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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: July 3, 2005 [EBook #16191]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   DECEMBER 2, 1897.   NO. 56
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The recent despatches from India tell us that the soldiers who are
+fighting on the frontier have performed another gallant deed.
+
+The heroes, this time, belonged to the Northamptonshire regiment.
+
+It was necessary for the British to find out if the enemy was encamped
+anywhere in the neighborhood, so a portion of the troops left the
+British camp and marched to the summit of a mountain called Saran Sar.
+
+There were no signs of the Afridis as they marched along, and the top of
+the hill was reached with little difficulty.
+
+There they found the remains of a hastily vacated camp, and from the
+various signs that were around became convinced that the enemy was on
+the mountain with them.
+
+Fearing an ambush, the British commander ordered his men to retreat, and
+the manoeuvre had hardly been put in effect before the tribesmen
+appeared.
+
+Following the troops closely, the Afridis fired on them from behind
+every bush and rock that offered cover, and, after many of the English
+soldiers had been killed or wounded, the tribesmen became so bold that
+they rushed from their cover and engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter
+with the soldiers.
+
+General Westmacott, who commanded the party, at once realized that he
+had serious work before him, and hastily arranging his forces so that he
+could care for the wounded and move his men as quickly as possible, the
+commander hastened the retreat.
+
+It was, however, difficult to do; and in the hurry of the retreat one
+little party, which had charge of a convoy of wounded comrades, became
+separated from the rest of their comrades and were surrounded by the
+angry tribesmen.
+
+The retreating army reached the camp safely about dark, and then it was
+discovered that a lieutenant named McIntyre and twelve soldiers were
+missing.
+
+It was at first hoped that they had simply dropped behind and would
+reach camp any moment. When, however, hours passed and they did not
+return, the worst fears were entertained.
+
+At last a soldier arrived, bringing with him the dreadful news, and
+telling the story of the gallant deed of the lieutenant and his brave
+companions.
+
+It seems that the rough ground over which they had to travel made the
+progress of this little party very slow, and the care of the wounded
+under their charge hampered their movements so much that they at last
+found themselves completely cut off from their comrades.
+
+As soon as the young officer realized what had happened to him, he
+despatched one of his men for aid, and with the others formed a ring
+around the wounded, preparing to defend them until help arrived.
+
+The wounded men, on their part, behaved as nobly as the lieutenant
+himself.
+
+Realizing the situation, they begged the young officer to leave them to
+their fate, and do what he could to save his own life and the lives of
+his men.
+
+Mr. McIntyre absolutely refused to abandon the wounded, and prepared to
+defend them to the last.
+
+When the messenger last saw the gallant little band, they were bravely
+facing the enemy, waiting calmly for the death which was sure to follow
+unless help reached them soon.
+
+A party was immediately sent out from camp to their relief, but when the
+spot was reached the brave fellows were beyond human aid.
+
+Not a man remained alive to tell the tale of their noble struggle. The
+bodies of the lieutenant and his men were found grouped about the
+wounded comrades they had sacrificed their lives to save, and their
+attitude in death showed that each man had died doing his duty, his face
+to the foe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some of the tribesmen have come to the conclusion that the British
+soldier is a hard foe to beat.
+
+The Orakzais have therefore sent a deputation to Gen. Sir William
+Lockhart, the British commander-in-chief, asking for peace.
+
+Sir William was willing to talk to them, but the terms he offered were
+so much harder than they expected that the Orakzais do not seem
+inclined to accept them.
+
+The English general told the tribesmen that the only terms on which
+England would treat with them were that they should first give back all
+the rifles they had captured since the outbreak, then that they should
+forfeit five hundred extra rifles and thirty thousand rupees as a fine,
+and lastly, that they must offer submission to the Queen's rule within a
+fortnight,--the submission to be given at a full durbar, which is a
+native Indian term for a levee or reception held by a native prince or
+officer of rank in British India.
+
+As we have said, the Orakzais think these terms too severe, and are
+inclined to refuse them.
+
+The Afridis have as yet shown no signs of weakening. On the contrary,
+they have sent fresh messengers to the Ameer of Afghanistan, asking his
+aid. The English are confident that he will refuse, and advise them to
+submit, and hope that there may soon be an end of the Indian troubles.
+
+In the mean while the Afridis are making all the trouble they can. Every
+night they cut the telegraph-wires, and every day they lay in wait for
+any baggage convoy or foraging party that leaves the camp.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+You will be pleased to hear more about the brave piper of the Gordon
+Highlanders, who, though shot through both ankles at the battle of
+Dargai Ridge, propped himself up, and continued playing on his pipes to
+cheer his comrades.
+
+The Indian despatches say that he has been recommended for the Victoria
+Cross.
+
+This decoration is the English reward for great bravery. It is the
+decoration of all others which British soldiers love to receive.
+
+It is a simple little bronze cross, of the shape known as a Maltese
+cross; in the centre is the crown, with the British lion standing upon
+it, and on a scroll beneath the inscription "For Valor." For soldiers it
+has a red ribbon, for sailors a blue. The slide through which the ribbon
+passes is a bronze bar ornamented with a laurel wreath, the symbol of
+victory.
+
+The value of the Victoria Cross is practically nothing, but those men
+who have been happy enough to earn it value it above any riches or
+honors.
+
+Piper Findlater, of the Gordon Highlanders, is a proud fellow just now,
+and would not be willing to change places with any duke or millionaire,
+no matter how great his rank or wealth, for in that little simple cross
+he has gained something that rank cannot command nor money buy;
+something that he possesses and the commanding officer of his regiment
+may not be able to gain; something which raises him to the highest place
+among men.
+
+We felt sure you would be glad to learn that the brave piper was not
+killed at Dargai Ridge, but lives to receive the reward for his gallant
+conduct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is trouble in Haiti.
+
+Haiti is in the West Indies, and is a sister island of Cuba, and the
+next largest of the Antilles. It is divided from Cuba by a strait called
+the Windward Passage.
+
+It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and the first Spanish colony in
+the New World was established on it in 1493. After a while, the colony
+was neglected and died out, and Haiti became the prey of buccaneers,
+those bold seafaring men, who, half pirates and half rovers, sailed the
+seas during the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries,
+harassing foreign foes for private gain.
+
+After many ups and downs, the western half of Haiti was settled by
+French buccaneers, and after another period this portion of the island
+was ceded to France by Spain in 1693.
+
+The French rule did not please the natives, and a long period of
+discontent followed, till, in 1796, the Haitians, under the leadership
+of Toussaint L'Ouverture, rebelled against the French and drove them
+from the island.
+
+The victorious insurgents then set about conquering the eastern portion
+of the island, and for a time held possession of it. After a time,
+however, it was divided into two portions: the western end which the
+natives had secured from the French was called Haiti, and the eastern
+eventually became the Republic of San Domingo.
+
+The inhabitants of Haiti are negroes, or, to be more exact, nine-tenths
+are negroes and the rest mulattoes; the whites are not very numerous,
+and are principally foreign merchants and traders.
+
+The President of Haiti is a colored man, named Tiresias Simon Sam, and
+the officers of the government are all colored people.
+
+The language of the country is a dialect known as Creole French. The
+official reports of Haiti say that the President is elected for seven
+years, but that his term is generally cut short by insurrections.
+
+A good many Germans have settled in Port-au-Prince, the capital city of
+Haiti, but, white people being so scarce in the island, the consuls are
+kept busy trying to secure justice for their countrymen.
+
+Last fall, the German consul to Haiti, Count Schwerin, was asked to
+adjust the present difficulty.
+
+The servant of a young German named Lueders was accused of committing
+some crime, and, according to the story, a dozen stalwart Haitian
+policemen went to Mr. Lueders' house and forcibly arrested him.
+
+Mr. Lueders went to police headquarters to complain of the conduct of
+the officers, and was at once arrested and charged with interfering with
+the officers while doing their duty, and also with attempting to kill
+them.
+
+He was at once fined $48 and sent to jail for a month.
+
+Mr. Lueders claimed that he was innocent and could prove it, and asked
+for a second trial. When this was given him, he brought forward
+witnesses who proved that he had not attempted to interfere with the
+police.
+
+In spite of this, he was again found guilty, and sentenced to one year's
+imprisonment and $500 fine, presumably to punish him for demanding the
+second trial.
+
+The German consul had followed both the trials with great interest, and
+when the second decision was rendered he felt that it was time for him
+to interfere.
+
+He telegraphed to Berlin for instructions, and in reply received orders
+to demand the immediate release of Lueders, and to insist that damages
+to the amount of $1,000 be paid by Haiti for every day Mr. Lueders had
+already spent in jail--twenty in all, and an extra $5,000 for every
+day's imprisonment after the request for his release was received.
+
+At first President Simon Sam refused to listen to the demand, and Mr.
+Lueders remained another six days in jail.
+
+Then the German minister sent word to the President that he had hauled
+down his flag, sent his valuable papers to the care of the United States
+consul, and had broken off all relations with the Haitian government.
+
+This announcement caused considerable excitement in Port-au-Prince. The
+Germans and the natives both became indignant, and the feeling ran so
+high that the angry blacks threatened to attack the German Legation and
+burn it to the ground, and then lynch Lueders.
+
+Fearing a serious outbreak which might call down the wrath of Germany,
+President Simon Sam decided that the wisest thing to do was to get rid
+of Lueders; so the young man was hurried from his prison and put on
+board a steamer bound for New York.
+
+By the time this was done Germany's pride had been aroused, and a
+war-vessel had been ordered to sail for Port-au-Prince, and insist upon
+reparation being made, under pain of bombardment of the town.
+
+Of course, this is not a pleasant outlook for Haiti, but the natives are
+not so frightened as they might be, because it is well known that
+Germany has not an alarming navy, and it will probably be a good long
+time before she can send a ship to Port-au-Prince, and in the mean while
+other things may have occurred to make her forget the difficulty.
+
+As a matter of fact, the only vessel available for the purpose is not
+ready to go to sea, and cannot be made ready before December 10th, and
+it will then be some time before she can reach Haiti.
+
+The Germans are much annoyed that they will have to put up with the
+little republic's impudence for so long a time, and one political party
+in Germany is taking advantage of the opportunity to urge the necessity
+of enlarging the navy.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has for some time past been insisting that it
+should be increased, and has asked that large grants of money be made
+for that purpose, but the majority of the people have not been in
+sympathy with him.
+
+Germany's sea-coast is very small, and they think it a waste of money to
+build and maintain an expensive navy to defend it.
+
+The party in favor of the navy are now declaring that, if Germany wants
+to keep the respect of other nations, she must maintain her dignity by
+having war-vessels ready to punish offenders.
+
+The Germans in Haiti are in full sympathy with this idea. They complain
+that they are not treated with half the consideration and respect that
+the American residents are, and they say that President Simon Sam
+behaves better to the Americans only because he knows that he would have
+a United States cruiser after him in a very few hours, if he attempted
+any high-handed dealings with our citizens.
+
+We have lately been accused by both England and Japan of being
+discourteous in our diplomatic relations with other countries; it is
+therefore some satisfaction to know that the Germans in Haiti greatly
+appreciate the methods which our foreign ministers employ.
+
+In the course of the discussions over the Haitian troubles it has been
+said that while we are not formal in our diplomatic work, and do not
+always use the polite forms which etiquette demands, our ministers have
+a manly, direct way of going about their business which gains the
+desired point every time.
+
+Serious trouble is not anticipated with Haiti; it is really too small a
+place to be able to oppose a great country like Germany. If she does not
+speedily obey the wishes of the German government, a taste of the
+war-ship's big guns will soon bring her to her senses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nansen, the Arctic explorer, is in this country, and it will interest
+you to know that he fully believes that Andrée is all right, and will
+return safely in due course of time.
+
+Of all men Fridjiof Nansen is best able to form an opinion as to the
+likelihood of Professor Andrée ever returning to us, for he himself has
+penetrated farther north than any other Arctic explorer, and has learned
+so much about the Polar Sea that he is able to form a good opinion as to
+the possibilities of Andrée's success.
+
+Nansen returned from his famous voyage before THE GREAT ROUND WORLD came
+into existence, and so you might perhaps like to have us tell you about
+him.
+
+He is a young Norwegian, only thirty-six years old; very young to have
+made such a great record.
+
+At the age of nineteen he entered the University of Christiania and
+devoted himself to the study of zoölogy, or the science of animals and
+animal life, from man to the lowest form of life.
+
+When he was twenty he made a voyage into the Northern seas for the
+purpose of studying animal life in high latitudes.
+
+When he returned he was made Curator of the Natural History Museum in
+Bergen, Norway. A curator is a person in whose charge the valuable
+collections in a museum are placed. He is the caretaker or custodian of
+all the priceless treasures the museum contains.
+
+Six years later Nansen made a trip across Greenland on snow-shoes.
+
+There had long been a theory that in the interior of Greenland there
+were fertile spots capable of cultivation.
