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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16176-8.txt b/16176-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d451f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/16176-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1255 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: July 2, 2005 [EBook #16176] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 NOVEMBER 11, 1897. NO. 53 + +=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +The British soldiers are doing some very fine work on the Indian +frontier. + +During the past week an engagement has taken place in which some of the +hardest fighting of the war occurred. + +According to the despatches, the Afridis occupied some rising ground +which was known by the name of the Dargai Ridge. It was necessary for +the British troops in their advance to pass across this ridge, and so +the Afridis had to be dislodged from it. + +A detachment of soldiers was sent forward to perform this task, and +accomplished it so easily that in a very short space of time the enemy +had all been driven off, and the village of Dargai was in flames. + +The tribesmen seemed to have been completely routed, and to have left +the country, so no particular pains was taken to fortify and hold the +conquered ridge; instead the preparations for the advance were hurried +forward. + +The routing of the Afridis occurred on Monday; the British troops were +ready to start early on Wednesday morning, but just as all was in +readiness for the move, the tribesmen suddenly reappeared in greatly +increased numbers, and swarming in on every side reoccupied the ridge. + +This was a severe blow to the British, because the work of dislodging +the enemy had to be done all over again. The Afridis lay right in the +path of the British, and must be made to move. + +This time the task was more difficult. + +The Afridis had taken up a much stronger position than the one they had +occupied on Monday, and had established their main body on an +exceedingly steep hill, about a thousand feet high, which commanded the +route the advancing army was obliged to take. + +The height and the steepness of the hill were, however, but a small part +of the difficulty with which the British forces had to contend. The real +serious point lay in the fact that there was but one path by which the +summit of the hill could be reached, and this was only wide enough for +one man to pass at a time. It was therefore impossible to send large +bodies of troops against the enemy, and there was the terrible danger +that sharpshooters might pick off the men one by one as they tried to +ascend the path. + +The work had, however, to be done, and an English regiment and two +troops of native soldiers were sent forward to storm the hill. + +Between the position occupied by the English and that held by their foes +lay an open space of rough and rocky ground, which was within rifle +range of the Afridis. + +Stationing some of their best shots half-way down the hill, the +tribesmen waited patiently while the English made their way across the +open space. + +The advance was extremely difficult owing to the rough nature of the +ground, the soldiers having actually to climb from rock to rock. + +[Illustration: Bagpiper] + +As soon as the English were well within rifle range, the tribesmen, who +had not fired a shot until the troops were in the bad ground, opened +such a deadly fire on them that the on-coming troops were checked. All +this time the British artillerymen were assailing the sharpshooters with +shot and shell, trying their best to drive them off the side of the +hill. In spite of their best efforts the enemy never wavered, but held +their position. + +The fight began to look serious for the English, and might have gone +against them but that the general in command, realizing that the men +could no longer stand against the deadly fire of the enemy, ordered a +fresh regiment, the Gordon Highlanders, to go to the assistance of the +struggling troops. + +It is customary for a general to keep a portion of his army in reserve, +so that should the battle seem to be going against him, he can send +fresh soldiers into the fight to strengthen the weak places. The tide of +battle has again and again been turned by bringing in these reserves at +the right moment. + +The accounts we read of battles tell us how these reserve troops fret, +and fume, and worry, as they are kept resting idly while the roar of +battle rages around them. It would seem as if the men became so eager +and impatient that when at last the order to advance is given, they dash +into the fray with a zest and fury which carries everything before it. + +The affair of the Dargai Ridge seems to have been no exception to this +rule. + +The Gordon Highlanders had been held back all the morning, and no sooner +was the order to advance given them than they made what is described as +a "magnificent rush" across the open space. + +The enemy poured a rain of bullets upon them, but so eager and excited +were the men that they hurried on caring for nothing but the advance. + +Half of their number fell, killed or wounded, but, undaunted, the others +dashed forward, and finally reached the foot of the hill, where the +overhanging rocks protected them from the enemy's fire. + +After pausing a few moments to recover their breath, they began to climb +the hill, and twenty minutes later they had gained the crest and +dislodged the enemy. + +All England is ringing with the praises of these brave men. General +Lockhart, who commands one wing of the frontier army, has personally +thanked the Gordon Highlanders for their gallant conduct. He told them +that this brave deed of theirs was one which might worthily be placed +side by side with the other great records which this famous regiment has +made for itself in the past. + +The colonel and officers of the regiment were also thanked for their +fine leadership. + +We told you some time ago about the effect the Highlanders have on +foreign enemies, and also of the many daring deeds of their pipers, and +how these men had saved their own lives time and again by blowing on +their bagpipes at critical moments. + +An incident occurred in the fight on the Dargai Ridge which illustrates +this fact. + +The Gordon Highlanders rushed forward to the charge with colors flying, +and the bagpipes shrilling forth their martial tunes. + +One of the pipers who was leading the rush (playing as he ran) was shot +through both ankles, and fell to the ground. It was impossible for him +to walk, but without a moment's hesitation he scrambled to a sitting +posture, and, putting his beloved pipes to his mouth, continued his +playing as unconcernedly as if nothing had happened. + +He knew that the sound of his pipes encouraged his brother soldiers, and +he played on unheeding the bullets that whistled around him. + +The report that mentions this story says it was only one of many +exhibitions of coolness and courage shown by the Gordon Highlanders in +their brave charge. + +It is said that while the British are full of pride over the conduct of +the Highlanders, they are very uneasy at finding the enemy so well +supplied with rifles and ammunition, and so well drilled in the use of +their weapons. + +Every one is wondering where the rebels obtained this large supply of +ammunition, and once more the Ameer of Afghanistan is suspected of bad +faith. + +It is certain that the arms could not have been bought of English or +continental merchants, because the laws are very strict in India, and +forbid the introduction of arms, except for government uses. To be +brought in by European merchants they would have had to be very cleverly +smuggled, and this would have been such a difficult affair that it is +thought to have been impossible to bring large quantities of arms into +the country that way. It is therefore hinted that they have come from +the Ameer's famous factory at Cabul, as it would have been easy for him +to supply the tribesmen from his side of the border without being found +out. + +In the heart of his country this ruler has established an arsenal which +is managed by Englishmen who are in his service. The factories are +fitted out with machinery imported from England, and when in full +working order can turn out twenty thousand cartridges and one hundred +and fifteen rifles a day, and two field guns a week. + +In 1896 it was known that the Ameer had already manufactured enough +breech-loading rifles to give arms to fifty thousand soldiers. It is +uncertain what became of this store, but it was supposed that they were +being kept for the Afghanistan troops. Now the English are wondering +whether the Ameer has not been quietly supplying their enemies with +weapons and ammunition. + +The latest reports from the seat of war state that the tribesmen are +offering a determined resistance to the English advance, and from all +one hears some serious work lies before the British army in India. + + * * * * * + +Spain's answer to President McKinley has been cabled over to us. The +text of the letter has not been made public yet, but one of our +newspapers has cabled a statement from Madrid telling us what it is all +about. This statement has been confirmed by Señor Dupuy de Lôme, the +Spanish Minister in Washington, and so we may have confidence in it. + +It would appear that the answer was discussed at a cabinet meeting in +Madrid on Sunday; a draft of the answer was then prepared and sent to +the Queen, who immediately gave her consent. + +The tone of the answer shows that the present ministry of Spain is +anxious to keep on the best of terms with the United States, and does +not want a war with us any more than we do with them. + +The answer is said to call the attention of the United States to the +fact that since the note was presented by General Woodford to the Duke +of Tetuan, there has been a complete change in the Spanish Government, +and that the present ministry has decided to alter the policy of Spain +in regard to Cuba, and give the island a form of government that cannot +fail to meet with the approval of the United States. + +According to this statement, which, as we have said, Señor de Lôme +declares to be correct, Spain says that she is now making an honest +effort to win back the friendship of her Cuban subjects, and as a proof +of this has recalled General Weyler, and sent out in his stead a man who +is charged to take all the necessary steps toward providing Cuba with +liberal Home Rule. + +The friendly offices of the United States will be asked to assist Spain +in restoring peace and contentment in Cuba. + +The note goes on to add that while the Spanish Government does not hold +us responsible for all the filibustering that has been done, it will ask +us to do all in our power to prevent any more expeditions from leaving +our shores. + +In reference to filibustering, it may be of interest to you to know that +the work of playing policeman for Spain has already cost us nearly two +million dollars. We are obliged to keep a fleet of revenue cutters on +the watch for these expeditions, and it would seem that we have tried to +do our duty very thoroughly. That we have not succeeded in capturing +many of the contraband vessels should be no great reproach to us. Spain +has sixty vessels patrolling the coast of Cuba, and has only been able +to seize one filibuster, the _Competitor_. + +Tho news that Spain means to give Home Rule to Cuba is most welcome, and +it is to be hoped that the reforms offered may be satisfactory to the +Cubans, and that the war may soon be brought to a close. + +The full terms of the promised changes have reached us--they give the +Cubans control of educational matters, tariff, customs, charity, and +public works. + +A governor or viceroy is to be chosen by the mother country, and he is +to have the right to choose the officers who are to form his cabinet. + +There is to be a Cuban parliament, divided into upper and lower houses, +which is to settle all the affairs of the island except those which +concern foreign policy, naval and military matters, and the manner in +which the law is to be administered. The acts of this parliament are, +however, to be subject to the approval of the Governor. + +The Cuban parliament is to elect the men who are to go to Spain to +represent Cuba in the Cortes. + +General Blanco is already on his way to Cuba. Before he left Spain he +stated that he felt convinced that the United States would soon find +that there was no further necessity to interfere on behalf of Cuba. He +said that Spain had only the best and kindest intentions toward the +Pearl of the Antilles (as Cuba is often called). He