; the forms you will work out for
+yourself should show a number of such inflections throughout the
+sentence.
+
+One of the chief means of securing emphasis is to employ a long falling
+inflection on the emphatic words--that is, to let the voice fall to a
+lower pitch on an _interior_ vowel sound in a word. Try it on the words
+"every," "eleemosynary," and "destroy."
+
+Use long falling inflections on the italicized words in the following
+selection, noting their emphatic power. Are there any other words here
+that long falling inflections would help to make expressive?
+
+    _ADDRESS IN THE DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE_
+
+    This, sir, is my case. It is the case not merely of that humble
+    institution; it is the case of _every_ college in our land. It
+    is _more_; it is the case of _every eleemosynary_ institution
+    throughout our country--of _all_ those great charities founded
+    by the piety of our ancestors to alleviate human misery and
+    scatter blessings along the pathway of life. Sir, you may
+    _destroy_ this little institution--it is _weak_, it is in your
+    hands. I know it is one of the lesser lights in the literary
+    horizon of our country. You may put it out. But if you do you
+    must carry through your work; you must extinguish, one after
+    another, _all_ those great lights of science which, for more
+    than a century, have thrown their radiance over our land!
+
+    It is, sir, as I have said, a small college, and yet--there are
+    those who _love_ it!
+
+    Sir, I know not how others may feel, but as for myself when I
+    see my alma mater surrounded, like Caesar in the senate house,
+    by those who are reiterating _stab_ after _stab_, I would not
+    for this right hand have her turn to me and say, And _thou,
+    too_, my son!
+
+    --DANIEL WEBSTER.
+
+Be careful not to over-inflect. Too much modulation produces an
+unpleasant effect of artificiality, like a mature matron trying to be
+kittenish. It is a short step between true expression and unintentional
+burlesque. Scrutinize your own tones. Take a single expression like "Oh,
+no!" or "Oh, I see," or "Indeed," and by patient self-examination see
+how many shades of meaning may be expressed by inflection. This sort of
+common-sense practise will do you more good than a book of rules. _But
+don't forget to listen to your own voice._
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. In your own words define (a) cadence, (b) modulation, (c) inflection,
+(d) emphasis.
+
+2. Name five ways of destroying monotony and gaining effectiveness in
+speech.
+
+3. What states of mind does falling inflection signify? Make as full a
+list as you can.
+
+4. Do the same for the rising inflection.
+
+5. How does the voice bend in expressing (_a_) surprise? (_b_) shame?
+(_c_) hate? (_d_) formality? (_e_) excitement?
+
+6. Reread some sentence several times and by using different inflections
+change the meaning with each reading.
+
+7. Note the inflections employed in some speech or conversation. Were
+they the best that could be used to bring out the meaning? Criticise and
+illustrate.
+
+8. Render the following passages:
+
+    Has the gentleman done? Has he completely done?
+
+    And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
+
+9. Invent an indirect question and show how it would naturally be
+inflected.
+
+10. Does a direct question always require a rising inflection?
+Illustrate.
+
+11. Illustrate how the complete ending of an expression or of a speech
+is indicated by inflection.
+
+12. Do the same for incompleteness of idea.
+
+13. Illustrate (_a_) trembling, (_b_) hesitation, and (_c_) doubt by
+means of inflection.
+
+14. Show how contrast may be expressed.
+
+15. Try the effects of both rising and falling inflections on the
+italicized words in the following sentences. State your preference.
+
+    Gentlemen, I am _persuaded_, nay, I am _resolved_ to speak.
+
+    It is sown a _natural_ body; it is raised a _spiritual_ body.
+
+
+SELECTIONS FOR PRACTISE
+
+In the following selections secure emphasis by means of long falling
+inflections rather than loudness.
+
+Repeat these selections, attempting to put into practise all the
+technical principles that we have thus far had; emphasizing important
+words, subordinating unimportant words, variety of pitch, changing
+tempo, pause, and inflection. If these principles are applied you will
+have no trouble with monotony.
+
+Constant practise will give great facility in the use of inflection and
+will render the voice itself flexible.
+
+    _CHARLES I_
+
+    We charge him with having broken his coronation oath; and we are
+    told that he kept his marriage vow! We accuse him of having
+    given up his people to the merciless inflictions of the most
+    hot-headed and hard-hearted of prelates; and the defence is,
+    that he took his little son on his knee and kissed him! We
+    censure him for having violated the articles of the Petition of
+    Right, after having, for good and valuable consideration,
+    promised to observe them; and we are informed that he was
+    accustomed to hear prayers at six o'clock in the morning! It is
+    to such considerations as these, together with his Vandyke
+    dress, his handsome face, and his peaked beard, that he owes, we
+    verily believe, most of his popularity with the present
+    generation.
+
+    --T.B. MACAULAY.
+
+
+    _ABRAHAM LINCOLN_
+
+    We needed not that he should put on paper that he believed in
+    slavery, who, with treason, with murder, with cruelty infernal,
+    hovered around that majestic man to destroy his life. He was
+    himself but the long sting with which slavery struck at liberty;
+    and he carried the poison that belonged to slavery. As long as
+    this nation lasts, it will never be forgotten that we have one
+    martyred President--never! Never, while time lasts, while
+    heaven lasts, while hell rocks and groans, will it be forgotten
+    that slavery, by its minions, slew him, and in slaying him made
+    manifest its whole nature and tendency.
+
+    But another thing for us to remember is that this blow was aimed
+    at the life of the government and of the nation. Lincoln was
+    slain; America was meant. The man was cast down; the government
+    was smitten at. It was the President who was killed. It was
+    national life, breathing freedom and meaning beneficence, that
+    was sought. He, the man of Illinois, the private man, divested
+    of robes and the insignia of authority, representing nothing but
+    his personal self, might have been hated; but that would not
+    have called forth the murderer's blow. It was because he stood
+    in the place of government, representing government and a
+    government that represented right and liberty, that he was
+    singled out.
+
+    This, then, is a crime against universal government. It is not a
+    blow at the foundations of our government, more than at the
+    foundations of the English government, of the French government,
+    of every compact and well-organized government. It was a crime
+    against mankind. The whole world will repudiate and stigmatize
+    it as a deed without a shade of redeeming light....
+
+    The blow, however, has signally failed. The cause is not
+    stricken; it is strengthened. This nation has dissolved,--but in
+    tears only. It stands, four-square, more solid, to-day, than any
+    pyramid in Egypt. This people are neither wasted, nor daunted,
+    nor disordered. Men hate slavery and love liberty with stronger
+    hate and love to-day than ever before. The Government is not
+    weakened, it is made stronger....
+
+    And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than
+    when alive. The nation rises up at every stage of his coming.
+    Cities and states are his pall-bearers, and the cannon beats the
+    hours with solemn progression. Dead--dead--dead--he yet
+    speaketh! Is Washington dead? Is Hampden dead? Is David dead? Is
+    any man dead that ever was fit to live? Disenthralled of flesh,
+    and risen to the unobstructed sphere where passion never comes,
+    he begins his illimitable work. His life now is grafted upon the
+    Infinite, and will be fruitful as no earthly life can be. Pass
+    on, thou that hast overcome! Your sorrows O people, are his
+    peace! Your bells, and bands, and muffled drums sound triumph in
+    his ear. Wail and weep here; God makes it echo joy and triumph
+    there. Pass on, victor!
+
+    Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried
+    man, and from among the people; we return him to you a mighty
+    conqueror. Not thine any more, but the nation's; not ours, but
+    the world's. Give him place, ye prairies! In the midst of this
+    great Continent his dust shall rest, a sacred treasure to
+    myriads who shall make pilgrimage to that shrine to kindle anew
+    their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds, that move over the mighty
+    places of the West, chant his requiem! Ye people, behold a
+    martyr, whose blood, as so many inarticulate words, pleads for
+    fidelity, for law, for liberty!
+
+    --HENRY WARD BEECHER.
+
+
+    _THE HISTORY OF LIBERTY_
+
+    The event which we commemorate is all-important, not merely in
+    our own annals, but in those of the world. The sententious
+    English poet has declared that "the proper study of mankind is
+    man," and of all inquiries of a temporal nature, the history of
+    our fellow-beings is unquestionably among the most interesting.
+    But not all the chapters of human history are alike important.
+    The annals of our race have been filled up with incidents which
+    concern not, or at least ought not to concern, the great company
+    of mankind. History, as it has often been written, is the
+    genealogy of princes, the field-book of conquerors; and the
+    fortunes of our fellow-men have been treated only so far as they
+    have been affected by the influence of the great masters and
+    destroyers of our race. Such history is, I will not say a
+    worthless study, for it is necessary for us to know the dark
+    side as well as the bright side of our condition. But it is a
+    melancholy study which fills the bosom of the philanthropist and
+    the friend of liberty with sorrow.
+
+    But the history of liberty--the history of men struggling to be
+    free--the history of men who have acquired and are exercising
+    their freedom--the history of those great movements in the
+    world, by which liberty has been established and perpetuated,
+    forms a subject which we cannot contemplate too closely. This is
+    the real history of man, of the human family, of rational
+    immortal beings....
+
+    The trial of adversity was theirs; the trial of prosperity is
+    ours. Let us meet it as men who know their duty and prize their
+    blessings. Our position is the most enviable, the most
+    responsible, which men can fill. If this generation does its
+    duty, the cause of constitutional freedom is safe. If we
+    fail--if we fail--not only do we defraud our children of the
+    inheritance which we received from our fathers, but we blast the
+    hopes of the friends of liberty throughout our continent,
+    throughout Europe, throughout the world, to the end of time.
+
+    History is not without her examples of hard-fought fields, where
+    the banner of liberty has floated triumphantly on the wildest
+    storm of battle. She is without her examples of a people by whom
+    the dear-bought treasure has been wisely employed and safely
+    handed down. The eyes of the world are turned for that example
+    to us....
+
+    Let us, then, as we assemble on the birthday of the nation, as
+    we gather upon the green turf, once wet with precious blood--let
+    us devote ourselves to the sacred cause of constitutional
+    liberty! Let us abjure the interests and passions which divide
+    the great family of American freemen! Let the rage of party
+    spirit sleep to-day! Let us resolve that our children shall have
+    cause to bless the memory of their fathers, as we have cause to
+    bless the memory of ours!
+
+    --EDWARD EVERETT.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+CONCENTRATION IN DELIVERY
+
+    Attention is the microscope of the mental eye. Its power may be
+    high or low; its field of view narrow or broad. When high power
+    is used attention is confined within very circumscribed limits,
+    but its action is exceedingly intense and absorbing. It sees but
+    few things, but these few are observed "through and through" ...
+    Mental energy and activity, whether of perception or of thought,
+    thus concentrated, act like the sun's rays concentrated by the
+    burning glass. The object is illumined, heated, set on fire.
+    Impressions are so deep that they can never be effaced.
+    Attention of this sort is the prime condition of the most
+    productive mental labor.
+
+    --DANIEL PUTNAM, _Psychology_.
+
+
+Try to rub the top of your head forward and backward at the same time
+that you are patting your chest. Unless your powers of cooerdination are
+well developed you will find it confusing, if not impossible. The brain
+needs special training before it can do two or more things efficiently
+at the same instant. It may seem like splitting a hair between its north
+and northwest corner, but some psychologists argue that _no_ brain can
+think two distinct thoughts, absolutely simultaneously--that what seems
+to be simultaneous is really very rapid rotation from the first thought
+to the second and back again, just as in the above-cited experiment the
+attention must shift from one hand to the other until one or the other
+movement becomes partly or wholly automatic.
+
+Whatever is the psychological truth of this contention it is undeniable
+that the mind measurably loses grip on one idea the moment the attention
+is projected decidedly ahead to a second or a third idea.
+
+A fault in public speakers that is as pernicious as it is common is that
+they try to think of the succeeding sentence while still uttering the
+former, and in this way their concentration trails off; in consequence,
+they start their sentences strongly and end them weakly. In a
+well-prepared written speech the emphatic word usually comes at one end
+of the sentence. But an emphatic word needs emphatic expression, and
+this is precisely what it does not get when concentration flags by
+leaping too soon to that which is next to be uttered. Concentrate all
+your mental energies on the present sentence. Remember that the mind of
+your audience follows yours very closely, and if you withdraw your
+attention from what you are saying to what you are going to say, your
+audience will also withdraw theirs. They may not do so consciously and
+deliberately, but they will surely cease to give importance to the
+things that you yourself slight. It is fatal to either the actor or the
+speaker to cross his bridges too soon.
+
+Of course, all this is not to say that in the natural pauses of your
+speech you are not to take swift forward surveys--they are as important
+as the forward look in driving a motor car; the caution is of quite
+another sort: _while speaking one sentence do not think of the sentence
+to follow_. Let it come from its proper source--within yourself. You
+cannot deliver a broadside without concentrated force--that is what
+produces the explosion. In preparation you store and concentrate thought
+and feeling; in the pauses during delivery you swiftly look ahead and
+gather yourself for effective attack; during the moments of actual
+speech, _SPEAK--DON'T ANTICIPATE_. Divide your attention and you divide
+your power.
+
+This matter of the effect of the inner man upon the outer needs a
+further word here, particularly as touching concentration.
+
+"What do you read, my lord?" Hamlet replied, "Words. Words. Words." That
+is a world-old trouble. The mechanical calling of words is not
+expression, by a long stretch. Did you ever notice how hollow a
+memorized speech usually sounds? You have listened to the ranting,
+mechanical cadence of inefficient actors, lawyers and preachers. Their
+trouble is a mental one--they are not concentratedly thinking thoughts
+that cause words to issue with sincerity and conviction, but are merely
+enunciating word-sounds mechanically. Painful experience alike to
+audience and to speaker! A parrot is equally eloquent. Again let
+Shakespeare instruct us, this tune in the insincere prayer of the King,
+Hamlet's uncle. He laments thus pointedly:
+
+    My words fly up, my thoughts remain below:
+    Words without thoughts never to heaven go.
+
+The truth is, that as a speaker your words must be born again every time
+they are spoken, then they will not suffer in their utterance, even
+though perforce committed to memory and repeated, like Dr. Russell
+Conwell's lecture, "Acres of Diamonds," five thousand times. Such
+speeches lose nothing by repetition for the perfectly patent reason
+that they arise from concentrated thought and feeling and not a mere
+necessity for saying something--which usually means anything, and that,
+in turn, is tantamount to nothing. If the thought beneath your words is
+warm, fresh, spontaneous, a part of your _self_, your utterance will
+have breath and life. Words are only a result. Do not try to get the
+result without stimulating the cause.
+
+Do you ask _how_ to concentrate? Think of the word itself, and of its
+philological brother, _concentric_. Think of how a lens gathers and
+concenters the rays of light within a given circle. It centers them by a
+process of withdrawal. It may seem like a harsh saying, but the man who
+cannot concentrate is either weak of will, a nervous wreck, or has never
+learned what will-power is good for.
+
+You must concentrate by resolutely withdrawing your attention from
+everything else. If you concentrate your thought on a pain which may be
+afflicting you, that pain will grow more intense. "Count your blessings"
+and they will multiply. Center your thought on your strokes and your
+tennis play will gradually improve. To concentrate is simply to attend
+to one thing, and attend to nothing else. If you find that you cannot do
+that, there is something wrong--attend to that first. Remove the cause
+and the symptom will disappear. Read the chapter on "Will Power."
+Cultivate your will by willing and then doing, at all costs.
+Concentrate--and you will win.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Select from any source several sentences suitable for speaking aloud;
+deliver them first in the manner condemned in this chapter, and second
+with due regard for emphasis toward the close of each sentence.
+
+2. Put into about one hundred words your impression of the effect
+produced.
+
+3. Tell of any peculiar methods you may have observed or heard of by
+which speakers have sought to aid their powers of concentration, such as
+looking fixedly at a blank spot in the ceiling, or twisting a watch
+charm.
+
+4. What effect do such habits have on the audience?
+
+5. What relation does pause bear to concentration?
+
+6. Tell why concentration naturally helps a speaker to change pitch,
+tempo, and emphasis.
+
+7. Read the following selection through to get its meaning and spirit
+clearly in your mind. Then read it aloud, concentrating solely on the
+thought that you are expressing--do not trouble about the sentence or
+thought that is coming. Half the troubles of mankind arise from
+anticipating trials that never occur. Avoid this in speaking. Make the
+end of your sentences just as strong as the beginning. _CONCENTRATE._
+
+    _WAR!_
+
+    The last of the savage instincts is war. The cave man's club
+    made law and procured food. Might decreed right. Warriors were
+    saviours.
+
+    In Nazareth a carpenter laid down the saw and preached the
+    brotherhood of man. Twelve centuries afterwards his followers
+    marched to the Holy Land to destroy all who differed with them
+    in the worship of the God of Love. Triumphantly they wrote "In
+    Solomon's Porch and in his temple our men rode in the blood of
+    the Saracens up to the knees of their horses."
+
+    History is an appalling tale of war. In the seventeenth century
+    Germany, France, Sweden, and Spain warred for thirty years. At
+    Magdeburg 30,000 out of 36,000 were killed regardless of sex or
+    age. In Germany schools were closed for a third of a century,
+    homes burned, women outraged, towns demolished, and the untilled
+    land became a wilderness.
+
+    Two-thirds of Germany's property was destroyed and 18,000,000 of
+    her citizens were killed, because men quarrelled about the way
+    to glorify "The Prince of Peace." Marching through rain and
+    snow, sleeping on the ground, eating stale food or starving,
+    contracting diseases and facing guns that fire six hundred times
+    a minute, for fifty cents a day--this is the soldier's life.
+
+    At the window sits the widowed mother crying. Little children
+    with tearful faces pressed against the pane watch and wait.
+    Their means of livelihood, their home, their happiness is gone.
+    Fatherless children, broken-hearted women, sick, disabled and
+    dead men--this is the wage of war.
+
+    We spend more money preparing men to kill each other than we do
+    in teaching them to live. We spend more money building one
+    battleship than in the annual maintenance of all our state
+    universities. The financial loss resulting from destroying one
+    another's homes in the civil war would have built 15,000,000
+    houses, each costing $2,000. We pray for love but prepare for
+    hate. We preach peace but equip for war.
+
+      Were half the power that fills the world with terror,
+      Were half the wealth bestowed on camp and court
+      Given to redeem this world from error,
+      There would be no need of arsenal and fort.
+
+    War only defers a question. No issue will ever really be settled
+    until it is settled rightly. Like rival "gun gangs" in a back
+    alley, the nations of the world, through the bloody ages, have
+    fought over their differences. Denver cannot fight Chicago and
+    Iowa cannot fight Ohio. Why should Germany be permitted to fight
+    France, or Bulgaria fight Turkey?
+
+    When mankind rises above creeds, colors and countries, when we
+    are citizens, not of a nation, but of the world, the armies and
+    navies of the earth will constitute an international police
+    force to preserve the peace and the dove will take the eagle's
+    place.
+
+    Our differences will be settled by an international court with
+    the power to enforce its mandates. In times of peace prepare for
+    peace. The wages of war are the wages of sin, and the "wages of
+    sin is death."
+
+    --_Editorial by D.C., Leslie's Weekly; used by permission._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+FORCE
+
+    However, 'tis expedient to be wary:
+    Indifference, certes, don't produce distress;
+    And rash enthusiasm in good society
+    Were nothing but a moral inebriety.
+
+--BYRON, _Don Juan_.
+
+
+You have attended plays that seemed fair, yet they did not move you,
+grip you. In theatrical parlance, they failed to "get over," which means
+that their message did not get over the foot-lights to the audience.
+There was no punch, no jab to them--they had no force.
+
+Of course, all this spells disaster, in big letters, not only in a stage
+production but in any platform effort. Every such presentation exists
+solely for the audience, and if it fails to hit them--and the expression
+is a good one--it has no excuse for living; nor will it live long.
+
+
+_What is Force?_
+
+Some of our most obvious words open up secret meanings under scrutiny,
+and this is one of them.
+
+To begin with, we must recognize the distinction between inner and outer
+force. The one is cause, the other effect. The one is spiritual, the
+other physical. In this important particular, animate force differs from
+inanimate force--the power of man, coming from within and expressing
+itself outwardly, is of another sort from the force of Shimose powder,
+which awaits some influence from without to explode it. However
+susceptive to outside stimuli, the true source of power in man lies
+within himself. This may seem like "mere psychology," but it has an
+intensely practical bearing on public speaking, as will appear.
+
+Not only must we discern the difference between human force and mere
+physical force, but we must not confuse its real essence with some of
+the things that may--and may not--accompany it. For example, loudness is
+not force, though force at times may be attended by noise. Mere roaring
+never made a good speech, yet there are moments--moments, mind you, not
+minutes--when big voice power may be used with tremendous effect.
+
+Nor is violent motion force--yet force may result in violent motion.
+Hamlet counseled the players:
+
+    Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, thus; but use
+    all gently; for in the very torrent, tempest, and (as I may say)
+    whirlwind of your passion, you must acquire and beget a
+    temperance, that may give it smoothness. Oh, it offends me to
+    the soul, to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a
+    passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the
+    groundlings[2]; who, for the most part, are capable of nothing
+    but inexplicable dumb show, and noise. I would have such a
+    fellow whipped for o'er-doing Termagant; it out-herods Herod.
+    Pray you avoid it.
+
+    Be not too tame, neither, but let your discretion be your tutor:
+    suit the action to the word, the word to the action; with this
+    special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature;
+    for anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose
+    end, both at the first, and now, was, and is, to hold, as
+    'twere, the mirror up to Nature, to show Virtue her own feature,
+    Scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his
+    form and pressure. Now, this overdone, or come tardy off, though
+    it make the unskillful laugh, cannot but make the judicious
+    grieve; the censure of the which one must, in your allowance,
+    o'erweigh a whole theater of others. Oh, there be players that I
+    have seen play--and heard others praise, and that highly--not to
+    speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of
+    Christians, nor the gait of Christian, pagan, or man, have so
+    strutted and bellowed that I have thought some of Nature's
+    journeymen had made men, and not made them well, they imitated
+    humanity so abominably.[3]
+
+Force is both a cause and an effect. Inner force, which must precede
+outer force, is a combination of four elements, acting progressively.
+First of all, _force arises from conviction_. You must be convinced of
+the truth, or the importance, or the meaning, of what you are about to
+say before you can give it forceful delivery. It must lay strong hold
+upon your convictions before it can grip your audience. Conviction
+convinces.
+
+_The Saturday Evening Post_ in an article on "England's T.R."--Winston
+Spencer Churchill--attributed much of Churchill's and Roosevelt's public
+platform success to their forceful delivery. No matter what is in hand,
+these men make themselves believe for the time being that that one thing
+is the most important on earth. Hence they speak to their audiences in a
+Do-this-or-you-_PERISH_ manner.
+
+That kind of speaking wins, and it is that virile, strenuous, aggressive
+attitude which both distinguishes and maintains the platform careers of
+our greatest leaders.
+
+But let us look a little closer at the origins of inner force. How does
+conviction affect the man who feels it? We have answered the inquiry in
+the very question itself--he _feels_ it: _Conviction produces emotional
+tension_. Study the pictures of Theodore Roosevelt and of Billy Sunday
+in action--_action_ is the word. Note the tension of their jaw muscles,
+the taut lines of sinews in their entire bodies when reaching a climax
+of force. Moral and physical force are alike in being both preceded and
+accompanied by in-_tens_-ity--tension--tightness of the cords of power.
+
+It is this tautness of the bow-string, this knotting of the muscles,
+this contraction before the spring, that makes an audience
+_feel_--almost see--the reserve power in a speaker. In some really
+wonderful way it is more what a speaker does _not_ say and do that
+reveals the dynamo within. _Anything_ may come from such stored-up force
+once it is let loose; and that keeps an audience alert, hanging on the
+lips of a speaker for his next word. After all, it is all a question of
+manhood, for a stuffed doll has neither convictions nor emotional
+tension. If you are upholstered with sawdust, keep off the platform, for
+your own speech will puncture you.
+
+Growing out of this conviction-tension comes _resolve to make the
+audience share that conviction-tension_. Purpose is the backbone of
+force; without it speech is flabby--it may glitter, but it is the
+iridescence of the spineless jellyfish. You must hold fast to your
+resolve if you would hold fast to your audience.
+
+Finally, all this conviction-tension-purpose is lifeless and useless
+unless it results in _propulsion_. You remember how Young in his
+wonderful "Night Thoughts" delineates the man who
+
+    Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve,
+    Resolves, and re-resolves, and dies the same.
+
+Let not your force "die a-borning,"--bring it to full life in its
+conviction, emotional tension, resolve, and propulsive power.
+
+
+_Can Force be Acquired?_
+
+Yes, if the acquirer has any such capacities as we have just outlined.
+How to acquire this vital factor is suggested in its very analysis: Live
+with your subject until you are convinced of its importance.
+
+If your message does not of itself arouse you to tension, _PULL_
+yourself together. When a man faces the necessity of leaping across a
+crevasse he does not wait for inspiration, he _wills_ his muscles into
+tensity for the spring--it is not without purpose that our English
+language uses the same word to depict a mighty though delicate steel
+contrivance and a quick leap through the air. Then resolve--and let it
+all end in actual _punch_.
+
+This truth is worth reiteration: The man within is the final factor. He
+must supply the fuel. The audience, or even the man himself, may add the
+match--it matters little which, only so that there be fire. However
+skillfully your engine is constructed, however well it works, you will
+have no force if the fire has gone out under the boiler. It matters
+little how well you have mastered poise, pause, modulation, and tempo,
+if your speech lacks fire it is dead. Neither a dead engine nor a dead
+speech will move anybody.
+
+Four factors of force are measurably within your control, and in that
+far may be acquired: _ideas_, _feeling about the subject_, _wording_, and
+_delivery_. Each of these is more or less fully discussed in this
+volume, except wording, which really requires a fuller rhetorical study
+than can here be ventured. It is, however, of the utmost importance that
+you should be aware of precisely how wording bears upon force in a
+sentence. Study "The Working Principles of Rhetoric," by John Franklin
+Genung, or the rhetorical treatises of Adams Sherman Hill, of Charles
+Sears Baldwin, or any others whose names may easily be learned from any
+teacher.
+
+Here are a few suggestions on the use of words to attain force:
+
+_Choice of Words_
+
+PLAIN words are more forceful than words less commonly used--_juggle_
+has more vigor than _prestidigitate_.
+
+SHORT words are stronger than long words--_end_ has more directness than
+_terminate_.
+
+SAXON words are usually more forceful than Latinistic words--for force,
+use _wars against_ rather than _militate against_.
+
+SPECIFIC words are stronger than general words--_pressman_ is more
+definite than _printer_.
+
+CONNOTATIVE words, those that suggest more than they say, have more
+power than ordinary words--"She _let_ herself be married" expresses more
+than "She _married_."
+
+EPITHETS, figuratively descriptive words, are more effective than direct
+names--"Go tell that _old fox_," has more "punch" than "Go tell that
+_sly fellow_." ONOMATOPOETIC words, words that convey the sense by the
+sound, are more powerful than other words--_crash_ is more effective
+than _cataclysm_.
+
+
+_Arrangement of words_
+
+Cut out modifiers.
+
+Cut out connectives.
+
+Begin with words that demand attention.
+
+"End with words that deserve distinction," says Prof. Barrett Wendell.
+
+Set strong ideas over against weaker ones, so as to gain strength by the
+contrast.
+
+Avoid elaborate sentence structure--short sentences are stronger than
+long ones.
+
+Cut out every useless word, so as to give prominence to the really
+important ones.
+
+Let each sentence be a condensed battering ram, swinging to its final
+blow on the attention.
+
+A familiar, homely idiom, if not worn by much use, is more effective
+than a highly formal, scholarly expression.
+
+Consider well the relative value of different positions in the sentence
+so that you may give the prominent place to ideas you wish to emphasize.
+
+"But," says someone, "is it not more honest to depend the inherent
+interest in a subject, its native truth, clearness and sincerity of
+presentation, and beauty of utterance, to win your audience? Why not
+charm men instead of capturing them by assault?"
+
+
+_Why Use Force?_
+
+There is much truth in such an appeal, but not all the truth.
+Clearness, persuasion, beauty, simple statement of truth, are all
+essential--indeed, they are all definite parts of a forceful
+presentment of a subject, without being the only parts. Strong
+meat may not be as attractive as ices, but all depends on the
+appetite and the stage of the meal.
+
+You can not deliver an aggressive message with caressing little strokes.
+No! Jab it in with hard, swift solar plexus punches. You cannot strike
+fire from flint or from an audience with love taps. Say to a crowded
+theatre in a lackadaisical manner: "It seems to me that the house is on
+fire," and your announcement may be greeted with a laugh. If you flash
+out the words: "The house's on fire!" they will crush one another in
+getting to the exits.
+
+The spirit and the language of force are definite with conviction. No
+immortal speech in literature contains such expressions as "it seems to
+me," "I should judge," "in my opinion," "I suppose," "perhaps it is
+true." The speeches that will live have been delivered by men ablaze
+with the courage of their convictions, who uttered their words as
+eternal truth. Of Jesus it was said that "the common people heard Him
+gladly." Why? "He taught them as one having _AUTHORITY_." An audience
+will never be moved by what "seems" to you to be truth or what in your
+"humble opinion" may be so. If you honestly can, assert convictions as
+your conclusions. Be sure you are right before you speak your speech,
+then utter your thoughts as though they were a Gibraltar of
+unimpeachable _truth_. Deliver them with the iron hand and confidence of
+a Cromwell. Assert them with the fire of _authority_. Pronounce them as
+an _ultimatum_. If you cannot speak with conviction, be silent.
+
+What force did that young minister have who, fearing to be too dogmatic,
+thus exhorted his hearers: "My friends--as I assume that you are--it
+appears to be my duty to tell you that if you do not repent, so to
+speak, forsake your sins, as it were, and turn to righteousness, if I
+may so express it, you will be lost, in a measure"?
+
+Effective speech must reflect the era. This is not a rose water age, and
+a tepid, half-hearted speech will not win. This is the century of trip
+hammers, of overland expresses that dash under cities and through
+mountain tunnels, and you must instill this spirit into your speech if
+you would move a popular audience. From a front seat listen to a
+first-class company present a modern Broadway drama--not a comedy, but a
+gripping, thrilling drama. Do not become absorbed in the story; reserve
+all your attention for the technique and the force of the acting. There
+is a kick and a crash as well as an infinitely subtle intensity in the
+big, climax-speeches that suggest this lesson: the same well-calculated,
+restrained, delicately shaded force would simply _rivet_ your ideas in
+the minds of your audience. An air-gun will rattle bird-shot against a
+window pane--it takes a rifle to wing a bullet through plate glass and
+the oaken walls beyond.
+
+
+_When to Use Force_
+
+An audience is unlike the kingdom of heaven--the violent do not always
+take it by force. There are times when beauty and serenity should be the
+only bells in your chime. Force is only one of the great extremes of
+contrast--use neither it nor quiet utterance to the exclusion of other
+tones: be various, and in variety find even greater force than you could
+attain by attempting its constant use. If you are reading an essay on
+the beauties of the dawn, talking about the dainty bloom of a
+honey-suckle, or explaining the mechanism of a gas engine, a vigorous
+style of delivery is entirely out of place. But when you are appealing
+to wills and consciences for immediate action, forceful delivery wins.
+In such cases, consider the minds of your audience as so many safes that
+have been locked and the keys lost. Do not try to figure out the
+combinations. Pour a little nitro glycerine into the cracks and light
+the fuse. As these lines are being written a contractor down the street
+is clearing away the rocks with dynamite to lay the foundations for a
+great building. When you want to get action, do not fear to use
+dynamite.
+
+The final argument for the effectiveness of force in public speech is
+the fact that everything must be enlarged for the purposes of the
+platform--that is why so few speeches read well in the reports on the
+morning after: statements appear crude and exaggerated because they are
+unaccompanied by the forceful delivery of a glowing speaker before an
+audience heated to attentive enthusiasm. So in preparing your speech you
+must not err on the side of mild statement--your audience will
+inevitably tone down your words in the cold grey of afterthought. When
+Phidias was criticised for the rough, bold outlines of a figure he had
+submitted in competition, he smiled and asked that his statue and the
+one wrought by his rival should be set upon the column for which the
+sculpture was destined. When this was done all the exaggerations and
+crudities, toned by distances, melted into exquisite grace of line and
+form. Each speech must be a special study in suitability and proportion.
+
+Omit the thunder of delivery, if you will, but like Wendell Phillips put
+"silent lightning" into your speech. Make your thoughts breathe and your
+words burn. Birrell said: "Emerson writes like an electrical cat
+emitting sparks and shocks in every sentence." Go thou and speak
+likewise. Get the "big stick" into your delivery--be forceful.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Illustrate, by repeating a sentence from memory, what is meant by
+employing force in speaking.
+
+2. Which in your opinion is the most important of the technical
+principles of speaking that you have studied so far? Why?
+
+3. What is the effect of too much force in a speech? Too little?
+
+4. Note some uninteresting conversation or ineffective speech, and tell
+why it failed.
+
+5. Suggest how it might be improved.
+
+6. Why do speeches have to be spoken with more force than do
+conversations?
+
+7. Read aloud the selection on page 84, using the technical principles
+outlined in chapters III to VIII, but neglect to put any force behind
+the interpretation. What is the result?
+
+8. Reread several times, doing your best to achieve force.
+
+9. Which parts of the selection on page 84 require the most force?
+
+10. Write a five-minute speech not only discussing the errors of those
+who exaggerate and those who minimize the use of force, but by imitation
+show their weaknesses. Do not burlesque, but closely imitate.
+
+11. Give a list of ten themes for public addresses, saying which seem
+most likely to require the frequent use of force in delivery.
+
+12. In your own opinion, do speakers usually err from the use of too
+much or too little force?
+
+13. Define (a) bombast; (b) bathos; (c) sentimentality; (d) squeamish.
+
+14. Say how the foregoing words describe weaknesses in public speech.
+
+15. Recast in twentieth-century English "Hamlet's Directions to the
+Players," page 88.
+
+16. Memorize the following extracts from Wendell Phillips' speeches, and
+deliver them with the of Wendell Phillips' "silent lightning" delivery.
+
+    We are for a revolution! We say in behalf of these hunted
+    lyings, whom God created, and who law-abiding Webster and
+    Winthrop have sworn shall not find shelter in Massachusetts,--we
+    say that they may make their little motions, and pass their
+    little laws in Washington, but that Faneuil Hall repeals them in
+    the name of humanity and the old Bay State!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    My advice to workingmen is this:
+
+    If you want power in this country; if you want to make
+    yourselves felt; if you do not want your children to wait long
+    years before they have the bread on the table they ought to
+    have, the leisure in their lives they ought to have, the
+    opportunities in life they ought to have; if you don't want to
+    wait yourselves,--write on your banner, so that every political
+    trimmer can read it, so that every politician, no matter how
+    short-sighted he may be, can read it, "_WE NEVER FORGET!_ If you
+    launch the arrow of sarcasm at labor, _WE NEVER FORGET!_ If
+    there is a division in Congress, and you throw your vote in the
+    wrong scale, _WE NEVER FORGET!_ You may go down on your knees,
+    and say, 'I am sorry I did the act'--but we will say '_IT WILL
+    AVAIL YOU IN HEAVEN TO BE SORRY, BUT ON THIS SIDE OF THE GRAVE,
+    NEVER!_'" So that a man in taking up the labor question will
+    know he is dealing with a hair-trigger pistol, and will say, "I
+    am to be true to justice and to man; otherwise I am a dead
+    duck."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    In Russia there is no press, no debate, no explanation of what
+    government does, no remonstrance allowed, no agitation of public
+    issues. Dead silence, like that which reigns at the summit of
+    Mont Blanc, freezes the whole empire, long ago described as "a
+    despotism tempered by assassination." Meanwhile, such despotism
+    has unsettled the brains of the ruling family, as unbridled
+    power doubtless made some of the twelve Caesars insane; a madman,
+    sporting with the lives and comfort of a hundred millions of
+    men. The young girl whispers in her mother's ear, under a ceiled
+    roof, her pity for a brother knouted and dragged half dead into
+    exile for his opinions. The next week she is stripped naked and
+    flogged to death in the public square. No inquiry, no
+    explanation, no trial, no protest, one dead uniform silence, the
+    law of the tyrant. Where is there ground for any hope of
+    peaceful change? No, no! in such a land dynamite and the dagger
+    are the necessary and proper substitutes for Faneuil Hall.
+    Anything that will make the madman quake in his bedchamber, and
+    rouse his victims into reckless and desperate resistance. This
+    is the only view an American, the child of 1620 and 1776, can
+    take of Nihilism. Any other unsettles and perplexes the ethics
+    of our civilization.
+
+    Born within sight of Bunker Hill--son of Harvard, whose first
+    pledge was "Truth," citizen of a republic based on the claim
+    that no government is rightful unless resting on the consent of
+    the people, and which assumes to lead in asserting the rights of
+    humanity--I at least can say nothing else and nothing less--no
+    not if every tile on Cambridge roofs were a devil hooting my
+    words!
+
+For practise on forceful selections, use "The Irrepressible Conflict,"
+page 67; "Abraham Lincoln," page 76, "Pass Prosperity Around," page 470;
+"A Plea for Cuba," page 50.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Those who sat in the pit or the parquet.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Hamlet_, Act III, Scene 2.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+FEELING AND ENTHUSIASM
+
+    Enthusiasm is that secret and harmonious spirit that hovers over
+    the production of genius.
+
+    --ISAAC DISRAELI, _Literary Character_.
+
+
+If you are addressing a body of scientists on such a subject as the
+veins in a butterfly's wings, or on road structure, naturally your theme
+will not arouse much feeling in either you or your audience. These are
+purely mental subjects. But if you want men to vote for a measure that
+will abolish child labor, or if you would inspire them to take up arms
+for freedom, you must strike straight at their feelings. We lie on soft
+beds, sit near the radiator on a cold day, eat cherry pie, and devote
+our attention to one of the opposite sex, not because we have reasoned
+out that it is the right thing to do, but because it feels right. No one
+but a dyspeptic chooses his diet from a chart. Our feelings dictate what
+we shall eat and generally how we shall act. Man is a feeling animal,
+hence the public speaker's ability to arouse men to action depends
+almost wholly on his ability to touch their emotions.
+
+Negro mothers on the auction-block seeing their children sold away from
+them into slavery have flamed out some of America's most stirring
+speeches. True, the mother did not have any knowledge of the technique
+of speaking, but she had something greater than all technique, more
+effective than reason: feeling. The great speeches of the world have
+not been delivered on tariff reductions or post-office appropriations.
+The speeches that will live have been charged with emotional force.
+Prosperity and peace are poor developers of eloquence. When great wrongs
+are to be righted, when the public heart is flaming with passion, that
+is the occasion for memorable speaking. Patrick Henry made an immortal
+address, for in an epochal crisis he pleaded for liberty. He had roused
+himself to the point where he could honestly and passionately exclaim,
+"Give me liberty or give me death." His fame would have been different
+had he lived to-day and argued for the recall of judges.
+
+
+_The Power of Enthusiasm_
+
+Political parties hire bands, and pay for applause--they argue that, for
+vote-getting, to stir up enthusiasm is more effective than reasoning.
+How far they are right depends on the hearers, but there can be no doubt
+about the contagious nature of enthusiasm. A watch manufacturer in New
+York tried out two series of watch advertisements; one argued the
+superior construction, workmanship, durability, and guarantee offered
+with the watch; the other was headed, "A Watch to be Proud of," and
+dwelt upon the pleasure and pride of ownership. The latter series sold
+twice as many as the former. A salesman for a locomotive works informed
+the writer that in selling railroad engines emotional appeal was
+stronger than an argument based on mechanical excellence.
+
+Illustrations without number might be cited to show that in all our
+actions we are emotional beings. The speaker who would speak efficiently
+must develop the power to arouse feeling.
+
+Webster, great debater that he was, knew that the real secret of a
+speaker's power was an emotional one. He eloquently says of eloquence:
+
+    "Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp of declamation,
+    all may aspire after it; they cannot reach it. It comes, if it
+    come at all, like the outbreak of a fountain from the earth, or
+    the bursting forth of volcanic fires, with spontaneous,
+    original, native force.
+
+    "The graces taught in the schools, the costly ornaments and
+    studied contrivances of speech, shock and disgust men, when
+    their own lives, and the fate of their wives, their children,
+    and their country hang on the decision of the hour. Then words
+    have lost their power, rhetoric is in vain, and all elaborate
+    oratory contemptible. Even genius itself then feels rebuked and
+    subdued, as in the presence of higher qualities. Then patriotism
+    is eloquent, then self-devotion is eloquent. The clear
+    conception outrunning the deductions of logic, the high purpose,
+    the firm resolve, the dauntless spirit, speaking on the tongue,
+    beaming from the eye, informing every feature, and urging the
+    whole man onward, right onward to his subject--this, this is
+    eloquence; or rather, it is something greater and higher than
+    all eloquence; it is action, noble, sublime, godlike action."
+
+When traveling through the Northwest some time ago, one of the present
+writers strolled up a village street after dinner and noticed a crowd
+listening to a "faker" speaking on a corner from a goods-box.
+Remembering Emerson's advice about learning something from every man we
+meet, the observer stopped to listen to this speaker's appeal. He was
+selling a hair tonic, which he claimed to have discovered in Arizona. He
+removed his hat to show what this remedy had done for him, washed his
+face in it to demonstrate that it was as harmless as water, and enlarged
+on its merits in such an enthusiastic manner that the half-dollars
+poured in on him in a silver flood. When he had supplied the audience
+with hair tonic, he asked why a greater proportion of men than women
+were bald. No one knew. He explained that it was because women wore
+thinner-soled shoes, and so made a good electrical connection with
+mother earth, while men wore thick, dry-soled shoes that did not
+transmit the earth's electricity to the body. Men's hair, not having a
+proper amount of electrical food, died and fell out. Of course he had a
+remedy--a little copper plate that should be nailed on the bottom of the
+shoe. He pictured in enthusiastic and vivid terms the desirability of
+escaping baldness--and paid tributes to his copper plates. Strange as it
+may seem when the story is told in cold print, the speaker's enthusiasm
+had swept his audience with him, and they crushed around his stand with
+outstretched "quarters" in their anxiety to be the possessors of these
+magical plates!
+
+Emerson's suggestion had been well taken--the observer had seen again
+the wonderful, persuasive power of enthusiasm!
+
+Enthusiasm sent millions crusading into the Holy Land to redeem it from
+the Saracens. Enthusiasm plunged Europe into a thirty years' war over
+religion. Enthusiasm sent three small ships plying the unknown sea to
+the shores of a new world. When Napoleon's army were worn out and
+discouraged in their ascent of the Alps, the Little Corporal stopped
+them and ordered the bands to play the Marseillaise. Under its
+soul-stirring strains there were no Alps.
+
+Listen! Emerson said: "Nothing great was ever achieved without
+enthusiasm." Carlyle declared that "Every great movement in the annals
+of history has been the triumph of enthusiasm." It is as contagious as
+measles. Eloquence is half inspiration. Sweep your audience with you in
+a pulsation of enthusiasm. Let yourself go. "A man," said Oliver
+Cromwell, "never rises so high as when he knows not whither he is
+going."
+
+
+_How are We to Acquire and Develop Enthusiasm?_
+
+It is not to be slipped on like a smoking jacket. A book cannot furnish
+you with it. It is a growth--an effect. But an effect of what? Let us
+see.
+
+Emerson wrote: "A painter told me that nobody could draw a tree without
+in some sort becoming a tree; or draw a child by studying the outlines
+of his form merely,--but, by watching for a time his motion and plays,
+the painter enters his nature, and then can draw him at will in every
+attitude. So Roos 'entered into the inmost nature of his sheep.' I knew
+a draughtsman employed in a public survey, who found that he could not
+sketch the rocks until their geological structure was first explained to
+him."
+
+When Sarah Bernhardt plays a difficult role she frequently will speak to
+no one from four o'clock in the afternoon until after the performance.
+From the hour of four she lives her character. Booth, it is reported,
+would not permit anyone to speak to him between the acts of his
+Shakesperean roles, for he was Macbeth then--not Booth. Dante, exiled
+from his beloved Florence, condemned to death, lived in caves, half
+starved; then Dante wrote out his heart in "The Divine Comedy." Bunyan
+entered into the spirit of his "Pilgrim's Progress" so thoroughly that
+he fell down on the floor of Bedford jail and wept for joy. Turner, who
+lived in a garret, arose before daybreak and walked over the hills nine
+miles to see the sun rise on the ocean, that he might catch the spirit
+of its wonderful beauty. Wendell Phillips' sentences were full of
+"silent lightning" because he bore in his heart the sorrow of five
+million slaves.
+
+There is only one way to get feeling into your speaking--and whatever
+else you forget, forget not this: _You must actually ENTER INTO_ the
+character you impersonate, the cause you advocate, the case you
+argue--enter into it so deeply that it clothes you, enthralls you,
+possesses you wholly. Then you are, in the true meaning of the word, in
+_sympathy_ with your subject, for its feeling is your feeling, you "feel
+with" it, and therefore your enthusiasm is both genuine and contagious.
+The Carpenter who spoke as "never man spake" uttered words born out of a
+passion of love for humanity--he had entered into humanity, and thus
+became Man.
+
+But we must not look upon the foregoing words as a facile prescription
+for decocting a feeling which may then be ladled out to a complacent
+audience in quantities to suit the need of the moment. Genuine feeling
+in a speech is bone and blood of the speech itself and not something
+that may be added to it or substracted at will. In the ideal address
+theme, speaker and audience become one, fused by the emotion and thought
+of the hour.
+
+
+_The Need of Sympathy for Humanity_
+
+It is impossible to lay too much stress on the necessity for the
+speaker's having a broad and deep tenderness for human nature. One of
+Victor Hugo's biographers attributes his power as an orator and writer
+to his wide sympathies and profound religious feelings. Recently we
+heard the editor of _Collier's Weekly_ speak on short-story writing, and
+he so often emphasized the necessity for this broad love for humanity,
+this truly religious feeling, that he apologized twice for delivering a
+sermon. Few if any of the immortal speeches were ever delivered for a
+selfish or a narrow cause--they were born out of a passionate desire to
+help humanity; instances, Paul's address to the Athenians on Mars Hill,
+Lincoln's Gettysburg speech, The Sermon on the Mount, Henry's address
+before the Virginia Convention of Delegates.
+
+The seal and sign of greatness is a desire to serve others.
+Self-preservation is the first law of life, but self-abnegation is the
+first law of greatness--and of art. Selfishness is the fundamental cause
+of all sin, it is the thing that all great religions, all worthy
+philosophies, have struck at. Out of a heart of real sympathy and love
+come the speeches that move humanity.
+
+Former United States Senator Albert J. Beveridge in an introduction to
+one of the volumes of "Modern Eloquence," says: "The profoundest feeling
+among the masses, the most influential element in their character, is
+the religious element. It is as instinctive and elemental as the law of
+self-preservation. It informs the whole intellect and personality of the
+people. And he who would greatly influence the people by uttering their
+unformed thoughts must have this great and unanalyzable bond of sympathy
+with them."
+
+When the men of Ulster armed themselves to oppose the passage of the
+Home Rule Act, one of the present writers assigned to a hundred men
+"Home Rule" as the topic for an address to be prepared by each. Among
+this group were some brilliant speakers, several of them experienced
+lawyers and political campaigners. Some of their addresses showed a
+remarkable knowledge and grasp of the subject; others were clothed in
+the most attractive phrases. But a clerk, without a great deal of
+education and experience, arose and told how he spent his boyhood days
+in Ulster, how his mother while holding him on her lap had pictured to
+him Ulster's deeds of valor. He spoke of a picture in his uncle's home
+that showed the men of Ulster conquering a tyrant and marching on to
+victory. His voice quivered, and with a hand pointing upward he declared
+that if the men of Ulster went to war they would not go alone--a great
+God would go with them.
+
+The speech thrilled and electrified the audience. It thrills yet as we
+recall it. The high-sounding phrases, the historical knowledge, the
+philosophical treatment, of the other speakers largely failed to arouse
+any deep interest, while the genuine conviction and feeling of the
+modest clerk, speaking on a subject that lay deep in his heart, not
+only electrified his audience but won their personal sympathy for the
+cause he advocated.
+
+As Webster said, it is of no use to try to pretend to sympathy or
+feelings. It cannot be done successfully. "Nature is forever putting a
+premium on reality." What is false is soon detected as such. The
+thoughts and feelings that create and mould the speech in the study must
+be born again when the speech is delivered from the platform. Do not let
+your words say one thing, and your voice and attitude another. There is
+no room here for half-hearted, nonchalant methods of delivery. Sincerity
+is the very soul of eloquence. Carlyle was right: "No Mirabeau,
+Napoleon, Burns, Cromwell, no man adequate to do anything, but is first
+of all in right earnest about it; what I call a sincere man. I should
+say sincerity, a great, deep, genuine sincerity, is the first
+characteristic of all men in any way heroic. Not the sincerity that
+calls itself sincere; ah no, that is a very poor matter indeed; a
+shallow braggart, conscious sincerity, oftenest self-conceit mainly. The
+great man's sincerity is of the kind he cannot speak of--is not
+conscious of."
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+It is one thing to convince the would-be speaker that he ought to put
+feeling into his speeches; often it is quite another thing for him to do
+it. The average speaker is afraid to let himself go, and continually
+suppresses his emotions. When you put enough feeling into your speeches
+they will sound overdone to you, unless you are an experienced speaker.
+They will sound too strong, if you are not used to enlarging for
+platform or stage, for the delineation of the emotions must be enlarged
+for public delivery.
+
+1. Study the following speech, going back in your imagination to the
+time and circumstances that brought it forth. Make it not a memorized
+historical document, but feel the emotions that gave it birth. The
+speech is only an effect; live over in your own heart the causes that
+produced it and try to deliver it at white heat. It is not possible for
+you to put too much real feeling into it, though of course it would be
+quite easy to rant and fill it with false emotion. This speech,
+according to Thomas Jefferson, started the ball of the Revolution
+rolling. Men were then willing to go out and die for liberty.
+
+
+    _PATRICK HENRY'S SPEECH_
+
+    BEFORE THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION OF DELEGATES
+
+    Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions
+    of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth,
+    and listen to the song of that siren, till she transforms us to
+    beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and
+    arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the
+    number of those who, having eyes, see not, and having ears, hear
+    not, the things which so nearly concern our temporal salvation?
+    For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am
+    willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to
+    provide for it.
+
+    I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the
+    lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future
+    but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what
+    there has been in the conduct of the British Ministry for the
+    last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have
+    been pleased to solace themselves and the House? Is it that
+    insidious smile with which our petition has been lately
+    received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your
+    feet. Suffer not yourselves to be "betrayed with a kiss"! Ask
+    yourselves, how this gracious reception of our petition comports
+    with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and
+    darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of
+    love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to
+    be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our
+    love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the
+    implements of war and subjugation, the last "arguments" to which
+    kings resort.
+
+    I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its
+    purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign
+    any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy in
+    this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of
+    navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us;
+    they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and
+    to rivet upon us those chains which the British Ministry have
+    been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall
+    we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten
+    years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing.
+    We have held the subject up in every light of which it is
+    capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to
+    entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which
+    have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir,
+    deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything that
+    could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. We
+    have petitioned, we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we
+    have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored
+    its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the Ministry
+    and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our
+    remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our
+    supplications have been disregarded, and we have been spurned
+    with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these
+    things, may we indulge in the fond hope of peace and
+    reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish
+    to be free, if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
+    privileges for which we have been so long contending; if we mean
+    not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been
+    so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to
+    abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be
+    obtained, we must fight; I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An
+    appeal to arms, and to the God of Hosts, is all that is left us!
+
+    They tell us, sir, that we are weak--"unable to cope with so
+    formidable an adversary"! But when shall we be stronger? Will it
+    be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are
+    totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in
+    every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and
+    inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance, by
+    lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of
+    hope, until our enemies have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are
+    not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God
+    of Nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people,
+    armed in the holy cause of Liberty, and in such a country as
+    that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our
+    enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our
+    battles alone. There is a just Power who presides over the
+    destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our
+    battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it
+    is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have
+    no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too
+    late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, but in
+    submission and slavery. Our chains are forged. Their clanking
+    may be heard on the plains of Boston. The war is inevitable; and
+    let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! It is in vain, sir,
+    to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry "Peace, peace!" but
+    there is no peace! The war is actually begun! The next gale that
+    sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of
+    resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why
+    stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+    they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
+    purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it,
+    Almighty Powers!--I know not what course others may take; but as
+    for me, give me liberty or give me death!
+
+2. Live over in your imagination all the solemnity and sorrow that
+Lincoln felt at the Gettysburg cemetery. The feeling in this speech is
+very deep, but it is quieter and more subdued than the preceding one.
+The purpose of Henry's address was to get action; Lincoln's speech was
+meant only to dedicate the last resting place of those who had acted.
+Read it over and over (see page 50) until it burns in your soul. Then
+commit it and repeat it for emotional expression.
+
+3. Beecher's speech on Lincoln, page 76; Thurston's speech on "A Plea
+for Cuba," page 50; and the following selection, are recommended for
+practise in developing feeling in delivery.
+
+    A living force that brings to itself all the resources of
+    imagination, all the inspirations of feeling, all that is
+    influential in body, in voice, in eye, in gesture, in posture,
+    in the whole animated man, is in strict analogy with the divine
+    thought and the divine arrangement; and there is no
+    misconstruction more utterly untrue and fatal than this: that
+    oratory is an artificial thing, which deals with baubles and
+    trifles, for the sake of making bubbles of pleasure for
+    transient effect on mercurial audiences. So far from that, it is
+    the consecration of the whole man to the noblest purposes to
+    which one can address himself--the education and inspiration of
+    his fellow men by all that there is in learning, by all that
+    there is in thought, by all that there is in feeling, by all
+    that there is in all of them, sent home through the channels of
+    taste and of beauty.
+
+    --HENRY WARD BEECHER.
+
+4. What in your opinion are the relative values of thought and feeling
+in a speech?
+
+5. Could we dispense with either?
+
+6. What kinds of selections or occasions require much feeling and
+enthusiasm? Which require little?
+
+7. Invent a list of ten subjects for speeches, saying which would give
+most room for pure thought and which for feeling.
+
+8. Prepare and deliver a ten-minute speech denouncing the (imaginary)
+unfeeling plea of an attorney; he may be either the counsel for the
+defense or the prosecuting attorney, and the accused may be assumed to
+be either guilty or innocent, at your option.
+
+9. Is feeling more important than the technical principles expounded in
+chapters III to VII? Why?
+
+10. Analyze the secret of some effective speech or speaker. To what is
+the success due?
+
+11. Give an example from your own observation of the effect of feeling
+and enthusiasm on listeners.
+
+12. Memorize Carlyle's and Emerson's remarks on enthusiasm.
+
+13. Deliver Patrick Henry's address, page 110, and Thurston's speech,
+page 50, without show of feeling or enthusiasm. What is the result?
+
+14. Repeat, with all the feeling these selections demand. What is the
+result?
+
+15. What steps do you intend to take to develop the power of enthusiasm
+and feeling in speaking?
+
+16. Write and deliver a five-minute speech ridiculing a speaker who uses
+bombast, pomposity and over-enthusiasm. Imitate him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+FLUENCY THROUGH PREPARATION
+
+    Animis opibusque parati--Ready in mind and resources.
+
+    --_Motto of South Carolina_.
+
+    In omnibus negotiis prius quam aggrediare, adhibenda est
+    praeparatio diligens--In all matters before beginning a diligent
+    preparation should be made.
+
+    --CICERO, _De Officiis_.
+
+
+Take your dictionary and look up the words that contain the Latin stem
+_flu_--the results will be suggestive.
+
+At first blush it would seem that fluency consists in a ready, easy use
+of words. Not so--the flowing quality of speech is much more, for it is
+a composite effect, with each of its prior conditions deserving of
+careful notice.
+
+
+_The Sources of Fluency_
+
+Speaking broadly, fluency is almost entirely a matter of preparation.
+Certainly, native gifts figure largely here, as in every art, but even
+natural facility is dependent on the very same laws of preparation that
+hold good for the man of supposedly small native endowment. Let this
+encourage you if, like Moses, you are prone to complain that you are not
+a ready speaker.
+
+Have you ever stopped to analyze that expression, "a ready speaker?"
+Readiness, in its prime sense, is preparedness, and they are most ready
+who are best prepared. Quick firing depends more on the alert finger
+than on the hair trigger. Your fluency will be in direct ratio to two
+important conditions: your knowledge of what you are going to say, and
+your being accustomed to telling what you know to an audience. This
+gives us the second great element of fluency--to preparation must be
+added the ease that arises from practise; of which more presently.
+
+
+_Knowledge is Essential_
+
+Mr. Bryan is a most fluent speaker when he speaks on political problems,
+tendencies of the time, and questions of morals. It is to be supposed,
+however, that he would not be so fluent in speaking on the bird life of
+the Florida Everglades. Mr. John Burroughs might be at his best on this
+last subject, yet entirely lost in talking about international law. Do
+not expect to speak fluently on a subject that you know little or
+nothing about. Ctesiphon boasted that he could speak all day (a sin in
+itself) on any subject that an audience would suggest. He was banished
+by the Spartans.
+
+But preparation goes beyond the getting of the facts in the case you are
+to present: it includes also the ability to think and arrange your
+thoughts, a full and precise vocabulary, an easy manner of speech and
+breathing, absence of self-consciousness, and the several other
+characteristics of efficient delivery that have deserved special
+attention in other parts of this book rather than in this chapter.
+
+Preparation may be either general or specific; usually it should be
+both. A life-time of reading, of companionship with stirring thoughts,
+of wrestling with the problems of life--this constitutes a general
+preparation of inestimable worth. Out of a well-stored mind, and--richer
+still--a broad experience, and--best of all--a warmly sympathetic heart,
+the speaker will have to draw much material that no _immediate_ study
+could provide. General preparation consists of all that a man has put
+into himself, all that heredity and environment have instilled into him,
+and--that other rich source of preparedness for speech--the friendship
+of wise companions. When Schiller returned home after a visit with
+Goethe a friend remarked: "I am amazed by the progress Schiller can make
+within a single fortnight." It was the progressive influence of a new
+friendship. Proper friendships form one of the best means for the
+formation of ideas and ideals, for they enable one to practise in giving
+expression to thought. The speaker who would speak fluently before an
+audience should learn to speak fluently and entertainingly with a
+friend. Clarify your ideas by putting them in words; the talker gains as
+much from his conversation as the listener. You sometimes begin to
+converse on a subject thinking you have very little to say, but one idea
+gives birth to another, and you are surprised to learn that the more you
+give the more you have to give. This give-and-take of friendly
+conversation develops mentality, and fluency in expression. Longfellow
+said: "A single conversation across the table with a wise man is better
+than ten years' study of books," and Holmes whimsically yet none the
+less truthfully declared that half the time he talked to find out what
+he thought. But that method must not be applied on the platform!
+
+After all this enrichment of life by storage, must come the special
+preparation for the particular speech. This is of so definite a sort
+that it warrants separate chapter-treatment later.
+
+
+_Practise_
+
+But preparation must also be of another sort than the gathering,
+organizing, and shaping of materials--it must include _practise_, which,
+like mental preparation, must be both general and special.
+
+Do not feel surprised or discouraged if practise on the principles of
+delivery herein laid down seems to retard your fluency. For a time, this
+will be inevitable. While you are working for proper inflection, for
+instance, inflection will be demanding your first thoughts, and the flow
+of your speech, for the time being, will be secondary. This warning,
+however, is strictly for the closet, for your practise at home. Do not
+carry any thoughts of inflection with you to the platform. There you
+must _think_ only of your subject. There is an absolute telepathy
+between the audience and the speaker. If your thought goes to your
+gesture, their thought will too. If your interest goes to the quality of
+your voice, they will be regarding that instead of what your voice is
+uttering.
+
+You have doubtless been adjured to "forget everything but your subject."
+This advice says either too much or too little. The truth is that while
+on the platform you must not _forget_ a great many things that are not
+in your subject, but you must not _think_ of them. Your attention must
+consciously go only to your message, but subconsciously you will be
+attending to the points of technique which have become more or less
+_habitual by practise_.
+
+A nice balance between these two kinds of attention is important.
+
+You can no more escape this law than you can live without air: Your
+platform gestures, your voice, your inflection, will all be just as good
+as your _habit_ of gesture, voice, and inflection makes them--no better.
+Even the thought of whether you are speaking fluently or not will have
+the effect of marring your flow of speech.
+
+Return to the opening chapter, on self-confidence, and again lay its
+precepts to heart. Learn by rules to speak without thinking of rules. It
+is not--or ought not to be--necessary for you to stop to think how to
+say the alphabet correctly, as a matter of fact it is slightly more
+difficult for you to repeat Z, Y, X than it is to say X, Y, Z--habit has
+established the order. Just so you must master the laws of efficiency in
+speaking until it is a second nature for you to speak correctly rather
+than otherwise. A beginner at the piano has a great deal of trouble with
+the mechanics of playing, but as time goes on his fingers become trained
+and almost instinctively wander over the keys correctly. As an
+inexperienced speaker you will find a great deal of difficulty at first
+in putting principles into practise, for you will be scared, like the
+young swimmer, and make some crude strokes, but if you persevere you
+will "win out."
+
+Thus, to sum up, the vocabulary you have enlarged by study,[4] the ease
+in speaking you have developed by practise, the economy of your
+well-studied emphasis all will subconsciously come to your aid on the
+platform. Then the habits you have formed will be earning you a splendid
+dividend. The fluency of your speech will be at the speed of flow your
+practise has made habitual.
+
+But this means work. What good habit does not? No philosopher's stone
+that will act as a substitute for laborious practise has ever been
+found. If it were, it would be thrown away, because it would kill our
+greatest joy--the delight of acquisition. If public-speaking means to
+you a fuller life, you will know no greater happiness than a well-spoken
+speech. The time you have spent in gathering ideas and in private
+practise of speaking you will find amply rewarded.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. What advantages has the fluent speaker over the hesitating talker?
+
+2. What influences, within and without the man himself, work against
+fluency?
+
+3. Select from the daily paper some topic for an address and make a
+three-minute address on it. Do your words come freely and your sentences
+flow out rhythmically? Practise _on the same topic_ until they do.
+
+4. Select some subject with which you are familiar and test your fluency
+by speaking extemporaneously.
+
+5. Take one of the sentiments given below and, following the advice
+given on pages 118-119, construct a short speech beginning with the last
+word in the sentence.
+
+    Machinery has created a new economic world.
+
+    The Socialist Party is a strenuous worker for peace.
+
+    He was a crushed and broken man when he left prison.
+
+    War must ultimately give way to world-wide arbitration.
+
+    The labor unions demand a more equal distribution of the wealth
+    that labor creates.
+
+6. Put the sentiments of Mr. Bryan's "Prince of Peace," on page 448,
+into your own words. Honestly criticise your own effort.
+
+7. Take any of the following quotations and make a five-minute speech on
+it without pausing to prepare. The first efforts may be very lame, but
+if you want speed on a typewriter, a record for a hundred-yard dash, or
+facility in speaking, you must practise, _practise_, _PRACTISE_.
+
+    There lives more faith in honest doubt,
+    Believe me, than in half the creeds.
+
+    --TENNYSON, _In Memoriam_.
+
+    Howe'er it be, it seems to me,
+      'Tis only noble to be good.
+    Kind hearts are more than coronets,
+      And simple faith than Norman blood.
+
+    --TENNYSON, _Lady Clara Vere de Vere_.
+
+    'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view
+    And robes the mountain in its azure hue.
+
+    --CAMPBELL, _Pleasures of Hope_.
+
+    His best companions, innocence and health,
+    And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.
+
+    --GOLDSMITH, _The Deserted Village_.
+
+    Beware of desperate steps! The darkest day,
+    Live till tomorrow, will have passed away.
+
+    --COWPER, _Needless Alarm_.
+
+    My country is the world, and my religion is to do good.
+
+    --PAINE, _Rights of Man_.
+
+    Trade it may help, society extend,
+    But lures the pirate, and corrupts the friend:
+    It raises armies in a nation's aid,
+    But bribes a senate, and the land's betray'd.
+
+    --POPE, _Moral Essays_.[5]
+
+    O God, that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal
+    away their brains!
+
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Othello_.
+
+    It matters not how strait the gate,
+    How charged with punishment the scroll,
+    I am the master of my fate,
+    I am the captain of my soul.
+
+    --HENLEY, _Invictus_.
+
+    The world is so full of a number of things,
+    I am sure we should all be happy as kings.
+
+    --STEVENSON, _A Child's Garden of Verses_.
+
+    If your morals are dreary, depend upon it they are wrong.
+
+    --STEVENSON, _Essays_.
+
+    Every advantage has its tax. I learn to be content.
+
+    --EMERSON, _Essays_.
+
+
+8. Make a two-minute speech on any of the following general subjects,
+but you will find that your ideas will come more readily if you narrow
+your subject by taking some specific phase of it. For instance, instead
+of trying to speak on "Law" in general, take the proposition, "The Poor
+Man Cannot Afford to Prosecute;" or instead of dwelling on "Leisure,"
+show how modern speed is creating more leisure. In this way you may
+expand this subject list indefinitely.
+
+_GENERAL THEMES_
+
+Law.
+Politics.
+Woman's Suffrage.
+Initiative and Referendum.
+A Larger Navy.
+War.
+Peace.
+Foreign Immigration.
+The Liquor Traffic.
+Labor Unions.
+Strikes.
+Socialism.
+Single Tax.
+Tariff.
+Honesty.
+Courage.
+Hope.
+Love.
+Mercy.
+Kindness.
+Justice.
+Progress.
+Machinery.
+Invention.
+Wealth.
+Poverty.
+Agriculture.
+Science.
+Surgery.
+Haste.
+Leisure.
+Happiness.
+Health.
+Business.
+America.
+The Far East.
+Mobs.
+Colleges.
+Sports.
+Matrimony.
+Divorce.
+Child Labor.
+Education.
+Books.
+The Theater.
+Literature.
+Electricity.
+Achievement.
+Failure.
+Public Speaking.
+Ideals.
+Conversation.
+The Most Dramatic Moment of My Life.
+My Happiest Days.
+Things Worth While.
+What I Hope to Achieve.
+My Greatest Desire.
+What I Would Do with a Million Dollars.
+Is Mankind Progressing?
+Our Greatest Need.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 4: See chapter on "Increasing the Vocabulary."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Money.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE VOICE
+
+    Oh, there is something in that voice that reaches
+    The innermost recesses of my spirit!
+
+--LONGFELLOW, _Christus_.
+
+
+The dramatic critic of The London _Times_ once declared that acting is
+nine-tenths voice work. Leaving the message aside, the same may justly
+be said of public speaking. A rich, correctly-used voice is the greatest
+physical factor of persuasiveness and power, often over-topping the
+effects of reason.
+
+But a good voice, well handled, is not only an effective possession for
+the professional speaker, it is a mark of personal culture as well, and
+even a distinct commercial asset. Gladstone, himself the possessor of a
+deep, musical voice, has said: "Ninety men in every hundred in the
+crowded professions will probably never rise above mediocrity because
+the training of the voice is entirely neglected and considered of no
+importance." These are words worth pondering.
+
+There are three fundamental requisites for a good voice:
+
+
+_1. Ease_
+
+Signor Bonci of the Metropolitan Opera Company says that the secret of
+good voice is relaxation; and this is true, for relaxation is the basis
+of ease. The air waves that produce voice result in a different kind of
+tone when striking against relaxed muscles than when striking
+constricted muscles. Try this for yourself. Contract the muscles of your
+face and throat as you do in hate, and flame out "I hate you!" Now relax
+as you do when thinking gentle, tender thoughts, and say, "I love you."
+How different the voice sounds.
+
+In practising voice exercises, and in speaking, never force your tones.
+Ease must be your watchword. The voice is a delicate instrument, and you
+must not handle it with hammer and tongs. Don't _make_ your voice
+go--_let_ it go. Don't work. Let the yoke of speech be easy and its
+burden light.
+
+Your throat should be free from strain during speech, therefore it is
+necessary to avoid muscular contraction. The throat must act as a sort
+of chimney or funnel for the voice, hence any unnatural constriction
+will not only harm its tones but injure its health.
+
+Nervousness and mental strain are common sources of mouth and throat
+constriction, so make the battle for poise and self-confidence for which
+we pleaded in the opening chapter.
+
+But _how_ can I relax? you ask. By simply _willing_ to relax. Hold your
+arm out straight from your shoulder. Now--withdraw all power and let it
+fall. Practise relaxation of the muscles of the throat by letting your
+neck and head fall forward. Roll the upper part of your body around,
+with the waist line acting as a pivot. Let your head fall and roll
+around as you shift the torso to different positions. Do not force your
+head around--simply relax your neck and let gravity pull it around as
+your body moves.
+
+Again, let your head fall forward on your breast; raise your head,
+letting your jaw hang. Relax until your jaw feels heavy, as though it
+were a weight hung to your face. Remember, you must relax the jaw to
+obtain command of it. It must be free and flexible for the moulding of
+tone, and to let the tone pass out unobstructed.
+
+The lips also must be made flexible, to aid in the moulding of clear and
+beautiful tones. For flexibility of lips repeat the syllables,
+_mo_--_me_. In saying _mo_, bring the lips up to resemble the shape of
+the letter O. In repeating _me_ draw them back as you do in a grin.
+Repeat this exercise rapidly, giving the lips as much exercise as
+possible.
+
+Try the following exercise in the same manner:
+
+Mo--E--O--E--OO--Ah.
+
+After this exercise has been mastered, the following will also be found
+excellent for flexibility of lips:
+
+Memorize these _sounds_ indicated (not the _expressions_) so that you
+can repeat them rapidly.
+
+| A as in  May. | E as in Met.  | U as in Use.
+| A   "    Ah.  | I   "   Ice.  | Oi  "   Oil.
+| A   "    At.  | I   "   It.   | Ou  "   Our.
+| O   "    No.  | O   "   No.   | OO  "   Ooze.
+| A   "    All. | OO  "   Foot. | A   "   Ah.
+| E   "    Eat. | OO  "   Ooze. | E   "   Eat.
+
+All the activity of breathing must be centered, not in the throat, but
+in the middle of the body--you must breathe from the diaphragm. Note the
+way you breathe when lying flat on the back, undressed in bed. You will
+observe that all the activity then centers around the diaphragm. This is
+the natural and correct method of breathing. By constant watchfulness
+make this your habitual manner, for it will enable you to relax more
+perfectly the muscles of the throat.
+
+The next fundamental requisite for good voice is
+
+
+_2. Openness_
+
+If the muscles of the throat are constricted, the tone passage partially
+closed, and the mouth kept half-shut, how can you expect the tone to
+come out bright and clear, or even to come out at all? Sound is a series
+of waves, and if you make a prison of your mouth, holding the jaws and
+lips rigidly, it will be very difficult for the tone to squeeze through,
+and even when it does escape it will lack force and carrying power. Open
+your mouth wide, relax all the organs of speech, and let the tone flow
+out easily.
+
+Start to yawn, but instead of yawning, speak while your throat is open.
+Make this open-feeling habitual when speaking--we say _make_ because it
+is a matter of resolution and of practise, if your vocal organs are
+healthy. Your tone passages may be partly closed by enlarged tonsils,
+adenoids, or enlarged turbinate bones of the nose. If so, a skilled
+physician should be consulted.
+
+The nose is an important tone passage and should be kept open and free
+for perfect tones. What we call "talking through the nose" is not
+talking through the nose, as you can easily demonstrate by holding your
+nose as you talk. If you are bothered with nasal tones caused by
+growths or swellings in the nasal passages, a slight, painless operation
+will remove the obstruction. This is quite important, aside from voice,
+for the general health will be much lowered if the lungs are continually
+starved for air.
+
+The final fundamental requisite for good voice is
+
+
+_3. Forwardness_
+
+A voice that is pitched back in the throat is dark, sombre, and
+unattractive. The tone must be pitched forward, but do not _force_ it
+forward. You will recall that our first principle was ease. _Think_ the
+tone forward and out. Believe it is going forward, and allow it to flow
+easily. You can tell whether you are placing your tone forward or not by
+inhaling a deep breath and singing _ah_ with the mouth wide open, trying
+to feel the little delicate sound waves strike the bony arch of the
+mouth just above the front teeth. The sensation is so slight that you
+will probably not be able to detect it at once, but persevere in your
+practise, always thinking the tone forward, and you will be rewarded by
+feeling your voice strike the roof of your mouth. A correct
+forward-placing of the tone will do away with the dark, throaty tones
+that are so unpleasant, inefficient, and harmful to the throat.
+
+Close the lips, humming _ng_, _im_, or _an_. Think the tone forward. Do
+you feel it strike the lips?
+
+Hold the palm of your hand in front of your face and say vigorously
+_crash, dash, whirl, buzz_. Can you feel the forward tones strike
+against your hand? Practise until you can. Remember, the only way to
+get your voice forward is to _put_ it forward.
+
+
+_How to Develop the Carrying Power of the Voice_
+
+It is not necessary to speak loudly in order to be heard at a distance.
+It is necessary only to speak correctly. Edith Wynne Matthison's voice
+will carry in a whisper throughout a large theater. A paper rustling on
+the stage of a large auditorium can be heard distinctly in the
+furthermost seat in the gallery. If you will only use your voice
+correctly, you will not have much difficulty in being heard. Of course
+it is always well to address your speech to your furthest auditors; if
+they get it, those nearer will have no trouble, but aside from this
+obvious suggestion, you must observe these laws of voice production:
+
+Remember to apply the principles of ease, openness and forwardness--they
+are the prime factors in enabling your voice to be heard at a distance.
+
+Do not gaze at the floor as you talk. This habit not only gives the
+speaker an amateurish appearance but if the head is hung forward the
+voice will be directed towards the ground instead of floating out over
+the audience.
+
+Voice is a series of air vibrations. To strengthen it two things are
+necessary: more air or breath, and more vibration.
+
+Breath is the very basis of voice. As a bullet with little powder behind
+it will not have force and carrying power, so the voice that has little
+breath behind it will be weak. Not only will deep breathing--breathing
+from the diaphragm--give the voice a better support, but it will give
+it a stronger resonance by improving the general health.
+
+Usually, ill health means a weak voice, while abundant physical vitality
+is shown through a strong, vibrant voice. Therefore anything that
+improves the general vitality is an excellent voice strengthener,
+provided you _use_ the voice properly. Authorities differ on most of the
+rules of hygiene but on one point they all agree: vitality and longevity
+are increased by deep breathing. Practise this until it becomes second
+nature. Whenever you are speaking, take in deep breaths, but in such a
+manner that the inhalations will be silent.
+
+Do not try to speak too long without renewing your breath. Nature cares
+for this pretty well unconsciously in conversation, and she will do the
+same for you in platform speaking if you do not interfere with her
+premonitions.
+
+A certain very successful speaker developed voice carrying power by
+running across country, practising his speeches as he went. The vigorous
+exercise forced him to take deep breaths, and developed lung power. A
+hard-fought basketball or tennis game is an efficient way of practising
+deep breathing. When these methods are not convenient, we recommend the
+following:
+
+Place your hands at your sides, on the waist line.
+
+By trying to encompass your waist with your fingers and thumbs, force
+all the air out of the lungs.
+
+Take a deep breath. Remember, all the activity is to be centered in the
+_middle_ of the body; do not raise the shoulders. As the breath is taken
+your hands will be forced out.
+
+Repeat the exercise, placing your hands on the small of the back and
+forcing them out as you inhale.
+
+Many methods for deep breathing have been given by various authorities.
+Get the air into your lungs--that is the important thing.
+
+The body acts as a sounding board for the voice just as the body of the
+violin acts as a sounding board for its tones. You can increase its
+vibrations by practise.
+
+Place your finger on your lip and hum the musical scale, thinking and
+placing the voice forward on the lips. Do you feel the lips vibrate?
+After a little practise they will vibrate, giving a tickling sensation.
+
+Repeat this exercise, throwing the humming sound into the nose. Hold the
+upper part of the nose between the thumb and forefinger. Can you feel
+the nose vibrate?
+
+Placing the palm of your hand on top of your head, repeat this humming
+exercise. Think the voice there as you hum in head tones. Can you feel
+the vibration there?
+
+Now place the palm of your hand on the back of your head, repeating the
+foregoing process. Then try it on the chest. Always remember to think
+your tone where you desire to feel the vibrations. The mere act of
+thinking about any portion of your body will tend to make it vibrate.
+
+Repeat the following, after a deep inhalation, endeavoring to feel all
+portions of your body vibrate at the same time. When you have attained
+this you will find that it is a pleasant sensation.
+
+    What ho, my jovial mates. Come on! We will frolic it like
+    fairies, frisking in the merry moonshine.
+
+
+_Purity of Voice_
+
+This quality is sometimes destroyed by wasting the breath. Carefully
+control the breath, using only as much as is necessary for the
+production of tone. Utilize all that you give out. Failure to do this
+results in a breathy tone. Take in breath like a prodigal; in speaking,
+give it out like a miser.
+
+
+_Voice Suggestions_
+
+Never attempt to force your voice when hoarse.
+
+Do not drink cold water when speaking. The sudden shock to the heated
+organs of speech will injure the voice.
+
+Avoid pitching your voice too high--it will make it raspy. This is a
+common fault. When you find your voice in too high a range, lower it. Do
+not wait until you get to the platform to try this. Practise it in your
+daily conversation. Repeat the alphabet, beginning A on the lowest scale
+possible and going up a note on each succeeding letter, for the
+development of range. A wide range will give you facility in making
+numerous changes of pitch.
+
+Do not form the habit of listening to your voice when speaking. You will
+need your brain to think of what you are saying--reserve your
+observation for private practise.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. What are the prime requisites for good voice?
+
+2. Tell why each one is necessary for good voice production.
+
+3. Give some exercises for development of these conditions.
+
+4. Why is range of voice desirable?
+
+5. Tell how range of voice may be cultivated.
+
+6. How much daily practise do you consider necessary for the proper
+development of your voice?
+
+7. How can resonance and carrying power be developed?
+
+8. What are your voice faults?
+
+9. How are you trying to correct them?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+VOICE CHARM
+
+    A cheerful temper joined with innocence will make beauty
+    attractive, knowledge delightful, and wit good-natured.
+
+    --JOSEPH ADDISON, _The Tattler_.
+
+
+Poe said that "the tone of beauty is sadness," but he was evidently
+thinking from cause to effect, not contrariwise, for sadness is rarely a
+producer of beauty--that is peculiarly the province of joy.
+
+The exquisite beauty of a sunset is not exhilarating but tends to a sort
+of melancholy that is not far from delight The haunting beauty of deep,
+quiet music holds more than a tinge of sadness. The lovely minor
+cadences of bird song at twilight are almost depressing.
+
+The reason we are affected to sadness by certain forms of placid beauty
+is twofold: movement is stimulating and joy-producing, while quietude
+leads to reflection, and reflection in turn often brings out the tone of
+regretful longing for that which is past; secondly, quiet beauty
+produces a vague aspiration for the relatively unattainable, yet does
+not stimulate to the tremendous effort necessary to make the dimly
+desired state or object ours.
+
+We must distinguish, for these reasons, between the sadness of beauty
+and the joy of beauty. True, joy is a deep, inner thing and takes in
+much more than the idea of bounding, sanguine spirits, for it includes a
+certain active contentedness of heart. In this chapter, however the
+word will have its optimistic, exuberant connotation--we are thinking
+now of vivid, bright-eyed, laughing joy.
+
+Musical, joyous tones constitute voice charm, a subtle magnetism that is
+delightfully contagious. Now it might seem to the desultory reader that
+to take the lancet and cut into this alluring voice quality would be to
+dissect a butterfly wing and so destroy its charm. Yet how can we induce
+an effect if we are not certain as to the cause?
+
+
+_Nasal Resonance Produces the Bell-tones of the Voice_
+
+The tone passages of the nose must be kept entirely free for the bright
+tones of voice--and after our warning in the preceding chapter you will
+not confuse what is popularly and erroneously called a "nasal" tone with
+the true nasal quality, which is so well illustrated by the voice work
+of trained French singers and speakers.
+
+To develop nasal resonance sing the following, dwelling as long as
+possible on the _ng_ sounds. Pitch the voice in the nasal cavity.
+Practise both in high and low registers, and develop range--_with
+brightness_.
+
+    Sing-song. Ding-dong. Hong-kong. Long-thong.
+
+Practise in the falsetto voice develops a bright quality in the normal
+speaking-voice. Try the following, and any other selections you choose,
+in a falsetto voice. A man's falsetto voice is extremely high and
+womanish, so men should not practise in falsetto after the exercise
+becomes tiresome.
+
+    She perfectly scorned the best of his clan, and declared the
+    ninth of any man, a perfectly vulgar fraction.
+
+The actress Mary Anderson asked the poet Longfellow what she could do to
+improve her voice. He replied, "Read aloud daily, joyous, lyric poetry."
+
+The joyous tones are the bright tones. Develop them by exercise.
+Practise your voice exercises in an attitude of joy. Under the influence
+of pleasure the body expands, the tone passages open, the action of
+heart and lungs is accelerated, and all the primary conditions for good
+tone are established.
+
+More songs float out from the broken windows of the negro cabins in the
+South than from the palatial homes on Fifth Avenue. Henry Ward Beecher
+said the happiest days of his life were not when he had become an
+international character, but when he was an unknown minister out in
+Lawrenceville, Ohio, sweeping his own church, and working as a carpenter
+to help pay the grocer. Happiness is largely an attitude of mind, of
+viewing life from the right angle. The optimistic attitude can be
+cultivated, and it will express itself in voice charm. A telephone
+company recently placarded this motto in their booths: "The Voice with
+the Smile Wins." It does. Try it.
+
+Reading joyous prose, or lyric poetry, will help put smile and joy of
+soul into your voice. The following selections are excellent for
+practise.
+
+_REMEMBER_ that when you first practise these classics you are to give
+sole attention to two things: a joyous attitude of heart and body, and
+bright tones of voice. After these ends have been attained to your
+satisfaction, carefully review the principles of public speaking laid
+down in the preceding chapters and put them into practise as you read
+these passages again and again. _It would be better to commit each
+selection to memory._
+
+
+
+    SELECTIONS FOR PRACTISE
+
+    _FROM MILTON'S "L'ALLEGRO"_
+
+    Haste thee, Nymph, and bring with thee
+    Jest, and youthful Jollity,
+    Quips and Cranks and wanton Wiles,
+    Nods and Becks, and wreathed Smiles,
+    Such as hang on Hebe's cheek,
+    And love to live in dimple sleek,--
+    Sport that wrinkled Care derides,
+    And Laughter holding both his sides.
+
+    Come, and trip it as ye go
+    On the light fantastic toe;
+    And in thy right hand lead with thee
+    The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty:
+    And, if I give thee honor due,
+    Mirth, admit me of thy crew,
+    To live with her, and live with thee,
+    In unreproved pleasures free;
+
+    To hear the lark begin his flight,
+    And singing, startle the dull Night
+    From his watch-tower in the skies,
+    Till the dappled Dawn doth rise;
+    Then to come in spite of sorrow,
+    And at my window bid good-morrow
+    Through the sweetbrier, or the vine,
+    Or the twisted eglantine;
+    While the cock with lively din
+    Scatters the rear of darkness thin,
+    And to the stack, or the barn-door,
+    Stoutly struts his dames before;
+
+    Oft listening how the hounds and horn
+    Cheerly rouse the slumbering Morn,
+    From the side of some hoar hill,
+    Through the high wood echoing shrill;
+    Sometime walking, not unseen,
+    By hedge-row elms, on hillocks green,
+    Right against the eastern gate,
+    Where the great Sun begins his state,
+    Robed in flames and amber light,
+    The clouds in thousand liveries dight,
+    While the plowman near at hand
+    Whistles o'er the furrowed land,
+    And the milkmaid singing blithe,
+    And the mower whets his scythe,
+    And every shepherd tells his tale,
+    Under the hawthorn in the dale.
+
+_THE SEA_
+
+    The sea, the sea, the open sea,
+    The blue, the fresh, the fever free;
+    Without a mark, without a bound,
+    It runneth the earth's wide regions round;
+    It plays with the clouds, it mocks the skies,
+    Or like a cradled creature lies.
+    I'm on the sea, I'm on the sea,
+    I am where I would ever be,
+    With the blue above and the blue below,
+    And silence wheresoe'er I go.
+    If a storm should come and awake the deep,
+    What matter? I shall ride and sleep.
+
+    I love, oh! how I love to ride
+    On the fierce, foaming, bursting tide,
+    Where every mad wave drowns the moon,
+    And whistles aloft its tempest tune,
+    And tells how goeth the world below,
+    And why the southwest wind doth blow!
+    I never was on the dull, tame shore
+    But I loved the great sea more and more,
+    And backward flew to her billowy breast,
+    Like a bird that seeketh her mother's nest,--
+    And a mother she was and is to me,
+    For I was born on the open sea.
+
+    The waves were white, and red the morn,
+    In the noisy hour when I was born;
+    The whale it whistled, the porpoise rolled,
+    And the dolphins bared their backs of gold;
+    And never was heard such an outcry wild,
+    As welcomed to life the ocean child.
+    I have lived, since then, in calm and strife,
+    Full fifty summers a rover's life,
+    With wealth to spend, and a power to range,
+    But never have sought or sighed for change:
+    And death, whenever he comes to me,
+    Shall come on the wide, unbounded sea!
+
+--BARRY CORNWALL.
+
+
+    The sun does not shine for a few trees and flowers, but for the
+    wide world's joy. The lonely pine upon the mountain-top waves
+    its sombre boughs, and cries, "Thou art my sun." And the little
+    meadow violet lifts its cup of blue, and whispers with its
+    perfumed breath, "Thou art my sun." And the grain in a thousand
+    fields rustles in the wind, and makes answer, "Thou art my sun."
+    And so God sits effulgent in Heaven, not for a favored few, but
+    for the universe of life; and there is no creature so poor or so
+    low that he may not look up with child-like confidence and say,
+    "My Father! Thou art mine."
+
+    --HENRY WARD BEECHER.
+
+
+
+_THE LARK_
+
+        Bird of the wilderness,
+        Blithesome and cumberless,
+    Sweet be thy matin o'er moorland and lea!
+        Emblem of happiness,
+        Blest is thy dwelling-place:
+    Oh, to abide in the desert with thee!
+
+        Wild is thy lay, and loud,
+        Far in the downy cloud,--
+    Love gives it energy; love gave it birth.