+
+Nansen proved that Greenland is covered with a huge ice-sheet, and is,
+in fact, one vast glacier which rises slightly toward the interior, the
+surface of the ice-cap being only occasionally interrupted by mountains
+which protrude from the ice.
+
+Nansen believed that an Arctic explorer should be able to live the same
+life as the natives of the land he was exploring, and during his winter
+in Greenland he lived much with the Eskimos, sleeping in their rude huts
+of stone and dirt, and joining in their hunts on land and sea.
+
+He learned many useful lessons of these people. One was how to make and
+manage a kayak, or Eskimo boat, which he declares to be the handiest,
+lightest, and absolutely best small boat constructed.
+
+It was the knowledge that he gained during this Greenland winter that
+enabled him to get one hundred and ninety-five miles nearer the North
+Pole than any one else had ever done.
+
+He also learned from his Arctic friends how to handle dog-teams.
+
+The Eskimos use dogs for travelling as the Laplanders use reindeer. The
+dogs are, however, much more difficult to handle, for while they are
+hardy, strong, intelligent, and willing, they do not make good servants.
+All their training cannot entirely tame them, and they have certain ways
+and habits which lessen their usefulness.
+
+They are, for instance, terrible fighters.
+
+Every one who possesses a canine friend knows that this is a very
+dog-like attribute, and one of which no dog, large or small, can be
+entirely broken.
+
+We all appreciate how unpleasant it is to be out walking with our
+favorite French bulldog, and suddenly have our be-ribboned aristocrat
+forget the dignity that his long pedigree should give him, and dash from
+our side to make tufts of hair fly from somebody else's equally
+be-ribboned poodle.
+
+Such an occurrence is serious enough--but it becomes a matter of life
+and death when, miles from home in a frozen country, you are depending
+on your dogs to bring you safely back again, and your team forgets its
+duty and becomes a waving mass of legs and tails, from which you hear
+nothing but the howls of the vanquished. A dog-fight often becomes one
+of the most terrible catastrophes that can overtake an explorer.
+
+With these fierce little Eskimo dogs, the result of such an encounter
+means generally the loss of two or three, and a walk home with the
+wounded survivors occupying the sled.
+
+Under the circumstances it is very necessary to understand how to handle
+these useful but eccentric beasts. The Eskimos have reduced this
+knowledge to a science, and from them Nansen learned to be the master of
+those dogs which were of so much service to him in his last and greatest
+expedition.
+
+This expedition was undertaken in June, 1893, and its object was to
+drift across the pole from Siberia to Greenland.
+
+During Nansen's Arctic experiences he had noticed that the shores of
+Greenland were strewn with driftwood of a kind also found on the shores
+of Siberia.
+
+The matter caused him some deep thought, and at length he arrived at the
+conclusion that there must be a current which crosses the Arctic Ocean
+and carries this material from Asia to America.
+
+After much thought, he came to the conclusion that if he could only
+build himself a vessel which would withstand the pressure of the ice,
+and once get into the stream, he and his vessel would be carried with
+the rest of the drift from Asia to America, and in the course of the
+trip would be borne right across the North Pole.
+
+It was a bold scheme, and for a time no one would listen to it, but
+Nansen's reputation stood him in good stead here, and finally convinced
+people that he must have a good foundation for his belief.
+
+With the aid of a few wealthy persons and the assistance of the King of
+Sweden, Nansen was able to have a suitable vessel built, and to make
+preparations for the undertaking.
+
+The greatest danger to Arctic travel is the pressure of the ice. When
+the winter comes on, and the sea tries to freeze over, the currents and
+the tides, and the unthawed blocks of ice that have been left from the
+last winter, cause a terrible disturbance. The ice, in its endeavor to
+pack itself solidly together, slides over itself with groans and creaks
+that sound like human cries.
+
+The force the ice exerts under these circumstances is enormous, so great
+indeed that it can crush big ships, and crack their sides as though they
+were no stronger than eggshells.
+
+Nansen could not hope to build a ship which should be strong enough to
+withstand this pressure, but he did hope to make one that would be able
+to rise above the ice, and escape the crushing altogether.
+
+His object was to have the sides so shaped that the ice would encounter
+a rounded surface on which it could not get any hold, and would
+therefore slide lower and lower down the sides of the ship until it at
+last met under the keel, lifting the ship above the dangerous pressure.
+
+The vessel, which Nansen called the _Fram_, was built according to his
+own plans, and when finished was a clumsy-looking craft.
+
+In an ordinary sea she pitched and rolled so badly that everybody on
+board was seasick, and during the first few days of her trip the sailors
+were one and all afraid that she would roll completely over and go to
+the bottom.
+
+In the ice she behaved exactly as Nansen had expected she would, and,
+once frozen to the ice, gave the explorer no anxiety that she would be
+crushed or wrecked.
+
+For three long years Nansen and his party were away on their expedition.
+Steaming from Norway to the coast of Siberia, where he took his pack of
+dogs on board, Nansen headed for the Polar Sea, and made all the speed
+he could to reach the farthest north possible before the winter set in,
+and was finally frozen into the ice where he supposed the current must
+be which was to bear him across the North Pole.
+
+To his infinite joy, he found, after weeks of uncertainty, that he was
+actually drifting with the ice, and that his theory was correct.
+
+He did not go as directly north as he had hoped, and on March 14th,
+1896, after nearly three years of patient drifting, he made up his mind
+that the _Fram_ had gone as far north as she would go, and that
+henceforth she would take a southerly course.
+
+He was but three hundred and fifty miles from the Pole, and he
+determined to make an effort to reach it himself, with the aid of his
+dogs and kayaks.
+
+He therefore left the _Fram_, and, with but one man to bear him company,
+he made a dash for the Pole.
+
+He succeeded in covering ninety-five miles of the unknown ocean, and
+reached within two hundred and sixty-one miles of the Pole, but here he
+was obliged to turn back. All his dogs were dead and he had but two
+weeks' provisions left, so he turned his face south.
+
+His surmises about the _Fram_ proved correct; she drifted south, and
+eventually reached Spitzbergen.
+
+The immediate scientific advantages of Nansen's trip are that he found
+the Pole was covered by sea, and that no land existed there, as so many
+persons had believed.
+
+He found that the Polar Sea, far from being shallow, as had also been
+supposed, was a wide sea of vast depth.
+
+He explored many of the lands that lie in the Polar Sea, and made
+observations that will be of immense value to geologists and botanists.
+
+Greatest of all, he proved that it is possible for men to undertake the
+perils and hardships of an Arctic expedition without loss of life or
+health. The first of his achievements was the proof that there is a
+current from Asia to America, in which the _Fram_ drifted for three
+years, not, it is true, carrying him to Greenland, as he had expected,
+but none the less taking him across the frozen sea, and landing his
+vessel at Spitzbergen.
+
+Next to it come the ease and comfort with which this tremendous
+undertaking was accomplished.
+
+During all these long years he did not lose a man, nor indeed were any
+of his companions sick; the doctor of the expedition had to study
+diseases of dogs to keep his hand in, so little work was there for him
+to do.
+
+The story of the voyage reads like the journal of a quiet family at
+home, it is so peaceful and uneventful. It tells no tales of hardships
+and privations, no sickness or suffering from the isolation.
+
+It is instead the record of a well-ordered household, in which each man
+performed the duties assigned to him, duties which gave each enough
+exercise to tire him out and make him long for the quiet hours of
+reading or chess-playing, or games, which were to follow in the cabin
+when the day's work was done.
+
+During the entire trip Nansen and his men performed the various duties
+of their lives, turn and turn about, the difference of occupation giving
+the men the change necessary to keep them in health and spirits.
+
+The journal tells of little simple festivities, with processions round
+the ship, to celebrate Christmas and birthdays. Of the extra dinners
+prepared for these great occasions, dinners which made the men feel a
+little tight about the waist and sleepy at the grand entertainment which
+always closed a holiday.
+
+The book is full of those little simple nothings which seem hardly worth
+telling to the outside world, and which are so full of meaning to those
+who have lived them through.
+
+The diary is only here and there varied with an account of a bear-hunt,
+or a dog-fight, or a wily bear coming along and stealing a dog or two
+for his own private consumption. It is at times hard to realize that
+these men of whom the journal treats were heroes ready to sacrifice
+their lives in the interest of science, and that in this peaceful,
+homelike way the greatest voyage of the century was being made.
+
+It will interest you to know that Nansen used every available modern
+invention to help make his voyage successful and bearable.
+
+In the Arctic regions there are long months when there is no day. The
+sun disappears beneath the horizon, and does not appear again for weeks.
+There is no day and no sunshine, only one long night.
+
+This time is the most trying period for Arctic travellers, and many
+poor fellows have gone insane under the terrible oppression of the
+months of darkness.
+
+When this time came, and the sun had bidden its good-by to the _Fram_,
+Nansen lighted his ship by means of electricity, generated from power
+obtained from a windmill. When the wind failed the crew manned a
+capstan, an apparatus used for hauling anchors on board ship, and which
+Nansen applied to this excellent use.
+
+With light to work by, plenty of work to do, and books and games for the
+evenings, one would have thought the men were well supplied, but Nansen
+added yet one more pleasure to their store. A friend had made the
+expedition a present of a phonograph. Nansen had his faithful wife sing
+into it all the favorite songs of the day, and so the sailors had one
+more comfort for their peaceful evenings, in the singing of well-known
+ballads by a well-loved voice.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The five _Competitor_ prisoners have been released from Cabana fortress
+after an imprisonment of nearly twenty months.
+
+The names of these five men are: Alfredo Laborde, William Gildea, Ona
+Melton, William Leavitt, Charles Barnett.
+
+By the release of these five men Spain has given us a very decided proof
+of her desire to keep our friendship.
+
+She has not done the thing by halves either, for an order has been
+issued to return the prisoners any arms that had been taken from them,
+and to restore the schooner _Competitor_ to its owners.
+
+The five prisoners will sail for New York at once, and will have the
+happiness of eating their Thanksgiving dinners in their own country.
+
+Three of the five men are native-born Americans; of the other two, one
+is an Englishman, and the other a naturalized American.
+
+Spain has, however, released them all unconditionally.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Weyler has just arrived in Spain, and the trouble we were
+anticipating is about to begin.
+
+As we told you, his ship had to put into a Cuban port for repairs before
+he could really set sail for Europe, and at this port he received a
+deputation of citizens, and repeated to them the speech which had made
+the Spanish Ministers so angry.
+
+He has been questioned as to the truth of the reports of this speech,
+but so far has avoided giving a direct answer, and complains that the
+reports are too long.
+
+He arrived at Corunna, but it was expected that he might land at
+Santander, and so his admirers in that city set to work to raise funds
+for a big reception to him.
+
+One of the features of the affair was to be a flight of rockets, six
+thousand in number, which, upon exploding, should scatter ribbons
+inscribed "Viva Weyler."
+
+Subscriptions were immediately started to secure the funds necessary for
+this magnificent display.
+
+After two weeks of uninterrupted labor the committee had secured $7.80.
+
+The persons in charge of the fête became a little embarrassed how to
+spend this sum. As it had been collected from, and sent by, unknown
+admirers, it could not be returned.
+
+One practical friend suggested that one of the committee should make a
+sketch of the celebrations as they had intended them to be, and spend
+the $7.80 in having a nice photograph made for Weyler of the proposed
+festivities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The promised reforms have not yet been granted to the Cubans, and it is
+reported that General Blanco is so annoyed at the condition of affairs
+that he is on the point of asking to be recalled.
+
+He finds he has been deceived about the state of the Spanish army in
+Cuba, and the dislike of the Spanish party in the island to Home Rule
+has also been a sad stumbling-block in his way. These people throw every
+possible obstacle in his path.
+
+The General feels that he is in a false position, and is most unhappy
+over it.
+
+Spain is expecting him to open a brilliant fall campaign, and he is
+unable to do this because he finds himself at the head of a body of
+ill-paid, hungry, and disaffected soldiers, who are neither fit for
+difficult work nor willing to undertake it.
+
+On the other hand, a portion of the Cubans are expecting reforms and
+help from him, and this he cannot give because he is hampered by the
+ill-will of the officials and the delays of the home Government.
+
+The peasants have been permitted to return to their homes, and
+permission has been given to commence sugar-grinding. But in the
+present state of the country this permission amounts to nothing. The
+planters have no money to pay for grinding sugar, and unless the
+Government aids them it will be impossible for them to begin operations.
+
+The peasants have no homes to go to, and unless they are cared for until
+they are able to care for themselves they must starve.
+
+An edict was issued arranging for certain lines of cultivation that were
+to be started by the peasants, in the hope of helping them. The laborers
+engaged in this work were to report to the military commanders, and be
+under military protection.
+
+Nothing further has, however, been done to carry out this plan, and
+indeed it seems doubtful if anything can be done. Spain has no money,
+and the Spanish soldiers need food for themselves--how then can the
+Spanish commanders supply the peasants with farming implements and
+grain, and care for them until kindly earth yields its crop?