declared that peace +would soon be restored. + +While the reforms offered are not all that can be desired, still Spain +seems sincerely to desire to restore peace to Cuba, and it therefore +becomes the duty of all peace-loving people to withhold criticism, and +wait to see what Spain will do before venturing an opinion. + +The Cubans are not elated over the prospect. It is stated that they will +refuse the Home Rule offered them, and persist in their attempts to win +their freedom. + +Señor Estrada Palma, the Cuban delegate in this country, declared that +he was in a position to state that the Cubans will accept no compromise +from Spain. They are willing to give up their lives for their country's +freedom, but they will never accept Home Rule as a solution of their +struggle for independence. + + * * * * * + +The Cubans in Havana are feeling nervous about the demonstrations that +are to be made in honor of General Weyler on the eve of his departure +from Cuba, which is to take place on October 30th. + +The Americans in the city are begging that a man-of-war be sent into the +harbor to protect them, as they fear that Weyler's friends may make an +attack upon them. + +The demonstration is to be made by the volunteer regiments of Havana. +These regiments are recruited from the Spanish merchants in the city, +and are all bitterly opposed to the Cubans. They have passed resolutions +approving Weyler's methods of warfare, and protesting against the +promised Home Rule. + +It is feared that these men may get so excited over honoring their +favorite general that they may attack the Cubans or Americans in the +city. + +Weyler has desired that there shall be no demonstration whatever, but +the commanders of the volunteers have stated that this is a matter in +which they are quite unable to control their men. + +In spite of the fact that the Spanish Government relieved Weyler of his +duties, he still continues to rule in Cuba, having refused to give up +his command until he sails. + +He has issued a report in which he states once more that he has nearly +crushed out the rebellion. He draws a lively picture of the desperate +state of the island when he was appointed governor, and then shows the +great improvements he has made. + +According to his statement, Havana is in an absolutely healthy +condition, and great preparations have been made for continuing the war +now the rainy season is over; he also praises the fine condition of the +hospitals in Havana--statements which have all been proved false time +after time. + +Every failure or defeat that he has met with he attributes to the want +of soldiers. He declares that he had not enough men under his control +properly to garrison Holguin or Victoria de las Tunas, and it was for +this reason that they fell. + +He has to say something in his own defence, but it is doubtful if many +people will be deceived by this wonderful report. + + * * * * * + +Spain has asked for an explanation of the _Silver Heels_ affair. + +Minister de Lôme has called the attention of the State Department to the +case, and asked why the officers on the revenue cutter allowed the +vessel to escape them. + +The collector of the port of New York has been asked to give his version +of the matter. He says that in allowing the ship to get under way before +he attempted to arrest her, he was acting in accordance with the wishes +of the Spanish Government agent in New York, who wished to have a clear +case of filibustering against the ship. It is not against the law to +carry arms, and if the _Silver Heels_ had been stopped with only a cargo +of ammunition on board, it might have been difficult to prove that she +was not engaged in a lawful mercantile expedition. But, had she been +seized with arms, ammunition, and a number of men on board, it would +have been impossible to deny the nature of her business. + +If the collector of the port can prove the truth of his statement, Spain +can find no just cause of complaint against us, the revenue cutter did +all that was required of her by lying in the course the _Silver Heels_ +was expected to take--that the vessel went another way was nobody's +fault. + +The Madrid papers think it a great pity that this affair should have +occurred at a moment when Spain was trying to show her friendship for +us, and declare that the officers on the revenue cutter appeared to be +doing their best to avoid overtaking the ship. In Washington it is said +that grave trouble may arise out of the matter. + +Following right after these statements comes another from the agent of +the _Silver Heels_. + +This gentleman declares that the vessel never brought up alongside of +the dock at which she is accused of having taken on her cargo. He says +she was laden with coal, which she took on board at a pier on the New +Jersey shore, either Hoboken or Weehawken, that she sailed down the bay +and out at the Narrows under her own canvas, and never employed any +tugboat. The agent states positively that the _Silver Heels_ did not go +up the Sound, and declares that if a mysterious vessel did take on a +cargo and slip up the Sound, it was not the _Silver Heels_. + +There the matter rests for the present. + + * * * * * + +We hear from the Soudan that General Hunter is steadily advancing up the +Nile. + +By his orders gunboats were sent ahead of the army as far as Metemneh, +which is the present stronghold of the Mahdists, and lies between +Khartoum and Berber. The object of sending on the gunboats was to find +out whether the city was very strongly fortified, and what were the +nature of its defences. + +Under cover of a heavy fire from their guns, these boats were able to +reach the city and take all the observations they needed, and then, +having treated the city itself to a brisk cannonading, they retreated to +report. + +A sad story has been telegraphed of the cruel revenge taken by the +Mahdists upon a tribe of natives who refused to join them in their war +against the British and Egyptians. + +This tribe lived on the banks of the Nile between Berber and Metemneh, +and were a quiet and industrious people, who, not wishing to mix +themselves up in warfare, declined to join in it. The Mahdists, +infuriated at their refusal, descended on their villages, killed every +male member of the tribe, burned the houses and destroyed the property +of the offenders, and carried their women off into slavery. + +The British were horrified when they heard of these dreadful deeds, and +vow to take a summary vengeance on the cruel Mahdists when they catch +them. + +It seems, however, as if they were going to have a good deal of +difficulty in catching them. As yet they have not been able to come up +with the enemy. + +Osman Digna, the Mahdist general, steadily retreats before the British +and Egyptian troops. It is supposed that it is his intention to draw the +army as far as possible from its base of supplies, and then to give +battle, hoping to have it completely at his mercy. + +If this is his hope, he will find himself very much mistaken. + +We told you in a recent number about the railway that the troops were +laying across the desert. With the aid of the iron horse--as the +locomotive is often called--the dreaded desert can be crossed with ease, +and the invading army can have all the supplies it needs following it +wherever Osman Digna leads. + + * * * * * + +There is sad news from the Philippine Islands. A cyclone and tidal wave +have visited the island of Leyte, which is one of the Philippine group, +and have done a great deal of damage, sweeping over a vast tract of +country and killing thousands of people. + +A tidal wave, or, more properly speaking, an earthquake wave, is an +extraordinarily high wave, supposed to be formed by the disturbance +caused by an earthquake in the bed of the sea. + +The action of the earthquake causes the waters to retreat from the +shores, and gather themselves into a mighty mass, which suddenly turns +and advances upon the shore in one huge wave of enormous height. This +wave sweeps on over the land until it has spent its force, when the +waters rush back to the sea once more. + +The force of such a wave is so great that it destroys everything in its +path, tearing up rocks and boulders, and carrying them along inland with +it. + +In 1746, when the coast of Peru was the scene of one of these +catastrophes, a war-ship was lying at anchor in one of the bays. The +wave came sweeping down upon it, lifted it up on its crest and bore it +several miles inland, depositing it on the side of a hill. + +The island of Leyte, which has just been visited by one of these +terrible waves, is one of the smallest of the Philippine group. Its +trade was carried on with Manila, on the island of Luzon, where the +rebellion is raging. It was a thriving little island, and boasted of +several busy towns, all of which have been completely ruined and in part +swept away by the earthquake wave. + + * * * * * + +At the present time Africa seems to be the storm-centre for all the +warring foreign powers. + +It has long been the policy of the various European rulers to conquer +and hold portions of the lesser known quarters of the globe, and plant +colonies there to employ their surplus population, and to increase their +trade and importance. + +The West Indies, the East Indies, and Australasia have all been settled +in this way. Africa was the last country to excite the ambition of +Europe, but its turn has come, and it is now being forced to yield up +its secrets to the explorer and its riches to the trader. + +Sixty years ago the map of Africa was almost a blank. Egypt and Morocco +were marked out at the north and east, Cape Colony at the extreme south, +and here and there a little outline of territory on the gold coast. All +the rest was vaguely marked as Sahara or the Great Desert and the +Soudan. + +To-day the English, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the Dutch, +the Belgians, and the Spanish have all planted colonies on it, and the +map of Africa looks as business-like as the map of Europe. + +It is not to be supposed that these various nations have taken their +slices of Africa without much contention and disagreement. We have told +you about the troubles with the Boers in the Transvaal, and of Germany's +determination to stop the British advance in that direction. + +We have also mentioned the check given by Menelik of Abyssinia to the +Italians, and of the fight of the Mahdists to keep the Soudan out of the +hands of Egypt and England. + +Fresh trouble is now arising between the English and the French. + +You must not get the idea that the English are doing dreadful things in +Africa, because they are concerned in most of the troubles that are +disturbing the "Dark Continent." + +The fact of the matter is simply that England and France are the largest +landholders in Africa, and are therefore interested in most of the +quarrels. The British colonies are also much more scattered than the +possessions of any of the other powers, and consequently England has +more neighbors to dispute with than the others, and from this fact +appears to be more quarrelsome than she really is. + +The present trouble between France and Great Britain concerns the +boundary line between the possessions of the two countries in Western +Africa. + +This line has been in dispute for nearly thirty years, and has been the +subject of four treaties in ten years. + +One of these agreements laid out the northern boundary line of the +British possessions on the west coast, the Niger territory as it is +called, but it failed to come to any decided understanding about the +western boundary. + +You must understand that these tracts of land which have been taken +possession of by the European powers are not by any means deserted or +uninhabited lands. On the contrary, many of them teem with people, and +these lands on the west of Africa are especially populous. You must bear +in mind that the extensive slave trade which existed for so many years +was carried on with the west coast of Africa. + +Many of these black people are intelligent races of men, and all are +divided into tribes and kingdoms governed by rulers and kings. + +To obtain possession of these lands, it has been necessary for the +different nations of Europe to fight, or make treaties with numberless +small native rulers and kings. The Europeans have seized the country +belonging to these people, but have allowed the kings and rulers to +retain their positions, provided they paid tribute and performed certain +services for their conquerors. You remember about the King of Benin. He +was one of these tributary kings, and his country lay in this very Niger +territory about which we are now speaking. + +When the