+        Where, on thy dewy wing
+        Where art thou journeying?
+    Thy lay is in heaven; thy love is on earth.
+
+        O'er fell and fountain sheen,
+        O'er moor and mountain green,
+    O'er the red streamer that heralds the day;
+        Over the cloudlet dim,
+        Over the rainbow's rim,
+    Musical cherub, soar, singing, away!
+
+        Then, when the gloaming comes,
+        Low in the heather blooms,
+    Sweet will thy welcome and bed of love be!
+        Emblem of happiness,
+        Blest is thy dwelling-place.
+    Oh, to abide in the desert with thee!
+
+--JAMES HOGG.
+
+In joyous conversation there is an elastic touch, a delicate stroke,
+upon the central ideas, generally following a pause. This elastic touch
+adds vivacity to the voice. If you try repeatedly, it can be sensed by
+feeling the tongue strike the teeth. The entire absence of elastic touch
+in the voice can be observed in the thick tongue of the intoxicated man.
+Try to talk with the tongue lying still in the bottom of the mouth, and
+you will obtain largely the same effect. Vivacity of utterance is gained
+by using the tongue to strike off the emphatic idea with a decisive,
+elastic touch.
+
+Deliver the following with decisive strokes on the emphatic ideas.
+Deliver it in a vivacious manner, noting the elastic touch-action of the
+tongue. A flexible, responsive tongue is absolutely essential to good
+voice work.
+
+_FROM NAPOLEON'S ADDRESS TO THE DIRECTORY ON HIS RETURN FROM EGYPT_
+
+    What have you done with that brilliant France which I left you?
+    I left you at peace, and I find you at war. I left you
+    victorious and I find you defeated. I left you the millions of
+    Italy, and I find only spoliation and poverty. What have you
+    done with the hundred thousand Frenchmen, my companions in
+    glory? They are dead!... This state of affairs cannot last long;
+    in less than three years it would plunge us into despotism.
+
+Practise the following selection, for the development of elastic touch;
+say it in a joyous spirit, using the exercise to develop voice charm in
+_all_ the ways suggested in this chapter.
+
+
+
+_THE BROOK_
+
+    I come from haunts of coot and hern,
+        I make a sudden sally,
+    And sparkle out among the fern,
+        To bicker down a valley.
+
+    By thirty hills I hurry down,
+        Or slip between the ridges;
+    By twenty thorps, a little town,
+        And half a hundred bridges.
+
+    Till last by Philip's farm I flow
+        To join the brimming river;
+    For men may come and men may go,
+        But I go on forever.
+
+    I chatter over stony ways,
+        In little sharps and trebles,
+    I bubble into eddying bays,
+        I babble on the pebbles.
+
+    With many a curve my banks I fret,
+        By many a field and fallow,
+    And many a fairy foreland set
+        With willow-weed and mallow.
+
+    I chatter, chatter, as I flow
+        To join the brimming river;
+    For men may come and men may go,
+        But I go on forever.
+
+    I wind about, and in and out,
+        With here a blossom sailing,
+    And here and there a lusty trout,
+        And here and there a grayling,
+
+    And here and there a foamy flake
+        Upon me, as I travel,
+    With many a silvery water-break
+        Above the golden gravel,
+
+    And draw them all along, and flow
+        To join the brimming river,
+    For men may come and men may go,
+        But I go on forever.
+
+    I steal by lawns and grassy plots,
+        I slide by hazel covers,
+    I move the sweet forget-me-nots
+        That grow for happy lovers.
+
+    I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,
+        Among my skimming swallows;
+    I make the netted sunbeam dance
+        Against my sandy shallows,
+
+    I murmur under moon and stars
+        In brambly wildernesses,
+    I linger by my shingly bars,
+         I loiter round my cresses;
+
+    And out again I curve and flow
+         To join the brimming river;
+    For men may come and men may go,
+         But I go on forever.
+
+--ALFRED TENNYSON.
+
+The children at play on the street, glad from sheer physical vitality,
+display a resonance and charm in their voices quite different from the
+voices that float through the silent halls of the hospitals. A skilled
+physician can tell much about his patient's condition from the mere
+sound of the voice. Failing health, or even physical weariness, tells
+through the voice. It is always well to rest and be entirely refreshed
+before attempting to deliver a public address. As to health, neither
+scope nor space permits us to discuss here the laws of hygiene. There
+are many excellent books on this subject. In the reign of the Roman
+emperor Tiberius, one senator wrote to another: "To the wise, a word is
+sufficient."
+
+"The apparel oft proclaims the man;" the voice always does--it is one of
+the greatest revealers of character. The superficial woman, the brutish
+man, the reprobate, the person of culture, often discloses inner nature
+in the voice, for even the cleverest dissembler cannot entirely prevent
+its tones and qualities being affected by the slightest change of
+thought or emotion. In anger it becomes high, harsh, and unpleasant; in
+love low, soft, and melodious--the variations are as limitless as they
+are fascinating to observe. Visit a theatrical hotel in a large city,
+and listen to the buzz-saw voices of the chorus girls from some
+burlesque "attraction." The explanation is simple--buzz-saw lives.
+Emerson said: "When a man lives with God his voice shall be as sweet as
+the murmur of the brook or the rustle of the corn." It is impossible to
+think selfish thoughts and have either an attractive personality, a
+lovely character, or a charming voice. If you want to possess voice
+charm, cultivate a deep, sincere sympathy for mankind. Love will shine
+out through your eyes and proclaim itself in your tones. One secret of
+the sweetness of the canary's song may be his freedom from tainted
+thoughts. Your character beautifies or mars your voice. As a man
+thinketh in his heart so is his voice.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Define (_a_) charm; (_b_) joy; (_c_) beauty.
+
+2. Make a list of all the words related to _joy_.
+
+3. Write a three-minute eulogy of "The Joyful Man."
+
+4. Deliver it without the use of notes. Have you carefully considered
+all the qualities that go to make up voice-charm in its delivery?
+
+5. Tell briefly in your own words what means may be employed to develop
+a charming voice.
+
+6. Discuss the effect of voice on character.
+
+7. Discuss the effect of character on voice.
+
+8. Analyze the voice charm of any speaker or singer you choose.
+
+9. Analyze the defects of any given voice.
+
+10. Make a short humorous speech imitating certain voice defects,
+pointing out reasons.
+
+11. Commit the following stanza and interpret each phase of delight
+suggested or expressed by the poet.
+
+    An infant when it gazes on a light,
+        A child the moment when it drains the breast,
+    A devotee when soars the Host in sight,
+        An Arab with a stranger for a guest,
+    A sailor when the prize has struck in fight,
+        A miser filling his most hoarded chest,
+    Feel rapture; but not such true joy are reaping
+    As they who watch o'er what they love while sleeping.
+
+--BYRON, _Don Juan_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+DISTINCTNESS AND PRECISION OF UTTERANCE
+
+    In man speaks God.
+
+    --HESIOD, _Words and Days_.
+
+    And endless are the modes of speech, and far
+    Extends from side to side the field of words.
+
+    --HOMER, _Iliad_.
+
+
+
+In popular usage the terms "pronunciation," "enunciation," and
+"articulation" are synonymous, but real pronunciation includes three
+distinct processes, and may therefore be defined as, _the utterance of a
+syllable or a group of syllables with regard to articulation,
+accentuation, and enunciation_.
+
+Distinct and precise utterance is one of the most important
+considerations of public speech. How preposterous it is to hear a
+speaker making sounds of "inarticulate earnestness" under the contented
+delusion that he is telling something to his audience! Telling? Telling
+means communicating, and how can he actually communicate without making
+every word distinct?
+
+Slovenly pronunciation results from either physical deformity or habit.
+A surgeon or a surgeon dentist may correct a deformity, but your own
+will, working by self-observation and resolution in drill, will break a
+habit. All depends upon whether you think it worth while.
+
+Defective speech is so widespread that freedom from it is the exception.
+It is painfully common to hear public speakers mutilate the king's
+English. If they do not actually murder it, as Curran once said, they
+often knock an _i_ out.
+
+A Canadian clergyman, writing in the _Homiletic Review_, relates that in
+his student days "a classmate who was an Englishman supplied a country
+church for a Sunday. On the following Monday he conducted a missionary
+meeting. In the course of his address he said some farmers thought they
+were doing their duty toward missions when they gave their 'hodds and
+hends' to the work, but the Lord required more. At the close of the
+meeting a young woman seriously said to a friend: 'I am sure the farmers
+do well if they give their hogs and hens to missions. It is more than
+most people can afford.'"
+
+It is insufferable effrontery for any man to appear before an audience
+who persists in driving the _h_ out of happiness, home and heaven, and,
+to paraphrase Waldo Messaros, will not let it rest in hell. He who does
+not show enough self-knowledge to see in himself such glaring faults,
+nor enough self-mastery to correct them, has no business to instruct
+others. If he _can_ do no better, he should be silent. If he _will_ do
+no better, he should also be silent.
+
+Barring incurable physical defects--and few are incurable nowadays--the
+whole matter is one of will. The catalogue of those who have done the
+impossible by faithful work is as inspiring as a roll-call of warriors.
+"The less there is of you," says Nathan Sheppard, "the more need for you
+to make the most of what there is of you."
+
+
+_Articulation_
+
+Articulation is the forming and joining of the elementary sounds of
+speech. It seems an appalling task to utter articulately the third-of-a
+million words that go to make up our English vocabulary, but the way to
+make a beginning is really simple: _learn to utter correctly, and with
+easy change from one to the other, each of the forty-four elementary
+sounds in our language_.
+
+The reasons why articulation is so painfully slurred by a great many
+public speakers are four: ignorance of the elemental sounds; failure to
+discriminate between sounds nearly alike; a slovenly, lazy use of the
+vocal organs; and a torpid will. Anyone who is still master of himself
+will know how to handle each of these defects.
+
+The vowel sounds are the most vexing source of errors, especially where
+diphthongs are found. Who has not heard such errors as are hit off in
+this inimitable verse by Oliver Wendell Holmes:
+
+    Learning condemns beyond the reach of hope
+    The careless lips that speak of s[)o]ap for s[=o]ap;
+    Her edict exiles from her fair abode
+    The clownish voice that utters r[)o]ad for r[=o]ad;
+    Less stern to him who calls his c[=o]at, a c[)o]at
+    And steers his b[=o]at believing it a b[)o]at.
+    She pardoned one, our classic city's boast.
+    Who said at Cambridge, m[)o]st instead of m[=o]st,
+    But knit her brows and stamped her angry foot
+    To hear a Teacher call a r[=oo]t a r[)oo]t.
+
+The foregoing examples are all monosyllables, but bad articulation is
+frequently the result of joining sounds that do not belong together.
+For example, no one finds it difficult to say _beauty_, but many persist
+in pronouncing _duty_ as though it were spelled either _dooty_ or
+_juty_. It is not only from untaught speakers that we hear such slovenly
+articulations as _colyum_ for _column_, and _pritty_ for _pretty_, but
+even great orators occasionally offend quite as unblushingly as less
+noted mortals.
+
+Nearly all such are errors of carelessness, not of pure ignorance--of
+carelessness because the ear never tries to hear what the lips
+articulate. It must be exasperating to a foreigner to find that the
+elemental sound _ou_ gives him no hint for the pronunciation of _bough_,
+_cough_, _rough_, _thorough_, and _through_, and we can well forgive
+even a man of culture who occasionally loses his way amidst the
+intricacies of English articulation, but there can be no excuse for the
+slovenly utterance of the simple vowel sounds which form at once the
+life and the beauty of our language. He who is too lazy to speak
+distinctly should hold his tongue.
+
+The consonant sounds occasion serious trouble only for those who do not
+look with care at the spelling of words about to be pronounced. Nothing
+but carelessness can account for saying _Jacop_, _Babtist_, _sevem_,
+_alwus_, or _sadisfy_.
+
+"He that hath yaws to yaw, let him yaw," is the rendering which an
+Anglophobiac clergyman gave of the familiar scripture, "He that hath
+ears to hear, let him hear." After hearing the name of Sir Humphry Davy
+pronounced, a Frenchman who wished to write to the eminent Englishman
+thus addressed the letter: "Serum Fridavi."
+
+
+_Accentuation_
+
+Accentuation is the stressing of the proper syllables in words. This it
+is that is popularly called _pronunciation_. For instance, we properly
+say that a word is mispronounced when it is accented _in'-vite_instead
+of _in-vite'_, though it is really an offense against only one form of
+pronunciation--accentuation.
+
+It is the work of a lifetime to learn the accents of a large vocabulary
+and to keep pace with changing usage; but an alert ear, the study of
+word-origins, and the dictionary habit, will prove to be mighty helpers
+in a task that can never be finally completed.
+
+
+_Enunciation_
+
+Correct enunciation is the complete utterance of all the sounds of a
+syllable or a word. Wrong articulation gives the wrong sound to the
+vowel or vowels of a word or a syllable, as _doo_ for _dew_; or unites
+two sounds improperly, as _hully_ for _wholly_. Wrong enunciation is the
+_incomplete_ utterance of a syllable or a word, the sound omitted or
+added being usually consonantal. To say _needcessity_ instead of
+_necessity_ is a wrong articulation; to say _doin_ for _doing_ is
+improper enunciation. The one articulates--that is, joints--two sounds
+that should not be joined, and thus gives the word a positively wrong
+sound; the other fails to touch all the sounds in the word, and _in that
+particular way_ also sounds the word incorrectly.
+
+"My tex' may be foun' in the fif' and six' verses of the secon' chapter
+of Titus; and the subjec' of my discourse is 'The Gover'ment of ar
+Homes.'"[6]
+
+What did this preacher do with his final consonants? This slovenly
+dropping of essential sounds is as offensive as the common habit of
+running words together so that they lose their individuality and
+distinctness. _Lighten dark_, _uppen down_, _doncher know_,
+_partic'lar_, _zamination_, are all too common to need comment.
+
+Imperfect enunciation is due to lack of attention and to lazy lips. It
+can be corrected by resolutely attending to the formation of syllables
+as they are uttered. Flexible lips will enunciate difficult combinations
+of sounds without slighting any of them, but such flexibility cannot be
+attained except by habitually uttering words with distinctness and
+accuracy. A daily exercise in enunciating a series of sounds will in a
+short time give flexibility to the lips and alertness to the mind, so
+that no word will be uttered without receiving its due complement of
+sound.
+
+Returning to our definition, we see that when the sounds of a word are
+properly articulated, the right syllables accented, and full value given
+to each sound in its enunciation, we have correct pronunciation. Perhaps
+one word of caution is needed here, lest any one, anxious to bring out
+clearly every sound, should overdo the matter and neglect the unity and
+smoothness of pronunciation. Be careful not to bring syllables into so
+much prominence as to make words seem long and angular. The joints must
+be kept decently dressed.
+
+Before delivery, do not fail to go over your manuscript and note every
+sound that may possibly be mispronounced. Consult the dictionary and
+make assurance doubly sure. If the arrangement of words is unfavorable
+to clear enunciation, change either words or order and do not rest until
+you can follow Hamlet's directions to the players.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Practise repeating the following rapidly, paying particular attention
+to the consonants.
+
+    "Foolish Flavius, flushing feverishly, fiercely found fault with
+    Flora's frivolity.[7]"
+
+    Mary's matchless mimicry makes much mischief.
+
+    Seated on shining shale she sells sea shells.
+
+    You youngsters yielded your youthful yule-tide yearnings
+    yesterday.
+
+2. Sound the _l_ in each of the following words, repeated in sequence:
+
+    Blue black blinkers blocked Black Blondin's eyes.
+
+3. Do you say a _bloo_ sky or a _blue_ sky?
+
+4. Compare the _u_ sound in _few_ and in _new_. Say each aloud, and
+decide which is correct, _Noo York_, _New Yawk_, or _New York_?
+
+5. Pay careful heed to the directions of this chapter in reading the
+following, from Hamlet. After the interview with the ghost of his
+father, Hamlet tells his friends Horatio and Marcellus that he intends
+to act a part:
+
+    _Horatio_. O day and night, but this is wondrous strange!
+
+    _Hamlet_. And therefore as a stranger give it welcome.
+    There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
+    Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
+    But come;
+    Here, as before, never, so help you mercy,
+    How strange or odd so'er I bear myself,--
+    As I perchance hereafter shall think meet
+    To put an antic disposition on,--
+    That you, at such times seeing me, never shall,
+    With arms encumber'd thus, or this head-shake,
+    Or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase,
+    As "Well, well, we know," or "We could, an if we would,"
+    Or "If we list to speak," or "There be, an if there might,"
+    Or such ambiguous giving-out, to note
+    That you know aught of me: this not to do,
+    So grace and mercy at your most need help you,
+    Swear.
+
+--_Act I. Scene V._
+
+
+6. Make a list of common errors of pronunciation, saying which are due
+to faulty articulation, wrong accentuation, and incomplete enunciation.
+In each case make the correction.
+
+7. Criticise any speech you may have heard which displayed these faults.
+
+8. Explain how the false shame of seeming to be too precise may hinder
+us from cultivating perfect verbal utterance.
+
+9. Over-precision is likewise a fault. To bring out any syllable unduly
+is to caricature the word. Be _moderate_ in reading the following:
+
+_THE LAST SPEECH OF MAXIMILIAN DE ROBESPIERRE_
+
+    The enemies of the Republic call me tyrant! Were I such they
+    would grovel at my feet. I should gorge them with gold, I should
+    grant them immunity for their crimes, and they would be
+    grateful. Were I such, the kings we have vanquished, far from
+    denouncing Robespierre, would lend me their guilty support;
+    there would be a covenant between them and me. Tyranny must have
+    tools. But the enemies of tyranny,--whither does their path
+    tend? To the tomb, and to immortality! What tyrant is my
+    protector? To what faction do I belong? Yourselves! What
+    faction, since the beginning of the Revolution, has crushed and
+    annihilated so many detected traitors? You, the people,--our
+    principles--are that faction--a faction to which I am devoted,
+    and against which all the scoundrelism of the day is banded!
+
+    The confirmation of the Republic has been my object; and I know
+    that the Republic can be established only on the eternal basis
+    of morality. Against me, and against those who hold kindred
+    principles, the league is formed. My life? Oh! my life I abandon
+    without a regret! I have seen the past; and I foresee the
+    future. What friend of this country would wish to survive the
+    moment when he could no longer serve it,--when he could no
+    longer defend innocence against oppression? Wherefore should I
+    continue in an order of things, where intrigue eternally
+    triumphs over truth; where justice is mocked; where passions the
+    most abject, or fears the most absurd, over-ride the sacred
+    interests of humanity? In witnessing the multitude of vices
+    which the torrent of the Revolution has rolled in turbid
+    communion with its civic virtues, I confess that I have
+    sometimes feared that I should be sullied, in the eyes of
+    posterity, by the impure neighborhood of unprincipled men, who
+    had thrust themselves into association with the sincere friends
+    of humanity; and I rejoice that these conspirators against my
+    country have now, by their reckless rage, traced deep the line
+    of demarcation between themselves and all true men.
+
+    Question history, and learn how all the defenders of liberty, in
+    all times, have been overwhelmed by calumny. But their traducers
+    died also. The good and the bad disappear alike from the earth;
+    but in very different conditions. O Frenchmen! O my countrymen!
+    Let not your enemies, with their desolating doctrines, degrade
+    your souls, and enervate your virtues! No, Chaumette, no! Death
+    is not "an eternal sleep!" Citizens! efface from the tomb that
+    motto, graven by sacrilegious hands, which spreads over all
+    nature a funereal crape, takes from oppressed innocence its
+    support, and affronts the beneficent dispensation of death!
+    Inscribe rather thereon these words: "Death is the commencement
+    of immortality!" I leave to the oppressors of the People a
+    terrible testament, which I proclaim with the independence
+    befitting one whose career is so nearly ended; it is the awful
+    truth--"Thou shalt die!"
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 6: _School and College Speaker_, Mitchell.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _School and College Speaker_, Mitchell.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE TRUTH ABOUT GESTURE
+
+    When Whitefield acted an old blind man advancing by slow steps
+    toward the edge of the precipice, Lord Chesterfield started up
+    and cried: "Good God, he is gone!"
+
+    --NATHAN SHEPPARD, _Before an Audience_.
+
+
+Gesture is really a simple matter that requires observation and common
+sense rather than a book of rules. Gesture is an outward expression of
+an inward condition. It is merely an effect--the effect of a mental or
+an emotional impulse struggling for expression through physical avenues.
+
+You must not, however, begin at the wrong end: if you are troubled by
+your gestures, or a lack of gestures, attend to the cause, not the
+effect. It will not in the least help matters to tack on to your
+delivery a few mechanical movements. If the tree in your front yard is
+not growing to suit you, fertilize and water the soil and let the tree
+have sunshine. Obviously it will not help your tree to nail on a few
+branches. If your cistern is dry, wait until it rains; or bore a well.
+Why plunge a pump into a dry hole?
+
+The speaker whose thoughts and emotions are welling within him like a
+mountain spring will not have much trouble to make gestures; it will be
+merely a question of properly directing them. If his enthusiasm for his
+subject is not such as to give him a natural impulse for dramatic
+action, it will avail nothing to furnish him with a long list of rules.
+He may tack on some movements, but they will look like the wilted
+branches nailed to a tree to simulate life. Gestures must be born, not
+built. A wooden horse may amuse the children, but it takes a live one to
+go somewhere.
+
+It is not only impossible to lay down definite rules on this subject,
+but it would be silly to try, for everything depends on the speech, the
+occasion, the personality and feelings of the speaker, and the attitude
+of the audience. It is easy enough to forecast the result of multiplying
+seven by six, but it is impossible to tell any man what kind of gestures
+he will be impelled to use when he wishes to show his earnestness. We
+may tell him that many speakers close the hand, with the exception of
+the forefinger, and pointing that finger straight at the audience pour
+out their thoughts like a volley; or that others stamp one foot for
+emphasis; or that Mr. Bryan often slaps his hands together for great
+force, holding one palm upward in an easy manner; or that Gladstone
+would sometimes make a rush at the clerk's table in Parliament and smite
+it with his hand so forcefully that D'israeli once brought down the
+house by grimly congratulating himself that such a barrier stood between
+himself and "the honorable gentleman."
+
+All these things, and a bookful more, may we tell the speaker, but we
+cannot know whether he can use these gestures or not, any more than we
+can decide whether he could wear Mr. Bryan's clothes. The best that can
+be done on this subject is to offer a few practical suggestions, and let
+personal good taste decide as to where effective dramatic action ends
+and extravagant motion begins.
+
+
+_Any Gesture That Merely Calls Attention to Itself Is Bad_
+
+The purpose of a gesture is to carry your thought and feeling into the
+minds and hearts of your hearers; this it does by emphasizing your
+message, by interpreting it, by expressing it in action, by striking its
+tone in either a physically descriptive, a suggestive, or a typical
+gesture--and let it be remembered all the time that gesture includes
+_all_ physical movement, from facial expression and the tossing of the
+head to the expressive movements of hand and foot. A shifting of the
+pose may be a most effective gesture.
+
+What is true of gesture is true of all life. If the people on the street
+turn around and watch your walk, your walk is more important than you
+are--change it. If the attention of your audience is called to your
+gestures, they are not convincing, because they _appear_ to be--what
+they have a doubtful right to be in reality--studied. Have you ever seen
+a speaker use such grotesque gesticulations that you were fascinated by
+their frenzy of oddity, but could not follow his thought? Do not smother
+ideas with gymnastics. Savonarola would rush down from the high pulpit
+among the congregation in the _duomo_ at Florence and carry the fire of
+conviction to his hearers; Billy Sunday slides to base on the platform
+carpet in dramatizing one of his baseball illustrations. Yet in both
+instances the message has somehow stood out bigger than the gesture--it
+is chiefly in calm afterthought that men have remembered the _form_ of
+dramatic expression. When Sir Henry Irving made his famous exit as
+"Shylock" the last thing the audience saw was his pallid, avaricious
+hand extended skinny and claw-like against the background. At the time,
+every one was overwhelmed by the tremendous typical quality of this
+gesture; now, we have time to think of its art, and discuss its
+realistic power.
+
+Only when gesture is subordinated to the absorbing importance of the
+idea--a spontaneous, living expression of living truth--is it
+justifiable at all; and when it is remembered for itself--as a piece of
+unusual physical energy or as a poem of grace--it is a dead failure as
+dramatic expression. There is a place for a unique style of walking--it
+is the circus or the cake-walk; there is a place for surprisingly
+rhythmical evolutions of arms and legs--it is on the dance floor or the
+stage. Don't let your agility and grace put your thoughts out of
+business.
+
+One of the present writers took his first lessons in gesture from a
+certain college president who knew far more about what had happened at
+the Diet of Worms than he did about how to express himself in action.
+His instructions were to start the movement on a certain word, continue
+it on a precise curve, and unfold the fingers at the conclusion, ending
+with the forefinger--just so. Plenty, and more than plenty, has been
+published on this subject, giving just such silly directions. Gesture is
+a thing of mentality and feeling--not a matter of geometry. Remember,
+whenever a pair of shoes, a method of pronunciation, or a gesture calls
+attention to itself, it is bad. When you have made really good gestures
+in a good speech your hearers will not go away saying, "What beautiful
+gestures he made!" but they will say, "I'll vote for that measure." "He
+is right--I believe in that."
+
+
+_Gestures Should Be Born of the Moment_
+
+The best actors and public speakers rarely know in advance what gestures
+they are going to make. They make one gesture on certain words tonight,
+and none at all tomorrow night at the same point--their various moods
+and interpretations govern their gestures. It is all a matter of impulse
+and intelligent feeling with them--don't overlook that word
+_intelligent_. Nature does not always provide the same kind of sunsets
+or snow flakes, and the movements of a good speaker vary almost as much
+as the creations of nature.
+
+Now all this is not to say that you must not take some thought for your
+gestures. If that were meant, why this chapter? When the sergeant
+despairingly besought the recruit in the awkward squad to step out and
+look at himself, he gave splendid advice--and worthy of personal
+application. Particularly while you are in the learning days of public
+speaking you must learn to criticise your own gestures. Recall them--see
+where they were useless, crude, awkward, what not, and do better next
+time. There is a vast deal of difference between being conscious of self
+and being self-conscious.
+
+It will require your nice discrimination in order to cultivate
+spontaneous gestures and yet give due attention to practise. While you
+depend upon the moment it is vital to remember that only a dramatic
+genius can effectively accomplish such feats as we have related of
+Whitefield, Savonarola, and others: and doubtless the first time they
+were used they came in a burst of spontaneous feeling, yet Whitefield
+declared that not until he had delivered a sermon forty times was its
+delivery perfected. What spontaneity initiates let practise complete.
+Every effective speaker and every vivid actor has observed, considered
+and practised gesture until his dramatic actions are a sub-conscious
+possession, just like his ability to pronounce correctly without
+especially concentrating his thought. Every able platform man has
+possessed himself of a dozen ways in which he might depict in gesture
+any given emotion; in fact, the means for such expression are
+endless--and this is precisely why it is both useless and harmful to
+make a chart of gestures and enforce them as the ideals of what may be
+used to express this or that feeling. Practise descriptive, suggestive,
+and typical movements until they come as naturally as a good
+articulation; and rarely forecast the gestures you will use at a given
+moment: leave something to that moment.
+
+
+_Avoid Monotony in Gesture_
+
+Roast beef is an excellent dish, but it would be terrible as an
+exclusive diet. No matter how effective one gesture is, do not overwork
+it. Put variety in your actions. Monotony will destroy all beauty and
+power. The pump handle makes one effective gesture, and on hot days that
+one is very eloquent, but it has its limitations.
+
+
+_Any Movement that is not Significant, Weakens_
+
+Do not forget that. Restlessness is not expression. A great many useless
+movements will only take the attention of the audience from what you are
+saying. A widely-noted man introduced the speaker of the evening one
+Sunday lately to a New York audience. The only thing remembered about
+that introductory speech is that the speaker played nervously with the
+covering of the table as he talked. We naturally watch moving objects. A
+janitor putting down a window can take the attention of the hearers from
+Mr. Roosevelt. By making a few movements at one side of the stage a
+chorus girl may draw the interest of the spectators from a big scene
+between the "leads." When our forefathers lived in caves they had to
+watch moving objects, for movements meant danger. We have not yet
+overcome the habit. Advertisers have taken advantage of it--witness the
+moving electric light signs in any city. A shrewd speaker will respect
+this law and conserve the attention of his audience by eliminating all
+unnecessary movements.
+
+
+_Gesture Should either be Simultaneous with or Precede the Words--not
+Follow Them_
+
+Lady Macbeth says: "Bear welcome in your eye, your hand, your tongue."
+Reverse this order and you get comedy. Say, "There he goes," pointing at
+him after you have finished your words, and see if the result is not
+comical.
+
+
+_Do Not Make Short, Jerky Movements_
+
+Some speakers seem to be imitating a waiter who has failed to get a tip.
+Let your movements be easy, and from the shoulder, as a rule, rather
+than from the elbow. But do not go to the other extreme and make too
+many flowing motions--that savors of the lackadaisical.
+
+Put a little "punch" and life into your gestures. You can not, however,
+do this mechanically. The audience will detect it if you do. They may
+not know just what is wrong, but the gesture will have a false
+appearance to them.
+
+
+_Facial Expression is Important_
+
+Have you ever stopped in front of a Broadway theater and looked at the
+photographs of the cast? Notice the row of chorus girls who are supposed
+to be expressing fear. Their attitudes are so mechanical that the
+attempt is ridiculous. Notice the picture of the "star" expressing the
+same emotion: his muscles are drawn, his eyebrows lifted, he shrinks,
+and fear shines through his eyes. That actor _felt_ fear when the
+photograph was taken. The chorus girls felt that it was time for a
+rarebit, and more nearly expressed that emotion than they did fear.
+Incidentally, that is one reason why they _stay_ in the chorus.
+
+The movements of the facial muscles may mean a great deal more than the
+movements of the hand. The man who sits in a dejected heap with a look
+of despair on his face is expressing his thoughts and feelings just as
+effectively as the man who is waving his arms and shouting from the
+back of a dray wagon. The eye has been called the window of the soul.
+Through it shines the light of our thoughts and feelings.
+
+
+_Do Not Use Too Much Gesture_
+
+As a matter of fact, in the big crises of life we do not go through many
+actions. When your closest friend dies you do not throw up your hands
+and talk about your grief. You are more likely to sit and brood in
+dry-eyed silence. The Hudson River does not make much noise on its way
+to the sea--it is not half so loud as the little creek up in Bronx Park
+that a bullfrog could leap across. The barking dog never tears your
+trousers--at least they say he doesn't. Do not fear the man who waves
+his arms and shouts his anger, but the man who comes up quietly with
+eyes flaming and face burning may knock you down. Fuss is not force.
+Observe these principles in nature and practise them in your delivery.
+
+The writer of this chapter once observed an instructor drilling a class
+in gesture. They had come to the passage from Henry VIII in which the
+humbled Cardinal says: "Farewell, a long farewell to all my greatness."
+It is one of the pathetic passages of literature. A man uttering such a
+sentiment would be crushed, and the last thing on earth he would do
+would be to make flamboyant movements. Yet this class had an
+elocutionary manual before them that gave an appropriate gesture for
+every occasion, from paying the gas bill to death-bed farewells. So they
+were instructed to throw their arms out at full length on each side and
+say: "Farewell, a long farewell to all my greatness." Such a gesture
+might possibly be used in an after-dinner speech at the convention of a
+telephone company whose lines extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
+but to think of Wolsey's using that movement would suggest that his fate
+was just.
+
+
+_Posture_
+
+The physical attitude to be taken before the audience really is included
+in gesture. Just what that attitude should be depends, not on rules, but
+on the spirit of the speech and the occasion. Senator La Follette stood
+for three hours with his weight thrown on his forward foot as he leaned
+out over the footlights, ran his fingers through his hair, and flamed
+out a denunciation of the trusts. It was very effective. But imagine a
+speaker taking that kind of position to discourse on the development of
+road-making machinery. If you have a fiery, aggressive message, and will
+let yourself go, nature will naturally pull your weight to your forward
+foot. A man in a hot political argument or a street brawl never has to
+stop to think upon which foot he should throw his weight. You may
+sometimes place your weight on your back foot if you have a restful and
+calm message--but don't worry about it: just stand like a man who
+genuinely feels what he is saying. Do not stand with your heels close
+together, like a soldier or a butler. No more should you stand with them
+wide apart like a traffic policeman. Use simple good manners and common
+sense.
+
+Here a word of caution is needed. We have advised you to allow your
+gestures and postures to be spontaneous and not woodenly prepared
+beforehand, but do not go to the extreme of ignoring the importance of
+acquiring mastery of your physical movements. A muscular hand made
+flexible by free movement, is far more likely to be an effective
+instrument in gesture than a stiff, pudgy bunch of fingers. If your
+shoulders are lithe and carried well, while your chest does not retreat
+from association with your chin, the chances of using good
+extemporaneous gestures are so much the better. Learn to keep the _back_
+of your neck touching your collar, hold your chest high, and keep down
+your waist measure.
+
+So attention to strength, poise, flexibility, and grace of body are the
+foundations of good gesture, for they are expressions of vitality, and
+without vitality no speaker can enter the kingdom of power. When an
+awkward giant like Abraham Lincoln rose to the sublimest heights of
+oratory he did so because of the greatness of his soul--his very
+ruggedness of spirit and artless honesty were properly expressed in his
+gnarly body. The fire of character, of earnestness, and of message swept
+his hearers before him when the tepid words of an insincere Apollo would
+have left no effect. But be sure you are a second Lincoln before you
+despise the handicap of physical awkwardness.
+
+"Ty" Cobb has confided to the public that when he is in a batting slump
+he even stands before a mirror, bat in hand, to observe the "swing" and
+"follow through" of his batting form. If you would learn to stand well
+before an audience, look at yourself in a mirror--but not too often.
+Practise walking and standing before the mirror so as to conquer
+awkwardness--not to cultivate a pose. Stand on the platform in the same
+easy manner that you would use before guests in a drawing-room. If your
+position is not graceful, make it so by dancing, gymnasium work, and _by
+getting grace and poise in your mind_.
+
+Do not continually hold the same position. Any big change of thought
+necessitates a change of position. Be at home. There are no rules--it is
+all a matter of taste. While on the platform forget that you have any
+hands until you desire to use them--then remember them effectively.
+Gravity will take care of them. Of course, if you want to put them
+behind you, or fold them once in awhile, it is not going to ruin your
+speech. Thought and feeling are the big things in speaking--not the
+position of a foot or a hand. Simply _put_ your limbs where you want
+them to be--you have a will, so do not neglect to use it.
+
+Let us reiterate, do not despise practise. Your gestures and movements
+may be spontaneous and still be wrong. No matter how natural they are,
+it is possible to improve them.
+
+It is impossible for anyone--even yourself--to criticise your gestures
+until after they are made. You can't prune a peach tree until it comes
+up; therefore speak much, and observe your own speech. While you are
+examining yourself, do not forget to study statuary and paintings to see
+how the great portrayers of nature have made their subjects express
+ideas through action. Notice the gestures of the best speakers and
+actors. Observe the physical expression of life everywhere. The leaves
+on the tree respond to the slightest breeze. The muscles of your face,
+the light of your eyes, should respond to the slightest change of
+feeling. Emerson says: "Every man that I meet is my superior in some
+way. In that I learn of him." Illiterate Italians make gestures so
+wonderful and beautiful that Booth or Barrett might have sat at their
+feet and been instructed. Open your eyes. Emerson says again: "We are
+immersed in beauty, but our eyes have no clear vision." Toss this book
+to one side; go out and watch one child plead with another for a bite of
+apple; see a street brawl; observe life in action. Do you want to know
+how to express victory? Watch the victors' hands go high on election
+night. Do you want to plead a cause? Make a composite photograph of all
+the pleaders in daily life you constantly see. Beg, borrow, and steal
+the best you can get, _BUT DON'T GIVE IT OUT AS THEFT_. Assimilate it
+until it becomes a part of you--then _let_ the expression come out.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. From what source do you intend to study gesture?
+
+2. What is the first requisite of good gestures? Why?
+
+3. Why is it impossible to lay down steel-clad rules for gesturing?
+
+4. Describe (_a_) a graceful gesture that you have observed; (_b_) a
+forceful one; (_c_) an extravagant one; (_d_) an inappropriate one.
+
+5. What gestures do you use for emphasis? Why?
+
+6. How can grace of movement be acquired?
+
+7. When in doubt about a gesture what would you do?
+
+8. What, according to your observations before a mirror, are your faults
+in gesturing?
+
+9. How do you intend to correct them?
+
+10. What are some of the gestures, if any, that you might use in
+delivering Thurston's speech, page 50; Grady's speech, page 36? Be
+specific.
+
+11. Describe some particularly appropriate gesture that you have
+observed. Why was it appropriate?
+
+12. Cite at least three movements in nature that might well be imitated
+in gesture.
+
+13. What would you gather from the expressions: _descriptive_ gesture,
+_suggestive_ gesture, and _typical_ gesture?
+
+14. Select any elemental emotion, such as fear, and try, by picturing in
+your mind at least five different situations that might call forth this
+emotion, to express its several phases by gesture--including posture,
+movement, and facial expression.
+
+15. Do the same thing for such other emotions as you may select.
+
+16. Select three passages from any source, only being sure that they are
+suitable for public delivery, memorize each, and then devise gestures
+suitable for each. Say why.
+
+17. Criticise the gestures in any speech you have heard recently.
+
+18. Practise flexible movement of the hand. What exercises did you find
+useful?
+
+19. Carefully observe some animal; then devise several typical gestures.
+
+20. Write a brief dialogue between any two animals; read it aloud and
+invent expressive gestures.
+
+21. Deliver, with appropriate gestures, the quotation that heads this
+chapter.
+
+22. Read aloud the following incident, using dramatic gestures:
+
+    When Voltaire was preparing a young actress to appear in one of
+    his tragedies, he tied her hands to her sides with pack thread
+    in order to check her tendency toward exuberant gesticulation.
+    Under this condition of compulsory immobility she commenced to
+    rehearse, and for some time she bore herself calmly enough; but
+    at last, completely carried away by her feelings, she burst her
+    bonds and flung up her arms. Alarmed at her supposed neglect of
+    his instructions, she began to apologize to the poet; he
+    smilingly reassured her, however; the gesture was _then_
+    admirable, because it was irrepressible.
+
+    --REDWAY, _The Actor's Art_.
+
+23. Render the following with suitable gestures:
+
+    One day, while preaching, Whitefield "suddenly assumed a
+    nautical air and manner that were irresistible with him," and
+    broke forth in these words: "Well, my boys, we have a clear sky,
+    and are making fine headway over a smooth sea before a light
+    breeze, and we shall soon lose sight of land. But what means
+    this sudden lowering of the heavens, and that dark cloud arising
+    from beneath the western horizon? Hark! Don't you hear distant
+    thunder? Don't you see those flashes of lightning? There is a
+    storm gathering! Every man to his duty! The air is dark!--the
+    tempest rages!--our masts are gone!--the ship is on her beam
+    ends! What next?" At this a number of sailors in the
+    congregation, utterly swept away by the dramatic description,
+    leaped to their feet and cried: "The longboat!--take to the
+    longboat!"
+
+    --NATHAN SHEPPARD, _Before an Audience_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+METHODS OF DELIVERY
+
+    The crown, the consummation, of the discourse is its delivery.
+    Toward it all preparation looks, for it the audience waits, by
+    it the speaker is judged.... All the forces of the orator's life
+    converge in his oratory. The logical acuteness with which he
+    marshals the facts around his theme, the rhetorical facility
+    with which he orders his language, the control to which he has
+    attained in the use of his body as a single organ of expression,
+    whatever richness of acquisition and experience are his--these
+    all are now incidents; _the fact_ is the sending of his message
+    home to his hearers.... The hour of delivery is the "supreme,
+    inevitable hour" for the orator. It is this fact that makes lack
+    of adequate preparation such an impertinence. And it is this
+    that sends such thrills of indescribable joy through the
+    orator's whole being when he has achieved a success--it is like
+    the mother forgetting her pangs for the joy of bringing a son
+    into the world.
+
+    --J.B.E., _How to Attract and Hold an Audience_.
+
+
+There are four fundamental methods of delivering an address; all others
+are modifications of one or more of these: reading from manuscript,
+committing the written speech and speaking from memory, speaking from
+notes, and extemporaneous speech. It is impossible to say which form of
+delivery is best for all speakers in all circumstances--in deciding for
+yourself you should consider the occasion, the nature of the audience,
+the character of your subject, and your own limitations of time and
+ability. However, it is worth while warning you not to be lenient in
+self-exaction. Say to yourself courageously: What others can do, I can
+attempt. A bold spirit conquers where others flinch, and a trying task
+challenges pluck.
+
+
+_Reading from Manuscript_
+
+This method really deserves short shrift in a book on public speaking,
+for, delude yourself as you may, public reading is not public speaking.
+Yet there are so many who grasp this broken reed for support that we
+must here discuss the "read speech"--apologetic misnomer as it is.
+
+Certainly there are occasions--among them, the opening of Congress, the
+presentation of a sore question before a deliberative body, or a
+historical commemoration--when it may seem not alone to the "orator" but
+to all those interested that the chief thing is to express certain
+thoughts in precise language--in language that _must_ not be either
+misunderstood or misquoted. At such times oratory is unhappily elbowed
+to a back bench, the manuscript is solemnly withdrawn from the capacious
+inner pocket of the new frock coat, and everyone settles himself
+resignedly, with only a feeble flicker of hope that the so-called speech
+may not be as long as it is thick. The words may be golden, but the
+hearers' (?) eyes are prone to be leaden, and in about one instance out
+of a hundred does the perpetrator really deliver an impressive address.
+His excuse is his apology--he is not to be blamed, as a rule, for some
+one decreed that it would be dangerous to cut loose from manuscript
+moorings and take his audience with him on a really delightful sail.
+
+One great trouble on such "great occasions" is that the essayist--for
+such he is--has been chosen not because of his speaking ability but
+because his grandfather fought in a certain battle, or his constituents
+sent him to Congress, or his gifts in some line of endeavor other than
+speaking have distinguished him.
+
+As well choose a surgeon from his ability to play golf. To be sure, it
+always interests an audience to see a great man; because of his eminence
+they are likely to listen to his words with respect, perhaps with
+interest, even when droned from a manuscript. But how much more
+effective such a deliverance would be if the papers were cast aside!
+
+Nowhere is the read-address so common as in the pulpit--the pulpit, that
+in these days least of all can afford to invite a handicap. Doubtless
+many clergymen prefer finish to fervor--let them choose: they are rarely
+men who sway the masses to acceptance of their message. What they gain
+in precision and elegance of language they lose in force.
+
+There are just four motives that can move a man to read his address or
+sermon:
+
+1. Laziness is the commonest. Enough said. Even Heaven cannot make a
+lazy man efficient.
+
+2. A memory so defective that he really cannot speak without reading.
+Alas, he is not speaking when he is reading, so his dilemma is
+painful--and not to himself alone. But no man has a right to assume that
+his memory is utterly bad until he has buckled down to memory
+culture--and failed. A weak memory is oftener an excuse than a reason.
+
+3. A genuine lack of time to do more than write the speech. There are
+such instances--but they do not occur every week! The disposition of
+your time allows more flexibility than you realize. Motive 3 too often
+harnesses up with Motive 1.
+
+4. A conviction that the speech is too important to risk forsaking the
+manuscript. But, if it is vital that every word should be so precise,
+the style so polished, and the thoughts so logical, that the preacher
+must write the sermon entire, is not the message important enough to
+warrant extra effort in perfecting its delivery? It is an insult to a
+congregation and disrespectful to Almighty God to put the phrasing of a
+message above the message itself. To reach the hearts of the hearers the
+sermon must be delivered--it is only half delivered when the speaker
+cannot utter it with original fire and force, when he merely repeats
+words that were conceived hours or weeks before and hence are like
+champagne that has lost its fizz. The reading preacher's eyes are tied
+down to his manuscript; he cannot give the audience the benefit of his
+expression. How long would a play fill a theater if the actors held
+their cue-books in hand and read their parts? Imagine Patrick Henry
+reading his famous speech; Peter-the-Hermit, manuscript in hand,
+exhorting the crusaders; Napoleon, constantly looking at his papers,
+addressing the army at the Pyramids; or Jesus reading the Sermon on the
+Mount! These speakers were so full of their subjects, their general
+preparation had been so richly adequate, that there was no necessity for
+a manuscript, either to refer to or to serve as "an outward and visible
+sign" of their preparedness. No event was ever so dignified that it
+required an _artificial_ attempt at speech making. Call an essay by its
+right name, but never call it a speech. Perhaps the most dignified of
+events is a supplication to the Creator. If you ever listened to the
+reading of an original prayer you must have felt its superficiality.
+
+Regardless of what the theories may be about manuscript delivery, the
+fact remains that it does not work out with efficiency. _Avoid it
+whenever at all possible._
+
+
+_Committing the Written Speech and Speaking from Memory_
+
+This method has certain points in its favor. If you have time and
+leisure, it is possible to polish and rewrite your ideas until they are
+expressed in clear, concise terms. Pope sometimes spent a whole day in
+perfecting one couplet. Gibbon consumed twenty years gathering material
+for and rewriting the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Although
+you cannot devote such painstaking preparation to a speech, you should
+take time to eliminate useless words, crowd whole paragraphs into a
+sentence and choose proper illustrations. Good speeches, like plays, are
+not written; they are rewritten. The National Cash Register Company
+follows this plan with their most efficient selling organization: they
+require their salesmen to memorize verbatim a selling talk. They
+maintain that there is one best way of putting their selling arguments,
+and they insist that each salesman use this ideal way rather than employ
+any haphazard phrases that may come into his mind at the moment.
+
+The method of writing and committing has been adopted by many noted
+speakers; Julius Caesar, Robert Ingersoll, and, on some occasions,
+Wendell Phillips, were distinguished examples. The wonderful effects
+achieved by famous actors were, of course, accomplished through the
+delivery of memorized lines.
+
+The inexperienced speaker must be warned before attempting this method
+of delivery that it is difficult and trying. It requires much skill to
+make it efficient. The memorized lines of the young speaker will usually
+_sound_ like memorized words, and repel.
+
+If you want to hear an example, listen to a department store
+demonstrator repeat her memorized lingo about the newest furniture
+polish or breakfast food. It requires training to make a memorized
+speech sound fresh and spontaneous, and, unless you have a fine native
+memory, in each instance the finished product necessitates much labor.
+Should you forget a part of your speech or miss a few words, you are
+liable to be so confused that, like Mark Twain's guide in Rome, you will
+be compelled to repeat your lines from the beginning.
+
+On the other hand, you may be so taken up with trying to recall your
+written words that you will not abandon yourself to the spirit of your
+address, and so fail to deliver it with that spontaneity which is so
+vital to forceful delivery.
+
+But do not let these difficulties frighten you. If committing seems best
+to you, give it a faithful trial. Do not be deterred by its pitfalls,
+but by resolute practise avoid them.
+
+One of the best ways to rise superior to these difficulties is to do as
+Dr. Wallace Radcliffe often does: commit without writing the speech,
+making practically all the preparation mentally, without putting pen to
+paper--a laborious but effective way of cultivating both mind and
+memory.
+
+You will find it excellent practise, both for memory and delivery, to
+commit the specimen speeches found in this volume and declaim them, with
+all attention to the principles we have put before you. William Ellery
+Channing, himself a distinguished speaker, years ago had this to say of
+practise in declamation:
+
+"Is there not an amusement, having an affinity with the drama, which
+might be usefully introduced among us? I mean, Recitation. A work of
+genius, recited by a man of fine taste, enthusiasm, and powers of
+elocution, is a very pure and high gratification. Were this art
+cultivated and encouraged, great numbers, now insensible to the most
+beautiful compositions, might be waked up to their excellence and
+power."
+
+
+_Speaking from Notes_
+
+The third, and the most popular method of delivery, is probably also the
+best one for the beginner. Speaking from notes is not ideal delivery,
+but we learn to swim in shallow water before going out beyond the ropes.
+
+Make a definite plan for your discourse (for a fuller discussion see
+Chapter XVIII) and set down the points somewhat in the fashion of a
+lawyer's brief, or a preacher's outline. Here is a sample of very simple
+notes:
+
+ATTENTION
+
+I. INTRODUCTION.
+
+  Attention indispensable to the performance of any
+    great work. _Anecdote_.
+
+II. DEFINED AND ILLUSTRATED.
+
+  1. From common observation.
+
+  2. From the lives of great men {Carlyle, Robert E. Lee.}
+
+III. ITS RELATION TO OTHER MENTAL POWERS.
+
+  1. Reason.
+
+  2. Imagination.
+
+  3. Memory.
+
+  4. Will. _Anecdote_.
+
+IV. ATTENTION MAY BE CULTIVATED.
+
+  1. Involuntary attention.
+
+  2. Voluntary attention. _Examples_.
+
+V. CONCLUSION.
+
+  The consequences of inattention and of attention.
+
+Few briefs would be so precise as this one, for with experience a
+speaker learns to use little tricks to attract his eye--he may
+underscore a catch-word heavily, draw a red circle around a pivotal
+idea, enclose the key-word of an anecdote in a wavy-lined box, and so on
+indefinitely. These points are worth remembering, for nothing so eludes
+the swift-glancing eye of the speaker as the sameness of typewriting, or
+even a regular pen-script. So unintentional a thing as a blot on the
+page may help you to remember a big "point" in your brief--perhaps by
+association of ideas.
+
+An inexperienced speaker would probably require fuller notes than the
+specimen given. Yet that way lies danger, for the complete manuscript is
+but a short remove from the copious outline. Use as few notes as
+possible.
+
+They may be necessary for the time being, but do not fail to look upon
+them as a necessary evil; and even when you lay them before you, refer
+to them only when compelled to do so. Make your notes as full as you
+please in preparation, but by all means condense them for platform use.
+
+
+_Extemporaneous Speech_
+
+Surely this is the ideal method of delivery. It is far and away the most
+popular with the audience, and the favorite method of the most efficient
+speakers.
+
+"Extemporaneous speech" has sometimes been made to mean unprepared
+speech, and indeed it is too often precisely that; but in no such sense
+do we recommend it strongly to speakers old and young. On the contrary,
+to speak well without notes requires all the preparation which we
+discussed so fully in the chapter on "Fluency," while yet relying upon
+the "inspiration of the hour" for some of your thoughts and much of your
+language. You had better remember, however, that the most effective
+inspiration of the hour is the inspiration you yourself bring to it,
+bottled up in your spirit and ready to infuse itself into the audience.
+
+If you extemporize you can get much closer to your audience. In a sense,
+they appreciate the task you have before you and send out their
+sympathy. Extemporize, and you will not have to stop and fumble around
+amidst your notes--you can keep your eye afire with your message and
+hold your audience with your very glance. You yourself will feel their
+response as you read the effects of your warm, spontaneous words,
+written on their countenances.
+
+Sentences written out in the study are liable to be dead and cold when
+resurrected before the audience. When you create as you speak you
+conserve all the native fire of your thought. You can enlarge on one
+point or omit another, just as the occasion or the mood of the audience
+may demand. It is not possible for every speaker to use this, the most
+difficult of all methods of delivery, and least of all can it be used
+successfully without much practise, but it is the ideal towards which
+all should strive.
+
+One danger in this method is that you may be led aside from your subject
+into by-paths. To avoid this peril, firmly stick to your mental outline.
+Practise speaking from a memorized brief until you gain control. Join a
+debating society--talk, _talk_, _TALK_, and always extemporize. You may
+"make a fool of yourself" once or twice, but is that too great a price
+to pay for success?
+
+Notes, like crutches, are only a sign of weakness. Remember that the
+power of your speech depends to some extent upon the view your audience
+holds of you. General Grant's words as president were more powerful than
+his words as a Missouri farmer. If you would appear in the light of an
+authority, be one. Make notes on your brain instead of on paper.
+
+
+_Joint Methods of Delivery_
+
+A modification of the second method has been adopted by many great
+speakers, particularly lecturers who are compelled to speak on a wide
+variety of subjects day after day; such speakers often commit their
+addresses to memory but keep their manuscripts in flexible book form
+before them, turning several pages at a time. They feel safer for having
+a sheet-anchor to windward--but it is an anchor, nevertheless, and
+hinders rapid, free sailing, though it drag never so lightly.
+
+Other speakers throw out a still lighter anchor by keeping before them a
+rather full outline of their written and committed speech.
+
+Others again write and commit a few important parts of the address--the
+introduction, the conclusion, some vital argument, some pat
+illustration--and depend on the hour for the language of the rest. This
+method is well adapted to speaking either with or without notes.
+
+Some speakers read from manuscript the most important parts of their
+speeches and utter the rest extemporaneously.
+
+Thus, what we have called "joint methods of delivery" are open to much
+personal variation. You must decide for yourself which is best for you,
+for the occasion, for your subject, for your audience--for these four
+factors all have their individual claims.
+
+Whatever form you choose, do not be so weakly indifferent as to prefer
+the easy way--choose the _best_ way, whatever it cost you in time and
+effort. And of this be assured: only the practised speaker can hope to
+gain _both_ conciseness of argument and conviction in manner, polish of
+language and power in delivery, finish of style and fire in utterance.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Which in your judgment is the most suitable of delivery for you? Why?
+
+2. What objections can you offer to, (_a_) memorizing the entire speech;
+(_b_) reading from manuscript; (_c_) using notes; (_d_) speaking from
+memorized outline or notes; (_e_e) any of the "joint methods"?
+
+3. What is there to commend in delivering a speech in any of the
+foregoing methods?
+
+4. Can you suggest any combination of methods that you have found
+efficacious?
+
+5. What methods, according to your observation, do most successful
+speakers use?
+
+6. Select some topic from the list on page 123, narrow the theme so as
+to make it specific (see page 122), and deliver a short address,
+utilizing the four methods mentioned, in four different deliveries of
+the speech.
+
+7. Select one of the joint methods and apply it to the delivery of the
+same address.
+
+8. Which method do you prefer, and why?
+
+9. From the list of subjects in the Appendix select a theme and deliver
+a five-minute address without notes, but make careful preparation
+without putting your thoughts on paper.
+
+NOTE: It is earnestly hoped that instructors will not pass this stage of
+the work without requiring of their students much practise in the
+delivery of original speeches, in the manner that seems, after some
+experiment, to be best suited to the student's gifts. Students who are
+studying alone should be equally exacting in demand upon themselves.
+One point is most important: It is easy to learn to read a speech,
+therefore it is much more urgent that the pupil should have much
+practise in speaking from notes and speaking without notes. At this
+stage, pay more attention to manner than to matter--the succeeding
+chapters take up the composition of the address. Be particularly
+insistent upon _frequent_ and _thorough_ review of the principles of
+delivery discussed in the preceding chapters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THOUGHT AND RESERVE POWER
+
+    Providence is always on the side of the last reserve.
+
+    --NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
+
+    So mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed,
+    And sleep, how oft, in things that gentlest be!
+
+    --BARRY CORNWALL, _The Sea in Calm_.
+
+
+What would happen if you should overdraw your bank account? As a rule
+the check would be protested; but if you were on friendly terms with the
+bank, your check might be honored, and you would be called upon to make
+good the overdraft.
+
+Nature has no such favorites, therefore extends no credits. She is as
+relentless as a gasoline tank--when the "gas" is all used the machine
+stops. It is as reckless for a speaker to risk going before an audience
+without having something in reserve as it is for the motorist to essay a
+long journey in the wilds without enough gasoline in sight.
+
+But in what does a speaker's reserve power consist? In a well-founded
+reliance on his general and particular grasp of his subject; in the
+quality of being alert and resourceful in thought--particularly in the
+ability to think while on his feet; and in that self-possession which
+makes one the captain of all his own forces, bodily and mental.
+
+The first of these elements, adequate preparation, and the last,
+self-reliance, were discussed fully in the chapters on "Self-Confidence"
+and "Fluency," so they will be touched only incidentally here; besides,
+the next chapter will take up specific methods of preparation for public
+speaking. Therefore the central theme of this chapter is the second of
+the elements of reserve power--Thought.
+
+
+_The Mental Storehouse_
+
+An empty mind, like an empty larder, may be a serious matter or not--all
+will depend on the available resources. If there is no food in the
+cupboard the housewife does not nervously rattle the empty dishes; she
+telephones the grocer. If you have no ideas, do not rattle your empty
+_ers_ and _ahs_, but _get_ some ideas, and don't speak until you do get
+them.
+
+This, however, is not being what the old New England housekeeper used to
+call "forehanded." The real solution of the problem of what to do with
+an empty head is never to let it become empty. In the artesian wells of
+Dakota the water rushes to the surface and leaps a score of feet above
+the ground. The secret of this exuberant flow is of course the great
+supply below, crowding to get out.
+
+What is the use of stopping to prime a mental pump when you can fill
+your life with the resources for an artesian well? It is not enough to
+have merely enough; you must have more than enough. Then the pressure of
+your mass of thought and feeling will maintain your flow of speech and
+give you the confidence and poise that denote reserve power. To be away
+from home with only the exact return fare leaves a great deal to
+circumstances!
+
+Reserve power is magnetic. It does not consist in giving the idea that
+you are holding something in reserve, but rather in the suggestion that
+the audience is getting the cream of your observation, reading,
+experience, feeling, thought. To have reserve power, therefore, you must
+have enough milk of material on hand to supply sufficient cream.
+
+But how shall we get the milk? There are two ways: the one is
+first-hand--from the cow; the other is second-hand--from the milkman.
+
+
+_The Seeing Eye_
+
+Some sage has said: "For a thousand men who can speak, there is only one
+who can think; for a thousand men who can think, there is only one who
+can see." To see and to think is to get your milk from your own cow.
+
+When the one man in a million who can see comes along, we call him
+Master. Old Mr. Holbrook, of "Cranford," asked his guest what color
+ash-buds were in March; she confessed she did not know, to which the old
+gentleman answered: "I knew you didn't. No more did I--an old fool that
+I am!--till this young man comes and tells me. 'Black as ash-buds in
+March.' And I've lived all my life in the country. More shame for me not
+to know. Black; they are jet-black, madam."
+
+"This young man" referred to by Mr. Holbrook was Tennyson.
+
+Henry Ward Beecher said: "I do not believe that I have ever met a man
+on the street that I did not get from him some element for a sermon. I
+never see anything in nature which does not work towards that for which
+I give the strength of my life. The material for my sermons is all the
+time following me and swarming up around me."
+
+Instead of saying only one man in a million can see, it would strike
+nearer the truth to say that none of us sees with perfect understanding
+more than a fraction of what passes before our eyes, yet this faculty of
+acute and accurate observation is so important that no man ambitious to
+lead can neglect it. The next time you are in a car, look at those who
+sit opposite you and see what you can discover of their habits,
+occupations, ideals, nationalities, environments, education, and so on.
+You may not see a great deal the first time, but practise will reveal
+astonishing results. Transmute every incident of your day into a subject
+for a speech or an illustration. Translate all that you see into terms
+of speech. When you can describe all that you have seen in definite
+words, you are seeing clearly. You are becoming the millionth man.
+
+De Maupassant's description of an author should also fit the
+public-speaker: "His eye is like a suction pump, absorbing everything;
+like a pickpocket's hand, always at work. Nothing escapes him. He is
+constantly collecting material, gathering-up glances, gestures,
+intentions, everything that goes on in his presence--the slightest look,
+the least act, the merest trifle." De Maupassant was himself a millionth
+man, a Master.
+
+"Ruskin took a common rock-crystal and saw hidden within its stolid
+heart lessons which have not yet ceased to move men's lives. Beecher
+stood for hours before the window of a jewelry store thinking out
+analogies between jewels and the souls of men. Gough saw in a single
+drop of water enough truth wherewith to quench the thirst of five
+thousand souls. Thoreau sat so still in the shadowy woods that birds and
+insects came and opened up their secret lives to his eye. Emerson
+observed the soul of a man so long that at length he could say, 'I
+cannot hear what you say, for seeing what you are.' Preyer for three
+years studied the life of his babe and so became an authority upon the
+child mind. Observation! Most men are blind. There are a thousand times
+as many hidden truths and undiscovered facts about us to-day as have
+made discoverers famous--facts waiting for some one to 'pluck out the
+heart of their mystery.' But so long as men go about the search with
+eyes that see not, so long will these hidden pearls lie in their shells.
+Not an orator but who could more effectively point and feather his
+shafts were he to search nature rather than libraries. Too few can see
+'sermons in stones' and 'books in the running brooks,' because they are
+so used to seeing merely sermons in books and only stones in running
+brooks. Sir Philip Sidney had a saying, 'Look in thy heart and write;'
+Massillon explained his astute knowledge of the human heart by saying,
+'I learned it by studying myself;' Byron says of John Locke that 'all
+his knowledge of the human understanding was derived from studying his
+own mind.' Since multiform nature is all about us, originality ought not
+to be so rare."[8]
+
+
+_The Thinking Mind_
+
+Thinking is doing mental arithmetic with facts. Add this fact to that
+and you reach a certain conclusion. Subtract this truth from another and
+you have a definite result. Multiply this fact by another and have a
+precise product. See how many times this occurrence happens in that
+space of time and you have reached a calculable dividend. In
+thought-processes you perform every known problem of arithmetic and
+algebra. That is why mathematics are such excellent mental gymnastics.
+But by the same token, thinking is work. Thinking takes energy. Thinking
+requires time, and patience, and broad information, and clearheadedness.
+Beyond a miserable little surface-scratching, few people really think at
+all--only one in a thousand, according to the pundit already quoted. So
+long as the present system of education prevails and children are taught
+through the ear rather than through the eye, so long as they are
+expected to remember thoughts of others rather than think for
+themselves, this proportion will continue--one man in a million will be
+able to see, and one in a thousand to think.
+
+But, however thought-less a mind has been, there is promise of better
+things so soon as the mind detects its own lack of thought-power. The
+first step is to stop regarding thought as "the magic of the mind," to
+use Byron's expression, and see it as thought truly is--_a weighing of
+ideas and a placing of them in relationships to each other_. Ponder this
+definition and see if you have learned to think efficiently.
+
+Habitual thinking is just that--a habit. Habit comes of doing a thing
+repeatedly. The lower habits are acquired easily, the higher ones
+require deeper grooves if they are to persist. So we find that the
+thought-habit comes only with resolute practise; yet no effort will
+yield richer dividends. Persist in practise, and whereas you have been
+able to think only an inch-deep into a subject, you will soon find that
+you can penetrate it a foot.
+
+Perhaps this homely metaphor will suggest how to begin the practise of
+consecutive thinking, by which we mean _welding a number of separate
+thought-links into a chain that will hold_. Take one link at a time, see
+that each naturally belongs with the ones you link to it, and remember
+that a single missing link means _no chain_.
+
+Thinking is the most fascinating and exhilarating of all mental
+exercises. Once realize that your opinion on a subject does not
+represent the choice you have made between what Dr. Cerebrum has written
+and Professor Cerebellum has said, but is the result of your own
+earnestly-applied brain-energy, and you will gain a confidence in your
+ability to speak on that subject that nothing will be able to shake.
+Your thought will have given you both power and reserve power.
+
+Someone has condensed the relation of thought to knowledge in these
+pungent, homely lines:
+
+    "Don't give me the man who thinks he thinks,
+       Don't give me the man who thinks he knows,
+    But give me the man who knows he thinks,
+       And I have the man who knows he knows!"
+
+
+_Reading As a Stimulus to Thought_
+
+No matter how dry the cow, however, nor how poor our ability to milk,
+there is still the milkman--we can read what others have seen and felt
+and thought. Often, indeed, such records will kindle within us that
+pre-essential and vital spark, the _desire_ to be a thinker.
+
+The following selection is taken from one of Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis's
+lectures, as given in "A Man's Value to Society." Dr. Hillis is a most
+fluent speaker--he never refers to notes. He has reserve power. His mind
+is a veritable treasure-house of facts and ideas. See how he draws from
+a knowledge of fifteen different general or special subjects: geology,
+plant life, Palestine, chemistry, Eskimos, mythology, literature, The
+Nile, history, law, wit, evolution, religion, biography, and
+electricity. Surely, it needs no sage to discover that the secret of
+this man's reserve power is the old secret of our artesian well whose
+abundance surges from unseen depths.
+
+
+_THE USES OF BOOKS AND READING[9]_
+
+    Each Kingsley approaches a stone as a jeweler approaches a casket to
+    unlock the hidden gems. Geikie causes the bit of hard coal to unroll
+    the juicy bud, the thick odorous leaves, the pungent boughs, until
+    the bit of carbon enlarges into the beauty of a tropic forest. That
+    little book of Grant Allen's called "How Plants Grow" exhibits trees
+    and shrubs as eating, drinking and marrying. We see certain date
+    groves in Palestine, and other date groves in the desert a hundred
+    miles away, and the pollen of the one carried upon the trade winds
+    to the branches of the other. We see the tree with its strange
+    system of water-works, pumping the sap up through pipes and mains;
+    we see the chemical laboratory in the branches mixing flavor for the
+    orange in one bough, mixing the juices of the pineapple in another;
+    we behold the tree as a mother making each infant acorn ready
+    against the long winter, rolling it in swaths soft and warm as wool
+    blankets, wrapping it around with garments impervious to the rain,
+    and finally slipping the infant acorn into a sleeping bag, like
+    those the Eskimos gave Dr. Kane.
+
+   At length we come to feel that the Greeks were not far wrong in
+   thinking each tree had a dryad in it, animating it, protecting it
+   against destruction, dying when the tree withered. Some Faraday
+   shows us that each drop of water is a sheath for electric forces
+   sufficient to charge 800,000 Leyden jars, or drive an engine from
+   Liverpool to London. Some Sir William Thomson tells us how
+   hydrogen gas will chew up a large iron spike as a child's molars
+   will chew off the end of a stick of candy. Thus each new book
+   opens up some new and hitherto unexplored realm of nature. Thus
+   books fulfill for us the legend of the wondrous glass that showed
+   its owner all things distant and all things hidden. Through books
+   our world becomes as "a bud from the bower of God's beauty; the
+   sun as a spark from the light of His wisdom; the sky as a bubble
+   on the sea of His Power." Therefore Mrs. Browning's words, "No
+   child can be called fatherless who has God and his mother; no
+   youth can be called friendless who has God and the companionship
+   of good books."
+
+   Books also advantage us in that they exhibit the unity of
+   progress, the solidarity of the race, and the continuity of
+   history. Authors lead us back along the pathway of law, of
+   liberty or religion, and set us down in front of the great man in
+   whose brain the principle had its rise. As the discoverer leads
+   us from the mouth of the Nile back to the headwaters of Nyanza,
+   so books exhibit great ideas and institutions, as they move
+   forward, ever widening and deepening, like some Nile feeding many
+   civilizations. For all the reforms of to-day go back to some
+   reform of yesterday. Man's art goes back to Athens and Thebes.
+   Man's laws go back to Blackstone and Justinian. Man's reapers and
+   plows go back to the savage scratching the ground with his forked
+   stick, drawn by the wild bullock. The heroes of liberty march
+   forward in a solid column. Lincoln grasps the hand of Washington.
+   Washington received his weapons at the hands of Hampden and
+   Cromwell. The great Puritans lock hands with Luther and
+   Savonarola.
+
+   The unbroken procession brings us at length to Him whose Sermon
+   on the Mount was the very charter of liberty. It puts us under a
+   divine spell to perceive that we are all coworkers with the great
+   men, and yet single threads in the warp and woof of civilization.
+   And when books have related us to our own age, and related all
+   the epochs to God, whose providence is the gulf stream of
+   history, these teachers go on to stimulate us to new and greater
+   achievements. Alone, man is an unlighted candle. The mind needs
+   some book to kindle its faculties. Before Byron began to write he
+   used to give half an hour to reading some favorite passage. The
+   thought of some great writer never failed to kindle Byron into a
+   creative glow, even as a match lights the kindlings upon the
+   grate. In these burning, luminous moods Byron's mind did its best
+   work. The true book stimulates the mind as no wine can ever
+   quicken the blood. It is reading that brings us to our best, and
+   rouses each faculty to its most vigorous life.
+
+We recognize this as pure cream, and if it seems at first to have its
+secondary source in the friendly milkman, let us not forget that the
+theme is "The Uses of Books and Reading." Dr. Hillis both sees and
+thinks.
+
+It is fashionable just now to decry the value of reading. We read, we
+are told, to avoid the necessity of thinking for ourselves. Books are
+for the mentally lazy.
+
+Though this is only a half-truth, the element of truth it contains
+is large enough to make us pause. Put yourself through a good
+old Presbyterian soul-searching self-examination, and if
+reading-from-thought-laziness is one of your sins, confess it. No one
+can shrive you of it--but yourself. Do penance for it by using your
+own brains, for it is a transgression that dwarfs the growth of thought
+and destroys mental freedom. At first the penance will be trying--but
+at the last you will be glad in it.
+
+Reading should entertain, give information, or stimulate thought. Here,
+however, we are chiefly concerned with information, and stimulation of
+thought.
+
+What shall I read for information?
+
+The ample page of knowledge, as Grey tells us, is "rich with the spoils
+of time," and these are ours for the price of a theatre ticket. You may
+command Socrates and Marcus Aurelius to sit beside you and discourse of
+their choicest, hear Lincoln at Gettysburg and Pericles at Athens, storm
+the Bastile with Hugo, and wander through Paradise with Dante. You may
+explore darkest Africa with Stanley, penetrate the human heart with
+Shakespeare, chat with Carlyle about heroes, and delve with the Apostle
+Paul into the mysteries of faith. The general knowledge and the
+inspiring ideas that men have collected through ages of toil and
+experiment are yours for the asking. The Sage of Chelsea was right: "The
+true university of these days is a collection of books."
+
+To master a worth-while book is to master much else besides; few of us,
+however, make perfect conquest of a volume without first owning it
+physically. To read a borrowed book may be a joy, but to assign your own
+book a place of its own on your own shelves--be they few or many--to
+love the book and feel of its worn cover, to thumb it over slowly, page
+by page, to pencil its margins in agreement or in protest, to smile or
+thrill with its remembered pungencies--no mere book borrower could ever
+sense all that delight.
+
+The reader who possesses books in this double sense finds also that his
+books possess him, and the volumes which most firmly grip his life are
+likely to be those it has cost him some sacrifice to own. These
+lightly-come-by titles, which Mr. Fatpurse selects, perhaps by proxy,
+can scarcely play the guide, philosopher and friend in crucial moments
+as do the books--long coveted, joyously attained--that are welcomed into
+the lives, and not merely the libraries, of us others who are at once
+poorer and richer.
+
+So it is scarcely too much to say that of all the many ways in which an
+owned--a mastered--book is like to a human friend, the truest ways are
+these: A friend is worth making sacrifices for, both to gain and to
+keep; and our loves go out most dearly to those into whose inmost lives
+we have sincerely entered.
+
+When you have not the advantage of the test of time by which to judge
+books, investigate as thoroughly as possible the authority of the books
+you read. Much that is printed and passes current is counterfeit. "I
+read it in a book" is to many a sufficient warranty of truth, but not to
+the thinker. "What book?" asks the careful mind. "Who wrote it? What
+does he know about the subject and what right has he to speak on it? Who
+recognizes him as authority? With what other recognized authorities does
+he agree or disagree?" Being caught trying to pass counterfeit money,
+even unintentionally, is an unpleasant situation. Beware lest you
+circulate spurious coin.
+
+Above all, seek reading that makes you use your own brains. Such reading
+must be alive with fresh points of view, packed with special knowledge,
+and deal with subjects of vital interest. Do not confine your reading to
+what you already know you will agree with. Opposition wakes one up. The
+other road may be the better, but you will never know it unless you
+"give it the once over." Do not do all your thinking and investigating
+in front of given "Q.E.D.'s;" merely assembling reasons to fill in
+between your theorem and what you want to prove will get you nowhere.
+Approach each subject with an open mind and--once sure that you have
+thought it out thoroughly and honestly--have the courage to abide by the
+decision of your own thought. But don't brag about it afterward.
+
+No book on public speaking will enable you to discourse on the tariff if
+you know nothing about the tariff. Knowing more about it than the other
+man will be your only hope for making the other man listen to you.
+
+Take a group of men discussing a governmental policy of which some one
+says: "It is socialistic." That will commend the policy to Mr. A., who
+believes in socialism, but condemn it to Mr. B., who does not. It may be
+that neither had considered the policy beyond noticing that its
+surface-color was socialistic. The chances are, furthermore, that
+neither Mr. A. nor Mr. B. has a definite idea of what socialism really
+is, for as Robert Louis Stevenson says, "Man lives not by bread alone
+but chiefly by catch words." If you are of this group of men, and have
+observed this proposed government policy, and investigated it, and
+thought about it, what you have to say cannot fail to command their
+respect and approval, for you will have shown them that you possess a
+grasp of your subject and--to adopt an exceedingly expressive bit of
+slang--_then_ some.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Robert Houdin trained his son to give one swift glance at a shop
+window in passing and be able to report accurately a surprising number
+of its contents. Try this several times on different windows and report
+the result.
+
+2. What effect does reserve power have on an audience?
+
+3. What are the best methods for acquiring reserve power?
+
+4. What is the danger of too much reading?
+
+5. Analyze some speech that you have read or heard and notice how much
+real information there is in it. Compare it with Dr. Hillis's speech on
+"Brave Little Belgium," page 394.
+
+6. Write out a three-minute speech on any subject you choose. How much
+information, and what new ideas, does it contain? Compare your speech
+with the extract on page 191 from Dr. Hillis's "The Uses of Books and
+Reading."
+
+7. Have you ever read a book on the practise of thinking? If so, give
+your impressions of its value.
+
+NOTE: There are a number of excellent books on the subject of thought
+and the management of thought. The following are recommended as being
+especially helpful: "Thinking and Learning to Think," Nathan C.
+Schaeffer; "Talks to Students on the Art of Study," Cramer; "As a Man
+Thinketh," Allen.
+
+8. Define (_a_) logic; (_b_) mental philosophy (or mental science);
+(_c_) psychology; (_d_) abstract.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 8: _How to Attract and Hold an Audience_, J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Used by permission.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+SUBJECT AND PREPARATION
+
+      Suit your topics to your strength,
+    And ponder well your subject, and its length;
+    Nor lift your load, before you're quite aware
+    What weight your shoulders will, or will not, bear.
+
+ --BYRON, _Hints from Horace_.
+
+    Look to this day, for it is life--the very life of life. In its
+    brief course lie all the verities and realities of your
+    existence: the bliss of growth, the glory of action, the
+    splendor of beauty. For yesterday is already a dream and
+    tomorrow is only a vision; but today, well lived, makes every
+    yesterday a dream of happiness and every tomorrow a vision of
+    hope. Look well, therefore, to this day. Such is the salutation
+    of the dawn.
+
+    --_From the Sanskrit_.
+
+
+In the chapter preceding we have seen the influence of "Thought and
+Reserve Power" on general preparedness for public speech. But
+preparation consists in something more definite than the cultivation of
+thought-power, whether from original or from borrowed sources--it
+involves a _specifically_ acquisitive attitude of the whole life. If you
+would become a full soul you must constantly take in and assimilate, for
+in that way only may you hope to give out that which is worth the
+hearing; but do not confuse the acquisition of general information with
+the mastery of specific knowledge. Information consists of a fact or a
+group of facts; knowledge is _organized_ information--knowledge knows a
+fact in relation to other facts.
+
+Now the important thing here is that you should set all your faculties
+to take in the things about you with the particular object of
+correlating them and storing them for use in public speech. You must
+hear with the speaker's ear, see with the speaker's eye, and choose
+books and companions and sights and sounds with the speaker's purpose in
+view. At the same time, be ready to receive unplanned-for knowledge. One
+of the fascinating elements in your life as a public speaker will be the
+conscious growth in power that casual daily experiences bring. If your
+eyes are alert you will be constantly discovering facts, illustrations,
+and ideas without having set out in search of them. These all may be
+turned to account on the platform; even the leaden events of hum-drum
+daily life may be melted into bullets for future battles.
+
+
+_Conservation of Time in Preparation_
+
+But, you say, I have so little time for preparation--my mind must be
+absorbed by other matters. Daniel Webster never let an opportunity pass
+to gather material for his speeches. When he was a boy working in a
+sawmill he read out of a book in one hand and busied himself at some
+mechanical task with the other. In youth Patrick Henry roamed the fields
+and woods in solitude for days at a time unconsciously gathering
+material and impressions for his later service as a speaker. Dr. Russell
+H. Conwell, the man who, the late Charles A. Dana said, had addressed
+more hearers than any living man, used to memorize long passages from
+Milton while tending the boiling syrup-pans in the silent New England
+woods at night. The modern employer would discharge a Webster of today
+for inattention to duty, and doubtless he would be justified, and
+Patrick Henry seemed only an idle chap even in those easy-going days;
+but the truth remains: those who take in power and have the purpose to
+use it efficiently will some day win to the place in which that
+stored-up power will revolve great wheels of influence.
+
+Napoleon said that quarter hours decide the destinies of nations. How
+many quarter hours do we let drift by aimlessly! Robert Louis Stevenson
+conserved _all_ his time; _every_ experience became capital for his
+work--for capital may be defined as "the results of labor stored up to
+assist future production." He continually tried to put into suitable
+language the scenes and actions that were in evidence about him. Emerson
+says: "Tomorrow will be like today. Life wastes itself whilst we are
+preparing to live."
+
+Why wait for a more convenient season for this broad, general
+preparation? The fifteen minutes that we spend on the car could be
+profitably turned into speech-capital.
+
+Procure a cheap edition of modern speeches, and by cutting out a few
+pages each day, and reading them during the idle minute here and there,
+note how soon you can make yourself familiar with the world's best
+speeches. If you do not wish to mutilate your book, take it with
+you--most of the epoch-making books are now printed in small volumes.
+The daily waste of natural gas in the Oklahoma fields is equal to ten
+thousand tons of coal. Only about three per cent of the power of the
+coal that enters the furnace ever diffuses itself from your electric
+bulb as light--the other ninety-seven per cent is wasted. Yet these
+wastes are no larger, nor more to be lamented than the tremendous waste
+of time which, if conserved would increase the speaker's powers to their
+_nth_ degree. Scientists are making three ears of corn grow where one
+grew before; efficiency engineers are eliminating useless motions and
+products from our factories: catch the spirit of the age and apply
+efficiency to the use of the most valuable asset you possess--time. What
+do you do mentally with the time you spend in dressing or in shaving?
+Take some subject and concentrate your energies on it for a week by
+utilizing just the spare moments that would otherwise be wasted. You
+will be amazed at the result. One passage a day from the Book of Books,
+one golden ingot from some master mind, one fully-possessed thought of
+your own might thus be added to the treasury of your life. Do not waste
+your time in ways that profit you nothing. Fill "the unforgiving minute"
+with "sixty seconds' worth of distance run" and on the platform you will
+be immeasurably the gainer.
+
+Let no word of this, however, seem to decry the value of recreation.
+Nothing is more vital to a worker than rest--yet nothing is so vitiating
+to the shirker. Be sure that your recreation re-creates. A pause in the
+midst of labors gathers strength for new effort. The mistake is to pause
+too long, or to fill your pauses with ideas that make life flabby.
+
+
+_Choosing a Subject_
+
+Subject and materials tremendously influence each other.
+
+"This arises from the fact that there are two distinct ways in which a
+subject may be chosen: by arbitrary choice, or by development from
+thought and reading.
+
+"Arbitrary choice ... of one subject from among a number involves so
+many important considerations that no speaker ever fails to appreciate
+the tone of satisfaction in him who triumphantly announces: 'I have a
+subject!'
+
+"'Do give me a subject!' How often the weary school teacher hears that
+cry. Then a list of themes is suggested, gone over, considered, and, in
+most instances, rejected, because the teacher can know but imperfectly
+what is in the pupil's mind. To suggest a subject in this way is like
+trying to discover the street on which a lost child lives, by naming
+over a number of streets until one strikes the little one's ear as
+sounding familiar.
+
+"Choice by development is a very different process. It does not ask,
+What shall I say? It turns the mind in upon itself and asks, What do I
+think? Thus, the subject may be said to choose itself, for in the
+process of thought or of reading one theme rises into prominence and
+becomes a living germ, soon to grow into the discourse. He who has not
+learned to reflect is not really acquainted with his own thoughts;
+hence, his thoughts are not productive. Habits of reading and reflection
+will supply the speaker's mind with an abundance of subjects of which he
+already knows something from the very reading and reflection which gave
+birth to his theme. This is not a paradox, but sober truth.
+
+"It must be already apparent that the choice of a subject by development
+savors more of collection than of conscious selection. The subject
+'pops into the mind.' ... In the intellect of the trained thinker it
+concentrates--by a process which we have seen to be induction--the facts
+and truths of which he has been reading and thinking. This is most often
+a gradual process. The scattered ideas may be but vaguely connected at
+first, but more and more they concentrate and take on a single form
+until at length one strong idea seems to grasp the soul with
+irresistible force, and to cry aloud, 'Arise, I am your _theme_!
+Henceforth, until you transmute me by the alchemy of your inward fire
+into vital speech, you shall know no rest!' Happy, then, is that
+speaker, for he has found a subject that grips him.
+
+"Of course, experienced speakers use both methods of selection. Even a
+reading and reflective man is sometimes compelled to hunt for a theme
+from Dan to Beersheba, and then the task of gathering materials becomes
+a serious one. But even in such a case there is a sense in which the
+selection comes by development, because no careful speaker settles upon
+a theme which does not represent at least some matured thought."[10]
+
+
+_Deciding on the Subject Matter_
+
+Even when your theme has been chosen for you by someone else, there
+remains to you a considerable field for choice of subject matter. The
+same considerations, in fact, that would govern you in choosing a theme
+must guide in the selection of the material. Ask yourself--or someone
+else--such questions as these:
+
+What is the precise nature of the occasion? How large an audience may be
+expected? From what walks of life do they come? What is their probable
+attitude toward the theme? Who else will speak? Do I speak first, last,
+or where, on the program? What are the other speakers going to talk
+about? What is the nature of the auditorium? Is there a desk? Could the
+subject be more effectively handled if somewhat modified? Precisely how
+much time am I to fill?
+
+It is evident that many speech-misfits of subject, speaker, occasion and
+place are due to failure to ask just such pertinent questions. _What_
+should be said, by _whom_, and _in what circumstances_, constitute
+ninety per cent of efficiency in public address. No matter who asks you,
+refuse to be a square peg in a round hole.
+
+
+_Questions of Proportion_
+
+Proportion in a speech is attained by a nice adjustment of time. How
+fully you may treat your subject it is not always for you to say. Let
+ten minutes mean neither nine nor eleven--though better nine than
+eleven, at all events. You wouldn't steal a man's watch; no more should
+you steal the time of the succeeding speaker, or that of the audience.
+There is no need to overstep time-limits if you make your preparation
+adequate and divide your subject so as to give each thought its due
+proportion of attention--and no more. Blessed is the man that maketh
+short speeches, for he shall be invited to speak again.
+
+Another matter of prime importance is, what part of your address
+demands the most emphasis. This once decided, you will know where to
+place that pivotal section so as to give it the greatest strategic
+value, and what degree of preparation must be given to that central
+thought so that the vital part may not be submerged by non-essentials.
+Many a speaker has awakened to find that he has burnt up eight minutes
+of a ten-minute speech in merely getting up steam. That is like spending
+eighty percent of your building-money on the vestibule of the house.
+
+The same sense of proportion must tell you to stop precisely when you
+are through--and it is to be hoped that you will discover the arrival of
+that period before your audience does.
+
+
+_Tapping Original Sources_
+
+The surest way to give life to speech-material is to gather your facts
+at first hand. Your words come with the weight of authority when you can
+say, "I have examined the employment rolls of every mill in this
+district and find that thirty-two per cent of the children employed are
+under the legal age." No citation of authorities can equal that. You
+must adopt the methods of the reporter and find out the facts underlying
+your argument or appeal. To do so may prove laborious, but it should not
+be irksome, for the great world of fact teems with interest, and over
+and above all is the sense of power that will come to you from original
+investigation. To see and feel the facts you are discussing will react
+upon you much more powerfully than if you were to secure the facts at
+second hand.
+
+Live an active life among people who are doing worth-while things, keep
+eyes and ears and mind and heart open to absorb truth, and then tell of
+the things you know, as if you know them. The world will listen, for the
+world loves nothing so much as real life.
+
+
+_How to Use a Library_
+
+Unsuspected treasures lie in the smallest library. Even when the owner
+has read every last page of his books it is only in rare instances that
+he has full indexes to all of them, either in his mind or on paper, so
+as to make available the vast number of varied subjects touched upon or
+treated in volumes whose titles would never suggest such topics.
+
+For this reason it is a good thing to take an odd hour now and then to
+browse. Take down one volume after another and look over its table of
+contents and its index. (It is a reproach to any author of a serious
+book not to have provided a full index, with cross references.) Then
+glance over the pages, making notes, mental or physical, of material
+that looks interesting and usable. Most libraries contain volumes that
+the owner is "going to read some day." A familiarity with even the
+contents of such books on your own shelves will enable you to refer to
+them when you want help. Writings read long ago should be treated in the
+same way--in every chapter some surprise lurks to delight you.
+
+In looking up a subject do not be discouraged if you do not find it
+indexed or outlined in the table of contents--you are pretty sure to
+discover some material under a related title.
+
+Suppose you set to work somewhat in this way to gather references on
+"Thinking:" First you look over your book titles, and there is
+Schaeffer's "Thinking and Learning to Think." Near it is Kramer's "Talks
+to Students on the Art of Study"--that seems likely to provide some
+material, and it does. Naturally you think next of your book on
+psychology, and there is help there. If you have a volume on the human
+intellect you will have already turned to it. Suddenly you remember your
+encyclopedia and your dictionary of quotations--and now material fairly
+rains upon you; the problem is what _not_ to use. In the encyclopedia
+you turn to every reference that includes or touches or even suggests
+"thinking;" and in the dictionary of quotations you do the same. The
+latter volume you find peculiarly helpful because it suggests several
+volumes to you that are on your own shelves--you never would have
+thought to look in them for references on this subject. Even fiction
+will supply help, but especially books of essays and biography. Be aware
+of your own resources.
+
+To make a general index to your library does away with the necessity for
+indexing individual volumes that are not already indexed.
+
+To begin with, keep a note-book by you; or small cards and paper
+cuttings in your pocket and on your desk will serve as well. The same
+note-book that records the impressions of your own experiences and
+thoughts will be enriched by the ideas of others.