+
+General Blanco seems to have unearthed some serious frauds during his
+investigation. He has asked the Spanish government to send out a general
+named Escribera to him, that he may make him account for the cattle
+which he is supposed to have supplied for the consumption of the army,
+but which never came to hand.
+
+In the mean time the Cubans are gaining victories all over the island,
+and the leaders seem more determined than ever to accept nothing but
+liberty from the Spaniards.
+
+General Gomez has notified President McKinley of this fact.
+
+He sent him a note in which he recited the struggles and sufferings of
+the Cubans, reminded him of the blood that had been spilled in the cause
+of freedom, and assured him again that under no circumstances would the
+patriots end the war until Spain had given up the island.
+
+A Spanish general has been sent out by Blanco to take command of the
+eastern army, and reduce the rebels to submission. He reports, however,
+that the troops under him are in such a poor condition that he can
+expect very little from them.
+
+In Spain the Carlists are causing a good deal of anxiety. The Pope has
+received certain information that a great rising is indeed contemplated.
+Espousing the cause of the infant King Alphonso, he has sent a letter to
+the Spanish clergy, desiring them to refrain from encouraging the
+rebellion.
+
+There are constant rumors of risings, and arms and ammunition have been
+seized in several towns of Spain.
+
+It seems certain that Don Carlos is only waiting for a favorable
+opportunity to commence hostilities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The sheriff and deputies who shot at the strikers in the recent trouble
+at Hazleton have been indicted by the Grand Jury for murder, and must
+all be tried for this crime.
+
+The Grand Jury is a body of men, generally twenty-four in number, whose
+duty it is to look into complaints of crimes that have been committed,
+and decide whether they are really serious enough to go to trial.
+
+A trial by jury costs the people a great deal of money and time, and it
+would not be right to allow this money to be expended unless it was
+pretty sure that a crime had been committed, and that the accused person
+was in some way connected with it.
+
+A man will sometimes accuse another of a crime for spite. If it were not
+for the Grand Jury the case would be brought before the judge, and it
+might take weeks for the accused man to prove his innocence. In the mean
+while he would have been branded by the world as a criminal.
+
+With the Grand Jury such a state of affairs is impossible.
+
+The Jury must first be convinced that the supposed crime has been
+committed, and then that the accused person is connected with it, before
+they find what is called a true bill, and allow the case to go to the
+courts.
+
+In the Hazleton case the Grand Jury has decided that a crime was
+committed by the deputies in firing on strikers, and the sheriff and his
+posse will have to prove that their action was justifiable, or else
+suffer the penalty of their crime.
+
+                                                     G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK REVIEWS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STORY OF ULYSSES.
+
+This book consists of a series of stories of the fortunes and
+misfortunes that befell Ulysses in his wanderings for ten years after
+the capture of Troy. The stories are arranged in a different order from
+that in the Odyssey, and form a most delightful narrative. The author,
+Agnes Spafford Cook, is an excellent Greek scholar, and has been very
+successful in making the deeper meanings of this great poem shine
+through these stories of the trials of the wisest of Greek heroes in his
+struggle against the efforts of the gods to prevent him from returning
+to his native land.
+
+The book is well illustrated and attractively bound in cloth. Price, 50
+cents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Pierre and His Poodle," by Elizabeth W. Champney, is a prettily
+illustrated, bright little story of a little French boy and his master's
+poodle. Pierre, in his attempts to find Popotte, the runaway poodle, has
+many adventures, strange and fascinating. He finally recovers the dog,
+and the story winds up with happy futures in prospect for the hero and
+heroine and their friends. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.
+
+
+     _Editor of "Great Round World."_
+
+     DEAR SIR:--Being advised that THE GREAT ROUND WORLD was a
+     very interesting and useful paper for use in the schoolroom,
+     I have for several weeks been a subscriber for your
+     magazine. It is needless to say that my pupils as well as
+     myself have found the articles contained therein very
+     interesting.
+
+     In your issue of November 4th I notice that there were
+     printed several letters from a school in Foxboro, Mass.
+
+     As my pupils are interested in letter-writing, I think it
+     would be a great incentive toward the accomplishment of good
+     work in that direction if they may be allowed to write a
+     batch of letters to the editor of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD,
+     with the hope that one or two of the best of them will be
+     printed in your paper. Hoping that you will give the
+     letters, which I herewith enclose, your gracious attention,
+     I am
+
+                               Very truly yours,
+                                      HARRIET B. RAYMOND.
+     WESTPORT, CONN., November 11th, 1897.
+
+
+
+DEAR MADAM:
+
+We are only too happy to comply with your very pleasant request. It is
+our desire to be of service to our readers, and if the fact of writing
+to us will help them in their studies we shall be only too delighted to
+have them write to us as often as they feel inclined.
+
+Pray tell them that we will take pleasure in answering every good letter
+that we receive.                       EDITOR.
+
+
+We take pleasure in publishing the two following letters from our little
+friends in Poplar Plains.
+
+All the letters were interesting, and showed that the young readers had
+studied THE GREAT ROUND WORLD very carefully. We would have been
+delighted to publish them all, but space forbade.        EDITOR.
+
+
+     DEAR EDITOR:
+
+     Your paper is so very interesting that the teacher reads to
+     us some of the stories, one of which I liked very much. It
+     was about the forest fires, and we were very anxious to have
+     the next paper come. Some of the other scholars of my school
+     are going to write and tell you what they think is the best
+     story. Good-by,
+
+                            Your friend,
+                                    EDNA R.C.
+     WESTPORT, CONN., November 12th, 1897.
+
+
+     DEAR EDITOR:
+
+     My teacher has been reading some very interesting articles
+     from your paper, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. I think the most
+     interesting articles were about the forest fires, the
+     Klondike regions, and about the large and useful bicycles,
+     and about the great wars that are going on now. I think you
+     are very kind in sending your paper to the people.
+
+                               Your friend,
+                                        IDA B.K.
+     WESTPORT, CONN., November 12th, 1897.
+
+
+     DEAR EDITOR:
+
+     I am very much interested about Cuba and all the wars that
+     are going on, also about Klondike.
+
+     I wish you would write something about the mines in Mexico,
+     because my father has gone down there to some mines.
+
+                      Yours truly,
+                                          W.E.W.
+     OGDENSBURG, November 14th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR YOUNG FRIEND:
+
+Many thanks for your kind letter.
+
+We will be glad to chat with you about the mines in Mexico as soon as we
+can find space.
+
+THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is a _news_paper. We try to tell you week by week
+of the important events that have been happening in the world. We have
+therefore but little room in our pages for any stories that are not
+closely connected with some recent event.
+
+To give you pleasure we will endeavor to make room in the earliest
+number possible.
+
+In the mean while, will you not send us an account of the mine to which
+your father has gone? He has probably written home to you and told you
+some interesting things which we should all like to know. Won't you
+write us another letter, giving us your father's account of the mine he
+has gone to?
+
+                                                  EDITOR.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+POCKET-KNIFE.--Here is an excellent thing in pocket-knives.
+
+Attached to the handle is a revolving plate which, when the knife is
+opened, turns round and catches the blade firmly, making it impossible
+for it to close and holding it absolutely rigid.
+
+So many accidents have occurred through the slipping of the pocket-knife
+that it seems strange such a simple device as this should not have been
+thought of before.
+
+[Illustration: Pocket-knife]
+
+We are aware that there have been several knives made with springs to
+hold the blade firmly when open, but these have all been large and
+clumsy knives, whereas the one illustrated is really what it pretends to
+be--a pocket-knife.
+
+                                                         G.H.R.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16191-8.txt or 16191-8.zip *****
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Julia Truitt Bishop.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: July 3, 2005 [EBook #16191]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_1567" id="Page_1567"></a></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p>
+
+<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>December</span> 2, 1897.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 56</b></div>
+
+<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The recent despatches from India tell us that the soldiers who are
+fighting on the frontier have performed another gallant deed.</p>
+
+<p>The heroes, this time, belonged to the Northamptonshire regiment.</p>
+
+<p>It was necessary for the British to find out if the enemy was encamped
+anywhere in the neighborhood, so a portion of the troops left the
+British camp and marched to the summit of a mountain called Saran Sar.</p>
+
+<p>There were no signs of the Afridis as they marched along, and the top of
+the hill was reached with little difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>There they found the remains of a hastily vacated camp, and from the
+various signs that were around became convinced that the enemy was on
+the mountain with them.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing an ambush, the British commander ordered his men to retreat, and
+the man&oelig;uvre had hardly been put in effect before the tribesmen
+appeared.</p>
+
+<p>Following the troops closely, the Afridis fired on them from behind<a name="Page_1568" id="Page_1568"></a>
+every bush and rock that offered cover, and, after many of the English
+soldiers had been killed or wounded, the tribesmen became so bold that
+they rushed from their cover and engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter
+with the soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>General Westmacott, who commanded the party, at once realized that he
+had serious work before him, and hastily arranging his forces so that he
+could care for the wounded and move his men as quickly as possible, the
+commander hastened the retreat.</p>
+
+<p>It was, however, difficult to do; and in the hurry of the retreat one
+little party, which had charge of a convoy of wounded comrades, became
+separated from the rest of their comrades and were surrounded by the
+angry tribesmen.</p>
+
+<p>The retreating army reached the camp safely about dark, and then it was
+discovered that a lieutenant named McIntyre and twelve soldiers were
+missing.</p>
+
+<p>It was at first hoped that they had simply dropped behind and would
+reach camp any moment. When, however, hours passed and they did not
+return, the worst fears were entertained.</p>
+
+<p>At last a soldier arrived, bringing with him the dreadful news, and
+telling the story of the gallant deed of the lieutenant and his brave
+companions.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that the rough ground over which they had to travel made the
+progress of this little party very slow, and the care of the wounded
+under their charge hampered their movements so much that they at last
+found themselves completely cut off from their comrades.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the young officer realized what had happened to him, he
+despatched one of his men for aid, and with the others formed a ring<a name="Page_1569" id="Page_1569"></a>
+around the wounded, preparing to defend them until help arrived.</p>
+
+<p>The wounded men, on their part, behaved as nobly as the lieutenant
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing the situation, they begged the young officer to leave them to
+their fate, and do what he could to save his own life and the lives of
+his men.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McIntyre absolutely refused to abandon the wounded, and prepared to
+defend them to the last.</p>
+
+<p>When the messenger last saw the gallant little band, they were bravely
+facing the enemy, waiting calmly for the death which was sure to follow
+unless help reached them soon.</p>
+
+<p>A party was immediately sent out from camp to their relief, but when the
+spot was reached the brave fellows were beyond human aid.</p>
+
+<p>Not a man remained alive to tell the tale of their noble struggle. The
+bodies of the lieutenant and his men were found grouped about the
+wounded comrades they had sacrificed their lives to save, and their
+attitude in death showed that each man had died doing his duty, his face
+to the foe.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Some of the tribesmen have come to the conclusion that the British
+soldier is a hard foe to beat.</p>
+
+<p>The Orakzais have therefore sent a deputation to Gen. Sir William
+Lockhart, the British commander-in-chief, asking for peace.</p>
+
+<p>Sir William was willing to talk to them, but the terms he offered were
+so much harder than they ex<a name="Page_1570" id="Page_1570"></a>pected that the Orakzais do not seem
+inclined to accept them.</p>
+
+<p>The English general told the tribesmen that the only terms on which
+England would treat with them were that they should first give back all
+the rifles they had captured since the outbreak, then that they should
+forfeit five hundred extra rifles and thirty thousand rupees as a fine,
+and lastly, that they must offer submission to the Queen's rule within a
+fortnight,&mdash;the submission to be given at a full durbar, which is a
+native Indian term for a levee or reception held by a native prince or
+officer of rank in British India.</p>
+
+<p>As we have said, the Orakzais think these terms too severe, and are
+inclined to refuse them.</p>
+
+<p>The Afridis have as yet shown no signs of weakening. On the contrary,
+they have sent fresh messengers to the Ameer of Afghanistan, asking his
+aid. The English are confident that he will refuse, and advise them to
+submit, and hope that there may soon be an end of the Indian troubles.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while the Afridis are making all the trouble they can. Every
+night they cut the telegraph-wires, and every day they lay in wait for
+any baggage convoy or foraging party that leaves the camp.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>You will be pleased to hear more about the brave piper of the Gordon
+Highlanders, who, though shot through both ankles at the battle of
+Dargai Ridge, propped himself up, and continued playing on his pipes to
+cheer his comrades.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian despatches say that he has been recommended for the Victoria
+Cross.<a name="Page_1571" id="Page_1571"></a></p>
+
+<p>This decoration is the English reward for great bravery. It is the
+decoration of all others which British soldiers love to receive.</p>
+
+<p>It is a simple little bronze cross, of the shape known as a Maltese
+cross; in the centre is the crown, with the British lion standing upon
+it, and on a scroll beneath the inscription "For Valor." For soldiers it
+has a red ribbon, for sailors a blue. The slide through which the ribbon