French wished to define the northern boundary line between +their possessions and those of the English, it was quite easy to do so, +because they had already made treaties with the rulers of the various +provinces and their rights in the country were established. + +With the western side it was not so easy, for there were two great +stumbling-blocks in the way. One was the kingdom of Gando, the other +the territory of the Borgus. + +You will find Gando marked on your maps on the west of the Niger +territory. Borgu, or Bussang, lies just below it, and forms the northern +boundary of Dahomey. + +Borgu and Gando had opposed the advance of both France and England, the +Borgus being an especially fierce and warlike tribe who refused to be +conciliated. + +After a while the British succeeded in settling their differences with +the King of Gando, but Borgu was still in doubt. + +In 1894 it came to the knowledge of the English that a French expedition +had been sent out to make treaties with the Borgus. + +Immediately the news reached them the Niger Company sent out an English +expedition to Nikki, the capital of Borgu, to try and get the treaty +ahead of France. + +Fortune favored the English. Their party arrived three weeks ahead of +the French, and the treaty had been made and all the arrangements +concluded before the French expedition made its appearance. + +The French were of course angry that they had been outwitted, and have +ever since declared that the treaties made by the English were of no +value whatever, and that France would not respect them until they had +been sent by the British Government to the French for approval. + +Bad feeling has existed on this point ever since, and it now seems about +to break out into an open quarrel. + +The French complain that the British Niger Company, which rules over the +affairs of this colony, is sending officers over into the Borgu +territory to incite the natives to rebellion. + +This land France declares to be under her protectorate, because she +refuses to recognize the English treaty. + +The English say that the French have no rights whatever in Borgu, and +that if they behave themselves sensibly there will be no trouble, but if +they trespass on lands that are under the influence of England by right +of treaty, they will have to be taught a lesson. + +In the mean while a commission has been appointed to settle the +question, and is now about to meet in Paris. + + * * * * * + +The prospect of a bad strike on the Croton Valley reservoir has just +been averted. + +This strike appeared to be of such a threatening nature that the works +were guarded by sheriffs, and the militia were called out to protect the +property. + +The work which is being done is the building of an enormous wall which +is to act as a dam, and collect the waters of the Croton and its +tributaries into one monster reservoir, for the supply of New York city. + +The work has been in progress for five years, and it promises to be +another four before it is accomplished. + +[Illustration: New dam] + +The majority of the workmen employed are Italians, many of whom have +bought little plots of land and built homes for themselves near their +work. + +Nearly five hundred workmen are employed, and for the convenience of +these men and their families the company put up a large general store +where they could get their provisions; and a boarding-house for the +single men. Both of these were leased to an Italian named Joseph Rico. + +It was an understood thing that the company should protect Rico from +loss, and agreed between the masters and the men that any bills owing at +Rico's store should be deducted from their wages. + +All went well for Rico. He charged enormous prices for everything he +sold, and there being no other store, the people were obliged to buy +from him. + +A short while ago the company put up a large addition to Rico's +boarding-house, large enough to accommodate two hundred men. + +When it was nearly finished word was passed round among the men that +those who wished to keep their job must move into Rico's new +boarding-house, no matter whether they had to give up their own little +homes to do so. It was said that Rico would get the men discharged if +they did not board with him, and would engage others in their place, as +he meant to have his house filled. + +This was more than the men would stand. They determined to go on strike, +and, leaving their work, made riotous demonstrations, threatening to +burn Rico's house about his ears if he did not leave the place at once. +Thinking that the contractors were in league with Rico, they threatened +all sorts of damage to the works if any further attempt was made to +interfere with their right to live where they pleased. + +So fierce were the men that they hurled rocks down into the pit that had +been dug for the foundations of the wall, and began to fill up the hole +that had taken so much time and money to make. Then the soldiers were +sent for. + +When matters had arrived at this stage the Italian consul-general in New +York determined to go to Croton Landing and see if he could not arrange +matters. + +On his arrival he called his countrymen together and learned their +grievances. As soon as he had throughly posted himself on the subject he +went off to the contractors, and had a long interview with them. + +They on their side stated that they had built the house because they +thought it would be pleasanter for the men to live nearer their work, +but they denied having given orders that the men must live in it. + +On hearing this the consul went back to the strikers and soon returned +with about thirty of the leaders. These men talked matters over with the +contractors, and on learning that for the future they could buy their +food where they pleased and live where they pleased, the men decided to +go back to work, the contractors promising not to discharge any of them +so long as they did their duty faithfully and well. + +The Italians were very grateful to their consul for the work he had +done, and in a short while the soldiers were told that they were not +wanted, the sheriffs sent home, and peace once more reigned in Croton +Landing. + + * * * * * + +There seems a possibility of the engineers' strike being brought to a +close. + +The employers have agreed to meet the representatives of the strikers +and talk matters over with them, provided they will promise that the +subject of the eight-hour working day shall not be brought into the +discussion. + +As this was one of the great objects of the strike, it seemed at first +as if it would be impossible for the masters and men to come to an +understanding. + +It has been reported, however, that the strikers have agreed to withdraw +their demand for an eight-hour day and that the meeting will take place. + +One of the great societies of engineers is, however, holding out for the +eight-hour day, and as this society includes the master-workmen of the +trade, the end of the strike may still be far off. + + * * * * * + +While we are on the subject of strikes it may interest you to hear of a +decision that has just been given in a lawsuit between a laborer and a +labor union. + +The workingman, who was an engineer, did not belong to any union, and +did not wish to join one. The union, however, wished him to become one +of its members, and great efforts were made to induce him to join. The +man, however, remained firm. + +When the union found that he was really determined not to join, it began +to persecute him, and sending its walking delegates to follow him +wherever he obtained employment, threatened his master to call all the +rest of his workmen out on strike if the offending engineer was not +discharged. + +This happened time after time; all of his employers declared that he was +a competent workman, and that they were very sorry to discharge him, but +they dared not take the risk of a strike and so were obliged to let him +go. + +In 1896 this man tried to join the union but they refused to have him, +though at the same time they continued to persecute him so that he could +not obtain work anywhere. Then he sued the Labor Union for damages. + +The judge before whom the case was brought gave a decision in the +workingman's favor, declaring that if labor unions were allowed to do +any such wicked things as this, no laborer who was not a union man could +be able to earn his living. + + * * * * * + +Preparations are being made in Honolulu for the reception of the +Princess Kaiulani. + +It is whispered that, in case the annexation treaty should be rejected +by the Senate, Kaiulani wants to be on hand to seize the throne. + +It would appear that the Hawaiians who wish to see a monarch once more +on the throne of the Sandwich Islands are not agreed as to which queen +they wish to serve under. There is a strong party for Kaiulani and +another equally strong for Liliuokalani. Congress, however, meets in +December, and it is rumored that the Hawaiian treaty will be one of the +first things the Senate will consider. The rival queens will therefore +not have so very long to wait before they will know whether there will +be any throne left for them to fight for. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +POLO STICK.--Our boys should be interested in this invention, as it +suggests many ideas for the improvement of other sporting goods. + +While the inventor has called his idea a polo stick, it is in fact in +the glove that the novelty lies. + +[Illustration: Polo Stick] + +This is made of strong leather, and in the palm a metal plate or lock is +fixed. + +The glove fastens at the wrist with a strong button. + +The polo stick, instead of being grasped around the stock, is held by a +metal handle, in the centre of which is a hasp fitting the lock in the +palm of the glove. The polo stick is thus firmly locked to the hand and +practically becomes a part of the user's arm. + +So strong is the lock that the stick must be splintered before it will +give way. + +For polo such a device is invaluable, for dropping one's stick means +dismounting and losing much valuable time; but a simple locking device +would be of great assistance in all games that require the stick, bat, +or club to be held with especial firmness. + + +SPRING CASTER.--This is a very novel idea, and one which is likely to +become very popular if it is found to be practical. + +[Illustration: Spring Caster] + +Between the roller of the caster and the plate which attaches it to the +chair-leg, a strong spiral spring is inserted. The chair thus supported +adapts itself to every movement of the sitter, and gives ease and +comfort that no firmly fixed seat can do. + +For writers these springs are particularly delightful, as the forward +movement of the body brings the seat forward with it, and the writer can +have the comfort of resting his back at the same time that he is at a +convenient angle for his work. + + G.H.R. + + + + +LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS. + + +We have received two very interesting letters, one from E.J.K., 461 West +43d Street, and one from C.H.K., 504 West 44th Street. We thank these +friends for their kind letters, but are unable to print them at length. + + _To the Editor._ + + DEAR SIR:--In your article in No. 51, on the forest fires + and drought following a very wet season, and remarking that + we should have such extremes, is it not due--our + irregularity of climate--to our careless devastating of + whole portions of the country of trees? Many claim so. We + are in sore need of national or state foresters. [Signed] + INQUIRER. + + +DEAR INQUIRER: + +While vegetation has something to do with the climate, the sudden +changes to which we are subject are due to the configuration of the +land. The Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Range rising at either +edge of the continent form the immense valley through which the +Mississippi takes its course; and these two factors of the high +mountains and the broad plains have the greatest influence on the +climate. + +Our immense length of seaboard and the proximity of the Gulf Stream are +also agents for engendering our variable climate. + +Trees protect moisture from rapid evaporation, and a wooded country is a +blessing to its inhabitants, defending their dwellings from wind in +mountainous districts. + +The denudation of the forests tends to destroy the moisture of the +atmosphere, but has little effect on the sudden transitions from heat to +cold. + + EDITOR. + + + MR. WILLIAM B. HARISON. + + DEAR SIR:--Thank you very much for the box-kite. It arrived + the day before yesterday, and works admirably. + + Truly yours, + ELEANOR H. + + +DEAR ELEANOR: + +We are glad you like the kite, and that it flies well. + +We witnessed a very funny attempt to fly one of our kites lately. It +took the small owner of the kite, his mamma, papa, and two friends to +make the effort, and even then failed, notwithstanding that the papa and +the friend climbed the fence at the risk of their necks in their +endeavor to reach the breeze. + +On serious reflection we decided that the kite did not fly because there +was no breeze to fly it with, and therefore we recommend all our young +friends to wait for the breeze before they endeavor to fly their kites. + + + EDITOR. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 16176-8.txt or 16176-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/1/7/16176/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: July 2, 2005 [EBook #16176] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><a name="Page_1481" id="Page_1481"></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + +<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1 <span class='smcap'>November</span> 11, 1897. <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 53</b></div> + +<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The British soldiers are doing some very fine work on the Indian +frontier.</p> + +<p>During the past week an engagement has taken place in which some of the +hardest fighting of the war occurred.</p> + +<p>According to the despatches, the Afridis occupied some rising ground +which was known by the name of the Dargai Ridge. It was necessary for +the British troops in their advance to pass across this ridge, and so +the Afridis had to be dislodged from it.</p> + +<p>A detachment of soldiers was sent forward to perform this task, and +accomplished it so easily that in a very short space of time the enemy +had all been driven off, and the village of Dargai was in flames.</p> + +<p>The tribesmen seemed to have been completely routed, and to have left +the country, so no particular pains was taken to fortify and hold the +conquered ridge; instead the preparations for the advance were hurried +forward.</p> + +<p>The routing of the Afridis occurred on Monday; the British troops were +ready to start early on Wednesday morning, but just as all was in<a name="Page_1482" id="Page_1482"></a> +readiness for the move, the tribesmen suddenly reappeared in greatly +increased numbers, and swarming in on every side reoccupied the ridge.</p> + +<p>This was a severe blow to the British, because the work of dislodging +the enemy had to be done all over again. The Afridis lay right in the +path of the British, and must be made to move.</p> + +<p>This time the task was more difficult.</p> + +<p>The Afridis had taken up a much stronger position than the one they had +occupied on Monday, and had established their main body on an +exceedingly steep hill, about a thousand feet high, which commanded the +route the advancing army was obliged to take.</p> + +<p>The height and the steepness of the hill were, however, but a small part +of the difficulty with which the British forces had to contend. The real +serious point lay in the fact that there was but one path by which the +summit of the hill could be reached, and this was only wide enough for +one man to pass at a time. It was therefore impossible to send large +bodies of troops against the enemy, and there was the terrible danger +that sharpshooters might pick off the men one by one as they tried to +ascend the path.</p> + +<p>The work had, however, to be done, and an English regiment and two +troops of native soldiers were sent forward to storm the hill.</p> + +<p>Between the position occupied by the English and that held by their foes +lay an open space of rough and rocky ground, which was within rifle +range of the Afridis.</p> + +<p>Stationing some of their best shots half-way down the hill, the<a name="Page_1483" id="Page_1483"></a> +tribesmen waited patiently while the English made their way across the +open space.</p> + +<p>The advance was extremely difficult owing to the rough nature of the +ground, the soldiers having actually to climb from rock to rock.</p> + +<div class="figright"> +<img src="./images/3.png" alt="Bagpiper" title="Bagpiper" /> +</div> + +<p>As soon as the English were well within rifle range, the tribesmen, who +had not fired a shot until the troops were in the bad ground, opened +such a deadly fire on them that the on-coming troops were checked. All +this time the British artillerymen were assailing the sharpshooters with +shot and shell, trying their best to drive them off the side of the +hill. In spite of their best efforts the enemy never wavered, but held +their position.</p> + +<p>The fight began to look serious for the English, and might have gone +against them but that the general in command, realizing that the men +could no longer stand against the deadly fire of the enemy, ordered a +fresh regiment, the Gordon Highlanders, to go to the assistance of the +struggling troops.</p> + +<p>It is customary for a general to keep a portion of his army in reserve, +so that should the battle seem to be going against him, he can send<a name="Page_1484" id="Page_1484"></a> +fresh soldiers into the fight to strengthen the weak places. The tide of +battle has again and again been turned by bringing in these reserves at +the right moment.</p> + +<p>The accounts we read of battles tell us how these reserve troops fret, +and fume, and worry, as they are kept resting idly while the roar of +battle rages around them. It would seem as if the men became so eager +and impatient that when at last the order to advance is given, they dash +into the fray with a zest and fury which carries everything before it.</p> + +<p>The affair of the Dargai Ridge seems to have been no exception to this +rule.</p> + +<p>The Gordon Highlanders had been held back all the morning, and no sooner +was the order to advance given them than they made what is described as +a "magnificent rush" across the open space.</p> + +<p>The enemy poured a rain of bullets upon them, but so eager and excited +were the men that they hurried on caring for nothing but the advance.</p> + +<p>Half of their number fell, killed or wounded, but, undaunted, the others +dashed forward, and finally reached the foot of the hill, where the +overhanging rocks protected them from the enemy's fire.</p> + +<p>After pausing a few moments to recover their breath, they began to climb +the hill, and twenty minutes later they had gained the crest and +dislodged the enemy.</p> + +<p>All England is ringing with the praises of these brave men. General +Lockhart, who commands one wing of the frontier army, has personally +thanked the Gordon Highlanders for their gallant conduct. He told them +that this brave deed of theirs was one <a name="Page_1485" id="Page_1485"></a>which might worthily be placed +side by side with the other great records which this famous regiment has +made for itself in the past.</p> + +<p>The colonel and officers of the regiment were also thanked for their +fine leadership.</p> + +<p>We told you some time ago about the effect the Highlanders have on +foreign enemies, and also of the many daring deeds of their pipers, and +how these men had saved their own lives time and again by blowing on +their bagpipes at critical moments.</p> + +<p>An incident occurred in the fight on the Dargai Ridge which illustrates +this fact.</p> + +<p>The Gordon Highlanders rushed forward to the charge with colors flying, +and the bagpipes shrilling forth their martial tunes.</p> + +<p>One of the pipers who was leading the rush (playing as he ran) was shot +through both ankles, and fell to the ground. It was impossible for him +to walk, but without a moment's hesitation he scrambled to a sitting +posture, and, putting his beloved pipes to his mouth, continued his +playing as unconcernedly as if nothing had happened.</p> + +<p>He knew that the sound of his pipes encouraged his brother soldiers, and +he played on unheeding the bullets that whistled around him.</p> + +<p>The report that mentions this story says it was only one of many +exhibitions of coolness and courage shown by the Gordon Highlanders in +their brave charge.</p> + +<p>It is said that while the British are full of pride over the conduct of +the Highlanders, they are very uneasy at finding the enemy so well +supplied with rifles and ammunition, and so well drilled in the use of +their weapons.<a name="Page_1486" id="Page_1486"></a></p> + +<p>Every one is wondering where the rebels obtained this large supply of +ammunition, and once more the Ameer of Afghanistan is suspected of bad +faith.</p> + +<p>It is certain that the arms could not have been bought of English or +continental merchants, because the laws are very strict in India, and +forbid the introduction of arms, except for government uses. To be +brought in by European merchants they would have had to be very cleverly +smuggled, and this would have been such a difficult affair that it is +thought to have been impossible to bring large quantities of arms into +the country that way. It is therefore hinted that they have come from +the Ameer's famous factory at Cabul, as it would have been easy for him +to supply the tribesmen from his side of the border without being found +out.</p> + +<p>In the heart of his country this ruler has established an arsenal which +is managed by Englishmen who are in his service. The factories are +fitted out with machinery imported from England, and when in full +working order can turn out twenty thousand cartridges and one hundred +and fifteen rifles a day, and two field guns a week.</p> + +<p>In 1896 it was known that the Ameer had already manufactured enough +breech-loading rifles to give arms to fifty thousand soldiers. It is +uncertain what became of this store, but it was supposed that they were +being kept for the Afghanistan troops. Now the English are wondering +whether the Ameer has not been quietly supplying their enemies with +weapons and ammunition.</p> + +<p>The latest reports from the seat of war state that the tribesmen are +offering a determined resistance to <a name="Page_1487" id="Page_1487"></a>the English advance, and from all +one hears some serious work lies before the British army in India.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Spain's answer to President McKinley has been cabled over to us. The +text of the letter has not been made public yet, but one of our +newspapers has cabled a statement from Madrid telling us what it is all +about. This statement has been confirmed by Señor Dupuy de Lôme, the +Spanish Minister in Washington, and so we may have confidence in it.</p> + +<p>It would appear that the answer was discussed at a cabinet meeting in +Madrid on Sunday; a draft of the answer was then prepared and sent to +the Queen, who immediately gave her consent.</p> + +<p>The tone of the answer shows that the present ministry of Spain is +anxious to keep on the best of terms with the United States, and does +not want a war with us any more than we do with them.</p> + +<p>The answer is said to call the attention of the United States to the +fact that since the note was presented by General Woodford to the Duke +of Tetuan, there has been a complete change in the Spanish Government, +and that the present ministry has decided to alter the policy of Spain +in regard to Cuba, and give the island a form of government that cannot +fail to meet with the approval of the United States.</p> + +<p>According to this statement, which, as we have said, Señor de Lôme +declares to be correct, Spain says that she is now making an honest +effort to win back the friendship of her Cuban subjects, and as a proof +of this has recalled General Weyler, and sent out in his stead a man who +is charged to take all the neces<a name="Page_1488" id="Page_1488"></a>sary steps toward providing Cuba with +liberal Home Rule.</p> + +<p>The friendly offices of the United States will be asked to assist Spain +in restoring peace and contentment in Cuba.</p> + +<p>The note goes on to add that while the Spanish Government does not hold +us responsible for all the filibustering that has been done, it will ask +us to do all in our power to prevent any more expeditions from leaving +our shores.</p> + +<p>In reference to filibustering, it may be of interest to you to know that +the work of playing policeman for Spain has already cost us nearly two +million dollars. We are obliged to keep a fleet of revenue cutters on +the watch for these expeditions, and it would seem that we have tried to +do our duty very thoroughly. That we have not succeeded in capturing +many of the contraband vessels should be no great reproach to us. Spain +has sixty vessels patrolling the coast of Cuba, and has only been able +to seize one filibuster, the <i>Competitor</i>.