+
+To be sure, this note-book habit means labor, but remember that more
+speeches have been spoiled by half-hearted preparation than by lack of
+talent. Laziness is an own-brother to Over-confidence, and both are your
+inveterate enemies, though they pretend to be soothing friends.
+
+Conserve your material by indexing every good idea on cards, thus:
+
+[HW:
+
+_Socialism_
+
+Progress of S., Env. 16
+S. a fallacy, 96/210
+General article on S., Howells', Dec. 1913
+"Socialism and the Franchise," Forbes
+"Socialism in Ancient Life," Original Ms.,
+       Env. 102
+
+]
+
+On the card illustrated above, clippings are indexed by giving the
+number of the envelope in which they are filed. The envelopes may be of
+any size desired and kept in any convenient receptacle. On the foregoing
+example, "Progress of S., Envelope 16," will represent a clipping, filed
+in Envelope 16, which is, of course, numbered arbitrarily.
+
+The fractions refer to books in your library--the numerator being the
+book-number, the denominator referring to the page. Thus, "S. a fallacy,
+96/210," refers to page 210 of volume 96 in your library. By some
+arbitrary sign--say red ink--you may even index a reference in a public
+library book.
+
+If you preserve your magazines, important articles may be indexed by
+month and year. An entire volume on a subject may be indicated like the
+imaginary book by "Forbes." If you clip the articles, it is better to
+index them according to the envelope system.
+
+Your own writings and notes may be filed in envelopes with the clippings
+or in a separate series.
+
+Another good indexing system combines the library index with the
+"scrap," or clipping, system by making the outside of the envelope serve
+the same purpose as the card for the indexing of books, magazines,
+clippings and manuscripts, the latter two classes of material being
+enclosed in the envelopes that index them, and all filed alphabetically.
+
+When your cards accumulate so as to make ready reference difficult under
+a single alphabet, you may subdivide each letter by subordinate guide
+cards marked by the vowels, A, E, I, O, U. Thus, "Antiquities" would be
+filed under _i_ in A, because A begins the word, and the second letter,
+_n_, comes after the vowel _i_ in the alphabet, but before _o_. In the
+same manner, "Beecher" would be filed under _e_ in B; and "Hydrogen"
+would come under _u_ in H.
+
+
+_Outlining the Address_
+
+No one can advise you how to prepare the notes for an address. Some
+speakers get the best results while walking out and ruminating, jotting
+down notes as they pause in their walk. Others never put pen to paper
+until the whole speech has been thought out. The great majority,
+however, will take notes, classify their notes, write a hasty first
+draft, and then revise the speech. Try each of these methods and choose
+the one that is best--_for you_. Do not allow any man to force you to
+work in _his_ way; but do not neglect to consider his way, for it may be
+better than your own.
+
+For those who make notes and with their aid write out the speech, these
+suggestions may prove helpful:
+
+After having read and thought enough, classify your notes by setting
+down the big, central thoughts of your material on separate cards or
+slips of paper. These will stand in the same relation to your subject as
+chapters do to a book.
+
+Then arrange these main ideas or heads in such an order that they will
+lead effectively to the result you have in mind, so that the speech may
+rise in argument, in interest, in power, by piling one fact or appeal
+upon another until the climax--the highest point of influence on your
+audience--has been reached.
+
+Next group all your ideas, facts, anecdotes, and illustrations under the
+foregoing main heads, each where it naturally belongs.
+
+You now have a skeleton or outline of your address that in its polished
+form might serve either as the brief, or manuscript notes, for the
+speech or as the guide-outline which you will expand into the written
+address, if written it is to be.
+
+Imagine each of the main ideas in the brief on page 213 as being
+separate; then picture your mind as sorting them out and placing them in
+order; finally, conceive of how you would fill in the facts and examples
+under each head, giving special prominence to those you wish to
+emphasize and subduing those of less moment. In the end, you have the
+outline complete. The simplest form of outline--not very suitable for
+use on the platform, however--is the following:
+
+_WHY PROSPERITY IS COMING_
+
+What prosperity means.--The real tests of prosperity.--Its basis in the
+soil.--American agricultural progress.--New interest in
+farming.--Enormous value of our agricultural products.--Reciprocal
+effect on trade.--Foreign countries affected.--Effects of our new
+internal economy--the regulation of banking and "big business"--on
+prosperity.--Effects of our revised attitude toward foreign markets,
+including our merchant marine.--Summary.
+
+Obviously, this very simple outline is capable of considerable expansion
+under each head by the addition of facts, arguments, inferences and
+examples.
+
+Here is an outline arranged with more regard for argument:
+
+    FOREIGN IMMIGRATION SHOULD BE RESTRICTED[11]
+
+    I. FACT AS CAUSE: Many immigrants are practically paupers.
+    (Proofs involving statistics or statements of authorities.)
+
+    II. FACT AS EFFECT: They sooner or later fill our alms-houses
+    and become public charges. (Proofs involving statistics or
+    statements of authorities.)
+
+    III. FACT AS CAUSE: Some of them are criminals. (Examples of
+    recent cases.)
+
+    IV. FACT AS EFFECT: They reenforce the criminal classes.
+    (Effects on our civic life.)
+
+    V. FACT AS CAUSE: Many of them know nothing of the duties of
+    free citizenship. (Examples.)
+
+    VI.FACT AS EFFECT: Such immigrants recruit the worst element in
+    our politics. (Proofs.)
+
+A more highly ordered grouping of topics and subtopics is shown in the
+following:
+
+    OURS A CHRISTIAN NATION
+
+    I. INTRODUCTION: Why the subject is timely. Influences
+    operative against this contention today.
+
+    II. CHRISTIANITY PRESIDED OVER THE EARLY HISTORY OF
+    AMERICA.
+
+    1. First practical discovery by a Christian explorer. Columbus
+    worshiped God on the new soil.
+
+    2. The Cavaliers.
+
+    3. The French Catholic settlers.
+
+    4. The Huguenots.
+
+    5. The Puritans.
+
+    III. THE BIRTH OF OUR NATION WAS UNDER CHRISTIAN AUSPICES.
+
+    1. Christian character of Washington.
+
+    2. Other Christian patriots.
+
+    3. The Church in our Revolutionary struggle. Muhlenberg.
+
+    IV. OUR LATER HISTORY HAS ONLY EMPHASIZED OUR NATIONAL
+    ATTITUDE. Examples of dealings with foreign nations show
+    Christian magnanimity. Returning the Chinese Indemnity;
+    fostering the Red Cross; attitude toward Belgium.
+
+    V. OUR GOVERNMENTAL FORMS AND MANY OF OUR LAWS ARE OF A
+    CHRISTIAN TEMPER.
+
+    1. The use of the Bible in public ways, oaths, etc.
+
+    2. The Bible in our schools.
+
+    3. Christian chaplains minister to our law-making bodies, to our
+    army, and to our navy.
+
+    4. The Christian Sabbath is officially and generally recognized.
+
+    5. The Christian family and the Christian system of morality are
+    at the basis of our laws.
+
+    VI. THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE TESTIFIES OF THE POWER OF
+    CHRISTIANITY. Charities, education, etc., have Christian
+    tone.
+
+    VII. OTHER NATIONS REGARD US AS A CHRISTIAN PEOPLE.
+
+    VIII. CONCLUSION: The attitude which may reasonably be
+    expected of all good citizens toward questions touching the
+    preservation of our standing as a Christian nation.
+
+
+_Writing and Revision_
+
+After the outline has been perfected comes the time to write the speech,
+if write it you must. Then, whatever you do, write it at white heat,
+with not _too_ much thought of anything but the strong, appealing
+expression of your ideas.
+
+The final stage is the paring down, the re-vision--the seeing again, as
+the word implies--when all the parts of the speech must be impartially
+scrutinized for clearness, precision, force, effectiveness, suitability,
+proportion, logical climax; and in all this you must _imagine yourself
+to be before your audience_, for a speech is not an essay and what will
+convince and arouse in the one will not prevail in the other.
+
+
+_The Title_
+
+Often last of all will come that which in a sense is first of all--the
+title, the name by which the speech is known. Sometimes it will be the
+simple theme of the address, as "The New Americanism," by Henry
+Watterson; or it may be a bit of symbolism typifying the spirit of the
+address, as "Acres of Diamonds," by Russell H. Conwell; or it may be a
+fine phrase taken from the body of the address, as "Pass Prosperity
+Around," by Albert J. Beveridge. All in all, from whatever motive it be
+chosen, let the title be fresh, short, suited to the subject, and likely
+to excite interest.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Define (_a_) introduction; (_b_) climax; (_c_) peroration.
+
+2. If a thirty-minute speech would require three hours for specific
+preparation, would you expect to be able to do equal justice to a speech
+one-third as long in one-third the time for preparation? Give reasons.
+
+3. Relate briefly any personal experience you may have had in conserving
+time for reading and thought.
+
+4. In the manner of a reporter or investigator, go out and get
+first-hand information on some subject of interest to the public.
+Arrange the results of your research in the form of an outline, or
+brief.
+
+5. From a private or a public library gather enough authoritative
+material on one of the following questions to build an outline for a
+twenty-minute address. Take one definite side of the question, (_a_)
+"The Housing of the Poor;" (_b_) "The Commission Form of Government for
+Cities as a Remedy for Political Graft;" (_c_) "The Test of Woman's
+Suffrage in the West;" (_d_) "Present Trends of Public Taste in
+Reading;" (_e_) "Municipal Art;" (_f_) "Is the Theatre Becoming more
+Elevated in Tone?" (_g_) "The Effects of the Magazine on Literature;"
+(_h_) "Does Modern Life Destroy Ideals?" (_i_) "Is Competition 'the Life
+of Trade?'" (_j_) "Baseball is too Absorbing to be a Wholesome National
+Game;" (_k_) "Summer Baseball and Amateur Standing;" (_l_) "Does College
+Training Unfit a Woman for Domestic Life?" (_m_) "Does Woman's
+Competition with Man in Business Dull the Spirit of Chivalry?" (_n_)
+"Are Elective Studies Suited to High School Courses?" (_o_) "Does the
+Modern College Prepare Men for Preeminent Leadership?" (_p_) "The
+Y.M.C.A. in Its Relation to the Labor Problem;" (_q_) "Public Speaking
+as Training in Citizenship."
+
+6. Construct the outline, examining it carefully for interest,
+convincing character, proportion, and climax of arrangement.
+
+NOTE:--This exercise should be repeated until the student shows facility
+in synthetic arrangement.
+
+7. Deliver the address, if possible before an audience.
+
+8. Make a three-hundred word report on the results, as best you are able
+to estimate them.
+
+9. Tell something of the benefits of using a periodical (or cumulative)
+index.
+
+10. Give a number of quotations, suitable for a speaker's use, that you
+have memorized in off moments.
+
+11. In the manner of the outline on page 213, analyze the address on
+pages 78-79, "The History of Liberty."
+
+12. Give an outline analysis, from notes or memory, of an address or
+sermon to which you have listened for this purpose.
+
+13. Criticise the address from a structural point of view.
+
+14. Invent titles for any five of the themes in Exercise 5.
+
+15. Criticise the titles of any five chapters of this book, suggesting
+better ones.
+
+16. Criticise the title of any lecture or address of which you know.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 10: _How to Attract and Hold an Audience_, J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Adapted from _Competition-Rhetoric_, Scott and Denny, p.
+241.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+INFLUENCING BY EXPOSITION
+
+    Speak not at all, in any wise, till you have somewhat to speak;
+    care not for the reward of your speaking, but simply and with
+    undivided mind for the truth of your speaking.
+
+    --THOMAS CARLYLE, Essay on _Biography_.
+
+
+A complete discussion of the rhetorical structure of public speeches
+requires a fuller treatise than can be undertaken in a work of this
+nature, yet in this chapter, and in the succeeding ones on
+"Description," "Narration," "Argument," and "Pleading," the underlying
+principles are given and explained as fully as need be for a working
+knowledge, and adequate book references are given for those who would
+perfect themselves in rhetorical art.
+
+
+_The Nature of Exposition_
+
+In the word "expose"--_to lay bare, to uncover, to show the true
+inwardness of_--we see the foundation-idea of "Exposition." It is the
+clear and precise setting forth of what the subject really is--it is
+explanation.
+
+Exposition does not draw a picture, for that would be description. To
+tell in exact terms what the automobile is, to name its characteristic
+parts and explain their workings, would be exposition; so would an
+explanation of the nature of "fear." But to create a mental image of a
+particular automobile, with its glistening body, graceful lines, and
+great speed, would be description; and so would a picturing of fear
+acting on the emotions of a child at night. Exposition and description
+often intermingle and overlap, but fundamentally they are distinct.
+Their differences will be touched upon again in the chapter on
+"Description."
+
+Exposition furthermore does not include an account of how events
+happened--that is narration. When Peary lectured on his polar
+discoveries he explained the instruments used for determining latitude
+and longitude--that was exposition. In picturing his equipment he used
+description. In telling of his adventures day by day he employed
+narration. In supporting some of his contentions he used argument. Yet
+he mingled all these forms throughout the lecture.
+
+Neither does exposition deal with reasons and inferences--that is the
+field of argument. A series of connected statements intended to convince
+a prospective buyer that one automobile is better than another, or
+proofs that the appeal to fear is a wrong method of discipline, would
+not be exposition. The plain facts as set forth in expository speaking
+or writing are nearly always the basis of argument, yet the processes
+are not one. True, the statement of a single significant fact without
+the addition of one other word may be convincing, but a moment's thought
+will show that the inference, which completes a chain of reasoning, is
+made in the mind of the hearer and presupposes other facts held in
+consideration.[12]
+
+In like manner, it is obvious that the field of persuasion is not open
+to exposition, for exposition is entirely an intellectual process, with
+no emotional element.
+
+
+_The Importance of Exposition_
+
+The importance of exposition in public speech is precisely the
+importance of setting forth a matter so plainly that it cannot be
+misunderstood.
+
+    "To master the process of exposition is to become a clear
+    thinker. 'I know, when you do not ask me,'[13] replied a
+    gentleman upon being requested to define a highly complex idea.
+    Now some large concepts defy explicit definition; but no mind
+    should take refuge behind such exceptions, for where definition
+    fails, other forms succeed. Sometimes we feel confident that we
+    have perfect mastery of an idea, but when the time comes to
+    express it, the clearness becomes a haze. Exposition, then, is
+    the test of clear understanding. To speak effectively you must
+    be able to see your subject clearly and comprehensively, and to
+    make your audience see it as you do."[14]
+
+There are pitfalls on both sides of this path. To explain too little
+will leave your audience in doubt as to what you mean. It is useless to
+argue a question if it is not perfectly clear just what is meant by the
+question. Have you never come to a blind lane in conversation by finding
+that you were talking of one aspect of a matter while your friend was
+thinking of another? If two do not agree in their definitions of a
+Musician, it is useless to dispute over a certain man's right to claim
+the title.
+
+On the other side of the path lies the abyss of tediously explaining too
+much. That offends because it impresses the hearers that you either do
+not respect their intelligence or are trying to blow a breeze into a
+tornado. Carefully estimate the probable knowledge of your audience,
+both in general and of the particular point you are explaining. In
+trying to simplify, it is fatal to "sillify." To explain more than is
+needed for the purposes of your argument or appeal is to waste energy
+all around. In your efforts to be explicit do not press exposition to
+the extent of dulness--the confines are not far distant and you may
+arrive before you know it.
+
+
+_Some Purposes of Exposition_
+
+From what has been said it ought to be clear that, primarily, exposition
+weaves a cord of understanding between you and your audience. It lays,
+furthermore, a foundation of fact on which to build later statements,
+arguments, and appeals. In scientific and purely "information" speeches
+exposition may exist by itself and for itself, as in a lecture on
+biology, or on psychology; but in the vast majority of cases it is used
+to accompany and prepare the way for the other forms of discourse.
+
+Clearness, precision, accuracy, unity, truth, and necessity--these must
+be the _constant_ standards by which you test the efficiency of your
+expositions, and, indeed, that of every explanatory statement. This
+dictum should be written on your brain in letters most plain. And let
+this apply not alone to the _purposes_ of exposition but in equal
+measure to your use of the
+
+
+_Methods of Exposition_
+
+The various ways along which a speaker may proceed in exposition are
+likely to touch each other now and then, and even when they do not meet
+and actually overlap they run so nearly parallel that the roads are
+sometimes distinct rather in theory than in any more practical respect.
+
+=Definition=, the primary expository method, is a statement of precise
+limits.[15] Obviously, here the greatest care must be exercised that the
+terms of definition should not themselves demand too much definition;
+that the language should be concise and clear; and that the definition
+should neither exclude nor include too much. The following is a simple
+example:
+
+    To expound is to set forth the nature, the significance, the
+    characteristics, and the bearing of an idea or a group of ideas.
+
+    --ARLO BATES, _Talks on Writing English_.
+
+=Contrast and Antithesis= are often used effectively to amplify
+definition, as in this sentence, which immediately follows the
+above-cited definition:
+
+    Exposition therefore differs from Description in that it deals
+    directly with the meaning or intent of its subject instead of
+    with its appearance.
+
+This antithesis forms an expansion of the definition, and as such it
+might have been still further extended. In fact, this is a frequent
+practise in public speech, where the minds of the hearers often ask for
+reiteration and expanded statement to help them grasp a subject in its
+several aspects. This is the very heart of exposition--to amplify and
+clarify all the terms by which a matter is defined.
+
+=Example= is another method of amplifying a definition or of expounding
+an idea more fully. The following sentences immediately succeed Mr.
+Bates's definition and contrast just quoted:
+
+    A good deal which we are accustomed inexactly to call
+    description is really exposition. Suppose that your small boy
+    wishes to know how an engine works, and should say: "Please
+    describe the steam-engine to me." If you insist on taking his
+    words literally--and are willing to run the risk of his
+    indignation at being wilfully misunderstood--you will to the
+    best of your ability picture to him this familiarly wonderful
+    machine. If you explain it to him, you are not describing but
+    expounding it.
+
+The chief value of example is that it makes clear the unknown by
+referring the mind to the known. Readiness of mind to make illuminating,
+apt comparisons for the sake of clearness is one of the speaker's chief
+resources on the platform--it is the greatest of all teaching gifts. It
+is a gift, moreover, that responds to cultivation. Read the three
+extracts from Arlo Bates as their author delivered them, as one passage,
+and see how they melt into one, each part supplementing the other most
+helpfully.
+
+=Analogy=, which calls attention to similar relationships in objects not
+otherwise similar, is one of the most useful methods of exposition. The
+following striking specimen is from Beecher's Liverpool speech:
+
+    A savage is a man of one story, and that one story a cellar.
+    When a man begins to be civilized he raises another story. When
+    you christianize and civilize the man, you put story upon story,
+    for you develop faculty after faculty; and you have to supply
+    every story with your productions.
+
+=Discarding= is a less common form of platform explanation. It consists
+in clearing away associated ideas so that the attention may be centered
+on the main thought to be discussed. Really, it is a negative factor in
+exposition though a most important one, for it is fundamental to the
+consideration of an intricately related matter that subordinate and side
+questions should be set aside in order to bring out the main issue. Here
+is an example of the method:
+
+    I cannot allow myself to be led aside from the only issue before
+    this jury. It is not pertinent to consider that this prisoner is
+    the husband of a heartbroken woman and that his babes will go
+    through the world under the shadow of the law's extremest
+    penalty worked upon their father. We must forget the venerable
+    father and the mother whom Heaven in pity took before she
+    learned of her son's disgrace. What have these matters of heart,
+    what have the blenched faces of his friends, what have the
+    prisoner's long and honorable career to say before this bar when
+    you are sworn to weigh only the direct evidence before you? The
+    one and only question for you to decide on the evidence is
+    whether this man did with revengeful intent commit the murder
+    that every impartial witness has solemnly laid at his door.
+
+=Classification= assigns a subject to its class. By an allowable extension
+of the definition it may be said to assign it also to its order, genus,
+and species. Classification is useful in public speech in narrowing the
+issue to a desired phase. It is equally valuable for showing a thing in
+its relation to other things, or in correlation. Classification is
+closely akin to Definition and Division.
+
+    This question of the liquor traffic, sirs, takes its place
+    beside the grave moral issues of all times. Whatever be its
+    economic significance--and who is there to question
+    it--whatever vital bearing it has upon our political system--and
+    is there one who will deny it?--the question of the licensed
+    saloon must quickly be settled as the world in its advancement
+    has settled the questions of constitutional government for the
+    masses, of the opium traffic, of the serf, and of the slave--not
+    as matters of economic and political expediency but as questions
+    of right and wrong.
+
+=Analysis= separates a subject into its essential parts. This it may do by
+various principles; for example, analysis may follow the order of time
+(geologic eras), order of place (geographic facts), logical order (a
+sermon outline), order of increasing interest, or procession to a climax
+(a lecture on 20th century poets); and so on. A classic example of
+analytical exposition is the following:
+
+    In philosophy the contemplations of man do either penetrate unto
+    God, or are circumferred to nature, or are reflected or reverted
+    upon himself. Out of which several inquiries there do arise
+    three knowledges: divine philosophy, natural philosophy, and
+    human philosophy or humanity. For all things are marked and
+    stamped with this triple character, of the power of God, the
+    difference of nature, and the use of man.
+
+    --LORD BACON, _The Advancement of Learning_.[16]
+
+=Division= differs only from analysis in that analysis follows the
+inherent divisions of a subject, as illustrated in the foregoing
+passage, while division arbitrarily separates the subject for
+convenience of treatment, as in the following none-too-logical example:
+
+    For civil history, it is of three kinds; not unfitly to be
+    compared with the three kinds of pictures or images. For of
+    pictures or images, we see some are unfinished, some are
+    perfect, and some are defaced. So of histories we may find three
+    kinds, memorials, perfect histories, and antiquities; for
+    memorials are history unfinished, or the first or rough drafts
+    of history; and antiquities are history defaced, or some
+    remnants of history which have casually escaped the shipwreck of
+    time.
+
+    --LORD BACON, _The Advancement of Learning_.[16A]
+
+=Generalization= states a broad principle, or a general truth, derived
+from examination of a considerable number of individual facts. This
+synthetic exposition is not the same as argumentative generalization,
+which supports a general contention by citing instances in proof.
+Observe how Holmes begins with one fact, and by adding another and
+another reaches a complete whole. This is one of the most effective
+devices in the public speaker's repertory.
+
+    Take a hollow cylinder, the bottom closed while the top remains
+    open, and pour in water to the height of a few inches. Next
+    cover the water with a flat plate or piston, which fits the
+    interior of the cylinder perfectly; then apply heat to the
+    water, and we shall witness the following phenomena. After the
+    lapse of some minutes the water will begin to boil, and the
+    steam accumulating at the upper surface will make room for
+    itself by raising the piston slightly. As the boiling continues,
+    more and more steam will be formed, and raise the piston higher
+    and higher, till all the water is boiled away, and nothing but
+    steam is left in the cylinder. Now this machine, consisting of
+    cylinder, piston, water, and fire, is the steam-engine in its
+    most elementary form. For a steam-engine may be defined as an
+    apparatus for doing work by means of heat applied to water; and
+    since raising such a weight as the piston is a form of doing
+    work, this apparatus, clumsy and inconvenient though it may be,
+    answers the definition precisely.[17]
+
+=Reference to Experience= is one of the most vital principles in
+exposition--as in every other form of discourse.
+
+"Reference to experience, as here used, means reference to the known.
+The known is that which the listener has seen, heard, read, felt,
+believed or done, and which still exists in his consciousness--his stock
+of knowledge. It embraces all those thoughts, feelings and happenings
+which are to him real. Reference to Experience, then, means _coming into
+the listener's life_.[18]
+
+    The vast results obtained by science are won by no mystical
+    faculties, by no mental processes, other than those which are
+    practised by every one of us in the humblest and meanest affairs
+    of life. A detective policeman discovers a burglar from the
+    marks made by his shoe, by a mental process identical with that
+    by which Cuvier restored the extinct animals of Montmartre from
+    fragments of their bones. Nor does that process of induction and
+    deduction by which a lady, finding a stain of a particular kind
+    upon her dress, concludes that somebody has upset the inkstand
+    thereon, differ in any way from that by which Adams and
+    Leverrier discovered a new planet. The man of science, in fact,
+    simply uses with scrupulous exactness the methods which we all
+    habitually, and at every moment, use carelessly.
+
+    --THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, _Lay Sermons_.
+
+    Do you set down your name in the scroll of youth, that are
+    written down old with all the characters of age? Have you not a
+    moist eye? a dry hand? a yellow cheek? a white beard? a
+    decreasing leg? an increasing belly? is not your voice broken?
+    your wind short? your chin double? your wit single? and every
+    part about you blasted with antiquity? and will you yet call
+    yourself young? Fie, fie, fie, Sir John!
+
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _The Merry Wives of Windsor_.
+
+Finally, in preparing expository material ask yourself these questions
+regarding your subject:
+
+What is it, and what is it not?
+What is it like, and unlike?
+What are its causes, and effects?
+How shall it be divided?
+With what subjects is it correlated?
+What experiences does it recall?
+What examples illustrate it?
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. What would be the effect of adhering to any one of the forms of
+discourse in a public address?
+
+2. Have you ever heard such an address?
+
+3. Invent a series of examples illustrative of the distinctions made on
+pages 232 and 233.
+
+4. Make a list of ten subjects that might be treated largely, if not
+entirely, by exposition.
+
+5. Name the six standards by which expository writing should be tried.
+
+6. Define any one of the following: (_a_) storage battery; (_b_) "a free
+hand;" (_c_) sail boat; (_d_) "The Big Stick;" (_e_) nonsense; (_f_) "a
+good sport;" (_g_) short-story; (_h_) novel; (_i_) newspaper; (_j_)
+politician; (_k_) jealousy; (_l_) truth; (_m_) matinee girl; (_n_)
+college honor system; (_o_) modish; (_p_) slum; (_q_) settlement work;
+(_r_) forensic.
+
+7. Amplify the definition by antithesis.
+
+8. Invent two examples to illustrate the definition (question 6).
+
+9. Invent two analogies for the same subject (question 6).
+
+10. Make a short speech based on one of the following: (_a_) wages and
+salary; (_b_) master and man; (_c_) war and peace; (_d_) home and the
+boarding house; (_e_) struggle and victory; (_f_) ignorance and
+ambition.
+
+11. Make a ten-minute speech on any of the topics named in question 6,
+using all the methods of exposition already named.
+
+12. Explain what is meant by discarding topics collateral and
+subordinate to a subject.
+
+13. Rewrite the jury-speech on page 224.
+
+14. Define correlation.
+
+15. Write an example of "classification," on any political, social,
+economic, or moral issue of the day.
+
+16. Make a brief analytical statement of Henry W. Grady's "The Race
+Problem," page 36.
+
+17. By what analytical principle did you proceed? (See page 225.)
+
+18. Write a short, carefully generalized speech from a large amount of
+data on one of the following subjects: (_a_) The servant girl problem;
+(_b_) cats; (_c_) the baseball craze; (_d_) reform administrations;
+(_e_) sewing societies; (_f_) coeducation; (_g_) the traveling salesman.
+
+19. Observe this passage from Newton's "Effective Speaking:"
+
+    "That man is a cynic. He sees goodness nowhere. He sneers at
+    virtue, sneers at love; to him the maiden plighting her troth is
+    an artful schemer, and he sees even in the mother's kiss nothing
+    but an empty conventionality."
+
+Write, commit and deliver two similar passages based on your choice from
+this list: (_a_) "the egotist;" (_b_) "the sensualist;" (_c_) "the
+hypocrite;" (_d_) "the timid man;" (_e_) "the joker;" (_f_) "the flirt;"
+(_g_) "the ungrateful woman;" (_h_) "the mournful man." In both cases
+use the principle of "Reference to Experience."
+
+20. Write a passage on any of the foregoing characters in imitation of
+the style of Shakespeare's characterization of Sir John Falstaff, page
+227.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 12: Argumentation will be outlined fully in subsequent
+chapter.]
+
+[Footnote 13: _The Working Principles of Rhetoric_, J.F. Genung.]
+
+[Footnote 14: _How to Attract and Hold an Audience_, J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+[Footnote 15: On the various types of definition see any college manual
+of Rhetoric.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Quoted in _The Working Principles of Rhetoric_, J.F.
+Genung.]
+
+[Footnote 16A: Quoted in _The Working Principles of Rhetoric_, J.F.
+Genung.]
+
+[Footnote 17: G.C.V. Holmes, quoted in _Specimens of Exposition_, H.
+Lamont.]
+
+[Footnote 18: _Effective Speaking_, Arthur Edward Phillips. This work
+covers the preparation of public speech in a very helpful way.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+INFLUENCING BY DESCRIPTION
+
+    The groves of Eden vanish'd now so long,
+    Live in description, and look green in song.
+
+    --ALEXANDER POPE, _Windsor Forest_.
+
+    The moment our discourse rises above the ground-line of familiar
+    facts, and is inflamed with passion or exalted thought, it
+    clothes itself in images. A man conversing in earnest, if he
+    watch his intellectual processes, will find that always a
+    material image, more or less luminous, arises in his mind,
+    contemporaneous with every thought, which furnishes the vestment
+    of the thought.... This imagery is spontaneous. It is the
+    blending of experience with the present action of the mind. It
+    is proper creation.
+
+    --RALPH WALDO EMERSON, _Nature_.
+
+
+Like other valuable resources in public speaking, description loses its
+power when carried to an extreme. Over-ornamentation makes the subject
+ridiculous. A dust-cloth is a very useful thing, but why embroider it?
+Whether description shall be restrained within its proper and important
+limits, or be encouraged to run riot, is the personal choice that comes
+before every speaker, for man's earliest literary tendency is to depict.
+
+
+_The Nature of Description_
+
+To describe is to call up a picture in the mind of the hearer. "In
+talking of description we naturally speak of portraying, delineating,
+coloring, and all the devices of the picture painter. To describe is to
+visualize, hence we must look at description as a pictorial process,
+whether the writer deals with material or with spiritual objects."[19]
+
+If you were asked to describe the rapid-fire gun you might go about it
+in either of two ways: give a cold technical account of its mechanism,
+in whole and in detail, or else describe it as a terrible engine of
+slaughter, dwelling upon its effects rather than upon its structure.
+
+The former of these processes is exposition, the latter is true
+description. Exposition deals more with the _general_, while description
+must deal with the _particular_. Exposition elucidates _ideas_,
+description treats of _things_. Exposition deals with the _abstract_,
+description with the _concrete_. Exposition is concerned with the
+_internal_, description with the _external_. Exposition is
+_enumerative_, description _literary_. Exposition is _intellectual_,
+description _sensory_. Exposition is _impersonal_, description
+_personal_.
+
+If description is a visualizing process for the hearer, it is first of
+all such for the speaker--he cannot describe what he has never seen,
+either physically or in fancy. It is this personal quality--this
+question of the personal eye which sees the things later to be
+described--that makes description so interesting in public speech. Given
+a speaker of personality, and we are interested in his personal
+view--his view adds to the natural interest of the scene, and may even
+be the sole source of that interest to his auditors.
+
+The seeing eye has been praised in an earlier chapter (on "Subject and
+Preparation") and the imagination will be treated in a subsequent one
+(on "Riding the Winged Horse"), but here we must consider the
+_picturing mind_: the mind that forms the double habit of seeing things
+clearly--for we see more with the mind than we do with the physical
+eye--and then of re-imaging these things for the purpose of getting them
+before the minds' eyes of the hearers. No habit is more useful than that
+of visualizing clearly the object, the scene, the situation, the action,
+the person, about to be described. Unless that primary process is
+carried out clearly, the picture will be blurred for the
+hearer-beholder.
+
+In a work of this nature we are concerned with the rhetorical analysis
+of description, and with its methods, only so far as may be needed for
+the practical purposes of the speaker.[20] The following grouping,
+therefore, will not be regarded as complete, nor will it here be
+necessary to add more than a word of explanation:
+
+_Description for Public Speakers_
+
+
+Objects    { Still
+  " "      { In motion
+
+Scenes     { Still
+  " "      { Including action
+
+Situations { Preceding change
+  " "      { During change
+  " "      { After change
+
+Actions    { Mental
+  " "      { Physical
+
+Persons    { Internal
+  " "      { External
+
+Some of the foregoing processes will overlap, in certain instances, and
+all are more likely to be found in combination than singly.
+
+When description is intended solely to give accurate information--as to
+delineate the appearance, not the technical construction, of the latest
+Zeppelin airship--it is called "scientific description," and is akin to
+exposition. When it is intended to present a free picture for the
+purpose of making a vivid impression, it is called "artistic
+description." With both of these the public speaker has to deal, but
+more frequently with the latter form. Rhetoricians make still further
+distinctions.
+
+
+_Methods of Description_
+
+In public speaking, _description should be mainly by suggestion_, not
+only because suggestive description is so much more compact and
+time-saving but because it is so vivid. Suggestive expressions connote
+more than they literally say--they suggest ideas and pictures to the
+mind of the hearer which supplement the direct words of the speaker.
+When Dickens, in his "Christmas Carol," says: "In came Mrs. Fezziwig,
+one vast substantial smile," our minds complete the picture so deftly
+begun--a much more effective process than that of a minutely detailed
+description because it leaves a unified, vivid impression, and that is
+what we need. Here is a present-day bit of suggestion: "General Trinkle
+was a gnarly oak of a man--rough, solid, and safe; you always knew where
+to find him." Dickens presents Miss Peecher as: "A little pin-cushion, a
+little housewife, a little book, a little work-box, a little set of
+tables and weights and measures, and a little woman all in one." In his
+"Knickerbocker's" "History of New York," Irving portrays Wouter van
+Twiller as "a robustious beer-barrel, standing on skids."
+
+Whatever forms of description you neglect, be sure to master the art of
+suggestion.
+
+_Description may be by simple hint._ Lowell notes a happy instance of
+this sort of picturing by intimation when he says of Chaucer: "Sometimes
+he describes amply by the merest hint, as where the Friar, before
+setting himself down, drives away the cat. We know without need of more
+words that he has chosen the snuggest corner."
+
+_Description may depict a thing by its effects._ "When the spectator's
+eye is dazzled, and he shades it," says Mozley in his "Essays," "we form
+the idea of a splendid object; when his face turns pale, of a horrible
+one; from his quick wonder and admiration we form the idea of great
+beauty; from his silent awe, of great majesty."
+
+_Brief description may be by epithet._ "Blue-eyed," "white-armed,"
+"laughter-loving," are now conventional compounds, but they were fresh
+enough when Homer first conjoined them. The centuries have not yet
+improved upon "Wheels round, brazen, eight-spoked," or "Shields smooth,
+beautiful, brazen, well-hammered." Observe the effective use of epithet
+in Will Levington Comfort's "The Fighting Death," when he speaks of
+soldiers in a Philippine skirmish as being "leeched against a rock."
+
+_Description uses figures of speech._ Any advanced rhetoric will discuss
+their forms and give examples for guidance.[21] This matter is most
+important, be assured. A brilliant yet carefully restrained figurative
+style, a style marked by brief, pungent, witty, and humorous comparisons
+and characterizations, is a wonderful resource for all kinds of platform
+work.
+
+_Description may be direct._ This statement is plain enough without
+exposition. Use your own judgment as to whether in picturing you had
+better proceed from a general view to the details, or first give the
+details and thus build up the general picture, but by all means BE
+BRIEF.
+
+Note the vivid compactness of these delineations from Washington
+Irving's "Knickerbocker:"
+
+    He was a short, square, brawny old gentleman, with a double
+    chin, a mastiff mouth, and a broad copper nose, which was
+    supposed in those days to have acquired its fiery hue from the
+    constant neighborhood of his tobacco pipe.
+
+
+    He was exactly five feet six inches in height, and six feet five
+    inches in circumference. His head was a perfect sphere, and of
+    such stupendous dimensions, that Dame Nature, with all her sex's
+    ingenuity, would have been puzzled to construct a neck capable
+    of supporting it; wherefore she wisely declined the attempt, and
+    settled it firmly on the top of his backbone, just between the
+    shoulders. His body was of an oblong form, particularly
+    capacious at bottom; which was wisely ordered by Providence,
+    seeing that he was a man of sedentary habits, and very averse to
+    the idle labor of walking.
+
+The foregoing is too long for the platform, but it is so good-humored,
+so full of delightful exaggeration, that it may well serve as a model
+of humorous character picturing, for here one inevitably sees the inner
+man in the outer.
+
+Direct description for platform use may be made vivid by the _sparing_
+use of the "historical present." The following dramatic passage,
+accompanied by the most lively action, has lingered in the mind for
+thirty years after hearing Dr. T. De Witt Talmage lecture on "Big
+Blunders." The crack of the bat sounds clear even today:
+
+    Get ready the bats and take your positions. Now, give us the
+    ball. Too low. Don't strike. Too high. Don't strike. There it
+    comes like lightning. Strike! Away it soars! Higher! Higher!
+    Run! Another base! Faster! Faster! Good! All around at one
+    stroke!
+
+Observe the remarkable way in which the lecturer fused speaker,
+audience, spectators, and players into one excited, ecstatic whole--just
+as you have found yourself starting forward in your seat at the delivery
+of the ball with "three on and two down" in the ninth inning. Notice,
+too, how--perhaps unconsciously--Talmage painted the scene in Homer's
+characteristic style: not as having already happened, but as happening
+before your eyes.
+
+If you have attended many travel talks you must have been impressed by
+the painful extremes to which the lecturers go--with a few notable
+exceptions, their language is either over-ornate or crude. If you would
+learn the power of words to make scenery, yes, even houses, palpitate
+with poetry and human appeal, read Lafcadio Hearn, Robert Louis
+Stevenson, Pierre Loti, and Edmondo De Amicis.
+
+    Blue-distant, a mountain of carven stone appeared before
+    them,--the Temple, lifting to heaven its wilderness of chiseled
+    pinnacles, flinging to the sky the golden spray of its
+    decoration.
+
+    --LAFCADIO HEARN, _Chinese Ghosts_.
+
+
+    The stars were clear, colored, and jewel-like, but not frosty. A
+    faint silvery vapour stood for the Milky Way. All around me the
+    black fir-points stood upright and stock-still. By the whiteness
+    of the pack-saddle I could see Modestine walking round and round
+    at the length of her tether; I could hear her steadily munching
+    at the sward; but there was not another sound save the
+    indescribable quiet talk of the runnel over the stones.
+
+    --ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, _Travels with a Donkey_.
+
+
+    It was full autumn now, late autumn--with the nightfalls gloomy,
+    and all things growing dark early in the old cottage, and all
+    the Breton land looking sombre, too. The very days seemed but
+    twilight; immeasurable clouds, slowly passing, would suddenly
+    bring darkness at broad noon. The wind moaned constantly--it was
+    like the sound of a great cathedral organ at a distance, but
+    playing profane airs, or despairing dirges; at other times it
+    would come close to the door, and lift up a howl like wild
+    beasts.
+
+    --PIERRE LOTI, _An Iceland Fisherman_.
+
+
+    I see the great refectory,[22] where a battalion might have
+    drilled; I see the long tables, the five hundred heads bent
+    above the plates, the rapid motion of five hundred forks, of a
+    thousand hands, and sixteen thousand teeth; the swarm of
+    servants running here and there, called to, scolded, hurried, on
+    every side at once; I hear the clatter of dishes, the deafening
+    noise, the voices choked with food crying out: "Bread--bread!"
+    and I feel once more the formidable appetite, the herculean
+    strength of jaw, the exuberant life and spirits of those far-off
+    days.[23]
+
+    --EDMONDO DE AMICIS, _College Friends_.
+
+
+_Suggestions for the Use of Description_
+
+Decide, on beginning a description, what point of view you wish your
+hearers to take. One cannot see either a mountain or a man on all sides
+at once. Establish a view-point, and do not shift without giving notice.
+
+Choose an attitude toward your subject--shall it be idealized?
+caricatured? ridiculed? exaggerated? defended? or described impartially?
+
+Be sure of your mood, too, for it will color the subject to be
+described. Melancholy will make a rose-garden look gray.
+
+Adopt an order in which you will proceed--do not shift backward and
+forward from near to far, remote to close in time, general to
+particular, large to small, important to unimportant, concrete to
+abstract, physical to mental; but follow your chosen order. Scattered
+and shifting observations produce hazy impressions just as a moving
+camera spoils the time-exposure.
+
+Do not go into needless minutiae. Some details identify a thing with its
+class, while other details differentiate it from its class. Choose only
+the significant, suggestive characteristics and bring those out with
+terse vividness. Learn a lesson from the few strokes used by the poster
+artist.
+
+In determining what to describe and what merely to name, seek to read
+the knowledge of your audience. The difference to them between the
+unknown and the known is a vital one also to you.
+
+Relentlessly cut out all ideas and words not necessary to produce the
+effect you desire. Each element in a mental picture either helps or
+hinders. Be sure they do not hinder, for they cannot be passively
+present in any discourse.
+
+Interruptions of the description to make side-remarks are as powerful to
+destroy unity as are scattered descriptive phrases. The only visual
+impression that can be effective is one that is unified.
+
+In describing, try to call up the emotions you felt when first you saw
+the scene, and then try to reproduce those emotions in your hearers.
+Description is primarily emotional in its appeal; nothing can be more
+deadly dull than a cold, unemotional outline, while nothing leaves a
+warmer impression than a glowing, spirited description.
+
+Give a swift and vivid general view at the close of the portrayal. First
+and final impressions remain the longest. The mind may be trained to
+take in the characteristic points of a subject, so as to view in a
+single scene, action, experience, or character, a unified impression of
+the whole. To describe a thing as a whole you must first see it as a
+whole. Master that art and you have mastered description to the last
+degree.
+
+
+SELECTIONS FOR PRACTISE
+
+    _THE HOMES OF THE PEOPLE_
+
+    I went to Washington the other day, and I stood on the Capitol
+    Hill; my heart beat quick as I looked at the towering marble of
+    my country's Capitol and the mist gathered in my eyes as I
+    thought of its tremendous significance, and the armies and the
+    treasury, and the judges and the President, and the Congress and
+    the courts, and all that was gathered there. And I felt that the
+    sun in all its course could not look down on a better sight than
+    that majestic home of a republic that had taught the world its
+    best lessons of liberty. And I felt that if honor and wisdom and
+    justice abided therein, the world would at last owe to that
+    great house in which the ark of the covenant of my country is
+    lodged, its final uplifting and its regeneration.
+
+    Two days afterward, I went to visit a friend in the country, a
+    modest man, with a quiet country home. It was just a simple,
+    unpretentious house, set about with big trees, encircled in
+    meadow and field rich with the promise of harvest. The fragrance
+    of the pink and hollyhock in the front yard was mingled with the
+    aroma of the orchard and of the gardens, and resonant with the
+    cluck of poultry and the hum of bees.
+
+    Inside was quiet, cleanliness, thrift, and comfort. There was
+    the old clock that had welcomed, in steady measure, every
+    newcomer to the family, that had ticked the solemn requiem of
+    the dead, and had kept company with the watcher at the bedside.
+    There were the big, restful beds and the old, open fireplace,
+    and the old family Bible, thumbed with the fingers of hands long
+    since still, and wet with the tears of eyes long since closed,
+    holding the simple annals of the family and the heart and the
+    conscience of the home.
+
+    Outside, there stood my friend, the master, a simple, upright
+    man, with no mortgage on his roof, no lien on his growing crops,
+    master of his land and master of himself. There was his old
+    father, an aged, trembling man, but happy in the heart and home
+    of his son. And as they started to their home, the hands of the
+    old man went down on the young man's shoulder, laying there the
+    unspeakable blessing of the honored and grateful father and
+    ennobling it with the knighthood of the fifth commandment.
+
+    And as they reached the door the old mother came with the sunset
+    falling fair on her face, and lighting up her deep, patient
+    eyes, while her lips, trembling with the rich music of her
+    heart, bade her husband and son welcome to their home. Beyond
+    was the housewife, busy with her household cares, clean of heart
+    and conscience, the buckler and helpmeet of her husband. Down
+    the lane came the children, trooping home after the cows,
+    seeking as truant birds do the quiet of their home nest.
+
+    And I saw the night come down on that house, falling gently as
+    the wings of the unseen dove. And the old man--while a startled
+    bird called from the forest, and the trees were shrill with the
+    cricket's cry, and the stars were swarming in the sky--got the
+    family around him, and, taking the old Bible from the table,
+    called them to their knees, the little baby hiding in the folds
+    of its mother's dress, while he closed the record of that
+    simple day by calling down God's benediction on that family and
+    that home. And while I gazed, the vision of that marble Capitol
+    faded. Forgotten were its treasures and its majesty and I said,
+    "Oh, surely here in the homes of the people are lodged at last
+    the strength and the responsibility of this government, the hope
+    and the promise of this republic."
+
+    --HENRY W. GRADY.
+
+
+    _SUGGESTIVE SCENES_
+
+    One thing in life calls for another; there is a fitness in
+    events and places. The sight of a pleasant arbor puts it in our
+    mind to sit there. One place suggests work, another idleness, a
+    third early rising and long rambles in the dew. The effect of
+    night, of any flowing water, of lighted cities, of the peep of
+    day, of ships, of the open ocean, calls up in the mind an army
+    of anonymous desires and pleasures. Something, we feel, should
+    happen; we know not what, yet we proceed in quest of it. And
+    many of the happiest hours in life fleet by us in this vain
+    attendance on the genius of the place and moment. It is thus
+    that tracts of young fir, and low rocks that reach into deep
+    soundings, particularly delight and torture me. Something must
+    have happened in such places, and perhaps ages back, to members
+    of my race; and when I was a child I tried to invent appropriate
+    games for them, as I still try, just as vainly, to fit them with
+    the proper story. Some places speak distinctly. Certain dank
+    gardens cry aloud for a murder; certain old houses demand to be
+    haunted; certain coasts are set aside for shipwreck. Other spots
+    again seem to abide their destiny, suggestive and impenetrable,
+    "miching mallecho." The inn at Burford Bridge, with its arbours
+    and green garden and silent, eddying river--though it is known
+    already as the place where Keats wrote some of his _Endymion_
+    and Nelson parted from his Emma--still seems to wait the coming
+    of the appropriate legend. Within these ivied walls, behind
+    these old green shutters, some further business smoulders,
+    waiting for its hour. The old Hawes Inn at the Queen's ferry
+    makes a similar call upon my fancy. There it stands, apart from
+    the town, beside the pier, in a climate of its own, half inland,
+    half marine--in front, the ferry bubbling with the tide and the
+    guard-ship swinging to her anchor; behind, the old garden with
+    the trees. Americans seek it already for the sake of Lovel and
+    Oldbuck, who dined there at the beginning of the _Antiquary_.
+    But you need not tell me--that is not all; there is some story,
+    unrecorded or not yet complete, which must express the meaning
+    of that inn more fully.... I have lived both at the Hawes and
+    Burford in a perpetual flutter, on the heel, as it seemed, of
+    some adventure that should justify the place; but though the
+    feeling had me to bed at night and called me again at morning in
+    one unbroken round of pleasure and suspense, nothing befell me
+    in either worth remark. The man or the hour had not yet come;
+    but some day, I think, a boat shall put off from the Queen's
+    ferry, fraught with a dear cargo, and some frosty night a
+    horseman, on a tragic errand, rattle with his whip upon the
+    green shutters at the inn at Burford.
+
+    --R.L. STEVENSON, _A Gossip on Romance_.
+
+
+    _FROM "MIDNIGHT IN LONDON"_
+
+    Clang! Clang! Clang! the fire-bells! Bing! Bing! Bing! the
+    alarm! In an instant quiet turns to uproar--an outburst of
+    noise, excitement, clamor--bedlam broke loose; Bing! Bing! Bing!
+    Rattle, clash and clatter. Open fly the doors; brave men mount
+    their boxes. Bing! Bing! Bing! They're off! The horses tear down
+    the street like mad. Bing! Bing! Bing! goes the gong!
+
+    "Get out of the track! The engines are coming! For God's sake,
+    snatch that child from the road!"
+
+    On, on, wildly, resolutely, madly fly the steeds. Bing! Bing!
+    the gong. Away dash the horses on the wings of fevered fury. On
+    whirls the machine, down streets, around corners, up this avenue
+    and across that one, out into the very bowels of darkness,
+    whiffing, wheezing, shooting a million sparks from the stack,
+    paving the path of startled night with a galaxy of stars. Over
+    the house-tops to the north, a volcanic burst of flame shoots
+    out, belching with blinding effect. The sky is ablaze. A
+    tenement house is burning. Five hundred souls are in peril.
+    Merciful Heaven! Spare the victims! Are the engines coming? Yes,
+    here they are, dashing down the street. Look! the horses ride
+    upon the wind; eyes bulging like balls of fire; nostrils wide
+    open. A palpitating billow of fire, rolling, plunging, bounding
+    rising, falling, swelling, heaving, and with mad passion
+    bursting its red-hot sides asunder, reaching out its arms,
+    encircling, squeezing, grabbing up, swallowing everything before
+    it with the hot, greedy mouth of an appalling monster.
+
+    How the horses dash around the corner! Animal instinct say you?
+    Aye, more. Brute reason.
+
+    "Up the ladders, men!"
+
+    The towering building is buried in bloated banks of savage,
+    biting elements. Forked tongues dart out and in, dodge here and
+    there, up and down, and wind their cutting edges around every
+    object. A crash, a dull, explosive sound, and a puff of smoke
+    leaps out. At the highest point upon the roof stands a dark
+    figure in a desperate strait, the hands making frantic gestures,
+    the arms swinging wildly--and then the body shoots off into
+    frightful space, plunging upon the pavement with a revolting
+    thud. The man's arm strikes a bystander as he darts down. The
+    crowd shudders, sways, and utters a low murmur of pity and
+    horror. The faint-hearted lookers-on hide their faces. One woman
+    swoons away.
+
+    "Poor fellow! Dead!" exclaims a laborer, as he looks upon the
+    man's body.
+
+    "Aye, Joe, and I knew him well, too! He lived next door to me,
+    five flights back. He leaves a widowed mother and two wee bits
+    of orphans. I helped him bury his wife a fortnight ago. Ah, Joe!
+    but it's hard lines for the orphans."
+
+    A ghastly hour moves on, dragging its regiment of panic in its
+    trail and leaving crimson blotches of cruelty along the path of
+    night.
+
+    "Are they all out, firemen?"
+
+    "Aye, aye, sir!"
+
+    "No, they're not! There's a woman in the top window holding a
+    child in her arms--over yonder in the right-hand corner! The
+    ladders, there! A hundred pounds to the man who makes the
+    rescue!"
+
+    A dozen start. One man more supple than the others, and reckless
+    in his bravery, clambers to the top rung of the ladder.
+
+    "Too short!" he cries. "Hoist another!"
+
+    Up it goes. He mounts to the window, fastens the rope, lashes
+    mother and babe, swings them off into ugly emptiness, and lets
+    them down to be rescued by his comrades.
+
+    "Bravo, fireman!" shouts the crowd.
+
+    A crash breaks through the uproar of crackling timbers.
+
+    "Look alive, up there! Great God! The roof has fallen!"
+
+    The walls sway, rock, and tumble in with a deafening roar. The
+    spectators cease to breathe. The cold truth reveals itself. The
+    fireman has been carried into the seething furnace. An old
+    woman, bent with the weight of age, rushes through the fire
+    line, shrieking, raving, and wringing her hands and opening her
+    heart of grief.
+
+    "Poor John! He was all I had! And a brave lad he was, too! But
+    he's gone now. He lost his own life in savin' two more, and
+    now--now he's there, away in there!" she repeats, pointing to
+    the cruel oven.
+
+    The engines do their work. The flames die out. An eerie gloom
+    hangs over the ruins like a formidable, blackened pall.
+
+    And the noon of night is passed.
+
+    --ARDENNES JONES-FOSTER.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
+
+1. Write two paragraphs on one of these: the race horse, the motor boat,
+golfing, tennis; let the first be pure exposition and the second pure
+description.
+
+2. Select your own theme and do the same in two short extemporaneous
+speeches.
+
+3. Deliver a short original address in the over-ornamented style.
+
+4. (_a_) Point out its defects; (_b_) recast it in a more effective
+style; (_c_) show how the one surpasses the other.
+
+5. Make a list of ten subjects which lend themselves to description in
+the style you prefer.
+
+6. Deliver a two-minute speech on any one of them, using chiefly, but
+not solely, description.
+
+7. For one minute, look at any object, scene, action, picture, or
+person you choose, take two minutes to arrange your thoughts, and then
+deliver a short description--all without making written notes.
+
+8. In what sense is description more _personal_ than exposition?
+
+9. Explain the difference between a scientific and an artistic
+description.
+
+10. In the style of Dickens and Irving (pages 234, 235), write five
+separate sentences describing five characters by means of
+suggestion--one sentence to each.
+
+11. Describe a character by means of a hint, after the manner of Chaucer
+(p. 235).
+
+12. Read aloud the following with special attention to gesture:
+
+    His very throat was moral. You saw a good deal of it. You looked
+    over a very low fence of white cravat (whereof no man had ever
+    beheld the tie, for he fastened it behind), and there it lay, a
+    valley between two jutting heights of collar, serene and
+    whiskerless before you. It seemed to say, on the part of Mr.
+    Pecksniff, "There is no deception, ladies and gentlemen, all is
+    peace, a holy calm pervades me." So did his hair, just grizzled
+    with an iron gray, which was all brushed off his forehead, and
+    stood bolt upright, or slightly drooped in kindred action with
+    his heavy eyelids. So did his person, which was sleek though
+    free from corpulency. So did his manner, which was soft and
+    oily. In a word, even his plain black suit, and state of
+    widower, and dangling double eye-glass, all tended to the same
+    purpose, and cried aloud, "Behold the moral Pecksniff!"
+
+    --CHARLES DICKENS, _Martin Chuzzlewit_.
+
+13. Which of the following do you prefer, and why?
+
+    She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen, plump as a partridge,
+    ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father's
+    peaches.
+
+    --IRVING.
+
+
+    She was a splendidly feminine girl, as wholesome as a November
+    pippin, and no more mysterious than a window-pane.
+
+    --O. HENRY.
+
+
+    Small, shining, neat, methodical, and buxom was Miss Peecher;
+    cherry-cheeked and tuneful of voice.
+
+    --DICKENS.
+
+14. Invent five epithets, and apply them as you choose (p. 235).
+
+15. (_a_) Make a list of five figures of speech; (_b_) define them;
+(_c_) give an example--preferably original--under each.
+
+16. Pick out the figures of speech in the address by Grady, on page 240.
+
+17. Invent an original figure to take the place of any one in Grady's
+speech.
+
+18. What sort of figures do you find in the selection from Stevenson, on
+page 242?
+
+19. What methods of description does he seem to prefer?
+
+20. Write and deliver, without notes and with descriptive gestures, a
+description in imitation of any of the authors quoted in this chapter.
+
+21. Reexamine one of your past speeches and improve the descriptive
+work. Report on what faults you found to exist.
+
+22. Deliver an extemporaneous speech describing any dramatic scene in
+the style of "Midnight in London."
+
+23. Describe an event in your favorite sport in the style of Dr.
+Talmage. Be careful to make the delivery effective.
+
+24. Criticise, favorably or unfavorably, the descriptions of any travel
+talk you may have heard recently.
+
+25. Deliver a brief original travel talk, as though you were showing
+pictures.
+
+26. Recast the talk and deliver it "without pictures."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 19: _Writing the Short-Story_, J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+[Footnote 20: For fuller treatment of Description see Genung's _Working
+Principles of Rhetoric_, Albright's _Descriptive Writing_, Bates' _Talks
+on Writing English_, first and second series, and any advanced
+rhetoric.]
+
+[Footnote 21: See also _The Art of Versification_, J. Berg Esenwein and
+Mary Eleanor Roberts, pp. 28-35; and _Writing the Short-Story_, J. Berg
+Esenwein, pp. 152-162; 231-240.]
+
+[Footnote 22: In the Military College of Modena.]
+
+[Footnote 23: This figure of speech is known as "Vision."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+INFLUENCING BY NARRATION
+
+    The art of narration is the art of writing in hooks and eyes.
+    The principle consists in making the appropriate thought follow
+    the appropriate thought, the proper fact the proper fact; in
+    first preparing the mind for what is to come, and then letting
+    it come.
+
+    --WALTER BAGEHOT, _Literary Studies_.
+
+
+    Our very speech is curiously historical. Most men, you may
+    observe, speak only to narrate; not in imparting what they have
+    thought, which indeed were often a very small matter, but in
+    exhibiting what they have undergone or seen, which is a quite
+    unlimited one, do talkers dilate. Cut us off from Narrative, how
+    would the stream of conversation, even among the wisest,
+    languish into detached handfuls, and among the foolish utterly
+    evaporate! Thus, as we do nothing but enact History, we say
+    little but recite it.
+
+    --THOMAS CARLYLE, _On History_.
+
+
+Only a small segment of the great field of narration offers its
+resources to the public speaker, and that includes the anecdote,
+biographical facts, and the narration of events in general.
+
+Narration--more easily defined than mastered--is the recital of an
+incident, or a group of facts and occurrences, in such a manner as to
+produce a desired effect.
+
+The laws of narration are few, but its successful practise involves more
+of art than would at first appear--so much, indeed, that we cannot even
+touch upon its technique here, but must content ourselves with an
+examination of a few examples of narration as used in public speech.
+
+In a preliminary way, notice how radically the public speaker's use of
+narrative differs from that of the story-writer in the more limited
+scope, absence of extended dialogue and character drawing, and freedom
+from elaboration of detail, which characterize platform narrative. On
+the other hand, there are several similarities of method: the frequent
+combination of narration with exposition, description, argumentation,
+and pleading; the care exercised in the arrangement of material so as to
+produce a strong effect at the close (climax); the very general practise
+of concealing the "point" (denouement) of a story until the effective
+moment; and the careful suppression of needless, and therefore hurtful,
+details.
+
+So we see that, whether for magazine or platform, the art of narration
+involves far more than the recital of annals; the succession of events
+recorded requires a _plan_ in order to bring them out with real effect.
+
+It will be noticed, too, that the literary style in platform narration
+is likely to be either less polished and more vigorously dramatic than
+in that intended for publication, or else more fervid and elevated in
+tone. In this latter respect, however, the best platform speaking of
+today differs from the models of the preceding generation, wherein a
+highly dignified, and sometimes pompous, style was thought the only
+fitting dress for a public deliverance. Great, noble and stirring as
+these older masters were in their lofty and impassioned eloquence, we
+are sometimes oppressed when we read their sounding periods for any
+great length of time--even allowing for all that we lose by missing the
+speaker's presence, voice, and fire. So let us model our platform
+narration, as our other forms of speech, upon the effective addresses of
+the moderns, without lessening our admiration for the older school.
+
+
+_The Anecdote_
+
+An anecdote is a short narrative of a single event, told as being
+striking enough to bring out a point. The keener the point, the more
+condensed the form, and the more suddenly the application strikes the
+hearer, the better the story.
+
+To regard an anecdote as an illustration--an interpretive picture--will
+help to hold us to its true purpose, for a purposeless story is of all
+offenses on the platform the most asinine. A perfectly capital joke will
+fall flat when it is dragged in by the nape without evident bearing on
+the subject under discussion. On the other hand, an apposite anecdote
+has saved many a speech from failure.
+
+"There is no finer opportunity for the display of tact than in the
+introduction of witty or humorous stories into a discourse. Wit is keen
+and like a rapier, piercing deeply, sometimes even to the heart. Humor
+is good-natured, and does not wound. Wit is founded upon the sudden
+discovery of an unsuspected relation existing between two ideas. Humor
+deals with things out of relation--with the incongruous. It was wit in
+Douglass Jerrold to retort upon the scowl of a stranger whose shoulder
+he had familiarly slapped, mistaking him for a friend: 'I beg your
+pardon, I thought I knew you--but I'm glad I don't.' It was humor in the
+Southern orator, John Wise, to liken the pleasure of spending an
+evening with a Puritan girl to that of sitting on a block of ice in
+winter, cracking hailstones between his teeth."[24]
+
+The foregoing quotation has been introduced chiefly to illustrate the
+first and simplest form of anecdote--the single sentence embodying a
+pungent saying.
+
+Another simple form is that which conveys its meaning without need of
+"application," as the old preachers used to say. George Ade has quoted
+this one as the best joke he ever heard:
+
+    Two solemn-looking gentlemen were riding together in a railway
+    carriage. One gentleman said to the other: "Is your wife
+    entertaining this summer?" Whereupon the other gentleman
+    replied: "Not very."
+
+Other anecdotes need harnessing to the particular truth the speaker
+wishes to carry along in his talk. Sometimes the application is made
+before the story is told and the audience is prepared to make the
+comparison, point by point, as the illustration is told. Henry W. Grady
+used this method in one of the anecdotes he told while delivering his
+great extemporaneous address, "The New South."
+
+    Age does not endow all things with strength and virtue, nor are
+    all new things to be despised. The shoemaker who put over his
+    door, "John Smith's shop, founded 1760," was more than matched
+    by his young rival across the street who hung out this sign:
+    "Bill Jones. Established 1886. No old stock kept in this shop."
+
+In two anecdotes, told also in "The New South," Mr. Grady illustrated
+another way of enforcing the application: in both instances he split
+the idea he wished to drive home, bringing in part before and part after
+the recital of the story. The fact that the speaker misquoted the words
+of Genesis in which the Ark is described did not seem to detract from
+the burlesque humor of the story.
+
+    I bespeak the utmost stretch of your courtesy tonight. I am not
+    troubled about those from whom I come. You remember the man
+    whose wife sent him to a neighbor with a pitcher of milk, who,
+    tripping on the top step, fell, with such casual interruptions
+    as the landings afforded, into the basement, and, while picking
+    himself up, had the pleasure of hearing his wife call out:
+
+    "John, did you break the pitcher?
+
+    "No, I didn't," said John, "but I be dinged if I don't."
+
+    So, while those who call to me from behind may inspire me with
+    energy, if not with courage, I ask an indulgent hearing from
+    you. I beg that you will bring your full faith in American
+    fairness and frankness to judgment upon what I shall say. There
+    was an old preacher once who told some boys of the Bible lesson
+    he was going to read in the morning. The boys, finding the
+    place, glued together the connecting pages. The next morning he
+    read on the bottom of one page: "When Noah was one hundred and
+    twenty years old he took unto himself a wife, who was"--then
+    turning the page--"one hundred and forty cubits long, forty
+    cubits wide, built of gopher wood, and covered with pitch inside
+    and out." He was naturally puzzled at this. He read it again,
+    verified it, and then said, "My friends, this is the first time
+    I ever met this in the Bible, but I accept it as an evidence of
+    the assertion that we are fearfully and wonderfully made." If I
+    could get you to hold such faith to-night, I could proceed
+    cheerfully to the task I otherwise approach with a sense of
+    consecration.
+
+Now and then a speaker will plunge without introduction into an
+anecdote, leaving the application to follow. The following illustrates
+this method:
+
+    A large, slew-footed darky was leaning against the corner of the
+    railroad station in a Texas town when the noon whistle in the
+    canning factory blew and the hands hurried out, bearing their
+    grub buckets. The darky listened, with his head on one side
+    until the rocketing echo had quite died away. Then he heaved a
+    deep sigh and remarked to himself:
+
+    "Dar she go. Dinner time for some folks--but jes' 12 o'clock fur
+    me!"
+
+    That is the situation in thousands of American factories, large
+    and small, today. And why? etc., etc.
+
+Doubtless the most frequent platform use of the anecdote is in the
+pulpit. The sermon "illustration," however, is not always strictly
+narrative in form, but tends to extended comparison, as the following
+from Dr. Alexander Maclaren:
+
+    Men will stand as Indian fakirs do, with their arms above their
+    heads until they stiffen there. They will perch themselves upon
+    pillars like Simeon Stylites, for years, till the birds build
+    their nests in their hair. They will measure all the distance
+    from Cape Comorin to Juggernaut's temple with their bodies along
+    the dusty road. They will wear hair shirts and scourge
+    themselves. They will fast and deny themselves. They will build
+    cathedrals and endow churches. They will do as many of you do,
+    labor by fits and starts all thru your lives at the endless task
+    of making yourselves ready for heaven, and winning it by
+    obedience and by righteousness. They will do all these things
+    and do them gladly, rather than listen to the humbling message
+    that says, "You do not need to do anything--wash." Is it your
+    washing, or the water, that will clean you? Wash and be clean!
+    Naaman's cleaning was only a test of his obedience, and a token
+    that it was God who cleansed him. There was no power in Jordan's
+    waters to take away the taint of leprosy. Our cleansing is in
+    that blood of Jesus Christ that has the power to take away all
+    sin, and to make the foulest amongst us pure and clean.
+
+One final word must be said about the introduction to the anecdote. A
+clumsy, inappropriate introduction is fatal, whereas a single apt or
+witty sentence will kindle interest and prepare a favorable hearing. The
+following extreme illustration, by the English humorist, Captain Harry
+Graham, well satirizes the stumbling manner:
+
+    The best story that I ever heard was one that I was told once in
+    the fall of 1905 (or it may have been 1906), when I was visiting
+    Boston--at least, I think it was Boston; it may have been
+    Washington (my memory is so bad).
+
+    I happened to run across a most amusing man whose name I
+    forget--Williams or Wilson or Wilkins; some name like that--and
+    he told me this story while we were waiting for a trolley car.
+
+    I can still remember how heartily I laughed at the time; and
+    again, that evening, after I had gone to bed, how I laughed
+    myself to sleep recalling the humor of this incredibly humorous
+    story. It was really quite extraordinarily funny. In fact, I can
+    truthfully affirm that it is quite the most amusing story I have
+    ever had the privilege of hearing. Unfortunately, I've forgotten
+    it.
+
+
+_Biographical Facts_
+
+Public speaking has much to do with personalities; naturally, therefore,
+the narration of a series of biographical details, including anecdotes
+among the recital of interesting facts, plays a large part in the
+eulogy, the memorial address, the political speech, the sermon, the
+lecture, and other platform deliverances. Whole addresses may be made up
+of such biographical details, such as a sermon on "Moses," or a lecture
+on "Lee."
+
+The following example is in itself an expanded anecdote, forming a link
+in a chain:
+
+    _MARIUS IN PRISON_
+
+    The peculiar sublimity of the Roman mind does not express
+    itself, nor is it at all to be sought, in their poetry. Poetry,
+    according to the Roman ideal of it, was not an adequate organ
+    for the grander movements of the national mind. Roman sublimity
+    must be looked for in Roman acts, and in Roman sayings. Where,
+    again, will you find a more adequate expression of the Roman
+    majesty, than in the saying of Trajan--_Imperatorem oportere
+    stantem mori_--that Caesar ought to die standing; a speech of
+    imperatorial grandeur! Implying that he, who was "the foremost
+    man of all this world,"--and, in regard to all other nations,
+    the representative of his own,--should express its
+    characteristic virtue in his farewell act--should die _in
+    procinctu_--and should meet the last enemy as the first, with a
+    Roman countenance and in a soldier's attitude. If this had an
+    imperatorial--what follows had a consular majesty, and is almost
+    the grandest story upon record.
+
+    Marius, the man who rose to be seven times consul, was in a
+    dungeon, and a slave was sent in with commission to put him to
+    death. These were the persons,--the two extremities of exalted
+    and forlorn humanity, its vanward and its rearward man, a Roman
+    consul and an abject slave. But their natural relations to each
+    other were, by the caprice of fortune, monstrously inverted: the
+    consul was in chains; the slave was for a moment the arbiter of
+    his fate. By what spells, what magic, did Marius reinstate
+    himself in his natural prerogatives? By what marvels drawn from
+    heaven or from earth, did he, in the twinkling of an eye, again
+    invest himself with the purple, and place between himself and
+    his assassin a host of shadowy lictors? By the mere blank
+    supremacy of great minds over weak ones. He _fascinated_ the
+    slave, as a rattlesnake does a bird. Standing "like Teneriffe,"
+    he smote him with his eye, and said, "_Tune, homo, audes
+    occidere C. Marium?_"--"Dost thou, fellow, presume to kill Caius
+    Marius?" Whereat, the reptile, quaking under the voice, nor
+    daring to affront the consular eye, sank gently to the
+    ground--turned round upon his hands and feet--and, crawling out
+    of the prison like any other vermin, left Marius standing in
+    solitude as steadfast and immovable as the capitol.
+
+    --THOMAS DE QUINCY.
+
+Here is a similar example, prefaced by a general historical statement
+and concluding with autobiographical details:
+
+    _A REMINISCENCE OF LEXINGTON_
+
+    One raw morning in spring--it will be eighty years the 19th day
+    of this month--Hancock and Adams, the Moses and Aaron of that
+    Great Deliverance, were both at Lexington; they also had
+    "obstructed an officer" with brave words. British soldiers, a
+    thousand strong, came to seize them and carry them over sea for
+    trial, and so nip the bud of Freedom auspiciously opening in
+    that early spring. The town militia came together before
+    daylight, "for training." A great, tall man, with a large head
+    and a high, wide brow, their captain,--one who had "seen
+    service,"--marshalled them into line, numbering but seventy, and
+    bade "every man load his piece with powder and ball. I will
+    order the first man shot that runs away," said he, when some
+    faltered. "Don't fire unless fired upon, but if they want to
+    have a war, let it begin here."
+
+    Gentlemen, you know what followed; those farmers and mechanics
+    "fired the shot heard round the world." A little monument covers
+    the bones of such as before had pledged their fortune and their
+    sacred honor to the Freedom of America, and that day gave it
+    also their lives. I was born in that little town, and bred up
+    amid the memories of that day. When a boy, my mother lifted me
+    up, one Sunday, in her religious, patriotic arms, and held me
+    while I read the first monumental line I ever saw--"Sacred to
+    Liberty and the Rights of Mankind."
+
+    Since then I have studied the memorial marbles of Greece and
+    Rome, in many an ancient town; nay, on Egyptian obelisks have
+    read what was written before the Eternal raised up Moses to lead
+    Israel out of Egypt; but no chiseled stone has ever stirred me
+    to such emotion as these rustic names of men who fell "In the
+    Sacred Cause of God and their Country."
+
+    Gentlemen, the Spirit of Liberty, the Love of Justice, were
+    early fanned into a flame in my boyish heart. That monument
+    covers the bones of my own kinsfolk; it was their blood which
+    reddened the long, green grass at Lexington. It was my own name
+    which stands chiseled on that stone; the tall captain who
+    marshalled his fellow farmers and mechanics into stern array,
+    and spoke such brave and dangerous words as opened the war of
+    American Independence,--the last to leave the field,--was my
+    father's father. I learned to read out of his Bible, and with a
+    musket he that day captured from the foe, I learned another
+    religious lesson, that "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to
+    God." I keep them both "Sacred to Liberty and the Rights of
+    Mankind," to use them both "In the Sacred Cause of God and my
+    Country."
+
+    --THEODORE PARKER.
+
+
+_Narration of Events in General_
+
+In this wider, emancipated narration we find much mingling of other
+forms of discourse, greatly to the advantage of the speech, for this
+truth cannot be too strongly emphasized: The efficient speaker cuts
+loose from form for the sake of a big, free effect. The present analyses
+are for no other purpose than to _acquaint_ you with form--do not allow
+any such models to hang as a weight about your neck.
+
+The following pure narration of events, from George William Curtis's
+"Paul Revere's Ride," varies the biographical recital in other parts of
+his famous oration:
+
+    That evening, at ten o'clock, eight hundred British troops,
+    under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, took boat at the foot of the
+    Common and crossed to the Cambridge shore. Gage thought his
+    secret had been kept, but Lord Percy, who had heard the people
+    say on the Common that the troops would miss their aim,
+    undeceived him. Gage instantly ordered that no one should leave
+    the town. But as the troops crossed the river, Ebenezer Dorr,
+    with a message to Hancock and Adams, was riding over the Neck to
+    Roxbury, and Paul Revere was rowing over the river to
+    Charlestown, having agreed with his friend, Robert Newman, to
+    show lanterns from the belfry of the Old North Church--"One if
+    by land, and two if by sea"--as a signal of the march of the
+    British.
+
+The following, from the same oration, beautifully mingles description
+with narration:
+
+    It was a brilliant night. The winter had been unusually mild,
+    and the spring very forward. The hills were already green. The
+    early grain waved in the fields, and the air was sweet with the
+    blossoming orchards. Already the robins whistled, the bluebirds
+    sang, and the benediction of peace rested upon the landscape.
+    Under the cloudless moon the soldiers silently marched, and Paul
+    Revere swiftly rode, galloping through Medford and West
+    Cambridge, rousing every house as he went spurring for Lexington
+    and Hancock and Adams, and evading the British patrols who had
+    been sent out to stop the news.
+
+In the succeeding extract from another of Mr. Curtis's addresses, we
+have a free use of allegory as illustration:
+
+    _THE LEADERSHIP OF EDUCATED MEN_
+
+    There is a modern English picture which the genius of Hawthorne
+    might have inspired. The painter calls it, "How they met
+    themselves." A man and a woman, haggard and weary, wandering
+    lost in a somber wood, suddenly meet the shadowy figures of a
+    youth and a maid. Some mysterious fascination fixes the gaze and
+    stills the hearts of the wanderers, and their amazement deepens
+    into awe as they gradually recognize themselves as once they
+    were; the soft bloom of youth upon their rounded cheeks, the
+    dewy light of hope in their trusting eyes, exulting confidence
+    in their springing step, themselves blithe and radiant with the
+    glory of the dawn. Today, and here, we meet ourselves. Not to
+    these familiar scenes alone--yonder college-green with its
+    reverend traditions; the halcyon cove of the Seekonk, upon which
+    the memory of Roger Williams broods like a bird of calm; the
+    historic bay, beating forever with the muffled oars of Barton
+    and of Abraham Whipple; here, the humming city of the living;
+    there, the peaceful city of the dead;--not to these only or
+    chiefly do we return, but to ourselves as we once were. It is
+    not the smiling freshmen of the year, it is your own beardless
+    and unwrinkled faces, that are looking from the windows of
+    University Hall and of Hope College. Under the trees upon the
+    hill it is yourselves whom you see walking, full of hopes and
+    dreams, glowing with conscious power, and "nourishing a youth
+    sublime;" and in this familiar temple, which surely has never
+    echoed with eloquence so fervid and inspiring as that of your
+    commencement orations, it is not yonder youths in the galleries
+    who, as they fondly believe, are whispering to yonder maids; it
+    is your younger selves who, in the days that are no more, are
+    murmuring to the fairest mothers and grandmothers of those
+    maids.
+
+    Happy the worn and weary man and woman in the picture could they
+    have felt their older eyes still glistening with that earlier
+    light, and their hearts yet beating with undiminished sympathy
+    and aspiration. Happy we, brethren, whatever may have been
+    achieved, whatever left undone, if, returning to the home of our
+    earlier years, we bring with us the illimitable hope, the
+    unchilled resolution, the inextinguishable faith of youth.
+
+    --GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Clip from any source ten anecdotes and state what truths they may be
+used to illustrate.
+
+2. Deliver five of these in your own language, without making any
+application.
+
+3. From the ten, deliver one so as to make the application before
+telling the anecdote.
+
+4. Deliver another so as to split the application.
+
+5. Deliver another so as to make the application after the narration.
+
+6. Deliver another in such a way as to make a specific application
+needless.
+
+7. Give three ways of introducing an anecdote, by saying where you heard
+it, etc.
+
+8. Deliver an illustration that is not strictly an anecdote, in the
+style of Curtis's speech on page 259.
+
+9. Deliver an address on any public character, using the forms
+illustrated in this chapter.
+
+10. Deliver an address on some historical event in the same manner.
+
+11. Explain how the sympathies and viewpoint of the speaker will color
+an anecdote, a biography, or a historical account.
+
+12. Illustrate how the same anecdote, or a section of a historical
+address, may be given two different effects by personal prejudice.
+
+13. What would be the effect of shifting the viewpoint in the midst of a
+narration?
+
+14. What is the danger of using too much humor in an address? Too much
+pathos?
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: _How to Attract and Hold an Audience_, J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+INFLUENCING BY SUGGESTION
+
+    Sometimes the feeling that a given way of looking at things is
+    undoubtedly correct prevents the mind from thinking at all....
+    In view of the hindrances which certain kinds or degrees of
+    feeling throw into the way of thinking, it might be inferred
+    that the thinker must suppress the element of feeling in the
+    inner life. No greater mistake could be made. If the Creator
+    endowed man with the power to think, to feel, and to will, these
+    several activities of the mind are not designed to be in
+    conflict, and so long as any one of them is not perverted or
+    allowed to run to excess, it necessarily aids and strengthens
+    the others in their normal functions.
+
+    --NATHAN C. SCHAEFFER, _Thinking and Learning to Think_.
+
+
+When we weigh, compare, and decide upon the value of any given ideas, we
+reason; when an idea produces in us an opinion or an action, without
+first being subjected to deliberation, we are moved by suggestion.
+
+Man was formerly thought to be a reasoning animal, basing his actions on
+the conclusions of natural logic. It was supposed that before forming an
+opinion or deciding on a course of conduct he weighed at least some of
+the reasons for and against the matter, and performed a more or less
+simple process of reasoning. But modern research has shown that quite
+the opposite is true. Most of our opinions and actions are not based
+upon conscious reasoning, but are the result of suggestion. In fact,
+some authorities declare that an act of pure reasoning is very rare in
+the average mind. Momentous decisions are made, far-reaching actions
+are determined upon, primarily by the force of suggestion.
+
+Notice that word "primarily," for simple thought, and even mature
+reasoning, often follows a suggestion accepted in the mind, and the
+thinker fondly supposes that his conclusion is from first to last based
+on cold logic.
+
+
+_The Basis of Suggestion_
+
+We must think of suggestion both as an effect and as a cause. Considered
+as an effect, or objectively, there must be something in the hearer that
+predisposes him to receive suggestion; considered as a cause, or
+subjectively, there must be some methods by which the speaker can move
+upon that particularly susceptible attitude of the hearer. How to do
+this honestly and fairly is our problem--to do it dishonestly and
+trickily, to use suggestion to bring about conviction and action without
+a basis of right and truth and in a bad cause, is to assume the terrible
+responsibility that must fall on the champion of error. Jesus scorned
+not to use suggestion so that he might move men to their benefit, but
+every vicious trickster has adopted the same means to reach base ends.
+Therefore honest men will examine well into their motives and into the
+truth of their cause, before seeking to influence men by suggestion.
+
+Three fundamental conditions make us all susceptive to suggestion:
+
+_We naturally respect authority._ In every mind this is only a question
+of degree, ranging from the subject who is easily hypnotized to the
+stubborn mind that fortifies itself the more strongly with every
+assault upon its opinion. The latter type is almost immune to
+suggestion.
+
+One of the singular things about suggestion is that it is rarely a fixed
+quantity. The mind that is receptive to the authority of a certain
+person may prove inflexible to another; moods and environments that
+produce hypnosis readily in one instance may be entirely inoperative in
+another; and some minds can scarcely ever be thus moved. We do know,
+however, that the feeling of the subject that authority--influence,
+power, domination, control, whatever you wish to call it--lies in the
+person of the suggester, is the basis of all suggestion.
+
+The extreme force of this influence is demonstrated in hypnotism. The
+hypnotic subject is told that he is in the water; he accepts the
+statement as true and makes swimming motions. He is told that a band is
+marching down the street, playing "The Star Spangled Banner;" he
+declares he hears the music, arises and stands with head bared.
+
+In the same way some speakers are able to achieve a modified hypnotic
+effect upon their audiences. The hearers will applaud measures and ideas
+which, after individual reflection, they will repudiate unless such
+reflection brings the conviction that the first impression is correct.
+
+A second important principle is that _our feelings, thoughts and wills
+tend to follow the line of least resistance_. Once open the mind to the
+sway of one feeling and it requires a greater power of feeling, thought,
+or will--or even all three--to unseat it. Our feelings influence our
+judgments and volitions much more than we care to admit. So true is this
+that it is a superhuman task to get an audience to reason fairly on a
+subject on which it feels deeply, and when this result is accomplished
+the success becomes noteworthy, as in the case of Henry Ward Beecher's
+Liverpool speech. Emotional ideas once accepted are soon cherished, and
+finally become our very inmost selves. Attitudes based on feelings alone
+are prejudices.
+
+What is true of our feelings, in this respect, applies to our ideas: All
+thoughts that enter the mind tend to be accepted as truth unless a
+stronger and contradictory thought arises.
+
+The speaker skilled in moving men to action manages to dominate the
+minds of his audience with his thoughts by subtly prohibiting the
+entertaining of ideas hostile to his own. Most of us are captured by the
+latest strong attack, and if we can be induced to act while under the
+stress of that last insistent thought, we lose sight of counter
+influences. The fact is that almost all our decisions--if they involve
+thought at all--are of this sort: At the moment of decision the course
+of action then under contemplation usurps the attention, and conflicting
+ideas are dropped out of consideration.
+
+The head of a large publishing house remarked only recently that ninety
+per cent of the people who bought books by subscription never read them.
+They buy because the salesman presents his wares so skillfully that
+every consideration but the attractiveness of the book drops out of the
+mind, and that thought prompts action. _Every_ idea that enters the
+mind will result in action unless a contradictory thought arises to
+prohibit it. Think of singing the musical scale and it will result in
+your singing it unless the counter-thought of its futility or absurdity
+inhibits your action. If you bandage and "doctor" a horse's foot, he
+will go lame. You cannot think of swallowing, without the muscles used
+in that process being affected. You cannot think of saying "hello,"
+without a slight movement of the muscles of speech. To warn children
+that they should not put beans up their noses is the surest method of
+getting them to do it. Every thought called up in the mind of your
+audience will work either for or against you. Thoughts are not dead
+matter; they radiate dynamic energy--the thoughts all tend to pass into
+action. "Thought is another name for fate." Dominate your hearers'
+thoughts, allay all contradictory ideas, and you will sway them as you
+wish.
+
+Volitions as well as feelings and thoughts tend to follow the line of
+least resistance. That is what makes habit. Suggest to a man that it is
+impossible to change his mind and in most cases it becomes more
+difficult to do so--the exception is the man who naturally jumps to the
+contrary. Counter suggestion is the only way to reach him. Suggest
+subtly and persistently that the opinions of those in the audience who
+are opposed to your views are changing, and it requires an effort of the
+will--in fact, a summoning of the forces of feeling, thought and
+will--to stem the tide of change that has subconsciously set in.
+
+But, not only are we moved by authority, and tend toward channels of
+least resistance: _We are all influenced by our environments_. It is
+difficult to rise above the sway of a crowd--its enthusiasms and its
+fears are contagious because they are suggestive. What so many feel, we
+say to ourselves, must have some basis in truth. Ten times ten makes
+more than one hundred. Set ten men to speaking to ten audiences of ten
+men each, and compare the aggregate power of those ten speakers with
+that of one man addressing one hundred men. The ten speakers may be more
+logically convincing than the single orator, but the chances are
+strongly in favor of the one man's reaching a greater total effect, for
+the hundred men will radiate conviction and resolution as ten small
+groups could not. We all know the truism about the enthusiasm of
+numbers. (See the chapter on "Influencing the Crowd.")
+
+Environment controls us unless the contrary is strongly suggested. A
+gloomy day, in a drab room, sparsely tenanted by listeners, invites
+platform disaster. Everyone feels it in the air. But let the speaker
+walk squarely up to the issue and suggest by all his feeling, manner and
+words that this is going to be a great gathering in every vital sense,
+and see how the suggestive power of environment recedes before the
+advance of a more potent suggestion--if such the speaker is able to make
+it.
+
+Now these three factors--respect for authority, tendency to follow lines
+of least resistance, and susceptibility to environment--all help to
+bring the auditor into a state of mind favorable to suggestive
+influences, but they also react on the speaker, and now we must consider
+those personally causative, or subjective, forces which enable him to
+use suggestion effectively.
+
+
+_How the Speaker Can Make Suggestion Effective_
+
+We have seen that under the influence of authoritative suggestion the
+audience is inclined to accept the speaker's assertion without argument
+and criticism. But the audience is not in this state of mind unless it
+has implicit confidence in the speaker. If they lack faith in him,
+question his motives or knowledge, or even object to his manner they
+will not be moved by his most logical conclusion and will fail to give
+him a just hearing. _It is all a matter of their confidence in him._
+Whether the speaker finds it already in the warm, expectant look of his
+hearers, or must win to it against opposition or coldness, he must gain
+that one great vantage point before his suggestions take on power in the
+hearts of his listeners. Confidence is the mother of Conviction.
+
+Note in the opening of Henry W. Grady's after-dinner speech how he
+attempted to secure the confidence of his audience. He created a
+receptive atmosphere by a humorous story; expressed his desire to speak
+with earnestness and sincerity; acknowledged "the vast interests
+involved;" deprecated his "untried arm," and professed his humility.
+Would not such an introduction give you confidence in the speaker,
+unless you were strongly opposed to him? And even then, would it not
+partly disarm your antagonism?
+
+    Mr. President:--Bidden by your invitation to a discussion of the
+    race problem--forbidden by occasion to make a political
+    speech--I appreciate, in trying to reconcile orders with
+    propriety, the perplexity of the little maid, who, bidden to
+    learn to swim, was yet adjured, "Now, go, my darling; hang your
+    clothes on a hickory limb, and don't go near the water."
+
+    The stoutest apostle of the Church, they say, is the missionary,
+    and the missionary, wherever he unfurls his flag, will never
+    find himself in deeper need of unction and address than I,
+    bidden tonight to plant the standard of a Southern Democrat in
+    Boston's banquet hall, and to discuss the problem of the races
+    in the home of Phillips and of Sumner. But, Mr. President, if a
+    purpose to speak in perfect frankness and sincerity; if earnest
+    understanding of the vast interests involved; if a consecrating
+    sense of what disaster may follow further misunderstanding and
+    estrangement; if these may be counted to steady undisciplined
+    speech and to strengthen an untried arm--then, sir, I shall find
+    the courage to proceed.
+
+Note also Mr. Bryan's attempt to secure the confidence of his audience
+in the following introduction to his "Cross of Gold" speech delivered
+before the National Democratic Convention in Chicago, 1896. He asserts
+his own inability to oppose the "distinguished gentleman;" he maintains
+the holiness of his cause; and he declares that he will speak in the
+interest of humanity--well knowing that humanity is likely to have
+confidence in the champion of their rights. This introduction completely
+dominated the audience, and the speech made Mr. Bryan famous.
+
+    Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: I would be
+    presumptuous indeed to present myself against the distinguished
+    gentlemen to whom you have listened if this were a mere
+    measuring of abilities; but this is not a contest between
+    persons. The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the
+    armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of
+    error. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as
+    the cause of liberty--the cause of humanity.