+passes is a bronze bar ornamented with a laurel wreath, the symbol of
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>The value of the Victoria Cross is practically nothing, but those men
+who have been happy enough to earn it value it above any riches or
+honors.</p>
+
+<p>Piper Findlater, of the Gordon Highlanders, is a proud fellow just now,
+and would not be willing to change places with any duke or millionaire,
+no matter how great his rank or wealth, for in that little simple cross
+he has gained something that rank cannot command nor money buy;
+something that he possesses and the commanding officer of his regiment
+may not be able to gain; something which raises him to the highest place
+among men.</p>
+
+<p>We felt sure you would be glad to learn that the brave piper was not
+killed at Dargai Ridge, but lives to receive the reward for his gallant
+conduct.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is trouble in Haiti.</p>
+
+<p>Haiti is in the West Indies, and is a sister island of Cuba, and the
+next largest of the Antilles. It is divided from Cuba by a strait called
+the Windward Passage.</p>
+
+<p>It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and the first Spanish colony in
+the New World was estab<a name="Page_1572" id="Page_1572"></a>lished on it in 1493. After a while, the colony
+was neglected and died out, and Haiti became the prey of buccaneers,
+those bold seafaring men, who, half pirates and half rovers, sailed the
+seas during the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries,
+harassing foreign foes for private gain.</p>
+
+<p>After many ups and downs, the western half of Haiti was settled by
+French buccaneers, and after another period this portion of the island
+was ceded to France by Spain in 1693.</p>
+
+<p>The French rule did not please the natives, and a long period of
+discontent followed, till, in 1796, the Haitians, under the leadership
+of Toussaint L'Ouverture, rebelled against the French and drove them
+from the island.</p>
+
+<p>The victorious insurgents then set about conquering the eastern portion
+of the island, and for a time held possession of it. After a time,
+however, it was divided into two portions: the western end which the
+natives had secured from the French was called Haiti, and the eastern
+eventually became the Republic of San Domingo.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Haiti are negroes, or, to be more exact, nine-tenths
+are negroes and the rest mulattoes; the whites are not very numerous,
+and are principally foreign merchants and traders.</p>
+
+<p>The President of Haiti is a colored man, named Tiresias Simon Sam, and
+the officers of the government are all colored people.</p>
+
+<p>The language of the country is a dialect known as Creole French. The
+official reports of Haiti say that the President is elected for seven
+years, but that his term is generally cut short by insurrections.<a name="Page_1573" id="Page_1573"></a></p>
+
+<p>A good many Germans have settled in Port-au-Prince, the capital city of
+Haiti, but, white people being so scarce in the island, the consuls are
+kept busy trying to secure justice for their countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>Last fall, the German consul to Haiti, Count Schwerin, was asked to
+adjust the present difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>The servant of a young German named Lueders was accused of committing
+some crime, and, according to the story, a dozen stalwart Haitian
+policemen went to Mr. Lueders' house and forcibly arrested him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lueders went to police headquarters to complain of the conduct of
+the officers, and was at once arrested and charged with interfering with
+the officers while doing their duty, and also with attempting to kill
+them.</p>
+
+<p>He was at once fined $48 and sent to jail for a month.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lueders claimed that he was innocent and could prove it, and asked
+for a second trial. When this was given him, he brought forward
+witnesses who proved that he had not attempted to interfere with the
+police.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of this, he was again found guilty, and sentenced to one year's
+imprisonment and $500 fine, presumably to punish him for demanding the
+second trial.</p>
+
+<p>The German consul had followed both the trials with great interest, and
+when the second decision was rendered he felt that it was time for him
+to interfere.</p>
+
+<p>He telegraphed to Berlin for instructions, and in reply received orders
+to demand the immediate release of Lueders, and to insist that damages
+to the amount of $1,000 be paid by Haiti for every day Mr.<a name="Page_1574" id="Page_1574"></a> Lueders had
+already spent in jail&mdash;twenty in all, and an extra $5,000 for every
+day's imprisonment after the request for his release was received.</p>
+
+<p>At first President Simon Sam refused to listen to the demand, and Mr.
+Lueders remained another six days in jail.</p>
+
+<p>Then the German minister sent word to the President that he had hauled
+down his flag, sent his valuable papers to the care of the United States
+consul, and had broken off all relations with the Haitian government.</p>
+
+<p>This announcement caused considerable excitement in Port-au-Prince. The
+Germans and the natives both became indignant, and the feeling ran so
+high that the angry blacks threatened to attack the German Legation and
+burn it to the ground, and then lynch Lueders.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing a serious outbreak which might call down the wrath of Germany,
+President Simon Sam decided that the wisest thing to do was to get rid
+of Lueders; so the young man was hurried from his prison and put on
+board a steamer bound for New York.</p>
+
+<p>By the time this was done Germany's pride had been aroused, and a
+war-vessel had been ordered to sail for Port-au-Prince, and insist upon
+reparation being made, under pain of bombardment of the town.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, this is not a pleasant outlook for Haiti, but the natives are
+not so frightened as they might be, because it is well known that
+Germany has not an alarming navy, and it will probably be a good long
+time before she can send a ship to Port-au-Prince, and in the mean while
+other things may have occurred to make her forget the difficulty.<a name="Page_1575" id="Page_1575"></a></p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, the only vessel available for the purpose is not
+ready to go to sea, and cannot be made ready before December 10th, and
+it will then be some time before she can reach Haiti.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans are much annoyed that they will have to put up with the
+little republic's impudence for so long a time, and one political party
+in Germany is taking advantage of the opportunity to urge the necessity
+of enlarging the navy.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor of Germany has for some time past been insisting that it
+should be increased, and has asked that large grants of money be made
+for that purpose, but the majority of the people have not been in
+sympathy with him.</p>
+
+<p>Germany's sea-coast is very small, and they think it a waste of money to
+build and maintain an expensive navy to defend it.</p>
+
+<p>The party in favor of the navy are now declaring that, if Germany wants
+to keep the respect of other nations, she must maintain her dignity by
+having war-vessels ready to punish offenders.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans in Haiti are in full sympathy with this idea. They complain
+that they are not treated with half the consideration and respect that
+the American residents are, and they say that President Simon Sam
+behaves better to the Americans only because he knows that he would have
+a United States cruiser after him in a very few hours, if he attempted
+any high-handed dealings with our citizens.</p>
+
+<p>We have lately been accused by both England and Japan of being
+discourteous in our diplomatic relations with other countries; it is
+therefore some satisfaction to know that the Germans in Haiti greatly
+ap<a name="Page_1576" id="Page_1576"></a>preciate the methods which our foreign ministers employ.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the discussions over the Haitian troubles it has been
+said that while we are not formal in our diplomatic work, and do not
+always use the polite forms which etiquette demands, our ministers have
+a manly, direct way of going about their business which gains the
+desired point every time.</p>
+
+<p>Serious trouble is not anticipated with Haiti; it is really too small a
+place to be able to oppose a great country like Germany. If she does not
+speedily obey the wishes of the German government, a taste of the
+war-ship's big guns will soon bring her to her senses.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Nansen, the Arctic explorer, is in this country, and it will interest
+you to know that he fully believes that Andr&eacute;e is all right, and will
+return safely in due course of time.</p>
+
+<p>Of all men Fridjiof Nansen is best able to form an opinion as to the
+likelihood of Professor Andr&eacute;e ever returning to us, for he himself has
+penetrated farther north than any other Arctic explorer, and has learned
+so much about the Polar Sea that he is able to form a good opinion as to
+the possibilities of Andr&eacute;e's success.</p>
+
+<p>Nansen returned from his famous voyage before <span class="smcap">The Great Round
+World</span> came into existence, and so you might perhaps like to have us
+tell you about him.</p>
+
+<p>He is a young Norwegian, only thirty-six years old; very young to have
+made such a great record.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of nineteen he entered the University of<a name="Page_1577" id="Page_1577"></a> Christiania and
+devoted himself to the study of zo&ouml;logy, or the science of animals and
+animal life, from man to the lowest form of life.</p>
+
+<p>When he was twenty he made a voyage into the Northern seas for the
+purpose of studying animal life in high latitudes.</p>
+
+<p>When he returned he was made Curator of the Natural History Museum in
+Bergen, Norway. A curator is a person in whose charge the valuable
+collections in a museum are placed. He is the caretaker or custodian of
+all the priceless treasures the museum contains.</p>
+
+<p>Six years later Nansen made a trip across Greenland on snow-shoes.</p>
+
+<p>There had long been a theory that in the interior of Greenland there
+were fertile spots capable of cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>Nansen proved that Greenland is covered with a huge ice-sheet, and is,
+in fact, one vast glacier which rises slightly toward the interior, the
+surface of the ice-cap being only occasionally interrupted by mountains
+which protrude from the ice.</p>
+
+<p>Nansen believed that an Arctic explorer should be able to live the same
+life as the natives of the land he was exploring, and during his winter
+in Greenland he lived much with the Eskimos, sleeping in their rude huts
+of stone and dirt, and joining in their hunts on land and sea.</p>
+
+<p>He learned many useful lessons of these people. One was how to make and
+manage a kayak, or Eskimo boat, which he declares to be the handiest,
+lightest, and absolutely best small boat constructed.</p>
+
+<p>It was the knowledge that he gained during this<a name="Page_1578" id="Page_1578"></a> Greenland winter that
+enabled him to get one hundred and ninety-five miles nearer the North
+Pole than any one else had ever done.</p>
+
+<p>He also learned from his Arctic friends how to handle dog-teams.</p>
+
+<p>The Eskimos use dogs for travelling as the Laplanders use reindeer. The
+dogs are, however, much more difficult to handle, for while they are
+hardy, strong, intelligent, and willing, they do not make good servants.
+All their training cannot entirely tame them, and they have certain ways
+and habits which lessen their usefulness.</p>
+
+<p>They are, for instance, terrible fighters.</p>
+
+<p>Every one who possesses a canine friend knows that this is a very
+dog-like attribute, and one of which no dog, large or small, can be
+entirely broken.</p>
+
+<p>We all appreciate how unpleasant it is to be out walking with our
+favorite French bulldog, and suddenly have our be-ribboned aristocrat
+forget the dignity that his long pedigree should give him, and dash from
+our side to make tufts of hair fly from somebody else's equally
+be-ribboned poodle.</p>
+
+<p>Such an occurrence is serious enough&mdash;but it becomes a matter of life
+and death when, miles from home in a frozen country, you are depending
+on your dogs to bring you safely back again, and your team forgets its
+duty and becomes a waving mass of legs and tails, from which you hear
+nothing but the howls of the vanquished. A dog-fight often becomes one
+of the most terrible catastrophes that can overtake an explorer.</p>
+
+<p>With these fierce little Eskimo dogs, the result of such an encounter
+means generally the loss of two or <a name="Page_1579" id="Page_1579"></a>three, and a walk home with the
+wounded survivors occupying the sled.</p>
+
+<p>Under the circumstances it is very necessary to understand how to handle
+these useful but eccentric beasts. The Eskimos have reduced this
+knowledge to a science, and from them Nansen learned to be the master of
+those dogs which were of so much service to him in his last and greatest
+expedition.</p>
+
+<p>This expedition was undertaken in June, 1893, and its object was to
+drift across the pole from Siberia to Greenland.</p>
+
+<p>During Nansen's Arctic experiences he had noticed that the shores of
+Greenland were strewn with driftwood of a kind also found on the shores
+of Siberia.</p>
+
+<p>The matter caused him some deep thought, and at length he arrived at the
+conclusion that there must be a current which crosses the Arctic Ocean
+and carries this material from Asia to America.</p>
+
+<p>After much thought, he came to the conclusion that if he could only
+build himself a vessel which would withstand the pressure of the ice,
+and once get into the stream, he and his vessel would be carried with
+the rest of the drift from Asia to America, and in the course of the
+trip would be borne right across the North Pole.</p>
+
+<p>It was a bold scheme, and for a time no one would listen to it, but
+Nansen's reputation stood him in good stead here, and finally convinced
+people that he must have a good foundation for his belief.</p>
+
+<p>With the aid of a few wealthy persons and the assistance of the King of
+Sweden, Nansen was able to have a suitable vessel built, and to make
+preparations for the undertaking.<a name="Page_1580" id="Page_1580"></a></p>
+
+<p>The greatest danger to Arctic travel is the pressure of the ice. When
+the winter comes on, and the sea tries to freeze over, the currents and
+the tides, and the unthawed blocks of ice that have been left from the
+last winter, cause a terrible disturbance. The ice, in its endeavor to
+pack itself solidly together, slides over itself with groans and creaks
+that sound like human cries.</p>
+
+<p>The force the ice exerts under these circumstances is enormous, so great
+indeed that it can crush big ships, and crack their sides as though they
+were no stronger than eggshells.</p>
+
+<p>Nansen could not hope to build a ship which should be strong enough to
+withstand this pressure, but he did hope to make one that would be able
+to rise above the ice, and escape the crushing altogether.</p>
+
+<p>His object was to have the sides so shaped that the ice would encounter
+a rounded surface on which it could not get any hold, and would
+therefore slide lower and lower down the sides of the ship until it at
+last met under the keel, lifting the ship above the dangerous pressure.</p>
+
+<p>The vessel, which Nansen called the <i>Fram</i>, was built according to his
+own plans, and when finished was a clumsy-looking craft.</p>
+
+<p>In an ordinary sea she pitched and rolled so badly that everybody on
+board was seasick, and during the first few days of her trip the sailors
+were one and all afraid that she would roll completely over and go to
+the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>In the ice she behaved exactly as Nansen had expected she would, and,
+once frozen to the ice, gave <a name="Page_1581" id="Page_1581"></a>the explorer no anxiety that she would be
+crushed or wrecked.</p>
+
+<p>For three long years Nansen and his party were away on their expedition.