</p> + +<p>Tho news that Spain means to give Home Rule to Cuba is most welcome, and +it is to be hoped that the reforms offered may be satisfactory to the +Cubans, and that the war may soon be brought to a close.</p> + +<p>The full terms of the promised changes have reached us—they give the +Cubans control of educational matters, tariff, customs, charity, and +public works.</p> + +<p>A governor or viceroy is to be chosen by the mother country, and he is +to have the right to choose the officers who are to form his cabinet.</p> + +<p>There is to be a Cuban parliament, divided into upper and lower houses, +which is to settle all the <a name="Page_1489" id="Page_1489"></a>affairs of the island except those which +concern foreign policy, naval and military matters, and the manner in +which the law is to be administered. The acts of this parliament are, +however, to be subject to the approval of the Governor.</p> + +<p>The Cuban parliament is to elect the men who are to go to Spain to +represent Cuba in the Cortes.</p> + +<p>General Blanco is already on his way to Cuba. Before he left Spain he +stated that he felt convinced that the United States would soon find +that there was no further necessity to interfere on behalf of Cuba. He +said that Spain had only the best and kindest intentions toward the +Pearl of the Antilles (as Cuba is often called). He declared that peace +would soon be restored.</p> + +<p>While the reforms offered are not all that can be desired, still Spain +seems sincerely to desire to restore peace to Cuba, and it therefore +becomes the duty of all peace-loving people to withhold criticism, and +wait to see what Spain will do before venturing an opinion.</p> + +<p>The Cubans are not elated over the prospect. It is stated that they will +refuse the Home Rule offered them, and persist in their attempts to win +their freedom.</p> + +<p>Señor Estrada Palma, the Cuban delegate in this country, declared that +he was in a position to state that the Cubans will accept no compromise +from Spain. They are willing to give up their lives for their country's +freedom, but they will never accept Home Rule as a solution of their +struggle for independence.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><a name="Page_1490" id="Page_1490"></a></p> + +<p>The Cubans in Havana are feeling nervous about the demonstrations that +are to be made in honor of General Weyler on the eve of his departure +from Cuba, which is to take place on October 30th.</p> + +<p>The Americans in the city are begging that a man-of-war be sent into the +harbor to protect them, as they fear that Weyler's friends may make an +attack upon them.</p> + +<p>The demonstration is to be made by the volunteer regiments of Havana. +These regiments are recruited from the Spanish merchants in the city, +and are all bitterly opposed to the Cubans. They have passed resolutions +approving Weyler's methods of warfare, and protesting against the +promised Home Rule.</p> + +<p>It is feared that these men may get so excited over honoring their +favorite general that they may attack the Cubans or Americans in the +city.</p> + +<p>Weyler has desired that there shall be no demonstration whatever, but +the commanders of the volunteers have stated that this is a matter in +which they are quite unable to control their men.</p> + +<p>In spite of the fact that the Spanish Government relieved Weyler of his +duties, he still continues to rule in Cuba, having refused to give up +his command until he sails.</p> + +<p>He has issued a report in which he states once more that he has nearly +crushed out the rebellion. He draws a lively picture of the desperate +state of the island when he was appointed governor, and then shows the +great improvements he has made.</p> + +<p>According to his statement, Havana is in an absolutely healthy +condition, and great preparations have <a name="Page_1491" id="Page_1491"></a>been made for continuing the war +now the rainy season is over; he also praises the fine condition of the +hospitals in Havana—statements which have all been proved false time +after time.</p> + +<p>Every failure or defeat that he has met with he attributes to the want +of soldiers. He declares that he had not enough men under his control +properly to garrison Holguin or Victoria de las Tunas, and it was for +this reason that they fell.</p> + +<p>He has to say something in his own defence, but it is doubtful if many +people will be deceived by this wonderful report.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Spain has asked for an explanation of the <i>Silver Heels</i> affair.</p> + +<p>Minister de Lôme has called the attention of the State Department to the +case, and asked why the officers on the revenue cutter allowed the +vessel to escape them.</p> + +<p>The collector of the port of New York has been asked to give his version +of the matter. He says that in allowing the ship to get under way before +he attempted to arrest her, he was acting in accordance with the wishes +of the Spanish Government agent in New York, who wished to have a clear +case of filibustering against the ship. It is not against the law to +carry arms, and if the <i>Silver Heels</i> had been stopped with only a cargo +of ammunition on board, it might have been difficult to prove that she +was not engaged in a lawful mercantile expedition. But, had she been +seized with arms, ammunition, and a number of men on board, it would +have been impossible to deny the nature of her business.<a name="Page_1492" id="Page_1492"></a></p> + +<p>If the collector of the port can prove the truth of his statement, Spain +can find no just cause of complaint against us, the revenue cutter did +all that was required of her by lying in the course the <i>Silver Heels</i> +was expected to take—that the vessel went another way was nobody's +fault.</p> + +<p>The Madrid papers think it a great pity that this affair should have +occurred at a moment when Spain was trying to show her friendship for +us, and declare that the officers on the revenue cutter appeared to be +doing their best to avoid overtaking the ship. In Washington it is said +that grave trouble may arise out of the matter.</p> + +<p>Following right after these statements comes another from the agent of +the <i>Silver Heels</i>.</p> + +<p>This gentleman declares that the vessel never brought up alongside of +the dock at which she is accused of having taken on her cargo. He says +she was laden with coal, which she took on board at a pier on the New +Jersey shore, either Hoboken or Weehawken, that she sailed down the bay +and out at the Narrows under her own canvas, and never employed any +tugboat. The agent states positively that the <i>Silver Heels</i> did not go +up the Sound, and declares that if a mysterious vessel did take on a +cargo and slip up the Sound, it was not the <i>Silver Heels</i>.</p> + +<p>There the matter rests for the present.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>We hear from the Soudan that General Hunter is steadily advancing up the +Nile.</p> + +<p>By his orders gunboats were sent ahead of the army <a name="Page_1493" id="Page_1493"></a>as far as Metemneh, +which is the present stronghold of the Mahdists, and lies between +Khartoum and Berber. The object of sending on the gunboats was to find +out whether the city was very strongly fortified, and what were the +nature of its defences.</p> + +<p>Under cover of a heavy fire from their guns, these boats were able to +reach the city and take all the observations they needed, and then, +having treated the city itself to a brisk cannonading, they retreated to +report.</p> + +<p>A sad story has been telegraphed of the cruel revenge taken by the +Mahdists upon a tribe of natives who refused to join them in their war +against the British and Egyptians.</p> + +<p>This tribe lived on the banks of the Nile between Berber and Metemneh, +and were a quiet and industrious people, who, not wishing to mix +themselves up in warfare, declined to join in it. The Mahdists, +infuriated at their refusal, descended on their villages, killed every +male member of the tribe, burned the houses and destroyed the property +of the offenders, and carried their women off into slavery.</p> + +<p>The British were horrified when they heard of these dreadful deeds, and +vow to take a summary vengeance on the cruel Mahdists when they catch +them.</p> + +<p>It seems, however, as if they were going to have a good deal of +difficulty in catching them. As yet they have not been able to come up +with the enemy.</p> + +<p>Osman Digna, the Mahdist general, steadily retreats before the British +and Egyptian troops. It is supposed that it is his intention to draw the +army as far as possible from its base of supplies, and then to give +battle, hoping to have it completely at his mercy.<a name="Page_1494" id="Page_1494"></a></p> + +<p>If this is his hope, he will find himself very much mistaken.</p> + +<p>We told you in a recent number about the railway that the troops were +laying across the desert. With the aid of the iron horse—as the +locomotive is often called—the dreaded desert can be crossed with ease, +and the invading army can have all the supplies it needs following it +wherever Osman Digna leads.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>There is sad news from the Philippine Islands. A cyclone and tidal wave +have visited the island of Leyte, which is one of the Philippine group, +and have done a great deal of damage, sweeping over a vast tract of +country and killing thousands of people.</p> + +<p>A tidal wave, or, more properly speaking, an earthquake wave, is an +extraordinarily high wave, supposed to be formed by the disturbance +caused by an earthquake in the bed of the sea.</p> + +<p>The action of the earthquake causes the waters to retreat from the +shores, and gather themselves into a mighty mass, which suddenly turns +and advances upon the shore in one huge wave of enormous height. This +wave sweeps on over the land until it has spent its force, when the +waters rush back to the sea once more.</p> + +<p>The force of such a wave is so great that it destroys everything in its +path, tearing up rocks and boulders, and carrying them along inland with +it.</p> + +<p>In 1746, when the coast of Peru was the scene of one of these +catastrophes, a war-ship was lying at anchor in one of the bays. The +wave came sweeping <a name="Page_1495" id="Page_1495"></a>down upon it, lifted it up on its crest and bore it +several miles inland, depositing it on the side of a hill.</p> + +<p>The island of Leyte, which has just been visited by one of these +terrible waves, is one of the smallest of the Philippine group. Its +trade was carried on with Manila, on the island of Luzon, where the +rebellion is raging. It was a thriving little island, and boasted of +several busy towns, all of which have been completely ruined and in part +swept away by the earthquake wave.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>At the present time Africa seems to be the storm-centre for all the +warring foreign powers.</p> + +<p>It has long been the policy of the various European rulers to conquer +and hold portions of the lesser known quarters of the globe, and plant +colonies there to employ their surplus population, and to increase their +trade and importance.</p> + +<p>The West Indies, the East Indies, and Australasia have all been settled +in this way. Africa was the last country to excite the ambition of +Europe, but its turn has come, and it is now being forced to yield up +its secrets to the explorer and its riches to the trader.</p> + +<p>Sixty years ago the map of Africa was almost a blank. Egypt and Morocco +were marked out at the north and east, Cape Colony at the extreme south, +and here and there a little outline of territory on the gold coast. All +the rest was vaguely marked as Sahara or the Great Desert and the +Soudan.</p> + +<p>To-day the English, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the Dutch, +the Belgians, and the Spanish have all planted colonies on it, and the +map of Africa looks as business-like as the map of Europe.<a name="Page_1496" id="Page_1496"></a></p> + +<p>It is not to be supposed that these various nations have taken their +slices of Africa without much contention and disagreement. We have told +you about the troubles with the Boers in the Transvaal, and of Germany's +determination to stop the British advance in that direction.</p> + +<p>We have also mentioned the check given by Menelik of Abyssinia to the +Italians, and of the fight of the Mahdists to keep the Soudan out of the +hands of Egypt and England.</p> + +<p>Fresh trouble is now arising between the English and the French.