+
+Some speakers are able to beget confidence by their very manner, while
+others can not.
+
+_To secure confidence, be confident._ How can you expect others to
+accept a message in which you lack, or seem to lack, faith yourself?
+Confidence is as contagious as disease. Napoleon rebuked an officer for
+using the word "impossible" in his presence. The speaker who will
+entertain no idea of defeat begets in his hearers the idea of his
+victory. Lady Macbeth was so confident of success that Macbeth changed
+his mind about undertaking the assassination. Columbus was so certain in
+his mission that Queen Isabella pawned her jewels to finance his
+expedition. Assert your message with implicit assurance, and your own
+belief will act as so much gunpowder to drive it home.
+
+Advertisers have long utilized this principle. "The machine you will
+eventually buy," "Ask the man who owns one," "Has the strength of
+Gibraltar," are publicity slogans so full of confidence that they give
+birth to confidence in the mind of the reader.
+
+It should--but may not!--go without saying that confidence must have a
+solid ground of merit or there will be a ridiculous crash. It is all
+very well for the "spellbinder" to claim all the precincts--the official
+count is just ahead. The reaction against over-confidence and
+over-suggestion ought to warn those whose chief asset is mere bluff.
+
+A short time ago a speaker arose in a public-speaking club and asserted
+that grass would spring from wood-ashes sprinkled over the soil, without
+the aid of seed. This idea was greeted with a laugh, but the speaker was
+so sure of his position that he reiterated the statement forcefully
+several times and cited his own personal experience as proof. One of
+the most intelligent men in the audience, who at first had derided the
+idea, at length came to believe in it. When asked the reason for his
+sudden change of attitude, he replied: "Because the speaker is so
+confident." In fact, he was so confident that it took a letter from the
+U.S. Department of Agriculture to dislodge his error.
+
+If by a speaker's confidence, intelligent men can be made to believe
+such preposterous theories as this where will the power of self-reliance
+cease when plausible propositions are under consideration, advanced with
+all the power of convincing speech?
+
+Note the utter assurance in these selections:
+
+    I know not what course others may take, but as for me give me
+    liberty or give me death.
+
+    --PATRICK HENRY.
+
+
+    I ne'er will ask ye quarter, and I ne'er will be your slave;
+    But I'll swim the sea of slaughter, till I sink beneath its wave.
+
+    --PATTEN.
+
+    Come one, come all. This rock shall fly
+    From its firm base as soon as I.
+
+    --SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+
+
+    _INVICTUS_
+
+    Out of the night that covers me,
+    Black as the pit from pole to pole,
+    I thank whatever Gods may be
+    For my unconquerable soul.
+
+    In the fell clutch of circumstance
+    I have not winced nor cried aloud;
+    Under the bludgeonings of chance
+    My head is bloody, but unbowed.
+
+    Beyond this place of wrath and tears
+    Looms but the Horror of the shade,
+    And yet the menace of the years
+    Finds and shall find me unafraid.
+
+    It matters not how strait the gate,
+    How charged with punishments the scroll,
+    I am the master of my fate;
+    I am the captain of my soul.
+
+    --WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY.
+
+
+
+_Authority is a factor in suggestion._ We generally accept as truth, and
+without criticism, the words of an authority. When he speaks,
+contradictory ideas rarely arise in the mind to inhibit the action he
+suggests. A judge of the Supreme Court has the power of his words
+multiplied by the virtue of his position. The ideas of the U.S.
+Commissioner of Immigration on his subject are much more effective and
+powerful than those of a soap manufacturer, though the latter may be an
+able economist.
+
+This principle also has been used in advertising. We are told that the
+physicians to two Kings have recommended Sanatogen. We are informed that
+the largest bank in America, Tiffany and Co., and The State, War, and
+Navy Departments, all use the Encyclopedia Britannica. The shrewd
+promoter gives stock in his company to influential bankers or business
+men in the community in order that he may use their examples as a
+selling argument.
+
+If you wish to influence your audience through suggestion, if you would
+have your statements accepted without criticism or argument, you should
+appear in the light of an authority--and _be_ one. Ignorance and
+credulity will remain unchanged unless the suggestion of authority be
+followed promptly by facts. Don't claim authority unless you carry your
+license in your pocket. Let reason support the position that suggestion
+has assumed.
+
+Advertising will help to establish your reputation--it is "up to you" to
+maintain it. One speaker found that his reputation as a magazine writer
+was a splendid asset as a speaker. Mr. Bryan's publicity, gained by
+three nominations for the presidency and his position as Secretary of
+State, helps him to command large sums as a speaker. But--back of it
+all, he _is_ a great speaker. Newspaper announcements, all kinds of
+advertising, formality, impressive introductions, all have a capital
+effect on the attitude of the audience. But how ridiculous are all these
+if a toy pistol is advertised as a sixteen-inch gun!
+
+Note how authority is used in the following to support the strength of
+the speaker's appeal:
+
+    Professor Alfred Russell Wallace has just celebrated his 90th
+    birthday. Sharing with Charles Darwin the honor of discovering
+    evolution, Professor Wallace has lately received many and signal
+    honors from scientific societies. At the dinner given him in
+    London his address was largely made up of reminiscences. He
+    reviewed the progress of civilization during the last century
+    and made a series of brilliant and startling contrasts between
+    the England of 1813 and the world of 1913. He affirmed that our
+    progress is only seeming and not real. Professor Wallace insists
+    that the painters, the sculptors, the architects of Athens and
+    Rome were so superior to the modern men that the very fragments
+    of their marbles and temples are the despair of the present day
+    artists. He tells us that man has improved his telescope and
+    spectacles, but that he is losing his eyesight; that man is
+    improving his looms, but stiffening his fingers; improving his
+    automobile and his locomotive, but losing his legs; improving
+    his foods, but losing his digestion. He adds that the modern
+    white slave traffic, orphan asylums, and tenement house life in
+    factory towns, make a black page in the history of the twentieth
+    century.
+
+    Professor Wallace's views are reinforced by the report of the
+    commission of Parliament on the causes of the deterioration of
+    the factory-class people. In our own country Professor Jordan
+    warns us against war, intemperance, overworking, underfeeding of
+    poor children, and disturbs our contentment with his "Harvest of
+    Blood." Professor Jenks is more pessimistic. He thinks that the
+    pace, the climate, and the stress of city life, have broken down
+    the Puritan stock, that in another century our old families will
+    be extinct, and that the flood of immigration means a Niagara of
+    muddy waters fouling the pure springs of American life. In his
+    address in New Haven Professor Kellogg calls the roll of the
+    signs of race degeneracy and tells us that this deterioration
+    even indicates a trend toward race extinction.
+
+    --NEWELL DWIGHT HILLIS.
+
+
+    From every side come warnings to the American people. Our
+    medical journals are filled with danger signals; new books and
+    magazines, fresh from the press, tell us plainly that our people
+    are fronting a social crisis. Mr. Jefferson, who was once
+    regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have differed in
+    opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of
+    the minority. Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us
+    that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank, and
+    that the government ought to go out of the banking business. I
+    stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he
+    did, that the issue of money is a function of government, and
+    that the banks ought to go out of the governing business.
+
+    --WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN.
+
+Authority is the great weapon against doubt, but even its force can
+rarely prevail against prejudice and persistent wrong-headedness. If any
+speaker has been able to forge a sword that is warranted to piece such
+armor, let him bless humanity by sharing his secret with his platform
+brethren everywhere, for thus far he is alone in his glory.
+
+There is a middle-ground between the suggestion of authority and the
+confession of weakness that offers a wide range for tact in the speaker.
+No one can advise you when to throw your "hat in the ring" and say
+defiantly at the outstart, "Gentlemen, I am here to fight!" Theodore
+Roosevelt can do that--Beecher would have been mobbed if he had begun in
+that style at Liverpool. It is for your own tact to decide whether you
+will use the disarming grace of Henry W. Grady's introduction just
+quoted (even the time-worn joke was ingenuous and seemed to say,
+"Gentlemen, I come to you with no carefully-palmed coins"), or whether
+the solemn gravity of Mr. Bryan before the Convention will prove to be
+more effective. Only be sure that your opening attitude is well thought
+out, and if it change as you warm up to your subject, let not the change
+lay you open to a revulsion of feeling in your audience.
+
+_Example is a powerful means of suggestion._ As we saw while thinking of
+environment in its effects on an audience, we do, without the usual
+amount of hesitation and criticism, what others are doing. Paris wears
+certain hats and gowns; the rest of the world imitates. The child mimics
+the actions, accents and intonations of the parent. Were a child never
+to hear anyone speak, he would never acquire the power of speech, unless
+under most arduous training, and even then only imperfectly. One of the
+biggest department stores in the United States spends fortunes on one
+advertising slogan: "Everybody is going to the big store." That makes
+everybody want to go.
+
+You can reinforce the power of your message by showing that it has been
+widely accepted. Political organizations subsidize applause to create
+the impression that their speakers' ideas are warmly received and
+approved by the audience. The advocates of the commission-form of
+government of cities, the champions of votes for women, reserve as their
+strongest arguments the fact that a number of cities and states have
+already successfully accepted their plans. Advertisements use the
+testimonial for its power of suggestion.
+
+Observe how this principle has been applied in the following selections,
+and utilize it on every occasion possible in your attempts to influence
+through suggestion:
+
+    The war is actually begun. The next gale that sweeps from the
+    North will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms. Our
+    brethren are already in the field. Why stand ye here idle?
+
+    --PATRICK HENRY.
+
+
+    With a zeal approaching the zeal which inspired the Crusaders
+    who followed Peter the Hermit, our silver Democrats went forth
+    from victory unto victory until they are now assembled, not to
+    discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment already
+    rendered by the plain people of this country. In this contest
+    brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son.
+    The warmest ties of love, acquaintance, and association have
+    been disregarded; old leaders have been cast aside when they
+    refused to give expression to the sentiments of those whom they
+    would lead, and new leaders have sprung up to give direction to
+    this cause of truth. Thus has the contest been waged, and we
+    have assembled here under as binding and solemn instructions as
+    were ever imposed upon representatives of the people.
+
+    --WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN.
+
+_Figurative and indirect language has suggestive force_, because it does
+not make statements that can be directly disputed. It arouses no
+contradictory ideas in the minds of the audience, thereby fulfilling one
+of the basic requisites of suggestion. By _implying_ a conclusion in
+indirect or figurative language it is often asserted most forcefully.
+
+Note that in the following Mr. Bryan did not say that Mr. McKinley would
+be defeated. He implied it in a much more effective manner:
+
+    Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform which
+    declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it can
+    be changed into bimetallism by international agreement. Mr.
+    McKinley was the most popular man among the Republicans, and
+    three months ago everybody in the Republican party prophesied
+    his election. How is it today? Why, the man who was once pleased
+    to think that he looked like Napoleon--that man shudders today
+    when he remembers that he was nominated on the anniversary of
+    the battle of Waterloo. Not only that, but as he listens he can
+    hear with ever-increasing distinctness the sound of the waves as
+    they beat upon the lonely shores of St. Helena.
+
+Had Thomas Carlyle said: "A false man cannot found a religion," his
+words would have been neither so suggestive nor so powerful, nor so long
+remembered as his implication in these striking words:
+
+    A false man found a religion? Why, a false man cannot build a
+    brick house! If he does not know and follow truly the properties
+    of mortar, burnt clay, and what else he works in, it is no house
+    that he makes, but a rubbish heap. It will not stand for twelve
+    centuries, to lodge a hundred and eighty millions; it will fall
+    straightway. A man must conform himself to Nature's laws, be
+    verily in communion with Nature and the truth of things, or
+    Nature will answer him, No, not at all!
+
+Observe how the picture that Webster draws here is much more emphatic
+and forceful than any mere assertion could be:
+
+    Sir, I know not how others may feel, but as for myself when I
+    see my _alma mater_ surrounded, like Caesar in the senate house,
+    by those who are reiterating stab after stab, I would not for
+    this right hand have her turn to me and say, "And thou, too, my
+    son!"
+
+    --WEBSTER.
+
+A speech should be built on sound logical foundations, and no man should
+dare to speak in behalf of a fallacy. Arguing a subject, however, will
+necessarily arouse contradictory ideas in the mind of your audience.
+When immediate action or persuasion is desired, suggestion is more
+efficacious than argument--when both are judiciously mixed, the effect
+is irresistible.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Make an outline, or brief, of the contents of this chapter.
+
+2. Revise the introduction to any of your written addresses, with the
+teachings of this chapter in mind.
+
+3. Give two original examples of the power of suggestion as you have
+observed it in each of these fields: (_a_) advertising; (=b=) politics;
+(_c_) public sentiment.
+
+4. Give original examples of suggestive speech, illustrating two of the
+principles set forth in this chapter.
+
+5. What reasons can you give that disprove the general contention of
+this chapter?
+
+6. What reasons not already given seem to you to support it?
+
+7. What effect do his own suggestions have on the speaker himself?
+
+8. Can suggestion arise from the audience? If so, show how.
+
+9. Select two instances of suggestion in the speeches found in the
+Appendix.
+
+10. Change any two passages in the same, or other, speeches so as to use
+suggestion more effectively.
+
+11. Deliver those passages in the revised form.
+
+12. Choosing your own subject, prepare and deliver a short speech
+largely in the suggestive style.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+INFLUENCING BY ARGUMENT
+
+    Common sense is the common sense of mankind. It is the product
+    of common observation and experience. It is modest, plain, and
+    unsophisticated. It sees with everybody's eyes, and hears with
+    everybody's ears. It has no capricious distinctions, no
+    perplexities, and no mysteries. It never equivocates, and never
+    trifles. Its language is always intelligible. It is known by
+    clearness of speech and singleness of purpose.
+
+    --GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE, _Public Speaking and Debate_.
+
+
+The very name of logic is awesome to most young speakers, but so soon as
+they come to realize that its processes, even when most intricate, are
+merely technical statements of the truths enforced by common sense, it
+will lose its terrors. In fact, logic[25] is a fascinating subject, well
+worth the public speaker's study, for it explains the principles that
+govern the use of argument and proof.
+
+Argumentation is the process of producing conviction by means of
+reasoning. Other ways of producing conviction there are, notably
+suggestion, as we have just shown, but no means is so high, so worthy of
+respect, as the adducing of sound reasons in support of a contention.
+
+Since more than one side of a subject must be considered before we can
+claim to have deliberated upon it fairly, we ought to think of
+argumentation under two aspects: building up an argument, and tearing
+down an argument; that is, you must not only examine into the stability
+of your structure of argument so that it may both support the
+proposition you intend to probe and yet be so sound that it cannot be
+overthrown by opponents, but you must also be so keen to detect defects
+in argument that you will be able to demolish the weaker arguments of
+those who argue against you.
+
+We can consider argumentation only generally, leaving minute and
+technical discussions to such excellent works as George P. Baker's "The
+Principles of Argumentation," and George Jacob Holyoake's "Public
+Speaking and Debate." Any good college rhetoric also will give help on
+the subject, especially the works of John Franklin Genung and Adams
+Sherman Hill. The student is urged to familiarize himself with at least
+one of these texts.
+
+The following series of questions will, it is hoped, serve a triple
+purpose: that of suggesting the forms of proof together with the ways in
+which they may be used; that of helping the speaker to test the strength
+of his arguments; and that of enabling the speaker to attack his
+opponent's arguments with both keenness and justice.
+
+
+TESTING AN ARGUMENT
+
+I. THE QUESTION UNDER DISCUSSION
+
+  1. _Is it clearly stated?_
+
+    (_a_) Do the terms of statement mean the same to each
+disputant? (For example, the meaning of the term "gentleman" may not
+be mutually agreed upon.)
+
+    (_b_) Is confusion likely to arise as to its purpose?
+
+  2. _Is it fairly stated?_
+
+    (_a_) Does it include enough?
+
+    (_b_) Does it include too much?
+
+    (_c_) Is it stated so as to contain a trap?
+
+  3. _Is it a debatable question?_
+
+  4. _What is the pivotal point in the whole question?_
+
+  5. _What are the subordinate points?_
+
+II. THE EVIDENCE
+
+  1. _The witnesses as to facts_
+
+    (_a_) Is each witness impartial? What is his relation to the
+subject at issue?
+
+    (_b_) Is he mentally competent?
+
+    (_c_) Is he morally credible?
+
+    (_d_) Is he in a position to know the facts? Is he an
+eye-witness?
+
+    (_e_) Is he a willing witness?
+
+    (_f_) Is his testimony contradicted?
+
+    (_g_) Is his testimony corroborated?
+
+    (_h_) Is his testimony contrary to well-known facts or general
+principles?
+
+    (_i_) Is it probable?
+
+  2. _The authorities cited as evidence_
+
+    (_a_) Is the authority well-recognized as such?
+
+    (_b_) What constitutes him an authority?
+
+    (_c_) Is his interest in the case an impartial one?
+
+    (_d_) Does he state his opinion positively and clearly?
+
+    (_e_) Are the non-personal authorities cited (books, etc.)
+reliable and unprejudiced?
+
+  3. _The facts adduced as evidence_
+
+    (_a_) Are they sufficient in number to constitute proof?
+
+    (_b_) Are they weighty enough in character?
+
+    (_c_) Are they in harmony with reason?
+
+    (_d_) Are they mutually harmonious or contradictory?
+
+    (_e_) Are they admitted, doubted, or disputed?
+
+  4. _The principles adduced as evidence_
+
+    (_a_) Are they axiomatic?
+
+    (_b_) Are they truths of general experience?
+
+    (_c_) Are they truths of special experience?
+
+    (_d_) Are they truths arrived at by experiment?
+      Were such experiments special or general?
+      Were the experiments authoritative and conclusive?
+
+III. THE REASONING
+
+  1. _Inductions_
+
+    (_a_) Are the facts numerous enough to warrant accepting the
+generalization as being conclusive?
+
+    (_b_) Do the facts agree _only_ when considered in the
+light of this explanation as a conclusion?
+
+    (_c_) Have you overlooked any contradictory facts?
+
+    (_d_) Are the contradictory facts sufficiently explained when
+this inference is accepted as true?
+
+    (_e_) Are all contrary positions shown to be relatively
+untenable?
+
+    (_f_) Have you accepted mere opinions as facts?
+
+  2. _Deductions_
+
+    (_a_) Is the law or general principle a well-established one?
+
+    (_b_) Does the law or principle clearly include the fact you
+wish to deduce from it, or have you strained the inference?
+
+    (_c_) Does the importance of the law or principle warrant so
+important an inference?
+
+    (_d_) Can the deduction be shown to prove too much?
+
+  3. _Parallel cases_
+
+    (_a_) Are the cases parallel at enough points to warrant an
+inference of similar cause or effect?
+
+    (_b_) Are the cases parallel at the vital point at issue?
+
+    (_c_) Has the parallelism been strained?
+
+    (_d_) Are there no other parallels that would point to a
+stronger contrary conclusion?
+
+  4. _Inferences_
+
+    (_a_) Are the antecedent conditions such as would make the
+allegation probable? (Character and opportunities of the accused, for
+example.)
+
+    (_b_) Are the signs that point to the inference either clear
+or numerous enough to warrant its acceptance as fact?
+
+    (_c_) Are the signs cumulative, and agreeable one with the other?
+
+    (_d_) Could the signs be made to point to a contrary conclusion?
+
+  5. _Syllogisms_
+
+    (_a_) Have any steps been omitted in the syllogisms?
+(Such as in a syllogism _in enthymeme_.) If so, test any such by
+filling out the syllogisms.
+
+    (_b_) Have you been guilty of stating a conclusion that really
+does not follow? (A _non sequitur_.)
+
+    (_c_) Can your syllogism be reduced to an absurdity?
+(_Reductio ad absurdum._)
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Show why an unsupported assertion is not an argument.
+
+2. Illustrate how an irrelevant fact may be made to seem to support an
+argument.
+
+3. What inferences may justly be made from the following?
+
+    During the Boer War it was found that the average Englishman did
+    not measure up to the standards of recruiting and the average
+    soldier in the field manifested a low plane of vitality and
+    endurance. Parliament, alarmed by the disastrous consequences,
+    instituted an investigation. The commission appointed brought in
+    a finding that alcoholic poisoning was the great cause of the
+    national degeneracy. The investigations of the commission have
+    been supplemented by investigations of scientific bodies and
+    individual scientists, all arriving at the same conclusion. As a
+    consequence, the British Government has placarded the streets
+    of a hundred cities with billboards setting forth the
+    destructive and degenerating nature of alcohol and appealing to
+    the people in the name of the nation to desist from drinking
+    alcoholic beverages. Under efforts directed by the Government
+    the British Army is fast becoming an army of total abstainers.
+
+    The Governments of continental Europe followed the lead of the
+    British Government. The French Government has placarded France
+    with appeals to the people, attributing the decline of the birth
+    rate and increase in the death rate to the widespread use of
+    alcoholic beverages. The experience of the German Government has
+    been the same. The German Emperor has clearly stated that
+    leadership in war and in peace will be held by the nation that
+    roots out alcohol. He has undertaken to eliminate even the
+    drinking of beer, so far as possible, from the German Army and
+    Navy.
+
+    --RICHMOND PEARSON HOBSON, _Before the U.S. Congress_.
+
+4. Since the burden of proof lies on him who attacks a position, or
+argues for a change in affairs, how would his opponent be likely to
+conduct his own part of a debate?
+
+5. Define (_a_) syllogism; (_b_) rebuttal; (_c_) "begging the question;"
+(_d_) premise; (_e_) rejoinder; (_f_) sur-rejoinder; (_g_) dilemma;
+(_h_) induction; (_i_) deduction; (_j_) _a priori_; (_k_) _a
+posteriori_; (_l_) inference.
+
+6. Criticise this reasoning:
+
+    Men ought not to smoke tobacco, because to do so is contrary to
+    best medical opinion. My physician has expressly condemned the
+    practise, and is a medical authority in this country.
+
+7. Criticise this reasoning:
+
+    Men ought not to swear profanely, because it is wrong. It is
+    wrong for the reason that it is contrary to the Moral Law, and
+    it is contrary to the Moral Law because it is contrary to the
+    Scriptures. It is contrary to the Scriptures because it is
+    contrary to the will of God, and we know it is contrary to
+    God's will because it is wrong.
+
+8. Criticise this syllogism:
+
+  MAJOR PREMISE: All men who have no cares are happy.
+  MINOR PREMISE: Slovenly men are careless.
+  CONCLUSION: Therefore, slovenly men are happy.
+
+9. Criticise the following major, or foundation, premises:
+
+    All is not gold that glitters.
+
+    All cold may be expelled by fire.
+
+10. Criticise the following fallacy (_non sequitur_):
+
+  MAJOR PREMISE: All strong men admire strength.
+  MINOR PREMISE: This man is not strong.
+  CONCLUSION: Therefore this man does not admire strength.
+
+11. Criticise these statements:
+
+    Sleep is beneficial on account of its soporific qualities.
+
+    Fiske's histories are authentic because they contain accurate
+    accounts of American history, and we know that they are true
+    accounts for otherwise they would not be contained in these
+    authentic works.
+
+12. What do you understand from the terms "reasoning from effect to
+cause" and "from cause to effect?" Give examples.
+
+13. What principle did Richmond Pearson Hobson employ in the following?
+
+    What is the police power of the States? The police power of the
+    Federal Government or the State--any sovereign State--has been
+    defined. Take the definition given by Blackstone, which is:
+
+        The due regulation and domestic order of the Kingdom,
+        whereby the inhabitants of a State, like members
+        of a well-governed family, are bound to conform their
+        general behavior to the rules of propriety, of neighborhood
+        and good manners, and to be decent, industrious,
+        and inoffensive in their respective stations.
+
+    Would this amendment interfere with any State carrying on the
+    promotion of its domestic order?
+
+    Or you can take the definition in another form, in which it is
+    given by Mr. Tiedeman, when he says:
+
+        The object of government is to impose that degree of
+        restraint upon human actions which is necessary to a
+        uniform, reasonable enjoyment of private rights. The
+        power of the government to impose this restraint is
+        called the police power.
+
+    Judge Cooley says of the liquor traffic:
+
+        The business of manufacturing and selling liquor is one
+        that affects the public interests in many ways and leads
+        to many disorders. It has a tendency to increase
+        pauperism and crime. It renders a large force of peace
+        officers essential, and it adds to the expense of the
+        courts and of nearly all branches of civil administration.
+
+    Justice Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, says:
+
+        Licenses may be properly required in the pursuit of
+        many professions and avocations, which require peculiar
+        skill and training or supervision for the public welfare.
+        The profession or avocation is open to all alike who will
+        prepare themselves with the requisite qualifications or
+        give the requisite security for preserving public order.
+        This is in harmony with the general proposition that the
+        ordinary pursuits of life, forming the greater per cent of
+        the industrial pursuits, are and ought to be free and
+        open to all, subject only to such general regulations,
+        applying equally to all, as the general good may demand.
+
+        All such regulations are entirely competent for the
+        legislature to make and are in no sense an abridgment
+        of the equal rights of citizens. But a license to do that
+        which is odious and against common right is necessarily
+        an outrage upon the equal rights of citizens.
+
+14. What method did Jesus employ in the following:
+
+    Ye are the salt of the earth; but if the salt have lost his
+    savour, wherewith shall it be salted? It is thenceforth good for
+    nothing but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men.
+
+    Behold the fowls of the air; for they sow not, neither do they
+    reap nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth
+    them. Are ye not much better than they?
+
+    And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the
+    field; how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin; And
+    yet I say unto you, that even Solomon in all his glory was not
+    arrayed like one of these. Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass
+    of the field, which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the
+    oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?
+
+    Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he
+    give him a stone? Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a
+    serpent? If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts
+    unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in
+    heaven give good things to them that ask him?
+
+15. Make five original syllogisms[26] on the following models:
+
+    MAJOR PREMISE: He who administers arsenic gives poison.
+    MINOR PREMISE: The prisoner administered arsenic to the victim.
+    CONCLUSION: Therefore the prisoner is a poisoner.
+
+    MAJOR PREMISE: All dogs are quadrupeds.
+    MINOR PREMISE: This animal is a biped.
+    CONCLUSION: Therefore this animal is not a dog.
+
+16. Prepare either the positive or the negative side of the following
+question for debate: _The recall of judges should be adopted as a
+national principle_.
+
+17. Is this question debatable? _Benedict Arnold was a gentleman._ Give
+reasons for your answer.
+
+18. Criticise any street or dinner-table argument you have heard
+recently.
+
+19. Test the reasoning of any of the speeches given in this volume.
+
+20. Make a short speech arguing in favor of instruction in public
+speaking in the public evening schools.
+
+21. (_a_) Clip a newspaper editorial in which the reasoning is weak.
+(_b_) Criticise it. (_c_) Correct it.
+
+22. Make a list of three subjects for debate, selected from the monthly
+magazines.
+
+23. Do the same from the newspapers.
+
+24. Choosing your own question and side, prepare a brief suitable for a
+ten-minute debating argument. The following models of briefs may help
+you:
+
+
+DEBATE
+
+RESOLVED: _That armed intervention is not justifiable on the part of any
+nation to collect, on behalf of private individuals, financial claims
+against any American nation._[27]
+
+BRIEF OF AFFIRMATIVE ARGUMENT
+
+        First speaker--Chafee
+
+Armed intervention for collection of private claims from any American
+nation is not justifiable, for
+
+  1. _It is wrong in principle_, because
+
+    (_a_) It violates the fundamental principles of international law for a
+very slight cause
+
+    (_b_) It is contrary to the proper function of the State, and
+
+    (_c_) It is contrary to justice, since claims are exaggerated.
+
+        Second speaker--Hurley
+
+  2. _It is disastrous in its results_, because
+
+    (_a_) It incurs danger of grave international complications
+
+    (_b_) It tends to increase the burden of debt in the South American
+republics
+
+    (_c_) It encourages a waste of the world's capital, and
+
+    (_d_) It disturbs peace and stability in South America.
+
+        Third speaker--Bruce
+
+  3. _It is unnecessary to collect in this way_, because
+
+    (_a_) Peaceful methods have succeeded
+
+    (_b_) If these should fail, claims should be settled by The Hague
+Tribunal
+
+    (_c_) The fault has always been with European States when force has
+been used, and
+
+    (_d_) In any case, force should not be used, for it counteracts the
+movement towards peace.
+
+
+BRIEF OF NEGATIVE ARGUMENT
+
+        First speaker--Branch
+
+Armed intervention for the collection of private financial claims
+against some American States is justifiable, for
+
+  1. _When other means of collection have failed, armed intervention
+against any nation is essentially proper_, because
+
+    (_a_) Justice should always be secured
+
+    (_b_) Non-enforcement of payment puts a premium on dishonesty
+
+    (_c_) Intervention for this purpose is sanctioned by the best
+international authority
+
+    (_d_) Danger of undue collection is slight and can be avoided
+entirely by submission of claims to The Hague Tribunal before
+intervening.
+
+        Second speaker--Stone
+
+  2. _Armed intervention is necessary to secure justice in tropical
+America_, for
+
+    (_a_) The governments of this section constantly repudiate just debts
+
+    (_b_) They insist that the final decision about claims shall rest with
+their own corrupt courts
+
+    (_c_) They refuse to arbitrate sometimes.
+
+        Third speaker--Dennett
+
+3. _Armed intervention is beneficial in its results_, because
+
+    (_a_) It inspires responsibility
+
+    (_b_) In administering custom houses it removes temptation to
+revolutions
+
+    (_c_) It gives confidence to desirable capital.
+
+Among others, the following books were used in the preparation of the
+arguments:
+
+N. "The Monroe Doctrine," by T.B. Edgington. Chapters 22-28.
+
+  "Digest of International Law," by J.B. Moore. Report of Penfield of
+proceedings before Hague Tribunal in 1903.
+
+  "Statesman's Year Book" (for statistics).
+
+A. Minister Drago's appeal to the United States, in Foreign Relations of
+United States, 1903.
+
+  President Roosevelt's Message, 1905, pp. 33-37.
+
+And articles in the following magazines (among many others):
+
+  "Journal of Political Economy," December, 1906.
+
+  "Atlantic Monthly," October, 1906.
+
+  "North American Review," Vol. 183, p. 602.
+
+All of these contain material valuable for both sides, except those
+marked "N" and "A," which are useful only for the negative and
+affirmative, respectively.
+
+NOTE:--Practise in debating is most helpful to the public speaker, but
+if possible each debate should be under the supervision of some person
+whose word will be respected, so that the debaters might show regard for
+courtesy, accuracy, effective reasoning, and the necessity for careful
+preparation. The Appendix contains a list of questions for debate.
+
+25. Are the following points well considered?
+
+THE INHERITANCE TAX IS NOT A GOOD SOCIAL REFORM MEASURE
+
+A. Does not strike at the root of the evil
+
+  1. _Fortunes not a menace in themselves_ A fortune of $500,000 may
+be a greater social evil than one of $500,000,000
+
+  2. _Danger of wealth depends on its wrong accumulation and use_
+
+  3. _Inheritance tax will not prevent rebates, monopoly,
+discrimination, bribery, etc._
+
+  4. _Laws aimed at unjust accumulation and use of wealth furnish the
+true remedy._
+
+B. It would be evaded
+
+  1. _Low rates are evaded_
+
+  2. _Rate must be high to result in distribution of great fortunes._
+
+26. Class exercises: Mock Trial for (_a_) some serious political
+offense; (_b_) a burlesque offense.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 25: McCosh's _Logic_ is a helpful volume, and not too
+technical for the beginner. A brief digest of logical principles as
+applied to public speaking is contained in _How to Attract and Hold an
+Audience_, by J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+[Footnote 26: For those who would make a further study of the syllogism
+the following rules are given: 1. In a syllogism there should be only
+three terms. 2. Of these three only one can be the middle term. 3. One
+premise must be affirmative. 4. The conclusion must be negative if
+either premise is negative. 5. To prove a negative, one of the premises
+must be negative.
+
+_Summary of Regulating Principles_: 1. Terms which agree with the same
+thing agree with each other; and when only one of two terms agrees with
+a third term, the two terms disagree with each other. 2. "Whatever is
+affirmed of a class may be affirmed of all the members of that class,"
+and "Whatever is denied of a class may be denied of all the members of
+that class."]
+
+[Footnote 27: All the speakers were from Brown University. The
+affirmative briefs were used in debate with the Dartmouth College team,
+and the negative briefs were used in debate with the Williams College
+team. From _The Speaker_, by permission.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+INFLUENCING BY PERSUASION
+
+                       She hath prosperous art
+    When she will play with reason and discourse,
+    And well she can persuade.
+
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Measure for Measure_.
+
+
+    Him we call an artist who shall play on an assembly of men as a
+    master on the keys of a piano,--who seeing the people furious,
+    shall soften and compose them, shall draw them, when he will, to
+    laughter and to tears. Bring him to his audience, and, be they
+    who they may,--coarse or refined, pleased or displeased, sulky
+    or savage, with their opinions in the keeping of a confessor or
+    with their opinions in their bank safes,--he will have them
+    pleased and humored as he chooses; and they shall carry and
+    execute what he bids them.
+
+    --RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Essay on _Eloquence_.
+
+
+More good and more ill have been effected by persuasion than by any
+other form of speech. _It is an attempt to influence by means of appeal
+to some particular interest held important by the hearer._ Its motive
+may be high or low, fair or unfair, honest or dishonest, calm or
+passionate, and hence its scope is unparalleled in public speaking.
+
+This "instilment of conviction," to use Matthew Arnold's expression, is
+naturally a complex process in that it usually includes argumentation
+and often employs suggestion, as the next chapter will illustrate. In
+fact, there is little public speaking worthy of the name that is not in
+some part persuasive, for men rarely speak solely to alter men's
+opinions--the ulterior purpose is almost always action.
+
+The nature of persuasion is not solely intellectual, but is largely
+emotional. It uses every principle of public speaking, and every "form
+of discourse," to use a rhetorician's expression, but argument
+supplemented by special appeal is its peculiar quality. This we may best
+see by examining
+
+
+_The Methods of Persuasion_
+
+High-minded speakers often seek to move their hearers to action by an
+appeal to their highest motives, such as love of liberty. Senator Hoar,
+in pleading for action on the Philippine question, used this method:
+
+    What has been the practical statesmanship which comes from your
+    ideals and your sentimentalities? You have wasted nearly six
+    hundred millions of treasure. You have sacrificed nearly ten
+    thousand American lives--the flower of our youth. You have
+    devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the
+    people you desire to benefit. You have established
+    reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their
+    harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other
+    thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable
+    lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in
+    the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in
+    Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and
+    of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship
+    which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or
+    the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models,
+    has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I
+    believe--nay, I know--that in general our officers and soldiers
+    are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare
+    with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty.
+
+    Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a
+    people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the
+    garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who
+    thronged after your men, when they landed on those islands, with
+    benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable
+    enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries cannot eradicate.
+
+    Mr. President, this is the eternal law of human nature. You may
+    struggle against it, you may try to escape it, you may persuade
+    yourself that your intentions are benevolent, that your yoke
+    will be easy and your burden will be light, but it will assert
+    itself again. Government without the consent of the
+    governed--authority which heaven never gave--can only be
+    supported by means which heaven never can sanction.
+
+    The American people have got this one question to answer. They
+    may answer it now; they can take ten years, or twenty years, or
+    a generation, or a century to think of it. But will not down.
+    They must answer it in the end: Can you lawfully buy with money,
+    or get by brute force of arms, the right to hold in subjugation
+    an unwilling people, and to impose on them such constitution as
+    you, and not they, think best for them?
+
+Senator Hoar then went on to make another sort of appeal--the appeal to
+fact and experience:
+
+    We have answered this question a good many times in the past.
+    The fathers answered it in 1776, and founded the Republic upon
+    their answer, which has been the corner-stone. John Quincy Adams
+    and James Monroe answered it again in the Monroe Doctrine, which
+    John Quincy Adams declared was only the doctrine of the consent
+    of the governed. The Republican party answered it when it took
+    possession of the force of government at the beginning of the
+    most brilliant period in all legislative history. Abraham
+    Lincoln answered it when, on that fatal journey to Washington in
+    1861, he announced that as the doctrine of his political creed,
+    and declared, with prophetic vision, that he was ready to be
+    assassinated for it if need be. You answered it again yourselves
+    when you said that Cuba, who had no more title than the people
+    of the Philippine Islands had to their independence, of right
+    ought to be free and independent.
+
+    --GEORGE F. HOAR.
+
+Appeal to the things that man holds dear is another potent form of
+persuasion.
+
+Joseph Story, in his great Salem speech (1828) used this method most
+dramatically:
+
+    I call upon you, fathers, by the shades of your ancestors--by
+    the dear ashes which repose in this precious soil--by all you
+    are, and all you hope to be--resist every object of disunion,
+    resist every encroachment upon your liberties, resist every
+    attempt to fetter your consciences, or smother your public
+    schools, or extinguish your system of public instruction.
+
+    I call upon you, mothers, by that which never fails in woman,
+    the love of your offspring; teach them, as they climb your
+    knees, or lean on your bosoms, the blessings of liberty. Swear
+    them at the altar, as with their baptismal vows, to be true to
+    their country, and never to forget or forsake her.
+
+    I call upon you, young men, to remember whose sons you are;
+    whose inheritance you possess. Life can never be too short,
+    which brings nothing but disgrace and oppression. Death never
+    comes too soon, if necessary in defence of the liberties of your
+    country.
+
+    I call upon you, old men, for your counsels, and your prayers,
+    and your benedictions. May not your gray hairs go down in sorrow
+    to the grave, with the recollection that you have lived in vain.
+    May not your last sun sink in the west upon a nation of slaves.
+
+    No; I read in the destiny of my country far better hopes, far
+    brighter visions. We, who are now assembled here, must soon be
+    gathered to the congregation of other days. The time of our
+    departure is at hand, to make way for our children upon the
+    theatre of life. May God speed them and theirs. May he who, at
+    the distance of another century, shall stand here to celebrate
+    this day, still look round upon a free, happy, and virtuous
+    people. May he have reason to exult as we do. May he, with all
+    the enthusiasm of truth as well as of poetry, exclaim, that here
+    is still his country.
+
+    --JOSEPH STORY.
+
+The appeal to prejudice is effective--though not often, if ever,
+justifiable; yet so long as special pleading endures this sort of
+persuasion will be resorted to. Rudyard Kipling uses this method--as
+have many others on both sides--in discussing the great European war.
+Mingled with the appeal to prejudice, Mr. Kipling uses the appeal to
+self-interest; though not the highest, it is a powerful motive in all
+our lives. Notice how at the last the pleader sweeps on to the highest
+ground he can take. This is a notable example of progressive appeal,
+beginning with a low motive and ending with a high one in such a way as
+to carry all the force of prejudice yet gain all the value of patriotic
+fervor.
+
+    Through no fault nor wish of ours we are at war with Germany,
+    the power which owes its existence to three well-thought-out
+    wars; the power which, for the last twenty years, has devoted
+    itself to organizing and preparing for this war; the power which
+    is now fighting to conquer the civilized world.
+
+    For the last two generations the Germans in their books,
+    lectures, speeches and schools have been carefully taught that
+    nothing less than this world-conquest was the object of their
+    preparations and their sacrifices. They have prepared carefully
+    and sacrificed greatly.
+
+    We must have men and men and men, if we, with our allies, are to
+    check the onrush of organized barbarism.
+
+    Have no illusions. We are dealing with a strong and
+    magnificently equipped enemy, whose avowed aim is our complete
+    destruction. The violation of Belgium, the attack on France and
+    the defense against Russia, are only steps by the way. The
+    German's real objective, as she always has told us, is England,
+    and England's wealth, trade and worldwide possessions.
+
+    If you assume, for an instant, that the attack will be
+    successful, England will not be reduced, as some people say, to
+    the rank of a second rate power, but we shall cease to exist as
+    a nation. We shall become an outlying province of Germany, to be
+    administered with that severity German safety and interest
+    require.
+
+    We are against such a fate. We enter into a new life in which
+    all the facts of war that we had put behind or forgotten for the
+    last hundred years, have returned to the front and test us as
+    they tested our fathers. It will be a long and a hard road,
+    beset with difficulties and discouragements, but we tread it
+    together and we will tread it together to the end.
+
+    Our petty social divisions and barriers have been swept away at
+    the outset of our mighty struggle. All the interests of our life
+    of six weeks ago are dead. We have but one interest now, and
+    that touches the naked heart of every man in this island and in
+    the empire.
+
+    If we are to win the right for ourselves and for freedom to
+    exist on earth, every man must offer himself for that service
+    and that sacrifice.
+
+From these examples it will be seen that the particular way in which the
+speakers appealed to their hearers was _by coming close home to their
+interests, and by themselves showing emotion_--two very important
+principles which you must keep constantly in mind.
+
+To accomplish the former requires a deep knowledge of human motive in
+general and an understanding of the particular audience addressed. What
+are the motives that arouse men to action? Think of them earnestly, set
+them down on the tablets of your mind, study how to appeal to them
+worthily. Then, what motives would be likely to appeal to _your_
+hearers? What are their ideals and interests in life? A mistake in your
+estimate may cost you your case. To appeal to pride in appearance would
+make one set of men merely laugh--to try to arouse sympathy for the Jews
+in Palestine would be wasted effort among others. Study your audience,
+feel your way, and when you have once raised a spark, fan it into a
+flame by every honest resource you possess.
+
+The larger your audience the more sure you are to find a universal basis
+of appeal. A small audience of bachelors will not grow excited over the
+importance of furniture insurance; most men can be roused to the defense
+of the freedom of the press.
+
+Patent medicine advertisement usually begins by talking about your
+pains--they begin on your interests. If they first discussed the size
+and rating of their establishment, or the efficacy of their remedy, you
+would never read the "ad." If they can make you think you have nervous
+troubles you will even plead for a remedy--they will not have to try to
+sell it.
+
+The patent medicine men are pleading--asking you to invest your money in
+their commodity--yet they do not appear to be doing so. They get over on
+your side of the fence, and arouse a desire for their nostrums by
+appealing to your own interests.
+
+Recently a book-salesman entered an attorney's office in New York and
+inquired: "Do you want to buy a book?" Had the lawyer wanted a book he
+would probably have bought one without waiting for a book-salesman to
+call. The solicitor made the same mistake as the representative who made
+his approach with: "I want to sell you a sewing machine." They both
+talked only in terms of their own interests.
+
+The successful pleader must convert his arguments into terms of his
+hearers' advantage. Mankind are still selfish, are interested in what
+will serve them. Expunge from your address your own personal concern
+and present your appeal in terms of the general good, and to do this you
+need not be insincere, for you had better not plead any cause that is
+_not_ for the hearers' good. Notice how Senator Thurston in his plea for
+intervention in Cuba and Mr. Bryan in his "Cross of Gold" speech
+constituted themselves the apostles of humanity.
+
+_Exhortation_ is a highly impassioned form of appeal frequently used by
+the pulpit in efforts to arouse men to a sense of duty and induce them
+to decide their personal courses, and by counsel in seeking to influence
+a jury. The great preachers, like the great jury-lawyers, have always
+been masters of persuasion.
+
+Notice the difference among these four exhortations, and analyze the
+motives appealed to:
+
+    Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay! Let not a traitor
+    live!
+
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Julius Caesar_.
+
+        Strike--till the last armed foe expires,
+    Strike--for your altars and your fires,
+    Strike--for the green graves of your sires,
+        God--and your native land!
+
+    --FITZ-GREENE HALLECK, _Marco Bozzaris_.
+
+
+    Believe, gentlemen, if it were not for those children, he would
+    not come here to-day to seek such remuneration; if it were not
+    that, by your verdict, you may prevent those little innocent
+    defrauded wretches from becoming wandering beggars, as well as
+    orphans on the face of this earth. Oh, I know I need not ask
+    this verdict from your mercy; I need not extort it from your
+    compassion; I will receive it from your justice. I do conjure
+    you, not as fathers, but as husbands:--not as husbands, but as
+    citizens:--not as citizens, but as men:--not as men, but as
+    Christians:--by all your obligations, public, private, moral,
+    and religious; by the hearth profaned; by the home desolated; by
+    the canons of the living God foully spurned;--save, oh: save
+    your firesides from the contagion, your country from the crime,
+    and perhaps thousands, yet unborn, from the shame, and sin, and
+    sorrow of this example!
+
+    --CHARLES PHILLIPS, _Appeal to the jury in behalf of Guthrie._
+
+
+    So I appeal from the men in silken hose who danced to music made
+    by slaves and called it freedom, from the men in bell-crown hats
+    who led Hester Prynne to her shame and called it religion, to
+    that Americanism which reaches forth its arms to smite wrong
+    with reason and truth, secure in the power of both. I appeal
+    from the patriarchs of New England to the poets of New England;
+    from Endicott to Lowell; from Winthrop to Longfellow; from
+    Norton to Holmes; and I appeal in the name and by the rights of
+    that common citizenship--of that common origin, back of both the
+    Puritan and the Cavalier, to which all of us owe our being. Let
+    the dead past, consecrated by the blood of its martyrs, not by
+    its savage hatreds, darkened alike by kingcraft and
+    priestcraft--let the dead past bury its dead. Let the present
+    and the future ring with the song of the singers. Blessed be the
+    lessons they teach, the laws they make. Blessed be the eye to
+    see, the light to reveal. Blessed be tolerance, sitting ever on
+    the right hand of God to guide the way with loving word, as
+    blessed be all that brings us nearer the goal of true religion,
+    true republicanism, and true patriotism, distrust of watchwords
+    and labels, shams and heroes, belief in our country and
+    ourselves. It was not Cotton Mather, but John Greenleaf
+    Whittier, who cried:
+
+    Dear God and Father of us all,
+    Forgive our faith in cruel lies,
+    Forgive the blindness that denies.
+
+    Cast down our idols--overturn
+    Our Bloody altars--make us see
+    Thyself in Thy humanity!
+
+    --HENRY WATTERSON, _Puritan and Cavalier_.
+
+Goethe, on being reproached for not having written war songs against
+the French, replied, "In my poetry I have never shammed. How could I
+have written songs of hate without hatred?" Neither is it possible
+to plead with full efficiency for a cause for which you do not feel
+deeply. Feeling is contagious as belief is contagious. The speaker
+who pleads with real feeling for his own convictions will instill
+his feelings into his listeners. Sincerity, force, enthusiasm, and
+above all, feeling--these are the qualities that move multitudes
+and make appeals irresistible. They are of far greater importance
+than technical principles of delivery, grace of gesture, or polished
+enunciation--important as all these elements must doubtless be
+considered. _Base_ your appeal on reason, but do not end in the
+basement--let the building rise, full of deep emotion and noble
+persuasion.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. (_a_) What elements of appeal do you find in the following? (_b_) Is it
+too florid? (_c_) Is this style equally powerful today? (_d_) Are the
+sentences too long and involved for clearness and force?
+
+    Oh, gentlemen, am I this day only the counsel of my client? No,
+    no; I am the advocate of humanity--of yourselves--your
+    homes--your wives--your families--your little children. I am
+    glad that this case exhibits such atrocity; unmarked as it is by
+    any mitigatory feature, it may stop the frightful advance of
+    this calamity; it will be met now, and marked with vengeance. If
+    it be not, farewell to the virtues of your country; farewell to
+    all confidence between man and man; farewell to that
+    unsuspicious and reciprocal tenderness, without which marriage
+    is but a consecrated curse. If oaths are to be violated, laws
+    disregarded, friendship betrayed, humanity trampled, national
+    and individual honor stained, and if a jury of fathers and of
+    husbands will give such miscreancy a passport to their homes,
+    and wives, and daughters,--farewell to all that yet remains of
+    Ireland! But I will not cast such a doubt upon the character of
+    my country. Against the sneer of the foe, and the skepticism of
+    the foreigner, I will still point to the domestic virtues, that
+    no perfidy could barter, and no bribery can purchase, that with
+    a Roman usage, at once embellish and consecrate households,
+    giving to the society of the hearth all the purity of the altar;
+    that lingering alike in the palace and the cottage, are still to
+    be found scattered over this land--the relic of what she
+    was--the source perhaps of what she may be--the lone, the
+    stately, and magnificent memorials, that rearing their majesty
+    amid surrounding ruins, serve at once as the landmarks of the
+    departed glory, and the models by which the future may be
+    erected.
+
+    Preserve those virtues with a vestal fidelity; mark this day, by
+    your verdict, your horror of their profanation; and believe me,
+    when the hand which records that verdict shall be dust, and the
+    tongue that asks it, traceless in the grave, many a happy home
+    will bless its consequences, and many a mother teach her little
+    child to hate the impious treason of adultery.
+
+    --CHARLES PHILLIPS.
+
+2. Analyze and criticise the forms of appeal used in the selections from
+Hoar, Story, and Kipling.
+
+3. What is the type of persuasion used by Senator Thurston (page 50)?
+
+4. Cite two examples each, from selections in this volume, in which
+speakers sought to be persuasive by securing the hearers' (_a_) sympathy
+for themselves; (_b_) sympathy with their subjects; (_c_) self-pity.
+
+5. Make a short address using persuasion.
+
+6. What other methods of persuasion than those here mentioned can you
+name?
+
+7. Is it easier to persuade men to change their course of conduct than
+to persuade them to continue in a given course? Give examples to support
+your belief.
+
+8. In how far are we justified in making an appeal to self-interest in
+order to lead men to adopt a given course?
+
+9. Does the merit of the course have any bearing on the merit of the
+methods used?
+
+10. Illustrate an unworthy method of using persuasion.
+
+11. Deliver a short speech on the value of skill in persuasion.
+
+12. Does effective persuasion always produce conviction?
+
+13. Does conviction always result in action?
+
+14. Is it fair for counsel to appeal to the emotions of a jury in a
+murder trial?
+
+15. Ought the judge use persuasion in making his charge?
+
+16. Say how self-consciousness may hinder the power of persuasion in a
+speaker.
+
+17. Is emotion without words ever persuasive? If so, illustrate.
+
+18. Might gestures without words be persuasive? If so, illustrate.
+
+19. Has posture in a speaker anything to do with persuasion? Discuss.
+
+20. Has voice? Discuss.
+
+21. Has manner? Discuss.
+
+22. What effect does personal magnetism have in producing conviction?
+
+23. Discuss the relation of persuasion to (_a_) description; (_b_)
+narration; (_c_) exposition; (_d_) pure reason.
+
+24. What is the effect of over-persuasion?
+
+25. Make a short speech on the effect of the constant use of persuasion
+on the sincerity of the speaker himself.
+
+26. Show by example how a general statement is not as persuasive as a
+concrete example illustrating the point being discussed.
+
+27. Show by example how brevity is of value in persuasion.
+
+28. Discuss the importance of avoiding an antagonistic attitude in
+persuasion.
+
+29. What is the most persuasive passage you have found in the selections
+of this volume. On what do you base your decision?
+
+30. Cite a persuasive passage from some other source. Read or recite it
+aloud.
+
+31. Make a list of the emotional bases of appeal, grading them from low
+to high, according to your estimate.
+
+32. Would circumstances make any difference in such grading? If so, give
+examples.
+
+33. Deliver a short, passionate appeal to a jury, pleading for justice
+to a poor widow.
+
+34. Deliver a short appeal to men to give up some evil way.
+
+35. Criticise the structure of the sentence beginning with the last line
+of page 296.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+INFLUENCING THE CROWD
+
+   Success in business, in the last analysis, turns upon touching
+   the imagination of crowds. The reason that preachers in this
+   present generation are less successful in getting people to want
+   goodness than business men are in getting them to want motorcars,
+   hats, and pianolas, is that business men as a class are more
+   close and desperate students of human nature, and have boned down
+   harder to the art of touching the imaginations of the crowds.
+
+   --GERALD STANLEY LEE, _Crowds_.
+
+
+In the early part of July, 1914, a collection of Frenchmen in Paris, or
+Germans in Berlin, was not a crowd in a psychological sense. Each
+individual had his own special interests and needs, and there was no
+powerful common idea to unify them. A group then represented only a
+collection of individuals. A month later, any collection of Frenchmen or
+Germans formed a crowd: Patriotism, hate, a common fear, a pervasive
+grief, had unified the individuals.
+
+The psychology of the crowd is far different from the psychology of the
+personal members that compose it. The crowd is a distinct entity.
+Individuals restrain and subdue many of their impulses at the dictates
+of reason. The crowd never reasons. It only feels. As persons there is a
+sense of responsibility attached to our actions which checks many of our
+incitements, but the sense of responsibility is lost in the crowd
+because of its numbers. The crowd is exceedingly suggestible and will
+act upon the wildest and most extreme ideas. The crowd-mind is
+primitive and will cheer plans and perform actions which its members
+would utterly repudiate.
+
+A mob is only a highly-wrought crowd. Ruskin's description is fitting:
+"You can talk a mob into anything; its feelings may be--usually are--on
+the whole, generous and right, but it has no foundation for them, no
+hold of them. You may tease or tickle it into anything at your pleasure.
+It thinks by infection, for the most part, catching an opinion like a
+cold, and there is nothing so little that it will not roar itself wild
+about, when the fit is on, nothing so great but it will forget in an
+hour when the fit is past."[28]
+
+History will show us how the crowd-mind works. The medieval mind was not
+given to reasoning; the medieval man attached great weight to the
+utterance of authority; his religion touched chiefly the emotions. These
+conditions provided a rich soil for the propagation of the crowd-mind
+when, in the eleventh century, flagellation, a voluntary self-scourging,
+was preached by the monks. Substituting flagellation for reciting
+penitential psalms was advocated by the reformers. A scale was drawn up,
+making one thousand strokes equivalent to ten psalms, or fifteen
+thousand to the entire psalter. This craze spread by leaps--and crowds.
+Flagellant fraternities sprang up. Priests carrying banners led through
+the streets great processions reciting prayers and whipping their bloody
+bodies with leathern thongs fitted with four iron points. Pope Clement
+denounced this practise and several of the leaders of these processions
+had to be burned at the stake before the frenzy could be uprooted.
+
+All western and central Europe was turned into a crowd by the preaching
+of the crusaders, and millions of the followers of the Prince of Peace
+rushed to the Holy Land to kill the heathen. Even the children started
+on a crusade against the Saracens. The mob-spirit was so strong that
+home affections and persuasion could not prevail against it and
+thousands of mere babes died in their attempts to reach and redeem the
+Sacred Sepulchre.
+
+In the early part of the eighteenth century the South Sea Company was
+formed in England. Britain became a speculative crowd. Stock in the
+South Sea Company rose from 128-1/2 points in January to 550 in May, and
+scored 1,000 in July. Five million shares were sold at this premium.
+Speculation ran riot. Hundreds of companies were organized. One was
+formed "for a wheel of perpetual motion." Another never troubled to give
+any reason at all for taking the cash of its subscribers--it merely
+announced that it was organized "for a design which will hereafter be
+promulgated." Owners began to sell, the mob caught the suggestion, a
+panic ensued, the South Sea Company stock fell 800 points in a few days,
+and more than a billion dollars evaporated in this era of frenzied
+speculation.
+
+The burning of the witches at Salem, the Klondike gold craze, and the
+forty-eight people who were killed by mobs in the United States in 1913,
+are examples familiar to us in America.
+
+
+_The Crowd Must Have a Leader_
+
+The leader of the crowd or mob is its determining factor. He becomes
+self-hynoptized with the idea that unifies its members, his enthusiasm
+is contagious--and so is theirs. The crowd acts as he suggests. The
+great mass of people do not have any very sharply-drawn conclusions on
+any subject outside of their own little spheres, but when they become a
+crowd they are perfectly willing to accept ready-made, hand-me-down
+opinions. They will follow a leader at all costs--in labor troubles they
+often follow a leader in preference to obeying their government, in war
+they will throw self-preservation to the bushes and follow a leader in
+the face of guns that fire fourteen times a second. The mob becomes
+shorn of will-power and blindly obedient to its dictator. The Russian
+Government, recognizing the menace of the crowd-mind to its autocracy,
+formerly prohibited public gatherings. History is full of similar
+instances.
+
+
+_How the Crowd is Created_
+
+Today the crowd is as real a factor in our socialized life as are
+magnates and monopolies. It is too complex a problem merely to damn or
+praise it--it must be reckoned with, and mastered. The present problem
+is how to get the most and the best out of the crowd-spirit, and the
+public speaker finds this to be peculiarly his own question. His
+influence is multiplied if he can only transmute his audience into a
+crowd. His affirmations must be their conclusions.
+
+This can be accomplished by unifying the minds and needs of the audience
+and arousing their emotions. Their feelings, not their reason, must be
+played upon--_it is "up to" him to do this nobly_. Argument has its
+place on the platform, but even its potencies must subserve the
+speaker's plan of attack to _win possession_ of his audience.
+
+Reread the chapter on "Feeling and Enthusiasm." It is impossible to make
+an audience a crowd without appealing to their emotions. Can you imagine
+the average group becoming a crowd while hearing a lecture on Dry Fly
+Fishing, or on Egyptian Art? On the other hand, it would not have
+required world-famous eloquence to have turned any audience in Ulster,
+in 1914, into a crowd by discussing the Home Rule Act. The crowd-spirit
+depends largely on the subject used to fuse their individualities into
+one glowing whole.
+
+Note how Antony played upon the feelings of his hearers in the famous
+funeral oration given by Shakespeare in "Julius Caesar." From murmuring
+units the men became a unit--a mob.
+
+
+
+    _ANTONY'S ORATION OVER CAESAR'S BODY_
+    Friends, Romans, countrymen! Lend me your ears;
+    I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
+    The evil that men do lives after them;
+    The good is oft interred with their bones:
+    So let it be with Caesar! The Noble Brutus
+    Hath told you Caesar was ambitious.
+    If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
+    And grievously hath Caesar answered it.
+    Here, under leave of Brutus, and the rest--
+    For Brutus is an honorable man,
+    So are they all, all honorable men--
+    Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
+    He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
+    But Brutus says he was ambitious;
+    And Brutus is an honorable man.
+    He hath brought many captives home to Rome,
+    Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
+    Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
+    When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept;
+    Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
+    Yet Brutus says, he was ambitious;
+    And Brutus is an honorable man.
+    You all did see, that, on the Lupercal,
+    I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
+    Which he did thrice refuse. Was this ambition?
+    Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
+    And sure, he is an honorable man.
+    I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
+    But here I am to speak what I do know.
+    You all did love him once, not without cause;
+    What cause withholds you then to mourn for him?
+    Oh, judgment, thou art fled to brutish beasts,
+    And men have lost their reason!--Bear with me;
+    My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,
+    And I must pause till it come back to me. [_Weeps._
+
+    _1 Plebeian._ Methinks there is much reason in his sayings.
+
+    _2 Ple._ If thou consider rightly of the matter,
+    Caesar has had great wrong.
+
+    _3 Ple._ Has he, masters?
+    I fear there will a worse come in his place.
+
+    _4 Ple._ Mark'd ye his words? He would not take the crown;
+    Therefore, 'tis certain, he was not ambitious.
+
+    _1 Ple._ If it be found so, some will dear abide it.
+
+    _2 Ple._ Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping.
+
+    _3 Ple._ There's not a nobler man in Rome than Antony.
+
+    _4 Ple._ Now mark him, he begins again to speak.
+
+    _Ant._ But yesterday, the word of Caesar might
+    Have stood against the world: now lies he there,
+    And none so poor to do him reverence.
+    Oh, masters! if I were dispos'd to stir
+    Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,
+    I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,
+    Who, you all know, are honorable men.
+    I will not do them wrong; I rather choose
+    To wrong the dead, to wrong myself, and you,
+    Than I will wrong such honorable men.
+    But here's a parchment, with the seal of Caesar;
+    I found it in his closet; 'tis his will:
+    Let but the commons hear this testament--
+    Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read--
+    And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds,
+    And dip their napkins in his sacred blood;
+    Yea, beg a hair of him for memory,
+    And, dying, mention it within their wills,
+    Bequeathing it as a rich legacy
+    Unto their issue.
+
+    _4 Ple._ We'll hear the will: Read it, Mark Antony.
+
+    _All._ The will! the will! we will hear Caesar's will.
+
+    _Ant._ Have patience, gentle friends: I must not read it;
+    It is not meet you know how Caesar lov'd you.
+    You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;
+    And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,
+    It will inflame you, it will make you mad:
+    'Tis good you know not that you are his heirs;
+    For if you should, oh, what would come of it!
+
+    _4 Ple._ Read the will; we'll hear it, Antony!
+    You shall read us the will! Caesar's will!
+
+    _Ant._ Will you be patient? Will you stay awhile?
+    I have o'ershot myself, to tell you of it.
+    I fear I wrong the honorable men
+    Whose daggers have stab'd Caesar; I do fear it.
+
+    _4 Ple._ They were traitors: Honorable men!
+
+    _All._ The will! the testament!
+
+    _2 Ple._ They were villains, murtherers! The will! Read the will!
+
+    _Ant._ You will compel me then to read the will?
+    Then, make a ring about the corpse of Caesar,
+    And let me shew you him that made the will.
+    Shall I descend? And will you give me leave?
+
+    _All._ Come down.
+
+    _2 Ple._ Descend. [_He comes down from the Rostrum_.
+
+    _3 Ple._ You shall have leave.
+
+    _4 Ple._ A ring; stand round.
+
+    _1 Ple._ Stand from the hearse, stand from the body.
+
+    _2 Ple._ Room for Antony!--most noble Antony!
+
+    _Ant._ Nay, press not so upon me; stand far off.
+
+    _All._ Stand back! room! bear back!
+
+    _Ant._ If you have tears, prepare to shed them now;
+    You all do know this mantle: I remember
+    The first time ever Caesar put it on;
+    'Twas on a summer's evening, in his tent,
+    That day he overcame the Nervii.
+    Look, in this place, ran Cassius' dagger through:
+    See, what a rent the envious Casca made:
+    Through this, the well-beloved Brutus stab'd;
+    And as he pluck'd his cursed steel away,
+    Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it!--
+    As rushing out of doors, to be resolv'd
+    If Brutus so unkindly knock'd, or no;
+    For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel:
+    Judge, O you Gods, how Caesar lov'd him!
+    This was the most unkindest cut of all!
+    For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,
+    Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms,
+    Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his mighty heart;
+    And in his mantle muffling up his face,
+    Even at the base of Pompey's statue,
+    Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.
+    Oh what a fall was there, my countrymen!
+    Then I and you, and all of us, fell down,
+    Whilst bloody treason flourish'd over us.
+    Oh! now you weep; and I perceive you feel
+    The dint of pity; these are gracious drops.
+    Kind souls! what, weep you, when you but behold
+    Our Caesar's vesture wounded? Look you here!
+    Here is himself, mar'd, as you see, by traitors.
+
+    _1 Ple._ Oh, piteous spectacle!
+
+    _2 Ple._ Oh, noble Caesar!
+
+    _3 Ple._ Oh, woful day!
+
+    _4 Ple._ Oh, traitors, villains!
+
+    _1 Ple._ Oh, most bloody sight!
+
+    _2 Ple._ We will be reveng'd!
+
+    _All._ Revenge; about--seek--burn--fire--kill--day!--Let not
+    a traitor live!
+
+    _Ant._ Stay, countrymen.
+
+    _1 Ple._ Peace there! Hear the noble Antony.
+
+    _2 Ple._ We'll hear him, we'll follow him, we'll die with him.
+
+    _Ant._ Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up
+    To such a sudden flood of mutiny:
+    They that have done this deed are honorable:
+    What private griefs they have, alas! I know not,
+    That made them do it; they are wise, and honorable,
+    And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you.
+    I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts;
+    I am no orator, as Brutus is;
+    But as you know me all, a plain blunt man,
+    That love my friend, and that they know full well
+    That gave me public leave to speak of him:
+    For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,
+    Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,
+    To stir men's blood. I only speak right on:
+    I tell you that which you yourselves do know;
+    Show your sweet Caesar's wounds, poor, poor, dumb mouths,
+    And bid them speak for me. But were I Brutus,
+    And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony
+    Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue
+    In every wound of Caesar, that should move
+    The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.
+
+    _All._ We'll mutiny!
+
+    _1 Ple._ We'll burn the house of Brutus.
+
+    _3 Ple._ Away, then! Come, seek the conspirators.
+
+    _Ant._ Yet hear me, countrymen; yet hear me speak.
+
+    _All._ Peace, ho! Hear Antony, most noble Antony.
+
+    _Ant._ Why, friends, you go to do you know not what.
+    Wherein hath Caesar thus deserv'd your loves?
+    Alas! you know not!--I must tell you then.
+    You have forgot the will I told you of.
+
+    _Ple._ Most true;--the will!--let's stay, and hear the will.
+
+    _Ant._ Here is the will, and under Caesar's seal.
+    To every Roman citizen he gives,
+    To every several man, seventy-five drachmas.
+
+    _2 Ple._ Most noble Caesar!--we'll revenge his death.
+
+    _3 Ple._ O royal Caesar!
+
+    _Ant._ Hear me with patience.
+
+    _All._ Peace, ho!
+
+    _Ant._ Moreover, he hath left you all his walks,
+    His private arbours, and new-planted orchards,
+    On this side Tiber; he hath left them you,
+    And to your heirs forever, common pleasures,
+    To walk abroad, and recreate yourselves.
+    Here was a Caesar! When comes such another?
+
+    _1 Ple._ Never, never!--Come, away, away!
+    We'll burn his body in the holy place,
+    And with the brands fire the traitors' houses.
+    Take up the body.
+
+    _2 Ple._ Go, fetch fire.
+
+    _3 Ple._ Pluck down benches.
+
+    _4 Ple._ Pluck down forms, windows, anything.
+                                      [_Exeunt Citizens, with the body._
+
+    _Ant._ Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot,
+    Take thou what course thou wilt!
+
+To unify single, auditors into a crowd, express their common needs,
+aspirations, dangers, and emotions, deliver your message so that the
+interests of one shall appear to be the interests of all. The conviction
+of one man is intensified in proportion as he finds others sharing his
+belief--_and feeling_. Antony does not stop with telling the Roman
+populace that Caesar fell--he makes the tragedy universal:
+
+    Then I, and you, and all of us fell down,
+    Whilst bloody treason flourished over us.
+
+Applause, generally a sign of feeling, helps to unify an audience. The
+nature of the crowd is illustrated by the contagion of applause.
+Recently a throng in a New York moving-picture and vaudeville house had
+been applauding several songs, and when an advertisement for tailored
+skirts was thrown on the screen some one started the applause, and the
+crowd, like sheep, blindly imitated--until someone saw the joke and
+laughed; then the crowd again followed a leader and laughed at and
+applauded its own stupidity.
+
+Actors sometimes start applause for their lines by snapping their
+fingers. Some one in the first few rows will mistake it for faint
+applause, and the whole theatre will chime in.
+
+An observant auditor will be interested in noticing the various devices
+a monologist will use to get the first round of laughter and applause.
+He works so hard because he knows an audience of units is an audience of
+indifferent critics, but once get them to laughing together and each
+single laugher sweeps a number of others with him, until the whole
+theatre is aroar and the entertainer has scored. These are meretricious
+schemes, to be sure, and do not savor in the least of inspiration, but
+crowds have not changed in their nature in a thousand years and the one
+law holds for the greatest preacher and the pettiest stump-speaker--you
+must fuse your audience or they will not warm to your message. The
+devices of the great orator may not be so obvious as those of the
+vaudeville monologist, but the principle is the same: he tries to strike
+some universal note that will have all his hearers feeling alike at the
+same time.
+
+The evangelist knows this when he has the soloist sing some touching
+song just before the address. Or he will have the entire congregation
+sing, and that is the psychology of "Now _every_body sing!" for he knows
+that they who will not join in the song are as yet outside the crowd.
+Many a time has the popular evangelist stopped in the middle of his
+talk, when he felt that his hearers were units instead of a molten mass
+(and a sensitive speaker can feel that condition most depressingly) and
+suddenly demanded that everyone arise and sing, or repeat aloud a
+familiar passage, or read in unison; or perhaps he has subtly left the
+thread of his discourse to tell a story that, from long experience, he
+knew would not fail to bring his hearers to a common feeling.
+
+These things are important resources for the speaker, and happy is he
+who uses them worthily and not as a despicable charlatan. The difference
+between a demagogue and a leader is not so much a matter of method as of
+principle. Even the most dignified speaker must recognize the eternal
+laws of human nature. You are by no means urged to become a trickster on
+the platform--far from it!--but don't kill your speech with dignity. To
+be icily correct is as silly as to rant. Do neither, but appeal to those
+world-old elements in your audience that have been recognized by all
+great speakers from Demosthenes to Sam Small, and see to it that you
+never debase your powers by arousing your hearers unworthily.
+
+It is as hard to kindle enthusiasm in a scattered audience as to build a
+fire with scattered sticks. An audience to be converted into a crowd
+must be made to appear as a crowd. This cannot be done when they are
+widely scattered over a large seating space or when many empty benches
+separate the speaker from his hearers. Have your audience seated
+compactly. How many a preacher has bemoaned the enormous edifice over
+which what would normally be a large congregation has scattered in
+chilled and chilling solitude Sunday after Sunday! Bishop Brooks himself
+could not have inspired a congregation of one thousand souls seated in
+the vastness of St. Peter's at Rome. In that colossal sanctuary it is
+only on great occasions which bring out the multitudes that the service
+is before the high altar--at other times the smaller side-chapels are
+used.
+
+Universal ideas surcharged with feeling help to create the
+crowd-atmosphere. Examples: liberty, character, righteousness, courage,
+fraternity, altruism, country, and national heroes. George Cohan was
+making psychology practical and profitable when he introduced the flag
+and flag-songs into his musical comedies. Cromwell's regiments prayed
+before the battle and went into the fight singing hymns. The French
+corps, singing the Marseillaise in 1914, charged the Germans as one man.
+Such unifying devices arouse the feelings, make soldiers fanatical
+mobs--and, alas, more efficient murderers.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 28: _Sesame and Lilies_.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+RIDING THE WINGED HORSE
+
+   To think, and to feel, constitute the two grand divisions of men
+   of genius--the men of reasoning and the men of imagination.
+
+   --ISAAC DISRAELI, _Literary Character of Men of Genius_.
+
+    And as imagination bodies forth
+    The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
+    Turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing
+    A local habitation and a name.
+
+--SHAKESPEARE, _Midsummer-Night's Dream_.
+
+
+It is common, among those who deal chiefly with life's practicalities,
+to think of imagination as having little value in comparison with direct
+thinking. They smile with tolerance when Emerson says that "Science does
+not know its debt to the imagination," for these are the words of a
+speculative essayist, a philosopher, a poet. But when Napoleon--the
+indomitable welder of empires--declares that "The human race is governed
+by its imagination," the authoritative word commands their respect.
+
+Be it remembered, the faculty of forming _mental images_ is as efficient
+a cog as may be found in the whole mind-machine. True, it must fit into
+that other vital cog, pure thought, but when it does so it may be
+questioned which is the more productive of important results for the
+happiness and well-being of man. This should become more apparent as we
+go on.
+
+
+I. WHAT IS IMAGINATION?
+
+Let us not seek for a definition, for a score of varying ones may be
+found, but let us grasp this fact: By imagination we mean either the
+faculty or the process of forming mental images.
+
+The subject-matter of imagination may be really existent in nature, or
+not at all real, or a combination of both; it may be physical or
+spiritual, or both--the mental image is at once the most lawless and the
+most law-abiding child that has ever been born of the mind.
+
+First of all, as its name suggests, the process of imagination--for we
+are thinking of it now as a process rather than as a faculty--is memory
+at work. Therefore we must consider it primarily as
+
+
+_1. Reproductive Imagination_
+
+We see or hear or feel or taste or smell something and the sensation
+passes away. Yet we are conscious of a greater or lesser ability to
+reproduce such feelings at will. Two considerations, in general, will
+govern the vividness of the image thus evoked--the strength of the
+original impression, and the reproductive power of one mind as compared
+with another. Yet every normal person will be able to evoke images with
+some degree of clearness.
+
+The fact that not all minds possess this imaging faculty in anything
+like equal measure will have an important bearing on the public
+speaker's study of this question. No man who does not feel at least some
+poetic impulses is likely to aspire seriously to be a poet, yet many
+whose imaging faculties are so dormant as to seem actually dead do
+aspire to be public speakers. To all such we say most earnestly: Awaken
+your image-making gift, for even in the most coldly logical discourse it
+is sure to prove of great service. It is important that you find out at
+once just how full and how trustworthy is your imagination, for it is
+capable of cultivation--as well as of abuse.
+
+Francis Galton[29] says: "The French appear to possess the visualizing
+faculty in a high degree. The peculiar ability they show in
+pre-arranging ceremonials and fetes of all kinds and their undoubted
+genius for tactics and strategy show that they are able to foresee
+effects with unusual clearness. Their ingenuity in all technical
+contrivances is an additional testimony in the same direction, and so is
+their singular clearness of expression. Their phrase _figurez-vous_, or
+_picture to yourself_, seems to express their dominant mode of
+perception. Our equivalent, of 'image,' is ambiguous."
+
+But individuals differ in this respect just as markedly as, for
+instance, the Dutch do from the French. And this is true not only of
+those who are classified by their friends as being respectively
+imaginative or unimaginative, but of those whose gifts or habits are not
+well known.
+
+Let us take for experiment six of the best-known types of imaging and
+see in practise how they arise in our own minds.
+
+By all odds the most common type is, (a) _the visual image_. Children
+who more readily recall things seen than things heard are called by
+psychologists "eye-minded," and most of us are bent in this direction.
+Close your eyes now and re-call--the word thus hyphenated is more
+suggestive--the scene around this morning's breakfast table. Possibly
+there was nothing striking in the situation and the image is therefore
+not striking. Then image any notable table scene in your experience--how
+vividly it stands forth, because at the time you felt the impression
+strongly. Just then you may not have been conscious of how strongly the
+scene was laying hold upon you, for often we are so intent upon what we
+see that we give no particular thought to the fact that it is impressing
+us. It may surprise you to learn how accurately you are able to image a
+scene when a long time has elapsed between the conscious focussing of
+your attention on the image and the time when you saw the original.
+
+(b) _The auditory image_ is probably the next most vivid of our recalled
+experiences. Here association is potent to suggest similarities. Close
+out all the world beside and listen to the peculiar wood-against-wood
+sound of the sharp thunder among rocky mountains--the crash of ball
+against ten-pins may suggest it. Or image (the word is imperfect, for it
+seems to suggest only the eye) the sound of tearing ropes when some
+precious weight hangs in danger. Or recall the bay of a hound almost
+upon you in pursuit--choose your own sound, and see how pleasantly or
+terribly real it becomes when imaged in your brain.
+
+(c) _The motor image_ is a close competitor with the auditory for second
+place. Have you ever awakened in the night, every muscle taut and
+striving, to feel your self straining against the opposing football
+line that held like a stone-wall--or as firmly as the headboard of your
+bed? Or voluntarily recall the movement of the boat when you cried
+inwardly, "It's all up with me!" The perilous lurch of a train, the
+sudden sinking of an elevator, or the unexpected toppling of a
+rocking-chair may serve as further experiments.
+
+(d) _The gustatory image_ is common enough, as the idea of eating lemons
+will testify. Sometimes the pleasurable recollection of a delightful
+dinner will cause the mouth to water years afterward, or the "image" of
+particularly atrocious medicine will wrinkle the nose long after it made
+one day in boyhood wretched.
+
+(e) _The olfactory image_ is even more delicate. Some there are who are
+affected to illness by the memory of certain odors, while others
+experience the most delectable sensations by the rise of pleasing
+olfactory images.
+
+(f) _The tactile image_, to name no others, is well nigh as potent. Do
+you shudder at the thought of velvet rubbed by short-nailed finger tips?
+Or were you ever "burned" by touching an ice-cold stove? Or, happier
+memory, can you still feel the touch of a well-loved absent hand?
+
+Be it remembered that few of these images are present in our minds
+except in combination--the sight and sound of the crashing avalanche are
+one; so are the flash and report of the huntman's gun that came so near
+"doing for us."
+
+Thus, imaging--especially conscious reproductive imagination--will
+become a valuable part of our mental processes in proportion as we
+direct and control it.
+
+
+_2. Productive Imagination_
+
+All of the foregoing examples, and doubtless also many of the
+experiments you yourself may originate, are merely reproductive.
+Pleasurable or horrific as these may be, they are far less important
+than the images evoked by the productive imagination--though that does
+not infer a separate faculty.
+
+Recall, again for experiment, some scene whose beginning you once saw
+enacted on a street corner but passed by before the denouement was ready
+to be disclosed. Recall it all--that far the image is reproductive. But
+what followed? Let your fantasy roam at pleasure--the succeeding scenes
+are productive, for you have more or less consciously invented the
+unreal on the basis of the real.
+
+And just here the fictionist, the poet, and the public speaker will see
+the value of productive imagery. True, the feet of the idol you build
+are on the ground, but its head pierces the clouds, it is a son of both
+earth and heaven.
+
+One fact it is important to note here: Imagery is a valuable mental
+asset in proportion as it is controlled by the higher intellectual power
+of pure reason. The untutored child of nature thinks largely in images
+and therefore attaches to them undue importance. He readily confuses the
+real with the unreal--to him they are of like value. But the man of
+training readily distinguishes the one from the other and evaluates each
+with some, if not with perfect, justice.
+
+So we see that unrestrained imaging may produce a rudderless steamer,
+while the trained faculty is the graceful sloop, skimming the seas at
+her skipper's will, her course steadied by the helm of reason and her
+lightsome wings catching every air of heaven.
+
+The game of chess, the war-lord's tactical plan, the evolution of a
+geometrical theorem, the devising of a great business campaign, the
+elimination of waste in a factory, the denouement of a powerful drama,
+the overcoming of an economic obstacle, the scheme for a sublime poem,
+and the convincing siege of an audience may--nay, indeed must--each be
+conceived in an image and wrought to reality according to the plans and
+specifications laid upon the trestle board by some modern imaginative
+Hiram. The farmer who would be content with the seed he possesses would
+have no harvest. Do not rest satisfied with the ability to recall
+images, but cultivate your creative imagination by building "what might
+be" upon the foundation of "what is."
+
+
+II. THE USES OF IMAGING IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
+
+By this time you will have already made some general application of
+these ideas to the art of the platform, but to several specific uses we
+must now refer.
+
+
+_1. Imaging in Speech-Preparation_
+
+(a) _Set the image of your audience before you while you prepare._
+Disappointment may lurk here, and you cannot be forearmed for every
+emergency, but in the main you must meet your audience before you
+actually do--image its probable mood and attitude toward the occasion,
+the theme, and the speaker.
+
+(b) _Conceive your speech as a whole while you are preparing its parts_,
+else can you not see--image--how its parts shall be fitly framed
+together.
+
+(c) _Image the language you will use_, so far as written or
+extemporaneous speech may dictate. The habit of imaging will give you
+choice of varied figures of speech, for remember that an address without
+_fresh_ comparisons is like a garden without blooms. Do not be content
+with the first hackneyed figure that comes flowing to your pen-point,
+but dream on until the striking, the unusual, yet the vividly real
+comparison points your thought like steel does the arrow-tip.
+
+Note the freshness and effectiveness of the following description from
+the opening of O. Henry's story, "The Harbinger."
+
+    Long before the springtide is felt in the dull bosom of the
+    yokel does the city man know that the grass-green goddess is
+    upon her throne. He sits at his breakfast eggs and toast, begirt
+    by stone walls, opens his morning paper and sees journalism
+    leave vernalism at the post.
+
+    For whereas Spring's couriers were once the evidence of our
+    finer senses, now the Associated Press does the trick.
+
+    The warble of the first robin in Hackensack, the stirring of the
+    maple sap in Bennington, the budding of the pussy willows along
+    the main street in Syracuse, the first chirp of the blue bird,
+    the swan song of the blue point, the annual tornado in St.
+    Louis, the plaint of the peach pessimist from Pompton, N.J., the
+    regular visit of the tame wild goose with a broken leg to the
+    pond near Bilgewater Junction, the base attempt of the Drug
+    Trust to boost the price of quinine foiled in the House by
+    Congressman Jinks, the first tall poplar struck by lightning and
+    the usual stunned picknickers who had taken refuge, the first
+    crack of the ice jamb in the Allegheny River, the finding of a
+    violet in its mossy bed by the correspondent at Round
+    Corners--these are the advanced signs of the burgeoning season
+    that are wired into the wise city, while the farmer sees nothing
+    but winter upon his dreary fields.
+
+    But these be mere externals. The true harbinger is the heart.
+    When Strephon seeks his Chloe and Mike his Maggie, then only is
+    Spring arrived and the newspaper report of the five foot rattler
+    killed in Squire Pettregrew's pasture confirmed.
+
+A hackneyed writer would probably have said that the newspaper told the
+city man about spring before the farmer could see any evidence of it,
+but that the real harbinger of spring was love and that "In the Spring a
+young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love."
+
+
+_2. Imaging in Speech-Delivery_
+
+When once the passion of speech is on you and you are "warmed
+up"--perhaps by striking _till_ the iron is hot so that you may not fail
+to strike _when_ it is hot--your mood will be one of vision.
+
+Then (a) _Re-image past emotion_--of which more elsewhere. The actor
+re-calls the old feelings every time he renders his telling lines.
+
+(b) _Reconstruct in image the scenes you are to describe._
+
+(c) _Image the objects in nature whose tone you are delineating_, so
+that bearing and voice and movement (gesture) will picture forth the
+whole convincingly. Instead of merely stating the fact that whiskey
+ruins homes, the temperance speaker paints a drunkard coming home to
+abuse his wife and strike his children. It is much more effective than
+telling the truth in abstract terms. To depict the cruelness of war, do
+not assert the fact abstractly--"War is cruel." Show the soldier, an arm
+swept away by a bursting shell, lying on the battlefield pleading for
+water; show the children with tear-stained faces pressed against the
+window pane praying for their dead father to return. Avoid general and
+prosaic terms. Paint pictures. Evolve images for the imagination of your
+audience to construct into pictures of their own.
+
+
+III. HOW TO ACQUIRE THE IMAGING HABIT
+
+You remember the American statesman who asserted that "the way to resume
+is to resume"? The application is obvious. Beginning with the first
+simple analyses of this chapter, test your own qualities of
+image-making. One by one practise the several kinds of images; then
+add--even invent--others in combination, for many images come to us in
+complex form, like the combined noise and shoving and hot odor of a
+cheering crowd.
+
+After practising on reproductive imaging, turn to the productive,
+beginning with the reproductive and adding productive features for the
+sake of cultivating invention.
+
+Frequently, allow your originating gifts full swing by weaving complete
+imaginary fabrics--sights, sounds, scenes; all the fine world of fantasy
+lies open to the journeyings of your winged steed.
+
+In like manner train yourself in the use of figurative language. Learn
+first to distinguish and then to use its varied forms. _When used with
+restraint_, nothing can be more effective than the trope; but once let
+extravagance creep in by the window, and power will flee by the door.
+
+All in all, master your images--let not them master you.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Give original examples of each kind of reproductive imagination.
+
+2. Build two of these into imaginary incidents for platform use, using
+your productive, or creative, imagination.
+
+3. Define (_a_) phantasy; (_b_) vision; (_c_) fantastic; (_d_)
+phantasmagoria; (_e_) transmogrify; (_f_) recollection.
+
+4. What is a "figure of speech"?
+
+5. Define and give two examples of each of the following figures of
+speech[30]. At least one of the examples under each type would better be
+original. (_a_) simile; (_b_) metaphor; (_c_) metonymy; (_d_)
+synecdoche; (_e_) apostrophe; (_f_) vision; (_g_) personification; (_h_)
+hyperbole; (_i_) irony.
+
+6. (_a_) What is an allegory? (_b_) Name one example. (_c_) How could a
+short allegory be used as part of a public address?
+
+7. Write a short fable[31] for use in a speech. Follow either the
+ancient form (AEsop) or the modern (George Ade, Josephine Dodge Daskam).
+
+8. What do you understand by "the historical present?" Illustrate how it
+may be used (_ONLY_ occasionally) in a public address.
+
+9. Recall some disturbance on the street, (_a_) Describe it as you would
+on the platform; (_b_) imagine what preceded the disturbance; (_c_)
+imagine what followed it; (_d_) connect the whole in a terse, dramatic
+narration for the platform and deliver it with careful attention to all
+that you have learned of the public speaker's art.
+
+10. Do the same with other incidents you have seen or heard of, or read
+of in the newspapers.
+
+NOTE: It is hoped that this exercise will be varied and expanded until
+the pupil has gained considerable mastery of imaginative narration. (See
+chapter on "Narration.")
+
+11. Experiments have proved that the majority of people think most
+vividly in terms of visual images. However, some think more readily in
+terms of auditory and motor images. It is a good plan to mix all kinds
+of images in the course of your address for you will doubtless have all
+kinds of hearers. This plan will serve to give variety and strengthen
+your effects by appealing to the several senses of each hearer, as well
+as interesting many different auditors. For exercise, (_a_) give several
+original examples of compound images, and (_b_) construct brief
+descriptions of the scenes imagined. For example, the falling of a
+bridge in process of building.
+
+12. Read the following observantly:
+
+    The strikers suffered bitter poverty last winter in New York.
+
+    Last winter a woman visiting the East Side of New York City saw
+    another woman coming out of a tenement house wringing her hands.
+    Upon inquiry the visitor found that a child had fainted in one
+    of the apartments. She entered, and saw the child ill and in
+    rags, while the father, a striker, was too poor to provide
+    medical help. A physician was called and said the child had
+    fainted from lack of food. The only food in the home was dried
+    fish. The visitor provided groceries for the family and ordered
+    the milkman to leave milk for them daily. A month later she
+    returned. The father of the family knelt down before her, and
+    calling her an angel said that she had saved their lives, for
+    the milk she had provided was all the food they had had.
+
+In the two preceding paragraphs we have substantially the same story,
+told twice. In the first paragraph we have a fact stated in general
+terms. In the second, we have an outline picture of a specific
+happening. Now expand this outline into a dramatic recital, drawing
+freely upon your imagination.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 29: _Inquiries into Human Faculty_.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Consult any good rhetoric. An unabridged dictionary will
+also be of help.]
+
+[Footnote 31: For a full discussion of the form see, _The Art of
+Story-Writing_, by J. Berg Esenwein and Mary D. Chambers.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+GROWING A VOCABULARY
+
+    Boys flying kites haul in their white winged birds;
+    You can't do that way when you're flying words.
+    "Careful with fire," is good advice we know,
+    "Careful with words," is ten times doubly so.
+    Thoughts unexpressed many sometimes fall back dead;
+    But God Himself can't kill them when they're said.
+
+--WILL CARLETON, _The First Settler's Story_.