+Steaming from Norway to the coast of Siberia, where he took his pack of
+dogs on board, Nansen headed for the Polar Sea, and made all the speed
+he could to reach the farthest north possible before the winter set in,
+and was finally frozen into the ice where he supposed the current must
+be which was to bear him across the North Pole.</p>
+
+<p>To his infinite joy, he found, after weeks of uncertainty, that he was
+actually drifting with the ice, and that his theory was correct.</p>
+
+<p>He did not go as directly north as he had hoped, and on March 14th,
+1896, after nearly three years of patient drifting, he made up his mind
+that the <i>Fram</i> had gone as far north as she would go, and that
+henceforth she would take a southerly course.</p>
+
+<p>He was but three hundred and fifty miles from the Pole, and he
+determined to make an effort to reach it himself, with the aid of his
+dogs and kayaks.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore left the <i>Fram</i>, and, with but one man to bear him company,
+he made a dash for the Pole.</p>
+
+<p>He succeeded in covering ninety-five miles of the unknown ocean, and
+reached within two hundred and sixty-one miles of the Pole, but here he
+was obliged to turn back. All his dogs were dead and he had but two
+weeks' provisions left, so he turned his face south.</p>
+
+<p>His surmises about the <i>Fram</i> proved correct; she drifted south, and
+eventually reached Spitzbergen.</p>
+
+<p>The immediate scientific advantages of Nansen's <a name="Page_1582" id="Page_1582"></a>trip are that he found
+the Pole was covered by sea, and that no land existed there, as so many
+persons had believed.</p>
+
+<p>He found that the Polar Sea, far from being shallow, as had also been
+supposed, was a wide sea of vast depth.</p>
+
+<p>He explored many of the lands that lie in the Polar Sea, and made
+observations that will be of immense value to geologists and botanists.</p>
+
+<p>Greatest of all, he proved that it is possible for men to undertake the
+perils and hardships of an Arctic expedition without loss of life or
+health. The first of his achievements was the proof that there is a
+current from Asia to America, in which the <i>Fram</i> drifted for three
+years, not, it is true, carrying him to Greenland, as he had expected,
+but none the less taking him across the frozen sea, and landing his
+vessel at Spitzbergen.</p>
+
+<p>Next to it come the ease and comfort with which this tremendous
+undertaking was accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>During all these long years he did not lose a man, nor indeed were any
+of his companions sick; the doctor of the expedition had to study
+diseases of dogs to keep his hand in, so little work was there for him
+to do.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the voyage reads like the journal of a quiet family at
+home, it is so peaceful and uneventful. It tells no tales of hardships
+and privations, no sickness or suffering from the isolation.</p>
+
+<p>It is instead the record of a well-ordered household, in which each man
+performed the duties assigned to him, duties which gave each enough
+exercise to tire him out and make him long for the quiet hours of
+<a name="Page_1583" id="Page_1583"></a>reading or chess-playing, or games, which were to follow in the cabin
+when the day's work was done.</p>
+
+<p>During the entire trip Nansen and his men performed the various duties
+of their lives, turn and turn about, the difference of occupation giving
+the men the change necessary to keep them in health and spirits.</p>
+
+<p>The journal tells of little simple festivities, with processions round
+the ship, to celebrate Christmas and birthdays. Of the extra dinners
+prepared for these great occasions, dinners which made the men feel a
+little tight about the waist and sleepy at the grand entertainment which
+always closed a holiday.</p>
+
+<p>The book is full of those little simple nothings which seem hardly worth
+telling to the outside world, and which are so full of meaning to those
+who have lived them through.</p>
+
+<p>The diary is only here and there varied with an account of a bear-hunt,
+or a dog-fight, or a wily bear coming along and stealing a dog or two
+for his own private consumption. It is at times hard to realize that
+these men of whom the journal treats were heroes ready to sacrifice
+their lives in the interest of science, and that in this peaceful,
+homelike way the greatest voyage of the century was being made.</p>
+
+<p>It will interest you to know that Nansen used every available modern
+invention to help make his voyage successful and bearable.</p>
+
+<p>In the Arctic regions there are long months when there is no day. The
+sun disappears beneath the horizon, and does not appear again for weeks.
+There is no day and no sunshine, only one long night.</p>
+
+<p>This time is the most trying period for Arctic <a name="Page_1584" id="Page_1584"></a>travellers, and many
+poor fellows have gone insane under the terrible oppression of the
+months of darkness.</p>
+
+<p>When this time came, and the sun had bidden its good-by to the <i>Fram</i>,
+Nansen lighted his ship by means of electricity, generated from power
+obtained from a windmill. When the wind failed the crew manned a
+capstan, an apparatus used for hauling anchors on board ship, and which
+Nansen applied to this excellent use.</p>
+
+<p>With light to work by, plenty of work to do, and books and games for the
+evenings, one would have thought the men were well supplied, but Nansen
+added yet one more pleasure to their store. A friend had made the
+expedition a present of a phonograph. Nansen had his faithful wife sing
+into it all the favorite songs of the day, and so the sailors had one
+more comfort for their peaceful evenings, in the singing of well-known
+ballads by a well-loved voice.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The five <i>Competitor</i> prisoners have been released from Cabana fortress
+after an imprisonment of nearly twenty months.</p>
+
+<p>The names of these five men are: Alfredo Laborde, William Gildea, Ona
+Melton, William Leavitt, Charles Barnett.</p>
+
+<p>By the release of these five men Spain has given us a very decided proof
+of her desire to keep our friendship.</p>
+
+<p>She has not done the thing by halves either, for an order has been
+issued to return the prisoners any arms that had been taken from them,
+and to restore the schooner <i>Competitor</i> to its owners.<a name="Page_1585" id="Page_1585"></a></p>
+
+<p>The five prisoners will sail for New York at once, and will have the
+happiness of eating their Thanksgiving dinners in their own country.</p>
+
+<p>Three of the five men are native-born Americans; of the other two, one
+is an Englishman, and the other a naturalized American.</p>
+
+<p>Spain has, however, released them all unconditionally.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>General Weyler has just arrived in Spain, and the trouble we were
+anticipating is about to begin.</p>
+
+<p>As we told you, his ship had to put into a Cuban port for repairs before
+he could really set sail for Europe, and at this port he received a
+deputation of citizens, and repeated to them the speech which had made
+the Spanish Ministers so angry.</p>
+
+<p>He has been questioned as to the truth of the reports of this speech,
+but so far has avoided giving a direct answer, and complains that the
+reports are too long.</p>
+
+<p>He arrived at Corunna, but it was expected that he might land at
+Santander, and so his admirers in that city set to work to raise funds
+for a big reception to him.</p>
+
+<p>One of the features of the affair was to be a flight of rockets, six
+thousand in number, which, upon exploding, should scatter ribbons
+inscribed "Viva Weyler."</p>
+
+<p>Subscriptions were immediately started to secure the funds necessary for
+this magnificent display.</p>
+
+<p>After two weeks of uninterrupted labor the committee had secured $7.80.<a name="Page_1586" id="Page_1586"></a></p>
+
+<p>The persons in charge of the f&ecirc;te became a little embarrassed how to
+spend this sum. As it had been collected from, and sent by, unknown
+admirers, it could not be returned.</p>
+
+<p>One practical friend suggested that one of the committee should make a
+sketch of the celebrations as they had intended them to be, and spend
+the $7.80 in having a nice photograph made for Weyler of the proposed
+festivities.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The promised reforms have not yet been granted to the Cubans, and it is
+reported that General Blanco is so annoyed at the condition of affairs
+that he is on the point of asking to be recalled.</p>
+
+<p>He finds he has been deceived about the state of the Spanish army in
+Cuba, and the dislike of the Spanish party in the island to Home Rule
+has also been a sad stumbling-block in his way. These people throw every
+possible obstacle in his path.</p>
+
+<p>The General feels that he is in a false position, and is most unhappy
+over it.</p>
+
+<p>Spain is expecting him to open a brilliant fall campaign, and he is
+unable to do this because he finds himself at the head of a body of
+ill-paid, hungry, and disaffected soldiers, who are neither fit for
+difficult work nor willing to undertake it.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, a portion of the Cubans are expecting reforms and
+help from him, and this he cannot give because he is hampered by the
+ill-will of the officials and the delays of the home Government.</p>
+
+<p>The peasants have been permitted to return to their homes, and
+permission has been given to commence <a name="Page_1587" id="Page_1587"></a>sugar-grinding. But in the
+present state of the country this permission amounts to nothing. The
+planters have no money to pay for grinding sugar, and unless the
+Government aids them it will be impossible for them to begin operations.</p>
+
+<p>The peasants have no homes to go to, and unless they are cared for until
+they are able to care for themselves they must starve.</p>
+
+<p>An edict was issued arranging for certain lines of cultivation that were
+to be started by the peasants, in the hope of helping them. The laborers
+engaged in this work were to report to the military commanders, and be
+under military protection.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing further has, however, been done to carry out this plan, and
+indeed it seems doubtful if anything can be done. Spain has no money,
+and the Spanish soldiers need food for themselves&mdash;how then can the
+Spanish commanders supply the peasants with farming implements and
+grain, and care for them until kindly earth yields its crop?</p>
+
+<p>General Blanco seems to have unearthed some serious frauds during his
+investigation. He has asked the Spanish government to send out a general
+named Escribera to him, that he may make him account for the cattle
+which he is supposed to have supplied for the consumption of the army,
+but which never came to hand.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time the Cubans are gaining victories all over the island,
+and the leaders seem more determined than ever to accept nothing but
+liberty from the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>General Gomez has notified President McKinley of this fact.<a name="Page_1588" id="Page_1588"></a></p>
+
+<p>He sent him a note in which he recited the struggles and sufferings of
+the Cubans, reminded him of the blood that had been spilled in the cause
+of freedom, and assured him again that under no circumstances would the
+patriots end the war until Spain had given up the island.</p>
+
+<p>A Spanish general has been sent out by Blanco to take command of the
+eastern army, and reduce the rebels to submission. He reports, however,
+that the troops under him are in such a poor condition that he can
+expect very little from them.</p>
+
+<p>In Spain the Carlists are causing a good deal of anxiety. The Pope has
+received certain information that a great rising is indeed contemplated.