</p> + +<p>You must not get the idea that the English are doing dreadful things in +Africa, because they are concerned in most of the troubles that are +disturbing the "Dark Continent."</p> + +<p>The fact of the matter is simply that England and France are the largest +landholders in Africa, and are therefore interested in most of the +quarrels. The British colonies are also much more scattered than the +possessions of any of the other powers, and consequently England has +more neighbors to dispute with than the others, and from this fact +appears to be more quarrelsome than she really is.</p> + +<p>The present trouble between France and Great Britain concerns the +boundary line between the possessions of the two countries in Western +Africa.</p> + +<p>This line has been in dispute for nearly thirty years, and has been the +subject of four treaties in ten years.</p> + +<p>One of these agreements laid out the northern boundary line of the +British possessions on the west coast, the Niger territory as it is +called, but it failed <a name="Page_1497" id="Page_1497"></a>to come to any decided understanding about the +western boundary.</p> + +<p>You must understand that these tracts of land which have been taken +possession of by the European powers are not by any means deserted or +uninhabited lands. On the contrary, many of them teem with people, and +these lands on the west of Africa are especially populous. You must bear +in mind that the extensive slave trade which existed for so many years +was carried on with the west coast of Africa.</p> + +<p>Many of these black people are intelligent races of men, and all are +divided into tribes and kingdoms governed by rulers and kings.</p> + +<p>To obtain possession of these lands, it has been necessary for the +different nations of Europe to fight, or make treaties with numberless +small native rulers and kings. The Europeans have seized the country +belonging to these people, but have allowed the kings and rulers to +retain their positions, provided they paid tribute and performed certain +services for their conquerors. You remember about the King of Benin. He +was one of these tributary kings, and his country lay in this very Niger +territory about which we are now speaking.</p> + +<p>When the French wished to define the northern boundary line between +their possessions and those of the English, it was quite easy to do so, +because they had already made treaties with the rulers of the various +provinces and their rights in the country were established.</p> + +<p>With the western side it was not so easy, for there were two great +stumbling-blocks in the way. One <a name="Page_1498" id="Page_1498"></a>was the kingdom of Gando, the other +the territory of the Borgus.</p> + +<p>You will find Gando marked on your maps on the west of the Niger +territory. Borgu, or Bussang, lies just below it, and forms the northern +boundary of Dahomey.</p> + +<p>Borgu and Gando had opposed the advance of both France and England, the +Borgus being an especially fierce and warlike tribe who refused to be +conciliated.</p> + +<p>After a while the British succeeded in settling their differences with +the King of Gando, but Borgu was still in doubt.</p> + +<p>In 1894 it came to the knowledge of the English that a French expedition +had been sent out to make treaties with the Borgus.</p> + +<p>Immediately the news reached them the Niger Company sent out an English +expedition to Nikki, the capital of Borgu, to try and get the treaty +ahead of France.</p> + +<p>Fortune favored the English. Their party arrived three weeks ahead of +the French, and the treaty had been made and all the arrangements +concluded before the French expedition made its appearance.</p> + +<p>The French were of course angry that they had been outwitted, and have +ever since declared that the treaties made by the English were of no +value whatever, and that France would not respect them until they had +been sent by the British Government to the French for approval.</p> + +<p>Bad feeling has existed on this point ever since, and it now seems about +to break out into an open quarrel.<a name="Page_1499" id="Page_1499"></a></p> + +<p>The French complain that the British Niger Company, which rules over the +affairs of this colony, is sending officers over into the Borgu +territory to incite the natives to rebellion.</p> + +<p>This land France declares to be under her protectorate, because she +refuses to recognize the English treaty.</p> + +<p>The English say that the French have no rights whatever in Borgu, and +that if they behave themselves sensibly there will be no trouble, but if +they trespass on lands that are under the influence of England by right +of treaty, they will have to be taught a lesson.</p> + +<p>In the mean while a commission has been appointed to settle the +question, and is now about to meet in Paris.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The prospect of a bad strike on the Croton Valley reservoir has just +been averted.</p> + +<p>This strike appeared to be of such a threatening nature that the works +were guarded by sheriffs, and the militia were called out to protect the +property.</p> + +<p>The work which is being done is the building of an enormous wall which +is to act as a dam, and collect the waters of the Croton and its +tributaries into one monster reservoir, for the supply of New York city.</p> + +<p>The work has been in progress for five years, and it promises to be +another four before it is accomplished.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/20.png" alt="Croton Valley Dam" title="Croton Valley Dam" /></div> + +<p>The majority of the workmen employed are Italians, many of whom have +bought little plots of land and built homes for themselves near their +work.</p> + +<p>Nearly five hundred workmen are employed, and <a name="Page_1500" id="Page_1500"></a><a name="Page_1501" id="Page_1501"></a>for the convenience of +these men and their families the company put up a large general store +where they could get their provisions; and a boarding-house for the +single men. Both of these were leased to an Italian named Joseph Rico.</p> + +<p>It was an understood thing that the company should protect Rico from +loss, and agreed between the masters and the men that any bills owing at +Rico's store should be deducted from their wages.</p> + +<p>All went well for Rico. He charged enormous prices for everything he +sold, and there being no other store, the people were obliged to buy +from him.</p> + +<p>A short while ago the company put up a large addition to Rico's +boarding-house, large enough to accommodate two hundred men.</p> + +<p>When it was nearly finished word was passed round among the men that +those who wished to keep their job must move into Rico's new +boarding-house, no matter whether they had to give up their own little +homes to do so. It was said that Rico would get the men discharged if +they did not board with him, and would engage others in their place, as +he meant to have his house filled.</p> + +<p>This was more than the men would stand. They determined to go on strike, +and, leaving their work, made riotous demonstrations, threatening to +burn Rico's house about his ears if he did not leave the place at once. +Thinking that the contractors were in league with Rico, they threatened +all sorts of damage to the works if any further attempt was made to +interfere with their right to live where they pleased.</p> + +<p>So fierce were the men that they hurled rocks down into the pit that had +been dug for the foundations of <a name="Page_1502" id="Page_1502"></a>the wall, and began to fill up the hole +that had taken so much time and money to make. Then the soldiers were +sent for.</p> + +<p>When matters had arrived at this stage the Italian consul-general in New +York determined to go to Croton Landing and see if he could not arrange +matters.</p> + +<p>On his arrival he called his countrymen together and learned their +grievances. As soon as he had throughly posted himself on the subject he +went off to the contractors, and had a long interview with them.</p> + +<p>They on their side stated that they had built the house because they +thought it would be pleasanter for the men to live nearer their work, +but they denied having given orders that the men must live in it.</p> + +<p>On hearing this the consul went back to the strikers and soon returned +with about thirty of the leaders. These men talked matters over with the +contractors, and on learning that for the future they could buy their +food where they pleased and live where they pleased, the men decided to +go back to work, the contractors promising not to discharge any of them +so long as they did their duty faithfully and well.</p> + +<p>The Italians were very grateful to their consul for the work he had +done, and in a short while the soldiers were told that they were not +wanted, the sheriffs sent home, and peace once more reigned in Croton +Landing.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>There seems a possibility of the engineers' strike being brought to a +close.</p> + +<p>The employers have agreed to meet the representatives of the strikers +and talk matters over with them, <a name="Page_1503" id="Page_1503"></a>provided they will promise that the +subject of the eight-hour working day shall not be brought into the +discussion.</p> + +<p>As this was one of the great objects of the strike, it seemed at first +as if it would be impossible for the masters and men to come to an +understanding.</p> + +<p>It has been reported, however, that the strikers have agreed to withdraw +their demand for an eight-hour day and that the meeting will take place.</p> + +<p>One of the great societies of engineers is, however, holding out for the +eight-hour day, and as this society includes the master-workmen of the +trade, the end of the strike may still be far off.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>While we are on the subject of strikes it may interest you to hear of a +decision that has just been given in a lawsuit between a laborer and a +labor union.</p> + +<p>The workingman, who was an engineer, did not belong to any union, and +did not wish to join one. The union, however, wished him to become one +of its members, and great efforts were made to induce him to join. The +man, however, remained firm.</p> + +<p>When the union found that he was really determined not to join, it began +to persecute him, and sending its walking delegates to follow him +wherever he obtained employment, threatened his master to call all the +rest of his workmen out on strike if the offending engineer was not +discharged.</p> + +<p>This happened time after time; all of his employers declared that he was +a competent workman, and that they were very sorry to discharge him, but +they <a name="Page_1504" id="Page_1504"></a>dared not take the risk of a strike and so were obliged to let him +go.</p> + +<p>In 1896 this man tried to join the union but they refused to have him, +though at the same time they continued to persecute him so that he could +not obtain work anywhere. Then he sued the Labor Union for damages.</p> + +<p>The judge before whom the case was brought gave a decision in the +workingman's favor, declaring that if labor unions were allowed to do +any such wicked things as this, no laborer who was not a union man could +be able to earn his living.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Preparations are being made in Honolulu for the reception of the +Princess Kaiulani.</p> + +<p>It is whispered that, in case the annexation treaty should be rejected +by the Senate, Kaiulani wants to be on hand to seize the throne.</p> + +<p>It would appear that the Hawaiians who wish to see a monarch once more +on the throne of the Sandwich Islands are not agreed as to which queen +they wish to serve under. There is a strong party for Kaiulani and +another equally strong for Liliuokalani. Congress, however, meets in +December, and it is rumored that the Hawaiian treaty will be one of the +first things the Senate will consider. The rival queens will therefore +not have so very long to wait before they will know whether there will +be any throne left for them to fight for.<a name="Page_1505" id="Page_1505"></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2> + + +<p>POLO STICK.—Our boys should be interested in this invention, as it +suggests many ideas for the improvement of other sporting goods.</p> + +<p>While the inventor has called his idea a polo stick, it is in fact in +the glove that the novelty lies.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/25.png"><img src="./images/25-tb.png" alt="Polo Equipment" title="Polo Equipment" /></a></div> + + + +<p>This is made of strong leather, and in the palm a metal plate or lock is +fixed.