+
+
+The term "vocabulary" has a special as well as a general meaning. True,
+_all_ vocabularies are grounded in the everyday words of the language,
+out of which grow the special vocabularies, but each such specialized
+group possesses a number of words of peculiar value for its own objects.
+These words may be used in other vocabularies also, but the fact that
+they are suited to a unique order of expression marks them as of special
+value to a particular craft or calling.
+
+In this respect the public speaker differs not at all from the poet, the
+novelist, the scientist, the traveler. He must add to his everyday
+stock, words of value for the public presentation of thought. "A study
+of the discourses of effective orators discloses the fact that they have
+a fondness for words signifying power, largeness, speed, action, color,
+light, and all their opposites. They frequently employ words expressive
+of the various emotions. Descriptive words, adjectives used in _fresh_
+relations with nouns, and apt epithets, are freely employed. Indeed,
+the nature of public speech permits the use of mildly exaggerated words
+which, by the time they have reached the hearer's judgment, will leave
+only a just impression."[32]
+
+
+_Form the Book-Note Habit_
+
+To possess a word involves three things: To know its special and broader
+meanings, to know its relation to other words, and to be able to use it.
+When you see or hear a familiar word used in an unfamiliar sense, jot it
+down, look it up, and master it. We have in mind a speaker of superior
+attainments who acquired his vocabulary by noting all new words he heard
+or read. These he mastered and _put into use_. Soon his vocabulary
+became large, varied, and exact. Use a new word accurately five times
+and it is yours. Professor Albert E. Hancock says: "An author's
+vocabulary is of two kinds, latent and dynamic: latent--those words he
+understands; dynamic--those he can readily use. Every intelligent man
+_knows_ all the words he needs, but he may not have them all ready for
+active service. The problem of literary diction consists in turning the
+latent into the dynamic." Your dynamic vocabulary is the one you must
+especially cultivate.
+
+In his essay on "A College Magazine" in the volume, _Memories and
+Portraits_, Stevenson shows how he rose from imitation to originality in
+the use of words. He had particular reference to the formation of his
+literary style, but words are the raw materials of style, and his
+excellent example may well be followed judiciously by the public
+speaker. Words _in their relations_ are vastly more important than words
+considered singly.
+
+    Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased
+    me, in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with
+    propriety, in which there was either some conspicuous force or
+    some happy distinction in the style, I must sit down at once and
+    set myself to ape that quality. I was unsuccessful, and I knew
+    it; and tried again, and was again unsuccessful, and always
+    unsuccessful; but at least in these vain bouts I got some
+    practice in rhythm, in harmony, in construction and cooerdination
+    of parts.
+
+    I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to
+    Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to Hawthorne, to
+    Montaigne.
+
+    That, like it or not, is the way to learn to write; whether I
+    have profited or not, that is the way. It was the way Keats
+    learned, and there never was a finer temperament for literature
+    than Keats'.
+
+    It is the great point of these imitations that there still
+    shines beyond the student's reach, his inimitable model. Let him
+    try as he please, he is still sure of failure; and it is an old
+    and very true saying that failure is the only highroad to
+    success.
+
+
+_Form the Reference-Book Habit_
+
+Do not be content with your general knowledge of a word--press your
+study until you have mastered its individual shades of meaning and
+usage. Mere fluency is sure to become despicable, but accuracy never.
+The dictionary contains the crystallized usage of intellectual giants.
+No one who would write effectively dare despise its definitions and
+discriminations. Think, for example, of the different meanings of
+_mantle_, or _model_, or _quantity_. Any late edition of an unabridged
+dictionary is good, and is worth making sacrifices to own.
+
+Books of synonyms and antonyms--used cautiously, for there are few
+_perfect_ synonyms in any language--will be found of great help.
+Consider the shades of meanings among such word-groups as _thief,
+peculator, defaulter, embezzler, burglar, yeggman, robber, bandit,
+marauder, pirate_, and many more; or the distinctions among _Hebrew,
+Jew, Israelite, and Semite_. Remember that no book of synonyms is
+trustworthy unless used with a dictionary. "A Thesaurus of the English
+Language," by Dr. Francis A. March, is expensive, but full and
+authoritative. Of smaller books of synonyms and antonyms there are
+plenty.[33]
+
+Study the connectives of English speech. Fernald's book on this title is
+a mine of gems. Unsuspected pitfalls lie in the loose use of _and, or,
+for, while_, and a score of tricky little connectives.
+
+Word derivations are rich in suggestiveness. Our English owes so much to
+foreign tongues and has changed so much with the centuries that whole
+addresses may grow out of a single root-idea hidden away in an ancient
+word-origin. Translation, also, is excellent exercise in word-mastery
+and consorts well with the study of derivations.
+
+Phrase books that show the origins of familiar expressions will surprise
+most of us by showing how carelessly everyday speech is used. Brewer's
+"A Dictionary of Phrase, and Fable," Edwards' "Words, Facts, and
+Phrases," and Thornton's "An American Glossary," are all good--the last,
+an expensive work in three volumes.
+
+A prefix or a suffix may essentially change the force of the stem, as
+in _master-ful_ and _master-ly_, _contempt-ible_ and _contempt-uous,
+envi-ous_ and _envi-able_. Thus to study words in groups, according to
+their stems, prefixes, and suffixes is to gain a mastery over their
+shades of meaning, and introduce us to other related words.
+
+
+_Do not Favor one Set or Kind of Words more than Another_
+
+"Sixty years and more ago, Lord Brougham, addressing the students of the
+University of Glasgow, laid down the rule that the native (Anglo-Saxon)
+part of our vocabulary was to be favored at the expense of that other
+part which has come from the Latin and Greek. The rule was an impossible
+one, and Lord Brougham himself never tried seriously to observe it; nor,
+in truth, has any great writer made the attempt. Not only is our
+language highly composite, but the component words have, in De Quincey's
+phrase, 'happily coalesced.' It is easy to jest at words in _-osity_ and
+_-ation_, as 'dictionary' words, and the like. But even Lord Brougham
+would have found it difficult to dispense with _pomposity_ and
+_imagination_."[34]
+
+The short, vigorous Anglo-Saxon will always be preferred for passages of
+special thrust and force, just as the Latin will continue to furnish us
+with flowing and smooth expressions; to mingle all sorts, however, will
+give variety--and that is most to be desired.
+
+
+_Discuss Words With Those Who Know Them_
+
+Since the language of the platform follows closely the diction of
+everyday speech, many useful words may be acquired in conversation with
+cultivated men, and when such discussion takes the form of disputation
+as to the meanings and usages of words, it will prove doubly valuable.
+The development of word-power marches with the growth of individuality.
+
+
+_Search Faithfully for the Right Word_
+
+Books of reference are tripled in value when their owner has a passion
+for getting the kernels out of their shells. Ten minutes a day will do
+wonders for the nut-cracker. "I am growing so peevish about my writing,"
+says Flaubert. "I am like a man whose ear is true, but who plays falsely
+on the violin: his fingers refuse to reproduce precisely those sounds of
+which he has the inward sense. Then the tears come rolling down from the
+poor scraper's eyes and the bow falls from his hand."
+
+The same brilliant Frenchman sent this sound advice to his pupil, Guy de
+Maupassant: "Whatever may be the thing which one wishes to say, there is
+but one word for expressing it, only one verb to animate it, only one
+adjective to qualify it. It is essential to search for this word, for
+this verb, for this adjective, until they are discovered, and to be
+satisfied with nothing else."
+
+Walter Savage Landor once wrote: "I hate false words, and seek with
+care, difficulty, and moroseness those that fit the thing." So did
+Sentimental Tommy, as related by James M. Barrie in his novel bearing
+his hero's name as a title. No wonder T. Sandys became an author and a
+lion!
+
+Tommy, with another lad, is writing an essay on "A Day in Church," in
+competition for a university scholarship. He gets on finely until he
+pauses for lack of a word. For nearly an hour he searches for this
+elusive thing, until suddenly he is told that the allotted time is up,
+and he has lost! Barrie may tell the rest:
+
+    Essay! It was no more an essay than a twig is a tree, for the
+    gowk had stuck in the middle of his second page. Yes, stuck is
+    the right expression, as his chagrined teacher had to admit when
+    the boy was cross-examined. He had not been "up to some of his
+    tricks;" he had stuck, and his explanations, as you will admit,
+    merely emphasized his incapacity.
+
+    He had brought himself to public scorn for lack of a word. What
+    word? they asked testily; but even now he could not tell. He had
+    wanted a Scotch word that would signify how many people were in
+    church, and it was on the tip of his tongue, but would come no
+    farther. Puckle was nearly the word, but it did not mean so many
+    people as he meant. The hour had gone by just like winking; he
+    had forgotten all about time while searching his mind for the
+    word.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    The other five [examiners] were furious.... "You little tattie
+    doolie," Cathro roared, "were there not a dozen words to wile
+    from if you had an ill-will to puckle? What ailed you at manzy,
+    or--"
+
+    "I thought of manzy," replied Tommy, woefully, for he was
+    ashamed of himself, "but--but a manzy's a swarm. It would mean
+    that the folk in the kirk were buzzing thegither like bees,
+    instead of sitting still."
+
+    "Even if it does mean that," said Mr. Duthie, with impatience,
+    "what was the need of being so particular? Surely the art of
+    essay-writing consists in using the first word that comes and
+    hurrying on."
+
+    "That's how I did," said the proud McLauchlan [Tommy's
+    successful competitor]....
+
+    "I see," interposed Mr. Gloag, "that McLauchlan speaks of there
+    being a mask of people in the church. Mask is a fine Scotch
+    word."
+
+    "I thought of mask," whimpered Tommy, "but that would mean the
+    kirk was crammed, and I just meant it to be middling full."
+
+    "Flow would have done," suggested Mr. Lonimer.
+
+    "Flow's but a handful," said Tommy.
+
+    "Curran, then, you jackanapes!"
+
+    "Curran's no enough."
+
+    Mr. Lorrimer flung up his hands in despair.
+
+    "I wanted something between curran and mask," said Tommy,
+    doggedly, yet almost at the crying.
+
+    Mr. Ogilvy, who had been hiding his admiration with difficulty,
+    spread a net for him. "You said you wanted a word that meant
+    middling full. Well, why did you not say middling full--or fell
+    mask?"
+
+    "Yes, why not?" demanded the ministers, unconsciously caught in
+    the net.
+
+    "I wanted one word," replied Tommy, unconsciously avoiding it.
+
+    "You jewel!" muttered Mr. Ogilvy under his breath, but Mr.
+    Cathro would have banged the boy's head had not the ministers
+    interfered.
+
+    "It is so easy, too, to find the right word," said Mr. Gloag.
+
+    "It's no; it's difficult as to hit a squirrel," cried Tommy, and
+    again Mr. Ogilvy nodded approval.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    And then an odd thing happened. As they were preparing to leave
+    the school [Cathro having previously run Tommy out by the neck],
+    the door opened a little and there appeared in the aperture the
+    face of Tommy, tear-stained but excited. "I ken the word now,"
+    he cried, "it came to me a' at once; it is hantle!"
+
+    Mr. Ogilvy ... said in an ecstasy to himself, "He _had_ to think
+    of it till he got it--and he got it. The laddie is a genius!"
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. What is the derivation of the word _vocabulary_?
+
+2. Briefly discuss any complete speech given in this volume, with
+reference to (_a_) exactness, (_b_) variety, and (_c_) charm, in the use
+of words.
+
+3. Give original examples of the kinds of word-studies referred to on
+pages 337 and 338.
+
+4. Deliver a short talk on any subject, using at least five words which
+have not been previously in your "dynamic" vocabulary.
+
+5. Make a list of the unfamiliar words found in any address you may
+select.
+
+6. Deliver a short extemporaneous speech giving your opinions on the
+merits and demerits of the use of unusual words in public speaking.
+
+7. Try to find an example of the over-use of unusual words in a speech.
+
+8. Have you used reference books in word studies? If so, state with what
+result.
+
+9. Find as many synonyms and antonyms as possible for each of the
+following words: Excess, Rare, Severe, Beautiful, Clear, Happy,
+Difference, Care, Skillful, Involve, Enmity, Profit, Absurd, Evident,
+Faint, Friendly, Harmony, Hatred, Honest, Inherent.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 32: _How to Attract and Hold an Audience_, J. Berg Esenwein.]
+
+[Footnote 33: A book of synonyms and antonyms is in preparation for this
+series, "The Writer's Library."]
+
+[Footnote 34: _Composition and Rhetoric_, J.M. Hart.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+MEMORY TRAINING
+
+    Lulled in the countless chambers of the brain,
+    Our thoughts are linked by many a hidden chain;
+    Awake but one, and lo! what myriads rise!
+    Each stamps its image as the other flies!
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Hail, memory, hail! in thy exhaustless mine
+    From age to age unnumber'd treasures shine!
+    Thought and her shadowy brood thy call obey,
+    And Place and Time are subject to thy sway!
+
+--SAMUEL ROGERS, _Pleasures of Memory_.
+
+
+Many an orator, like Thackeray, has made the best part of his speech to
+himself--on the way home from the lecture hall. Presence of mind--it
+remained for Mark Twain to observe--is greatly promoted by absence of
+body. A hole in the memory is no less a common complaint than a
+distressing one.
+
+Henry Ward Beecher was able to deliver one of the world's greatest
+addresses at Liverpool because of his excellent memory. In speaking of
+the occasion Mr. Beecher said that all the events, arguments and appeals
+that he had ever heard or read or written seemed to pass before his mind
+as oratorical weapons, and standing there he had but to reach forth his
+hand and "seize the weapons as they went smoking by." Ben Jonson could
+repeat all he had written. Scaliger memorized the Iliad in three weeks.
+Locke says: "Without memory, man is a perpetual infant." Quintilian and
+Aristotle regarded it as a measure of genius.
+
+Now all this is very good. We all agree that a reliable memory is an
+invaluable possession for the speaker. We never dissent for a moment
+when we are solemnly told that his memory should be a storehouse from
+which at pleasure he can draw facts, fancies, and illustrations. But can
+the memory be trained to act as the warder for all the truths that we
+have gained from thinking, reading, and experience? And if so, how? Let
+us see.
+
+Twenty years ago a poor immigrant boy, employed as a dish washer in New
+York, wandered into the Cooper Union and began to read a copy of Henry
+George's "Progress and Poverty." His passion for knowledge was awakened,
+and he became a habitual reader. But he found that he was not able to
+remember what he read, so he began to train his naturally poor memory
+until he became the world's greatest memory expert. This man was the
+late Mr. Felix Berol. Mr. Berol could tell the population of any town in
+the world, of more than five thousand inhabitants. He could recall the
+names of forty strangers who had just been introduced to him and was
+able to tell which had been presented third, eighth, seventeenth, or in
+any order. He knew the date of every important event in history, and
+could not only recall an endless array of facts but could correlate them
+perfectly.
+
+To what extent Mr. Berol's remarkable memory was natural and required
+only attention, for its development, seems impossible to determine with
+exactness, but the evidence clearly indicates that, however useless were
+many of his memory feats, a highly retentive memory was developed where
+before only "a good forgettery" existed.
+
+The freak memory is not worth striving for, but a good working memory
+decidedly is. Your power as a speaker will depend to a large extent upon
+your ability to retain impressions and call them forth when occasion
+demands, and that sort of memory is like muscle--it responds to
+training.
+
+
+_What Not to Do_
+
+It is sheer misdirected effort to begin to memorize by learning words by
+rote, for that is beginning to build a pyramid at the apex. For years
+our schools were cursed by this vicious system--vicious not only because
+it is inefficient but for the more important reason that it hurts the
+mind. True, some minds are natively endowed with a wonderful facility in
+remembering strings of words, facts, and figures, but such are rarely
+good reasoning minds; the normal person must belabor and force the
+memory to acquire in this artificial way.
+
+Again, it is hurtful to force the memory in hours of physical weakness
+or mental weariness. Health is the basis of the best mental action and
+the operation of memory is no exception.
+
+Finally, do not become a slave to a system. Knowledge of a few simple
+facts of mind and memory will set you to work at the right end of the
+operation. Use these _principles_, whether included in a system or not,
+but do not bind yourself to a method that tends to lay more stress on
+the _way_ to remember than on the development of memory itself. It is
+nothing short of ridiculous to memorize ten words in order to remember
+one fact.
+
+
+_The Natural Laws of Memory_
+
+_Concentrated attention_ at the time when you wish to store the mind is
+the first step in memorizing--and the most important one by far. You
+forgot the fourth of the list of articles your wife asked you to bring
+home chiefly because you allowed your attention to waver for an instant
+when she was telling you. Attention may not be concentrated attention.
+When a siphon is charged with gas it is sufficiently filled with the
+carbonic acid vapor to make its influence felt; a mind charged with an
+idea is charged to a degree sufficient to hold it. Too much charging
+will make the siphon burst; too much attention to trifles leads to
+insanity. Adequate attention, then, is the fundamental secret of
+remembering.
+
+Generally we do not give a fact adequate attention when it does not seem
+important. Almost everyone has seen how the seeds in an apple point, and
+has memorized the date of Washington's death. Most of us have--perhaps
+wisely--forgotten both. The little nick in the bark of a tree is healed
+over and obliterated in a season, but the gashes in the trees around
+Gettysburg are still apparent after fifty years. Impressions that are
+gathered lightly are soon obliterated. Only deep impressions can be
+recalled at will. Henry Ward Beecher said: "One intense hour will do
+more than dreamy years." To memorize ideas and words, concentrate on
+them until they are fixed firmly and deeply in your mind and accord to
+them their true importance. LISTEN with the mind and you will remember.
+
+How shall you concentrate? How would you increase the
+fighting-effectiveness of a man-of-war? One vital way would be to
+increase the size and number of its guns. To strengthen your memory,
+increase both the number and the force of your mental impressions by
+attending to them intensely. Loose, skimming reading, and drifting
+habits of reading destroy memory power. However, as most books and
+newspapers do not warrant any other kind of attention, it will not do
+altogether to condemn this method of reading; but avoid it when you are
+trying to memorize.
+
+Environment has a strong influence upon concentration, until you have
+learned to be alone in a crowd and undisturbed by clamor. When you set
+out to memorize a fact or a speech, you may find the task easier away
+from all sounds and moving objects. All impressions foreign to the one
+you desire to fix in your mind must be eliminated.
+
+The next great step in memorizing is to _pick out the essentials of the
+subject_, arrange them in order, and dwell upon them intently. Think
+clearly of each essential, one after the other. _Thinking_ a thing--not
+allowing the mind to wander to non-essentials--is really memorizing.
+
+_Association of ideas_ is universally recognized as an essential in
+memory work; indeed, whole systems of memory training have been founded
+on this principle.
+
+Many speakers memorize only the outlines of their addresses, filling in
+the words at the moment of speaking. Some have found it helpful to
+remember an outline by associating the different points with objects in
+the room. Speaking on "Peace," you may wish to dwell on the cost the
+cruelty, and the failure of war, and so lead to the justice of
+arbitration. Before going on the platform if you will associate four
+divisions of your outline with four objects in the room, this
+association may help you to recall them. You may be prone to forget your
+third point, but you remember that once when you were speaking the
+electric lights failed, so arbitrarily the electric light globe will
+help you to remember "failure." Such associations, being unique, tend to
+stick in the mind. While recently speaking on the six kinds of
+imagination the present writer formed them into an acrostic--_visual_,
+_auditory_, _motor_, _gustatory_, _olfactory_, and _tactile_, furnished
+the nonsense word _vamgot_, but the six points were easily remembered.
+
+In the same way that children are taught to remember the spelling of
+teasing words--_separate_ comes from _separ_--and as an automobile
+driver remembers that two C's and then two H's lead him into Castor
+Road, Cottman Street, Haynes Street and Henry Street, so important
+points in your address may be fixed in mind by arbitrary symbols
+invented by yourself. The very work of devising the scheme is a memory
+action. The psychological process is simple: it is one of noting
+intently the steps by which a fact, or a truth, or even a word, has come
+to you. Take advantage of this tendency of the mind to remember by
+association.
+
+_Repetition_ is a powerful aid to memory. Thurlow Weed, the journalist
+and political leader, was troubled because he so easily forgot the names
+of persons he met from day to day. He corrected the weakness, relates
+Professor William James, by forming the habit of attending carefully to
+names he had heard during the day and then repeating them to his wife
+every evening. Doubtless Mrs. Weed was heroically longsuffering, but the
+device worked admirably.
+
+After reading a passage you would remember, close the book, reflect, and
+repeat the contents--aloud, if possible.
+
+_Reading thoughtfully aloud_ has been found by many to be a helpful
+memory practise.
+
+_Write what you wish to remember._ This is simply one more way of
+increasing the number and the strength of your mental impressions by
+utilizing _all_ your avenues of impression. It will help to fix a speech
+in your mind if you speak it aloud, listen to it, write it out, and look
+at it intently. You have then impressed it on your mind by means of
+vocal, auditory, muscular and visual impressions.
+
+Some folk have peculiarly distinct auditory memories; they are able to
+recall things heard much better than things seen. Others have the visual
+memory; they are best able to recall sight-impressions. As you recall a
+walk you have taken, are you able to remember better the sights or the
+sounds? Find out what kinds of impressions your memory retains best, and
+use them the most. To fix an idea in mind, use _every_ possible kind of
+impression.
+
+_Daily habit_ is a great memory cultivator. Learn a lesson from the
+Marathon runner. Regular exercise, though never so little daily, will
+strengthen your memory in a surprising measure. Try to describe in
+detail the dress, looks and manner of the people you pass on the
+street. Observe the room you are in, close your eyes, and describe its
+contents. View closely the landscape, and write out a detailed
+description of it. How much did you miss? Notice the contents of the
+show windows on the street; how many features are you able to recall?
+Continual practise in this feat may develop in you as remarkable
+proficiency as it did in Robert Houdin and his son.
+
+The daily memorizing of a beautiful passage in literature will not only
+lend strength to the memory, but will store the mind with gems for
+quotation. But whether by little or much add daily to your memory power
+by practise.
+
+_Memorize out of doors._ The buoyancy of the wood, the shore, or the
+stormy night on deserted streets may freshen your mind as it does the
+minds of countless others.
+
+Lastly, _cast out fear_. Tell yourself that you _can_ and _will_ and
+_do_ remember. By pure exercise of selfism assert your mastery. Be
+obsessed with the fear of forgetting and you cannot remember. Practise
+the reverse. Throw aside your manuscript crutches--you may tumble once
+or twice, but what matters that, for you are going to learn to walk and
+leap and run.
+
+
+_Memorizing a Speech_
+
+Now let us try to put into practise the foregoing suggestions. First,
+reread this chapter, noting the nine ways by which memorizing may be
+helped.
+
+Then read over the following selection from Beecher, applying so many of
+the suggestions as are practicable. Get the spirit of the selection
+firmly in your mind. Make mental note of--write down, if you must--the
+_succession_ of ideas. Now memorize the thought. Then memorize the
+outline, the order in which the different ideas are expressed. Finally,
+memorize the exact wording.
+
+No, when you have done all this, with the most faithful attention to
+directions, you will not find memorizing easy, unless you have
+previously trained your memory, or it is naturally retentive. Only by
+constant practise will memory become strong and only by continually
+observing these same principles will it remain strong. You will,
+however, have made a beginning, and that is no mean matter.
+
+
+    _THE REIGN OF THE COMMON PEOPLE_
+
+    I do not suppose that if you were to go and look upon the
+    experiment of self-government in America you would have a very
+    high opinion of it. I have not either, if I just look upon the
+    surface of things. Why, men will say: "It stands to reason that
+    60,000,000 ignorant of law, ignorant of constitutional history,
+    ignorant of jurisprudence, of finance, and taxes and tariffs and
+    forms of currency--60,000,000 people that never studied these
+    things--are not fit to rule." Your diplomacy is as complicated
+    as ours, and it is the most complicated on earth, for all things
+    grow in complexity as they develop toward a higher condition.
+    What fitness is there in these people? Well, it is not democracy
+    merely; it is a representative democracy. Our people do not vote
+    in mass for anything; they pick out captains of thought, they
+    pick out the men that do know, and they send them to the
+    Legislature to think for them, and then the people afterward
+    ratify or disallow them.
+
+    But when you come to the Legislature I am bound to confess that
+    the thing does not look very much more cheering on the outside.
+    Do they really select the best men? Yes; in times of danger they
+    do very generally, but in ordinary time, "kissing goes by
+    favor." You know what the duty of a regular Republican-Democratic
+    legislator is. It is to get back again next winter. His second
+    duty is what? His second duty is to put himself under that
+    extraordinary providence that takes care of legislators'
+    salaries. The old miracle of the prophet and the meal and the
+    oil is outdone immeasurably in our days, for they go there poor
+    one year, and go home rich; in four years they become
+    moneylenders, all by a trust in that gracious providence that
+    takes care of legislators' salaries. Their next duty after
+    that is to serve the party that sent them up, and then, if there
+    is anything left of them, it belongs to the commonwealth.
+    Someone has said very wisely, that if a man traveling wishes to
+    relish his dinner he had better not go into the kitchen to see
+    where it is cooked; if a man wishes to respect and obey the law,
+    he had better not go to the Legislature to see where that is
+    cooked.
+
+    --HENRY WARD BEECHER.
+
+    From a lecture delivered in Exeter Hall, London, 1886, when making
+    his last tour of Great Britain.
+
+
+_In Case of Trouble_
+
+But what are you to do if, notwithstanding all your efforts, you should
+forget your points, and your mind, for the minute, becomes blank? This
+is a deplorable condition that sometimes arises and must be dealt with.
+Obviously, you can sit down and admit defeat. Such a consummation is
+devoutly to be shunned.
+
+Walking slowly across the platform may give you time to grip yourself,
+compose your thoughts, and stave off disaster. Perhaps the surest and
+most practical method is to begin a new sentence with your last
+important word. This is not advocated as a method of composing a
+speech--it is merely an extreme measure which may save you in tight
+circumstances. It is like the fire department--the less you must use it
+the better. If this method is followed very long you are likely to find
+yourself talking about plum pudding or Chinese Gordon in the most
+unexpected manner, so of course you will get back to your lines the
+earliest moment that your feet have hit the platform.
+
+Let us see how this plan works--obviously, your extemporized words will
+lack somewhat of polish, but in such a pass crudity is better than
+failure.
+
+Now you have come to a dead wall after saying: "Joan of Arc fought for
+liberty." By this method you might get something like this:
+
+"Liberty is a sacred privilege for which mankind always had to fight.
+These struggles [Platitude--but push on] fill the pages of history.
+History records the gradual triumph of the serf over the lord, the slave
+over the master. The master has continually tried to usurp unlimited
+powers. Power during the medieval ages accrued to the owner of the land
+with a spear and a strong castle; but the strong castle and spear were
+of little avail after the discovery of gunpowder. Gunpowder was the
+greatest boon that liberty had ever known."
+
+Thus far you have linked one idea with another rather obviously, but you
+are getting your second wind now and may venture to relax your grip on
+the too-evident chain; and so you say:
+
+"With gunpowder the humblest serf in all the land could put an end to
+the life of the tyrannical baron behind the castle walls. The struggle
+for liberty, with gunpowder as its aid, wrecked empires, and built up a
+new era for all mankind."
+
+In a moment more you have gotten back to your outline and the day is
+saved.
+
+Practising exercises like the above will not only fortify you against
+the death of your speech when your memory misses fire, but it will also
+provide an excellent training for fluency in speaking. _Stock up with
+ideas._
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Pick out and state briefly the nine helps to memorizing suggested in
+this chapter.
+
+2. Report on whatever success you may have had with any of the plans for
+memory culture suggested in this chapter. Have any been less successful
+than others?
+
+3. Freely criticise any of the suggested methods.
+
+4. Give an original example of memory by association of ideas.
+
+5. List in order the chief ideas of any speech in this volume.
+
+6. Repeat them from memory.
+
+7. Expand them into a speech, using your own words.
+
+8. Illustrate practically what would you do, if in the midst of a speech
+on Progress, your memory failed you and you stopped suddenly on the
+following sentence: "The last century saw marvelous progress in varied
+lines of activity."
+
+9. How many quotations that fit well in the speaker's tool chest can you
+recall from memory?
+
+10. Memorize the poem on page 42. How much time does it require?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+RIGHT THINKING AND PERSONALITY
+
+    Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it
+    may be called.
+
+    --JOHN STUART MILL, _On Liberty_.
+
+
+    Right thinking fits for complete living by developing the power
+    to appreciate the beautiful in nature and art, power to think
+    the true and to will the good, power to live the life of
+    thought, and faith, and hope, and love.
+
+    --N.C. SCHAEFFER, _Thinking and Learning to Think_.
+
+
+The speaker's most valuable possession is personality--that indefinable,
+imponderable something which sums up what we are, and makes us different
+from others; that distinctive force of self which operates appreciably
+on those whose lives we touch. It is personality alone that makes us
+long for higher things. Rob us of our sense of individual life, with its
+gains and losses, its duties and joys, and we grovel. "Few human
+creatures," says John Stuart Mill, "would consent to be changed into any
+of the lower animals for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's
+pleasures; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no
+instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of feeling and
+conscience would be selfish and base, even though he should be persuaded
+that the fool, or the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his
+lot than they with theirs.... It is better to be a human being
+dissatisfied than a pig satisfied, better to be a Socrates dissatisfied
+than a fool satisfied. And if the fool or the pig is of a different
+opinion, it is only because they know only their own side of the
+question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides."
+
+Now it is precisely because the Socrates type of person lives on the
+plan of right thinking and restrained feeling and willing that he
+prefers his state to that of the animal. All that a man is, all his
+happiness, his sorrow, his achievements, his failures, his magnetism,
+his weakness, all are in an amazingly large measure the direct results
+of his thinking. Thought and heart combine to produce _right_ thinking:
+"As a man thinketh in his heart so is he." As he does not think in his
+heart so he can never become.
+
+Since this is true, personality can be developed and its latent powers
+brought out by careful cultivation. We have long since ceased to believe
+that we are living in a realm of chance. So clear and exact are nature's
+laws that we forecast, scores of years in advance, the appearance of a
+certain comet and foretell to the minute an eclipse of the Sun. And we
+understand this law of cause and effect in all our material realms. We
+do not plant potatoes and expect to pluck hyacinths. The law is
+universal: it applies to our mental powers, to morality, to personality,
+quite as much as to the heavenly bodies and the grain of the fields.
+"Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap," and nothing else.
+
+Character has always been regarded as one of the chief factors of the
+speaker's power. Cato defined the orator as _vir bonus dicendi
+peritus_--a good man skilled in speaking. Phillips Brooks says: "Nobody
+can truly stand as a utterer before the world, unless he be profoundly
+living and earnestly thinking." "Character," says Emerson, "is a
+natural power, like light and heat, and all nature cooperates with it.
+The reason why we feel one man's presence, and do not feel another's is
+as simple as gravity. Truth is the summit of being: justice is the
+application of it to affairs. All individual natures stand in a scale,
+according to the purity of this element in them. The will of the pure
+runs down into other natures, as water runs down from a higher into a
+lower vessel. This natural force is no more to be withstood than any
+other natural force.... Character is nature in the highest form."
+
+It is absolutely impossible for impure, bestial and selfish thoughts to
+blossom into loving and altruistic habits. Thistle seeds bring forth
+only the thistle. Contrariwise, it is entirely impossible for continual
+altruistic, sympathetic, and serviceful thoughts to bring forth a low
+and vicious character. Either thoughts or feelings precede and determine
+all our actions. Actions develop into habits, habits constitute
+character, and character determines destiny. Therefore to guard our
+thoughts and control our feelings is to shape our destinies. The
+syllogism is complete, and old as it is it is still true.
+
+Since "character is nature in the highest form," the development of
+character must proceed on natural lines. The garden left to itself will
+bring forth weeds and scrawny plants, but the flower-beds nurtured
+carefully will blossom into fragrance and beauty.
+
+As the student entering college largely determines his vocation by
+choosing from the different courses of the curriculum, so do we choose
+our characters by choosing our thoughts. We are steadily going up
+toward that which we most wish for, or steadily sinking to the level of
+our low desires. What we secretly cherish in our hearts is a symbol of
+what we shall receive. Our trains of thoughts are hurrying us on to our
+destiny. When you see the flag fluttering to the South, you know the
+wind is coming from the North. When you see the straws and papers being
+carried to the Northward you realize the wind is blowing out of the
+South. It is just as easy to ascertain a man's thoughts by observing the
+tendency of his character.
+
+Let it not be suspected for one moment that all this is merely a
+preachment on the question of morals. It is that, but much more, for it
+touches the whole man--his imaginative nature, his ability to control
+his feelings, the mastery of his thinking faculties, and--perhaps most
+largely--his power to will and to carry his volitions into effective
+action.
+
+Right thinking constantly assumes that the will sits enthroned to
+execute the dictates of mind, conscience and heart. _Never tolerate for
+an instant the suggestion that your will is not absolutely efficient._
+The way to will is to will--and the very first time you are tempted to
+break a worthy resolution--and you will be, you may be certain of
+that--_make your fight then and there_. You cannot afford to lose that
+fight. You _must_ win it--don't swerve for an instant, but keep that
+resolution if it kills you. It will not, but you must fight just as
+though life depended on the victory; and indeed your personality may
+actually lie in the balances!
+
+Your success or failure as a speaker will be determined very largely by
+your thoughts and your mental attitude. The present writer had a student
+of limited education enter one of his classes in public speaking. He
+proved to be a very poor speaker; and the instructor could
+conscientiously do little but point out faults. However, the young man
+was warned not to be discouraged. With sorrow in his voice and the
+essence of earnestness beaming from his eyes, he replied: "I will not be
+discouraged! I want so badly to know how to speak!" It was warm, human,
+and from the very heart. And he did keep on trying--and developed into a
+creditable speaker.
+
+There is no power under the stars that can defeat a man with that
+attitude. He who down in the deeps of his heart earnestly longs to get
+facility in speaking, and is willing to make the sacrifices necessary,
+will reach his goal. "Ask and ye shall receive; seek and ye shall find;
+knock and it shall be opened unto you," is indeed applicable to those
+who would acquire speech-power. You will not realize the prize that you
+wish for languidly, but the goal that you start out to attain with the
+spirit of the old guard that dies but never surrenders, you will surely
+reach.
+
+Your belief in your ability and your willingness to make sacrifices for
+that belief, are the double index to your future achievements. Lincoln
+had a dream of his possibilities as a speaker. He transmuted that dream
+into life solely because he walked many miles to borrow books which he
+read by the log-fire glow at night. He sacrificed much to realize his
+vision. Livingstone had a great faith in his ability to serve the
+benighted races of Africa. To actualize that faith he gave up all.
+Leaving England for the interior of the Dark Continent he struck the
+death blow to Europe's profits from the slave trade. Joan of Arc had
+great self-confidence, glorified by an infinite capacity for sacrifice.
+She drove the English beyond the Loire, and stood beside Charles while
+he was crowned.
+
+These all realized their strongest desires. The law is universal. Desire
+greatly, and you shall achieve; sacrifice much, and you shall obtain.
+
+Stanton Davis Kirkham has beautifully expressed this thought: "You may
+be keeping accounts, and presently you shall walk out of the door that
+has for so long seemed to you the barrier of your ideals, and shall find
+yourself before an audience--the pen still behind your ear, the ink
+stains on your fingers--and then and there shall pour out the torrent of
+your inspiration. You may be driving sheep, and you shall wander to the
+city--bucolic and open-mouthed; shall wander under the intrepid guidance
+of the spirit into the studio of the master, and after a time he shall
+say, 'I have nothing more to teach you.' And now you have become the
+master, who did so recently dream of great things while driving sheep.
+You shall lay down the saw and the plane to take upon yourself the
+regeneration of the world."
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. What, in your own words, is personality?
+
+2. How does personality in a speaker affect you as a listener?
+
+3. In what ways does personality show itself in a speaker?
+
+4. Deliver a short speech on "The Power of Will in the Public Speaker."
+
+5. Deliver a short address based on any sentence you choose from this
+chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+AFTER-DINNER AND OTHER OCCASIONAL SPEAKING
+
+    The perception of the ludicrous is a pledge of sanity.
+
+    --RALPH WALDO EMERSON, _Essays_.
+
+    And let him be sure to leave other men their turns to speak.
+
+    --FRANCIS BACON, Essay on _Civil and Moral Discourse_.
+
+
+Perhaps the most brilliant, and certainly the most entertaining, of all
+speeches are those delivered on after-dinner and other special
+occasions. The air of well-fed content in the former, and of expectancy
+well primed in the latter, furnishes an audience which, though not
+readily won, is prepared for the best, while the speaker himself is
+pretty sure to have been chosen for his gifts of oratory.
+
+The first essential of good occasional speaking is to study the
+occasion. Precisely what is the object of the meeting? How important is
+the occasion to the audience? How large will the audience be? What sort
+of people are they? How large is the auditorium? Who selects the
+speakers' themes? Who else is to speak? What are they to speak about?
+Precisely how long am I to speak? Who speaks before I do and who
+follows?
+
+If you want to hit the nail on the head ask such questions as these.[35]
+No occasional address can succeed unless it fits the occasion to a T.
+Many prominent men have lost prestige because they were too careless or
+too busy or too self-confident to respect the occasion and the audience
+by learning the exact conditions under which they were to speak. Leaving
+_too_ much to the moment is taking a long chance and generally means a
+less effective speech, if not a failure.
+
+Suitability is the big thing in an occasional speech. When Mark Twain
+addressed the Army of the Tennessee in reunion at Chicago, in 1877, he
+responded to the toast, "The Babies." Two things in that after-dinner
+speech are remarkable: the bright introduction, by which he subtly
+_claimed_ the interest of all, and the humorous use of military terms
+throughout:
+
+    Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: "The Babies." Now, that's something
+    like. We haven't all had the good fortune to be ladies; we have
+    not all been generals, or poets, or statesmen; but when the
+    toast works down to the babies, we stand on common ground--for
+    we've all been babies. It is a shame that for a thousand years
+    the world's banquets have utterly ignored the baby, as if he
+    didn't amount to anything! If you, gentlemen, will stop and
+    think a minute--if you will go back fifty or a hundred years, to
+    your early married life, and recontemplate your first baby--you
+    will remember that he amounted to a good deal--and even
+    something over.
+
+"As a vessel is known by the sound, whether it be cracked or not," said
+Demosthenes, "so men are proved by their speeches whether they be wise
+or foolish." Surely the occasional address furnishes a severe test of a
+speaker's wisdom. To be trivial on a serious occasion, to be funereal at
+a banquet, to be long-winded ever--these are the marks of non-sense.
+Some imprudent souls seem to select the most friendly of after-dinner
+occasions for the explosion of a bomb-shell of dispute. Around the
+dinner table it is the custom of even political enemies to bury their
+hatchets anywhere rather than in some convenient skull. It is the height
+of bad taste to raise questions that in hours consecrated to good-will
+can only irritate.
+
+Occasional speeches offer good chances for humor, particularly the funny
+story, for humor with a genuine point is not trivial. But do not spin a
+whole skein of humorous yarns with no more connection than the inane and
+threadbare "And that reminds me." An anecdote without bearing may be
+funny but one less funny that fits theme and occasion is far preferable.
+There is no way, short of sheer power of speech, that so surely leads to
+the heart of an audience as rich, appropriate humor. The scattered
+diners in a great banqueting hall, the after-dinner lethargy, the
+anxiety over approaching last-train time, the over-full list of
+over-full speakers--all throw out a challenge to the speaker to do his
+best to win an interested hearing. And when success does come it is
+usually due to a happy mixture of seriousness and humor, for humor alone
+rarely scores so heavily as the two combined, while the utterly grave
+speech _never_ does on such occasions.
+
+If there is one place more than another where second-hand opinions and
+platitudes are unwelcome it is in the after-dinner speech. Whether you
+are toast-master or the last speaker to try to hold the waning crowd at
+midnight, be as original as you can. How is it possible to summarize the
+qualities that go to make up the good after-dinner speech, when we
+remember the inimitable serious-drollery of Mark Twain, the sweet
+southern eloquence of Henry W. Grady, the funereal gravity of the
+humorous Charles Battell Loomis, the charm of Henry Van Dyke, the
+geniality of F. Hopkinson Smith, and the all-round delightfulness of
+Chauncey M. Depew? America is literally rich in such gladsome speakers,
+who punctuate real sense with nonsense, and so make both effective.
+
+Commemorative occasions, unveilings, commencements, dedications,
+eulogies, and all the train of special public gatherings, offer rare
+opportunities for the display of tact and good sense in handling
+occasion, theme, and audience. When to be dignified and when colloquial,
+when to soar and when to ramble arm in arm with your hearers, when to
+flame and when to soothe, when to instruct and when to amuse--in a word,
+the whole matter of APPROPRIATENESS must constantly be in mind lest you
+write your speech on water.
+
+Finally, remember the beatitude: Blessed is the man that maketh short
+speeches, for he shall be invited to speak again.
+
+
+SELECTIONS FOR STUDY
+
+    _LAST DAYS OF THE CONFEDERACY_
+
+    (Extract)
+
+    The Rapidan suggests another scene to which allusion has often
+    been made since the war, but which, as illustrative also of the
+    spirit of both armies, I may be permitted to recall in this
+    connection. In the mellow twilight of an April day the two
+    armies were holding their dress parades on the opposite hills
+    bordering the river. At the close of the parade a magnificent
+    brass band of the Union army played with great spirit the
+    patriotic airs, "Hail Columbia," and "Yankee Doodle." Whereupon
+    the Federal troops responded with a patriotic shout. The same
+    band then played the soul-stirring strains of "Dixie," to which
+    a mighty response came from ten thousand Southern troops. A few
+    moments later, when the stars had come out as witnesses and when
+    all nature was in harmony, there came from the same band the old
+    melody, "Home, Sweet Home." As its familiar and pathetic notes
+    rolled over the water and thrilled through the spirits of the
+    soldiers, the hills reverberated with a thundering response from
+    the united voices of both armies. What was there in this old,
+    old music, to so touch the chords of sympathy, so thrill the
+    spirits and cause the frames of brave men to tremble with
+    emotion? It was the thought of home. To thousands, doubtless, it
+    was the thought of that Eternal Home to which the next battle
+    might be the gateway. To thousands of others it was the thought
+    of their dear earthly homes, where loved ones at that twilight
+    hour were bowing round the family altar, and asking God's care
+    over the absent soldier boy.
+
+    --GENERAL J.B. GORDON, C.S.A.
+
+
+    _WELCOME TO KOSSUTH_
+
+    (Extract)
+
+    Let me ask you to imagine that the contest, in which the United
+    States asserted their independence of Great Britain, had been
+    unsuccessful; that our armies, through treason or a league of
+    tyrants against us, had been broken and scattered; that the
+    great men who led them, and who swayed our councils--our
+    Washington, our Franklin, and the venerable president of the
+    American Congress--had been driven forth as exiles. If there had
+    existed at that day, in any part of the civilized world, a
+    powerful Republic, with institutions resting on the same
+    foundations of liberty which our own countrymen sought to
+    establish, would there have been in that Republic any
+    hospitality too cordial, any sympathy too deep, any zeal for
+    their glorious but unfortunate cause, too fervent or too active
+    to be shown toward these illustrious fugitives? Gentlemen, the
+    case I have supposed is before you. The Washingtons, the
+    Franklins, the Hancocks of Hungary, driven out by a far worse
+    tyranny than was ever endured here, are wanderers in foreign
+    lands. Some of them have sought a refuge in our country--one
+    sits with this company our guest to-night--and we must measure
+    the duty we owe them by the same standard which we would have
+    had history apply, if our ancestors had met with a fate like
+    theirs.
+
+    --WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
+
+
+    _THE INFLUENCE OF UNIVERSITIES_
+
+    (Extract)
+
+    When the excitement of party warfare presses dangerously near
+    our national safeguards, I would have the intelligent
+    conservatism of our universities and colleges warn the
+    contestants in impressive tones against the perils of a breach
+    impossible to repair.
+
+    When popular discontent and passion are stimulated by the arts
+    of designing partisans to a pitch perilously near to class
+    hatred or sectional anger, I would have our universities and
+    colleges sound the alarm in the name of American brotherhood and
+    fraternal dependence.
+
+    When the attempt is made to delude the people into the belief
+    that their suffrages can change the operation of national laws,
+    I would have our universities and colleges proclaim that those
+    laws are inexorable and far removed from political control.
+
+    When selfish interest seeks undue private benefits through
+    governmental aid, and public places are claimed as rewards of
+    party service, I would have our universities and colleges
+    persuade the people to a relinquishment of the demand for party
+    spoils and exhort them to a disinterested and patriotic love of
+    their government, whose unperverted operation secures to every
+    citizen his just share of the safety and prosperity it holds in
+    store for all.
+
+    I would have the influence of these institutions on the side of
+    religion and morality. I would have those they send out among
+    the people not ashamed to acknowledge God, and to proclaim His
+    interposition in the affairs of men, enjoining such obedience to
+    His laws as makes manifest the path of national perpetuity and
+    prosperity
+
+    --GROVER CLEVELAND, delivered at the Princeton
+    Sesqui-Centennial, 1896.
+
+
+    _EULOGY OF GARFIELD_
+
+    (Extract)
+
+    Great in life, he was surpassingly great in death. For no cause,
+    in the very frenzy of wantonness and wickedness, by the red hand
+    of murder, he was thrust from the full tide of this world's
+    interest, from its hopes, its aspirations, its victories, into
+    the visible presence of death--and he did not quail. Not alone
+    for the one short moment in which, stunned and dazed, he could
+    give up life, hardly aware of its relinquishment, but through
+    days of deadly languor, through weeks of agony, that was not
+    less agony because silently borne, with clear sight and calm
+    courage, he looked into his open grave. What blight and ruin met
+    his anguished eyes, whose lips may tell--what brilliant, broken
+    plans, what baffled, high ambitions, what sundering of strong,
+    warm, manhood's friendships, what bitter rending of sweet
+    household ties! Behind him a proud, expectant nation, a great
+    host of sustaining friends, a cherished and happy mother,
+    wearing the full rich honors of her early toil and tears; the
+    wife of his youth, whose whole life lay in his; the little boys
+    not yet emerged from childhood's day of frolic; the fair young
+    daughter; the sturdy sons just springing into closest
+    companionship, claiming every day and every day rewarding a
+    father's love and care; and in his heart the eager, rejoicing
+    power to meet all demand. Before him, desolation and great
+    darkness! And his soul was not shaken. His countrymen were
+    thrilled with instant, profound and universal sympathy.
+    Masterful in his mortal weakness, he became the centre of a
+    nation's love, enshrined in the prayers of a world. But all the
+    love and all the sympathy could not share with him his
+    suffering. He trod the wine press alone. With unfaltering front
+    he faced death. With unfailing tenderness he took leave of life.
+    Above the demoniac hiss of the assassin's bullet he heard the
+    voice of God. With simple resignation he bowed to the Divine
+    decree.
+
+    --JAMES G. BLAINE, delivered at the memorial service held
+    by the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+
+    _EULOGY OF LEE_
+
+    (Extract)
+
+    At the bottom of all true heroism is unselfishness. Its crowning
+    expression is sacrifice. The world is suspicious of vaunted
+    heroes. But when the true hero has come, and we know that here
+    he is in verity, ah! how the hearts of men leap forth to greet
+    him! how worshipfully we welcome God's noblest work--the strong,
+    honest, fearless, upright man. In Robert Lee was such a hero
+    vouchsafed to us and to mankind, and whether we behold him
+    declining command of the federal army to fight the battles and
+    share the miseries of his own people; proclaiming on the heights
+    in front of Gettysburg that the fault of the disaster was his
+    own; leading charges in the crisis of combat; walking under the
+    yoke of conquest without a murmur of complaint; or refusing
+    fortune to come here and train the youth of his country in the
+    paths of duty,--he is ever the same meek, grand, self-sacrificing
+    spirit. Here he exhibited qualities not less worthy and heroic
+    than those displayed on the broad and open theater of
+    conflict, when the eyes of nations watched his every action.
+    Here in the calm repose of civil and domestic duties, and in
+    the trying routine of incessant tasks, he lived a life as high
+    as when, day by day, he marshalled and led his thin and
+    wasting lines, and slept by night upon the field that was to
+    be drenched again in blood upon the morrow. And now he has
+    vanished from us forever. And is this all that is left of
+    him--this handful of dust beneath the marble stone? No! the
+    ages answer as they rise from the gulfs of time, where lie the
+    wrecks of kingdoms and estates, holding up in their hands as
+    their only trophies, the names of those who have wrought for
+    man in the love and fear of God, and in love--unfearing for
+    their fellow-men. No! the present answers, bending by his
+    tomb. No! the future answers as the breath of the morning fans
+    its radiant brow, and its soul drinks in sweet inspirations
+    from the lovely life of Lee. No! methinks the very heavens
+    echo, as melt into their depths the words of reverent love
+    that voice the hearts of men to the tingling stars.
+
+    Come we then to-day in loyal love to sanctify our memories, to
+    purify our hopes, to make strong all good intent by communion
+    with the spirit of him who, being dead yet speaketh. Come,
+    child, in thy spotless innocence; come, woman, in thy purity;
+    come, youth, in thy prime; come, manhood, in thy strength; come,
+    age, in thy ripe wisdom; come, citizen; come, soldier; let us
+    strew the roses and lilies of June around his tomb, for he, like
+    them, exhaled in his life Nature's beneficence, and the grave
+    has consecrated that life and given it to us all; let us crown
+    his tomb with the oak, the emblem of his strength, and with the
+    laurel the emblem of his glory, and let these guns, whose voices
+    he knew of old, awake the echoes of the mountains, that nature
+    herself may join in his solemn requiem. Come, for here he rests,
+    and
+
+    On this green bank, by this fair stream,
+    We set to-day a votive stone,
+    That memory may his deeds redeem?
+    When, like our sires, our sons are gone.
+
+    --JOHN WARWICK DANIEL, on the unveiling of Lee's statue at
+    Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, 1883.
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Why should humor find a place in after-dinner speaking?
+
+2. Briefly give your impressions of any notable after-dinner address
+that you have heard.
+
+3. Briefly outline an imaginary occasion of any sort and give three
+subjects appropriate for addresses.
+
+4. Deliver one such address, not to exceed ten minutes in length.
+
+5. What proportion of emotional ideas do you find in the extracts given
+in this chapter?
+
+6. Humor was used in some of the foregoing addresses--in which others
+would it have been inappropriate?
+
+7. Prepare and deliver an after-dinner speech suited to one of the
+following occasions, and be sure to use humor:
+
+  A lodge banquet.
+  A political party dinner.
+  A church men's club dinner.
+  A civic association banquet.
+  A banquet in honor of a celebrity.
+  A woman's club annual dinner.
+  A business men's association dinner.
+  A manufacturers' club dinner.
+  An alumni banquet.
+  An old home week barbecue.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 35: See also page 205.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+MAKING CONVERSATION EFFECTIVE
+
+    In conversation avoid the extremes of forwardness and reserve.
+
+    --CATO.
+
+    Conversation is the laboratory and workshop of the student.
+
+    --EMERSON, _Essays: Circles_.
+
+
+The father of W.E. Gladstone considered conversation to be both an art
+and an accomplishment. Around the dinner table in his home some topic of
+local or national interest, or some debated question, was constantly
+being discussed. In this way a friendly rivalry for supremacy in
+conversation arose among the family, and an incident observed in the
+street, an idea gleaned from a book, a deduction from personal
+experience, was carefully stored as material for the family exchange.
+Thus his early years of practise in elegant conversation prepared the
+younger Gladstone for his career as a leader and speaker.
+
+There is a sense in which the ability to converse effectively is
+efficient public speaking, for our conversation is often heard by many,
+and occasionally decisions of great moment hinge upon the tone and
+quality of what we say in private.
+
+Indeed, conversation in the aggregate probably wields more power than
+press and platform combined. Socrates taught his great truths, not from
+public rostrums, but in personal converse. Men made pilgrimages to
+Goethe's library and Coleridge's home to be charmed and instructed by
+their speech, and the culture of many nations was immeasurably
+influenced by the thoughts that streamed out from those rich
+well-springs.
+
+Most of the world-moving speeches are made in the course of
+conversation. Conferences of diplomats, business-getting arguments,
+decisions by boards of directors, considerations of corporate policy,
+all of which influence the political, mercantile and economic maps of
+the world, are usually the results of careful though informal
+conversation, and the man whose opinions weigh in such crises is he who
+has first carefully pondered the words of both antagonist and
+protagonist.
+
+However important it may be to attain self-control in light social
+converse, or about the family table, it is undeniably vital to have
+oneself perfectly in hand while taking part in a momentous conference.
+Then the hints that we have given on poise, alertness, precision of
+word, clearness of statement, and force of utterance, with respect to
+public speech, are equally applicable to conversation.
+
+The form of nervous egotism--for it is both--that suddenly ends in
+flusters just when the vital words need to be uttered, is the sign of
+coming defeat, for a conversation is often a contest. If you feel this
+tendency embarrassing you, be sure to listen to Holmes's advice:
+
+    And when you stick on conversational burs,
+    Don't strew your pathway with those dreadful _urs_.
+
+Here bring your will into action, for your trouble is a wandering
+attention. You must _force_ your mind to persist along the chosen line
+of conversation and resolutely refuse to be diverted by _any_ subject or
+happening that may unexpectedly pop up to distract you. To fail here is
+to lose effectiveness utterly.
+
+Concentration is the keynote of conversational charm and efficiency. The
+haphazard habit of expression that uses bird-shot when a bullet is
+needed insures missing the game, for diplomacy of all sorts rests upon
+the precise application of precise words, particularly--if one may
+paraphrase Tallyrand--in those crises when language is no longer used to
+conceal thought.
+
+We may frequently gain new light on old subjects by looking at
+word-derivations. Conversation signifies in the original a turn-about
+exchange of ideas, yet most people seem to regard it as a monologue.
+Bronson Alcott used to say that many could argue, but few converse.
+The first thing to remember in conversation, then, is that
+listening--respectful, sympathetic, alert listening--is not only due to
+our fellow converser but due to ourselves. Many a reply loses its point
+because the speaker is so much interested in what he is about to say
+that it is really no reply at all but merely an irritating and
+humiliating irrelevancy.
+
+Self-expression is exhilarating. This explains the eternal impulse to
+decorate totem poles and paint pictures, write poetry and expound
+philosophy. One of the chief delights of conversation is the opportunity
+it affords for self-expression. A good conversationalist who monopolizes
+all the conversation, will be voted a bore because he denies others the
+enjoyment of self-expression, while a mediocre talker who listens
+interestedly may be considered a good conversationalist because he
+permits his companions to please themselves through self-expression.
+They are praised who please: they please who listen well.
+
+The first step in remedying habits of confusion in manner, awkward
+bearing, vagueness in thought, and lack of precision in utterance, is to
+recognize your faults. If you are serenely unconscious of them, no
+one--least of all yourself--can help you. But once diagnose your own
+weaknesses, and you can overcome them by doing four things:
+
+1. _WILL_ to overcome them, and keep on willing.
+
+2. Hold yourself in hand by assuring yourself that you know precisely
+what you ought to say. If you cannot do that, be quiet until you are
+clear on this vital point.
+
+3. Having thus assured yourself, cast out the fear of those who listen
+to you--they are only human and will respect your words if you really
+have something to say and say it briefly, simply, and clearly.
+
+4. Have the courage to study the English language until you are master
+of at least its simpler forms.
+
+
+_Conversational Hints_
+
+Choose some subject that will prove of general interest to the whole
+group. Do not explain the mechanism of a gas engine at an afternoon tea
+or the culture of hollyhocks at a stag party.
+
+It is not considered good taste for a man to bare his arm in public and
+show scars or deformities. It is equally bad form for him to flaunt his
+own woes, or the deformity of some one else's character. The public
+demands plays and stories that end happily. All the world is seeking
+happiness. They cannot long be interested in your ills and troubles.
+George Cohan made himself a millionaire before he was thirty by writing
+cheerful plays. One of his rules is generally applicable to
+conversation: "Always leave them laughing when you say good bye."
+
+Dynamite the "I" out of your conversation. Not one man in nine hundred
+and seven can talk about himself without being a bore. The man who can
+perform that feat can achieve marvels without talking about himself, so
+the eternal "I" is not permissible even in his talk.
+
+If you habitually build your conversation around your own interests it
+may prove very tiresome to your listener. He may be thinking of bird
+dogs or dry fly fishing while you are discussing the fourth dimension,
+or the merits of a cucumber lotion. The charming conversationalist is
+prepared to talk in terms of his listener's interest. If his listener
+spends his spare time investigating Guernsey cattle or agitating social
+reforms, the discriminating conversationalist shapes his remarks
+accordingly. Richard Washburn Child says he knows a man of mediocre
+ability who can charm men much abler than himself when he discusses
+electric lighting. This same man probably would bore, and be bored, if
+he were forced to converse about music or Madagascar.
+
+Avoid platitudes and hackneyed phrases. If you meet a friend from Keokuk
+on State Street or on Pike's Peak, it is not necessary to observe: "How
+small this world is after all!" This observation was doubtless made
+prior to the formation of Pike's Peak. "This old world is getting better
+every day." "Fanner's wives do not have to work as hard as formerly."
+"It is not so much the high cost of living as the cost of high living."
+Such observations as these excite about the same degree of admiration as
+is drawn out by the appearance of a 1903-model touring car. If you have
+nothing fresh or interesting you can always remain silent. How would you
+like to read a newspaper that flashed out in bold headlines "Nice
+Weather We Are Having," or daily gave columns to the same old material
+you had been reading week after week?
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+1. Give a short speech describing the conversational bore.
+
+2. In a few words give your idea of a charming converser.
+
+3. What qualities of the orator should _not_ be used in conversation.
+
+4. Give a short humorous delineation of the conversational "oracle."
+
+5. Give an account of your first day at observing conversation around
+you.
+
+6. Give an account of one day's effort to improve your own conversation.
+
+7. Give a list of subjects you heard discussed during any recent period
+you may select.
+
+8. What is meant by "elastic touch" in conversation?
+
+9. Make a list of "Bromides," as Gellett Burgess calls those threadbare
+expressions which "bore us to extinction"--itself a Bromide.
+
+10. What causes a phrase to become hackneyed?
+
+11. Define the words, (_a_) trite; (_b_) solecism; (_c_) colloquialism;
+(_d_) slang; (_e_) vulgarism; (_f_) neologism.
+
+12. What constitutes pretentious talk?
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+FIFTY QUESTIONS FOR DEBATE
+
+
+1. Has Labor Unionism justified its existence?
+
+2. Should all church printing be brought out under the Union Label?
+
+3. Is the Open Shop a benefit to the community?
+
+4. Should arbitration of industrial disputes be made compulsory?
+
+5. Is Profit-Sharing a solution of the wage problem?
+
+6. Is a minimum wage law desirable?
+
+7. Should the eight-hour day be made universal in America?
+
+8. Should the state compensate those who sustain irreparable business
+loss because of the enactment of laws prohibiting the manufacture and
+sale of intoxicating drinks?
+
+9. Should public utilities be owned by the municipality?
+
+10. Should marginal trading in stocks be prohibited?
+
+11. Should the national government establish a compulsory system of
+old-age insurance by taxing the incomes of those to be benefited?
+
+12. Would the triumph of socialistic principles result in deadening
+personal ambition?
+
+13. Is the Presidential System a better form of government for the
+United States than the Parliamental System?
+
+14. Should our legislation be shaped toward the gradual abandonment of
+the protective tariff?
+
+15. Should the government of the larger cities be vested solely in a
+commission of not more than nine men elected by the voters at large?
+
+16. Should national banks be permitted to issue, subject to tax and
+government supervision, notes based on their general assets?
+
+17. Should woman be given the ballot on the present basis of suffrage
+for men?
+
+18. Should the present basis of suffrage be restricted?
+
+19. Is the hope of permanent world-peace a delusion?
+
+20. Should the United States send a diplomatic representative to the
+Vatican?
+
+21. Should the Powers of the world substitute an international police
+for national standing armies?
+
+22. Should the United States maintain the Monroe Doctrine?
+
+23. Should the Recall of Judges be adopted?
+
+24. Should the Initiative and Referendum be adopted as a national
+principle?
+
+25. Is it desirable that the national government should own all
+railroads operating in interstate territory?
+
+26. Is it desirable that the national government should own interstate
+telegraph and telephone systems?
+
+27. Is the national prohibition of the liquor traffic an economic
+necessity?
+
+28. Should the United States army and navy be greatly strengthened?
+
+29. Should the same standards of altruism obtain in the relations of
+nations as in those of individuals?
+
+30. Should our government be more highly centralized?
+
+31. Should the United States continue its policy of opposing the
+combination of railroads?
+
+32. In case of personal injury to a workman arising out of his
+employment, should his employer be liable for adequate compensation and
+be forbidden to set up as a defence a plea of contributory negligence on
+the part of the workman, or the negligence of a fellow workman?
+
+33. Should all corporations doing an interstate business be required to
+take out a Federal license?
+
+34. Should the amount of property that can be transferred by inheritance
+be limited by law?
+
+35. Should equal compensation for equal labor, between women and men,
+universally prevail?
+
+36. Does equal suffrage tend to lessen the interest of woman in her
+home?
+
+37. Should the United States take advantage of the commercial and
+industrial weakness of foreign nations, brought about by the war, by
+trying to wrest from them their markets in Central and South America?
+
+38. Should teachers of small children in the public schools be selected
+from among mothers?
+
+39. Should football be restricted to colleges, for the sake of physical
+safety?
+
+40. Should college students who receive compensation for playing summer
+baseball be debarred from amateur standing?
+
+41. Should daily school-hours and school vacations both be shortened?
+
+42. Should home-study for pupils in grade schools be abolished and
+longer school-hours substituted?
+
+43. Should the honor system in examinations be adopted in public
+high-schools?
+
+44. Should all colleges adopt the self-government system for its
+students?
+
+45. Should colleges be classified by national law and supervision, and
+uniform entrance and graduation requirements maintained by each college
+in a particular class?
+
+46. Should ministers be required to spend a term of years in some trade,
+business, or profession, before becoming pastors?
+
+47. Is the Y.M.C.A. losing its spiritual power?
+
+48. Is the church losing its hold on thinking people?
+
+49. Are the people of the United States more devoted to religion than
+ever?
+
+50. Does the reading of magazines contribute to intellectual
+shallowness?
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+THIRTY THEMES FOR SPEECHES
+
+With Source References for Material.
+
+
+1. KINSHIP, A FOUNDATION STONE OF CIVILIZATION.
+   "The State," Woodrow Wilson.
+
+2. INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM.
+   "The Popular Initiative and Referendum," O.M. Barnes.
+
+3. RECIPROCITY WITH CANADA.
+   Article in _Independent_, 53: 2874; article in _North
+   American Review_, 178: 205.
+
+4. IS MANKIND PROGRESSING?
+   Book of same title, M.M. Ballou.
+
+5. MOSES THE PEERLESS LEADER.
+   Lecture by John Lord, in "Beacon Lights of History."
+   NOTE: This set of books contains a vast store of
+   material for speeches.
+
+6. THE SPOILS SYSTEM.
+   Sermon by the Rev. Dr. Henry van Dyke, reported
+   in the _New York Tribune_, February 25, 1895.
+
+7. THE NEGRO IN BUSINESS.
+   Part III, Annual Report of the Secretary of Internal
+   Affairs, Pennsylvania, 1912.
+
+8. IMMIGRATION AND DEGRADATION.
+   "Americans or Aliens?" Howard B. Grose.
+
+9. WHAT IS THE THEATRE DOING FOR AMERICA?
+   "The Drama Today," Charlton Andrews.
+
+10. SUPERSTITION.
+    "Curiosities of Popular Custom," William S. Walsh.
+
+11. THE PROBLEM OF OLD AGE.
+    "Old Age Deferred," Arnold Lorand.
+
+12. WHO IS THE TRAMP?
+    Article in _Century_, 28: 41.
+
+13. TWO MEN INSIDE.
+    "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," R.L. Stevenson.
+
+14. THE OVERTHROW OF POVERTY.
+    "The Panacea for Poverty," Madison Peters.
+
+15. MORALS AND MANNERS.
+    "A Christian's Habits," Robert E. Speer.
+
+16. JEW AND CHRISTIAN.
+    "Jesus the Jew," Harold Weinstock.
+
+17. EDUCATION AND THE MOVING PICTURE.
+    Article by J. Berg Esenwein in "The Theatre of
+    Science," Robert Grau.
+
+18. BOOKS AS FOOD.
+    "Books and Reading," R.C. Gage and Alfred
+    Harcourt.
+
+19. WHAT IS A NOVEL?
+    "The Technique of the Novel," Charles F. Home.
+
+20. MODERN FICTION AND MODERN LIFE.
+    Article in _Lippincott's_, October, 1907.
+
+21. OUR PROBLEM IN MEXICO.
+    "The Real Mexico," Hamilton Fyfe.
+
+22. THE JOY OF RECEIVING.
+    Article in _Woman's Home Companion_, December, 1914.
+
+23. PHYSICAL TRAINING VS. COLLEGE ATHLETICS.
+    Article in _Literary Digest_, November 28, 1914.
+
+24. CHEER UP.
+    "The Science of Happiness," Jean Finot.
+
+25. THE SQUARE PEG IN THE ROUND HOLE.
+    "The Job, the Man, and the Boss," Katherine
+    Blackford and Arthur Newcomb.
+
+26. THE DECAY OF ACTING.
+    Article in _Current Opinion_, November, 1914.
+
+27. THE YOUNG MAN AND THE CHURCH.
+    "A Young man's Religion," N. McGee Waters.
+
+28. INHERITING SUCCESS.
+    Article in _Current Opinion_, November, 1914.
+
+29. THE INDIAN IN OKLAHOMA.
+    Article in _Literary Digest_, November 28, 1914.
+
+30. HATE AND THE NATION.
+    Article in _Literary Digest_, November 14, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+SUGGESTIVE SUBJECTS FOR SPEECHES[36]
+
+With Occasional Hints on Treatment
+
+
+1. MOVIES AND MORALS.
+
+2. THE TRUTH ABOUT LYING.
+    The essence of truth-telling and lying. Lies that are not so
+    considered. The subtleties of distinctions required. Examples of
+    implied and acted lies.
+
+3. BENEFITS THAT FOLLOW DISASTERS.
+    Benefits that have arisen out of floods, fires, earthquakes, wars,
+    etc.
+
+4. HASTE FOR LEISURE.
+    How the speed mania is born of a vain desire to enjoy a leisure
+    that never comes or, on the contrary, how the seeming haste of
+    the world has given men shorter hours off labor and more time for
+    rest, study, and pleasure.
+
+5. ST. PAUL'S MESSAGE TO NEW YORK.
+    Truths from the Epistles pertinent to the great cities of today.
+
+6. EDUCATION AND CRIME.
+
+7. LOSS IS THE MOTHER OF GAIN.
+    How many men have been content until, losing all, they exerted their
+    best efforts to regain success, and succeeded more largely than
+    before.
+
+8. EGOISM vs. EGOTISM.
+
+9. BLUNDERS OF YOUNG FOGYISM.
+
+10. THE WASTE OF MIDDLE-MEN IN CHARITY SYSTEMS.
+    The cost of collecting funds for, and administering help to, the
+    needy. The weakness of organized philanthropy as compared with
+    the giving that gives itself.
+
+11. THE ECONOMY OF ORGANIZED CHARITY.
+    The other side of the picture.
+
+12. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS.
+    The true forces that hurtfully control too many newspapers are not
+    those of arbitrary governments but the corrupting influences of
+    moneyed and political interests, fear of the liquor power, and the
+    desire to please sensation-loving readers.
+
+13. HELEN KELLER: OPTIMIST.
+
+14. BACK TO THE FARM.
+    A study of the reasons underlying the movement.
+
+15. IT WAS EVER THUS.
+    In ridicule of the pessimist who is never surprised at seeing failure.
+
+16. THE VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL.
+    Value of direct training compared with the policy of laying broader
+    foundations for later building. How the two theories work out in
+    practise. Each plan can be especially applied in cases that seem to
+    need special treatment.
+
+17. ALL KINDS OF TURNING DONE HERE.
+    A humorous, yet serious, discussion of the flopping, wind-mill
+    character.
+
+18. THE EGOISTIC ALTRUIST.
+    Herbert Spencer's theory as discussed in "The Data of Ethics."
+
+19. HOW THE CITY MENACES THE NATION.
+    Economic perils in massed population. Show also the other side.
+    Signs of the problem's being solved.
+
+20. THE ROBUST NOTE IN MODERN POETRY.
+    A comparison of the work of Galsworthy, Masefield and Kipling with
+    that of some earlier poets.
+
+21. THE IDEALS OF SOCIALISM.
+
+22. THE FUTURE OF THE SMALL CITY.
+    How men are coming to see the economic advantages of smaller
+    municipalities.
+
+23. CENSORSHIP FOR THE THEATRE.
+    Its relation to morals and art. Its difficulties and its benefits.
+
+24. FOR SUCH A TIME AS THIS.
+    Mordecai's expression and its application to opportunities in modern
+    woman's life.
+
+25. IS THE PRESS VENAL?
+
+26. SAFETY FIRST.
+
+27. MENES AND EXTREMES.
+
+28. RUBICONS AND PONTOONS.
+    How great men not only made momentous decisions but created means
+    to carry them out. A speech full of historical examples.
+
+29. ECONOMY A REVENUE.
+
+30. THE PATRIOTISM OF PROTEST AGAINST POPULAR IDOLS.
+
+31. SAVONAROLA, THE DIVINE OUTCAST.
+
+32. THE TRUE POLITICIAN.
+    Revert to the original meaning of the word. Build the speech around
+    one man as the chief example.
+
+33. COLONELS AND SHELLS.
+    Leadership and "cannon fodder"--a protest against war in its effect
+    on the common people.
+
+34. WHY IS A MILITANT?
+    A dispassionate examination of the claims of the British militant
+    suffragette.
+
+35. ART AND MORALS.
+    The difference between the nude and the naked in art.
+
+36. CAN MY COUNTRY BE WRONG?
+    False patriotism and true, with examples of popularly-hated patriots.
+
+37. GOVERNMENT BY PARTY.
+    An analysis of our present political system and the movement toward
+    reform.
+
+38. THE EFFECTS OF FICTION ON HISTORY.
+
+39. THE EFFECTS OF HISTORY ON FICTION.
+
+40. THE INFLUENCE OF WAR ON LITERATURE.
+
+41. CHINESE GORDON.
+    A eulogy.
+
+42. TAXES AND HIGHER EDUCATION.
+    Should all men be compelled to contribute to the support of
+    universities and professional schools?
+
+43. PRIZE CATTLE VS. PRIZE BABIES.
+    Is Eugenics a science? And is it practicable?
+
+44. BENEVOLENT AUTOCRACY.
+    Is a strongly paternal government better for the masses than a much
+    larger freedom for the individual?
+
+45. SECOND-HAND OPINIONS.
+    The tendency to swallow reviews instead of forming one's own views.
+
+46. PARENTAGE OR POWER?
+    A study of which form of aristocracy must eventually prevail, that
+    of blood or that of talent.
+
+47. THE BLESSING OF DISCONTENT.
+    Based on many examples of what has been accomplished by those who
+    have not "let well-enough alone."
+
+48. "CORRUPT AND CONTENTED."
+    A study of the relation of the apathetic voter to vicious government.
+
+49. THE MOLOCH OF CHILD-LABOR.
+
+50. EVERY MAN HAS A RIGHT TO WORK.
+
+51. CHARITY THAT FOSTERS PAUPERISM.
+
+52. "NOT IN OUR STARS BUT IN OURSELVES."
+    Destiny _vs._ choice.
+
+53. ENVIRONMENT _VS._ HEREDITY.
+
+54. THE BRAVERY OF DOUBT.
+    Doubt not mere unbelief. True grounds for doubt. What doubt has led
+    to. Examples. The weakness of mere doubt. The attitude of the
+    wholesome doubter _versus_ that of the wholesale doubter.
+
+55. THE SPIRIT OF MONTICELLO.
+    A message from the life of Thomas Jefferson.
+
+56. NARROWNESS IN SPECIALISM.
+    The dangers of specializing without first possessing broad
+    knowledge. The eye too close to one object. Balance is a vital
+    prerequisite for specialization.
+
+57. RESPONSIBILITY OF LABOR UNIONS TO THE LAW.
+
+58. THE FUTURE OF SOUTHERN LITERATURE.
+    What conditions in the history, temperament and environment of our
+    Southern people indicate a bright literary future.
+
+59. WOMAN THE HOPE OF IDEALISM IN AMERICA.
+
+60. THE VALUE OF DEBATING CLUBS.
+
+61. AN ARMY OF THIRTY MILLIONS.
+    In praise of the Sunday-school.
+
+62. THE BABY.
+    How the ever-new baby holds mankind in unselfish courses and saves
+    us all from going lastingly wrong.
+
+63. LO, THE POOR CAPITALIST.
+    His trials and problems.
+
+64. HONEY AND STING.
+    A lesson from the bee.
+
+65. UNGRATEFUL REPUBLICS.
+    Examples from history.
+
+66. "EVERY MAN HAS HIS PRICE."
+    Horace Walpole's cynical remark is not true now, nor was it true
+    even in his own corrupt era. Of what sort are the men who cannot
+    be bought? Examples.
+
+67. THE SCHOLAR IN DIPLOMACY.
+    Examples in American life.
+
+68. LOCKS AND KEYS.
+    There is a key for every lock. No difficulty so great, no truth so
+    obscure, no problem so involved, but that there is a key to fit the
+    lock. The search for the right key, the struggle to adjust it, the
+    vigilance to retain it--these are some of the problems of success.
+
+69. RIGHT MAKES MIGHT.
+
+70. ROOMING WITH A GHOST.
+    Influence of the woman graduate of fifty years before on the college
+    girl who lives in the room once occupied by the distinguished
+    "old grad."
+
+71. NO FACT IS A SINGLE FACT.
+    The importance of weighing facts relatively.
+
+72. IS CLASSICAL EDUCATION DEAD TO RISE NO MORE?
+
+73. INVECTIVE AGAINST NIETSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY.
+
+74. WHY HAVE WE BOSSES?
+    A fair-minded examination of the uses and abuses of the political
+    "leader."
+
+75. A PLEA FOR SETTLEMENT WORK.
+
+76. CREDULITY VS. FAITH.
+
+77. WHAT IS HUMOR?
+
+78. USE AND ABUSE OF THE CARTOON.
+
+79. THE PULPIT IN POLITICS.
+
+80. ARE COLLEGES GROWING TOO LARGE?
+
+81. THE DOOM OF ABSOLUTISM.
+
+82. SHALL WOMAN HELP KEEP HOUSE FOR TOWN, CITY, STATE, AND NATION?
+
+83. THE EDUCATIONAL TEST FOR SUFFRAGE.
+
+84. THE PROPERTY TEST FOR SUFFRAGE.
+
+85. THE MENACE OF THE PLUTOCRAT.
+
+86. THE COST OF HIGH LIVING.
+
+87. THE COST OF CONVENIENCES.
+
+88. WASTE IN AMERICAN LIFE.
+
+89. THE EFFECT OF THE PHOTOPLAY ON THE "LEGITIMATE" THEATRE.
+
+90. ROOM FOR THE KICKER.
+
+100. THE NEED FOR TRAINED DIPLOMATS.
+
+101. THE SHADOW OF THE IRON CHANCELLOR.
+
+102. THE TYRANNY OF THE CROWD.
+
+103. IS OUR TRIAL BY JURY SATISFACTORY?
+
+104. THE HIGH COST OF SECURING JUSTICE.
+
+105. THE NEED FOR SPEEDIER COURT TRIALS.
+
+106. TRIUMPHS OF THE AMERICAN ENGINEER.
+
+107. GOETHALS AND GORGAS.
+
+108. PUBLIC EDUCATION MAKES SERVICE TO THE PUBLIC A DUTY.
+
+109. MAN OWES HIS LIFE TO THE COMMON GOOD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 36: It must be remembered that the phrasing of the subject
+will not necessarily serve for the title.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D
+
+SPEECHES FOR STUDY AND PRACTISE
+
+
+_NEWELL DWIGHT HILLIS_
+
+BRAVE LITTLE BELGIUM
+
+Delivered in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., October 18, 1914. Used by
+permission.
+
+Long ago Plato made a distinction between the occasions of war and the
+causes of war. The occasions of war lie upon the surface, and are known
+and read of all men, while the causes of war are embedded in racial
+antagonisms, in political and economic controversies. Narrative
+historians portray the occasions of war; philosophic historians, the
+secret and hidden causes. Thus the spark of fire that falls is the
+occasion of an explosion, but the cause of the havoc is the relation
+between charcoal, niter and saltpeter. The occasion of the Civil War was
+the firing upon Fort Sumter. The cause was the collision between the
+ideals of the Union presented by Daniel Webster and the secession taught
+by Calhoun. The occasion of the American Revolution was the Stamp Tax;
+the cause was the conviction on the part of our forefathers that men who
+had freedom in worship carried also the capacity for self-government.
+The occasion of the French Revolution was the purchase of a diamond
+necklace for Queen Marie Antoinette at a time when the treasury was
+exhausted; the cause of the revolution was feudalism. Not otherwise, the
+occasion of the great conflict that is now shaking our earth was the
+assassination of an Austrian boy and girl, but the cause is embedded in
+racial antagonisms and economic competition.
+
+As for Russia, the cause of the war was her desire to obtain the
+Bosphorus--and an open seaport, which is the prize offered for her
+attack upon Germany. As for Austria, the cause of the war is her fear of
+the growing power of the Balkan States, and the progressive slicing away
+of her territory. As for France, the cause of the war is the instinct of
+self-preservation, that resists an invading host. As for Germany, the
+cause is her deep-seated conviction that every country has a moral right
+to the mouth of its greatest river; unable to compete with England, by
+roundabout sea routes and a Kiel Canal, she wants to use the route that
+nature digged for her through the mouth of the Rhine. As for England,
+the motherland is fighting to recover her sense of security. During the
+Napoleonic wars the second William Pitt explained the quadrupling of the
+taxes, the increase of the navy, and the sending of an English army
+against France, by the statement that justification of this proposed war
+is the "Preservation of England's sense of security." Ten years ago
+England lost her sense of security. Today she is not seeking to
+preserve, but to recover, the lost sense of security. She proposes to do
+this by destroying Germany's ironclads, demobilizing her army, wiping
+out her forts, and the partition of her provinces. The occasions of the
+war vary, with the color of the paper--"white" and "gray" and
+"blue"--but the causes of this war are embedded in racial antagonisms
+and economic and political differences.
+
+
+WHY LITTLE BELGIUM HAS THE CENTER OF THE STAGE
+
+Tonight our study concerns little Belgium, her people, and their part in
+this conflict. Be the reasons what they may, this little land stands in
+the center of the stage and holds the limelight. Once more David, armed
+with a sling, has gone up against ten Goliaths. It is an amazing
+spectacle, this, one of the smallest of the States, battling with the
+largest of the giants! Belgium has a standing army of 42,000 men, and
+Germany, with three reserves, perhaps 7,000,000 or 8,000,000. Without
+waiting for any assistance, this little Belgium band went up against
+2,000,000. It is as if a honey bee had decided to attack an eagle come
+to loot its honeycomb. It is as if an antelope had turned against a
+lion. Belgium has but 11,000 square miles of land, less than the States
+of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Her population is
+7,500,000, less than the single State of New York. You could put
+twenty-two Belgiums in our single State of Texas. Much of her soil is
+thin; her handicaps are heavy, but the industry of her people has turned
+the whole land into one vast flower and vegetable garden. The soil of
+Minnesota and the Dakotas is new soil, and yet our farmers there average
+but fifteen bushels of wheat to the acre. Belgium's soil has been used
+for centuries, but it averages thirty-seven bushels of wheat to the
+acre. If we grow twenty-four bushels of barley on an acre of ground,
+Belgium grows fifty; she produces 300 bushels of potatoes, where the
+Maine farmer harvests 90 bushels. Belgium's average population per
+square mile has risen to 645 people. If Americans practised intensive
+farming; if the population of Texas were as dense as it is in
+Belgium--100,000,000 of the United States, Canada and Central America
+could all move to Texas, while if our entire country was as densely
+populated as Belgium's, everybody in the world could live comfortably
+within the limits of our country.
+
+
+THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE
+
+And yet, little Belgium has no gold or silver mines, and all the
+treasures of copper and zinc and lead and anthracite and oil have been
+denied her. The gold is in the heart of her people. No other land holds
+a race more prudent, industrious and thrifty! It is a land where
+everybody works. In the winter when the sun does not rise until half
+past seven, the Belgian cottages have lights in their windows at five,
+and the people are ready for an eleven-hour day. As a rule all children
+work after 12 years of age. The exquisite pointed lace that has made
+Belgium famous, is wrought by women who fulfill the tasks of the
+household fulfilled by American women, and then begins their task upon
+the exquisite laces that have sent their name and fame throughout the
+world. Their wages are low, their work hard, but their life is so
+peaceful and prosperous that few Belgians ever emigrate to foreign
+countries. Of late they have made their education compulsory, their
+schools free. It is doubtful whether any other country has made a
+greater success of their system of transportation. You will pay 50 cents
+to journey some twenty odd miles out to Roslyn, on our Long Island
+railroad, but in Belgium a commuter journeys twenty miles in to the
+factory and back again every night and makes the six double daily
+journeys at an entire cost of 37-1/2 cents per week, less than the
+amount that you pay for the journey one way for a like distance in this
+country. Out of this has come Belgium's prosperity. She has the money to
+buy goods from other countries, and she has the property to export to
+foreign lands. Last year the United States, with its hundred millions of
+people, imported less than $2,000,000,000, and exported $2,500,000,000.
+If our people had been as prosperous per capita as Belgium, we would
+have purchased from other countries $12,000,000,000 worth of goods and
+exported $10,000,000,000.
+
+So largely have we been dependent upon Belgium that many of the engines
+used in digging the Panama Canal came from the Cockerill works that
+produce two thousands of these engines every year in Liege. It is often
+said that the Belgians have the best courts in existence. The Supreme
+Court of Little Belgium has but one Justice. Without waiting for an
+appeal, just as soon as a decision has been reached by a lower Court,
+while the matters are still fresh in mind and all the witnesses and
+facts readily obtainable, this Supreme Justice reviews all the
+objections raised on either side and without a motion from anyone passes
+on the decision of the inferior court. On the other hand, the lower
+courts are open to an immediate settlement of disputes between the wage
+earners, and newsboys and fishermen are almost daily seen going to the
+judge for a decision regarding a dispute over five or ten cents. When
+the judge has cross-questioned both sides, without the presence of
+attorneys, or the necessity of serving a process, or raising a dollar
+and a quarter, as here, the poorest of the poor have their wrongs
+righted. It is said that not one decision out of one hundred is
+appealed, thus calling for the existence of an attorney.
+
+To all other institutions organized in the interest of the wage earner
+has been added the national savings bank system, that makes loans to men
+of small means, that enables the farmer and the working man to buy a
+little garden and build a house, while at the same time insuring the
+working man against accident and sickness. Belgium is a poor man's
+country, it has been said, because institutions have been administered
+in the interest of the men of small affairs.
+
+
+THE GREAT BELGIUM PLAIN IN HISTORY
+
+But the institutions of Belgium and the industrial prosperity of her
+people alone are not equal to the explanation of her unique heroism.
+Long ago, in his Commentaries, Julius Caesar said that Gaul was inhabited
+by three tribes, the Belgae, the Aquitani, the Celts, "of whom the Belgae
+were the bravest." History will show that Belgians have courage as their
+native right, for only the brave could have survived. The southeastern
+part of Belgium is a series of rock plains, and if these plains have
+been her good fortune in times of peace, they have furnished the
+battlefields of Western Europe for two thousand years. Northern France
+and Western Germany are rough, jagged and wooded, but the Belgian plains
+were ideal battlefields. For this reason the generals of Germany and of
+France have usually met and struggled for the mastery on these wide
+Belgian plains. On one of these grounds Julius Caesar won the first
+battle that is recorded. Then came King Clovis and the French, with
+their campaigns; toward these plains also the Saracens were hurrying
+when assaulted by Charles Martel. On the Belgian plains the Dutch
+burghers and the Spanish armies, led by Bloody Alva, fought out their
+battle. Hither, too, came Napoleon, and the great mound of Waterloo is
+the monument to the Duke of Wellington's victory. It was to the Belgian
+plains, also, that the German general, last August, rushed his troops.
+Every college and every city searches for some level spot of land where
+the contest between opposing teams may be held, and for more than two
+thousand years the Belgian plain has been the scene of the great battles
+between the warring nations of Western Europe.
+
+Now, out of all these collisions there has come a hardy race, inured to
+peril, rich in fortitude, loyalty, patience, thrift, self-reliance and
+persevering faith. For five hundred years the Belgian children and youth
+have been brought up upon the deeds of noble renown, achieved by their
+ancestors. If Julius Caesar were here today he would wear Belgium's
+bravery like a bright sword, girded to his thigh. And when this brave
+little people, with a standing army of forty-two thousand men,
+single-handed defied two millions of Germans, it tells us that Ajax has
+come back once more to defy the god of lightnings.
+
+
+A THRILLING CHAPTER FROM BELGIUM'S HISTORY
+
+Perhaps one or two chapters torn from the pages of Belgium history will
+enable us to understand her present-day heroism, just as one golden
+bough plucked from the forest will explain the richness of the autumn.
+You remember that Venice was once the financial center of the world.
+Then when the bankers lost confidence in the navy of Venice they put
+their jewels and gold into saddle bags and moved the financial center of
+the world to Nuremburg, because its walls were seven feet thick and
+twenty feet high. Later, about 1500 A.D., the discovery of the New World
+turned all the peoples into races of sea-going folk, and the English and
+Dutch captains vied with the sailors of Spain and Portugal. No captains
+were more prosperous than the mariners of Antwerp. In 1568 there were
+500 marble mansions in this city on the Meuse. Belgium became a casket
+filled with jewels. Then it was that Spain turned covetous eyes
+northward. Sated with his pleasures, broken by indulgence and passion,
+the Emperor Charles the Fifth resigned his gold and throne to his son,
+King Philip. Finding his coffers depleted, Philip sent the Duke of Alva,
+with 10,000 Spanish soldiers, out on a looting expedition. Their
+approach filled Antwerp with consternation, for her merchants were busy
+with commerce and not with war. The sack of Antwerp by the Spaniards
+makes up a revolting page in history. Within three days 8,000 men, women
+and children were massacred, and the Spanish soldiers, drunk with wine
+and blood, hacked, drowned and burned like fiends that they were. The
+Belgian historian tells us that 500 marble residences were reduced to
+blackened ruins. One incident will make the event stand out. When the
+Spaniards approached the city a wealthy burgher hastened the day of his
+son's marriage. During the ceremony the soldiers broke down the gate of
+the city and crossed the threshold of the rich man's house. When they
+had stripped the guests of their purses and gems, unsatisfied, they
+killed the bridegroom, slew the men, and carried the bride out into the
+night. The next morning a young woman, crazed and half clad, was found
+in the street, searching among the dead bodies. At last she found a
+youth, whose head she lifted upon her knees, over which she crooned her
+songs, as a young mother soothes her babe. A Spanish officer passing by,
+humiliated by the spectacle, ordered a soldier to use his dagger and put
+the girl out of her misery.