+Espousing the cause of the infant King Alphonso, he has sent a letter to
+the Spanish clergy, desiring them to refrain from encouraging the
+rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>There are constant rumors of risings, and arms and ammunition have been
+seized in several towns of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>It seems certain that Don Carlos is only waiting for a favorable
+opportunity to commence hostilities.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The sheriff and deputies who shot at the strikers in the recent trouble
+at Hazleton have been indicted by the Grand Jury for murder, and must
+all be tried for this crime.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Jury is a body of men, generally twenty-four in number, whose
+duty it is to look into complaints of crimes that have been committed,
+and decide whether they are really serious enough to go to trial.<a name="Page_1589" id="Page_1589"></a></p>
+
+<p>A trial by jury costs the people a great deal of money and time, and it
+would not be right to allow this money to be expended unless it was
+pretty sure that a crime had been committed, and that the accused person
+was in some way connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>A man will sometimes accuse another of a crime for spite. If it were not
+for the Grand Jury the case would be brought before the judge, and it
+might take weeks for the accused man to prove his innocence. In the mean
+while he would have been branded by the world as a criminal.</p>
+
+<p>With the Grand Jury such a state of affairs is impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The Jury must first be convinced that the supposed crime has been
+committed, and then that the accused person is connected with it, before
+they find what is called a true bill, and allow the case to go to the
+courts.</p>
+
+<p>In the Hazleton case the Grand Jury has decided that a crime was
+committed by the deputies in firing on strikers, and the sheriff and his
+posse will have to prove that their action was justifiable, or else
+suffer the penalty of their crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">G.H.</span> <span class="smcap">Rosenfeld.</span><br />
+<a name="Page_1590" id="Page_1590"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>BOOK REVIEWS.</h2>
+
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<h4>STORY OF ULYSSES.</h4>
+
+<p>This book consists of a series of stories of the fortunes and
+misfortunes that befell Ulysses in his wanderings for ten years after
+the capture of Troy. The stories are arranged in a different order from
+that in the Odyssey, and form a most delightful narrative. The author,
+Agnes Spafford Cook, is an excellent Greek scholar, and has been very
+successful in making the deeper meanings of this great poem shine
+through these stories of the trials of the wisest of Greek heroes in his
+struggle against the efforts of the gods to prevent him from returning
+to his native land.</p>
+
+<p>The book is well illustrated and attractively bound in cloth. Price, 50
+cents.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>"Pierre and His Poodle," by Elizabeth W. Champney, is a prettily
+illustrated, bright little story of a little French boy and his master's
+poodle. Pierre, in his attempts to find Popotte, the runaway poodle, has
+many adventures, strange and fascinating. He finally recovers the dog,
+and the story winds up with happy futures in prospect for the hero and
+heroine and their friends. (Dodd, Mead &amp; Co.)<a name="Page_1591" id="Page_1591"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><i>Editor of "Great Round World."</i>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:&mdash;Being advised that <span class="smcap">The Great Round
+World</span> was a very interesting and useful paper for use
+in the schoolroom, I have for several weeks been a
+subscriber for your magazine. It is needless to say that my
+pupils as well as myself have found the articles contained
+therein very interesting.</p>
+
+<p>In your issue of November 4th I notice that there were
+printed several letters from a school in Foxboro, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>As my pupils are interested in letter-writing, I think it
+would be a great incentive toward the accomplishment of good
+work in that direction if they may be allowed to write a
+batch of letters to the editor of <span class="smcap">The Great Round
+World</span>, with the hope that one or two of the best of
+them will be printed in your paper. Hoping that you will
+give the letters, which I herewith enclose, your gracious
+attention, I am </p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Very truly yours,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">H</span><span class="smcap">arriet B. Raymond.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">W</span><span class="smcap">estport, Conn.</span>, November 11th, 1897.<br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<div><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>:</div>
+
+<p>We are only too happy to comply with your very pleasant request. It is
+our desire to be of service to our readers, and if the fact of writing
+to us will help them in their studies we shall be only too delighted to
+have them write to us as often as they feel inclined.</p>
+
+<p>Pray tell them that we will take pleasure in answering every good letter
+that we receive. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Editor.</span><a name="Page_1592" id="Page_1592"></a>
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>We take pleasure in publishing the two following letters from our little
+friends in Poplar Plains.</p>
+
+<p>All the letters were interesting, and showed that the young readers had
+studied <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> very carefully. We would have
+been delighted to publish them all, but space forbade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Editor.</span>
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Editor</span>:
+
+<p>Your paper is so very interesting that the teacher reads to
+us some of the stories, one of which I liked very much. It
+was about the forest fires, and we were very anxious to have
+the next paper come. Some of the other scholars of my school
+are going to write and tell you what they think is the best
+story. Good-by, </p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Your friend,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">E</span><span class="smcap">dna R.C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">W</span><span class="smcap">estport, Conn.</span>, November 12th, 1897.<br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Editor</span>:
+
+<p>My teacher has been reading some very interesting articles
+from your paper, <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span>. I think the
+most interesting articles were about the forest fires, the
+Klondike regions, and about the large and useful bicycles,
+and about the great wars that are going on now. I think you
+are very kind in sending your paper to the people. </p>
+
+
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Your friend,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">I.</span><span class="smcap">da B.K.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">W</span><span class="smcap">estport, Conn.</span>, November 12th, 1897.<br />
+<br /><br /></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Editor</span>:
+
+<p>I am very much interested about Cuba and all the wars that
+are going on, also about Klondike.</p>
+
+<p>I wish you would write something about the mines in<a name="Page_1593" id="Page_1593"></a> Mexico,
+because my father has gone down there to some mines. </p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Yours truly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">W.E.W.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">O</span><span class="smcap">gdensburg</span>, November 14th, 1897.<br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<div><span class="smcap">Dear Young Friend</span>:</div>
+
+<p>Many thanks for your kind letter.</p>
+
+<p>We will be glad to chat with you about the mines in Mexico as soon as we
+can find space.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> is a <i>news</i>paper. We try to tell you week
+by week of the important events that have been happening in the world.
+We have therefore but little room in our pages for any stories that are
+not closely connected with some recent event.</p>
+
+<p>To give you pleasure we will endeavor to make room in the earliest
+number possible.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while, will you not send us an account of the mine to which
+your father has gone? He has probably written home to you and told you
+some interesting things which we should all like to know. Won't you
+write us another letter, giving us your father's account of the mine he
+has gone to?</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">E</span><span class="smcap">ditor</span>.<br />
+<a name="Page_1594" id="Page_1594"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>POCKET-KNIFE.&mdash;Here is an excellent thing in pocket-knives.</p>
+
+<p>Attached to the handle is a revolving plate which, when the knife is
+opened, turns round and catches the blade firmly, making it impossible
+for it to close and holding it absolutely rigid.</p>
+
+<p>So many accidents have occurred through the slipping of the pocket-knife
+that it seems strange such a simple device as this should not have been
+thought of before.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/28.png"><img src="./images/28-tb.png" alt="Pocket-knife" title="Pocket-knife" /></a></div>
+
+<p>We are aware that there have been several knives made with springs to
+hold the blade firmly when open, but these have all been large and
+clumsy knives, whereas the one illustrated is really what it pretends to
+be&mdash;a pocket-knife.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.H.R.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16191-h.htm or 16191-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/1/9/16191/
+
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+
+
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+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: July 3, 2005 [EBook #16191]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   DECEMBER 2, 1897.   NO. 56
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The recent despatches from India tell us that the soldiers who are
+fighting on the frontier have performed another gallant deed.
+
+The heroes, this time, belonged to the Northamptonshire regiment.
+
+It was necessary for the British to find out if the enemy was encamped
+anywhere in the neighborhood, so a portion of the troops left the
+British camp and marched to the summit of a mountain called Saran Sar.
+
+There were no signs of the Afridis as they marched along, and the top of
+the hill was reached with little difficulty.
+
+There they found the remains of a hastily vacated camp, and from the
+various signs that were around became convinced that the enemy was on
+the mountain with them.
+
+Fearing an ambush, the British commander ordered his men to retreat, and
+the manoeuvre had hardly been put in effect before the tribesmen
+appeared.
+
+Following the troops closely, the Afridis fired on them from behind
+every bush and rock that offered cover, and, after many of the English
+soldiers had been killed or wounded, the tribesmen became so bold that
+they rushed from their cover and engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter
+with the soldiers.
+
+General Westmacott, who commanded the party, at once realized that he
+had serious work before him, and hastily arranging his forces so that he
+could care for the wounded and move his men as quickly as possible, the
+commander hastened the retreat.
+
+It was, however, difficult to do; and in the hurry of the retreat one
+little party, which had charge of a convoy of wounded comrades, became
+separated from the rest of their comrades and were surrounded by the
+angry tribesmen.
+
+The retreating army reached the camp safely about dark, and then it was
+discovered that a lieutenant named McIntyre and twelve soldiers were
+missing.
+
+It was at first hoped that they had simply dropped behind and would
+reach camp any moment. When, however, hours passed and they did not
+return, the worst fears were entertained.
+
+At last a soldier arrived, bringing with him the dreadful news, and
+telling the story of the gallant deed of the lieutenant and his brave
+companions.
+
+It seems that the rough ground over which they had to travel made the
+progress of this little party very slow, and the care of the wounded
+under their charge hampered their movements so much that they at last
+found themselves completely cut off from their comrades.
+
+As soon as the young officer realized what had happened to him, he
+despatched one of his men for aid, and with the others formed a ring
+around the wounded, preparing to defend them until help arrived.
+
+The wounded men, on their part, behaved as nobly as the lieutenant
+himself.
+
+Realizing the situation, they begged the young officer to leave them to
+their fate, and do what he could to save his own life and the lives of
+his men.
+
+Mr. McIntyre absolutely refused to abandon the wounded, and prepared to
+defend them to the last.
+
+When the messenger last saw the gallant little band, they were bravely
+facing the enemy, waiting calmly for the death which was sure to follow
+unless help reached them soon.
+
+A party was immediately sent out from camp to their relief, but when the
+spot was reached the brave fellows were beyond human aid.
+
+Not a man remained alive to tell the tale of their noble struggle. The
+bodies of the lieutenant and his men were found grouped about the
+wounded comrades they had sacrificed their lives to save, and their
+attitude in death showed that each man had died doing his duty, his face
+to the foe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some of the tribesmen have come to the conclusion that the British
+soldier is a hard foe to beat.
+
+The Orakzais have therefore sent a deputation to Gen. Sir William
+Lockhart, the British commander-in-chief, asking for peace.
+
+Sir William was willing to talk to them, but the terms he offered were
+so much harder than they expected that the Orakzais do not seem
+inclined to accept them.
+
+The English general told the tribesmen that the only terms on which
+England would treat with them were that they should first give back all
+the rifles they had captured since the outbreak, then that they should
+forfeit five hundred extra rifles and thirty thousand rupees as a fine,
+and lastly, that they must offer submission to the Queen's rule within a
+fortnight,--the submission to be given at a full durbar, which is a
+native Indian term for a levee or reception held by a native prince or
+officer of rank in British India.
+
+As we have said, the Orakzais think these terms too severe, and are
+inclined to refuse them.
+
+The Afridis have as yet shown no signs of weakening. On the contrary,
+they have sent fresh messengers to the Ameer of Afghanistan, asking his
+aid. The English are confident that he will refuse, and advise them to
+submit, and hope that there may soon be an end of the Indian troubles.
+
+In the mean while the Afridis are making all the trouble they can. Every
+night they cut the telegraph-wires, and every day they lay in wait for
+any baggage convoy or foraging party that leaves the camp.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+You will be pleased to hear more about the brave piper of the Gordon
+Highlanders, who, though shot through both ankles at the battle of
+Dargai Ridge, propped himself up, and continued playing on his pipes to
+cheer his comrades.
+
+The Indian despatches say that he has been recommended for the Victoria
+Cross.
+
+This decoration is the English reward for great bravery. It is the
+decoration of all others which British soldiers love to receive.
+
+It is a simple little bronze cross, of the shape known as a Maltese
+cross; in the centre is the crown, with the British lion standing upon
+it, and on a scroll beneath the inscription "For Valor." For soldiers it
+has a red ribbon, for sailors a blue. The slide through which the ribbon
+passes is a bronze bar ornamented with a laurel wreath, the symbol of
+victory.
+
+The value of the Victoria Cross is practically nothing, but those men
+who have been happy enough to earn it value it above any riches or
+honors.
+
+Piper Findlater, of the Gordon Highlanders, is a proud fellow just now,
+and would not be willing to change places with any duke or millionaire,
+no matter how great his rank or wealth, for in that little simple cross
+he has gained something that rank cannot command nor money buy;
+something that he possesses and the commanding officer of his regiment
+may not be able to gain; something which raises him to the highest place
+among men.
+
+We felt sure you would be glad to learn that the brave piper was not
+killed at Dargai Ridge, but lives to receive the reward for his gallant
+conduct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is trouble in Haiti.
+
+Haiti is in the West Indies, and is a sister island of Cuba, and the
+next largest of the Antilles. It is divided from Cuba by a strait called
+the Windward Passage.
+
+It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and the first Spanish colony in
+the New World was established on it in 1493. After a while, the colony
+was neglected and died out, and Haiti became the prey of buccaneers,
+those bold seafaring men, who, half pirates and half rovers, sailed the
+seas during the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries,
+harassing foreign foes for private gain.
+
+After many ups and downs, the western half of Haiti was settled by
+French buccaneers, and after another period this portion of the island
+was ceded to France by Spain in 1693.
+
+The French rule did not please the natives, and a long period of
+discontent followed, till, in 1796, the Haitians, under the leadership
+of Toussaint L'Ouverture, rebelled against the French and drove them
+from the island.
+
+The victorious insurgents then set about conquering the eastern portion
+of the island, and for a time held possession of it. After a time,
+however, it was divided into two portions: the western end which the
+natives had secured from the French was called Haiti, and the eastern
+eventually became the Republic of San Domingo.
+
+The inhabitants of Haiti are negroes, or, to be more exact, nine-tenths
+are negroes and the rest mulattoes; the whites are not very numerous,
+and are principally foreign merchants and traders.
+
+The President of Haiti is a colored man, named Tiresias Simon Sam, and
+the officers of the government are all colored people.
+
+The language of the country is a dialect known as Creole French. The
+official reports of Haiti say that the President is elected for seven
+years, but that his term is generally cut short by insurrections.
+
+A good many Germans have settled in Port-au-Prince, the capital city of
+Haiti, but, white people being so scarce in the island, the consuls are
+kept busy trying to secure justice for their countrymen.
+
+Last fall, the German consul to Haiti, Count Schwerin, was asked to
+adjust the present difficulty.