+
+
+THE HORRORS OF THE INQUISITION
+
+Having looted Antwerp, the treasure chest of Belgium, the Spaniards set
+up the Inquisition as an organized means of securing property. It is a
+strange fact that the Spaniard has excelled in cruelty as other nations
+have excelled in art or science or invention. Spain's cruelty to the
+Moors and the rich Jews forms one of the blackest chapters in history.
+Inquisitors became fiends. Moors were starved, tortured, burned, flung
+in wells, Jewish bankers had their tongues thrust through little iron
+rings; then the end of the tongue was seared that it might swell, and
+the banker was led by a string in the ring through the streets of the
+city. The women and the children were put on rafts that were pushed out
+into the Mediterranean Sea. When the swollen corpses drifted ashore, the
+plague broke out, and when that black plague spread over Spain it seemed
+like the justice of outraged nature. The expulsion of the Moors was one
+of the deadliest blows ever struck at science, commerce, art and
+literature. The historian tracks Spain across the continents by a trail
+of blood. Wherever Spain's hand has fallen it has paralyzed. From the
+days of Cortez, wherever her captains have given a pledge, the tongue
+that spake has been mildewed with lies and treachery. The wildest beasts
+are not in the jungle; man is the lion that rends, man is the leopard
+that tears, man's hate is the serpent that poisons, and the Spaniard
+entered Belgium to turn a garden into a wilderness. Within one year,
+1568, Antwerp, that began with 125,000 people, ended it with 50,000.
+Many multitudes were put to death by the sword and stake, but many, many
+thousands fled to England, to begin anew their lives as manufacturers
+and mariners; and for years Belgium was one quaking peril, an inferno,
+whose torturers were Spaniards. The visitor in Antwerp is still shown
+the rack upon which they stretched the merchants that they might yield
+up their hidden gold. The Painted Lady may be seen. Opening her arms,
+she embraces the victim. The Spaniard, with his spear, forced the
+merchant into the deadly embrace. As the iron arms concealed in velvet
+folded together, one spike passed through each eye, another through the
+mouth, another through the heart. The Painted Lady's lips were poisoned,
+so that a kiss was fatal. The dungeon whose sides were forced together
+by screws, so that each day the victim saw his cell growing less and
+less, and knew that soon he would be crushed to death, was another
+instrument of torture. Literally thousands of innocent men and women
+were burned alive in the market place.
+
+There is no more piteous tragedy in history than the story of the
+decline and ruin of this superbly prosperous, literary and artistic
+country, and yet out of the ashes came new courage. Burned, broken, the
+Belgians and the Dutch were not beaten. Pushed at last into Holland,
+where they united their fortunes with the Dutch, they cut the dykes of
+Holland, and let in the ocean, and clinging to the dykes with their
+finger tips, fought their way back to the land; but no sooner had the
+last of the Spaniards gone than out of their rags and poverty they
+founded a university as a monument to the providence of God in
+delivering them out of the hands of their enemies. For, the Sixteenth
+Century, in the form of a brave knight, wears little Belgium and Holland
+like a red rose upon his heart.
+
+
+THE DEATH OF EGMONT
+
+But some of you will say that the Belgian people must have been rebels
+and guilty of some excess, and that had they remained quiescent, and not
+fomented treason, that no such fate could have overtaken them at the
+hands of Spain. Very well. I will take a youth who, at the beginning,
+believed in Charles the Fifth, a man who was as true to his ideals as
+the needle to the pole. One day the "Bloody Council" decreed the death
+of Egmont and Horn. Immediately afterward, the Duke of Alva sent an
+invitation to Egmont to be the guest of honor at a banquet in his own
+house. A servant from the palace that night delivered to the Count a
+slip of paper, containing a warning to take the fleetest horse and flee
+the city, and from that moment not to eat or sleep without pistols at
+his hand. To all this Egmont responded that no monster ever lived who
+could, with an invitation of hospitality, trick a patriot. Like a brave
+man, the Count went to the Duke's palace. He found the guests assembled,
+but when he had handed his hat and cloak to the servant, Alva gave a
+sign, and from behind the curtains came Spanish musqueteers, who
+demanded his sword. For instead of a banquet hall, the Count was taken
+to a cellar, fitted up as a dungeon. Already Egmont had all but died for
+his country. He had used his ships, his trade, his gold, for righting
+the people's wrongs. He was a man of a large family--a wife and eleven
+children--and people loved him as to idolatry. But Alva was inexorable.
+He had made up his mind that the merchants and burghers had still much
+hidden gold, and if he killed their bravest and best, terror would fall
+upon all alike, and that the gold he needed would be forthcoming. That
+all the people might witness the scene, he took his prisoners to
+Brussels and decided to behead them in the public square. In the evening
+Egmont received the notice that his head would be chopped off the next
+day. A scaffold was erected in the public square. That evening he wrote
+a letter that is a marvel of restraint.
+
+"Sire--I have learned this evening the sentence which your majesty has
+been pleased to pronounce upon me. Although I have never had a thought,
+and believe myself never to have done a deed, which would tend to the
+prejudice of your service, or to the detriment of true religion,
+nevertheless I take patience to bear that which it has pleased the good
+God to permit. Therefore, I pray your majesty to have compassion on my
+poor wife, my children and my servants, having regard to my past
+service. In which hope I now commend myself to the mercy of God. From
+Brussels, ready to die, this 5th of June, 1568.
+
+"LAMORAL D' EGMONT."
+
+Thus died a man who did as much probably for Holland as John Eliot for
+England, or Lafayette for France, or Samuel Adams for this young
+republic.
+
+
+THE WOE OF BELGIUM
+
+And now out of all this glorious past comes the woe of Belgium.
+Desolation has come like the whirlwind, and destruction like a tornado.
+But ninety days ago and Belgium was a hive of industry, and in the
+fields were heard the harvest songs. Suddenly, Germany struck Belgium.
+The whole world has but one voice, "Belgium has innocent hands." She was
+led like a lamb to the slaughter. When the lover of Germany is asked to
+explain Germany's breaking of her solemn treaty upon the neutrality of
+Belgium, the German stands dumb and speechless. Merchants honor their
+written obligations. True citizens consider their word as good as their
+bond; Germany gave treaty, and in the presence of God and the civilized
+world, entered into a solemn covenant with Belgium. To the end of time,
+the German must expect this taunt, "as worthless as a German treaty."
+Scarcely less black the two or three known examples of cruelty wrought
+upon nonresisting Belgians. In Brooklyn lives a Belgian woman. She
+planned to return home in late July to visit a father who had suffered
+paralysis, an aged mother and a sister who nursed both. When the Germans
+decided to burn that village in Eastern Belgium, they did not wish to
+burn alive this old and helpless man, so they bayonetted to death the
+old man and woman, and the daughter that nursed them.
+
+Let us judge not, that we be not judged. This is the one example of
+atrocity that you and I might be able personally to prove. But every
+loyal German in the country can make answer: "These soldiers were drunk
+with wine and blood. Such an atrocity misrepresents Germany and her
+soldiers. The breaking of Germany's treaty with Belgium represents the
+dishonor of a military ring, and not the perfidy of 68,000,000 of
+people. We ask that judgment be postponed until all the facts are in."
+But, meanwhile, the man who loves his fellows, at midnight in his dreams
+walks across the fields of broken Belgium. All through the night air
+there comes the sob of Rachel, weeping for her children, because they
+are not. In moods of bitterness, of doubt and despair the heart cries
+out, "How could a just God permit such cruelty upon innocent Belgium?"
+No man knows. "Clouds and darkness are round about God's throne." The
+spirit of evil caused this war, but the Spirit of God may bring good out
+of it, just as the summer can repair the ravages of winter. Meanwhile
+the heart bleeds for Belgium. For Brussels, the third most beautiful
+city in Europe! For Louvain, once rich with its libraries, cathedrals,
+statues, paintings, missals, manuscripts--now a ruin. Alas! for the
+ruined harvests and the smoking villages! Alas, for the Cathedral that
+is a heap, and the library that is a ruin. Where the angel of happiness
+was there stalk Famine and Death. Gone, the Land of Grotius! Perished
+the paintings of Rubens! Ruined is Louvain. Where the wheat waved, now
+the hillsides are billowy with graves. But let us believe that God
+reigns. Perchance Belgium is slain like the Saviour, that militarism may
+die like Satan. Without shedding of innocent blood there is no remission
+of sins through tyranny and greed. There is no wine without the crushing
+of the grapes from the tree of life. Soon Liberty, God's dear child,
+will stand within the scene and comfort the desolate. Falling upon the
+great world's altar stairs, in this hour when wisdom is ignorance, and
+the strongest man clutches at dust and straw, let us believe with faith
+victorious over tears, that some time God will gather broken-hearted
+little Belgium into His arms and comfort her as a Father comforteth his
+well-beloved child.
+
+
+_HENRY WATTERSON_
+
+THE NEW AMERICANISM
+
+(Abridged)
+
+Eight years ago tonight, there stood where I am standing now a young
+Georgian, who, not without reason, recognized the "significance" of his
+presence here, and, in words whose eloquence I cannot hope to recall,
+appealed from the New South to New England for a united country.
+
+He is gone now. But, short as his life was, its heaven-born mission was
+fulfilled; the dream of his childhood was realized; for he had been
+appointed by God to carry a message of peace on earth, good will to men,
+and, this done, he vanished from the sight of mortal eyes, even as the
+dove from the ark.
+
+Grady told us, and told us truly, of that typical American who, in Dr.
+Talmage's mind's eye, was coming, but who, in Abraham Lincoln's
+actuality, had already come. In some recent studies into the career of
+that man, I have encountered many startling confirmations of this
+judgment; and from that rugged trunk, drawing its sustenance from
+gnarled roots, interlocked with Cavalier sprays and Puritan branches
+deep beneath the soil, shall spring, is springing, a shapely
+tree--symmetric in all its parts--under whose sheltering boughs this
+nation shall have the new birth of freedom Lincoln promised it, and
+mankind the refuge which was sought by the forefathers when they fled
+from oppression. Thank God, the ax, the gibbet, and the stake have had
+their day. They have gone, let us hope, to keep company with the lost
+arts. It has been demonstrated that great wrongs may be redressed and
+great reforms be achieved without the shedding of one drop of human
+blood; that vengeance does not purify, but brutalizes; and that
+tolerance, which in private transactions is reckoned a virtue, becomes
+in public affairs a dogma of the most far-seeing statesmanship.
+
+So I appeal from the men in silken hose who danced to music made by
+slaves--and called it freedom--from the men in bell-crowned hats, who
+led _Hester Prynne_ to her shame--and called it religion--to that
+Americanism which reaches forth its arms to smite wrong with reason and
+truth, secure in the power of both. I appeal from the patriarchs of New
+England to the poets of New England; from Endicott to Lowell; from
+Winthrop to Longfellow; from Norton to Holmes; and I appeal in the name
+and by the rights of that common citizenship--of that common
+origin--back of both the Puritan and the Cavalier--to which all of us
+owe our being. Let the dead past, consecrated by the blood of its
+martyrs, not by its savage hatreds--darkened alike by kingcraft and
+priestcraft--let the dead past bury its dead. Let the present and the
+future ring with the song of the singers. Blessed be the lessons they
+teach, the laws they make. Blessed be the eye to see, the light to
+reveal. Blessed be Tolerance, sitting ever on the right hand of God to
+guide the way with loving word, as blessed be all that brings us nearer
+the goal of true religion, true Republicanism, and true patriotism,
+distrust of watchwords and labels, shams and heroes, belief in our
+country and ourselves. It was not Cotton Mather, but John Greenleaf
+Whittier, who cried:--
+
+    "Dear God and Father of us all,
+    Forgive our faith in cruel lies,
+    Forgive the blindness that denies.
+
+    "Cast down our idols--overturn
+    Our bloody altars--make us see
+    Thyself in Thy humanity!"
+
+
+_JOHN MORLEY_
+
+FOUNDER'S DAY ADDRESS
+
+(Abridged)
+
+Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., November 3, 1904.
+
+What is so hard as a just estimate of the events of our own time? It is
+only now, a century and a half later, that we really perceive that a
+writer has something to say for himself when he calls Wolfe's exploit at
+Quebec the turning point in modern history. And to-day it is hard to
+imagine any rational standard that would not make the American
+Revolution--an insurrection of thirteen little colonies, with a
+population of 3,000,000 scattered in a distant wilderness among
+savages--a mightier event in many of its aspects than the volcanic
+convulsion in France. Again, the upbuilding of your great West on this
+continent is reckoned by some the most important world movement of the
+last hundred years. But is it more important than the amazing, imposing
+and perhaps disquieting apparition of Japan? One authority insists that
+when Russia descended into the Far East and pushed her frontier on the
+Pacific to the forty-third degree of latitude that was one of the most
+far-reaching facts of modern history, tho it almost escaped the eyes of
+Europe--all her perceptions then monopolized by affairs in the Levant.
+Who can say? Many courses of the sun were needed before men could take
+the full historic measures of Luther, Calvin, Knox; the measure of
+Loyola, the Council of Trent, and all the counter-reformation. The
+center of gravity is forever shifting, the political axis of the world
+perpetually changing. But we are now far enough off to discern how
+stupendous a thing was done when, after two cycles of bitter war, one
+foreign, the other civil and intestine, Pitt and Washington, within a
+span of less than a score of years, planted the foundations of the
+American Republic.
+
+What Forbes's stockade at Fort Pitt has grown to be you know better than
+I. The huge triumphs of Pittsburg in material production--iron, steel,
+coke, glass, and all the rest of it--can only be told in colossal
+figures that are almost as hard to realize in our minds as the figures
+of astronomical distance or geologic time. It is not quite clear that
+all the founders of the Commonwealth would have surveyed the wonderful
+scene with the same exultation as their descendants. Some of them would
+have denied that these great centers of industrial democracy either in
+the Old World or in the New always stand for progress. Jefferson said,
+"I view great cities as pestilential to the morals, the health, and the
+liberties of man. I consider the class of artificers," he went on, "as
+the panders of vice, and the instrument by which the liberties of a
+country are generally overthrown." In England they reckon 70 per cent.
+of our population as dwellers in towns. With you, I read that only 25
+per cent. of the population live in groups so large as 4,000 persons. If
+Jefferson was right our outlook would be dark. Let us hope that he was
+wrong, and in fact toward the end of his time qualified his early view.
+Franklin, at any rate, would, I feel sure, have reveled in it all.
+
+That great man--a name in the forefront among the practical
+intelligences of human history--once told a friend that when he dwelt
+upon the rapid progress that mankind was making in politics, morals, and
+the arts of living, and when he considered that each one improvement
+always begets another, he felt assured that the future progress of the
+race was likely to be quicker than it had ever been. He was never
+wearied of foretelling inventions yet to come, and he wished he could
+revisit the earth at the end of a century to see how mankind was getting
+on. With all my heart I share his wish. Of all the men who have built up
+great States, I do believe there is not one whose alacrity of sound
+sense and single-eyed beneficence of aim could be more safely trusted
+than Franklin to draw light from the clouds and pierce the economic and
+political confusions of our time. We can imagine the amazement and
+complacency of that shrewd benignant mind if he could watch all the
+giant marvels of your mills and furnaces, and all the apparatus devised
+by the wondrous inventive faculties of man; if he could have foreseen
+that his experiments with the kite in his garden at Philadelphia, his
+tubes, his Leyden jars would end in the electric appliances of
+to-day--the largest electric plant in all the world on the site of Fort
+Duquesne; if he could have heard of 5,000,000,000 of passengers carried
+in the United States by electric motor power in a year; if he could have
+realized all the rest of the magician's tale of our time.
+
+Still more would he have been astounded and elated could he have
+foreseen, beyond all advances in material production, the unbroken
+strength of that political structure which he had so grand a share in
+rearing. Into this very region where we are this afternoon, swept wave
+after wave of immigration; English from Virginia flowed over the border,
+bringing English traits, literature, habits of mind; Scots, or
+Scots-Irish, originally from Ulster, flowed in from Central
+Pennsylvania; Catholics from Southern Ireland; new hosts from Southern
+and East Central Europe. This is not the Fourth of July. But people of
+every school would agree that it is no exuberance of rhetoric, it is
+only sober truth to say that the persevering absorption and
+incorporation of all this ceaseless torrent of heterogenous elements
+into one united, stable, industrious, and pacific State is an
+achievement that neither the Roman Empire nor the Roman Church, neither
+Byzantine Empire nor Russian, not Charles the Great nor Charles the
+Fifth nor Napoleon ever rivaled or approached.
+
+We are usually apt to excuse the slower rate of liberal progress in our
+Old World by contrasting the obstructive barriers of prejudice,
+survival, solecism, anachronism, convention, institution, all so
+obstinately rooted, even when the branches seem bare and broken, in an
+old world, with the open and disengaged ground of the new. Yet in fact
+your difficulties were at least as formidable as those of the older
+civilizations into whose fruitful heritage you have entered. Unique was
+the necessity of this gigantic task of incorporation, the assimilation
+of people of divers faiths and race. A second difficulty was more
+formidable still--how to erect and work a powerful and wealthy State on
+such a system as to combine the centralized concert of a federal system
+with local independence, and to unite collective energy with the
+encouragement of individual freedom.
+
+This last difficulty that you have so successfully up to now surmounted,
+at the present hour confronts the mother country and deeply perplexes
+her statesmen. Liberty and union have been called the twin ideas of
+America. So, too, they are the twin ideals of all responsible men in
+Great Britain; altho responsible men differ among themselves as to the
+safest path on which to travel toward the common goal, and tho the
+dividing ocean, in other ways so much our friend, interposes, for our
+case of an island State, or rather for a group of island States,
+obstacles from which a continental State like yours is happily
+altogether free.
+
+Nobody believes that no difficulties remain. Some of them are obvious.
+But the common-sense, the mixture of patience and determination that has
+conquered risks and mischiefs in the past, may be trusted with the
+future.
+
+Strange and devious are the paths of history. Broad and shining channels
+get mysteriously silted up. How many a time what seemed a glorious high
+road proves no more than a mule track or mere cul-de-sac. Think of
+Canning's flashing boast, when he insisted on the recognition of the
+Spanish republics in South America--that he had called a new world into
+existence to redress the balance of the old. This is one of the
+sayings--of which sort many another might be found--that make the
+fortune of a rhetorician, yet stand ill the wear and tear of time and
+circumstance. The new world that Canning called into existence has so
+far turned out a scene of singular disenchantment.
+
+Tho not without glimpses on occasion of that heroism and courage and
+even wisdom that are the attributes of man almost at the worst, the tale
+has been too much a tale of anarchy and disaster, still leaving a host
+of perplexities for statesmen both in America and Europe. It has left
+also to students of a philosophic turn of mind one of the most
+interesting of all the problems to be found in the whole field of
+social, ecclesiastical, religious, and racial movement. Why is it that
+we do not find in the south as we find in the north of this hemisphere a
+powerful federation--a great Spanish-American people stretching from the
+Rio Grande to Cape Horn? To answer that question would be to shed a
+flood of light upon many deep historic forces in the Old World, of
+which, after all, these movements of the New are but a prolongation and
+more manifest extension.
+
+What more imposing phenomenon does history present to us than the rise
+of Spanish power to the pinnacle of greatness and glory in the sixteenth
+century? The Mohammedans, after centuries of fierce and stubborn war,
+driven back; the whole peninsula brought under a single rule with a
+single creed; enormous acquisitions from the Netherlands of Naples,
+Sicily, the Canaries; France humbled, England menaced, settlements made
+in Asia and Northern Africa--Spain in America become possessed of a vast
+continent and of more than one archipelago of splendid islands. Yet
+before a century was over the sovereign majesty of Spain underwent a
+huge declension, the territory under her sway was contracted, the
+fabulous wealth of the mines of the New World had been wasted,
+agriculture and industry were ruined, her commerce passed into the hands
+of her rivals.
+
+Let me digress one further moment. We have a very sensible habit in the
+island whence I come, when our country misses fire, to say as little as
+we can, and sink the thing in patriotic oblivion. It is rather startling
+to recall that less than a century ago England twice sent a military
+force to seize what is now Argentina. Pride of race and hostile creed
+vehemently resisting, proved too much for us. The two expeditions ended
+in failure, and nothing remains for the historian of to-day but to
+wonder what a difference it might have made to the temperate region of
+South America if the fortune of war had gone the other way, if the
+region of the Plata had become British, and a large British immigration
+had followed. Do not think me guilty of the heinous crime of forgetting
+the Monroe Doctrine. That momentous declaration was not made for a good
+many years after our Gen. Whitelocke was repulsed at Buenos Ayres, tho
+Mr. Sumner and other people have always held that it was Canning who
+really first started the Monroe Doctrine, when he invited the United
+States to join him against European intervention in South American
+affairs.
+
+The day is at hand, we are told, when four-fifths of the human race will
+trace their pedigree to English forefathers, as four-fifths of the white
+people in the United States trace their pedigree to-day. By the end of
+this century, they say, such nations as France and Germany, assuming
+that they stand apart from fresh consolidations, will only be able to
+claim the same relative position in the political world as Holland and
+Switzerland. These musings of the moon do not take us far. The important
+thing, as we all know, is not the exact fraction of the human race that
+will speak English. The important thing is that those who speak English,
+whether in old lands or new, shall strive in lofty, generous and
+never-ceasing emulation with peoples of other tongues and other stock
+for the political, social, and intellectual primacy among mankind. In
+this noble strife for the service of our race we need never fear that
+claimants for the prize will be too large a multitude.
+
+As an able scholar of your own has said, Jefferson was here using the
+old vernacular of English aspirations after a free, manly, and
+well-ordered political life--a vernacular rich in stately tradition and
+noble phrase, to be found in a score of a thousand of champions in many
+camps--in Buchanan, Milton, Hooker, Locke, Jeremy Taylor, Roger
+Williams, and many another humbler but not less strenuous pioneer and
+confessor of freedom. Ah, do not fail to count up, and count up often,
+what a different world it would have been but for that island in the
+distant northern sea! These were the tributary fountains, that, as time
+went on, swelled into the broad confluence of modern time. What was new
+in 1776 was the transformation of thought into actual polity.
+
+What is progress? It is best to be slow in the complex arts of politics
+in their widest sense, and not to hurry to define. If you want a
+platitude, there is nothing for supplying it like a definition. Or shall
+we say that most definitions hang between platitude and paradox? There
+are said, tho I have never counted, to be 10,000 definitions of
+religion. There must be about as many of poetry. There can hardly be
+fewer of liberty, or even of happiness.
+
+I am not bold enough to try a definition. I will not try to gauge how
+far the advance of moral forces has kept pace with that extension of
+material forces in the world of which this continent, conspicuous before
+all others, bears such astounding evidence. This, of course, is the
+question of questions, because as an illustrious English writer--to
+whom, by the way, I owe my friendship with your founder many long years
+ago--as Matthew Arnold said in America here, it is moral ideas that at
+bottom decide the standing or falling of states and nations. Without
+opening this vast discussion at large, many a sign of progress is beyond
+mistake. The practise of associated action--one of the master keys of
+progress--is a new force in a hundred fields, and with immeasurable
+diversity of forms. There is less acquiescence in triumphant wrong.
+Toleration in religion has been called the best fruit of the last four
+centuries, and in spite of a few bigoted survivals, even in our United
+Kingdom, and some savage outbreaks of hatred, half religious, half
+racial, on the Continent of Europe, this glorious gain of time may now
+be taken as secured. Perhaps of all the contributions of America to
+human civilization this is greatest. The reign of force is not yet over,
+and at intervals it has its triumphant hours, but reason, justice,
+humanity fight with success their long and steady battle for a wider
+sway.
+
+Of all the points of social advance, in my country at least, during the
+last generation none is more marked than the change in the position of
+women, in respect of rights of property, of education, of access to new
+callings. As for the improvement of material well-being, and its
+diffusion among those whose labor is a prime factor in its creation, we
+might grow sated with the jubilant monotony of its figures, if we did
+not take good care to remember, in the excellent words of the President
+of Harvard, that those gains, like the prosperous working of your
+institutions and the principles by which they are sustained, are in
+essence moral contributions, "being principles of reason, enterprise,
+courage, faith, and justice, over passion, selfishness, inertness,
+timidity, and distrust." It is the moral impulses that matter. Where
+they are safe, all is safe.
+
+When this and the like is said, nobody supposes that the last word has
+been spoken as to the condition of the people either in America or
+Europe. Republicanism is not itself a panacea for economic difficulties.
+Of self it can neither stifle nor appease the accents of social
+discontent. So long as it has no root in surveyed envy, this discontent
+itself is a token of progress.
+
+What, cries the skeptic, what has become of all the hopes of the time
+when France stood upon the top of golden hours? Do not let us fear the
+challenge. Much has come of them. And over the old hopes time has
+brought a stratum of new.
+
+Liberalism is sometimes suspected of being cold to these new hopes, and
+you may often hear it said that Liberalism is already superseded by
+Socialism. That a change is passing over party names in Europe is plain,
+but you may be sure that no change in name will extinguish these
+principles of society which are rooted in the nature of things, and are
+accredited by their success. Twice America has saved liberalism in Great
+Britain. The War for Independence in the eighteenth century was the
+defeat of usurping power no less in England than here. The War for Union
+in the nineteenth century gave the decisive impulse to a critical
+extension of suffrage, and an era of popular reform in the mother
+country. Any miscarriage of democracy here reacts against progress in
+Great Britain.
+
+If you seek the real meaning of most modern disparagement of popular or
+parliamentary government, it is no more than this, that no politics will
+suffice of themselves to make a nation's soul. What could be more true?
+Who says it will? But we may depend upon it that the soul will be best
+kept alive in a nation where there is the highest proportion of those
+who, in the phrase of an old worthy of the seventeenth century, think it
+a part of a man's religion to see to it that his country be well
+governed.
+
+Democracy, they tell us, is afflicted by mediocrity and by sterility.
+But has not democracy in my country, as in yours, shown before now that
+it well knows how to choose rulers neither mediocre nor sterile; men
+more than the equals in unselfishness, in rectitude, in clear sight, in
+force, of any absolutist statesman, that ever in times past bore the
+scepter? If I live a few months, or it may be even a few weeks longer, I
+hope to have seen something of three elections--one in Canada, one in
+the United Kingdom, and the other here. With us, in respect of
+leadership, and apart from height of social prestige, the personage
+corresponding to the president is, as you know, the prime minister. Our
+general election this time, owing to personal accident of the passing
+hour, may not determine quite exactly who shall be the prime minister,
+but it will determine the party from which the prime minister shall be
+taken. On normal occasions our election of a prime minister is as direct
+and personal as yours, and in choosing a member of Parliament people
+were really for a whole generation choosing whether Disraeli or
+Gladstone or Salisbury should be head of the government.
+
+The one central difference between your system and ours is that the
+American president is in for a fixed time, whereas the British prime
+minister depends upon the support of the House of Commons. If he loses
+that, his power may not endure a twelvemonth; if on the other hand, he
+keeps it, he may hold office for a dozen years. There are not many more
+interesting or important questions in political discussion than the
+question whether our cabinet government or your presidential system of
+government is the better. This is not the place to argue it.
+
+Between 1868 and now--a period of thirty-six years--we have had eight
+ministries. This would give an average life of four and a half years. Of
+these eight governments five lasted over five years. Broadly speaking,
+then, our executive governments have lasted about the length of your
+fixed term. As for ministers swept away by a gust of passion, I can only
+recall the overthrow of Lord Palmerston in 1858 for being thought too
+subservient to France. For my own part, I have always thought that by
+its free play, its comparative fluidity, its rapid flexibility of
+adaptation, our cabinet system has most to say for itself.
+
+Whether democracy will make for peace, we all have yet to see. So far
+democracy has done little in Europe to protect us against the turbid
+whirlpools of a military age. When the evils of rival states,
+antagonistic races, territorial claims, and all the other formulas of
+international conflict are felt to be unbearable and the curse becomes
+too great to be any longer borne, a school of teachers will perhaps
+arise to pick up again the thread of the best writers and wisest rulers
+on the eve of the revolution. Movement in this region of human things
+has not all been progressive. If we survey the European courts from the
+end of the Seven Years' War down to the French Revolution, we note the
+marked growth of a distinctly international and pacific spirit. At no
+era in the world's history can we find so many European statesmen after
+peace and the good government of which peace is the best ally. That
+sentiment came to violent end when Napoleon arose to scourge the world.
+
+
+_ROBERT TOOMBS_
+
+ON RESIGNING FROM THE SENATE, 1861
+
+(Abridged)
+
+The success of the Abolitionists and their allies, under the name of the
+Republican party, has produced its logical results already. They have
+for long years been sowing dragons' teeth and have finally got a crop of
+armed men. The Union, sir, is dissolved. That is an accomplished fact in
+the path of this discussion that men may as well heed. One of your
+confederates has already wisely, bravely, boldly confronted public
+danger, and she is only ahead of many of her sisters because of her
+greater facility for speedy action. The greater majority of those sister
+States, under like circumstances, consider her cause as their cause; and
+I charge you in their name to-day: "Touch not Saguntum."[37] It is not
+only their cause, but it is a cause which receives the sympathy and will
+receive the support of tens and hundreds of honest patriot men in the
+nonslaveholding States, who have hitherto maintained constitutional
+rights, and who respect their oaths, abide by compacts, and love
+justice.
+
+And while this Congress, this Senate, and this House of Representatives
+are debating the constitutionality and the expediency of seceding from
+the Union, and while the perfidious authors of this mischief are
+showering down denunciations upon a large portion of the patriotic men
+of this country, those brave men are coolly and calmly voting what you
+call revolution--aye, sir, doing better than that: arming to defend it.
+They appealed to the Constitution, they appealed to justice, they
+appealed to fraternity, until the Constitution, justice, and fraternity
+were no longer listened to in the legislative halls of their country,
+and then, sir, they prepared for the arbitrament of the sword; and now
+you see the glittering bayonet, and you hear the tramp of armed men from
+your capitol to the Rio Grande. It is a sight that gladdens the eyes and
+cheers the hearts of other millions ready to second them. Inasmuch, sir,
+as I have labored earnestly, honestly, sincerely, with these men to
+avert this necessity so long as I deemed it possible, and inasmuch as I
+heartily approve their present conduct of resistance, I deem it my duty
+to state their case to the Senate, to the country, and to the civilized
+world.
+
+Senators, my countrymen have demanded no new government; they have
+demanded no new Constitution. Look to their records at home and here
+from the beginning of this national strife until its consummation in the
+disruption of the empire, and they have not demanded a single thing
+except that you shall abide by the Constitution of the United States;
+that constitutional rights shall be respected, and that justice shall be
+done. Sirs, they have stood by your Constitution; they have stood by all
+its requirements, they have performed all its duties unselfishly,
+uncalculatingly, disinterestedly, until a party sprang up in this
+country which endangered their social system--a party which they
+arraign, and which they charge before the American people and all
+mankind with having made proclamation of outlawry against four thousand
+millions of their property in the Territories of the United States; with
+having put them under the ban of the empire in all the States in which
+their institutions exist outside the protection of federal laws; with
+having aided and abetted insurrection from within and invasion from
+without with the view of subverting those institutions, and desolating
+their homes and their firesides. For these causes they have taken up
+arms.
+
+I have stated that the discontented States of this Union have demanded
+nothing but clear, distinct, unequivocal, well-acknowledged
+constitutional rights--rights affirmed by the highest judicial tribunals
+of their country; rights older than the Constitution; rights which are
+planted upon the immutable principles of natural justice; rights which
+have been affirmed by the good and the wise of all countries, and of all
+centuries. We demand no power to injure any man. We demand no right to
+injure our confederate States. We demand no right to interfere with
+their institutions, either by word or deed. We have no right to disturb
+their peace, their tranquillity, their security. We have demanded of
+them simply, solely--nothing else--to give us _equality, security and
+tranquillity_. Give us these, and peace restores itself. Refuse them,
+and take what you can get.
+
+What do the rebels demand? First, "that the people of the United States
+shall have an equal right to emigrate and settle in the present or any
+future acquired Territories, with whatever property they may possess
+(including slaves), and be securely protected in its peaceable enjoyment
+until such Territory may be admitted as a State into the Union, with or
+without slavery, as she may determine, on an equality with all existing
+States." That is our Territorial demand. We have fought for this
+Territory when blood was its price. We have paid for it when gold was
+its price. We have not proposed to exclude you, tho you have contributed
+very little of blood or money. I refer especially to New England. We
+demand only to go into those Territories upon terms of equality with
+you, as equals in this great Confederacy, to enjoy the common property
+of the whole Union, and receive the protection of the common government,
+until the Territory is capable of coming into the Union as a sovereign
+State, when it may fix its own institutions to suit itself.
+
+The second proposition is, "that property in slaves shall be entitled to
+the same protection from the government of the United States, in all of
+its departments, everywhere, which the Constitution confers the power
+upon it to extend to any other property, provided nothing herein
+contained shall be construed to limit or restrain the right now
+belonging to every State to prohibit, abolish, or establish and protect
+slavery within its limits." We demand of the common government to use
+its granted powers to protect our property as well as yours. For this
+protection we pay as much as you do. This very property is subject to
+taxation. It has been taxed by you and sold by you for taxes.
+
+The title to thousands and tens of thousands of slaves is derived from
+the United States. We claim that the government, while the Constitution
+recognizes our property for the purposes of taxation, shall give it the
+same protection that it gives yours.
+
+Ought it not to be so? You say no. Every one of you upon the committee
+said no. Your senators say no. Your House of Representatives says no.
+Throughout the length and breadth of your conspiracy against the
+Constitution there is but one shout of no! This recognition of this
+right is the price of my allegiance. Withhold it, and you do not get my
+obedience. This is the philosophy of the armed men who have sprung up in
+this country. Do you ask me to support a government that will tax my
+property: that will plunder me; that will demand my blood, and will not
+protect me? I would rather see the population of my native State laid
+six feet beneath her sod than they should support for one hour such a
+government. Protection is the price of obedience everywhere, in all
+countries. It is the only thing that makes government respectable. Deny
+it and you can not have free subjects or citizens; you may have slaves.
+
+We demand, in the next place, "that persons committing crimes against
+slave property in one State, and fleeing to another, shall be delivered
+up in the same manner as persons committing crimes against other
+property, and that the laws of the State from which such persons flee
+shall be the test of criminality." That is another one of the demands of
+an extremist and a rebel.
+
+But the nonslaveholding States, treacherous to their oaths and compacts,
+have steadily refused, if the criminal only stole a negro and that negro
+was a slave, to deliver him up. It was refused twice on the requisition
+of my own State as long as twenty-two years ago. It was refused by Kent
+and by Fairfield, governors of Maine, and representing, I believe, each
+of the then federal parties. We appealed then to fraternity, but we
+submitted; and this constitutional right has been practically a dead
+letter from that day to this. The next case came up between us and the
+State of New York, when the present senior senator [Mr. Seward] was the
+governor of that State; and he refused it. Why? He said it was not
+against the laws of New York to steal a negro, and therefore he would
+not comply with the demand. He made a similar refusal to Virginia. Yet
+these are our confederates; these are our sister States! There is the
+bargain; there is the compact. You have sworn to it. Both these
+governors swore to it. The senator from New York swore to it. The
+governor of Ohio swore to it when he was inaugurated. You can not bind
+them by oaths. Yet they talk to us of treason; and I suppose they expect
+to whip freemen into loving such brethren! They will have a good time in
+doing it!
+
+It is natural we should want this provision of the Constitution carried
+out. The Constitution says slaves are property; the Supreme Court says
+so; the Constitution says so. The theft of slaves is a crime; they are
+a subject-matter of felonious asportation. By the text and letter of the
+Constitution you agreed to give them up. You have sworn to do it, and
+you have broken your oaths. Of course, those who have done so look out
+for pretexts. Nobody expected them to do otherwise. I do not think I
+ever saw a perjurer, however bald and naked, who could not invent some
+pretext to palliate his crime, or who could not, for fifteen shillings,
+hire an Old Bailey lawyer to invent some for him. Yet this requirement
+of the Constitution is another one of the extreme demands of an
+extremist and a rebel.
+
+The next stipulation is that fugitive slaves shall be surrendered under
+the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, without being entitled
+either to a writ of habeas corpus, or trial by jury, or other similar
+obstructions of legislation, in the State to which he may flee. Here is
+the Constitution:
+
+    "No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+    thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law
+    or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor,
+    but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such
+    service or labor may be due."
+
+This language is plain, and everybody understood it the same way for the
+first forty years of your government. In 1793, in Washington's time, an
+act was passed to carry out this provision. It was adopted unanimously
+in the Senate of the United States, and nearly so in the House of
+Representatives. Nobody then had invented pretexts to show that the
+Constitution did not mean a negro slave. It was clear; it was plain. Not
+only the federal courts, but all the local courts in all the States,
+decided that this was a constitutional obligation. How is it now? The
+North sought to evade it; following the instincts of their natural
+character, they commenced with the fraudulent fiction that fugitives
+were entitled to habeas corpus, entitled to trial by jury in the State
+to which they fled. They pretended to believe that our fugitive slaves
+were entitled to more rights than their white citizens; perhaps they
+were right, they know one another better than I do. You may charge a
+white man with treason, or felony, or other crime, and you do not
+require any trial by jury before he is given up; there is nothing to
+determine but that he is legally charged with a crime and that he fled,
+and then he is to be delivered up upon demand. White people are
+delivered up every day in this way; but not slaves. Slaves, black
+people, you say, are entitled to trial by jury; and in this way schemes
+have been invented to defeat your plain constitutional obligations.
+
+Senators, the Constitution is a compact. It contains all our obligations
+and the duties of the federal government. I am content and have ever
+been content to sustain it. While I doubt its perfection, while I do not
+believe it was a good compact, and while I never saw the day that I
+would have voted for it as a proposition _de novo_, yet I am bound to it
+by oath and by that common prudence which would induce men to abide by
+established forms rather than to rush into unknown dangers. I have given
+to it, and intend to give to it, unfaltering support and allegiance, but
+I choose to put that allegiance on the true ground, not on the false
+idea that anybody's blood was shed for it. I say that the Constitution
+is the whole compact. All the obligations, all the chains that fetter
+the limbs of my people, are nominated in the bond, and they wisely
+excluded any conclusion against them, by declaring that "the powers not
+granted by the Constitution to the United States, or forbidden by it to
+the States, belonged to the States respectively or the people."
+
+Now I will try it by that standard; I will subject it to that test. The
+law of nature, the law of justice, would say--and it is so expounded by
+the publicists--that equal rights in the common property shall be
+enjoyed. Even in a monarchy the king can not prevent the subjects from
+enjoying equality in the disposition of the public property. Even in a
+despotic government this principle is recognized. It was the blood and
+the money of the whole people (says the learned Grotius, and say all the
+publicists) which acquired the public property, and therefore it is not
+the property of the sovereign. This right of equality being, then,
+according to justice and natural equity, a right belonging to all
+States, when did we give it up? You say Congress has a right to pass
+rules and regulations concerning the Territory and other property of the
+United States. Very well. Does that exclude those whose blood and money
+paid for it? Does "dispose of" mean to rob the rightful owners? You must
+show a better title than that, or a better sword than we have.
+
+What, then, will you take? You will take nothing but your own judgment;
+that is, you will not only judge for yourselves, not only discard the
+court, discard our construction, discard the practise of the government,
+but you will drive us out, simply because you will it. Come and do it!
+You have sapped the foundations of society; you have destroyed almost
+all hope of peace. In a compact where there is no common arbiter, where
+the parties finally decide for themselves, the sword alone at last
+becomes the real, if not the constitutional, arbiter. Your party says
+that you will not take the decision of the Supreme Court. You said so at
+Chicago; you said so in committee; every man of you in both Houses says
+so. What are you going to do? You say we shall submit to your
+construction. We shall do it, if you can make us; but not otherwise, or
+in any other manner. That is settled. You may call it secession, or you
+may call it revolution; but there is a big fact standing before you,
+ready to oppose you--that fact is, freemen with arms in their hands.
+
+
+_THEODORE ROOSEVELT_
+
+INAUGURAL ADDRESS
+
+(1905)
+
+MY FELLOW CITIZENS:--No people on earth have more cause to be thankful
+than ours, and this is said reverently, in no spirit of boastfulness in
+our own strength, but with gratitude to the Giver of Good, Who has
+blessed us with the conditions which have enabled us to achieve so large
+a measure of well-being and happiness.
+
+To us as a people it has been granted to lay the foundations of our
+national life in a new continent. We are the heirs of the ages, and yet
+we have had to pay few of the penalties which in old countries are
+exacted by the dead hand of a bygone civilization. We have not been
+obliged to fight for our existence against any alien race; and yet our
+life has called for the vigor and effort without which the manlier and
+hardier virtues wither away.
+
+Under such conditions it would be our own fault if we failed, and the
+success which we have had in the past, the success which we confidently
+believe the future will bring, should cause in us no feeling of
+vainglory, but rather a deep and abiding realization of all that life
+has offered us; a full acknowledgment of the responsibility which is
+ours; and a fixed determination to show that under a free government a
+mighty people can thrive best, alike as regard the things of the body
+and the things of the soul.
+
+Much has been given to us, and much will rightfully be expected from us.
+We have duties to others and duties to ourselves--and we can shirk
+neither. We have become a great nation, forced by the fact of its
+greatness into relation to the other nations of the earth, and we must
+behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities.
+
+Toward all other nations, large and small, our attitude must be one of
+cordial and sincere friendship. We must show not only in our words but
+in our deeds that we are earnestly desirous of securing their good will
+by acting toward them in a spirit of just and generous recognition of
+all their rights.
+
+But justice and generosity in a nation, as in an individual, count most
+when shown not by the weak but by the strong. While ever careful to
+refrain from wronging others, we must be no less insistent that we are
+not wronged ourselves. We wish peace; but we wish the peace of justice,
+the peace of righteousness. We wish it because we think it is right, and
+not because we are afraid. No weak nation that acts rightly and justly
+should ever have cause to fear, and no strong power should ever be able
+to single us out as a subject for insolent aggression.
+
+Our relations with the other powers of the world are important; but
+still more important are our relations among ourselves. Such growth in
+wealth, in population, and in power, as a nation has seen during a
+century and a quarter of its national life, is inevitably accompanied by
+a like growth in the problems which are ever before every nation that
+rises to greatness. Power invariably means both responsibility and
+danger. Our forefathers faced certain perils which we have outgrown. We
+now face other perils the very existence of which it was impossible that
+they should foresee.
+
+Modern life is both complex and intense, and the tremendous changes
+wrought by the extraordinary industrial development of the half century
+are felt in every fiber of our social and political being. Never before
+have men tried so vast and formidable an experiment as that of
+administering the affairs of a continent under the forms of a democratic
+republic. The conditions which have told for our marvelous material
+well-being, which have developed to a very high degree our energy,
+self-reliance, and individual initiative, also have brought the care and
+anxiety inseparable from the accumulation of great wealth in industrial
+centers.
+
+Upon the success of our experiment much depends--not only as regards our
+own welfare, but as regards the welfare of mankind. If we fail, the
+cause of free self-government throughout the world will rock to its
+foundations, and therefore our responsibility is heavy, to ourselves, to
+the world as it is to-day, and to the generations yet unborn.
+
+There is no good reason why we should fear the future, but there is
+every reason why we should face it seriously, neither hiding from
+ourselves the gravity of the problems before us, nor fearing to approach
+these problems with the unbending, unflinching purpose to solve them
+aright.
+
+Yet after all, tho the problems are new, tho the tasks set before us
+differ from the tasks set before our fathers, who founded and preserved
+this Republic, the spirit in which these tasks must be undertaken and
+these problems faced, if our duty is to be well done, remains
+essentially unchanged. We know that self-government is difficult. We
+know that no people needs such high traits of character as that people
+which seeks to govern its affairs aright through the freely expressed
+will of the free men who compose it.
+
+But we have faith that we shall not prove false to memories of the men
+of the mighty past. They did their work; they left us the splendid
+heritage we now enjoy. We in our turn have an assured confidence that we
+shall be able to leave this heritage unwasted and enlarged to our
+children's children.
+
+To do so, we must show, not merely in great crises, but in the everyday
+affairs of life, the qualities of practical intelligence, of courage, of
+hardihood, and endurance, and, above all, the power of devotion to a
+lofty ideal, which made great the men who founded this Republic in the
+days of Washington; which made great the men who preserved this Republic
+in the days of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+
+ON AMERICAN MOTHERHOOD[38]
+
+(1905)
+
+In our modern industrial civilization there are many and grave dangers
+to counterbalance the splendors and the triumphs. It is not a good thing
+to see cities grow at disproportionate speed relatively to the country;
+for the small land owners, the men who own their little homes, and
+therefore to a very large extent the men who till farms, the men of the
+soil, have hitherto made the foundation of lasting national life in
+every State; and, if the foundation becomes either too weak or too
+narrow, the superstructure, no matter how attractive, is in imminent
+danger of falling.
+
+But far more important than the question of the occupation of our
+citizens is the question of how their family life is conducted. No
+matter what that occupation may be, as long as there is a real home and
+as long as those who make up that home do their duty to one another, to
+their neighbors and to the State, it is of minor consequence whether the
+man's trade is plied in the country or in the city, whether it calls for
+the work of the hands or for the work of the head.
+
+No piled-up wealth, no splendor of material growth, no brilliance of
+artistic development, will permanently avail any people unless its home
+life is healthy, unless the average man possesses honesty, courage,
+common sense, and decency, unless he works hard and is willing at need
+to fight hard; and unless the average woman is a good wife, a good
+mother, able and willing to perform the first and greatest duty of
+womanhood, able and willing to bear, and to bring up as they should be
+brought up, healthy children, sound in body, mind, and character, and
+numerous enough so that the race shall increase and not decrease.
+
+There are certain old truths which will be true as long as this world
+endures, and which no amount of progress can alter. One of these is the
+truth that the primary duty of the husband is to be the home-maker, the
+breadwinner for his wife and children, and that the primary duty of the
+woman is to be the helpmate, the housewife, and mother. The woman
+should have ample educational advantages; but save in exceptional cases
+the man must be, and she need not be, and generally ought not to be,
+trained for a lifelong career as the family breadwinner; and,
+therefore, after a certain point, the training of the two must normally
+be different because the duties of the two are normally different. This
+does not mean inequality of function, but it does mean that normally
+there must be dissimilarity of function. On the whole, I think the duty
+of the woman the more important, the more difficult, and the more
+honorable of the two; on the whole I respect the woman who does her duty
+even more than I respect the man who does his.
+
+No ordinary work done by a man is either as hard or as responsible as
+the work of a woman who is bringing up a family of small children; for
+upon her time and strength demands are made not only every hour of the
+day but often every hour of the night. She may have to get up night
+after night to take care of a sick child, and yet must by day continue
+to do all her household duties as well; and if the family means are
+scant she must usually enjoy even her rare holidays taking her whole
+brood of children with her. The birth pangs make all men the debtors of
+all women. Above all our sympathy and regard are due to the struggling
+wives among those whom Abraham Lincoln called the plain people, and whom
+he so loved and trusted; for the lives of these women are often led on
+the lonely heights of quiet, self-sacrificing heroism.
+
+Just as the happiest and most honorable and most useful task that can be
+set any man is to earn enough for the support of his wife and family,
+for the bringing up and starting in life of his children, so the most
+important, the most honorable and desirable task which can be set any
+woman is to be a good and wise mother in a home marked by self-respect
+and mutual forbearance, by willingness to perform duty, and by refusal
+to sink into self-indulgence or avoid that which entails effort and
+self-sacrifice. Of course there are exceptional men and exceptional
+women who can do and ought to do much more than this, who can lead and
+ought to lead great careers of outside usefulness in addition to--not as
+substitutes for--their home work; but I am not speaking of exceptions; I
+am speaking of the primary duties, I am speaking of the average
+citizens, the average men and women who make up the nation.
+
+Inasmuch as I am speaking to an assemblage of mothers, I shall have
+nothing whatever to say in praise of an easy life. Yours is the work
+which is never ended. No mother has an easy time, the most mothers have
+very hard times; and yet what true mother would barter her experience of
+joy and sorrow in exchange for a life of cold selfishness, which insists
+upon perpetual amusement and the avoidance of care, and which often
+finds its fit dwelling place in some flat designed to furnish with the
+least possible expenditure of effort the maximum of comfort and of
+luxury, but in which there is literally no place for children?
+
+The woman who is a good wife, a good mother, is entitled to our respect
+as is no one else; but she is entitled to it only because, and so long
+as, she is worthy of it. Effort and self-sacrifice are the law of worthy
+life for the man as for the woman; tho neither the effort nor the
+self-sacrifice may be the same for the one as for the other. I do not in
+the least believe in the patient Griselda type of woman, in the woman
+who submits to gross and long continued ill treatment, any more than I
+believe in a man who tamely submits to wrongful aggression. No
+wrong-doing is so abhorrent as wrong-doing by a man toward the wife and
+the children who should arouse every tender feeling in his nature.
+Selfishness toward them, lack of tenderness toward them, lack of
+consideration for them, above all, brutality in any form toward them,
+should arouse the heartiest scorn and indignation in every upright soul.
+
+I believe in the woman keeping her self-respect just as I believe in the
+man doing so. I believe in her rights just as much as I believe in the
+man's, and indeed a little more; and I regard marriage as a partnership,
+in which each partner is in honor bound to think of the rights of the
+other as well as of his or her own. But I think that the duties are even
+more important than the rights; and in the long run I think that the
+reward is ampler and greater for duty well done, than for the insistence
+upon individual rights, necessary tho this, too, must often be. Your
+duty is hard, your responsibility great; but greatest of all is your
+reward. I do not pity you in the least. On the contrary, I feel respect
+and admiration for you.
+
+Into the woman's keeping is committed the destiny of the generations to
+come after us. In bringing up your children you mothers must remember
+that while it is essential to be loving and tender it is no less
+essential to be wise and firm. Foolishness and affection must not be
+treated as interchangeable terms; and besides training your sons and
+daughters in the softer and milder virtues, you must seek to give them
+those stern and hardy qualities which in after life they will surely
+need. Some children will go wrong in spite of the best training; and
+some will go right even when their surroundings are most unfortunate;
+nevertheless an immense amount depends upon the family training. If you
+mothers through weakness bring up your sons to be selfish and to think
+only of themselves, you will be responsible for much sadness among the
+women who are to be their wives in the future. If you let your daughters
+grow up idle, perhaps under the mistaken impression that as you
+yourselves have had to work hard they shall know only enjoyment, you are
+preparing them to be useless to others and burdens to themselves. Teach
+boys and girls alike that they are not to look forward to lives spent in
+avoiding difficulties, but to lives spent in overcoming difficulties.
+Teach them that work, for themselves and also for others, is not curse
+but a blessing; seek to make them happy, to make them enjoy life, but
+seek also to make them face life with the steadfast resolution to wrest
+success from labor and adversity, and to do their whole duty before God
+and to man. Surely she who can thus train her sons and her daughters is
+thrice fortunate among women.
+
+There are many good people who are denied the supreme blessing of
+children, and for these we have the respect and sympathy always due to
+those who, from no fault of their own, are denied any of the other great
+blessings of life. But the man or woman who deliberately foregoes these
+blessings, whether from viciousness, coldness, shallow-heartedness,
+self-indulgence, or mere failure to appreciate aright the difference
+between the all-important and the unimportant,--why, such a creature
+merits contempt as hearty as any visited upon the soldier who runs away
+in battle, or upon the man who refuses to work for the support of those
+dependent upon him, and who tho able-bodied is yet content to eat in
+idleness the bread which others provide.
+
+The existence of women of this type forms one of the most unpleasant and
+unwholesome features of modern life. If any one is so dim of vision as
+to fail to see what a thoroughly unlovely creature such a woman is I
+wish they would read Judge Robert Grant's novel "Unleavened Bread,"
+ponder seriously the character of Selma, and think of the fate that
+would surely overcome any nation which developed its average and typical
+woman along such lines. Unfortunately it would be untrue to say that
+this type exists only in American novels. That it also exists in
+American life is made unpleasantly evident by the statistics as to the
+dwindling families in some localities. It is made evident in equally
+sinister fashion by the census statistics as to divorce, which are
+fairly appalling; for easy divorce is now as it ever has been, a bane to
+any nation, a curse to society, a menace to the home, an incitement to
+married unhappiness and to immorality, an evil thing for men and a still
+more hideous evil for women. These unpleasant tendencies in our American
+life are made evident by articles such as those which I actually read
+not long ago in a certain paper, where a clergyman was quoted, seemingly
+with approval, as expressing the general American attitude when he said
+that the ambition of any save a very rich man should be to rear two
+children only, so as to give his children an opportunity "to taste a few
+of the good things of life."
+
+This man, whose profession and calling should have made him a moral
+teacher, actually set before others the ideal, not of training children
+to do their duty, not of sending them forth with stout hearts and ready
+minds to win triumphs for themselves and their country, not of allowing
+them the opportunity, and giving them the privilege of making their own
+place in the world, but, forsooth, of keeping the number of children so
+limited that they might "taste a few good things!" The way to give a
+child a fair chance in life is not to bring it up in luxury, but to see
+that it has the kind of training that will give it strength of
+character. Even apart from the vital question of national life, and
+regarding only the individual interest of the children themselves,
+happiness in the true sense is a hundredfold more apt to come to any
+given member of a healthy family of healthy-minded children, well
+brought up, well educated, but taught that they must shift for
+themselves, must win their own way, and by their own exertions make
+their own positions of usefulness, than it is apt to come to those whose
+parents themselves have acted on and have trained their children to act
+on, the selfish and sordid theory that the whole end of life is to
+"taste a few good things."
+
+The intelligence of the remark is on a par with its morality; for the
+most rudimentary mental process would have shown the speaker that if the
+average family in which there are children contained but two children
+the nation as a whole would decrease in population so rapidly that in
+two or three generations it would very deservedly be on the point of
+extinction, so that the people who had acted on this base and selfish
+doctrine would be giving place to others with braver and more robust
+ideals. Nor would such a result be in any way regrettable; for a race
+that practised such doctrine--that is, a race that practised race
+suicide--would thereby conclusively show that it was unfit to exist, and
+that it had better give place to people who had not forgotten the
+primary laws of their being.
+
+To sum up, then, the whole matter is simple enough. If either a race or
+an individual prefers the pleasure of more effortless ease, of
+self-indulgence, to the infinitely deeper, the infinitely higher
+pleasures that come to those who know the toil and the weariness, but
+also the joy, of hard duty well done, why, that race or that individual
+must inevitably in the end pay the penalty of leading a life both vapid
+and ignoble. No man and no woman really worthy of the name can care for
+the life spent solely or chiefly in the avoidance of risk and trouble
+and labor. Save in exceptional cases the prizes worth having in life
+must be paid for, and the life worth living must be a life of work for a
+worthy end, and ordinarily of work more for others than for one's self.
+
+The woman's task is not easy--no task worth doing is easy--but in doing
+it, and when she has done it, there shall come to her the highest and
+holiest joy known to mankind; and having done it, she shall have the
+reward prophesied in Scripture; for her husband and her children, yes,
+and all people who realize that her work lies at the foundation of all
+national happiness and greatness, shall rise up and call her blessed.
+
+
+_ALTON B. PARKER_
+
+THE CALL TO DEMOCRATS
+
+From a speech opening the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore,
+Md., June, 1912.
+
+It is not the wild and cruel methods of revolution and violence that are
+needed to correct the abuses incident to our Government as to all things
+human. Neither material nor moral progress lies that way. We have made
+our Government and our complicated institutions by appeals to reason,
+seeking to educate all our people that, day after day, year after year,
+century after century, they may see more clearly, act more justly,
+become more and more attached to the fundamental ideas that underlie our
+society. If we are to preserve undiminished the heritage bequeathed us,
+and add to it those accretions without which society would perish, we
+shall need all the powers that the school, the church, the court, the
+deliberative assembly, and the quiet thought of our people can bring to
+bear.
+
+We are called upon to do battle against the unfaithful guardians of our
+Constitution and liberties and the hordes of ignorance which are pushing
+forward only to the ruin of our social and governmental fabric.
+
+Too long has the country endured the offenses of the leaders of a party
+which once knew greatness. Too long have we been blind to the bacchanal
+of corruption. Too long have we listlessly watched the assembling of the
+forces that threaten our country and our firesides.
+
+The time has come when the salvation of the country demands the
+restoration to place and power of men of high ideals who will wage
+unceasing war against corruption in politics, who will enforce the law
+against both rich and poor, and who will treat guilt as personal and
+punish it accordingly.
+
+What is our duty? To think alike as to men and measures? Impossible!
+Even for our great party! There is not a reactionary among us. All
+Democrats are Progressives. But it is inevitably human that we shall not
+all agree that in a single highway is found the only road to progress,
+or each make the same man of all our worthy candidates his first choice.
+
+It is impossible, however, and it is our duty to put aside all
+selfishness, to consent cheerfully that the majority shall speak for
+each of us, and to march out of this convention shoulder to shoulder,
+intoning the praises of our chosen leader--and that will be his due,
+whichever of the honorable and able men now claiming our attention shall
+be chosen.
+
+
+_JOHN W. WESCOTT_
+
+NOMINATING WOODROW WILSON
+
+At the National Democratic Convention, Baltimore, Maryland, June, 1912.
+
+The New Jersey delegation is commissioned to represent the great cause
+of Democracy and to offer you as its militant and triumphant leader a
+scholar, not a charlatan; a statesman, not a doctrinaire; a profound
+lawyer, not a splitter of legal hairs; a political economist, not an
+egotistical theorist; a practical politician, who constructs, modifies,
+restrains, without disturbance and destruction; a resistless debater and
+consummate master of statement, not a mere sophist; a humanitarian, not
+a defamer of characters and lives; a man whose mind is at once
+cosmopolitan and composite of America; a gentleman of unpretentious
+habits, with the fear of God in his heart and the love of mankind
+exhibited in every act of his life; above all a public servant who has
+been tried to the uttermost and never found wanting--matchless,
+unconquerable, the ultimate Democrat, Woodrow Wilson.
+
+New Jersey has reasons for her course. Let us not be deceived in our
+premises. Campaigns of vilification, corruption and false pretence have
+lost their usefulness. The evolution of national energy is towards a
+more intelligent morality in politics and in all other relations. The
+situation admits of no compromise. The temper and purpose of the
+American public will tolerate no other view. The indifference of the
+American people to politics has disappeared. Any platform and any
+candidate not conforming to this vast social and commercial behest will
+go down to ignominious defeat at the polls.
+
+Men are known by what they say and do. They are known by those who hate
+and oppose them. Many years ago Woodrow Wilson said, "No man is great
+who thinks himself so, and no man is good who does not try to secure the
+happiness and comfort of others." This is the secret of his life. The
+deeds of this moral and intellectual giant are known to all men. They
+accord, not with the shams and false pretences of politics, but make
+national harmony with the millions of patriots determined to correct the
+wrongs of plutocracy and reestablish the maxims of American liberty in
+all their regnant beauty and practical effectiveness. New Jersey loves
+Woodrow Wilson not for the enemies he has made. New Jersey loves him for
+what he is. New Jersey argues that Woodrow Wilson is the only candidate
+who can not only make Democratic success a certainty, but secure the
+electoral vote of almost every State in the Union.
+
+New Jersey will indorse his nomination by a majority of 100,000 of her
+liberated citizens. We are not building for a day, or even a generation,
+but for all time. New Jersey believes that there is an omniscience in
+national instinct. That instinct centers in Woodrow Wilson. He has been
+in political life less than two years. He has had no organization; only
+a practical ideal--the reestablishment of equal opportunity. Not his
+deeds alone, not his immortal words alone, not his personality alone,
+not his matchless powers alone, but all combined compel national faith
+and confidence in him. Every crisis evolves its master. Time and
+circumstance have evolved Woodrow Wilson. The North, the South, the
+East, and the West unite in him. New Jersey appeals to this convention
+to give the nation Woodrow Wilson, that he may open the gates of
+opportunity to every man, woman, and child under our flag, by reforming
+abuses, and thereby teaching them, in his matchless words, "to release
+their energies intelligently, that peace, justice and prosperity may
+reign." New Jersey rejoices, through her freely chosen representatives,
+to name for the presidency of the United States the Princeton
+schoolmaster, Woodrow Wilson.
+
+
+_HENRY W. GRADY_
+
+THE RACE PROBLEM
+
+Delivered at the annual banquet of the Boston Merchants' Association, at
+Boston, Mass., December 12, 1889.
+
+MR. PRESIDENT:--Bidden by your invitation to a discussion of the race
+problem--forbidden by occasion to make a political speech--I appreciate,
+in trying to reconcile orders with propriety, the perplexity of the
+little maid, who, bidden to learn to swim, was yet adjured, "Now, go, my
+darling; hang your clothes on a hickory limb, and don't go near the
+water."
+
+The stoutest apostle of the Church, they say, is the missionary, and the
+missionary, wherever he unfurls his flag, will never find himself in
+deeper need of unction and address than I, bidden to-night to plant the
+standard of a Southern Democrat in Boston's banquet hall, and to discuss
+the problem of the races in the home of Phillips and of Sumner. But, Mr.
+President, if a purpose to speak in perfect frankness and sincerity; if
+earnest understanding of the vast interests involved; if a consecrating
+sense of what disaster may follow further misunderstanding and
+estrangement; if these may be counted upon to steady undisciplined
+speech and to strengthen an untried arm--then, sir, I shall find the
+courage to proceed.
+
+Happy am I that this mission has brought my feet at last to press New
+England's historic soil and my eyes to the knowledge of her beauty and
+her thrift. Here within touch of Plymouth Rock and Bunker Hill--where
+Webster thundered and Longfellow sang, Emerson thought and Channing
+preached--here, in the cradle of American letters and almost of American
+liberty, I hasten to make the obeisance that every American owes New
+England when first he stands uncovered in her mighty presence. Strange
+apparition! This stern and unique figure--carved from the ocean and the
+wilderness--its majesty kindling and growing amid the storms of winter
+and of wars--until at last the gloom was broken, its beauty disclosed in
+the sunshine, and the heroic workers rested at its base--while startled
+kings and emperors gazed and marveled that from the rude touch of this
+handful cast on a bleak and unknown shore should have come the embodied
+genius of human government and the perfected model of human liberty! God
+bless the memory of those immortal workers, and prosper the fortunes of
+their living sons--and perpetuate the inspiration of their handiwork.
+
+Two years ago, sir, I spoke some words in New York that caught the
+attention of the North. As I stand here to reiterate, as I have done
+everywhere, every word I then uttered--to declare that the sentiments I
+then avowed were universally approved in the South--I realize that the
+confidence begotten by that speech is largely responsible for my
+presence here to-night. I should dishonor myself if I betrayed that
+confidence by uttering one insincere word, or by withholding one
+essential element of the truth. Apropos of this last, let me confess,
+Mr. President, before the praise of New England has died on my lips,
+that I believe the best product of her present life is the procession of
+seventeen thousand Vermont Democrats that for twenty-two years,
+undiminished by death, unrecruited by birth or conversion, have marched
+over their rugged hills, cast their Democratic ballots and gone back
+home to pray for their unregenerate neighbors, and awake to read the
+record of twenty-six thousand Republican majority. May the God of the
+helpless and the heroic help them, and may their sturdy tribe increase.
+
+Far to the South, Mr. President, separated from this section by a
+line--once defined in irrepressible difference, once traced in
+fratricidal blood, and now, thank God, but a vanishing shadow--lies the
+fairest and richest domain of this earth. It is the home of a brave and
+hospitable people. There is centered all that can please or prosper
+humankind. A perfect climate above a fertile soil yields to the
+husbandman every product of the temperate zone. There, by night the
+cotton whitens beneath the stars, and by day the wheat locks the
+sunshine in its bearded sheaf. In the same field the clover steals the
+fragrance of the wind, and tobacco catches the quick aroma of the rains.
+There are mountains stored with exhaustless treasures; forests--vast and
+primeval; and rivers that, tumbling or loitering, run wanton to the sea.
+Of the three essential items of all industries--cotton, iron and
+wood--that region has easy control. In cotton, a fixed monopoly--in
+iron, proven supremacy--in timber, the reserve supply of the Republic.
+From this assured and permanent advantage, against which artificial
+conditions cannot much longer prevail, has grown an amazing system of
+industries. Not maintained by human contrivance of tariff or capital,
+afar off from the fullest and cheapest source of supply, but resting in
+divine assurance, within touch of field and mine and forest--not set
+amid costly farms from which competition has driven the farmer in
+despair, but amid cheap and sunny lands, rich with agriculture, to which
+neither season nor soil has set a limit--this system of industries is
+mounting to a splendor that shall dazzle and illumine the world. That,
+sir, is the picture and the promise of my home--a land better and fairer
+than I have told you, and yet but fit setting in its material excellence
+for the loyal and gentle quality of its citizenship. Against that, sir,
+we have New England, recruiting the Republic from its sturdy loins,
+shaking from its overcrowded hives new swarms of workers, and touching
+this land all over with its energy and its courage. And yet--while in
+the Eldorado of which I have told you but fifteen per cent of its lands
+are cultivated, its mines scarcely touched, and its population so scant
+that, were it set equidistant, the sound of the human voice could not be
+heard from Virginia to Texas--while on the threshold of nearly every
+house in New England stands a son, seeking, with troubled eyes, some new
+land in which to carry his modest patrimony, the strange fact remains
+that in 1880 the South had fewer northern-born citizens than she had in
+1870--fewer in '70 than in '60. Why is this? Why is it, sir, though the
+section line be now but a mist that the breath may dispel, fewer men of
+the North have crossed it over to the South, than when it was crimson
+with the best blood of the Republic, or even when the slaveholder stood
+guard every inch of its way?
+
+There can be but one answer. It is the very problem we are now to
+consider. The key that opens that problem will unlock to the world the
+fairest half of this Republic, and free the halted feet of thousands
+whose eyes are already kindling with its beauty. Better than this, it
+will open the hearts of brothers for thirty years estranged, and clasp
+in lasting comradeship a million hands now withheld in doubt. Nothing,
+sir, but this problem and the suspicions it breeds, hinders a clear
+understanding and a perfect union. Nothing else stands between us and
+such love as bound Georgia and Massachusetts at Valley Forge and
+Yorktown, chastened by the sacrifices of Manassas and Gettysburg, and
+illumined with the coming of better work and a nobler destiny than was
+ever wrought with the sword or sought at the cannon's mouth.
+
+If this does not invite your patient hearing to-night--hear one thing
+more. My people, your brothers in the South--brothers in blood, in
+destiny, in all that is best in our past and future--are so beset with
+this problem that their very existence depends on its right solution.
+Nor are they wholly to blame for its presence. The slave-ships of the
+Republic sailed from your ports, the slaves worked in our fields. You
+will not defend the traffic, nor I the institution. But I do here
+declare that in its wise and humane administration in lifting the slave
+to heights of which he had not dreamed in his savage home, and giving
+him a happiness he has not yet found in freedom, our fathers left their
+sons a saving and excellent heritage. In the storm of war this
+institution was lost. I thank God as heartily as you do that human
+slavery is gone forever from American soil. But the freedman remains.
+With him, a problem without precedent or parallel. Note its appalling
+conditions. Two utterly dissimilar races on the same soil--with equal
+political and civil rights--almost equal in numbers, but terribly
+unequal in intelligence and responsibility--each pledged against
+fusion--one for a century in servitude to the other, and freed at last
+by a desolating war, the experiment sought by neither but approached by
+both with doubt--these are the conditions. Under these, adverse at every
+point, we are required to carry these two races in peace and honor to
+the end.
+
+Never, sir, has such a task been given to mortal stewardship. Never
+before in this Republic has the white race divided on the rights of an
+alien race. The red man was cut down as a weed because he hindered the
+way of the American citizen. The yellow man was shut out of this
+Republic because he is an alien, and inferior. The red man was owner of
+the land--the yellow man was highly civilized and assimilable--but they
+hindered both sections and are gone! But the black man, affecting but
+one section, is clothed with every privilege of government and pinned to
+the soil, and my people commanded to make good at any hazard, and at any
+cost, his full and equal heirship of American privilege and prosperity.
+It matters not that every other race has been routed or excluded without
+rhyme or reason. It matters not that wherever the whites and the blacks
+have touched, in any era or in any clime, there has been an
+irreconcilable violence. It matters not that no two races, however
+similar, have lived anywhere, at any time, on the same soil with equal
+rights in peace! In spite of these things we are commanded to make good
+this change of American policy which has not perhaps changed American
+prejudice--to make certain here what has elsewhere been impossible
+between whites and blacks--and to reverse, under the very worst
+conditions, the universal verdict of racial history. And driven, sir, to
+this superhuman task with an impatience that brooks no delay--a rigor
+that accepts no excuse--and a suspicion that discourages frankness and
+sincerity. We do not shrink from this trial. It is so interwoven with
+our industrial fabric that we cannot disentangle it if we would--so
+bound up in our honorable obligation to the world, that we would not if
+we could. Can we solve it? The God who gave it into our hands, He alone
+can know. But this the weakest and wisest of us do know: we cannot solve
+it with less than your tolerant and patient sympathy--with less than the
+knowledge that the blood that runs in your veins is our blood--and that,
+when we have done our best, whether the issue be lost or won, we shall
+feel your strong arms about us and hear the beating of your approving
+hearts!
+
+The resolute, clear-headed, broad-minded men of the South--the men whose
+genius made glorious every page of the first seventy years of American
+history--whose courage and fortitude you tested in five years of the
+fiercest war--whose energy has made bricks without straw and spread
+splendor amid the ashes of their war-wasted homes--these men wear this
+problem in their hearts and brains, by day and by night. They realize,
+as you cannot, what this problem means--what they owe to this kindly and
+dependent race--the measure of their debt to the world in whose despite
+they defended and maintained slavery. And though their feet are hindered
+in its undergrowth, and their march cumbered with its burdens, they have
+lost neither the patience from which comes clearness, nor the faith from
+which comes courage. Nor, sir, when in passionate moments is disclosed
+to them that vague and awful shadow, with its lurid abysses and its
+crimson stains, into which I pray God they may never go, are they struck
+with more of apprehension than is needed to complete their consecration!
+
+Such is the temper of my people. But what of the problem itself? Mr.
+President, we need not go one step further unless you concede right here
+that the people I speak for are as honest, as sensible and as just as
+your people, seeking as earnestly as you would in their place to rightly
+solve the problem that touches them at every vital point. If you insist
+that they are ruffians, blindly striving with bludgeon and shotgun to
+plunder and oppress a race, then I shall sacrifice my self-respect and
+tax your patience in vain. But admit that they are men of common sense
+and common honesty, wisely modifying an environment they cannot wholly
+disregard--guiding and controlling as best they can the vicious and
+irresponsible of either race--compensating error with frankness, and
+retrieving in patience what they lost in passion--and conscious all the
+time that wrong means ruin--admit this, and we may reach an
+understanding to-night.
+
+The President of the United States, in his late message to Congress,
+discussing the plea that the South should be left to solve this problem,
+asks: "Are they at work upon it? What solution do they offer? When will
+the black man cast a free ballot? When will he have the civil rights
+that are his?" I shall not here protest against a partisanry that, for
+the first time in our history, in time of peace, has stamped with the
+great seal of our government a stigma upon the people of a great and
+loyal section; though I gratefully remember that the great dead
+soldier, who held the helm of State for the eight stormiest years of
+reconstruction, never found need for such a step; and though there is no
+personal sacrifice I would not make to remove this cruel and unjust
+imputation on my people from the archives of my country! But, sir,
+backed by a record, on every page of which is progress, I venture to
+make earnest and respectful answer to the questions that are asked. We
+give to the world this year a crop of 7,500,000 bales of cotton, worth
+$450,000,000, and its cash equivalent in grain, grasses and fruit. This
+enormous crop could not have come from the hands of sullen and
+discontented labor. It comes from peaceful fields, in which laughter and
+gossip rise above the hum of industry, and contentment runs with the
+singing plough. It is claimed that this ignorant labor is defrauded of
+its just hire, I present the tax books of Georgia, which show that the
+negro twenty-five years ago a slave, has in Georgia alone $10,000,000 of
+assessed property, worth twice that much. Does not that record honor him
+and vindicate his neighbors?
+
+What people, penniless, illiterate, has done so well? For every
+Afro-American agitator, stirring the strife in which alone he prospers,
+I can show you a thousand negroes, happy in their cabin homes, tilling
+their own land by day, and at night taking from the lips of their
+children the helpful message their State sends them from the schoolhouse
+door. And the schoolhouse itself bears testimony. In Georgia we added
+last year $250,000 to the school fund, making a total of more than
+$1,000,000--and this in the face of prejudice not yet conquered--of the
+fact that the whites are assessed for $368,000,000, the blacks for
+$10,000,000, and yet forty-nine per cent of the beneficiaries are black
+children; and in the doubt of many wise men if education helps, or can
+help, our problem. Charleston, with her taxable values cut half in two
+since 1860, pays more in proportion for public schools than Boston.
+Although it is easier to give much out of much than little out of
+little, the South, with one-seventh of the taxable property of the
+country, with relatively larger debt, having received only one-twelfth
+as much of public lands, and having back of its tax books none of the
+$500,000,000 of bonds that enrich the North--and though it pays annually
+$26,000,000 to your section as pensions--yet gives nearly one-sixth to
+the public school fund. The South since 1865 has spent $122,000,000 in
+education, and this year is pledged to $32,000,000 more for State and
+city schools, although the blacks, paying one-thirtieth of the taxes,
+get nearly one-half of the fund. Go into our fields and see whites and
+blacks working side by side. On our buildings in the same squad. In our
+shops at the same forge. Often the blacks crowd the whites from work, or
+lower wages by their greater need and simpler habits, and yet are
+permitted, because we want to bar them from no avenue in which their
+feet are fitted to tread. They could not there be elected orators of
+white universities, as they have been here, but they do enter there a
+hundred useful trades that are closed against them here. We hold it
+better and wiser to tend the weeds in the garden than to water the
+exotic in the window.
+
+In the South there are negro lawyers, teachers, editors, dentists,
+doctors, preachers, multiplying with the increasing ability of their
+race to support them. In villages and towns they have their military
+companies equipped from the armories of the State, their churches and
+societies built and supported largely by their neighbors. What is the
+testimony of the courts? In penal legislation we have steadily reduced
+felonies to misdemeanors, and have led the world in mitigating
+punishment for crime, that we might save, as far as possible, this
+dependent race from its own weakness. In our penitentiary record sixty
+per cent of the prosecutors are negroes, and in every court the negro
+criminal strikes the colored juror, that white men may judge his case.
+
+In the North, one negro in every 185 is in jail--in the South, only one
+in 446. In the North the percentage of negro prisoners is six times as
+great as that of native whites; in the South, only four times as great.
+If prejudice wrongs him in Southern courts, the record shows it to be
+deeper in Northern courts. I assert here, and a bar as intelligent and
+upright as the bar of Massachusetts will solemnly indorse my assertion,
+that in the Southern courts, from highest to lowest, pleading for life,
+liberty or property, the negro has distinct advantage because he is a
+negro, apt to be overreached, oppressed--and that this advantage reaches
+from the juror in making his verdict to the judge in measuring his
+sentence.
+
+Now, Mr. President, can it be seriously maintained that we are
+terrorizing the people from whose willing hands comes every year
+$1,000,000,000 of farm crops? Or have robbed a people who, twenty-five
+years from unrewarded slavery, have amassed in one State $20,000,000 of
+property? Or that we intend to oppress the people we are arming every
+day? Or deceive them, when we are educating them to the utmost limit of
+our ability? Or outlaw them, when we work side by side with them? Or
+re-enslave them under legal forms, when for their benefit we have even
+imprudently narrowed the limit of felonies and mitigated the severity of
+law? My fellow-countrymen, as you yourselves may sometimes have to
+appeal at the bar of human judgment for justice and for right, give to
+my people to-night the fair and unanswerable conclusion of these
+incontestable facts.
+
+But it is claimed that under this fair seeming there is disorder and
+violence. This I admit. And there will be until there is one ideal
+community on earth after which we may pattern. But how widely is it
+misjudged! It is hard to measure with exactness whatever touches the
+negro. His helplessness, his isolation, his century of servitude,--these
+dispose us to emphasize and magnify his wrongs. This disposition,
+inflamed by prejudice and partisanry, has led to injustice and delusion.
+Lawless men may ravage a county in Iowa and it is accepted as an
+incident--in the South, a drunken row is declared to be the fixed habit
+of the community. Regulators may whip vagabonds in Indiana by platoons
+and it scarcely arrests attention--a chance collision in the South among
+relatively the same classes is gravely accepted as evidence that one
+race is destroying the other. We might as well claim that the Union was
+ungrateful to the colored soldier who followed its flag because a Grand
+Army post in Connecticut closed its doors to a negro veteran as for you
+to give racial significance to every incident in the South, or to accept
+exceptional grounds as the rule of our society. I am not one of those
+who becloud American honor with the parade of the outrages of either
+section, and belie American character by declaring them to be
+significant and representative. I prefer to maintain that they are
+neither, and stand for nothing but the passion and sin of our poor
+fallen humanity. If society, like a machine, were no stronger than its
+weakest part, I should despair of both sections. But, knowing that
+society, sentient and responsible in every fiber, can mend and repair
+until the whole has the strength of the best, I despair of neither.
+These gentlemen who come with me here, knit into Georgia's busy life as
+they are, never saw, I dare assert, an outrage committed on a negro! And
+if they did, no one of you would be swifter to prevent or punish. It is
+through them, and the men and women who think with them--making
+nine-tenths of every Southern community--that these two races have been
+carried thus far with less of violence than would have been possible
+anywhere else on earth. And in their fairness and courage and
+steadfastness--more than in all the laws that can be passed, or all the
+bayonets that can be mustered--is the hope of our future.
+
+When will the blacks cast a free ballot? When ignorance anywhere is not
+dominated by the will of the intelligent; when the laborer anywhere
+casts a vote unhindered by his boss; when the vote of the poor anywhere
+is not influenced by the power of the rich; when the strong and the
+steadfast do not everywhere control the suffrage of the weak and
+shiftless--then, and not till then, will the ballot of the negro be
+free. The white people of the South are banded, Mr. President, not in
+prejudice against the blacks--not in sectional estrangement--not in the
+hope of political dominion--but in a deep and abiding necessity. Here is
+this vast ignorant and purchasable vote--clannish, credulous, impulsive,
+and passionate--tempting every art of the demagogue, but insensible to
+the appeal of the stateman. Wrongly started, in that it was led into
+alienation from its neighbor and taught to rely on the protection of an
+outside force, it cannot be merged and lost in the two great parties
+through logical currents, for it lacks political conviction and even
+that information on which conviction must be based. It must remain a
+faction--strong enough in every community to control on the slightest
+division of the whites. Under that division it becomes the prey of the
+cunning and unscrupulous of both parties. Its credulity is imposed upon,
+its patience inflamed, its cupidity tempted, its impulses
+misdirected--and even its superstition made to play its part in a
+campaign in which every interest of society is jeopardized and every
+approach to the ballot-box debauched. It is against such campaigns as
+this--the folly and the bitterness and the danger of which every
+Southern community has drunk deeply--that the white people of the South
+are banded together. Just as you in Massachusetts would be banded if
+300,000 men, not one in a hundred able to read his ballot--banded in
+race instinct, holding against you the memory of a century of slavery,
+taught by your late conquerors to distrust and oppose you, had already
+travestied legislation from your State House, and in every species of
+folly or villainy had wasted your substance and exhausted your credit.
+
+But admitting the right of the whites to unite against this tremendous
+menace, we are challenged with the smallness of our vote. This has long
+been flippantly charged to be evidence and has now been solemnly and
+officially declared to be proof of political turpitude and baseness on
+our part. Let us see. Virginia--a state now under fierce assault for
+this alleged crime--cast in 1888 seventy-five per cent of her vote;
+Massachusetts, the State in which I speak, sixty per cent of her vote.
+Was it suppression in Virginia and natural causes in Massachusetts? Last
+month Virginia cast sixty-nine per cent of her vote; and Massachusetts,
+fighting in every district, cast only forty-nine per cent of hers. If
+Virginia is condemned because thirty-one per cent of her vote was
+silent, how shall this State escape, in which fifty-one per cent was
+dumb? Let us enlarge this comparison. The sixteen Southern States in '88
+cast sixty-seven per cent of their total vote--the six New England
+States but sixty-three per cent of theirs. By what fair rule shall the
+stigma be put upon one section while the other escapes? A congressional
+election in New York last week, with the polling place in touch of every
+voter, brought out only 6,000 votes of 28,000--and the lack of
+opposition is assigned as the natural cause. In a district in my State,
+in which an opposition speech has not been heard in ten years and the
+polling places are miles apart--under the unfair reasoning of which my
+section has been a constant victim--the small vote is charged to be
+proof of forcible suppression. In Virginia an average majority of
+12,000, unless hopeless division of the minority, was raised to 42,000;
+in Iowa, in the same election, a majority of 32,000 was wiped out and
+an opposition majority of 8,000 was established. The change of 40,000
+votes in Iowa is accepted as political revolution--in Virginia an
+increase of 30,000 on a safe majority is declared to be proof of
+political fraud.
+
+It is deplorable, sir, that in both sections a larger percentage of the
+vote is not regularly cast, but more inexplicable that this should be so
+in New England than in the South. What invites the negro to the
+ballot-box? He knows that of all men it has promised him most and
+yielded him least. His first appeal to suffrage was the promise of
+"forty acres and a mule;" his second, the threat that Democratic success
+meant his re-enslavement. Both have been proved false in his experience.
+He looked for a home, and he got the Freedman's Bank. He fought under
+promise of the loaf, and in victory was denied the crumbs. Discouraged
+and deceived, he has realized at last that his best friends are his
+neighbors with whom his lot is cast, and whose prosperity is bound up in
+his--and that he has gained nothing in politics to compensate the loss
+of their confidence and sympathy, that is at last his best and enduring
+hope. And so, without leaders or organization--and lacking the resolute
+heroism of my party friends in Vermont that make their hopeless march
+over the hills a high and inspiring pilgrimage--he shrewdly measures the
+occasional agitator, balances his little account with politics, touches
+up his mule, and jogs down the furrow, letting the mad world wag as it
+will!
+
+The negro voter can never control in the South, and it would be well if
+partisans at the North would understand this. I have seen the white
+people of a State set about by black hosts until their fate seemed
+sealed. But, sir, some brave men, banding them together, would rise as
+Elisha rose in beleaguered Samaria, and, touching their eyes with faith,
+bid them look abroad to see the very air "filled with the chariots of
+Israel and the horsemen thereof." If there is any human force that
+cannot be withstood, it is the power of the banded intelligence and
+responsibility of a free community. Against it, numbers and corruption
+cannot prevail. It cannot be forbidden in the law, or divorced in force.
+It is the inalienable right of every free community--the just and
+righteous safeguard against an ignorant or corrupt suffrage. It is on
+this, sir, that we rely in the South. Not the cowardly menace of mask or
+shotgun, but the peaceful majesty of intelligence and responsibility,
+massed and unified for the protection of its homes and the preservation
+of its liberty. That, sir, is our reliance and our hope, and against it
+all the powers of earth shall not prevail. It is just as certain that
+Virginia would come back to the unchallenged control of her white
+race--that before the moral and material power of her people once more
+unified, opposition would crumble until its last desperate leader was
+left alone, vainly striving to rally his disordered hosts--as that
+night should fade in the kindling glory of the sun. You may pass force
+bills, but they will not avail. You may surrender your own liberties to
+federal election law; you may submit, in fear of a necessity that does
+not exist, that the very form of this government may be changed; you may
+invite federal interference with the New England town meeting, that has
+been for a hundred years the guarantee of local government in America;
+this old State--which holds in its charter the boast that it "is a free
+and independent commonwealth"--may deliver its election machinery into
+the hands of the government it helped to create--but never, sir, will a
+single State of this Union, North or South, be delivered again to the
+control of an ignorant and inferior race. We wrested our state
+governments from negro supremacy when the Federal drumbeat rolled closer
+to the ballot-box, and Federal bayonets hedged it deeper about than will
+ever again be permitted in this free government. But, sir, though the
+cannon of this Republic thundered in every voting district in the South,
+we still should find in the mercy of God the means and the courage to
+prevent its reestablishment.
+
+I regret, sir, that my section, hindered with this problem, stands in
+seeming estrangement to the North. If, sir, any man will point out to me
+a path down which the white people of the South, divided, may walk in
+peace and honor, I will take that path, though I take it alone--for at
+its end, and nowhere else, I fear, is to be found the full prosperity of
+my section and the full restoration of this Union. But, sir, if the
+negro had not been enfranchised the South would have been divided and
+the Republic united. His enfranchisement--against which I enter no
+protest--holds the South united and compact. What solution, then, can we
+offer for the problem? Time alone can disclose it to us. We simply
+report progress, and ask your patience. If the problem be solved at
+all--and I firmly believe it will, though nowhere else has it been--it
+will be solved by the people most deeply bound in interest, most deeply
+pledged in honor to its solution. I had rather see my people render back
+this question rightly solved than to see them gather all the spoils over
+which faction has contended since Cataline conspired and Caesar fought.
+Meantime we treat the negro fairly, measuring to him justice in the
+fulness the strong should give to the weak, and leading him in the
+steadfast ways of citizenship, that he may no longer be the prey of the
+unscrupulous and the sport of the thoughtless. We open to him every
+pursuit in which he can prosper, and seek to broaden his training and
+capacity. We seek to hold his confidence and friendship--and to pin him
+to the soil with ownership, that he may catch in the fire of his own
+hearthstone that sense of responsibility the shiftless can never know.
+And we gather him into that alliance of intelligence and responsibility
+that, though it now runs close to racial lines, welcomes the
+responsible and intelligent of any race. By this course, confirmed in
+our judgment, and justified in the progress already made, we hope to
+progress slowly but surely to the end.
+
+The love we feel for that race, you cannot measure nor comprehend. As I
+attest it here, the spirit of my old black mammy, from her home up
+there, looks down to bless, and through the tumult of this night steals
+the sweet music of her croonings as thirty years ago she held me in her
+black arms and led me smiling to sleep. This scene vanishes as I speak,
+and I catch a vision of an old Southern home with its lofty pillars and
+its white pigeons fluttering down through the golden air. I see women
+with strained and anxious faces, and children alert yet helpless. I see
+night come down with its dangers and its apprehensions, and in a big
+homely room I feel on my tired head the touch of loving hands--now worn
+and wrinkled, but fairer to me yet than the hands of mortal woman, and
+stronger yet to lead me than the hands of mortal man--as they lay a
+mother's blessing there, while at her knees--the truest altar I yet have
+found--I thank God that she is safe in her sanctuary, because her
+slaves, sentinel in the silent cabin, or guard at her chamber door, put
+a black man's loyalty between her and danger.
+
+I catch another vision. The crisis of battle--a soldier, struck,
+staggering, fallen. I see a slave, scuffing through the smoke, winding
+his black arms about the fallen form, reckless of hurtling
+death--bending his trusty face to catch the words that tremble on the
+stricken lips, so wrestling meantime with agony that he would lay down
+his life in his master's stead. I see him by the weary bedside,
+ministering with uncomplaining patience, praying with all his humble
+heart that God will lift his master up, until death comes in mercy and
+in honor to still the soldier's agony and seal the soldier's life. I see
+him by the open grave--mute, motionless, uncovered, suffering for the
+death of him who in life fought against his freedom. I see him, when the
+mold is heaped and the great drama of his life is closed, turn away and
+with downcast eyes and uncertain step start out into new and strange
+fields, faltering, struggling, but moving on, until his shambling figure
+is lost in the light of this better and brighter day. And from the grave
+comes a voice, saying, "Follow him! put your arms about him in his need,
+even as he put his about me. Be his friend as he was mine." And out into
+this new world--strange to me as to him, dazzling, bewildering both--I
+follow! And may God forget my people--when they forget these!
+
+Whatever the future may hold for them, whether they plod along in the
+servitude from which they have never been lifted since the Cyrenian was
+laid hold upon by the Roman soldiers, and made to bear the cross of the
+fainting Christ--whether they find homes again in Africa, and thus
+hasten the prophecy of the psalmist, who said, "And suddenly Ethiopia
+shall hold out her hands unto God"--whether forever dislocated and
+separate, they remain a weak people, beset by stronger, and exist, as
+the Turk, who lives in the jealousy rather than in the conscience of
+Europe--or whether in this miraculous Republic they break through the
+caste of twenty centuries and, belying universal history, reach the full
+stature of citizenship, and in peace maintain it--we shall give them
+uttermost justice and abiding friendship. And whatever we do, into
+whatever seeming estrangement we may be driven, nothing shall disturb
+the love we bear this Republic, or mitigate our consecration to its
+service. I stand here, Mr. President, to profess no new loyalty. When
+General Lee, whose heart was the temple of our hopes, and whose arm was
+clothed with our strength, renewed his allegiance to this Government at
+Appomattox, he spoke from a heart too great to be false, and he spoke
+for every honest man from Maryland to Texas. From that day to this
+Hamilcar has nowhere in the South sworn young Hannibal to hatred and
+vengeance, but everywhere to loyalty and to love. Witness the veteran
+standing at the base of a Confederate monument, above the graves of his
+comrades, his empty sleeve tossing in the April wind, adjuring the young
+men about him to serve as earnest and loyal citizens the Government
+against which their fathers fought. This message, delivered from that
+sacred presence, has gone home to the hearts of my fellows! And, sir, I
+declare here, if physical courage be always equal to human aspiration,
+that they would die, sir, if need be, to restore this Republic their
+fathers fought to dissolve.
+
+Such, Mr. President, is this problem as we see it, such is the temper in
+which we approach it, such the progress made. What do we ask of you?
+First, patience; out of this alone can come perfect work. Second,
+confidence; in this alone can you judge fairly. Third, sympathy; in this
+you can help us best. Fourth, give us your sons as hostages. When you
+plant your capital in millions, send your sons that they may know how
+true are our hearts and may help to swell the Caucasian current until it
+can carry without danger this black infusion. Fifth, loyalty to the
+Republic--for there is sectionalism in loyalty as in estrangement. This
+hour little needs the loyalty that is loyal to one section and yet holds
+the other in enduring suspicion and estrangement. Give us the broad and
+perfect loyalty that loves and trusts Georgia alike with
+Massachusetts--that knows no South, no North, no East, no West, but
+endears with equal and patriotic love every foot of our soil, every
+State of our Union.
+
+A mighty duty, sir, and a mighty inspiration impels every one of us
+to-night to lose in patriotic consecration whatever estranges, whatever
+divides. We, sir, are Americans--and we stand for human liberty! The
+uplifting force of the American idea is under every throne on earth.
+France, Brazil--these are our victories. To redeem the earth from
+kingcraft and oppression--this is our mission! And we shall not fail.
+God has sown in our soil the seed of His millennial harvest, and He will
+not lay the sickle to the ripening crop until His full and perfect day
+has come. Our history, sir, has been a constant and expanding miracle,
+from Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, all the way--aye, even from the hour
+when from the voiceless and traceless ocean a new world rose to the
+sight of the inspired sailor. As we approach the fourth centennial of
+that stupendous day--when the old world will come to marvel and to learn
+amid our gathered treasures--let us resolve to crown the miracles of our
+past with the spectacle of a Republic, compact, united, indissoluble in
+the bonds of love--loving from the Lakes to the Gulf--the wounds of war
+healed in every heart as on every hill, serene and resplendent at the
+summit of human achievement and earthly glory, blazing out the path and
+making clear the way up which all the nations of the earth must come in
+God's appointed time!
+
+
+_WILLIAM McKINLEY_
+
+LAST SPEECH
+
+Delivered at the World's Fair, Buffalo, N.Y., on September 5, 1901, the
+day before he was assassinated.
+
+I am glad again to be in the city of Buffalo and exchange greetings with
+her people, to whose generous hospitality I am not a stranger, and with
+whose good will I have been repeatedly and signally honored. To-day I
+have additional satisfaction in meeting and giving welcome to the
+foreign representatives assembled here, whose presence and participation
+in this Exposition have contributed in so marked a degree to its
+interest and success. To the commissioners of the Dominion of Canada and
+the British Colonies, the French Colonies, the Republics of Mexico and
+of Central and South America, and the commissioners of Cuba and Porto
+Rico, who share with us in this undertaking, we give the hand of
+fellowship and felicitate with them upon the triumphs of art, science,
+education and manufacture which the old has bequeathed to the new
+century.
+
+Expositions are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's
+advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise and intellect of the
+people, and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden
+and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses
+of information to the student. Every exposition, great or small, has
+helped to some onward step.
+
+Comparison of ideas is always educational and, as such, instructs the
+brain and hand of man. Friendly rivalry follows, which is the spur to
+industrial improvement, the inspiration to useful invention and to high
+endeavor in all departments of human activity. It exacts a study of the
+wants, comforts, and even the whims of the people, and recognizes the
+efficacy of high quality and low prices to win their favor. The quest
+for trade is an incentive to men of business to devise, invent, improve
+and economize in the cost of production. Business life, whether among
+ourselves, or with other peoples, is ever a sharp struggle for success.
+It will be none the less in the future.
+
+Without competition we would be clinging to the clumsy and antiquated
+process of farming and manufacture and the methods of business of long
+ago, and the twentieth would be no further advanced than the eighteenth
+century. But tho commercial competitors we are, commercial enemies we
+must not be. The Pan-American Exposition has done its work thoroughly,
+presenting in its exhibits evidences of the highest skill and
+illustrating the progress of the human family in the Western Hemisphere.
+This portion of the earth has no cause for humiliation for the part it
+has performed in the march of civilization. It has not accomplished
+everything; far from it. It has simply done its best, and without vanity
+or boastfulness, and recognizing the manifold achievements of others it
+invites the friendly rivalry of all the powers in the peaceful pursuits
+of trade and commerce, and will cooperate with all in advancing the
+highest and best interests of humanity. The wisdom and energy of all the
+nations are none too great for the world work. The success of art,
+science, industry and invention is an international asset and a common
+glory.
+
+After all, how near one to the other is every part of the world. Modern
+inventions have brought into close relation widely separated peoples and
+make them better acquainted. Geographic and political divisions will
+continue to exist, but distances have been effaced. Swift ships and fast
+trains are becoming cosmopolitan. They invade fields which a few years
+ago were impenetrable. The world's products are exchanged as never
+before and with increasing transportation facilities come increasing
+knowledge and larger trade. Prices are fixed with mathematical precision
+by supply and demand. The world's selling prices are regulated by market
+and crop reports. We travel greater distances in a shorter space of time
+and with more ease than was ever dreamed of by the fathers. Isolation is
+no longer possible or desirable. The same important news is read, tho in
+different languages, the same day in all Christendom.
+
+The telegraph keeps us advised of what is occurring everywhere, and the
+Press foreshadows, with more or less accuracy, the plans and purposes of
+the nations. Market prices of products and of securities are hourly
+known in every commercial mart, and the investments of the people extend
+beyond their own national boundaries into the remotest parts of the
+earth. Vast transactions are conducted and international exchanges are
+made by the tick of the cable. Every event of interest is immediately
+bulletined. The quick gathering and transmission of news, like rapid
+transit, are of recent origin, and are only made possible by the genius
+of the inventor and the courage of the investor. It took a special
+messenger of the government, with every facility known at the time for
+rapid travel, nineteen days to go from the City of Washington to New
+Orleans with a message to General Jackson that the war with England had
+ceased and a treaty of peace had been signed. How different now! We
+reached General Miles, in Porto Rico, and he was able through the
+military telegraph to stop his army on the firing line with the message
+that the United States and Spain had signed a protocol suspending
+hostilities. We knew almost instanter of the first shots fired at
+Santiago, and the subsequent surrender of the Spanish forces was known
+at Washington within less than an hour of its consummation. The first
+ship of Cervera's fleet had hardly emerged from that historic harbor
+when the fact was flashed to our Capitol, and the swift destruction that
+followed was announced immediately through the wonderful medium of
+telegraphy.
+
+So accustomed are we to safe and easy communication with distant lands
+that its temporary interruption, even in ordinary times, results in loss
+and inconvenience. We shall never forget the days of anxious waiting and
+suspense when no information was permitted to be sent from Pekin, and
+the diplomatic representatives of the nations in China, cut off from all
+communication, inside and outside of the walled capital, were surrounded
+by an angry and misguided mob that threatened their lives; nor the joy
+that thrilled the world when a single message from the government of the
+United States brought through our minister the first news of the safety
+of the besieged diplomats.
+
+At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was not a mile of steam
+railroad on the globe; now there are enough miles to make its circuit
+many times. Then there was not a line of electric telegraph; now we have
+a vast mileage traversing all lands and seas. God and man have linked
+the nations together. No nation can longer be indifferent to any other.
+And as we are brought more and more in touch with each other, the less
+occasion is there for misunderstandings, and the stronger the
+disposition, when we have differences, to adjust them in the court of
+arbitration, which is the noblest forum for the settlement of
+international disputes.
+
+My fellow citizens, trade statistics indicate that this country is in a
+state of unexampled prosperity. The figures are almost appalling. They
+show that we are utilizing our fields and forests and mines, and that we
+are furnishing profitable employment to the millions of workingmen
+throughout the United States, bringing comfort and happiness to their
+homes, and making it possible to lay by savings for old age and
+disability. That all the people are participating in this great
+prosperity is seen in every American community and shown by the enormous
+and unprecedented deposits in our savings banks. Our duty in the care
+and security of these deposits and their safe investment demands the
+highest integrity and the best business capacity of those in charge of
+these depositories of the people's earnings.
+
+We have a vast and intricate business, built up through years of toil
+and struggle in which every part of the country has its stake, which
+will not permit of either neglect or of undue selfishness. No narrow,
+sordid policy will subserve it. The greatest skill and wisdom on the
+part of manufacturers and producers will be required to hold and
+increase it. Our industrial enterprises, which have grown to such great
+proportions, affect the homes and occupations of the people and the
+welfare of the country. Our capacity to produce has developed so
+enormously and our products have so multiplied that the problem of more
+markets requires our urgent and immediate attention. Only a broad and
+enlightened policy will keep what we have. No other policy will get
+more. In these times of marvelous business energy and gain we ought to
+be looking to the future, strengthening the weak places in our
+industrial and commercial systems, that we may be ready for any storm or
+strain.
+
+By sensible trade arrangements which will not interrupt our home
+production we shall extend the outlets for our increasing surplus. A
+system which provides a mutual exchange of commodities is manifestly
+essential to the continued and healthful growth of our export trade. We
+must not repose in the fancied security that we can forever sell
+everything and buy little or nothing. If such a thing were possible it
+would not be best for us or for those with whom we deal. We should take
+from our customers such of their products as we can use without harm to
+our industries and labor. Reciprocity is the natural outgrowth of our
+wonderful industrial development under the domestic policy now firmly
+established.
+
+What we produce beyond our domestic consumption must have a vent abroad.
+The excess must be relieved through a foreign outlet, and we should sell
+everywhere we can and buy wherever the buying will enlarge our sales and
+productions, and thereby make a greater demand for home labor.
+
+The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and
+commerce is the pressing problem. Commercial wars are unprofitable. A
+policy of good will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals.
+Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times;
+measures of retaliation are not. If, perchance, some of our tariffs are
+no longer needed for revenue or to encourage and protect our industries
+at home, why should they not be employed to extend and promote our
+markets abroad? Then, too, we have inadequate steamship service. New
+lines of steamships have already been put in commission between the
+Pacific coast ports of the United States and those on the western coasts
+of Mexico and Central and South America. These should be followed up
+with direct steamship lines between the western coast of the United
+States and South American ports. One of the needs of the times is direct
+commercial lines from our vast fields of production to the fields of
+consumption that we have but barely touched. Next in advantage to having
+the thing to sell is to have the conveyance to carry it to the buyer. We
+must encourage our merchant marine. We must have more ships. They must
+be under the American flag; built and manned and owned by Americans.
+These will not only be profitable in a commercial sense; they will be
+messengers of peace and amity wherever they go.
+
+We must build the Isthmian canal, which will unite the two oceans and
+give a straight line of water communication with the western coasts of
+Central and South America and Mexico. The construction of a Pacific
+cable can not be longer postponed. In the furtherance of these objects
+of national interest and concern you are performing an important part.
+This Exposition would have touched the heart of that American statesman
+whose mind was ever alert and thought ever constant for a larger
+commerce and a truer fraternity of the republics of the New World. His
+broad American spirit is felt and manifested here. He needs no
+identification to an assemblage of Americans anywhere, for the name of
+Blaine is inseparably associated with the Pan-American movement which
+finds here practical and substantial expression, and which we all hope
+will be firmly advanced by the Pan-American Congress that assembles this
+autumn in the capital of Mexico. The good work will go on. It can not be
+stopped. Those buildings will disappear; this creation of art and beauty
+and industry will perish from sight, but their influence will remain to
+"make it live beyond its too short living with praises and
+thanksgiving." Who can tell the new thoughts that have been awakened,
+the ambitions fired and the high achievements that will be wrought
+through this Exposition?
+
+Gentlemen, let us ever remember that our interest is in concord, not
+conflict; and that our real eminence rests in the victories of peace,
+not those of war. We hope that all who are represented here may be moved
+to higher and nobler efforts for their own and the world's good, and
+that out of this city may come not only greater commerce and trade for
+us all, but, more essential than these, relations of mutual respect,
+confidence and friendship which will deepen and endure. Our earnest
+prayer is that God will graciously vouchsafe prosperity, happiness and
+peace to all our neighbors, and like blessings to all the peoples and
+powers of earth.
+
+
+_JOHN HAY_
+
+TRIBUTE TO MCKINLEY
+
+From his memorial address at a joint session of the Senate and House of
+Representatives on February 27, 1903.
+
+For the third time the Congress of the United States are assembled to
+commemorate the life and the death of a president slain by the hand of
+an assassin. The attention of the future historian will be attracted to
+the features which reappear with startling sameness in all three of
+these awful crimes: the uselessness, the utter lack of consequence of
+the act; the obscurity, the insignificance of the criminal; the
+blamelessness--so far as in our sphere of existence the best of men may
+be held blameless--of the victim. Not one of our murdered presidents had
+an enemy in the world; they were all of such preeminent purity of life
+that no pretext could be given for the attack of passional crime; they
+were all men of democratic instincts, who could never have offended the
+most jealous advocates of equity; they were of kindly and generous
+nature, to whom wrong or injustice was impossible; of moderate fortune,
+whose slender means nobody could envy. They were men of austere virtue,
+of tender heart, of eminent abilities, which they had devoted with
+single minds to the good of the Republic. If ever men walked before God
+and man without blame, it was these three rulers of our people. The only
+temptation to attack their lives offered was their gentle radiance--to
+eyes hating the light, that was offense enough.
+
+The stupid uselessness of such an infamy affronts the common sense of
+the world. One can conceive how the death of a dictator may change the
+political conditions of an empire; how the extinction of a narrowing
+line of kings may bring in an alien dynasty. But in a well-ordered
+Republic like ours the ruler may fall, but the State feels no tremor.
+Our beloved and revered leader is gone--but the natural process of our
+laws provides us a successor, identical in purpose and ideals, nourished
+by the same teachings, inspired by the same principles, pledged by
+tender affection as well as by high loyalty to carry to completion the
+immense task committed to his hands, and to smite with iron severity
+every manifestation of that hideous crime which his mild predecessor,
+with his dying breath, forgave. The sayings of celestial wisdom have no
+date; the words that reach us, over two thousand years, out of the
+darkest hour of gloom the world has ever known, are true to life to-day:
+"They know not what they do." The blow struck at our dear friend and
+ruler was as deadly as blind hate could make it; but the blow struck at
+anarchy was deadlier still.
+
+How many countries can join with us in the community of a kindred
+sorrow! I will not speak of those distant regions where assassination
+enters into the daily life of government. But among the nations bound to
+us by the ties of familiar intercourse--who can forget that wise and
+mild autocrat who had earned the proud title of the liberator? that
+enlightened and magnanimous citizen whom France still mourns? that brave
+and chivalrous king of Italy who only lived for his people? and, saddest
+of all, that lovely and sorrowing empress, whose harmless life could
+hardly have excited the animosity of a demon? Against that devilish
+spirit nothing avails,--neither virtue nor patriotism, nor age nor
+youth, nor conscience nor pity. We can not even say that education is a
+sufficient safeguard against this baleful evil,--for most of the
+wretches whose crimes have so shocked humanity in recent years were men
+not unlettered, who have gone from the common schools, through murder to
+the scaffold.
+
+The life of William McKinley was, from his birth to his death, typically
+American. There is no environment, I should say, anywhere else in the
+world which could produce just such a character. He was born into that
+way of life which elsewhere is called the middle class, but which in
+this country is so nearly universal as to make of other classes an
+almost negligible quantity. He was neither rich nor poor, neither proud
+nor humble; he knew no hunger he was not sure of satisfying, no luxury
+which could enervate mind or body. His parents were sober, God-fearing
+people; intelligent and upright, without pretension and without
+humility. He grew up in the company of boys like himself, wholesome,
+honest, self-respecting. They looked down on nobody; they never felt it
+possible they could be looked down upon. Their houses were the homes of
+probity, piety, patriotism. They learned in the admirable school readers
+of fifty years ago the lessons of heroic and splendid life which have
+come down from the past. They read in their weekly newspapers the story
+of the world's progress, in which they were eager to take part, and of
+the sins and wrongs of civilization with which they burned to do battle.
+It was a serious and thoughtful time. The boys of that day felt dimly,
+but deeply, that days of sharp struggle and high achievement were before
+them. They looked at life with the wondering yet resolute eyes of a
+young esquire in his vigil of arms. They felt a time was coming when to
+them should be addressed the stern admonition of the Apostle, "Quit you
+like men; be strong."
+
+The men who are living to-day and were young in 1860 will never forget
+the glory and glamour that filled the earth and the sky when the long
+twilight of doubt and uncertainty was ending and the time for action had
+come. A speech by Abraham Lincoln was an event not only of high moral
+significance, but of far-reaching importance; the drilling of a militia
+company by Ellsworth attracted national attention; the fluttering of the
+flag in the clear sky drew tears from the eyes of young men.
+Patriotism, which had been a rhetorical expression, became a passionate
+emotion, in which instinct, logic and feeling were fused. The country
+was worth saving; it could be saved only by fire; no sacrifice was too
+great; the young men of the country were ready for the sacrifice; come
+weal, come woe, they were ready.
+
+At seventeen years of age William McKinley heard this summons of his
+country. He was the sort of youth to whom a military life in ordinary
+times would possess no attractions. His nature was far different from
+that of the ordinary soldier. He had other dreams of life, its prizes
+and pleasures, than that of marches and battles. But to his mind there
+was no choice or question. The banner floating in the morning breeze was
+the beckoning gesture of his country. The thrilling notes of the trumpet
+called him--him and none other--into the ranks. His portrait in his
+first uniform is familiar to you all--the short, stocky figure; the
+quiet, thoughtful face; the deep, dark eyes. It is the face of a lad who
+could not stay at home when he thought he was needed in the field. He
+was of the stuff of which good soldiers are made. Had he been ten years
+older he would have entered at the head of a company and come out at the
+head of a division. But he did what he could. He enlisted as a private;
+he learned to obey. His serious, sensible ways, his prompt, alert
+efficiency soon attracted the attention of his superiors. He was so
+faithful in little things that they gave him more and more to do. He was
+untiring in camp and on the march; swift, cool and fearless in fight. He
+left the army with field rank when the war ended, brevetted by President
+Lincoln for gallantry in battle.
+
+In coming years when men seek to draw the moral of our great Civil War,
+nothing will seem to them so admirable in all the history of our two
+magnificent armies as the way in which the war came to a close. When the
+Confederate army saw the time had come, they acknowledged the pitiless
+logic of facts and ceased fighting. When the army of the Union saw it
+was no longer needed, without a murmur or question, making no terms,
+asking no return, in the flush of victory and fulness of might, it laid
+down its arms and melted back into the mass of peaceful citizens. There
+is no event since the nation was born which has so proved its solid
+capacity for self-government. Both sections share equally in that crown
+of glory. They had held a debate of incomparable importance and had
+fought it out with equal energy. A conclusion had been reached--and it
+is to the everlasting honor of both sides that they each knew when the
+war was over and the hour of a lasting peace had struck. We may admire
+the desperate daring of others who prefer annihilation to compromise,
+but the palm of common sense, and, I will say, of enlightened
+patriotism, belongs to the men like Grant and Lee, who knew when they
+had fought enough for honor and for country.
+
+So it came naturally about that in 1876--the beginning of the second
+century of the Republic--he began, by an election to Congress, his
+political career. Thereafter for fourteen years this chamber was his
+home. I use the word advisedly. Nowhere in the world was he so in
+harmony with his environment as here; nowhere else did his mind work
+with such full consciousness of its powers. The air of debate was native
+to him; here he drank delight of battle with his peers. In after days,
+when he drove by this stately pile, or when on rare occasions his duty
+called him here, he greeted his old haunts with the affectionate zest of
+a child of the house; during all the last ten years of his life, filled
+as they were with activity and glory, he never ceased to be homesick for
+this hall. When he came to the presidency, there was not a day when his
+congressional service was not of use to him. Probably no other president
+has been in such full and cordial communion with Congress, if we may
+except Lincoln alone. McKinley knew the legislative body thoroughly, its
+composition, its methods, its habit of thought. He had the profoundest
+respect for its authority and an inflexible belief in the ultimate
+rectitude of its purposes. Our history shows how surely an executive
+courts disaster and ruin by assuming an attitude of hostility or
+distrust to the Legislature; and, on the other hand, McKinley's frank
+and sincere trust and confidence in Congress were repaid by prompt and
+loyal support and cooeperation. During his entire term of office this
+mutual trust and regard--so essential to the public welfare--was never
+shadowed by a single cloud.
+
+When he came to the presidency he confronted a situation of the utmost
+difficulty, which might well have appalled a man of less serene and
+tranquil self-confidence. There had been a state of profound commercial
+and industrial depression from which his friends had said his election
+would relieve the country. Our relations with the outside world left
+much to be desired. The feeling between the Northern and Southern
+sections of the Union was lacking in the cordiality which was necessary
+to the welfare of both. Hawaii had asked for annexation and had been
+rejected by the preceding administration. There was a state of things in
+the Caribbean which could not permanently endure. Our neighbor's house
+was on fire, and there were grave doubts as to our rights and duties in
+the premises. A man either weak or rash, either irresolute or
+headstrong, might have brought ruin on himself and incalculable harm to
+the country.
+
+The least desirable form of glory to a man of his habitual mood and
+temper--that of successful war--was nevertheless conferred upon him by
+uncontrollable events. He felt it must come; he deplored its necessity;
+he strained almost to breaking his relations with his friends, in order,
+first to prevent and then to postpone it to the latest possible moment.
+But when the die was cast, he labored with the utmost energy and ardor,
+and with an intelligence in military matters which showed how much of
+the soldier still survived in the mature statesman, to push forward the
+war to a decisive close. War was an anguish to him; he wanted it short
+and conclusive. His merciful zeal communicated itself to his
+subordinates, and the war, so long dreaded, whose consequences were so
+momentous, ended in a hundred days.
+
+Mr. McKinley was reelected by an overwhelming majority. There had been
+little doubt of the result among well-informed people, but when it was
+known, a profound feeling of relief and renewal of trust were evident
+among the leaders of capital and industry, not only in this country, but
+everywhere. They felt that the immediate future was secure, and that
+trade and commerce might safely push forward in every field of effort
+and enterprise.
+
+He felt that the harvest time was come, to garner in the fruits of so
+much planting and culture, and he was determined that nothing he might
+do or say should be liable to the reproach of a personal interest. Let
+us say frankly he was a party man; he believed the policies advocated by
+him and his friends counted for much in the country's progress and
+prosperity. He hoped in his second term to accomplish substantial
+results in the development and affirmation of those policies. I spent a
+day with him shortly before he started on his fateful journey to
+Buffalo. Never had I seen him higher in hope and patriotic confidence.
+He was gratified to the heart that we had arranged a treaty which gave
+us a free hand in the Isthmus. In fancy he saw the canal already built
+and the argosies of the world passing through it in peace and amity. He
+saw in the immense evolution of American trade the fulfilment of all his
+dreams, the reward of all his labors. He was, I need not say, an ardent
+protectionist, never more sincere and devoted than during those last
+days of his life. He regarded reciprocity as the bulwark of
+protection--not a breach, but a fulfilment of the law. The treaties
+which for four years had been preparing under his personal supervision
+he regarded as ancillary to the general scheme. He was opposed to any
+revolutionary plan of change in the existing legislation; he was careful
+to point out that everything he had done was in faithful compliance with
+the law itself.
+
+In that mood of high hope, of generous expectation, he went to Buffalo,
+and there, on the threshold of eternity, he delivered that memorable
+speech, worthy for its loftiness of tone, its blameless morality, its
+breadth of view, to be regarded as his testament to the nation. Through
+all his pride of country and his joy of its success runs the note of
+solemn warning, as in Kipling's noble hymn, "Lest We Forget."
+
+The next day sped the bolt of doom, and for a week after--in an agony of
+dread, broken by illusive glimpses of hope that our prayers might be
+answered--the nation waited for the end. Nothing in the glorious life
+we saw gradually waning was more admirable and exemplary than its close.
+The gentle humanity of his words when he saw his assailant in danger of
+summary vengeance, "Do not let them hurt him;" his chivalrous care that
+the news should be broken gently to his wife; the fine courtesy with
+which he apologized for the damage which his death would bring to the
+great Exhibition; and the heroic resignation of his final words, "It is
+God's way; His will, not ours, be done," were all the instinctive
+expressions of a nature so lofty and so pure that pride in its nobility
+at once softened and enhanced the nation's sense of loss. The Republic
+grieved over such a son,--but is proud forever of having produced him.
+After all, in spite of its tragic ending, his life was extraordinarily
+happy. He had, all his days, troops of friends, the cheer of fame and
+fruitful labor; and he became at last,
+
+    "On fortune's crowning slope,
+    The pillar of a people's hope,
+    The center of a world's desire."
+
+
+_WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN_ THE PRINCE OF PEACE[39] (1894)
+
+I offer no apology for speaking upon a religious theme, for it is the
+most universal of all themes. I am interested in the science of
+government, but I am interested more in religion than in government. I
+enjoy making a political speech--I have made a good many and shall make
+more--but I would rather speak on religion than on politics. I commenced
+speaking on the stump when I was only twenty, but I commenced speaking
+in the church six years earlier--and I shall be in the church even after
+I am put of politics. I feel sure of my ground when I make a political
+speech, but I feel even more certain of my ground when I make a
+religious speech. If I addrest you upon the subject of law I might
+interest the lawyers; if I discust the science of medicine I might
+interest the physicians; in like manner merchants might be interested in
+comments on commerce, and farmers in matters pertaining to agriculture;
+but no one of these subjects appeals to all. Even the science of
+government, tho broader than any profession or occupation, does not
+embrace the whole sum of life, and those who think upon it differ so
+among themselves that I could not speak upon the subject so as to please
+a part of the audience without displeasing others. While to me the
+science of government is intensely absorbing, I recognize that the most
+important things in life lie outside of the realm of government and that
+more depends upon what the individual does for himself than upon what
+the government does or can do for him. Men can be miserable under the
+best government and they can be happy under the worst government.
+
+Government affects but a part of the life which we live here and does
+not deal at all with the life beyond, while religion touches the
+infinite circle of existence as well as the small arc of that circle
+which we spend on earth. No greater theme, therefore, can engage our
+attention. If I discuss questions of government I must secure the
+cooeperation of a majority before I can put my ideas into practise, but
+if, in speaking on religion, I can touch one human heart for good, I
+have not spoken in vain no matter how large the majority may be against
+me.
+
+Man is a religious being; the heart instinctively seeks for a God.
+Whether he worships on the banks of the Ganges, prays with his face
+upturned to the sun, kneels toward Mecca or, regarding all space as a
+temple, communes with the Heavenly Father according to the Christian
+creed, man is essentially devout.
+
+There are honest doubters whose sincerity we recognize and respect, but
+occasionally I find young men who think it smart to be skeptical; they
+talk as if it were an evidence of larger intelligence to scoff at creeds
+and to refuse to connect themselves with churches. They call themselves
+"Liberal," as if a Christian were narrow minded. Some go so far as to
+assert that the "advanced thought of the world" has discarded the idea
+that there is a God. To these young men I desire to address myself.
+
+Even some older people profess to regard religion as a superstition,
+pardonable in the ignorant but unworthy of the educated. Those who hold
+this view look down with mild contempt upon such as give to religion a
+definite place in their thoughts and lives. They assume an intellectual
+superiority and often take little pains to conceal the assumption.
+Tolstoy administers to the "cultured crowd" (the words quoted are his) a
+severe rebuke when he declares that the religious sentiment rests not
+upon a superstitious fear of the invisible forces of nature, but upon
+man's consciousness of his finiteness amid an infinite universe and of
+his sinfulness; and this consciousness, the great philosopher adds, man
+can never outgrow. Tolstoy is right; man recognizes how limited are his
+own powers and how vast is the universe, and he leans upon the arm that
+_is_ stronger than his. Man feels the weight of his sins and looks for
+One who is sinless.
+
+Religion has been defined by Tolstoy as the relation which man fixes
+between himself and his God, and morality as the outward manifestation
+of this inward relation. Every one, by the time he reaches maturity, has
+fixt some relation between himself and God and no material change in
+this relation can take place without a revolution in the man, for this
+relation is the most potent influence that acts upon a human life.
+
+Religion is the foundation of morality in the individual and in the
+group of individuals. Materialists have attempted to build up a system
+of morality upon the basis of enlightened self-interest. They would have
+man figure out by mathematics that it pays him to abstain from
+wrong-doing; they would even inject an element of selfishness into
+altruism, but the moral system elaborated by the materialists has
+several defects. First, its virtues are borrowed from moral systems
+based upon religion. All those who are intelligent enough to discuss a
+system of morality are so saturated with the morals derived from systems
+resting upon religion that they cannot frame a system resting upon
+reason alone. Second, as it rests upon argument rather than upon
+authority, the young are not in a position to accept or reject. Our laws
+do not permit a young man to dispose of real estate until he is
+twenty-one. Why this restraint? Because his reason is not mature; and
+yet a man's life is largely moulded by the environment of his youth.
+Third, one never knows just how much of his decision is due to reason
+and how much is due to passion or to selfish interest. Passion can
+dethrone the reason--we recognize this in our criminal laws. We also
+recognize the bias of self-interest when we exclude from the jury every
+man, no matter how reasonable or upright he may be, who has a pecuniary
+interest in the result of the trial. And, fourth, one whose morality
+rests upon a nice calculation of benefits to be secured spends time
+figuring that he should spend in action. Those who keep a book account
+of their good deeds seldom do enough good to justify keeping books. A
+noble life cannot be built upon an arithmetic; it must be rather like
+the spring that pours forth constantly of that which refreshes and
+invigorates.
+
+Morality is the power of endurance in man; and a religion which teaches
+personal responsibility to God gives strength to morality. There is a
+powerful restraining influence in the belief that an all-seeing eye
+scrutinizes every thought and word and act of the individual.
+
+There is wide difference between the man who is trying to conform his
+life to a standard of morality about him and the man who seeks to make
+his life approximate to a divine standard. The former attempts to live
+up to the standard, if it is above him, and down to it, if it is below
+him--and if he is doing right only when others are looking he is sure to
+find a time when he thinks he is unobserved, and then he takes a
+vacation and falls. One needs the inner strength which comes with the
+conscious presence of a personal God. If those who are thus fortified
+sometimes yield to temptation, how helpless and hopeless must those be
+who rely upon their own strength alone!
+
+There are difficulties to be encountered in religion, but there are
+difficulties to be encountered everywhere. If Christians sometimes have
+doubts and fears, unbelievers have more doubts and greater fears. I
+passed through a period of skepticism when I was in college and I have
+been glad ever since that I became a member of the church before I left
+home for college, for it helped me during those trying days. And the
+college days cover the dangerous period in the young man's life; he is
+just coming into possession of his powers, and feels stronger than he
+ever feels afterward--and he thinks he knows more than he ever does
+know.
+
+It was at this period that I became confused by the different theories
+of creation. But I examined these theories and found that they all
+assumed something to begin with. You can test this for yourselves.
+The nebular hypothesis, for instance, assumes that matter and force
+existed--matter in particles infinitely fine and each particle
+separated from every other particle by space infinitely great.
+Beginning with this assumption, force working on matter--according
+to this hypothesis--created a universe. Well, I have a right to assume,
+and I prefer to assume, a Designer back of the design--a Creator back
+of the creation; and no matter how long you draw out the process of
+creation, so long as God stands back of it you cannot shake my faith in
+Jehovah. In Genesis it is written that, in the beginning, God created
+the heavens and the earth, and I can stand on that proposition until I
+find some theory of creation that goes farther back than "the beginning."
+We must begin with something--we must start somewhere--and the Christian
+begins with God.
+
+I do not carry the doctrine of evolution as far as some do; I am not yet
+convinced that man is a lineal descendant of the lower animals. I do not
+mean to find fault with you if you want to accept the theory; all I mean
+to say is that while you may trace your ancestry back to the monkey if
+you find pleasure or pride in doing so, you shall not connect me with
+your family tree without more evidence than has yet been produced. I
+object to the theory for several reasons. First, it is a dangerous
+theory. If a man links himself in generations with the monkey, it then
+becomes an important question whether he is going toward him or coming
+from him--and I have seen them going in both directions. I do not know
+of any argument that can be used to prove that man is an improved monkey
+that may not be used just as well to prove that the monkey is a
+degenerate man, and the latter theory is more plausible than the former.
+
+It is true that man, in some physical characteristics resembles the
+beast, but man has a mind as well as a body, and a soul as well as a
+mind. The mind is greater than the body and the soul is greater than the
+mind, and I object to having man's pedigree traced on one-third of him
+only--and that the lowest third. Fairbairn, in his "Philosophy of
+Christianity," lays down a sound proposition when he says that it is not
+sufficient to explain man as an animal; that it is necessary to explain
+man in history--and the Darwinian theory does not do this. The ape,
+according to this theory, is older than man and yet the ape is still an
+ape while man is the author of the marvelous civilization which we see
+about us.
+
+One does not escape from mystery, however, by accepting this theory, for
+it does not explain the origin of life. When the follower of Darwin has
+traced the germ of life back to the lowest form in which it appears--and
+to follow him one must exercise more faith than religion calls for--he
+finds that scientists differ. Those who reject the idea of creation are
+divided into two schools, some believing that the first germ of life
+came from another planet and others holding that it was the result of
+spontaneous generation. Each school answers the arguments advanced by
+the other, and as they cannot agree with each other, I am not compelled
+to agree with either.
+
+If I were compelled to accept one of these theories I would prefer the
+first, for if we can chase the germ of life off this planet and get it
+out into space we can guess the rest of the way and no one can
+contradict us, but if we accept the doctrine of spontaneous generation
+we cannot explain why spontaneous generation ceased to act after the
+first germ was created.
+
+Go back as far as we may, we cannot escape from the creative act, and it
+is just as easy for me to believe that God created man _as he is_ as to
+believe that, millions of years ago, He created a germ of life and
+endowed it with power to develop into all that we see to-day. I object
+to the Darwinian theory, until more conclusive proof is produced,
+because I fear we shall lose the consciousness of God's presence in our
+daily life, if we must accept the theory that through all the ages no
+spiritual force has touched the life of man or shaped the destiny of
+nations.
+
+But there is another objection. The Darwinian theory represents man as
+reaching his present perfection by the operation of the law of hate--the
+merciless law by which the strong crowd out and kill off the weak. If
+this is the law of our development then, if there is any logic that can
+bind the human mind, we shall turn backward toward the beast in
+proportion as we substitute the law of love. I prefer to believe that
+love rather than hatred is the law of development. How can hatred be the
+law of development when nations have advanced in proportion as they have
+departed from that law and adopted the law of love?
+
+But, I repeat, while I do not accept the Darwinian theory I shall not
+quarrel with you about it; I only refer to it to remind you that it does
+not solve the mystery of life or explain human progress. I fear that
+some have accepted it in the hope of escaping from the miracle, but why
+should the miracle frighten us? And yet I am inclined to think that it
+is one of the test questions with the Christian.
+
+Christ cannot be separated from the miraculous; His birth, His
+ministrations, and His resurrection, all involve the miraculous, and the
+change which His religion works in the human heart is a continuing
+miracle. Eliminate the miracles and Christ becomes merely a human being
+and His gospel is stript of divine authority.
+
+The miracle raises two questions: "Can God perform a miracle?" and,
+"Would He want to?" The first is easy to answer. A God who can make a
+world can do anything He wants to do with it. The power to perform
+miracles is necessarily implied in the power to create. But would God
+_want_ to perform a miracle?--this is the question which has given most
+of the trouble. The more I have considered it the less inclined I am to
+answer in the negative. To say that God _would not_ perform a miracle is
+to assume a more intimate knowledge of God's plans and purposes than I
+can claim to have. I will not deny that God does perform a miracle or
+may perform one merely because I do not know how or why He does it. I
+find it so difficult to decide each day what God wants done now that I
+am not presumptuous enough to attempt to declare what God might have
+wanted to do thousands of years ago. The fact that we are constantly
+learning of the existence of new forces suggests the possibility that
+God may operate through forces yet unknown to us, and the mysteries with
+which we deal every day warn me that faith is as necessary as sight. Who
+would have credited a century ago the stories that are now told of the
+wonder-working electricity? For ages man had known the lightning, but
+only to fear it; now, this invisible current is generated by a man-made
+machine, imprisoned in a man-made wire and made to do the bidding of
+man. We are even able to dispense with the wire and hurl words through
+space, and the X-ray has enabled us to look through substances which
+were supposed, until recently, to exclude all light. The miracle is not
+more mysterious than many of the things with which man now deals--it is
+simply different. The miraculous birth of Christ is not more mysterious
+than any other conception--it is simply unlike it; nor is the
+resurrection of Christ more mysterious than the myriad resurrections
+which mark each annual seed-time.
+
+It is sometimes said that God could not suspend one of His laws without
+stopping the universe, but do we not suspend or overcome the law of
+gravitation every day? Every time we move a foot or lift a weight we
+temporarily overcome one of the most universal of natural laws and yet
+the world is not disturbed.
+
+Science has taught us so many things that we are tempted to conclude
+that we know everything, but there is really a great unknown which is
+still unexplored and that which we have learned ought to increase our
+reverence rather than our egotism. Science has disclosed some of the
+machinery of the universe, but science has not yet revealed to us the
+great secret--the secret of life. It is to be found in every blade of
+grass, in every insect, in every bird and in every animal, as well as in
+man. Six thousand years of recorded history and yet we know no more
+about the secret of life than they knew in the beginning. We live, we
+plan; we have our hopes, our fears; and yet in a moment a change may
+come over anyone of us and this body will become a mass of lifeless
+clay. What is it that, having, we live, and having not, we are as the
+clod? The progress of the race and the civilization which we now behold
+are the work of men and women who have not yet solved the mystery of
+their own lives.
+
+And our food, must we understand it before we eat it? If we refused to
+eat anything until we could understand the mystery of its growth, we
+would die of starvation. But mystery does not bother us in the
+dining-room; it is only in the church that it is a stumbling block.
+
+I was eating a piece of watermelon some months ago and was struck with
+its beauty. I took some of the seeds and dried them and weighed them,
+and found that it would require some five thousand seeds to weigh a
+pound; and then I applied mathematics to that forty-pound melon. One of
+these seeds, put into the ground, when warmed by the sun and moistened
+by the rain, takes off its coat and goes to work; it gathers from
+somewhere two hundred thousand times its own weight, and forcing this
+raw material through a tiny stem, constructs a watermelon. It ornaments
+the outside with a covering of green; inside the green it puts a layer
+of white, and within the white a core of red, and all through the red it
+scatters seeds, each one capable of continuing the work of reproduction.
+Where does that little seed get its tremendous power? Where does it find
+its coloring matter? How does it collect its flavoring extract? How does
+it build a watermelon? Until you can explain a watermelon, do not be too
+sure that you can set limits to the power of the Almighty and say just
+what He would do or how He would do it. I cannot explain the watermelon,
+but I eat it and enjoy it.
+
+The egg is the most universal of foods and its use dates from the
+beginning, but what is more mysterious than an egg? When an egg is fresh
+it is an important article of merchandise; a hen can destroy its market
+value in a week's time, but in two weeks more she can bring forth from
+it what man could not find in it. We eat eggs, but we cannot explain an
+egg.
+
+Water has been used from the birth of man; we learned after it had been
+used for ages that it is merely a mixture of gases, but it is far more
+important that we have water to drink than that we know that it is not
+water.
+
+Everything that grows tells a like story of infinite power. Why should I
+deny that a divine hand fed a multitude with a few loaves and fishes
+when I see hundreds of millions fed every year by a hand which converts
+the seeds scattered over the field into an abundant harvest? We know
+that food can be multiplied in a few months' time; shall we deny the
+power of the Creator to eliminate the element of time, when we have gone
+so far in eliminating the element of space? Who am I that I should
+attempt to measure the arm of the Almighty with my puny arm, or to
+measure the brain of the Infinite with my finite mind? Who am I that I
+should attempt to put metes and bounds to the power of the Creator?
+
+But there is something even more wonderful still--the mysterious change
+that takes place in the human heart when the man begins to hate the
+things he loved and to love the things he hated--the marvelous
+transformation that takes place in the man who, before the change, would
+have sacrificed a world for his own advancement but who, after the
+change, would give his life for a principle and esteem it a privilege to
+make sacrifice for his convictions! What greater miracle than this, that
+converts a selfish, self-centered human being into a center from which
+good influences flow out in every direction! And yet this miracle has
+been wrought in the heart of each one of us--or may be wrought--and we
+have seen it wrought in the hearts and lives of those about us. No,
+living a life that is a mystery, and living in the midst of mystery and
+miracles, I shall not allow either to deprive me of the benefits of the
+Christian religion. If you ask me if I understand everything in the
+Bible, I answer, no, but if we will try to live up to what we do
+understand, we will be kept so busy doing good that we will not have
+time to worry about the passages which we do not understand.
+
+Some of those who question the miracle also question the theory of
+atonement; they assert that it does not accord with their idea of
+justice for one to die for all. Let each one bear his own sins and the
+punishments due for them, they say. The doctrine of vicarious suffering
+is not a new one; it is as old as the race. That one should suffer for
+others is one of the most familiar of principles and we see the
+principle illustrated every day of our lives. Take the family, for
+instance; from the day the mother's first child is born, for twenty or
+thirty years her children are scarcely out of her waking thoughts. Her
+life trembles in the balance at each child's birth; she sacrifices for
+them, she surrenders herself to them. Is it because she expects them to
+pay her back? Fortunate for the parent and fortunate for the child if
+the latter has an opportunity to repay in part the debt it owes. But no
+child can compensate a parent for a parent's care. In the course of
+nature the debt is paid, not to the parent, but to the next generation,
+and the next--each generation suffering, sacrificing for and
+surrendering itself to the generation that follows. This is the law of
+our lives.
+
+Nor is this confined to the family. Every step in civilization has been
+made possible by those who have been willing to sacrifice for posterity.
+Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of conscience and free
+government have all been won for the world by those who were willing to
+labor unselfishly for their fellows. So well established is this
+doctrine that we do not regard anyone as great unless he recognizes how
+unimportant his life is in comparison with the problems with which he
+deals.
+
+I find proof that man was made in the image of his Creator in the fact
+that, throughout the centuries, man has been willing to die, if
+necessary, that blessings denied to him might be enjoyed by his
+children, his children's children and the world.
+
+The seeming paradox: "He that saveth his life shall lose it and he that
+loseth his life for my sake shall find it," has an application wider
+than that usually given to it; it is an epitome of history. Those who
+live only for themselves live little lives, but those who stand ready to
+give themselves for the advancement of things greater than themselves
+find a larger life than the one they would have surrendered. Wendell
+Phillips gave expression to the same idea when he said, "What imprudent
+men the benefactors of the race have been. How prudently most men sink
+into nameless graves, while now and then a few _forget_ themselves into
+immortality." We win immortality, not by remembering ourselves, but by
+forgetting ourselves in devotion to things larger than ourselves.
+
+Instead of being an unnatural plan, the plan of salvation is in perfect
+harmony with human nature as we understand it. Sacrifice is the language
+of love, and Christ, in suffering for the world, adopted the only means
+of reaching the heart. This can be demonstrated not only by theory but
+by experience, for the story of His life, His teachings, His sufferings
+and His death has been translated into every language and everywhere it
+has touched the heart.
+
+But if I were going to present an argument in favor of the divinity of
+Christ, I would not begin with miracles or mystery or with the theory of
+atonement. I would begin as Carnegie Simpson does in his book entitled,
+"The Fact of Christ." Commencing with the undisputed fact that Christ
+lived, he points out that one cannot contemplate this fact without
+feeling that in some way it is related to those now living. He says that
+one can read of Alexander, of Caesar or of Napoleon, and not feel that it
+is a matter of personal concern; but that when one reads that Christ
+lived, and how He lived and how He died, he feels that somehow there is
+a cord that stretches from that life to his. As he studies the character
+of Christ he becomes conscious of certain virtues which stand out in
+bold relief--His purity, His forgiving spirit, and His unfathomable
+love. The author is correct, Christ presents an example of purity in
+thought and life, and man, conscious of his own imperfections and
+grieved over his shortcomings, finds inspiration in the fact that He
+was tempted in all points like as we are, and yet without sin. I am not
+sure but that each can find just here a way of determining for himself
+whether he possesses the true spirit of a Christian. If the sinlessness
+of Christ inspires within him an earnest desire to conform his life more
+nearly to the perfect example, he is indeed a follower; if, on the other
+hand, he resents the reproof which the purity of Christ offers, and
+refuses to mend his ways, he has yet to be born again.
+
+The most difficult of all the virtues to cultivate is the forgiving
+spirit. Revenge seems to be natural with man; it is human to want to get
+even with an enemy. It has even been popular to boast of vindictiveness;
+it was once inscribed on a man's monument that he had repaid both
+friends and enemies more than he had received. This was not the spirit
+of Christ. He taught forgiveness and in that incomparable prayer which
+He left as model for our petitions, He made our willingness to forgive
+the measure by which we may claim forgiveness. He not only taught
+forgiveness but He exemplified His teachings in His life. When those who
+persecuted Him brought Him to the most disgraceful of all deaths, His
+spirit of forgiveness rose above His sufferings and He prayed, "Father,
+forgive them, for they know not what they do!"
+
+But love is the foundation of Christ's creed. The world had known love
+before; parents had loved their children, and children their parents;
+husbands had loved their wives, and wives their husbands; and friend had
+loved friend; but Jesus gave a new definition of love. His love was as
+wide as the sea; its limits were so far-flung that even an enemy could
+not travel beyond its bounds. Other teachers sought to regulate the
+lives of their followers by rule and formula, but Christ's plan was to
+purify the heart and then to leave love to direct the footsteps.
+
+What conclusion is to be drawn from the life, the teachings and the
+death of this historic figure? Reared in a carpenter shop; with no
+knowledge of literature, save Bible literature; with no acquaintance
+with philosophers living or with the writings of sages dead, when only
+about thirty years old He gathered disciples about Him, promulgated a
+higher code of morals than the world had ever known before, and
+proclaimed Himself the Messiah. He taught and performed miracles for a
+few brief months and then was crucified; His disciples were scattered
+and many of them put to death; His claims were disputed, His
+resurrection denied and His followers persecuted; and yet from this
+beginning His religion spread until hundreds of millions have taken His
+name with reverence upon their lips and millions have been willing to
+die rather than surrender the faith which He put into their hearts. How
+shall we account for Him? Here is the greatest fact of history; here is
+One who has with increasing power, for nineteen hundred years, moulded
+the hearts, the thoughts and the lives of men, and He exerts more
+influence to-day than ever before. "What think ye of Christ?" It is
+easier to believe Him divine than to explain in any other way what he
+said and did and was. And I have greater faith, even than before, since
+I have visited the Orient and witnessed the successful contest which
+Christianity is waging against the religions and philosophies of the
+East.
+
+I was thinking a few years ago of the Christmas which was then
+approaching and of Him in whose honor the day is celebrated. I recalled
+the message, "Peace on earth, good will to men," and then my thoughts
+ran back to the prophecy uttered centuries before His birth, in which He
+was described as the Prince of Peace. To reinforce my memory I re-read
+the prophecy and I found immediately following a verse which I had
+forgotten--a verse which declares that of the increase of His peace and
+government there shall be no end, And, Isaiah adds, that He shall judge
+His people with justice and with judgment. I had been reading of the
+rise and fall of nations, and occasionally I had met a gloomy
+philosopher who preached the doctrine that nations, like individuals,
+must of necessity have their birth, their infancy, their maturity and
+finally their decay and death. But here I read of a government that is
+to be perpetual--a government of increasing peace and blessedness--the
+government of the Prince of Peace--and it is to rest on justice. I have
+thought of this prophecy many times during the last few years, and I
+have selected this theme that I might present some of the reasons which
+lead me to believe that Christ has fully earned the right to be called
+The Prince of Peace--a title that will in the years to come be more and
+more applied to Him. If he can bring peace to each individual heart, and
+if His creed when applied will bring peace throughout the earth, who
+will deny His right to be called the Prince of Peace?
+
+All the world is in search of peace; every heart that ever beat has
+sought for peace, and many have been the methods employed to secure it.
+Some have thought to purchase it with riches and have labored to secure
+wealth, hoping to find peace when they were able to go where they
+pleased and buy what they liked. Of those who have endeavored to
+purchase peace with money, the large majority have failed to secure the
+money. But what has been the experience of those who have been eminently
+successful in finance? They all tell the same story, viz., that they
+spent the first half of their lives trying to get money from others and
+the last half trying to keep others from getting their money, and that
+they found peace in neither half. Some have even reached the point where
+they find difficulty in getting people to accept their money; and I know
+of no better indication of the ethical awakening in this country than
+the increasing tendency to scrutinize the methods of money-making. I am
+sanguine enough to believe that the time will yet come when
+respectability will no longer be sold to great criminals by helping them
+to spend their ill-gotten gains. A long step in advance will have been
+taken when religious, educational and charitable institutions refuse to
+condone conscienceless methods in business and leave the possessor of
+illegitimate accumulations to learn how lonely life is when one prefers
+money to morals.
+
+Some have sought peace in social distinction, but whether they have been
+within the charmed circle and fearful lest they might fall out, or
+outside, and hopeful that they might get in, they have not found peace.
+Some have thought, vain thought, to find peace in political prominence;
+but whether office comes by birth, as in monarchies, or by election, as
+in republics, it does not bring peace. An office is not considered a
+high one if all can occupy it. Only when few in a generation can hope to
+enjoy an honor do we call it a great honor. I am glad that our Heavenly
+Father did not make the peace of the human heart to depend upon our
+ability to buy it with money, secure it in society, or win it at the
+polls, for in either case but few could have obtained it, but when He
+made peace the reward of a conscience void of offense toward God and
+man, He put it within the reach of all. The poor can secure it as easily
+as the rich, the social outcasts as freely as the leader of society, and
+the humblest citizen equally with those who wield political power.
+
+To those who have grown gray in the Church, I need not speak of the
+peace to be found in faith in God and trust in an overruling Providence.
+Christ taught that our lives are precious in the sight of God, and poets
+have taken up the thought and woven it into immortal verse. No
+uninspired writer has exprest it more beautifully than William Cullen
+Bryant in his Ode to a Waterfowl. After following the wanderings of the
+bird of passage as it seeks first its southern and then its northern
+home, he concludes:
+
+    Thou art gone; the abyss of heaven
+        Hath swallowed up thy form, but on my heart
+    Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,
+        And shall not soon depart.
+
+    He who, from zone to zone,
+        Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,
+    In the long way that I must tread alone,
+        Will lead my steps aright.
+
+Christ promoted peace by giving us assurance that a line of
+communication can be established between the Father above and the child
+below. And who will measure the consolations of the hour of prayer?
+
+And immortality! Who will estimate the peace which a belief in a future
+life has brought to the sorrowing hearts of the sons of men? You may
+talk to the young about death ending all, for life is full and hope is
+strong, but preach not this doctrine to the mother who stands by the
+death-bed of her babe or to one who is within the shadow of a great
+affliction. When I was a young man I wrote to Colonel Ingersoll and
+asked him for his views on God and immortality. His secretary answered
+that the great infidel was not at home, but enclosed a copy of a speech
+of Col. Ingersoll's which covered my question. I scanned it with
+eagerness and found that he had exprest himself about as follows: "I do
+not say that there is no God, I simply say I do not know. I do not say
+that there is no life beyond the grave, I simply say I do not know." And
+from that day to this I have asked myself the question and have been
+unable to answer it to my own satisfaction, how could anyone find
+pleasure in taking from a human heart a living faith and substituting
+therefor the cold and cheerless doctrine, "I do not know."
+
+Christ gave us proof of immortality and it was a welcome assurance,
+altho it would hardly seem necessary that one should rise from the dead
+to convince us that the grave is not the end. To every created thing God
+has given a tongue that proclaims a future life.
+
+If the Father deigns to touch with divine power the cold and pulseless
+heart of the buried acorn and to make it burst forth from its prison
+walls, will he leave neglected in the earth the soul of man, made in the
+image of his Creator? If he stoops to give to the rose bush, whose
+withered blossoms float upon the autumn breeze, the sweet assurance of
+another springtime, will He refuse the words of hope to the sons of men
+when the frosts of winter come? If matter, mute and inanimate, tho
+changed by the forces of nature into a multitude of forms, can never
+die, will the imperial spirit of man suffer annihilation when it has
+paid a brief visit like a royal guest to this tenement of clay? No, I am
+sure that He who, notwithstanding his apparent prodigality, created
+nothing without a purpose, and wasted not a single atom in all his
+creation, has made provision for a future life in which man's universal
+longing for immortality will find its realization. I am as sure that we
+live again as I am sure that we live to-day.
+
+In Cairo I secured a few grains of wheat that had slumbered for more
+than thirty centuries in an Egyptian tomb. As I looked at them this
+thought came into my mind: If one of those grains had been planted on
+the banks of the Nile the year after it grew, and all its lineal
+descendants had been planted and replanted from that time until now, its
+progeny would to-day be sufficiently numerous to feed the teeming
+millions of the world. An unbroken chain of life connects the earliest
+grains of wheat with the grains that we sow and reap. There is in the
+grain of wheat an invisible something which has power to discard the
+body that we see, and from earth and air fashion a new body so much like
+the old one that we cannot tell the one from the other. If this
+invisible germ of life in the grain of wheat can thus pass unimpaired
+through three thousand resurrections, I shall not doubt that my soul has
+power to clothe itself with a body suited to its new existence when this
+earthly frame has crumbled into dust.
+
+A belief in immortality not only consoles the individual, but it exerts
+a powerful influence in bringing peace between individuals. If one
+actually thinks that man dies as the brute dies, he will yield more
+easily to the temptation to do injustice to his neighbor when the
+circumstances are such as to promise security from detection. But if one
+really expects to meet again, and live eternally with, those whom he
+knows to-day, he is restrained from evil deeds by the fear of endless
+remorse. We do not know what rewards are in store for us or what
+punishments may be reserved, but if there were no other it would be some
+punishment for one who deliberately and consciously wrongs another to
+have to live forever in the company of the person wronged and have his
+littleness and selfishness laid bare. I repeat, a belief in immortality
+must exert a powerful influence in establishing justice between men and
+thus laying the foundation for peace.
+
+Again, Christ deserves to be called The Prince of Peace because He has
+given us a measure of greatness which promotes peace. When His disciples
+quarreled among themselves as to which should be greatest in the Kingdom
+of Heaven, He rebuked them and said: "Let him who would be chiefest
+among you be the servant of all." Service is the measure of greatness;
+it always has been true; it is true to-day, and it always will be true,
+that he is greatest who does the most of good. And how this old world
+will be transformed when this standard of greatness becomes the
+standard of every life! Nearly all of our controversies and combats grow
+out of the fact that we are trying to get something from each
+other--there will be peace when our aim is to do something for each
+other. Our enmities and animosities arise largely from our efforts to
+get as much as possible out of the world--there will be peace when our
+endeavor is to put as much as possible into the world. The human measure
+of a human life is its income; the divine measure of a life is its
+outgo, its overflow--its contribution to the welfare of all.
+
+Christ also led the way to peace by giving us a formula for the
+propagation of truth. Not all of those who have really desired to do
+good have employed the Christian method--not all Christians even. In the
+history of the human race but two methods have been used. The first is
+the forcible method, and it has been employed most frequently. A man has
+an idea which he thinks is good; he tells his neighbors about it and
+they do not like it. This makes him angry; he thinks it would be so
+much better for them if they would like it, and, seizing a club, he
+attempts to make them like it. But one trouble about this rule is that
+it works both ways; when a man starts out to compel his neighbors to
+think as he does, he generally finds them willing to accept the
+challenge and they spend so much time in trying to coerce each other
+that they have no time left to do each other good.
+
+The other is the Bible plan--"Be not overcome of evil but overcome evil
+with good." And there is no other way of overcoming evil. I am not much
+of a farmer--I get more credit for my farming than I deserve, and my
+little farm receives more advertising than it is entitled to. But I am
+farmer enough to know that if I cut down weeds they will spring up
+again; and farmer enough to know that if I plant something there which
+has more vitality than the weeds I shall not only get rid of the
+constant cutting, but have the benefit of the crop besides.
+
+In order that there might be no mistake in His plan of propagating the
+truth, Christ went into detail and laid emphasis upon the value of
+example--"So live that others seeing your good works may be constrained
+to glorify your Father which is in Heaven." There is no human influence
+so potent for good as that which goes out from an upright life. A sermon
+may be answered; the arguments presented in a speech may be disputed,
+but no one can answer a Christian life--it is the unanswerable argument
+in favor of our religion.
+
+It may be a slow process--this conversion of the world by the silent
+influence of a noble example--but it is the only sure one, and the
+doctrine applies to nations as well as to individuals. The Gospel of the
+Prince of Peace gives us the only hope that the world has--and it is an
+increasing hope--of the substitution of reason for the arbitrament of
+force in the settlement of international disputes. And our nation ought
+not to wait for other nations--it ought to take the lead and prove its
+faith in the omnipotence of truth.
+
+But Christ has given us a platform so fundamental that it can be applied
+successfully to all controversies. We are interested in platforms; we
+attend conventions, sometimes traveling long distances; we have wordy
+wars over the phraseology of various planks, and then we wage earnest
+campaigns to secure the endorsement of these platforms at the polls. The
+platform given to the world by The Prince of Peace is more far-reaching
+and more comprehensive than any platform ever written by the convention
+of any party in any country. When He condensed into one commandment
+those of the ten which relate to man's duty toward his fellows and
+enjoined upon us the rule, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself," He
+presented a plan for the solution of all the problems that now vex
+society or may hereafter arise. Other remedies may palliate or postpone
+the day of settlement, but this is all-sufficient and the
+reconciliation which it effects is a permanent one.
+
+My faith in the future--and I have faith--and my optimism--for I am an
+optimist--my faith and my optimism rest upon the belief that Christ's
+teachings are being more studied to-day than ever before, and that with
+this larger study will come a larger application of those teachings to
+the everyday life of the world, and to the questions with which we deal.
+In former times when men read that Christ came "to bring life and
+immortality to light," they placed the emphasis upon immortality; now
+they are studying Christ's relation to human life. People used to read
+the Bible to find out what it said of Heaven; now they read it more to
+find what light it throws upon the pathway of to-day. In former years
+many thought to prepare themselves for future bliss by a life of
+seclusion here; we are learning that to follow in the footsteps of the
+Master we must go about doing good. Christ declared that He came that we
+might have life and have it more abundantly. The world is learning that
+Christ came not to narrow life, but to enlarge it--not to rob it of its
+joy, but to fill it to overflowing with purpose, earnestness and
+happiness.
+
+But this Prince of Peace promises not only peace but strength. Some have
+thought His teachings fit only for the weak and the timid and unsuited
+to men of vigor, energy and ambition. Nothing could be farther from the
+truth. Only the man of faith can be courageous. Confident that he fights
+on the side of Jehovah, he doubts not the success of his cause. What
+matters it whether he shares in the shouts of triumph? If every word
+spoken in behalf of truth has its influence and every deed done for the
+right weighs in the final account, it is immaterial to the Christian
+whether his eyes behold victory or whether he dies in the midst of the
+conflict.
+
+    "Yea, tho thou lie upon the dust,
+        When they who helped thee flee in fear,
+    Die full of hope and manly trust,
+        Like those who fell in battle here.
+
+    Another hand thy sword shall wield,
+        Another hand the standard wave,
+    Till from the trumpet's mouth is pealed,
+        The blast of triumph o'er thy grave."
+
+Only those who _believe_ attempt the seemingly impossible, and, by
+attempting, prove that one, with God, can chase a thousand and that two
+can put ten thousand to flight. I can imagine that the early Christians
+who were carried into the coliseum to make a spectacle for those more
+savage than the beasts, were entreated by their doubting companions not
+to endanger their lives. But, kneeling in the center of the arena, they
+prayed and sang until they were devoured. How helpless they seemed, and,
+measured by every human rule, how hopeless was their cause! And yet
+within a few decades the power which they invoked proved mightier than
+the legions of the emperor and the faith in which they died was
+triumphant o'er all the land. It is said that those who went to mock at
+their sufferings returned asking themselves, "What is it that can enter
+into the heart of man and make him die as these die?" They were greater
+conquerors in their death than they could have been had they purchased
+life by a surrender of their faith.
+
+What would have been the fate of the church if the early Christians had
+had as little faith as many of our Christians of to-day? And if the
+Christians of to-day had the faith of the martyrs, how long would it be
+before the fulfilment of the prophecy that "every knee shall bow and
+every tongue confess?"
+
+I am glad that He, who is called the Prince of Peace--who can bring
+peace to every troubled heart and whose teachings, exemplified in life,
+will bring peace between man and man, between community and community,
+between State and State, between nation and nation throughout the
+world--I am glad that He brings courage as well as peace so that those
+who follow Him may take up and each day bravely do the duties that to
+that day fall.
+
+As the Christian grows older he appreciates more and more the
+completeness with which Christ satisfies the longings of the heart, and,
+grateful for the peace which he enjoys and for the strength which he has
+received, he repeats the words of the great scholar, Sir William Jones:
+
+    "Before thy mystic altar, heavenly truth,
+        I kneel in manhood, as I knelt in youth,
+    Thus let me kneel, till this dull form decay,
+        And life's last shade be brightened by thy ray."
+
+
+_RUFUS CHOATE_
+
+EULOGY OF WEBSTER
+
+Delivered at Dartmouth College, July 27, 1853.
+
+Webster possessed the element of an impressive character, inspiring
+regard, trust and admiration, not unmingled with love. It had, I think,
+intrinsically a charm such as belongs only to a good, noble, and
+beautiful nature. In its combination with so much fame, so much force of
+will, and so much intellect, it filled and fascinated the imagination
+and heart. It was affectionate in childhood and youth, and it was more
+than ever so in the few last months of his long life. It is the
+universal testimony that he gave to his parents, in largest measure,
+honor, love, obedience; that he eagerly appropriated the first means
+which he could command to relieve the father from the debts contracted
+to educate his brother and himself; that he selected his first place of
+professional practice that he might soothe the coming on of his old age.
+
+Equally beautiful was his love of all his kindred and of all his
+friends. When I hear him accused of selfishness, and a cold, bad nature,
+I recall him lying sleepless all night, not without tears of boyhood,
+conferring with Ezekiel how the darling desire of both hearts should be
+compassed, and he, too, admitted to the precious privileges of
+education; courageously pleading the cause of both brothers in the
+morning; prevailing by the wise and discerning affection of the mother;
+suspending his studies of the law, and registering deeds and teaching
+school to earn the means, for both, of availing themselves of the
+opportunity which the parental self-sacrifice had placed within their
+reach; loving him through life, mourning him when dead, with a love and
+a sorrow very wonderful, passing the sorrow of woman; I recall the
+husband, the father of the living and of the early departed, the friend,
+the counselor of many years, and my heart grows too full and liquid for
+the refutation of words.
+
+His affectionate nature, craving ever friendship, as well as the
+presence of kindred blood, diffused itself through all his private life,
+gave sincerity to all his hospitalities, kindness to his eye, warmth to
+the pressure of his hand, made his greatness and genius unbend
+themselves to the playfulness of childhood, flowed out in graceful
+memories indulged of the past or the dead, of incidents when life was
+young and promised to be happy,--gave generous sketches of his
+rivals,--the high contention now hidden by the handful of earth,--hours
+passed fifty years ago with great authors, recalled for the vernal
+emotions which then they made to live and revel in the soul. And from
+these conversations of friendship, no man--no man, old or young--went
+away to remember one word of profaneness, one allusion of indelicacy,
+one impure thought, one unbelieving suggestion, one doubt cast on the
+reality of virtue, of patriotism, of enthusiasm, of the progress of
+man,--one doubt cast on righteousness, or temperance, or judgment to
+come.
+
+I have learned by evidence the most direct and satisfactory that in the
+last months of his life, the whole affectionateness of his nature--his
+consideration of others, his gentleness, his desire to make them happy
+and to see them happy--seemed to come out in more and more beautiful and
+habitual expressions than ever before. The long day's public tasks were
+felt to be done; the cares, the uncertainties, the mental conflicts of
+high place, were ended; and he came home to recover himself for the few
+years which he might still expect would be his before he should go hence
+to be here no more. And there, I am assured and duly believe, no
+unbecoming regrets pursued him; no discontent, as for injustice suffered
+or expectations unfulfilled; no self-reproach for anything done or
+anything omitted by himself; no irritation, no peevishness unworthy of
+his noble nature; but instead, love and hope for his country, when she
+became the subject of conversation, and for all around him, the dearest
+and most indifferent, for all breathing things about him, the overflow
+of the kindest heart growing in gentleness and benevolence--paternal,
+patriarchal affections, seeming to become more natural, warm, and
+communicative every hour. Softer and yet brighter grew the tints on the
+sky of parting day; and the last lingering rays, more even than the
+glories of noon, announced how divine was the source from which they
+proceeded; how incapable to be quenched; how certain to rise on a
+morning which no night should follow.
+
+Such a character was made to be loved. It was loved. Those who knew and
+saw it in its hour of calm--those who could repose on that soft
+green--loved him. His plain neighbors loved him; and one said, when he
+was laid in his grave, "How lonesome the world seems!" Educated young
+men loved him. The ministers of the gospel, the general intelligence of
+the country, the masses afar oft, loved him. True, they had not found in
+his speeches, read by millions, so much adulation of the people; so much
+of the music which robs the public reason of itself; so many phrases of
+humanity and philanthropy; and some had told them he was lofty and
+cold--solitary in his greatness; but every year they came nearer and
+nearer to him, and as they came nearer, they loved him better; they
+heard how tender the son had been, the husband, the brother, the father,
+the friend, and neighbor; that he was plain, simple, natural, generous,
+hospitable--the heart larger than the brain; that he loved little
+children and reverenced God, the Scriptures, the Sabbath-day, the
+Constitution, and the law--and their hearts clave unto him. More truly
+of him than even of the great naval darling of England might it be said
+that "his presence would set the church bells ringing, and give
+schoolboys a holiday, would bring children from school and old men from
+the chimney-corner, to gaze on him ere he died." The great and
+unavailing lamentations first revealed the deep place he had in the
+hearts of his countrymen.
+
+You are now to add to this his extraordinary power of influencing the
+convictions of others by speech, and you have completed the survey of
+the means of his greatness. And here, again I begin by admiring an
+aggregate made up of excellences and triumphs, ordinarily deemed
+incompatible. He spoke with consummate ability to the bench, and yet
+exactly as, according to every sound canon of taste and ethics, the
+bench ought to be addressed. He spoke with consummate ability to the
+jury, and yet exactly as, according to every sound canon, that totally
+different tribunal ought to be addressed. In the halls of Congress,
+before the people assembled for political discussion in masses, before
+audiences smaller and more select, assembled for some solemn
+commemoration of the past or of the dead--in each of these, again, his
+speech, of the first form of ability, was exactly adapted, also, to the
+critical properties of the place; each achieved, when delivered, the
+most instant and specific success of eloquence--some of them in a
+splendid and remarkable degree; and yet, stranger still, when reduced to
+writing, as they fell from his lips, they compose a body of reading in
+many volumes--solid, clear, rich, and full of harmony--a classical and
+permanent political literature.
+
+And yet all these modes of his eloquence, exactly adapted each to its
+stage and its end, were stamped with his image and superscription,
+identified by characteristics incapable to be counterfeited and
+impossible to be mistaken. The same high power of reason, intent in
+every one to explore and display some truth; some truth of judicial, or
+historical, or biographical fact; some truth of law, deduced by
+construction, perhaps, or by illation; some truth of policy, for want
+whereof a nation, generations, may be the worse--reason seeking and
+unfolding truth; the same tone, in all, of deep earnestness, expressive
+of strong desire that what he felt to be important should be accepted as
+true, and spring up to action; the same transparent, plain, forcible,
+and direct speech, conveying his exact thought to the mind--not
+something less or more; the same sovereignty of form, of brow, and eye,
+and tone, and manner--everywhere the intellectual king of men, standing
+before you--that same marvelousness of qualities and results, residing,
+I know not where, in words, in pictures, in the ordering of ideas,
+infelicities indescribable, by means whereof, coming from his tongue,
+all things seemed mended--truth seemed more true, probability more
+plausible, greatness more grand, goodness more awful, every affection
+more tender than when coming from other tongues--these are, in all, his
+eloquence.
+
+But sometimes it became individualized and discriminated even from
+itself; sometimes place and circumstances, great interests at stake, a
+stage, an audience fitted for the highest historic action, a crisis,
+personal or national, upon him, stirred the depths of that emotional
+nature, as the anger of the goddess stirs the sea on which the great
+epic is beginning; strong passions themselves kindled to intensity,
+quickened every faculty to a new life; the stimulated associations of
+ideas brought all treasures of thought and knowledge within command; the
+spell, which often held his imagination fast, dissolved, and she arose
+and gave him to choose of her urn of gold; earnestness became vehemence,
+the simple, perspicuous, measured and direct language became a headlong,
+full, and burning tide of speech; the discourse of reason, wisdom,
+gravity, and beauty changed to that superhuman, that rarest consummate
+eloquence--grand, rapid, pathetic, terrible; the _aliquid immensum
+infinitumque_ that Cicero might have recognized; the master triumph of
+man in the rarest opportunity of his noble power.
+
+Such elevation above himself, in congressional debate, was most
+uncommon. Some such there were in the great discussions of executive
+power following the removal of the deposits, which they who heard them
+will never forget, and some which rest in the tradition of hearers only.
+But there were other fields of oratory on which, under the influence of
+more uncommon springs of inspiration, he exemplified, in still other
+forms, an eloquence in which I do not know that he has had a superior
+among men. Addressing masses by tens of thousands in the open air, on
+the urgent political questions of the day, or designed to lead the
+meditations of an hour devoted to the remembrance of some national era,
+or of some incident marking the progress of the nation, and lifting him
+up to a view of what is, and what is past, and some indistinct
+revelation of the glory that lies in the future, or of some great
+historical name, just borne by the nation to his tomb--we have learned
+that then and there, at the base of Bunker Hill, before the corner-stone
+was laid, and again when from the finished column the centuries looked
+on him; in Faneuil Hall, mourning for those with whose spoken or written
+eloquence of freedom its arches had so often resounded; on the Rock of
+Plymouth; before the Capitol, of which there shall not be one stone left
+on another before his memory shall have ceased to live--in such scenes,
+unfettered by the laws of forensic or parliamentary debate, multitudes
+uncounted lifting up their eyes to him; some great historical scenes of
+America around; all symbols of her glory and art and power and fortune
+there; voices of the past, not unheard; shapes beckoning from the
+future, not unseen--sometimes that mighty intellect, borne upward to a
+height and kindled to an illumination which we shall see no more,
+wrought out, as it were, in an instant a picture of vision, warning,
+prediction; the progress of the nation; the contrasts of its eras; the
+heroic deaths; the motives to patriotism; the maxims and arts imperial
+by which the glory has been gathered and may be heightened--wrought out,
+in an instant, a picture to fade only when all record of our mind shall
+die.
+
+In looking over the public remains of his oratory, it is striking to
+remark how, even in that most sober and massive understanding and
+nature, you see gathered and expressed the characteristic sentiments and
+the passing time of our America. It is the strong old oak which ascends
+before you; yet our soil, our heaven, are attested in it as perfectly as
+if it were a flower that could grow in no other climate and in no other
+hour of the year or day. Let me instance in one thing only. It is a
+peculiarity of some schools of eloquence that they embody and utter,
+not merely the individual genius and character of the speaker, but a
+national consciousness--a national era, a mood, a hope, a dread, a
+despair--in which you listen to the spoken history of the time. There is
+an eloquence of an expiring nation, such as seems to sadden the glorious
+speech of Demosthenes; such as breathes grand and gloomy from visions of
+the prophets of the last days of Israel and Judah; such as gave a spell
+to the expression of Grattan and of Kossuth--the sweetest, most
+mournful, most awful of the words which man may utter, or which man may
+hear--the eloquence of a perishing nation.
+
+There is another eloquence, in which the national consciousness of a
+young or renewed and vast strength, of trust in a dazzling certain and
+limitless future, an inward glorying in victories yet to be won, sounds
+out as by voice of clarion, challenging to contest for the highest prize
+of earth; such as that in which the leader of Israel in its first days
+holds up to the new nation the Land of Promise; such as that which in
+the well-imagined speeches scattered by Livy over the history of the
+"majestic series of victories" speaks the Roman consciousness of growing
+aggrandizement which should subject the world; such as that through
+which, at the tribunes of her revolution, in the bulletins of her rising
+soldiers, France told to the world her dream of glory.
+
+And of this kind somewhat is ours--cheerful, hopeful, trusting, as
+befits youth and spring; the eloquence of a state beginning to ascend to
+the first class of power, eminence, and consideration, and conscious of
+itself. It is to no purpose that they tell you it is in bad taste; that
+it partakes of arrogance and vanity; that a true national good breeding
+would not know, or seem to know, whether the nation is old or young;
+whether the tides of being are in their flow or ebb; whether these
+coursers of the sun are sinking slowly to rest, wearied with a journey
+of a thousand years, or just bounding from the Orient unbreathed. Higher
+laws than those of taste determine the consciousness of nations. Higher
+laws than those of taste determine the general forms of the expression
+of that consciousness. Let the downward age of America find its orators
+and poets and artists to erect its spirit, or grace and soothe its
+dying; be it ours to go up with Webster to the Rock, the Monument, the
+Capitol, and bid "the distant generations hail!"
+
+Until the seventh day of March, 1850, I think it would have been
+accorded to him by an almost universal acclaim, as general and as
+expressive of profound and intelligent conviction and of enthusiasm,
+love, and trust, as ever saluted conspicuous statesmanship, tried by
+many crises of affairs in a great nation, agitated ever by parties, and
+wholly free.
+
+
+_ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE_
+
+PASS PROSPERITY AROUND
+
+Delivered as Temporary Chairman of Progressive National Convention,
+Chicago, Ill., June, 1911.
+
+We stand for a nobler America. We stand for an undivided Nation. We
+stand for a broader liberty, a fuller justice. We stand for a social
+brotherhood as against savage individualism. We stand for an intelligent
+cooeperation instead of a reckless competition. We stand for mutual
+helpfulness instead of mutual hatred. We stand for equal rights as a
+fact of life instead of a catch-word of politics. We stand for the rule
+of the people as a practical truth instead of a meaningless pretense. We
+stand for a representative government that represents the people. We
+battle for the actual rights of man.
+
+To carry out our principles we have a plain program of constructive
+reform. We mean to tear down only that which is wrong and out of date;
+and where we tear down we mean to build what is right and fitted to the
+times. We harken to the call of the present. We mean to make laws fit
+conditions as they are and meet the needs of the people who are on earth
+to-day. That we may do this we found a party through which all who
+believe with us can work with us; or, rather, we declare our allegiance
+to the party which the people themselves have founded.
+
+For this party comes from the grass roots. It has grown from the soil of
+the people's hard necessities. It has the vitality of the people's
+strong convictions. The people have work to be done and our party is
+here to do that work. Abuse will only strengthen it, ridicule only
+hasten its growth, falsehood only speed its victory. For years this
+party has been forming. Parties exist for the people; not the people for
+parties. Yet for years the politicians have made the people do the work
+of the parties instead of the parties doing the work of the people--and
+the politicians own the parties. The people vote for one party and find
+their hopes turned to ashes on their lips; and then to punish that
+party, they vote for the other party. So it is that partisan victories
+have come to be merely the people's vengeance; and always the secret
+powers have played their game.
+
+Like other free people, most of us Americans are progressive or
+reactionary, liberal or conservative. The neutrals do not count. Yet
+to-day neither of the old parties is either wholly progressive or wholly
+reactionary. Democratic politicians and office seekers say to
+reactionary Democratic voters that the Democratic party is reactionary
+enough to express reactionary views; and they say to progressive
+Democrats that the Democratic party is progressive enough _to_ express
+progressive views. At the same time, Republican politicians and office
+seekers say the same thing about the Republican party to progressive and
+reactionary Republican voters.
+
+Sometimes in both Democratic and Republican States the progressives get
+control of the party locally and then the reactionaries recapture the
+same party in the same State; or this process is reversed. So there is
+no nation-wide unity of principle in either party, no stability of
+purpose, no clear-cut and sincere program of one party at frank and open
+war with an equally clear-cut and sincere program of an opposing party.
+
+This unintelligent tangle is seen in Congress. Republican and Democratic
+Senators and Representatives, believing alike on broad measures
+affecting the whole Republic, find it hard to vote together because of
+the nominal difference of their party membership. When, sometimes, under
+resistless conviction, they do vote together, we have this foolish
+spectacle: legislators calling themselves Republicans and Democrats
+support the same policy, the Democratic legislators declaring that that
+policy is Democratic and Republican legislators declaring that it is
+Republican; and at the very same time other Democratic and Republican
+legislators oppose that very same policy, each of them declaring that it
+is not Democratic or not Republican.
+
+The condition makes it impossible most of the time, and hard at any
+time, for the people's legislators who believe in the same broad
+policies to enact them into logical, comprehensive laws. It confuses the
+public mind. It breeds suspicion and distrust. It enables such special
+interests as seek unjust gain at the public expense to get what they
+want. It creates and fosters the degrading boss system in American
+politics through which these special interests work.
+
+This boss system is unknown and impossible under any other free
+government in the world. In its very nature it is hostile to general
+welfare. Yet it has grown until it now is a controlling influence in
+American public affairs. At the present moment notorious bosses are in
+the saddle of both old parties in various important States which must be
+carried to elect a President. This Black Horse Cavalry is the most
+important force in the practical work of the Democratic and Republican
+parties in the present campaign. Neither of the old parties' nominees
+for President can escape obligation to these old-party bosses or shake
+their practical hold on many and powerful members of the National
+Legislature.
+
+Under this boss system, no matter which party wins, the people seldom
+win; but the bosses almost always win. And they never work for the
+people. They do not even work for the party to which they belong. They
+work only for those anti-public interests whose political employees they
+are. It is these interests that are the real victors in the end.
+
+These special interests which suck the people's substance are
+bi-partisan. They use both parties. They are the invisible government
+behind our visible government. Democratic and Republican bosses alike
+are brother officers of this hidden power. No matter how fiercely they
+pretend to fight one another before election, they work together after
+election. And, acting so, this political conspiracy is able to delay,
+mutilate or defeat sound and needed laws for the people's welfare and
+the prosperity of honest business and even to enact bad laws, hurtful to
+the people's welfare and oppressive to honest business.
+
+It is this invisible government which is the real danger to American
+institutions. Its crude work at Chicago in June, which the people were
+able to see, was no more wicked than its skillful work everywhere and
+always which the people are not able to see.
+
+But an even more serious condition results from the unnatural alignment
+of the old parties. To-day we Americans are politically shattered by
+sectionalism. Through the two old parties the tragedy of our history is
+continued; and one great geographical part of the Republic is separated
+from other parts of the Republic by an illogical partisan solidarity.
+
+The South has men and women as genuinely progressive and others as
+genuinely reactionary as those in other parts of our country. Yet, for
+well-known reasons, these sincere and honest southern progressives and
+reactionaries vote together in a single party, which is neither
+progressive nor reactionary. They vote a dead tradition and a local
+fear, not a living conviction and a national faith. They vote not for
+the Democratic party, but against the Republican party. They want to be
+free from this condition; they can be free from it through the National
+Progressive party.
+
+For the problems which America faces to-day are economic and national.
+They have to do with a more just distribution of prosperity. They
+concern the living of the people; and therefore the more direct
+government of the people by themselves.
+
+They affect the South exactly as they affect the North, the East or the
+West. It is an artificial and dangerous condition that prevents the
+southern man and woman from acting with the northern man and woman who
+believe the same thing. Yet just that is what the old parties do
+prevent.
+
+Not only does this out-of-date partisanship cut our Nation into two
+geographical sections; it also robs the Nation of a priceless asset of
+thought in working out our national destiny. The South once was famous
+for brilliant and constructive thinking on national problems, and to-day
+the South has minds as brilliant and constructive as of old. But
+southern intellect cannot freely and fully aid, in terms of politics,
+the solving of the Nation's problems. This is so because of a partisan
+sectionalism which has nothing to do with those problems. Yet these
+problems can be solved only in terms of politics.
+
+The root of the wrongs which hurt the people is the fact that the
+people's government has been taken away from them--the invisible
+government has usurped the people's government. Their government must be
+given back to the people. And so the first purpose of the Progressive
+party is to make sure the rule of the people. The rule of the people
+means that the people themselves shall nominate, as well as elect, all
+candidates for office, including Senators and Presidents of the United
+States. What profiteth it the people if they do only the electing while
+the invisible government does the nominating?
+
+The rule of the people means that when the people's legislators make a
+law which hurts the people, the people themselves may reject it. The
+rule of the people means that when the people's legislators refuse to
+pass a law which the people need, the people themselves may pass it. The
+rule of the people means that when the people's employees do not do the
+people's work well and honestly, the people may discharge them exactly
+as a business man discharges employees who do not do their work well and
+honestly. The people's officials are the people's servants, not the
+people's masters.
+
+We progressives believe in this rule of the people that the people
+themselves may deal with their own destiny. Who knows the people's needs
+so well as the people themselves? Who so patient as the people? Who so
+long suffering, who so just? Who so wise to solve their own problems?
+
+Today these problems concern the living of the people. Yet in the
+present stage of American development these problems should not exist in
+this country. For, in all the world there is no land so rich as ours.
+Our fields can feed hundreds of millions. We have more minerals than the
+whole of Europe. Invention has made easy the turning of this vast
+natural wealth into supplies for all the needs of man. One worker today
+can produce more than twenty workers could produce a century ago.
+
+The people living in this land of gold are the most daring and
+resourceful on the globe. Coming from the hardiest stock of every nation
+of the old world their very history in the new world has made Americans
+a peculiar people in courage, initiative, love of justice and all the
+elements of independent character.
+
+And, compared with other peoples, we are very few in numbers. There are
+only ninety millions of us, scattered over a continent. Germany has
+sixty-five millions packed in a country very much smaller than Texas.
+The population of Great Britain and Ireland could be set down in
+California and still have more than enough room for the population of
+Holland. If this country were as thickly peopled as Belgium there would
+be more than twelve hundred million instead of only ninety million
+persons within our borders.
+
+So we have more than enough to supply every human being beneath the
+flag. There ought not to be in this Republic a single day of bad
+business, a single unemployed workingman, a single unfed child. American
+business men should never know an hour of uncertainty, discouragement or
+fear; American workingmen never a day of low wages, idleness or want.
+Hunger should never walk in these thinly peopled gardens of plenty.
+
+And yet in spite of all these favors which providence has showered upon
+us, the living of the people is the problem of the hour. Hundreds of
+thousands of hard-working Americans find it difficult to get enough to
+live on. The average income of an American laborer is less than $500 a
+year. With this he must furnish food, shelter and clothing for a family.