+
+The servant of a young German named Lueders was accused of committing
+some crime, and, according to the story, a dozen stalwart Haitian
+policemen went to Mr. Lueders' house and forcibly arrested him.
+
+Mr. Lueders went to police headquarters to complain of the conduct of
+the officers, and was at once arrested and charged with interfering with
+the officers while doing their duty, and also with attempting to kill
+them.
+
+He was at once fined $48 and sent to jail for a month.
+
+Mr. Lueders claimed that he was innocent and could prove it, and asked
+for a second trial. When this was given him, he brought forward
+witnesses who proved that he had not attempted to interfere with the
+police.
+
+In spite of this, he was again found guilty, and sentenced to one year's
+imprisonment and $500 fine, presumably to punish him for demanding the
+second trial.
+
+The German consul had followed both the trials with great interest, and
+when the second decision was rendered he felt that it was time for him
+to interfere.
+
+He telegraphed to Berlin for instructions, and in reply received orders
+to demand the immediate release of Lueders, and to insist that damages
+to the amount of $1,000 be paid by Haiti for every day Mr. Lueders had
+already spent in jail--twenty in all, and an extra $5,000 for every
+day's imprisonment after the request for his release was received.
+
+At first President Simon Sam refused to listen to the demand, and Mr.
+Lueders remained another six days in jail.
+
+Then the German minister sent word to the President that he had hauled
+down his flag, sent his valuable papers to the care of the United States
+consul, and had broken off all relations with the Haitian government.
+
+This announcement caused considerable excitement in Port-au-Prince. The
+Germans and the natives both became indignant, and the feeling ran so
+high that the angry blacks threatened to attack the German Legation and
+burn it to the ground, and then lynch Lueders.
+
+Fearing a serious outbreak which might call down the wrath of Germany,
+President Simon Sam decided that the wisest thing to do was to get rid
+of Lueders; so the young man was hurried from his prison and put on
+board a steamer bound for New York.
+
+By the time this was done Germany's pride had been aroused, and a
+war-vessel had been ordered to sail for Port-au-Prince, and insist upon
+reparation being made, under pain of bombardment of the town.
+
+Of course, this is not a pleasant outlook for Haiti, but the natives are
+not so frightened as they might be, because it is well known that
+Germany has not an alarming navy, and it will probably be a good long
+time before she can send a ship to Port-au-Prince, and in the mean while
+other things may have occurred to make her forget the difficulty.
+
+As a matter of fact, the only vessel available for the purpose is not
+ready to go to sea, and cannot be made ready before December 10th, and
+it will then be some time before she can reach Haiti.
+
+The Germans are much annoyed that they will have to put up with the
+little republic's impudence for so long a time, and one political party
+in Germany is taking advantage of the opportunity to urge the necessity
+of enlarging the navy.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has for some time past been insisting that it
+should be increased, and has asked that large grants of money be made
+for that purpose, but the majority of the people have not been in
+sympathy with him.
+
+Germany's sea-coast is very small, and they think it a waste of money to
+build and maintain an expensive navy to defend it.
+
+The party in favor of the navy are now declaring that, if Germany wants
+to keep the respect of other nations, she must maintain her dignity by
+having war-vessels ready to punish offenders.
+
+The Germans in Haiti are in full sympathy with this idea. They complain
+that they are not treated with half the consideration and respect that
+the American residents are, and they say that President Simon Sam
+behaves better to the Americans only because he knows that he would have
+a United States cruiser after him in a very few hours, if he attempted
+any high-handed dealings with our citizens.
+
+We have lately been accused by both England and Japan of being
+discourteous in our diplomatic relations with other countries; it is
+therefore some satisfaction to know that the Germans in Haiti greatly
+appreciate the methods which our foreign ministers employ.
+
+In the course of the discussions over the Haitian troubles it has been
+said that while we are not formal in our diplomatic work, and do not
+always use the polite forms which etiquette demands, our ministers have
+a manly, direct way of going about their business which gains the
+desired point every time.
+
+Serious trouble is not anticipated with Haiti; it is really too small a
+place to be able to oppose a great country like Germany. If she does not
+speedily obey the wishes of the German government, a taste of the
+war-ship's big guns will soon bring her to her senses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nansen, the Arctic explorer, is in this country, and it will interest
+you to know that he fully believes that Andree is all right, and will
+return safely in due course of time.
+
+Of all men Fridjiof Nansen is best able to form an opinion as to the
+likelihood of Professor Andree ever returning to us, for he himself has
+penetrated farther north than any other Arctic explorer, and has learned
+so much about the Polar Sea that he is able to form a good opinion as to
+the possibilities of Andree's success.
+
+Nansen returned from his famous voyage before THE GREAT ROUND WORLD came
+into existence, and so you might perhaps like to have us tell you about
+him.
+
+He is a young Norwegian, only thirty-six years old; very young to have
+made such a great record.
+
+At the age of nineteen he entered the University of Christiania and
+devoted himself to the study of zooelogy, or the science of animals and
+animal life, from man to the lowest form of life.
+
+When he was twenty he made a voyage into the Northern seas for the
+purpose of studying animal life in high latitudes.
+
+When he returned he was made Curator of the Natural History Museum in
+Bergen, Norway. A curator is a person in whose charge the valuable
+collections in a museum are placed. He is the caretaker or custodian of
+all the priceless treasures the museum contains.
+
+Six years later Nansen made a trip across Greenland on snow-shoes.
+
+There had long been a theory that in the interior of Greenland there
+were fertile spots capable of cultivation.
+
+Nansen proved that Greenland is covered with a huge ice-sheet, and is,
+in fact, one vast glacier which rises slightly toward the interior, the
+surface of the ice-cap being only occasionally interrupted by mountains
+which protrude from the ice.
+
+Nansen believed that an Arctic explorer should be able to live the same
+life as the natives of the land he was exploring, and during his winter
+in Greenland he lived much with the Eskimos, sleeping in their rude huts
+of stone and dirt, and joining in their hunts on land and sea.
+
+He learned many useful lessons of these people. One was how to make and
+manage a kayak, or Eskimo boat, which he declares to be the handiest,
+lightest, and absolutely best small boat constructed.
+
+It was the knowledge that he gained during this Greenland winter that
+enabled him to get one hundred and ninety-five miles nearer the North
+Pole than any one else had ever done.
+
+He also learned from his Arctic friends how to handle dog-teams.
+
+The Eskimos use dogs for travelling as the Laplanders use reindeer. The
+dogs are, however, much more difficult to handle, for while they are
+hardy, strong, intelligent, and willing, they do not make good servants.
+All their training cannot entirely tame them, and they have certain ways
+and habits which lessen their usefulness.
+
+They are, for instance, terrible fighters.
+
+Every one who possesses a canine friend knows that this is a very
+dog-like attribute, and one of which no dog, large or small, can be
+entirely broken.
+
+We all appreciate how unpleasant it is to be out walking with our
+favorite French bulldog, and suddenly have our be-ribboned aristocrat
+forget the dignity that his long pedigree should give him, and dash from
+our side to make tufts of hair fly from somebody else's equally
+be-ribboned poodle.
+
+Such an occurrence is serious enough--but it becomes a matter of life
+and death when, miles from home in a frozen country, you are depending
+on your dogs to bring you safely back again, and your team forgets its
+duty and becomes a waving mass of legs and tails, from which you hear
+nothing but the howls of the vanquished. A dog-fight often becomes one
+of the most terrible catastrophes that can overtake an explorer.
+
+With these fierce little Eskimo dogs, the result of such an encounter
+means generally the loss of two or three, and a walk home with the
+wounded survivors occupying the sled.
+
+Under the circumstances it is very necessary to understand how to handle
+these useful but eccentric beasts. The Eskimos have reduced this
+knowledge to a science, and from them Nansen learned to be the master of
+those dogs which were of so much service to him in his last and greatest
+expedition.
+
+This expedition was undertaken in June, 1893, and its object was to
+drift across the pole from Siberia to Greenland.
+
+During Nansen's Arctic experiences he had noticed that the shores of
+Greenland were strewn with driftwood of a kind also found on the shores
+of Siberia.
+
+The matter caused him some deep thought, and at length he arrived at the
+conclusion that there must be a current which crosses the Arctic Ocean
+and carries this material from Asia to America.
+
+After much thought, he came to the conclusion that if he could only
+build himself a vessel which would withstand the pressure of the ice,
+and once get into the stream, he and his vessel would be carried with
+the rest of the drift from Asia to America, and in the course of the
+trip would be borne right across the North Pole.
+
+It was a bold scheme, and for a time no one would listen to it, but
+Nansen's reputation stood him in good stead here, and finally convinced
+people that he must have a good foundation for his belief.
+
+With the aid of a few wealthy persons and the assistance of the King of
+Sweden, Nansen was able to have a suitable vessel built, and to make
+preparations for the undertaking.
+
+The greatest danger to Arctic travel is the pressure of the ice. When
+the winter comes on, and the sea tries to freeze over, the currents and
+the tides, and the unthawed blocks of ice that have been left from the
+last winter, cause a terrible disturbance. The ice, in its endeavor to
+pack itself solidly together, slides over itself with groans and creaks
+that sound like human cries.
+
+The force the ice exerts under these circumstances is enormous, so great
+indeed that it can crush big ships, and crack their sides as though they
+were no stronger than eggshells.
+
+Nansen could not hope to build a ship which should be strong enough to
+withstand this pressure, but he did hope to make one that would be able
+to rise above the ice, and escape the crushing altogether.
+
+His object was to have the sides so shaped that the ice would encounter
+a rounded surface on which it could not get any hold, and would
+therefore slide lower and lower down the sides of the ship until it at
+last met under the keel, lifting the ship above the dangerous pressure.
+
+The vessel, which Nansen called the _Fram_, was built according to his
+own plans, and when finished was a clumsy-looking craft.
+
+In an ordinary sea she pitched and rolled so badly that everybody on
+board was seasick, and during the first few days of her trip the sailors
+were one and all afraid that she would roll completely over and go to
+the bottom.
+
+In the ice she behaved exactly as Nansen had expected she would, and,
+once frozen to the ice, gave the explorer no anxiety that she would be
+crushed or wrecked.
+
+For three long years Nansen and his party were away on their expedition.
+Steaming from Norway to the coast of Siberia, where he took his pack of
+dogs on board, Nansen headed for the Polar Sea, and made all the speed
+he could to reach the farthest north possible before the winter set in,
+and was finally frozen into the ice where he supposed the current must
+be which was to bear him across the North Pole.
+
+To his infinite joy, he found, after weeks of uncertainty, that he was
+actually drifting with the ice, and that his theory was correct.
+
+He did not go as directly north as he had hoped, and on March 14th,
+1896, after nearly three years of patient drifting, he made up his mind
+that the _Fram_ had gone as far north as she would go, and that
+henceforth she would take a southerly course.
+
+He was but three hundred and fifty miles from the Pole, and he
+determined to make an effort to reach it himself, with the aid of his
+dogs and kayaks.
+
+He therefore left the _Fram_, and, with but one man to bear him company,
+he made a dash for the Pole.
+
+He succeeded in covering ninety-five miles of the unknown ocean, and
+reached within two hundred and sixty-one miles of the Pole, but here he
+was obliged to turn back. All his dogs were dead and he had but two
+weeks' provisions left, so he turned his face south.
+
+His surmises about the _Fram_ proved correct; she drifted south, and
+eventually reached Spitzbergen.
+
+The immediate scientific advantages of Nansen's trip are that he found
+the Pole was covered by sea, and that no land existed there, as so many
+persons had believed.
+
+He found that the Polar Sea, far from being shallow, as had also been
+supposed, was a wide sea of vast depth.
+
+He explored many of the lands that lie in the Polar Sea, and made
+observations that will be of immense value to geologists and botanists.
+
+Greatest of all, he proved that it is possible for men to undertake the
+perils and hardships of an Arctic expedition without loss of life or
+health. The first of his achievements was the proof that there is a
+current from Asia to America, in which the _Fram_ drifted for three
+years, not, it is true, carrying him to Greenland, as he had expected,
+but none the less taking him across the frozen sea, and landing his
+vessel at Spitzbergen.
+
+Next to it come the ease and comfort with which this tremendous
+undertaking was accomplished.
+
+During all these long years he did not lose a man, nor indeed were any
+of his companions sick; the doctor of the expedition had to study
+diseases of dogs to keep his hand in, so little work was there for him
+to do.
+
+The story of the voyage reads like the journal of a quiet family at
+home, it is so peaceful and uneventful. It tells no tales of hardships
+and privations, no sickness or suffering from the isolation.
+
+It is instead the record of a well-ordered household, in which each man
+performed the duties assigned to him, duties which gave each enough
+exercise to tire him out and make him long for the quiet hours of
+reading or chess-playing, or games, which were to follow in the cabin
+when the day's work was done.
+
+During the entire trip Nansen and his men performed the various duties
+of their lives, turn and turn about, the difference of occupation giving
+the men the change necessary to keep them in health and spirits.