+
+Women, whose nourishing and protection should be the first care of the
+State, not only are driven into the mighty army of wage-earners, but are
+forced to work under unfair and degrading conditions. The right of a
+child to grow into a normal human being is sacred; and yet, while small
+and poor countries, packed with people, have abolished child labor,
+American mills, mines, factories and sweat-shops are destroying hundreds
+of thousands of American children in body, mind and soul.
+
+At the same time men have grasped fortunes in this country so great that
+the human mind cannot comprehend their magnitude. These mountains of
+wealth are far larger than even that lavish reward which no one would
+deny to business risk or genius.
+
+On the other hand, American business is uncertain and unsteady compared
+with the business of other nations. American business men are the best
+and bravest in the world, and yet our business conditions hamper their
+energies and chill their courage. We have no permanency in business
+affairs, no sure outlook upon the business future. This unsettled state
+of American business prevents it from realizing for the people that
+great and continuous prosperity which our country's location, vast
+wealth and small population justifies.
+
+We mean to remedy these conditions. We mean not only to make prosperity
+steady, but to give to the many who earn it a just share of that
+prosperity instead of helping the few who do not earn it to take an
+unjust share. The progressive motto is "Pass prosperity around." To make
+human living easier, to free the hands of honest business, to make trade
+and commerce sound and steady, to protect womanhood, save childhood and
+restore the dignity of manhood--these are the tasks we must do.
+
+What, then, is the progressive answer to these questions? We are able to
+give it specifically and concretely. The first work before us is the
+revival of honest business. For business is nothing but the industrial
+and trade activities of all the people. Men grow the products of the
+field, cut ripe timber from the forest, dig metal from the mine, fashion
+all for human use, carry them to the market place and exchange them
+according to their mutual needs--and this is business.
+
+With our vast advantages, contrasted with the vast disadvantages of
+other nations, American business all the time should be the best and
+steadiest in the world. But it is not. Germany, with shallow soil, no
+mines, only a window on the seas and a population more than ten times as
+dense as ours, yet has a sounder business, a steadier prosperity, a more
+contented because better cared for people.
+
+What, then, must we do to make American business better? We must do what
+poorer nations have done. We must end the abuses of business by striking
+down those abuses instead of striking down business itself. We must try
+to make little business big and all business honest instead of striving
+to make big business little and yet letting it remain dishonest.
+
+Present-day business is as unlike old-time business as the old-time
+ox-cart is unlike the present-day locomotive. Invention has made the
+whole world over again. The railroad, telegraph, telephone have bound
+the people of modern nations into families. To do the business of these
+closely knit millions in every modern country great business concerns
+came into being. What we call big business is the child of the economic
+progress of mankind. So warfare to destroy big business is foolish
+because it can not succeed and wicked because it ought not to succeed.
+Warfare to destroy big business does not hurt big business, which always
+comes out on top, so much as it hurts all other business which, in such
+a warfare, never comes out on top.
+
+With the growth of big business came business evils just as great. It is
+these evils of big business that hurt the people and injure all other
+business. One of these wrongs is over capitalization which taxes the
+people's very living. Another is the manipulation of prices to the
+unsettlement of all normal business and to the people's damage. Another
+is interference in the making of the people's laws and the running of
+the people's government in the unjust interest of evil business. Getting
+laws that enable particular interests to rob the people, and even to
+gather criminal riches from human health and life is still another.
+
+An example of such laws is the infamous tobacco legislation of 1902,
+which authorized the Tobacco Trust to continue to collect from the
+people the Spanish War tax, amounting to a score of millions of dollars,
+but to keep that tax instead of turning it over to the government, as it
+had been doing. Another example is the shameful meat legislation, by
+which the Beef Trust had the meat it sent abroad inspected by the
+government so that foreign countries would take its product and yet was
+permitted to sell diseased meat to our own people. It is incredible that
+laws like these could ever get on the Nation's statute books. The
+invisible government put them there; and only the universal wrath of an
+enraged people corrected them when, after years, the people discovered
+the outrages.
+
+It is to get just such laws as these and to prevent the passage of laws
+to correct them, as well as to keep off the statute books general laws
+which will end the general abuses of big business that these few
+criminal interests corrupt our politics, invest in public officials and
+keep in power in both parties that type of politicians and party
+managers who debase American politics.
+
+Behind rotten laws and preventing sound laws, stands the corrupt boss;
+behind the corrupt boss stands the robber interest; and commanding these
+powers of pillage stands bloated human greed. It is this conspiracy of
+evil we must overthrow if we would get the honest laws we need. It is
+this invisible government we must destroy if we would save American
+institutions.
+
+Other nations have ended the very same business evils from which we
+suffer by clearly defining business wrong-doing and then making it a
+criminal offense, punishable by imprisonment. Yet these foreign nations
+encourage big business itself and foster all honest business. But they
+do not tolerate dishonest business, little or big.
+
+What, then, shall we Americans do? Common sense and the experience of
+the world says that we ought to keep the good big business does for us
+and stop the wrongs that big business does to us. Yet we have done just
+the other thing. We have struck at big business itself and have not even
+aimed to strike at the evils of big business. Nearly twenty-five years
+ago Congress passed a law to govern American business in the present
+time which Parliament passed in the reign of King James to govern
+English business in that time.
+
+For a quarter of a century the courts have tried to make this law work.
+Yet during this very time trusts grew greater in number and power than
+in the whole history of the world before; and their evils flourished
+unhindered and unchecked. These great business concerns grew because
+natural laws made them grow and artificial law at war with natural law
+could not stop their growth. But their evils grew faster than the trusts
+themselves because avarice nourished those evils and no law of any kind
+stopped avarice from nourishing them.
+
+Nor is this the worst. Under the shifting interpretation of the Sherman
+law, uncertainty and fear is chilling the energies of the great body of
+honest American business men. As the Sherman law now stands, no two
+business men can arrange their mutual affairs and be sure that they are
+not law-breakers. This is the main hindrance to the immediate and
+permanent revival of American business. If German or English business
+men, with all their disadvantages compared with our advantages, were
+manacled by our Sherman law, as it stands, they soon would be bankrupt.
+Indeed, foreign business men declare that, if their countries had such a
+law, so administered, they could not do business at all.
+
+Even this is not all. By the decrees of our courts, under the Sherman
+law, the two mightiest trusts on earth have actually been licensed, in
+the practical outcome, to go on doing every wrong they ever committed.
+Under the decrees of the courts the Oil and Tobacco Trusts still can
+raise prices unjustly and already have done so. They still can issue
+watered stock and surely will do so. They still can throttle other
+business men and the United Cigar Stores Company now is doing so. They
+still can corrupt our politics and this moment are indulging in that
+practice.
+
+The people are tired of this mock battle with criminal capital. They do
+not want to hurt business, but they do want to get something done about
+the trust question that amounts to something. What good does it do any
+man to read in his morning paper that the courts have "dissolved" the
+Oil Trust, and then read in his evening paper that he must thereafter
+pay a higher price for his oil than ever before? What good does it do
+the laborer who smokes his pipe to be told that the courts have
+"dissolved" the Tobacco Trust and yet find that he must pay the same or
+a higher price for the same short-weight package of tobacco? Yet all
+this is the practical result of the suits against these two greatest
+trusts in the world.
+
+Such business chaos and legal paradoxes as American business suffers
+from can be found nowhere else in the world. Rival nations do not fasten
+legal ball and chain upon their business--no, they put wings on its
+flying feet. Rival nations do not tell their business men that if they
+go forward with legitimate enterprise the penitentiary may be their
+goal. No! Rival nations tell their business men that so long as they do
+honest business their governments will not hinder but will help them.
+
+But these rival nations do tell their business men that if they do any
+evil that our business men do, prison bars await them. These rival
+nations do tell their business men that if they issue watered stock or
+cheat the people in any way, prison cells will be their homes.
+
+Just this is what all honest American business wants; just this is what
+dishonest American business does not want; just this is what the
+American people propose to have; just this the national Republican
+platform of 1908 pledged the people that we would give them; and just
+this important pledge the administration, elected on that platform,
+repudiated as it repudiated the more immediate tariff pledge.
+
+Both these reforms, so vital to honest American business, the
+Progressive party will accomplish. Neither evil interests nor reckless
+demagogues can swerve us from our purpose; for we are free from both and
+fear neither.
+
+We mean to put new business laws on our statute books which will tell
+American business men what they can do and what they cannot do. We mean
+to make our business laws clear instead of foggy--to make them plainly
+state just what things are criminal and what are lawful. And we mean
+that the penalty for things criminal shall be prison sentences that
+actually punish the real offender, instead of money fines that hurt
+nobody but the people, who must pay them in the end.
+
+And then we mean to send the message forth to hundreds of thousands of
+brilliant minds and brave hearts engaged in honest business, that they
+are not criminals but honorable men in their work to make good business
+in this Republic. Sure of victory, we even now say, "Go forward,
+American business men, and know that behind you, supporting you,
+encouraging you, are the power and approval of the greatest people under
+the sun. Go forward, American business men, and feed full the fires
+beneath American furnaces; and give employment to every American laborer
+who asks for work. Go forward, American business men, and capture the
+markets of the world for American trade; and know that on the wings of
+your commerce you carry liberty throughout the world and to every
+inhabitant thereof. Go forward, American business men, and realize that
+in the time to come it shall be said of you, as it is said of the hand
+that rounded Peter's Dome, 'he builded better than he knew.'"
+
+The next great business reform we must have to steadily increase
+American prosperity is to change the method of building our tariffs. The
+tariff must be taken out of politics and treated as a business question
+instead of as a political question. Heretofore, we have done just the
+other thing. That is why American business is upset every few years by
+unnecessary tariff upheavals and is weakened by uncertainty in the
+periods between. The greatest need of business is certainty; but the
+only thing certain about our tariff is uncertainty.
+
+What, then, shall we do to make our tariff changes strengthen business
+instead of weakening business? Rival protective tariff nations have
+answered that question. Common sense has answered it. Next to our need
+to make the Sherman law modern, understandable and just, our greatest
+fiscal need is a genuine, permanent, non-partisan tariff commission.
+
+Five years ago, when the fight for this great business measure was begun
+in the Senate the bosses of both parties were against it. So, when the
+last revision of the tariff was on and a tariff commission might have
+been written into the tariff law, the administration would not aid this
+reform. When two years later the administration supported it weakly, the
+bi-partisan boss system killed it. There has not been and will not be
+any sincere and honest effort by the old parties to get a tariff
+commission. There has not been and will not be any sincere and honest
+purpose by those parties to take the tariff out of politics.
+
+For the tariff in politics is the excuse for those sham political
+battles which give the spoilers their opportunity. The tariff in
+politics is one of the invisible government's methods of wringing
+tribute from the people. Through the tariff in politics the
+beneficiaries of tariff excesses are cared for, no matter which party is
+"revising."
+
+Who has forgotten the tariff scandals that made President Cleveland
+denounce the Wilson-Gorman bill as "a perfidy and a dishonor?" Who ever
+can forget the brazen robberies forced into the Payne-Aldrich bill which
+Mr. Taft defended as "the best ever made?" If everyone else forgets
+these things the interests that profited by them never will forget them.
+The bosses and lobbyists that grew rich by putting them through never
+will forget them. That is why the invisible government and its agents
+want to keep the old method of tariff building. For, though such tariff
+"revisions" may make lean years for the people, they make fat years for
+the powers of pillage and their agents.
+
+So neither of the old parties can honestly carry out any tariff policies
+which they pledge the people to carry out. But even if they could and
+even if they were sincere, the old party platforms are in error on
+tariff policy. The Democratic platform declares for free trade; but free
+trade is wrong and ruinous. The Republican platform permits extortion;
+but tariff extortion is robbery by law. The Progressive party is for
+honest protection; and honest protection is right and a condition of
+American prosperity.
+
+A tariff high enough to give American producers the American market when
+they make honest goods and sell them at honest prices but low enough
+that when they sell dishonest goods at dishonest prices, foreign
+competition can correct both evils; a tariff high enough to enable
+American producers to pay our workingmen American wages and so arranged
+that the workingmen will get such wages; a business tariff whose changes
+will be so made as to reassure business instead of disturbing it--this
+is the tariff and the method of its making in which the Progressive
+party believes, for which it does battle and which it proposes to write
+into the laws of the land.
+
+The Payne-Aldrich tariff law must be revised immediately in accordance
+to these principles. At the same time a genuine, permanent, non-partisan
+tariff commission must be fixed in the law as firmly as the Interstate
+Commerce Commission. Neither of the old parties can do this work. For
+neither of the old parties believes in such a tariff; and, what is more
+serious, special privilege is too thoroughly woven into the fiber of
+both old parties to allow them to make such a tariff. The Progressive
+party only is free from these influences. The Progressive party only
+believes in the sincere enactment of a sound tariff policy. The
+Progressive party only can change the tariff as it must be changed.
+
+These are samples of the reforms in the laws of business that we intend
+to put on the Nation's statute books. But there are other questions as
+important and pressing that we mean to answer by sound and humane laws.
+Child labor in factories, mills, mines and sweat-shops must be ended
+throughout the Republic. Such labor is a crime against childhood because
+it prevents the growth of normal manhood and womanhood. It is a crime
+against the Nation because it prevents the growth of a host of children
+into strong, patriotic and intelligent citizens.
+
+Only the Nation can stop this industrial vice. The States cannot stop
+it. The States never stopped any national wrong--and child labor is a
+national wrong. To leave it to the State alone is unjust to business;
+for if some States stop it and other States do not, business men of the
+former are at a disadvantage with the business men of the latter,
+because they must sell in the same market goods made by manhood labor at
+manhood wages in competition with goods made by childhood labor at
+childhood wages. To leave it to the States is unjust to manhood labor;
+for childhood labor in any State lowers manhood labor in every State,
+because the product of childhood labor in any State competes with the
+product of manhood labor in every State. Children workers at the looms
+in South Carolina means bayonets at the breasts of men and women workers
+in Massachusetts who strike for living wages. Let the States do what
+they can, and more power to their arm; but let the Nation do what it
+should and cleanse our flag from this stain.
+
+Modern industrialism has changed the status of women. Women now are wage
+earners in factories, stores and other places of toil. In hours of labor
+and all the physical conditions of industrial effort they must compete
+with men. And they must do it at lower wages than men receive--wages
+which, in most cases, are not enough for these women workers to live on.
+
+This is inhuman and indecent. It is unsocial and uneconomic. It is
+immoral and unpatriotic. Toward women the Progressive party proclaims
+the chivalry of the State. We propose to protect women wage-earners by
+suitable laws, an example of which is the minimum wage for women
+workers--a wage which shall be high enough to at least buy clothing,
+food and shelter for the woman toiler.
+
+The care of the aged is one of the most perplexing problems of modern
+life. How is the workingman with less than five hundred dollars a year,
+and with earning power waning as his own years advance, to provide for
+aged parents or other relatives in addition to furnishing food, shelter
+and clothing for his wife and children? What is to become of the family
+of the laboring man whose strength has been sapped by excessive toil and
+who has been thrown upon the industrial scrap heap? It is questions
+like these we must answer if we are to justify free institutions. They
+are questions to which the masses of people are chained as to a body of
+death. And they are questions which other and poorer nations are
+answering.
+
+We progressives mean that America shall answer them. The Progressive
+party is the helping hand to those whom a vicious industrialism has
+maimed and crippled. We are for the conservation of our natural
+resources; but even more we are for the conservation of human life. Our
+forests, water power and minerals are valuable and must be saved from
+the spoilers; but men, women and children are more valuable and they,
+too, must be saved from the spoilers.
+
+Because women, as much as men, are a part of our economic and social
+life, women, as much as men, should have the voting power to solve all
+economic and social problems. Votes for women are theirs as a matter of
+natural right alone; votes for women should be theirs as a matter of
+political wisdom also. As wage-earners, they should help to solve the
+labor problem; as property owners they should help to solve the tax
+problem; as wives and mothers they should help to solve all the problems
+that concern the home. And that means all national problems; for the
+Nation abides at the fireside.
+
+If it is said that women cannot help defend the Nation in time of war
+and therefore that they should not help to determine the Nation's
+destinies in time of peace, the answer is that women suffer and serve in
+time of conflict as much as men who carry muskets. And the deeper answer
+is that those who bear the Nation's soldiers are as much the Nation's
+defenders as their sons.
+
+Public spokesmen for the invisible government say that many of our
+reforms are unconstitutional. The same kind of men said the same thing
+of every effort the Nation has made to end national abuses. But in every
+case, whether in the courts, at the ballot box, or on the battlefield,
+the vitality of the Constitution was vindicated.
+
+The Progressive party believes that the Constitution is a living thing,
+growing with the people's growth, strengthening with the people's
+strength, aiding the people in their struggle for life, liberty and the
+pursuit of happiness, permitting the people to meet all their needs as
+conditions change. The opposition believes that the Constitution is a
+dead form, holding back the people's growth, shackling the people's
+strength but giving a free hand to malign powers that prey upon the
+people. The first words of the Constitution are "We the people," and
+they declare that the Constitution's purpose is "to form a perfect Union
+and to promote the general welfare." To do just that is the very heart
+of the progressive cause.
+
+The Progressive party asserts anew the vitality of the Constitution. We
+believe in the true doctrine of states' rights, which forbids the Nation
+from interfering with states' affairs, and also forbids the states from
+interfering with national affairs. The combined intelligence and
+composite conscience of the American people is as irresistible as it is
+righteous; and the Constitution does not prevent that force from working
+out the general welfare.
+
+From certain sources we hear preachments about the danger of our reforms
+to American institutions. What is the purpose of American institutions?
+Why was this Republic established? What does the flag stand for? What do
+these things mean?
+
+They mean that the people shall be free to correct human abuses.
+
+They mean that men, women and children shall not be denied the
+opportunity to grow stronger and nobler.
+
+They mean that the people shall have the power to make our land each day
+a better place to live in.
+
+They mean the realities of liberty and not the academics of theory.
+
+They mean the actual progress of the race in tangible items of daily
+living and not the theoretics of barren disputation.
+
+If they do not mean these things they are as sounding brass and tinkling
+cymbals.
+
+A Nation of strong, upright men and women; a Nation of wholesome homes,
+realizing the best ideals; a Nation whose power is glorified by its
+justice and whose justice is the conscience of scores of millions of
+God-fearing people--that is the Nation the people need and want. And
+that is the Nation they shall have.
+
+For never doubt that we Americans will make good the real meaning of our
+institutions. Never doubt that we will solve, in righteousness and
+wisdom, every vexing problem. Never doubt that in the end, the hand from
+above that leads us upward will prevail over the hand from below that
+drags us downward. Never doubt that we are indeed a Nation whose God is
+the Lord.
+
+And, so, never doubt that a braver, fairer, cleaner America surely will
+come; that a better and brighter life for all beneath the flag surely
+will be achieved. Those who now scoff soon will pray. Those who now
+doubt soon will believe.
+
+Soon the night will pass; and when, to the Sentinel on the ramparts of
+Liberty the anxious ask: "Watchman, what of the night?" his answer will
+be "Lo, the morn appeareth."
+
+Knowing the price we must pay, the sacrifice we must make, the burdens
+we must carry, the assaults we must endure--knowing full well the
+cost--yet we enlist, and we enlist for the war. For we know the justice
+of our cause, and we know, too, its certain triumph.
+
+Not reluctantly then, but eagerly, not with faint hearts but strong, do
+we now advance upon the enemies of the people. For the call that comes
+to us is the call that came to our fathers. As they responded so shall
+we.
+
+    "He hath sounded forth a trumpet that shall never call retreat,
+    He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat.
+    Oh, be swift our souls to answer Him, be jubilant our feet,
+                    Our God is marching on."
+
+
+_RUSSELL CONWELL_
+
+ACRES OF DIAMONDS[40]
+
+I am astonished that so many people should care to hear this story over
+again. Indeed, this lecture has become a study in psychology; it often
+breaks all rules of oratory, departs from the precepts of rhetoric, and
+yet remains the most popular of any lecture I have delivered in the
+forty-four years of my public life. I have sometimes studied for a year
+upon a lecture and made careful research, and then presented the lecture
+just once--never delivered it again. I put too much work on it. But this
+had no work on it--thrown together perfectly at random, spoken offhand
+without any special preparation, and it succeeds when the thing we
+study, work over, adjust to a plan, is an entire failure.
+
+The "Acres of Diamonds" which I have mentioned through so many years are
+to be found in Philadelphia, and you are to find them. Many have found
+them. And what man has done, man can do. I could not find anything
+better to illustrate my thought than a story I have told over and over
+again, and which is now found in books in nearly every library.
+
+In 1870 we went down the Tigris River. We hired a guide at Bagdad to
+show us Persepolis, Nineveh and Babylon, and the ancient countries of
+Assyria as far as the Arabian Gulf. He was well acquainted with the
+land, but he was one of those guides who love to entertain their
+patrons; he was like a barber that tells you many stories in order to
+keep your mind off the scratching and the scraping. He told me so many
+stories that I grew tired of his telling them and I refused to
+listen--looked away whenever he commenced; that made the guide quite
+angry. I remember that toward evening he took his Turkish cap off his
+head and swung it around in the air. The gesture I did not understand
+and I did not dare look at him for fear I should become the victim of
+another story. But, although I am not a woman, I did look, and the
+instant I turned my eyes upon that worthy guide he was off again. Said
+he, "I will tell you a story now which reserve for my particular
+friends!" So then, counting myself a particular friend, I listened, and
+I have always been glad I did.
+
+He said there once lived not far from the River Indus an ancient Persian
+by the name of Al Hafed. He said that Al Hafed owned a very large farm
+with orchards, grain fields and gardens. He was a contented and wealthy
+man--contented because he was wealthy, and wealthy because he was
+contented. One day there visited this old farmer one of those ancient
+Buddhist priests, and he sat down by Al Hafed's fire and told that old
+farmer how this world of ours was made. He said that this world was once
+a mere bank of fog, which is scientifically true, and he said that the
+Almighty thrust his finger into the bank of fog and then began slowly to
+move his finger around and gradually to increase the speed of his finger
+until at last he whirled that bank of fog into a solid ball of fire, and
+it went rolling through the universe, burning its way through other
+cosmic banks of fog, until it condensed the moisture without, and fell
+in floods of rain upon the heated surface and cooled the outward crust.
+Then the internal flames burst through the cooling crust and threw up
+the mountains and made the hills of the valley of this wonderful world
+of ours. If this internal melted mass burst out and copied very quickly
+it became granite; that which cooled less quickly became silver; and
+less quickly, gold; and after gold diamonds were made. Said the old
+priest, "A diamond is a congealed drop of sunlight."
+
+This is a scientific truth also. You all know that a diamond is pure
+carbon, actually deposited sunlight--and he said another thing I would
+not forget: he declared that a diamond is the last and highest of God's
+mineral creations, as a woman is the last and highest of God's animal
+creations. I suppose that is the reason why the two have such a liking
+for each other. And the old priest told Al Hafed that if he had a
+handful of diamonds he could purchase a whole country, and with a mine
+of diamonds he could place his children upon thrones through the
+influence of their great wealth. Al Hafed heard all about diamonds and
+how much they were worth, and went to his bed that night a poor man--not
+that he had lost anything, but poor because he was discontented and
+discontented because he thought he was poor. He said: "I want a mine of
+diamonds!" So he lay awake all night, and early in the morning sought
+out the priest. Now I know from experience that a priest when awakened
+early in the morning is cross. He awoke that priest out of his dreams
+and said to him, "Will you tell me where I can find diamonds?" The
+priest said, "Diamonds? What do you want with diamonds?" "I want to be
+immensely rich," said Al Hafed, "but I don't know where to go." "Well,"
+said the priest, "if you will find a river that runs over white sand
+between high mountains, in those sands you will always see diamonds."
+"Do you really believe that there is such a river?" "Plenty of them,
+plenty of them; all you have to do is just go and find them, then you
+have them." Al Hafed said, "I will go." So he sold his farm, collected
+his money at interest, left his family in charge of a neighbor, and away
+he went in search of diamonds. He began very properly, to my mind, at
+the Mountains of the Moon. Afterwards he went around into Palestine,
+then wandered on into Europe, and at last when his money was all spent,
+and he was in rags, wretchedness and poverty, he stood on the shore of
+that bay in Barcelona, Spain, when a tidal wave came rolling through the
+Pillars of Hercules and the poor afflicted, suffering man could not
+resist the awful temptation to cast himself into that incoming tide, and
+he sank beneath its foaming crest, never to rise in this life again.
+
+When that old guide had told me that very sad story, he stopped the
+camel I was riding and went back to fix the baggage on one of the other
+camels, and I remember thinking to myself, "Why did he reserve that for
+his _particular friends_?" There seemed to be no beginning, middle or
+end--nothing to it. That was the first story I ever heard told or read
+in which the hero was killed in the first chapter. I had but one chapter
+of that story and the hero was dead. When the guide came back and took
+up the halter of my camel again, he went right on with the same story.
+He said that Al Hafed's successor led his camel out into the garden to
+drink, and as that camel put its nose down into the clear water of the
+garden brook Al Hafed's successor noticed a curious flash of light from
+the sands of the shallow stream, and reaching in he pulled out a black
+stone having an eye of light that reflected all the colors of the
+rainbow, and he took that curious pebble into the house and left it on
+the mantel, then went on his way and forgot all about it. A few days
+after that, this same old priest who told Al Hafed how diamonds were
+made, came in to visit his successor, when he saw that flash of light
+from the mantel. He rushed up and said, "Here is a diamond--here is a
+diamond! Has Al Hafed returned?" "No, no; Al Hafed has not returned and
+that is not a diamond; that is nothing but a stone; we found it right
+out here in our garden." "But I know a diamond when I see it," said he;
+"that is a diamond!"
+
+Then together they rushed to the garden and stirred up the white sands
+with their fingers and found others more beautiful, more valuable
+diamonds than the first, and thus, said the guide to me, were discovered
+the diamond mines of Golconda, the most magnificent diamond mines in all
+the history of mankind, exceeding the Kimberley in its value. The great
+Kohinoor diamond in England's crown jewels and the largest crown diamond
+on earth in Russia's crown jewels, which I had often hoped she would
+have to sell before they had peace with Japan, came from that mine, and
+when the old guide had called my attention to that wonderful discovery
+he took his Turkish cap off his head again and swung it around in the
+air to call my attention to the moral. Those Arab guides have a moral to
+each story, though the stories are not always moral. He said, had Al
+Hafed remained at home and dug in his own cellar or in his own garden,
+instead of wretchedness, starvation, poverty and death in a strange
+land, he would have had "acres of diamonds"--for every acre, yes, every
+shovelful of that old farm afterwards revealed the gems which since have
+decorated the crowns of monarchs. When he had given the moral to his
+story, I saw why he had reserved this story for his "particular
+friends." I didn't tell him I could see it; I was not going to tell that
+old Arab that I could see it. For it was that mean old Arab's way of
+going around a thing, like a lawyer, and saying indirectly what he did
+not dare say directly, that there was a certain young man that day
+traveling down the Tigris River that might better be at home in America.
+I didn't tell him I could see it.
+
+I told him his story reminded me of one, and I told it to him quick. I
+told him about that man out in California, who, in 1847, owned a ranch
+out there. He read that gold had been discovered in Southern California,
+and he sold his ranch to Colonel Sutter and started off to hunt for
+gold. Colonel Sutter put a mill on the little stream in that farm and
+one day his little girl brought some wet sand from the raceway of the
+mill into the house and placed it before the fire to dry, and as that
+sand was falling through the little girl's fingers a visitor saw the
+first shining scales of real gold that were ever discovered in
+California; and the man who wanted the gold had sold this ranch and gone
+away, never to return. I delivered this lecture two years ago in
+California, in the city that stands near that farm, and they told me
+that the mine is not exhausted yet, and that a one-third owner of that
+farm has been getting during these recent years twenty dollars of gold
+every fifteen minutes of his life, sleeping or waking. Why, you and I
+would enjoy an income like that!
+
+But the best illustration that I have now of this thought was found here
+in Pennsylvania. There was a man living in Pennsylvania who owned a farm
+here and he did what I should do if I had a farm in Pennsylvania--he
+sold it. But before he sold it he concluded to secure employment
+collecting coal oil for his cousin in Canada. They first discovered coal
+oil there. So this farmer in Pennsylvania decided that he would apply
+for a position with his cousin in Canada. Now, you see, this farmer was
+not altogether a foolish man. He did not leave his farm until he had
+something else to do. Of all the simpletons the stars shine on there is
+none more foolish than a man who leaves one job before he has obtained
+another. And that has especial reference to gentlemen of my profession,
+and has no reference to a man seeking a divorce. So I say this old
+farmer did not leave one job until he had obtained another. He wrote to
+Canada, but his cousin replied that he could not engage him because he
+did not know anything about the oil business. "Well, then," said he, "I
+will understand it." So he set himself at the study of the whole
+subject. He began at the second day of the creation, he studied the
+subject from the primitive vegetation to the coal oil stage, until he
+knew all about it. Then he wrote to his cousin and said, "Now I
+understand the oil business." And his cousin replied to him, "All right,
+then, come on."
+
+That man, by the record of the county, sold his farm for eight hundred
+and thirty-three dollars--even money, "no cents." He had scarcely gone
+from that farm before the man who purchased it went out to arrange for
+the watering the cattle and he found that the previous owner had
+arranged the matter very nicely. There is a stream running down the
+hillside there, and the previous owner had gone out and put a plank
+across that stream at an angle, extending across the brook and down
+edgewise a few inches under the surface of the water. The purpose of the
+plank across that brook was to throw over to the other bank a
+dreadful-looking scum through which the cattle would not put their noses
+to drink above the plank, although they would drink the water on one
+side below it. Thus that man who had gone to Canada had been himself
+damming back for twenty-three years a flow of coal oil which the State
+Geologist of Pennsylvania declared officially, as early as 1870, was
+then worth to our State a hundred millions of dollars. The city of
+Titusville now stands on that farm and those Pleasantville wells flow
+on, and that farmer who had studied all about the formation of oil since
+the second day of God's creation clear down to the present time, sold
+that farm for $833, no cents--again I say, "no sense."
+
+But I need another illustration, and I found that in Massachusetts, and
+I am sorry I did, because that is my old State. This young man I mention
+went out of the State to study--went down to Yale College and studied
+Mines and Mining. They paid him fifteen dollars a week during his last
+year for training students who were behind their classes in mineralogy,
+out of hours, of course, while pursuing his own studies. But when he
+graduated they raised his pay from fifteen dollars to forty-five dollars
+and offered him a professorship. Then he went straight home to his
+mother and said, "Mother, I won't work for forty-five dollars a week.
+What is forty-five dollars a week for a man with a brain like mine!
+Mother, let's go out to California and stake out gold claims and be
+immensely rich." "Now," said his mother, "it is just as well to be happy
+as it is to be rich."
+
+But as he was the only son he had his way--they always do; and they
+sold out in Massachusetts and went to Wisconsin, where he went into the
+employ of the Superior Copper Mining Company, and he was lost from sight
+in the employ of that company at fifteen dollars a week again. He was
+also to have an interest in any mines that he should discover for that
+company. But I do not believe that he has ever discovered a mine--I do
+not know anything about it, but I do not believe he has. I know he had
+scarcely gone from the old homestead before the farmer who had bought
+the homestead went out to dig potatoes, and as he was bringing them in
+in a large basket through the front gateway, the ends of the stone wall
+came so near together at the gate that the basket hugged very tight. So
+he set the basket on the ground and pulled, first on one side and then
+on the other side. Our farms in Massachusetts are mostly stone walls,
+and the farmers have to be economical with their gateways in order to
+have some place to put the stones. That basket hugged so tight there
+that as he was hauling it through he noticed in the upper stone next the
+gate a block of native silver, eight inches square; and this professor
+of mines and mining and mineralogy, who would not work for forty-five
+dollars a week, when he sold that homestead in Massachusetts, sat right
+on that stone to make the bargain. He was brought up there; he had gone
+back and forth by that piece of silver, rubbed it with his sleeve, and
+it seemed to say, "Come now, now, now, here is a hundred thousand
+dollars. Why not take me?" But he would not take it. There was no silver
+in Newburyport; it was all away off--well, I don't know where; he
+didn't, but somewhere else--and he was a professor of mineralogy.
+
+I do not know of anything I would enjoy better than to take the whole
+time to-night telling of blunders like that I have heard professors
+make. Yet I wish I knew what that man is doing out there in Wisconsin. I
+can imagine him out there, as he sits by his fireside, and he is saying
+to his friends, "Do you know that man Conwell that lives in
+Philadelphia?" "Oh, yes, I have heard of him." "And do you know that man
+Jones that lives in that city?" "Yes, I have heard of him." And then he
+begins to laugh and laugh and says to his friends, "They have done the
+same thing I did, precisely." And that spoils the whole joke, because
+you and I have done it.
+
+Ninety out of every hundred people here have made that mistake this very
+day. I say you ought to be rich; you have no right to be poor. To live
+in Philadelphia and not be rich is a misfortune, and it is doubly a
+misfortune, because you could have been rich just as well as be poor.
+Philadelphia furnishes so many opportunities. You ought to be rich. But
+persons with certain religious prejudice will ask, "How can you spend
+your time advising the rising generation to give their time to getting
+money--dollars and cents--the commercial spirit?"
+
+Yet I must say that you ought to spend time getting rich. You and I know
+there are some things more valuable than money; of course, we do. Ah,
+yes! By a heart made unspeakably sad by a grave on which the autumn
+leaves now fall, I know there are some things higher and grander and
+sublimer than money. Well does the man know, who has suffered, that
+there are some things sweeter and holier and more sacred than gold.
+Nevertheless, the man of common sense also knows that there is not any
+one of those things that is not greatly enhanced by the use of money.
+Money is power. Love is the grandest thing on God's earth, but fortunate
+the lover who has plenty of money. Money is power; money has powers; and
+for a man to say, "I do not want money," is to say, "I do not wish to do
+any good to my fellowmen." It is absurd thus to talk. It is absurd to
+disconnect them. This is a wonderfully great life, and you ought to
+spend your time getting money, because of the power there is in money.
+And yet this religious prejudice is so great that some people think it
+is a great honor to be one of God's poor. I am looking in the faces of
+people who think just that way. I heard a man once say in a prayer
+meeting that he was thankful that he was one of God's poor, and then I
+silently wondered what his wife would say to that speech, as she took in
+washing to support the man while he sat and smoked on the veranda. I
+don't want to see any more of that land of God's poor. Now, when a man
+could have been rich just as well, and he is now weak because he is
+poor, he has done some great wrong; he has been untruthful to himself;
+he has been unkind to his fellowmen. We ought to get rich if we can by
+honorable and Christian methods, and these are the only methods that
+sweep us quickly toward the goal of riches.
+
+I remember, not many years ago a young theological student who came into
+my office and said to me that he thought it was his duty to come in and
+"labor with me." I asked him what had happened, and he said: "I feel it
+is my duty to come in and speak to you, sir, and say that the Holy
+Scriptures declare that money is the root of all evil." I asked him
+where he found that saying, and he said he found it in the Bible. I
+asked him whether he had made a new Bible, and he said, no, he had not
+gotten a new Bible, that it was in the old Bible. "Well," I said, "if it
+is in my Bible, I never saw it. Will you please get the text-book and
+let me see it?" He left the room and soon came stalking in with his
+Bible open, with all the bigoted pride of the narrow sectarian, who
+founds his creed on some misinterpretation of Scripture, and he put the
+Bible down on the table before me and fairly squealed into my ear,
+"There it is. You can read it for yourself." I said to him, "Young man,
+you will learn, when you get a little older, that you cannot trust
+another denomination to read the Bible for you." I said, "Now, you
+belong to another denomination. Please read it to me, and remember that
+you are taught in a school where emphasis is exegesis." So he took the
+Bible and read it: "The _love_ of money is the root of all evil." Then
+he had it right. The Great Book has come back into the esteem and love
+of the people, and into the respect of the greatest minds of earth, and
+now you can quote it and rest your life and your death on it without
+more fear. So, when he quoted right from the Scriptures he quoted the
+truth. "The love of money is the root of all evil." Oh, that is it. It
+is the worship of the means instead of the end, though you cannot reach
+the end without the means. When a man makes an idol of the money instead
+of the purposes for which it may be used, when he squeezes the dollar
+until the eagle squeals, then it is made the root of all evil. Think, if
+you only had the money, what you could do for your wife, your child, and
+for your home and your city. Think how soon you could endow the Temple
+College yonder if you only had the money and the disposition to give it;
+and yet, my friend, people say you and I should not spend the time
+getting rich. How inconsistent the whole thing is. We ought to be rich,
+because money has power. I think the best thing for me to do is to
+illustrate this, for if I say you ought to get rich, I ought, at least,
+to suggest how it is done. We get a prejudice against rich men because
+of the lies that are told about them. The lies that are told about Mr.
+Rockefeller because he has two hundred million dollars--so many believe
+them; yet how false is the representation of that man to the world. How
+little we can tell what is true nowadays when newspapers try to sell
+their papers entirely on some sensation! The way they lie about the rich
+men is something terrible, and I do not know that there is anything to
+illustrate this better than what the newspapers now say about the city
+of Philadelphia. A young man came to me the other day and said, "If Mr.
+Rockefeller, as you think, is a good man, why is it that everybody says
+so much against him?" It is because he has gotten ahead of us; that is
+the whole of it--just gotten ahead of us. Why is it Mr. Carnegie is
+criticised so sharply by an envious world? Because he has gotten more
+than we have. If a man knows more than I know, don't I incline to
+criticise somewhat his learning? Let a man stand in a pulpit and preach
+to thousands, and if I have fifteen people in my church, and they're all
+asleep, don't I criticise him? We always do that to the man who gets
+ahead of us. Why, the man you are criticising has one hundred millions,
+and you have fifty cents, and both of you have just what you are worth.
+One of the richest men in this country came into my home and sat down in
+my parlor and said: "Did you see all those lies about my family in the
+paper?" "Certainly I did; I knew they were lies when I saw them." "Why
+do they lie about me the way they do?" "Well," I said to him, "if you
+will give me your check for one hundred millions, I will take all the
+lies along with it." "Well," said he, "I don't see any sense in their
+thus talking about my family and myself. Conwell, tell me frankly, what
+do you think the American people think of me?" "Well," said I, "they
+think you are the blackest-hearted villain that ever trod the soil!"
+"But what can I do about it?" There is nothing he can do about it, and
+yet he is one of the sweetest Christian men I ever knew. If you get a
+hundred millions you will have the lies; you will be lied about, and you
+can judge your success in any line by the lies that are told about you.
+I say that you ought to be rich. But there are ever coming to me young
+men who say, "I would like to go into business, but I cannot." "Why
+not?" "Because I have no capital to begin on." Capital, capital to begin
+on! What! young man! Living in Philadelphia and looking at this wealthy
+generation, all of whom began as poor boys, and you want capital to
+begin on? It is fortunate for you that you have no capital. I am glad
+you have no money. I pity a rich man's son. A rich man's son in these
+days of ours occupies a very difficult position. They are to be pitied.
+A rich man's son cannot know the very best things in human life. He
+cannot. The statistics of Massachusetts show us that not one out of
+seventeen rich men's sons ever die rich. They are raised in luxury, they
+die in poverty. Even if a rich man's son retains his father's money even
+then he cannot know the best things of life.
+
+A young man in our college yonder asked me to formulate for him what I
+thought was the happiest hour in a man's history, and I studied it long
+and came back convinced that the happiest hour that any man ever sees in
+any earthly matter is when a young man takes his bride over the
+threshold of the door, for the first time, of the house he himself has
+earned and built, when he turns to his bride and with an eloquence
+greater than any language of mine, he sayeth to his wife, "My loved one,
+I earned this home myself; I earned it all. It is all mine, and I divide
+it with thee." That is the grandest moment a human heart may ever see.
+But a rich man's son cannot know that. He goes into a finer mansion, it
+may be, but he is obliged to go through the house and say, "Mother gave
+me this, mother gave me that, my mother gave me that, my mother gave me
+that," until his wife wishes she had married his mother. Oh, I pity a
+rich man's son. I do. Until he gets so far along in his dudeism that he
+gets his arms up like that and can't get them down. Didn't you ever see
+any of them astray at Atlantic City? I saw one of these scarecrows once
+and I never tire thinking about it. I was at Niagara Falls lecturing,
+and after the lecture I went to the hotel, and when I went up to the
+desk there stood there a millionaire's son from New York. He was an
+indescribable specimen of anthropologic potency. He carried a
+gold-headed cane under his arm--more in its head than he had in his. I
+do not believe I could describe the young man if I should try. But still
+I must say that he wore an eye-glass he could not see through; patent
+leather shoes he could not walk in, and pants he could not sit down
+in--dressed like a grasshopper! Well, this human cricket came up to the
+clerk's desk just as I came in. He adjusted his unseeing eye-glass in
+this wise and lisped to the clerk, because it's "Hinglish, you know," to
+lisp: "Thir, thir, will you have the kindness to fuhnish me with thome
+papah and thome envelopehs!" The clerk measured that man quick, and he
+pulled out a drawer and took some envelopes and paper and cast them
+across the counter and turned away to his books. You should have seen
+that specimen of humanity when the paper and envelopes came across the
+counter--he whose wants had always been anticipated by servants. He
+adjusted his unseeing eye-glass and he yelled after that clerk: "Come
+back here, thir, come right back here. Now, thir, will you order a
+thervant to take that papah and thothe envelopes and carry them to
+yondah dethk." Oh, the poor miserable, contemptible American monkey! He
+couldn't carry paper and envelopes twenty feet. I suppose he could not
+get his arms down. I have no pity for such travesties of human nature.
+If you have no capital, I am glad of it. You don't need capital; you
+need common sense, not copper cents.
+
+A.T. Stewart, the great princely merchant of New York, the richest man
+in America in his time, was a poor boy; he had a dollar and a half and
+went into the mercantile business. But he lost eighty-seven and a half
+cents of his first dollar and a half because he bought some needles and
+thread and buttons to sell, which people didn't want.
+
+Are you poor? It is because you are not wanted and are left on your own
+hands. There was the great lesson. Apply it whichever way you will it
+comes to every single person's life, young or old. He did not know what
+people needed, and consequently bought something they didn't want and
+had the goods left on his hands a dead loss. A.T. Stewart learned there
+the great lesson of his mercantile life and said, "I will never buy
+anything more until I first learn what the people want; then I'll make
+the purchase." He went around to the doors and asked them what they did
+want, and when he found out what they wanted, he invested his sixty-two
+and a half cents and began to supply "a known demand." I care not what
+your profession or occupation in life may be; I care not whether you are
+a lawyer, a doctor, a housekeeper, teacher or whatever else, the
+principle is precisely the same. We must know what the world needs first
+and then invest ourselves to supply that need, and success is almost
+certain. A.T. Stewart went on until he was worth forty millions. "Well,"
+you will say, "a man can do that in New York, but cannot do it here in
+Philadelphia." The statistics very carefully gathered in New York in
+1889 showed one hundred and seven millionaires in the city worth over
+ten millions apiece. It was remarkable and people think they must go
+there to get rich. Out of that one hundred and seven millionaires only
+seven of them made their money in New York, and the others moved to New
+York after their fortunes were made, and sixty-seven out of the
+remaining hundred made their fortunes in towns of less than six thousand
+people, and the richest man in the country at that time lived in a town
+of thirty-five hundred inhabitants, and always lived there and never
+moved away. It is not so much where you are as what you are. But at the
+same time if the largeness of the city comes into the problem, then
+remember it is the smaller city that furnishes the great opportunity to
+make the millions of money. The best illustration that I can give is in
+reference to John Jacob Astor, who was a poor boy and who made all the
+money of the Astor family. He made more than his successors have ever
+earned, and yet he once held a mortgage on a millinery store in New
+York, and because the people could not make enough money to pay the
+interest and the rent, he foreclosed the mortgage and took possession of
+the store and went into partnership with the man who had failed. He kept
+the same stock, did not give them a dollar capital, and he left them
+alone and went out and sat down upon a bench in the park. Out there on
+that bench in the park he had the most important, and to my mind, the
+pleasantest part of that partnership business. He was watching the
+ladies as they went by; and where is the man that wouldn't get rich at
+that business? But when John Jacob Astor saw a lady pass, with her
+shoulders back and her head up, as if she did not care if the whole
+world looked on her, he studied her bonnet; and before that bonnet was
+out of sight he knew the shape of the frame and the color of the
+trimmings, the curl of the--something on a bonnet. Sometimes I try to
+describe a woman's bonnet, but it is of little use, for it would be out
+of style to-morrow night. So John Jacob Astor went to the store and
+said: "Now, put in the show window just such a bonnet as I describe to
+you because," said he, "I have just seen a lady who likes just such a
+bonnet. Do not make up any more till I come back." And he went out again
+and sat on that bench in the park, and another lady of a different form
+and complexion passed him with a bonnet of different shape and color, of
+course. "Now," said he, "put such a bonnet as that in the show window."
+He didn't fill his show window with hats and bonnets which drive people
+away and then sit in the back of the store and bawl because the people
+go somewhere else to trade. He didn't put a hat or bonnet in that show
+window the like of which he had not seen before it was made up.
+
+In our city especially there are great opportunities for manufacturing,
+and the time has come when the line is drawn very sharply between the
+stockholders of the factory and their employes. Now, friends, there has
+also come a discouraging gloom upon this country and the laboring men
+are beginning to feel that they are being held down by a crust over
+their heads through which they find it impossible to break, and the
+aristocratic money-owner himself is so far above that he will never
+descend to their assistance. That is the thought that is in the minds of
+our people. But, friends, never in the history of our country was there
+an opportunity so great for the poor man to get rich as there is now in
+the city of Philadelphia. The very fact that they get discouraged is
+what prevents them from getting rich. That is all there is to it. The
+road is open, and let us keep it open between the poor and the rich. I
+know that the labor unions have two great problems to contend with, and
+there is only one way to solve them. The labor unions are doing as much
+to prevent its solving as are the capitalists to-day, and there are
+positively two sides to it. The labor union has two difficulties; the
+first one is that it began to make a labor scale for all classes on a
+par, and they scale down a man that can earn five dollars a day to two
+and a half a day, in order to level up to him an imbecile that cannot
+earn fifty cents a day. That is one of the most dangerous and
+discouraging things for the working man. He cannot get the results of
+his work if he do better work or higher work or work longer; that is a
+dangerous thing, and in order to get every laboring man free and every
+American equal to every other American, let the laboring man ask what he
+is worth and get it--not let any capitalist say to him: "You shall work
+for me for half of what you are worth;" nor let any labor organization
+say: "You shall work for the capitalist for half your worth." Be a man,
+be independent, and then shall the laboring man find the road ever open
+from poverty to wealth. The other difficulty that the labor union has to
+consider, and this problem they have to solve themselves, is the kind of
+orators who come and talk to them about the oppressive rich. I can in my
+dreams recite the oration I have heard again and again under such
+circumstances. My life has been with the laboring man. I am a laboring
+man myself. I have often, in their assemblies, heard the speech of the
+man who has been invited to address the labor union. The man gets up
+before the assembled company of honest laboring men and he begins by
+saying: "Oh, ye honest, industrious laboring men, who have furnished all
+the capital of the world, who have built all the palaces and constructed
+all the railroads and covered the ocean with her steamships. Oh, you
+laboring men! You are nothing but slaves; you are ground down in the
+dust by the capitalist who is gloating over you as he enjoys his
+beautiful estates and as he has his banks filled with gold, and every
+dollar he owns is coined out of the hearts' blood of the honest laboring
+man." Now, that is a lie, and you know it is a lie; and yet that is the
+kind of speech that they are all the time hearing, representing the
+capitalists as wicked and the laboring men so enslaved. Why, how wrong
+it is! Let the man who loves his flag and believes in American
+principles endeavor with all his soul to bring the capitalist and the
+laboring man together until they stand side by side, and arm in arm, and
+work for the common good of humanity.
+
+He is an enemy to his country who sets capital against labor or labor
+against capital.
+
+Suppose I were to go down through this audience and ask you to introduce
+me to the great inventors who live here in Philadelphia. "The inventors
+of Philadelphia," you would say, "Why we don't have any in Philadelphia.
+It is too slow to invent anything." But you do have just as great
+inventors, and they are here in this audience, as ever invented a
+machine. But the probability is that the greatest inventor to benefit
+the world with his discovery is some person, perhaps some lady, who
+thinks she could not invent anything. Did you ever study the history of
+invention and see how strange it was that the man who made the greatest
+discovery did it without any previous idea that he was an inventor? Who
+are the great inventors? They are persons with plain, straightforward
+common sense, who saw a need in the world and immediately applied
+themselves to supply that need. If you want to invent anything, don't
+try to find it in the wheels in your head nor the wheels in your
+machine, but first find out what the people need, and then apply
+yourself to that need, and this leads to invention on the part of the
+people you would not dream of before. The great inventors are simply
+great men; the greater the man the more simple the man; and the more
+simple a machine, the more valuable it is. Did you ever know a really
+great man? His ways are so simple, so common, so plain, that you think
+any one could do what he is doing. So it is with the great men the world
+over. If you know a really great man, a neighbor of yours, you can go
+right up to him and say, "How are you, Jim, good morning, Sam." Of
+course you can, for they are always so simple.
+
+When I wrote the life of General Garfield, one of his neighbors took me
+to his back door, and shouted, "Jim, Jim, Jim!" and very soon "Jim" came
+to the door and General Garfield let me in--one of the grandest men of
+our century. The great men of the world are ever so. I was down in
+Virginia and went up to an educational institution and was directed to a
+man who was setting out a tree. I approached him and said, "Do you think
+it would be possible for me to see General Robert E. Lee, the President
+of the University?" He said, "Sir, I am General Lee." Of course, when
+you meet such a man, so noble a man as that, you will find him a simple,
+plain man. Greatness is always just so modest and great inventions are
+simple.
+
+I asked a class in school once who were the great inventors, and a
+little girl popped up and said, "Columbus." Well, now, she was not so
+far wrong. Columbus bought a farm and he carried on that farm just as I
+carried on my father's farm. He took a hoe and went out and sat down on
+a rock. But Columbus, as he sat upon that shore and looked out upon the
+ocean, noticed that the ships, as they sailed away, sank deeper into the
+sea the farther they went. And since that time some other "Spanish
+ships" have sunk into the sea. But as Columbus noticed that the tops of
+the masts dropped down out of sight, he said: "That is the way it is
+with this hoe handle; if you go around this hoe handle, the farther off
+you go the farther down you go. I can sail around to the East Indies."
+How plain it all was. How simple the mind--majestic like the simplicity
+of a mountain in its greatness. Who are the great inventors? They are
+ever the simple, plain, everyday people who see the need and set about
+to supply it.
+
+I was once lecturing in North Carolina, and the cashier of the bank sat
+directly behind a lady who wore a very large hat. I said to that
+audience, "Your wealth is too near to you; you are looking right over
+it." He whispered to his friend, "Well, then, my wealth is in that hat."
+A little later, as he wrote me, I said, "Wherever there is a human need
+there is a greater fortune than a mine can furnish." He caught my
+thought, and he drew up his plan for a better hat pin than was in the
+hat before him, and the pin is now being manufactured. He was offered
+fifty-five thousand dollars for his patent. That man made his fortune
+before he got out of that hall. This is the whole question: Do you see a
+need?
+
+I remember well a man up in my native hills, a poor man, who for twenty
+years was helped by the town in his poverty, who owned a wide-spreading
+maple tree that covered the poor man's cottage like a benediction from
+on high. I remember that tree, for in the spring--there were some
+roguish boys around that neighborhood when I was young--in the spring of
+the year the man would put a bucket there and the spouts to catch the
+maple sap, and I remember where that bucket was; and when I was young
+the boys were, oh, so mean, that they went to that tree before that man
+had gotten out of bed in the morning, and after he had gone to bed at
+night, and drank up that sweet sap. I could swear they did it. He didn't
+make a great deal of maple sugar from that tree. But one day he made the
+sugar so white and crystalline that the visitor did not believe it was
+maple sugar; thought maple sugar must be red or black. He said to the
+old man: "Why don't you make it that way and sell it for confectionery?"
+The old man caught his thought and invented the "rock maple crystal,"
+and before that patent expired he had ninety thousand dollars and had
+built a beautiful palace on the site of that tree. After forty years
+owning that tree he awoke to find it had fortunes of money indeed in it.
+And many of us are right by the tree that has a fortune for us, and we
+own it, possess it, do what we will with it, but we do not learn its
+value because we do not see the human need, and in these discoveries and
+inventions this is one of the most romantic things of life.
+
+I have received letters from all over the country and from England,
+where I have lectured, saying that they have discovered this and that,
+and one man out in Ohio took me through his great factories last spring,
+and said that they cost him $680,000, and said he, "I was not worth a
+cent in the world when I heard your lecture 'Acres of Diamonds;' but I
+made up my mind to stop right here and make my fortune here, and here it
+is." He showed me through his unmortgaged possessions. And this is a
+continual experience now as I travel through the country, after these
+many years. I mention this incident, not to boast, but to show you that
+you can do the same if you will.
+
+Who are the great inventors? I remember a good illustration in a man who
+used to live in East Brookfield, Mass. He was a shoemaker, and he was
+out of work, and he sat around the house until his wife told him to "go
+out doors." And he did what every husband is compelled by law to do--he
+obeyed his wife. And he went out and sat down on an ash barrel in his
+back yard. Think of it! Stranded on an ash barrel and the enemy in
+possession of the house! As he sat on that ash barrel, he looked down
+into that little brook which ran through that back yard into the
+meadows, and he saw a little trout go flashing up the stream and hiding
+under the bank. I do not suppose he thought of Tennyson's beautiful
+poem:
+
+    "Chatter, chatter, as I flow,
+       To join the brimming river,
+     Men may come, and men may go,
+       But I go on forever."
+
+But as this man looked into the brook, he leaped off that ash barrel and
+managed to catch the trout with his fingers, and sent it to Worcester.
+They wrote back that they would give him a five dollar bill for another
+such trout as that, not that it was worth that much, but they wished to
+help the poor man. So this shoemaker and his wife, now perfectly united,
+that five dollar bill in prospect, went out to get another trout. They
+went up the stream to its source and down to the brimming river, but not
+another trout could they find in the whole stream; and so they came home
+disconsolate and went to the minister. The minister didn't know how
+trout grew, but he pointed the way. Said he, "Get Seth Green's book, and
+that will give you the information you want." They did so, and found all
+about the culture of trout. They found that a trout lays thirty-six
+hundred eggs every year and every trout gains a quarter of a pound every
+year, so that in four years a little trout will furnish four tons per
+annum to sell to the market at fifty cents a pound. When they found
+that, they said they didn't believe any such story as that, but if they
+could get five dollars apiece they could make something. And right in
+that same back yard with the coal sifter up stream and window screen
+down the stream, they began the culture of trout. They afterwards moved
+to the Hudson, and since then he has become the authority in the United
+States upon the raising of fish, and he has been next to the highest on
+the United States Fish Commission in Washington. My lesson is that man's
+wealth was out there in his back yard for twenty years, but he didn't
+see it until his wife drove him out with a mop stick.
+
+I remember meeting personally a poor carpenter of Hingham,
+Massachusetts, who was out of work and in poverty. His wife also drove
+him out of doors. He sat down on the shore and whittled a soaked shingle
+into a wooden chain. His children quarreled over it in the evening, and
+while he was whittling a second one, a neighbor came along and said,
+"Why don't you whittle toys if you can carve like that?" He said, "I
+don't know what to make!" There is the whole thing. His neighbor said to
+him: "Why don't you ask your own children?" Said he, "What is the use of
+doing that? My children are different from other people's children." I
+used to see people like that when I taught school. The next morning when
+his boy came down the stairway, he said, "Sam, what do you want for a
+toy?" "I want a wheelbarrow." When his little girl came down, he asked
+her what she wanted, and she said, "I want a little doll's washstand, a
+little doll's carriage, a little doll's umbrella," and went on with a
+whole lot of things that would have taken his lifetime to supply. He
+consulted his own children right there in his own house and began to
+whittle out toys to please them. He began with his jack-knife, and made
+those unpainted Hingham toys. He is the richest man in the entire New
+England States, if Mr. Lawson is to be trusted in his statement
+concerning such things, and yet that man's fortune was made by
+consulting his own children in his own house. You don't need to go out
+of your own house to find out what to invent or what to make. I always
+talk too long on this subject.
+
+I would like to meet the great men who are here to-night. The great men!
+We don't have any great men in Philadelphia. Great men! You say that
+they all come from London, or San Francisco, or Rome, or Manayunk, or
+anywhere else but here--anywhere else but Philadelphia--and yet, in
+fact, there are just as great men in Philadelphia as in any city of its
+size. There are great men and women in this audience. Great men, I have
+said, are very simple men. Just as many great men here as are to be
+found anywhere. The greatest error in judging great men is that we think
+that they always hold an office. The world knows nothing of its greatest
+men. Who are the great men of the world? The young man and young woman
+may well ask the question. It is not necessary that they should hold an
+office, and yet that is the popular idea. That is the idea we teach now
+in our high schools and common schools, that the great men of the world
+are those who hold some high office, and unless we change that very soon
+and do away with that prejudice, we are going to change to an empire.
+There is no question about it. We must teach that men are great only on
+their intrinsic value, and not on the position that they may
+incidentally happen to occupy. And yet, don't blame the young men saying
+that they are going to be great when they get into some official
+position. I ask this audience again who of you are going to be great?
+Says a young man: "I am going to be great." "When are you going to be
+great?" "When I am elected to some political office." Won't you learn
+the lesson, young man; that it is _prima facie_ evidence of littleness
+to hold public office under our form of government? Think of it. This is
+a government of the people, and by the people, and for the people, and
+not for the office-holder, and if the people in this country rule as
+they always should rule, an office-holder is only the servant of the
+people, and the Bible says that "the servant cannot be greater than his
+master." The Bible says that "he that is sent cannot be greater than him
+who sent him." In this country the people are the masters, and the
+office-holders can never be greater than the people; they should be
+honest servants of the people, but they are not our greatest men. Young
+man, remember that you never heard of a great man holding any political
+office in this country unless he took that office at an expense to
+himself. It is a loss to every great man to take a public office in our
+country. Bear this in mind, young man, that you cannot be made great by
+a political election.
+
+Another young man says, "I am going to be a great man in Philadelphia
+some time." "Is that so? When are you going to be great?" "When there
+comes another war! When we get into difficulty with Mexico, or England,
+or Russia, or Japan, or with Spain again over Cuba, or with New Jersey,
+I will march up to the cannon's mouth, and amid the glistening bayonets
+I will tear down their flag from its staff, and I will come home with
+stars on my shoulders, and hold every office in the gift of the
+government, and I will be great." "No, you won't! No, you won't; that is
+no evidence of true greatness, young man." But don't blame that young
+man for thinking that way; that is the way he is taught in the high
+school. That is the way history is taught in college. He is taught that
+the men who held the office did all the fighting.
+
+I remember we had a Peace Jubilee here in Philadelphia soon after the
+Spanish war. Perhaps some of these visitors think we should not have had
+it until now in Philadelphia, and as the great procession was going up
+Broad street I was told that the tally-ho coach stopped right in front
+of my house, and on the coach was Hobson, and all the people threw up
+their hats and swung their handkerchiefs, and shouted "Hurrah for
+Hobson!" I would have yelled too, because he deserves much more of his
+country than he has ever received. But suppose I go into the High School
+to-morrow and ask, "Boys, who sunk the Merrimac?" If they answer me
+"Hobson," they tell me seven-eighths of a lie--seven-eighths of a lie,
+because there were eight men who sunk the Merrimac. The other seven men,
+by virtue of their position, were continually exposed to the Spanish
+fire, while Hobson, as an officer, might reasonably be behind the
+smoke-stack. Why, my friends, in this intelligent audience gathered here
+to-night I do not believe I could find a single person that can name the
+other seven men who were with Hobson. Why do we teach history in that
+way? We ought to teach that however humble the station a man may occupy,
+if he does his full duty in his place, he is just as much entitled to
+the American people's honor as is a king upon a throne. We do teach it
+as a mother did her little boy in New York when he said, "Mamma, what
+great building is that?" "That is General Grant's tomb." "Who was
+General Grant?" "He was the man who put down the rebellion." Is that the
+way to teach history?
+
+Do you think we would have gained a victory if it had depended on
+General Grant alone? Oh, no. Then why is there a tomb on the Hudson at
+all? Why, not simply because General Grant was personally a great man
+himself, but that tomb is there because he was a representative man and
+represented two hundred thousand men who went down to death for their
+nation and many of them as great as General Grant. That is why that
+beautiful tomb stands on the heights over the Hudson.
+
+I remember an incident that will illustrate this, the only one that I
+can give to-night. I am ashamed of it, but I don't dare leave it out. I
+close my eyes now; I look back through the years to 1863; I can see my
+native town in the Berkshire Hills, I can see that cattle-show ground
+filled with people; I can see the church there and the town hall
+crowded, and hear bands playing, and see flags flying and handkerchiefs
+streaming--well do I recall at this moment that day. The people had
+turned out to receive a company of soldiers, and that company came
+marching up on the Common. They had served out one term in the Civil War
+and had reenlisted, and they were being received by their native
+townsmen. I was but a boy, but I was captain of that company, puffed out
+with pride on that day--why, a cambric needle would have burst me all to
+pieces. As I marched on the Common at the head of my company, there was
+not a man more proud than I. We marched into the town hall and then they
+seated my soldiers down in the center of the house and I took my place
+down on the front seat, and then the town officers filed through the
+great throng of people, who stood close and packed in that little hall.
+They came up on the platform, formed a half circle around it, and the
+mayor of the town, the "chairman of the Selectmen" in New England, took
+his seat in the middle of that half circle. He was an old man, his hair
+was gray; he never held an office before in his life. He thought that an
+office was all he needed to be a truly great man, and when he came up he
+adjusted his powerful spectacles and glanced calmly around the audience
+with amazing dignity. Suddenly his eyes fell upon me, and then the good
+old man came right forward and invited me to come up on the stand with
+the town officers. Invited me up on the stand! No town officer ever took
+notice of me before I went to war. Now, I should not say that. One town
+officer was there who advised the teacher to "whale" me, but I mean no
+"honorable mention." So I was invited up on the stand with the town
+officers. I took my seat and let my sword fall on the floor, and folded
+my arms across my breast and waited to be received. Napoleon the Fifth!
+Pride goeth before destruction and a fall. When I had gotten my seat and
+all became silent through the hall, the chairman of the Selectmen arose
+and came forward with great dignity to the table, and we all supposed he
+would introduce the Congregational minister, who was the only orator in
+the town, and who would give the oration to the returning soldiers. But,
+friends, you should have seen the surprise that ran over that audience
+when they discovered that this old farmer was going to deliver that
+oration himself. He had never made a speech in his life before, but he
+fell into the same error that others have fallen into, he seemed to
+think that the office would make him an orator. So he had written out a
+speech and walked up and down the pasture until he had learned it by
+heart and frightened the cattle, and he brought that manuscript with
+him, and taking it from his pocket, he spread it carefully upon the
+table. Then he adjusted his spectacles to be sure that he might see it,
+and walked far back on the platform and then stepped forward like this.
+He must have studied the subject much, for he assumed an elocutionary
+attitude; he rested heavily upon his left heel, slightly advanced the
+right foot, threw back his shoulders, opened the organs of speech, and
+advanced his right hand at an angle of forty-five. As he stood in that
+elocutionary attitude this is just the way that speech went, this is it
+precisely. Some of my friends have asked me if I do not exaggerate it,
+but I could not exaggerate it. Impossible! This is the way it went;
+although I am not here for the story but the lesson that is back of it:
+
+"Fellow citizens." As soon as he heard his voice, his hand began to
+shake like that, his knees began to tremble, and then he shook all over.
+He coughed and choked and finally came around to look at his manuscript.
+Then he began again: "Fellow citizens: We--are--we are--we are--we
+are--We are very happy--we are very happy--we are very happy--to welcome
+back to their native town these soldiers who have fought and bled--and
+come back again to their native town. We are especially--we are
+especially--we are especially--we are especially pleased to see with us
+to-day this young hero (that meant me)--this young hero who in
+imagination (friends, remember, he said "imagination," for if he had not
+said that, I would not be egotistical enough to refer to it)--this young
+hero who, in imagination, we have seen leading his troops--leading--we
+have seen leading--we have seen leading his troops on to the deadly
+breach. We have seen his shining--his shining--we have seen his
+shining--we have seen his shining--his shining sword--flashing in the
+sunlight as he shouted to his troops, 'Come on!'"
+
+Oh, dear, dear, dear, dear! How little that good, old man knew about
+war. If he had known anything about war, he ought to have known what any
+soldier in this audience knows is true, that it is next to a crime for
+an officer of infantry ever in time of danger to go ahead of his men. I,
+with my shining sword flashing in the sunlight, shouting to my troops:
+"Come on." I never did it. Do you suppose I would go ahead of my men to
+be shot in the front by the enemy and in the back by my own men? That is
+no place for an officer. The place for the officer is behind the private
+soldier in actual fighting. How often, as a staff officer, I rode down
+the line when the Rebel cry and yell was coming out of the woods,
+sweeping along over the fields, and shouted, "Officers to the rear!
+Officers to the rear!" and then every officer goes behind the line of
+battle, and the higher the officer's rank, the farther behind he goes.
+Not because he is any the less brave, but because the laws of war
+require that to be done. If the general came up on the front line and
+were killed you would lose your battle anyhow, because he has the plan
+of the battle in his brain, and must be kept in comparative safety. I,
+with my "shining sword flashing in the sunlight." Ah! There sat in the
+hall that day men who had given that boy their last hard-tack, who had
+carried him on their backs through deep rivers. But some were not there;
+they had gone down to death for their country. The speaker mentioned
+them, but they were but little noticed, and yet they had gone down to
+death for their country, gone down for a cause they believed was right
+and still believe was right, though I grant to the other side the same
+that I ask for myself. Yet these men who had actually died for their
+country were little noticed, and the hero of the hour was this boy. Why
+was he the hero? Simply because that man fell into that same
+foolishness. This boy was an officer, and those were only private
+soldiers. I learned a lesson that I will never forget. Greatness
+consists not in holding some office; greatness really consists in doing
+some great deed with little means, in the accomplishment of vast
+purposes from the private ranks of life; that is true greatness. He who
+can give to this people better streets, better homes, better schools,
+better churches, more religion, more of happiness, more of God, he that
+can be a blessing to the community in which he lives to-night will be
+great anywhere, but he who cannot be a blessing where he now lives will
+never be great anywhere on the face of God's earth. "We live in deeds,
+not years, in feeling, not in figures on a dial; in thoughts, not
+breaths; we should count time by heart throbs, in the cause of right."
+Bailey says: "He most lives who thinks most."
+
+If you forget everything I have said to you, do not forget this, because
+it contains more in two lines than all I have said. Bailey says: "He
+most lives who thinks most, who feels the noblest, and who acts the
+best."
+
+
+_VICTOR HUGO_
+
+HONORE DE BALZAC
+
+Delivered at the Funeral of Balzac, August 20, 1850.
+
+Gentlemen: The man who now goes down into this tomb is one of those to
+whom public grief pays homage.
+
+In one day all fictions have vanished. The eye is fixed not only on the
+heads that reign, but on heads that think, and the whole country is
+moved when one of those heads disappears. To-day we have a people in
+black because of the death of the man of talent; a nation in mourning
+for a man of genius.
+
+Gentlemen, the name of Balzac will be mingled in the luminous trace our
+epoch will leave across the future.
+
+Balzac was one of that powerful generation of writers of the nineteenth
+century who came after Napoleon, as the illustrious Pleiad of the
+seventeenth century came after Richelieu,--as if in the development of
+civilization there were a law which gives conquerors by the intellect as
+successors to conquerors by the sword.
+
+Balzac was one of the first among the greatest, one of the highest among
+the best. This is not the place to tell all that constituted this
+splendid and sovereign intelligence. All his books form but one book,--a
+book living, luminous, profound, where one sees coming and going and
+marching and moving, with I know not what of the formidable and
+terrible, mixed with the real, all our contemporary civilization;--a
+marvelous book which the poet entitled "a comedy" and which he could
+have called history; which takes all forms and all style, which
+surpasses Tacitus and Suetonius; which traverses Beaumarchais and
+reaches Rabelais;--a book which realizes observation and imagination,
+which lavishes the true, the esoteric, the commonplace, the trivial, the
+material, and which at times through all realities, swiftly and grandly
+rent away, allows us all at once a glimpse of a most sombre and tragic
+ideal. Unknown to himself, whether he wished it or not, whether he
+consented or not, the author of this immense and strange work is one of
+the strong race of Revolutionist writers. Balzac goes straight to the
+goal.
+
+Body to body he seizes modern society; from all he wrests something,
+from these an illusion, from those a hope; from one a catch-word, from
+another a mask. He ransacked vice, he dissected passion. He searched out
+and sounded man, soul, heart, entrails, brain,--the abyss that each one
+has within himself. And by grace of his free and vigorous nature; by a
+privilege of the intellect of our time, which, having seen revolutions
+face to face, can see more clearly the destiny of humanity and
+comprehend Providence better,--Balzac redeemed himself smiling and
+severe from those formidable studies which produced melancholy in
+Moliere and misanthropy in Rousseau.
+
+This is what he has accomplished among us, this is the work which he has
+left us,--a work lofty and solid,--a monument robustly piled in layers
+of granite, from the height of which hereafter his renown shall shine in
+splendor. Great men make their own pedestal, the future will be
+answerable for the statue.
+
+His death stupefied Paris! Only a few months ago he had come back to
+France. Feeling that he was dying, he wished to see his country again,
+as one who would embrace his mother on the eve of a distant voyage. His
+life was short, but full, more filled with deeds than days.
+
+Alas! this powerful worker, never fatigued, this philosopher, this
+thinker, this poet, this genius, has lived among us that life of storm,
+of strife, of quarrels and combats, common in all times to all great
+men. To-day he is at peace. He escapes contention and hatred. On the
+same day he enters into glory and the tomb. Thereafter beyond the
+clouds, which are above our heads, he will shine among the stars of his
+country. All you who are here, are you not tempted to envy him?
+
+Whatever may be our grief in presence of such a loss, let us accept
+these catastrophes with resignation! Let us accept in it whatever is
+distressing and severe; it is good perhaps, it is necessary perhaps, in
+an epoch like ours, that from time to time the great dead shall
+communicate to spirits devoured with skepticism and doubt, a religious
+fervor. Providence knows what it does when it puts the people face to
+face with the supreme mystery and when it gives them death to reflect
+on,--death which is supreme equality, as it is also supreme liberty.
+Providence knows what it does, since it is the greatest of all
+instructors.
+
+There can be but austere and serious thoughts in all hearts when a
+sublime spirit makes its majestic entrance into another life, when one
+of those beings who have long soared above the crowd on the visible
+wings of genius, spreading all at once other wings which we did not see,
+plunges swiftly into the unknown.
+
+No, it is not the unknown; no, I have said it on another sad occasion
+and I shall repeat it to-day, it is not night, it is light. It is not
+the end, it is the beginning! It is not extinction, it is eternity! Is
+it not true, my hearers, such tombs as this demonstrate immortality? In
+presence of the illustrious dead, we feel more distinctly the divine
+destiny of that intelligence which traverses the earth to suffer and to
+purify itself,--which we call man.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 37: Saguntum was a city of Iberia (Spain) in alliance with
+Rome. Hannibal, in spite of Rome's warnings in 219 B.C., laid siege to
+and captured it. This became the immediate cause of the war which Rome
+declared against Carthage.]
+
+[Footnote 38: From his speech in Washington on March 13, 1905, before
+the National Congress of Mothers. Printed from a copy furnished by the
+president for this collection, in response to a request.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Used by permission.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Reported by A. Russell Smith and Harry E. Greager. Used by
+permission.
+
+On May 21, 1914, when Dr. Conwell delivered this lecture for the five
+thousandth time, Mr. John Wanamaker said that if the proceeds had been
+put out at compound interest the sum would aggregate eight millions of
+dollars. Dr. Conwell has uniformly devoted his lecturing income to works
+of benevolence.]
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX
+
+
+Names of speakers and writers referred to are set in CAPITALS. Other
+references are printed in "lower case," or "small," type. Because of the
+large number of fragmentary quotations made from speeches and books, no
+titles are indexed, but all such material will be found indexed under
+the name of its author.
+
+A
+
+Accentuation, 150.
+
+ADDISON, JOSEPH, 134.
+
+ADE, GEORGE, 252.
+
+After-Dinner Speaking, 362-370.
+
+Analogy, 223.
+
+Analysis, 225.
+
+Anecdote, 251-255; 364.
+
+Anglo-Saxon words, 338.
+
+Antithesis, 222.
+
+Applause, 317.
+
+Argument, 280-294.
+
+ARISTOTLE, 344.
+
+Articulation, 148-149.
+
+Association of ideas, 347, 348.
+
+Attention, 346, 347.
+
+Auditory images, 324, 348, 349.
+
+
+B
+
+BACON, FRANCIS, 225, 226, 362.
+
+BAGEHOT, WALTER, 249.
+
+BAKER, GEORGE P., 281.
+
+BALDWIN, C.S., 16, 92.
+
+BARRIE, JAMES M., 339-341.
+
+BATES, ARLO, 222-223.
+
+BEECHER, HENRY WARD, 3, 6, 31, 76-78;
+  113, 139, 186, 188, 223, 265, 275, 343, 346, 351-352.
+
+BERNHARDT, SARA, 105.
+
+BEROL, FELIX, 344.
+
+BEVERIDGE, ALBERT, J., 22, 35, 46, 67, 107, 470-483.
+
+BIRRELL, AUGUSTINE, 97.
+
+BLAINE, JAMES G., 368.
+
+BONCI, SIGNOR, 124.
+
+Books, 191-197; 207-210.
+
+Breathing, 129-131.
+
+Briefs, 177, 210-214, 290-294.
+
+BRISBANE, ARTHUR, 19.
+
+BROOKS, PHILLIPS, 356.
+
+BROUGHAM, LORD, 338.
+
+BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS, 32, 60, 116, 157, 269, 273-277, 302, 448-464.
+
+BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN, 366-367.
+
+BURNS, ROBERT, 39.
+
+BURROUGHS, JOHN, 116.
+
+BYRON, LORD, 64, 87, 145, 188, 189, 199.
+
+
+C
+
+CAESAR, JULIUS, 175.
+
+CAMPBELL, THOMAS, 121.
+
+CARLETON, WILL, 334.
+
+CARLYLE, THOMAS, 42, 57, 105, 109, 194, 218, 249, 277-278.
+
+CATO, 356, 372.
+
+CHAMBERS, ROBERT, 19.
+
+Change of pace, 39-49.
+
+Character, 357-358.
+
+CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, 177.
+
+Charm, 134-144.
+
+CHILD, RICHARD WASHBURN, 376.
+
+CHOATE, RUFUS, 464-469.
+
+CHURCHILL, WINSTON SPENCER, 89.
+
+CICERO, 115.
+
+Classification, 224.
+
+CLEVELAND, GROVER, 367-368.
+
+COHAN, GEORGE, 376.
+
+COLERIDGE, S.T., 373.
+
+COLLINS, WILKIE, 60.
+
+COMFORT, W.L., 235.
+
+Comparison, 19.
+
+Conceit, 4.
+
+Concentration, 3, 57, 80-84; 346-347; 374.
+
+Confidence, 1-8; 184, 263-275; 350, 358-360.
+
+Contrast, 19, 222.
+
+Conversation, 372-377.
+
+CONWELL, RUSSELL, 200, 483-503.
+
+CORNWALL, BARRY, 138, 184.
+
+COWPER, WILLIAM, 69, 121.
+
+CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER P., 72.
+
+CROMWELL, OLIVER, 95, 105.
+
+Crowd, Influencing the, 262-278; 308-320.
+
+Ctesiphon, 116.
+
+CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM, 258-260.
+
+
+D
+
+DANA, CHARLES, 18, 200.
+
+DANIEL, JOHN WARWICK, 369-370.
+
+DANTE, 106.
+
+DE AMICIS, EDMONDO, 238.
+
+Debate, Questions for, 290, 379-382.
+
+Definition, 222, 224.
+
+Delivery, methods of, 171-181.
+
+DE MAUPASSANT, GUY, 187, 339.
+
+DEMOSTHENES, 67, 363.
+
+DEPEW, CHAUNCEY M., 365.
+
+DE QUINCEY, THOMAS, 255-256; 338
+
+Description, 231-247.
+
+DICKENS, CHARLES, 5, 234, 246, 247.
+
+Discarding, 224.
+
+DISRAELI, ISAAC, 101, 321.
+
+Distinctness, 146-152.
+
+Division, 224, 225.
+
+
+E
+
+Egotism, 376.
+
+EMERSON, RALPH WALDO, 10, 97, 103, 104, 105, 122, 144, 168, 188, 201,
+231, 295, 321, 357, 362, 372.
+
+Emphasis, 16-24; 31-32; 47, 73.
+
+Enthusiasm, 101-109; 267, 304, 311.
+
+Enunciation, 150-152.
+
+EVERETT, EDWARD, 78-79.
+
+Example, 223.
+
+Exposition, 218-228.
+
+Extemporaneous Speech, 179.
+
+
+F
+
+Facial Expression, 163.
+
+Feeling, 101-109; 240, 264-265; 295-305; 312, 317, 320.
+
+Figures of speech, 235, 277, 331.
+
+FLAUBERT, GUSTAVE, 339.
+
+Fluency, 115-123; 179, 184-197, 354, 373.
+
+Force, 87-97.
+
+
+G
+
+GALTON, FRANCIS, 323.
+
+GASKELL, MRS., 186.
+
+Generalization, 226.
+
+GENUNG, JOHN FRANKLIN, 55, 92, 220, 226, 281.
+
+GEORGE, HENRY, 344.
+
+Gesture, 150-168.
+
+GIBBON, EDWARD, 175.
+
+GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E., 2, 8, 124, 157, 372.
+
+GOETHE, J.W. VON, 117, 372.
+
+GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, 121.
+
+GORDON, G.B., 365-366.
+
+GOUGH, JOHN B., 188.
+
+GRADY, HENRY W., 38, 240-242; 252-253; 268, 365, 425-438.
+
+GRAHAM, HARRY, 255.
+
+Gustatory images, 325, 348.
+
+
+H
+
+Habit, 190, 349.
+
+HALLECK, FITZ-GREENE, 302.
+
+HAMLET, 88-89; 152-153.
+
+HANCOCK, PROF. ALBERT E., 335.
+
+HART, J.M., 338.
+
+HAY, JOHN, 443-448.
+
+HEARN, LAFCADIO, 238.
+
+HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST, 122, 271-272.
+
+HENRY, O., 247, 328-329.
+
+HENRY, PATRICK, 22, 102, 103, 107, 110-112; 201, 271, 276.
+
+HESIOD, 146.
+
+HILL, A.S., 92, 281.
+
+HILLIS, NEWELL DWIGHT, 24, 32, 191-193; 273-274; 394-402.
+
+HOAR, GEORGE, 296-297.
+
+HOBSON, RICHMOND PEARSON, 285-286; 287-289.
+
+HOGG, JAMES, 139.
+
+HOLMES, G.C.V., 226.
+
+HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, 148, 373.
+
+HOLYOAKE, GEORGE JACOB, 280, 281.
+
+HOMER, 146, 235.
+
+HOUDIN, ROBERT, 350.
+
+HUBBARD, ELBERT, 3.
+
+HUGO, VICTOR, 107, 503-505.
+
+Humor, 251-255; 363-365.
+
+HUXLEY, T.H., 227.
+
+
+I
+
+Imagination, 321-333.
+
+Imitation, 335-336.
+
+Inflection, 69-74.
+
+INGERSOLL, ROBERT J., 68, 175.
+
+IRVING, WASHINGTON, 5, 235, 236, 246.
+
+IRVING, SIR HENRY, 158.
+
+
+J
+
+JAMES, WILLIAM, 349.
+
+JAMESON, MRS. ANNA, 69.
+
+JONES-FOSTER, ARDENNES, 243-245.
+
+JONSON, BEN, 343.
+
+
+K
+
+KAUFMAN, HERBERT, 42-44.
+
+KIPLING, RUDYARD, 4, 299-300.
+
+KIRKHAM, STANTON DAVIS, 360.
+
+
+L
+
+LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE, 339.
+
+LEE, GERALD STANLEY, 308.
+
+Library, Use of a, 207-210.
+
+LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, 50, 107, 166.
+
+LINDSAY, HOWARD, 40.
+
+LOCKE, JOHN, 188, 343.
+
+LONGFELLOW, H.W., 117, 124, 136.
+
+LOOMIS, CHARLES BATTELL, 365.
+
+LOTI, PIERRE, 238.
+
+LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, 235.
+
+
+M
+
+MACAULAY, T.B., 76.
+
+MACLAREN, ALEXANDER, 254.
+
+MCKINLEY, WILLIAM, Last Speech, 438-442;
+  Tribute to, by John Hay, 443.
+
+MASSILLON, 188.
+
+Memory, 343-354.
+
+MERWIN, SAMUEL, 72.
+
+MESSAROS, WALDO, 147.
+
+MILL, JOHN STUART, 355.
+
+MILTON, JOHN, 137.
+
+Monotony, Evils of, 10-12;
+   How to conquer, 12-14; 44.
+
+MORLEY, JOHN, 403-410.
+
+MOSES, 115.
+
+Motor images, 324, 348.
+
+MOTTE, ANTOINE, 10.
+
+MOZLEY, JAMES, 235.
+
+
+N
+
+NAPOLEON, 13, 104, 141, 184, 321.
+
+Narration, 249-260.
+
+Naturalness, 14, 29, 58, 70.
+
+Notes, see Briefs.
+
+
+O
+
+Observation, 167-168; 186-188; 206-207; 223, 227, 350.
+
+Occasional speaking, 362-370.
+
+Olfactory images, 325, 348.
+
+Outline of speech, 212-214.
+
+
+P
+
+Pace, Change of, 30-49.
+
+PAINE, THOMAS, 122.
+
+PARKER, ALTON B., 423.
+
+PARKER, THEODORE, 257-258.
+
+PATCH, DAN, 2.
+
+PAUL, 2, 107.
+
+Pause, 55-64.
+
+Personality, 355-360.
+
+Persuasion, 295-307.
+
+PHILLIPS, ARTHUR EDWARD, 227, 229.
+
+PHILLIPS, CHARLES, 302-305.
+
+PHILLIPS, WENDELL, 25-26; 34-35; 38, 72, 97, 99-100.
+
+Pitch, change of, 27-35;
+   low, 32, 69.
+
+PITTENGER, WILLIAM, I, 66.
+
+Platitudes, 376, 377.
+
+POPE, ALEXANDER, 122, 175, 231.
+
+Posture, 165.
+
+Practise, Necessity for, 2, 14, 118.
+
+Precision of utterance, 146-152.
+
+Preparation, 4-5; 179, 184-215; 362-365.
+
+PREYER, WILHELM T., 188.
+
+Proportion, 205.
+
+PUTNAM, DANIEL, 80.
+
+
+Q
+
+QUINTILIAN, 344.
+
+
+R
+
+Reading, 191-197.
+
+REDWAY, 170.
+
+Reference to Experience, 226.
+
+Repetition in memorizing, 348.
+
+Reserve power, 184-197.
+
+Right thinking, 355-360.
+
+ROBESPIERRE, 153-155.
+
+ROGERS, SAMUEL, 343.
+
+ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, 275, 416-422.
+
+RUSKIN, JOHN, 89, 90, 188.
+
+
+S
+
+SAINTSBURY, GEORGE, 55.
+
+SAVONAROLA, 158, 161.
+
+SCALIGER, 343.
+
+SCHAEFER, NATHAN C., 262, 355.
+
+SCHEPPEGRELL, WILLIAM, 27.
+
+SCHILLER, J.C.F., 117.
+
+SCOTT, WALTER DILL, 8.
+
+SCOTT, SIR WALTER, 271.
+
+Self-confidence, See Confidence.
+
+Self-consciousness, 1-8.
+
+SEWARD, W.H., 65-68.
+
+SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM, 22, 32, 82, 88-89; 122, 152-153; 161, 164, 227,
+295, 302, 312-317; 321.
+
+SHEPPARD, NATHAN, 147, 156, 170.
+
+SIDDONS, MRS., 48, 70.
+
+SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP, 188.
+
+Sincerity, 109.
+
+SMITH, F. HOPKINSON, 365.
+
+SPENCER, HERBERT, 58, 69.
+
+Stage fright, 1-8.
+
+STEVENSON, R.L., 122, 196, 201, 238, 242-243; 335-336.
+
+STORY, JOSEPH, 298.
+
+Subject, Choosing a, 201-204.
+
+Subjects for speeches and debates, 121-123; 379-393.
+
+Suggestion, 262-278; 308-320.
+
+SUNDAY, "BILLY," 90, 158.
+
+Suspense, 59-61.
+
+Syllogism, 286.
+
+
+T
+
+Tactile images, 325, 348.
+
+TALMAGE, T. DEWITT, 237.
+
+Tempo, 39-49.
+
+TENNYSON, ALFRED, 121, 141-143.
+
+THACKERAY, W.M., 343.
+
+THOREAU, H.D., 188.
+
+Thought, 184-197; 265, 347, 355-360.
+
+THURSTON, JAMES MELLEN, 50-54; 302.
+
+Titles, 215.
+
+TOOMBS, ROBERT, 410-415.
+
+TWAIN, MARK, 343, 363, 365.
+
+
+V
+
+VAN DYKE, HENRY, 365.
+
+Visualizing, 323, 348, 349.
+
+Vocabulary, 334-341.
+
+Voice, 32, 124-144.
+
+VOLTAIRE, 4.
+
+
+W
+
+WATTERSON, HENRY, 303, 402-403.
+
+WEBSTER, DANIEL, 2, 73, 103, 109, 201, 278;
+  Eulogy of, by Rufus Choate, 464-469.
+
+WEED, THURLOW, 349.
+
+WENDELL, PROF. BARRETT, 93.
+
+WESCOTT, JOHN W., 424-425.
+
+WHITEFIELD, GEORGE, 161.
+
+WHITTIER, J.G., 48.
+
+Will power, 356-359; 373, 375.
+
+Words, 92, 93, 336-341; 374.
+
+
+Y
+
+YOUNG, EDWARD, 90.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Art of Public Speaking
+by Dale Carnagey (AKA Dale Carnegie) and J. Berg Esenwein
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