+
+The journal tells of little simple festivities, with processions round
+the ship, to celebrate Christmas and birthdays. Of the extra dinners
+prepared for these great occasions, dinners which made the men feel a
+little tight about the waist and sleepy at the grand entertainment which
+always closed a holiday.
+
+The book is full of those little simple nothings which seem hardly worth
+telling to the outside world, and which are so full of meaning to those
+who have lived them through.
+
+The diary is only here and there varied with an account of a bear-hunt,
+or a dog-fight, or a wily bear coming along and stealing a dog or two
+for his own private consumption. It is at times hard to realize that
+these men of whom the journal treats were heroes ready to sacrifice
+their lives in the interest of science, and that in this peaceful,
+homelike way the greatest voyage of the century was being made.
+
+It will interest you to know that Nansen used every available modern
+invention to help make his voyage successful and bearable.
+
+In the Arctic regions there are long months when there is no day. The
+sun disappears beneath the horizon, and does not appear again for weeks.
+There is no day and no sunshine, only one long night.
+
+This time is the most trying period for Arctic travellers, and many
+poor fellows have gone insane under the terrible oppression of the
+months of darkness.
+
+When this time came, and the sun had bidden its good-by to the _Fram_,
+Nansen lighted his ship by means of electricity, generated from power
+obtained from a windmill. When the wind failed the crew manned a
+capstan, an apparatus used for hauling anchors on board ship, and which
+Nansen applied to this excellent use.
+
+With light to work by, plenty of work to do, and books and games for the
+evenings, one would have thought the men were well supplied, but Nansen
+added yet one more pleasure to their store. A friend had made the
+expedition a present of a phonograph. Nansen had his faithful wife sing
+into it all the favorite songs of the day, and so the sailors had one
+more comfort for their peaceful evenings, in the singing of well-known
+ballads by a well-loved voice.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The five _Competitor_ prisoners have been released from Cabana fortress
+after an imprisonment of nearly twenty months.
+
+The names of these five men are: Alfredo Laborde, William Gildea, Ona
+Melton, William Leavitt, Charles Barnett.
+
+By the release of these five men Spain has given us a very decided proof
+of her desire to keep our friendship.
+
+She has not done the thing by halves either, for an order has been
+issued to return the prisoners any arms that had been taken from them,
+and to restore the schooner _Competitor_ to its owners.
+
+The five prisoners will sail for New York at once, and will have the
+happiness of eating their Thanksgiving dinners in their own country.
+
+Three of the five men are native-born Americans; of the other two, one
+is an Englishman, and the other a naturalized American.
+
+Spain has, however, released them all unconditionally.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Weyler has just arrived in Spain, and the trouble we were
+anticipating is about to begin.
+
+As we told you, his ship had to put into a Cuban port for repairs before
+he could really set sail for Europe, and at this port he received a
+deputation of citizens, and repeated to them the speech which had made
+the Spanish Ministers so angry.
+
+He has been questioned as to the truth of the reports of this speech,
+but so far has avoided giving a direct answer, and complains that the
+reports are too long.
+
+He arrived at Corunna, but it was expected that he might land at
+Santander, and so his admirers in that city set to work to raise funds
+for a big reception to him.
+
+One of the features of the affair was to be a flight of rockets, six
+thousand in number, which, upon exploding, should scatter ribbons
+inscribed "Viva Weyler."
+
+Subscriptions were immediately started to secure the funds necessary for
+this magnificent display.
+
+After two weeks of uninterrupted labor the committee had secured $7.80.
+
+The persons in charge of the fete became a little embarrassed how to
+spend this sum. As it had been collected from, and sent by, unknown
+admirers, it could not be returned.
+
+One practical friend suggested that one of the committee should make a
+sketch of the celebrations as they had intended them to be, and spend
+the $7.80 in having a nice photograph made for Weyler of the proposed
+festivities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The promised reforms have not yet been granted to the Cubans, and it is
+reported that General Blanco is so annoyed at the condition of affairs
+that he is on the point of asking to be recalled.
+
+He finds he has been deceived about the state of the Spanish army in
+Cuba, and the dislike of the Spanish party in the island to Home Rule
+has also been a sad stumbling-block in his way. These people throw every
+possible obstacle in his path.
+
+The General feels that he is in a false position, and is most unhappy
+over it.
+
+Spain is expecting him to open a brilliant fall campaign, and he is
+unable to do this because he finds himself at the head of a body of
+ill-paid, hungry, and disaffected soldiers, who are neither fit for
+difficult work nor willing to undertake it.
+
+On the other hand, a portion of the Cubans are expecting reforms and
+help from him, and this he cannot give because he is hampered by the
+ill-will of the officials and the delays of the home Government.
+
+The peasants have been permitted to return to their homes, and
+permission has been given to commence sugar-grinding. But in the
+present state of the country this permission amounts to nothing. The
+planters have no money to pay for grinding sugar, and unless the
+Government aids them it will be impossible for them to begin operations.
+
+The peasants have no homes to go to, and unless they are cared for until
+they are able to care for themselves they must starve.
+
+An edict was issued arranging for certain lines of cultivation that were
+to be started by the peasants, in the hope of helping them. The laborers
+engaged in this work were to report to the military commanders, and be
+under military protection.
+
+Nothing further has, however, been done to carry out this plan, and
+indeed it seems doubtful if anything can be done. Spain has no money,
+and the Spanish soldiers need food for themselves--how then can the
+Spanish commanders supply the peasants with farming implements and
+grain, and care for them until kindly earth yields its crop?
+
+General Blanco seems to have unearthed some serious frauds during his
+investigation. He has asked the Spanish government to send out a general
+named Escribera to him, that he may make him account for the cattle
+which he is supposed to have supplied for the consumption of the army,
+but which never came to hand.
+
+In the mean time the Cubans are gaining victories all over the island,
+and the leaders seem more determined than ever to accept nothing but
+liberty from the Spaniards.
+
+General Gomez has notified President McKinley of this fact.
+
+He sent him a note in which he recited the struggles and sufferings of
+the Cubans, reminded him of the blood that had been spilled in the cause
+of freedom, and assured him again that under no circumstances would the
+patriots end the war until Spain had given up the island.
+
+A Spanish general has been sent out by Blanco to take command of the
+eastern army, and reduce the rebels to submission. He reports, however,
+that the troops under him are in such a poor condition that he can
+expect very little from them.
+
+In Spain the Carlists are causing a good deal of anxiety. The Pope has
+received certain information that a great rising is indeed contemplated.
+Espousing the cause of the infant King Alphonso, he has sent a letter to
+the Spanish clergy, desiring them to refrain from encouraging the
+rebellion.
+
+There are constant rumors of risings, and arms and ammunition have been
+seized in several towns of Spain.
+
+It seems certain that Don Carlos is only waiting for a favorable
+opportunity to commence hostilities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The sheriff and deputies who shot at the strikers in the recent trouble
+at Hazleton have been indicted by the Grand Jury for murder, and must
+all be tried for this crime.
+
+The Grand Jury is a body of men, generally twenty-four in number, whose
+duty it is to look into complaints of crimes that have been committed,
+and decide whether they are really serious enough to go to trial.
+
+A trial by jury costs the people a great deal of money and time, and it
+would not be right to allow this money to be expended unless it was
+pretty sure that a crime had been committed, and that the accused person
+was in some way connected with it.
+
+A man will sometimes accuse another of a crime for spite. If it were not
+for the Grand Jury the case would be brought before the judge, and it
+might take weeks for the accused man to prove his innocence. In the mean
+while he would have been branded by the world as a criminal.
+
+With the Grand Jury such a state of affairs is impossible.
+
+The Jury must first be convinced that the supposed crime has been
+committed, and then that the accused person is connected with it, before
+they find what is called a true bill, and allow the case to go to the
+courts.
+
+In the Hazleton case the Grand Jury has decided that a crime was
+committed by the deputies in firing on strikers, and the sheriff and his
+posse will have to prove that their action was justifiable, or else
+suffer the penalty of their crime.
+
+                                                     G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK REVIEWS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STORY OF ULYSSES.
+
+This book consists of a series of stories of the fortunes and
+misfortunes that befell Ulysses in his wanderings for ten years after
+the capture of Troy. The stories are arranged in a different order from
+that in the Odyssey, and form a most delightful narrative. The author,
+Agnes Spafford Cook, is an excellent Greek scholar, and has been very
+successful in making the deeper meanings of this great poem shine
+through these stories of the trials of the wisest of Greek heroes in his
+struggle against the efforts of the gods to prevent him from returning
+to his native land.
+
+The book is well illustrated and attractively bound in cloth. Price, 50
+cents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Pierre and His Poodle," by Elizabeth W. Champney, is a prettily
+illustrated, bright little story of a little French boy and his master's
+poodle. Pierre, in his attempts to find Popotte, the runaway poodle, has
+many adventures, strange and fascinating. He finally recovers the dog,
+and the story winds up with happy futures in prospect for the hero and
+heroine and their friends. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.
+
+
+     _Editor of "Great Round World."_
+
+     DEAR SIR:--Being advised that THE GREAT ROUND WORLD was a
+     very interesting and useful paper for use in the schoolroom,
+     I have for several weeks been a subscriber for your
+     magazine. It is needless to say that my pupils as well as
+     myself have found the articles contained therein very
+     interesting.
+
+     In your issue of November 4th I notice that there were
+     printed several letters from a school in Foxboro, Mass.
+
+     As my pupils are interested in letter-writing, I think it
+     would be a great incentive toward the accomplishment of good
+     work in that direction if they may be allowed to write a
+     batch of letters to the editor of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD,
+     with the hope that one or two of the best of them will be
+     printed in your paper. Hoping that you will give the
+     letters, which I herewith enclose, your gracious attention,
+     I am
+
+                               Very truly yours,
+                                      HARRIET B. RAYMOND.
+     WESTPORT, CONN., November 11th, 1897.
+
+
+
+DEAR MADAM:
+
+We are only too happy to comply with your very pleasant request. It is
+our desire to be of service to our readers, and if the fact of writing
+to us will help them in their studies we shall be only too delighted to
+have them write to us as often as they feel inclined.
+
+Pray tell them that we will take pleasure in answering every good letter
+that we receive.                       EDITOR.
+
+
+We take pleasure in publishing the two following letters from our little
+friends in Poplar Plains.
+
+All the letters were interesting, and showed that the young readers had
+studied THE GREAT ROUND WORLD very carefully. We would have been
+delighted to publish them all, but space forbade.        EDITOR.
+
+
+     DEAR EDITOR:
+
+     Your paper is so very interesting that the teacher reads to
+     us some of the stories, one of which I liked very much. It
+     was about the forest fires, and we were very anxious to have
+     the next paper come. Some of the other scholars of my school
+     are going to write and tell you what they think is the best
+     story. Good-by,
+
+                            Your friend,
+                                    EDNA R.C.
+     WESTPORT, CONN., November 12th, 1897.
+
+
+     DEAR EDITOR:
+
+     My teacher has been reading some very interesting articles
+     from your paper, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. I think the most
+     interesting articles were about the forest fires, the
+     Klondike regions, and about the large and useful bicycles,
+     and about the great wars that are going on now. I think you
+     are very kind in sending your paper to the people.
+
+                               Your friend,
+                                        IDA B.K.
+     WESTPORT, CONN., November 12th, 1897.
+
+
+     DEAR EDITOR:
+
+     I am very much interested about Cuba and all the wars that
+     are going on, also about Klondike.
+
+     I wish you would write something about the mines in Mexico,
+     because my father has gone down there to some mines.
+
+                      Yours truly,
+                                          W.E.W.
+     OGDENSBURG, November 14th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR YOUNG FRIEND:
+
+Many thanks for your kind letter.
+
+We will be glad to chat with you about the mines in Mexico as soon as we
+can find space.
+
+THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is a _news_paper. We try to tell you week by week
+of the important events that have been happening in the world. We have
+therefore but little room in our pages for any stories that are not
+closely connected with some recent event.
+
+To give you pleasure we will endeavor to make room in the earliest
+number possible.
+
+In the mean while, will you not send us an account of the mine to which
+your father has gone? He has probably written home to you and told you
+some interesting things which we should all like to know. Won't you
+write us another letter, giving us your father's account of the mine he
+has gone to?
+
+                                                  EDITOR.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+POCKET-KNIFE.--Here is an excellent thing in pocket-knives.
+
+Attached to the handle is a revolving plate which, when the knife is
+opened, turns round and catches the blade firmly, making it impossible
+for it to close and holding it absolutely rigid.
+
+So many accidents have occurred through the slipping of the pocket-knife
+that it seems strange such a simple device as this should not have been
+thought of before.
+
+[Illustration: Pocket-knife]
+
+We are aware that there have been several knives made with springs to
+hold the blade firmly when open, but these have all been large and
+clumsy knives, whereas the one illustrated is really what it pretends to
+be--a pocket-knife.
+
+                                                         G.H.R.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 56, December 2, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
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