</p> + +<p>The glove fastens at the wrist with a strong button.</p> + +<p>The polo stick, instead of being grasped around <a name="Page_1506" id="Page_1506"></a>the stock, is held by a +metal handle, in the centre of which is a hasp fitting the lock in the +palm of the glove. The polo stick is thus firmly locked to the hand and +practically becomes a part of the user's arm.</p> + +<p>So strong is the lock that the stick must be splintered before it will +give way.</p> + +<p>For polo such a device is invaluable, for dropping one's stick means +dismounting and losing much valuable time; but a simple locking device +would be of great assistance in all games that require the stick, bat, +or club to be held with especial firmness.</p> + + +<p>SPRING CASTER.—This is a very novel idea, and one which is likely to +become very popular if it is found to be practical.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><a href="./images/26.png"><img src="./images/26-tb.png" alt="Spring Caster" title="Spring Caster" /></a></div> + +<p>Between the roller of the caster and the plate which attaches it to the +chair-leg, a strong spiral spring is inserted. The chair thus supported +adapts itself to every movement of the sitter, and gives ease and +comfort that no firmly fixed seat can do.</p> + +<p>For writers these springs are particularly delightful, as the forward +movement of the body brings the seat forward with it, and the writer can +have the comfort of resting his back at the same time that he is at a +convenient angle for his work.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.H.R.</span><br /> +<a name="Page_1507" id="Page_1507"></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.</h2> + + +<p>We have received two very interesting letters, one from E.J.K., 461 West +43d Street, and one from C.H.K., 504 West 44th Street. We thank these +friends for their kind letters, but are unable to print them at length.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><i>To the Editor.</i> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—In your article in No. 51, on the forest +fires and drought following a very wet season, and remarking +that we should have such extremes, is it not due—our +irregularity of climate—to our careless devastating of +whole portions of the country of trees? Many claim so. We +are in sore need of national or state foresters. [Signed] +<span class="smcap">Inquirer</span>. </p><br /><br /><br /></div> + + +<div><span class="smcap">Dear Inquirer</span>:</div> + +<p>While vegetation has something to do with the climate, the sudden +changes to which we are subject are due to the configuration of the +land. The Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Range rising at either +edge of the continent form the immense valley through which the +Mississippi takes its course; and these two factors of the high +mountains and the broad plains have the greatest influence on the +climate.</p> + +<p>Our immense length of seaboard and the proximity of the Gulf Stream are +also agents for engendering our variable climate.</p> + +<p>Trees protect moisture from rapid evaporation, and a wooded country is a +blessing to its inhabitants, defending their dwellings from wind in +mountainous districts.<a name="Page_1508" id="Page_1508"></a></p> + +<p>The denudation of the forests tends to destroy the moisture of the +atmosphere, but has little effect on the sudden transitions from heat to +cold.</p> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 26em;">E</span><span class="smcap">ditor</span>.<br /> +<br /><br /></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Mr. William B. Harison.</span> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—Thank you very much for the box-kite. It +arrived the day before yesterday, and works admirably. </p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">Truly yours,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">E</span><span class="smcap">leanor H.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></p> + + +<div><span class="smcap">Dear Eleanor</span>:</div> + +<p>We are glad you like the kite, and that it flies well.</p> + +<p>We witnessed a very funny attempt to fly one of our kites lately. It +took the small owner of the kite, his mamma, papa, and two friends to +make the effort, and even then failed, notwithstanding that the papa and +the friend climbed the fence at the risk of their necks in their +endeavor to reach the breeze.</p> + +<p>On serious reflection we decided that the kite did not fly because there +was no breeze to fly it with, and therefore we recommend all our young +friends to wait for the breeze before they endeavor to fly their kites.</p> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">E</span><span class="smcap">ditor</span>.<br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 16176-h.htm or 16176-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/1/7/16176/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: July 2, 2005 [EBook #16176] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 NOVEMBER 11, 1897. NO. 53 + +=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +The British soldiers are doing some very fine work on the Indian +frontier. + +During the past week an engagement has taken place in which some of the +hardest fighting of the war occurred. + +According to the despatches, the Afridis occupied some rising ground +which was known by the name of the Dargai Ridge. It was necessary for +the British troops in their advance to pass across this ridge, and so +the Afridis had to be dislodged from it. + +A detachment of soldiers was sent forward to perform this task, and +accomplished it so easily that in a very short space of time the enemy +had all been driven off, and the village of Dargai was in flames. + +The tribesmen seemed to have been completely routed, and to have left +the country, so no particular pains was taken to fortify and hold the +conquered ridge; instead the preparations for the advance were hurried +forward. + +The routing of the Afridis occurred on Monday; the British troops were +ready to start early on Wednesday morning, but just as all was in +readiness for the move, the tribesmen suddenly reappeared in greatly +increased numbers, and swarming in on every side reoccupied the ridge. + +This was a severe blow to the British, because the work of dislodging +the enemy had to be done all over again. The Afridis lay right in the +path of the British, and must be made to move. + +This time the task was more difficult. + +The Afridis had taken up a much stronger position than the one they had +occupied on Monday, and had established their main body on an +exceedingly steep hill, about a thousand feet high, which commanded the +route the advancing army was obliged to take. + +The height and the steepness of the hill were, however, but a small part +of the difficulty with which the British forces had to contend. The real +serious point lay in the fact that there was but one path by which the +summit of the hill could be reached, and this was only wide enough for +one man to pass at a time. It was therefore impossible to send large +bodies of troops against the enemy, and there was the terrible danger +that sharpshooters might pick off the men one by one as they tried to +ascend the path. + +The work had, however, to be done, and an English regiment and two +troops of native soldiers were sent forward to storm the hill. + +Between the position occupied by the English and that held by their foes +lay an open space of rough and rocky ground, which was within rifle +range of the Afridis. + +Stationing some of their best shots half-way down the hill, the +tribesmen waited patiently while the English made their way across the +open space. + +The advance was extremely difficult owing to the rough nature of the +ground, the soldiers having actually to climb from rock to rock. + +[Illustration: Bagpiper] + +As soon as the English were well within rifle range, the tribesmen, who +had not fired a shot until the troops were in the bad ground, opened +such a deadly fire on them that the on-coming troops were checked. All +this time the British artillerymen were assailing the sharpshooters with +shot and shell, trying their best to drive them off the side of the +hill. In spite of their best efforts the enemy never wavered, but held +their position. + +The fight began to look serious for the English, and might have gone +against them but that the general in command, realizing that the men +could no longer stand against the deadly fire of the enemy, ordered a +fresh regiment, the Gordon Highlanders, to go to the assistance of the +struggling troops. + +It is customary for a general to keep a portion of his army in reserve, +so that should the battle seem to be going against him, he can send +fresh soldiers into the fight to strengthen the weak places. The tide of +battle has again and again been turned by bringing in these reserves at +the right moment. + +The accounts we read of battles tell us how these reserve troops fret, +and fume, and worry, as they are kept resting idly while the roar of +battle rages around them. It would seem as if the men became so eager +and impatient that when at last the order to advance is given, they dash +into the fray with a zest and fury which carries everything before it. + +The affair of the Dargai Ridge seems to have been no exception to this +rule. + +The Gordon Highlanders had been held back all the morning, and no sooner +was the order to advance given them than they made what is described as +a "magnificent rush" across the open space. + +The enemy poured a rain of bullets upon them, but so eager and excited +were the men that they hurried on caring for nothing but the advance. + +Half of their number fell, killed or wounded, but, undaunted, the others +dashed forward, and finally reached the foot of the hill, where the +overhanging rocks protected them from the enemy's fire. + +After pausing a few moments to recover their breath, they began to climb +the hill, and twenty minutes later they had gained the crest and +dislodged the enemy. + +All England is ringing with the praises of these brave men. General +Lockhart, who commands one wing of the frontier army, has personally +thanked the Gordon Highlanders for their gallant conduct. He told them +that this brave deed of theirs was one which might worthily be placed +side by side with the other great records which this famous regiment has +made for itself in the past. + +The colonel and officers of the regiment were also thanked for their +fine leadership. + +We told you some time ago about the effect the Highlanders have on +foreign enemies, and also of the many daring deeds of their pipers, and +how these men had saved their own lives time and again by blowing on +their bagpipes at critical moments. + +An incident occurred in the fight on the Dargai Ridge which illustrates +this fact. + +The Gordon Highlanders rushed forward to the charge with colors flying, +and the bagpipes shrilling forth their martial tunes. + +One of the pipers who was leading the rush (playing as he ran) was shot +through both ankles, and fell to the ground. It was impossible for him +to walk, but without a moment's hesitation he scrambled to a sitting +posture, and, putting his beloved pipes to his mouth, continued his +playing as unconcernedly as if nothing had happened. + +He knew that the sound of his pipes encouraged his brother soldiers, and +he played on unheeding the bullets that whistled around him. + +The report that mentions this story says it was only one of many +exhibitions of coolness and courage shown by the Gordon Highlanders in +their brave charge. + +It is said that while the British are full of pride over the conduct of +the Highlanders, they are very uneasy at finding the enemy so well +supplied with rifles and ammunition, and so well drilled in the use of +their weapons. + +Every one is wondering where the rebels obtained this large supply of +ammunition, and once more the Ameer of Afghanistan is suspected of bad +faith. + +It is certain that the arms could not have been bought of English or +continental merchants, because the laws are very strict in India, and +forbid the introduction of arms, except for government uses. To be +brought in by European merchants they would have had to be very cleverly +smuggled, and this would have been such a difficult affair that it is +thought to have been impossible to bring large quantities of arms into +the country that way. It is therefore hinted that they have come from +the Ameer's famous factory at Cabul, as it would have been easy for him +to supply the tribesmen from his side of the border without being found +out. + +In the heart of his country this ruler has established an arsenal which +is managed by Englishmen who are in his service. The factories are +fitted out with machinery imported from England, and when in full +working order can turn out twenty thousand cartridges and one hundred +and fifteen rifles a day, and two field guns a week. + +In 1896 it was known that the Ameer had already manufactured enough +breech-loading rifles to give arms to fifty thousand soldiers. It is +uncertain what became of this store, but it was supposed that they were +being kept for the Afghanistan troops. Now the English are wondering +whether the Ameer has not been quietly supplying their enemies with +weapons and ammunition. + +The latest reports from the seat of war state that the tribesmen are +offering a determined resistance to the English advance, and from all +one hears some serious work lies before the British army in India. + + * * * * * + +Spain's answer to President McKinley has been cabled over to us. The +text of the letter has not been made public yet, but one of our +newspapers has cabled a statement from Madrid telling us what it is all +about. This statement has been confirmed by Senor Dupuy de Lome, the +Spanish Minister in Washington, and so we may have confidence in it. + +It would appear that the answer was discussed at a cabinet meeting in +Madrid on Sunday; a draft of the answer was then prepared and sent to +the Queen, who immediately gave her consent. + +The tone of the answer shows that the present ministry of Spain is +anxious to keep on the best of terms with the United States, and does +not want a war with us any more than we do with them. + +The answer is said to call the attention of the United States to the +fact that since the note was presented by General Woodford to the Duke +of Tetuan, there has been a complete change in the Spanish Government, +and that the present ministry has decided to alter the policy of Spain +in regard to Cuba, and give the island a form of government that cannot +fail to meet with the approval of the United States. + +According to this statement, which, as we have said, Senor de Lome +declares to be correct, Spain says that she is now making an honest +effort to win back the friendship of her Cuban subjects, and as a proof +of this has recalled General Weyler, and sent out in his stead a man who +is charged to take all the necessary steps toward providing Cuba with +liberal Home Rule. + +The friendly offices of the United States will be asked to assist Spain +in restoring peace and contentment in Cuba. + +The note goes on to add that while the Spanish Government does not hold +us responsible for all the filibustering that has been done, it will ask +us to do all in our power to prevent any more expeditions from leaving +our shores. + +In reference to filibustering, it may be of interest to you to know that +the work of playing policeman for Spain has already cost us nearly two +million dollars. We are obliged to keep a fleet of revenue cutters on +the watch for these expeditions, and it would seem that we have tried to +do our duty very thoroughly. That we have not succeeded in capturing +many of the contraband vessels should be no great reproach to us. Spain +has sixty vessels patrolling the coast of Cuba, and has only been able +to seize one filibuster, the _Competitor_. + +Tho news that Spain means to give Home Rule to Cuba is most welcome, and +it is to be hoped that the reforms offered may be satisfactory to the +Cubans, and that the war may soon be brought to a close. + +The full terms of the promised changes have reached us--they give the +Cubans control of educational matters, tariff, customs, charity, and +public works. + +A governor or viceroy is to be chosen by the mother country, and he is +to have the right to choose the officers who are to form his cabinet. + +There is to be a Cuban parliament, divided into upper and lower houses, +which is to settle all the affairs of the island except those which +concern foreign policy, naval and military matters, and the manner in +which the law is to be administered. The acts of this parliament are, +however, to be subject to the approval of the Governor. + +The Cuban parliament is to elect the men who are to go to Spain to +represent Cuba in the Cortes. + +General Blanco is already on his way to Cuba. Before he left Spain he +stated that he felt convinced that the United States would soon find +that there was no further necessity to interfere on behalf of Cuba. He +said that Spain had only the best and kindest intentions toward the +Pearl of the Antilles (as Cuba is often called). He declared that peace +would soon be restored. + +While the reforms offered are not all that can be desired, still Spain +seems sincerely to desire to restore peace to Cuba, and it therefore +becomes the duty of all peace-loving people to withhold criticism, and +wait to see what Spain will do before venturing an opinion. + +The Cubans are not elated over the prospect. It is stated that they will +refuse the Home Rule offered them, and persist in their attempts to win +their freedom. + +Senor Estrada Palma, the Cuban delegate in this country, declared that +he was in a position to state that the Cubans will accept no compromise +from Spain. They are willing to give up their lives for their country's +freedom, but they will never accept Home Rule as a solution of their +struggle for independence. + + * * * * * + +The Cubans in Havana are feeling nervous about the demonstrations that +are to be made in honor of General Weyler on the eve of his departure +from Cuba, which is to take place on October 30th. + +The Americans in the city are begging that a man-of-war be sent into the +harbor to protect them, as they fear that Weyler's friends may make an +attack upon them. + +The demonstration is to be made by the volunteer regiments of Havana. +These regiments are recruited from the Spanish merchants in the city, +and are all bitterly opposed to the Cubans. They have passed resolutions +approving Weyler's methods of warfare, and protesting against the +promised Home Rule. + +It is feared that these men may get so excited over honoring their +favorite general that they may attack the Cubans or Americans in the +city. + +Weyler has desired that there shall be no demonstration whatever, but +the commanders of the volunteers have stated that this is a matter in +which they are quite unable to control their men. + +In spite of the fact that the Spanish Government relieved Weyler of his +duties, he still continues to rule in Cuba, having refused to give up +his command until he sails. + +He has issued a report in which he states once more that he has nearly +crushed out the rebellion. He draws a lively picture of the desperate +state of the island when he was appointed governor, and then shows the +great improvements he has made. + +According to his statement, Havana is in an absolutely healthy +condition, and great preparations have been made for continuing the war +now the rainy season is over; he also praises the fine condition of the +hospitals in Havana--statements which have all been proved false time +after time. + +Every failure or defeat that he has met with he attributes to the want +of soldiers. He declares that he had not enough men under his control +properly to garrison Holguin or Victoria de las Tunas, and it was for +this reason that they fell. + +He has to say something in his own defence, but it is doubtful if many +people will be deceived by this wonderful report. + + * * * * * + +Spain has asked for an explanation of the _Silver Heels_ affair. + +Minister de Lome has called the attention of the State Department to the +case, and asked why the officers on the revenue cutter allowed the +vessel to escape them. + +The collector of the port of New York has been asked to give his version +of the matter. He says that in allowing the ship to get under way before +he attempted to arrest her, he was acting in accordance with the wishes +of the Spanish Government agent in New York, who wished to have a clear +case of filibustering against the ship. It is not against the law to +carry arms, and if the _Silver Heels_ had been stopped with only a cargo +of ammunition on board, it might have been difficult to prove that she +was not engaged in a lawful mercantile expedition. But, had she been +seized with arms, ammunition, and a number of men on board, it would +have been impossible to deny the nature of her business. + +If the collector of the port can prove the truth of his statement, Spain +can find no just cause of complaint against us, the revenue cutter did +all that was required of her by lying in the course the _Silver Heels_ +was expected to take--that the vessel went another way was nobody's +fault. + +The Madrid papers think it a great pity that this affair should have +occurred at a moment when Spain was trying to show her friendship for +us, and declare that the officers on the revenue cutter appeared to be +doing their best to avoid overtaking the ship. In Washington it is said +that grave trouble may arise out of the matter. + +Following right after these statements comes another from the agent of +the _Silver Heels_. + +This gentleman declares that the vessel never brought up alongside of +the dock at which she is accused of having taken on her cargo. He says +she was laden with coal, which she took on board at a pier on the New +Jersey shore, either Hoboken or Weehawken, that she sailed down the bay +and out at the Narrows under her own canvas, and never employed any +tugboat. The agent states positively that the _Silver Heels_ did not go +up the Sound, and declares that if a mysterious vessel did take on a +cargo and slip up the Sound, it was not the _Silver Heels_. + +There the matter rests for the present. + + * * * * * + +We hear from the Soudan that General Hunter is steadily advancing up the +Nile. + +By his orders gunboats were sent ahead of the army as far as Metemneh, +which is the present stronghold of the Mahdists, and lies between +Khartoum and Berber. The object of sending on the gunboats was to find +out whether the city was very strongly fortified, and what were the +nature of its defences. + +Under cover of a heavy fire from their guns, these boats were able to +reach the city and take all the observations they needed, and then, +having treated the city itself to a brisk cannonading, they retreated to +report. + +A sad story has been telegraphed of the cruel revenge taken by the +Mahdists upon a tribe of natives who refused to join them in their war +against the British and Egyptians. + +This tribe lived on the banks of the Nile between Berber and Metemneh, +and were a quiet and industrious people, who, not wishing to mix +themselves up in warfare, declined to join in it. The Mahdists, +infuriated at their refusal, descended on their villages, killed every +male member of the tribe, burned the houses and destroyed the property +of the offenders, and carried their women off into slavery. + +The British were horrified when they heard of these dreadful deeds, and +vow to take a summary vengeance on the cruel Mahdists when they catch +them. + +It seems, however, as if they were going to have a good deal of +difficulty in catching them. As yet they have not been able to come up +with the enemy. + +Osman Digna, the Mahdist general, steadily retreats before the British +and Egyptian troops. It is supposed that it is his intention to draw the +army as far as possible from its base of supplies, and then to give +battle, hoping to have it completely at his mercy. + +If this is his hope, he will find himself very much mistaken. + +We told you in a recent number about the railway that the troops were +laying across the desert. With the aid of the iron horse--as the +locomotive is often called--the dreaded desert can be crossed with ease, +and the invading army can have all the supplies it needs following it +wherever Osman Digna leads. + + * * * * * + +There is sad news from the Philippine Islands. A cyclone and tidal wave +have visited the island of Leyte, which is one of the Philippine group, +and have done a great deal of damage, sweeping over a vast tract of +country and killing thousands of people. + +A tidal wave, or, more properly speaking, an earthquake wave, is an +extraordinarily high wave, supposed to be formed by the disturbance +caused by an earthquake in the bed of the sea. + +The action of the earthquake causes the waters to retreat from the +shores, and gather themselves into a mighty mass, which suddenly turns +and advances upon the shore in one huge wave of enormous height. This +wave sweeps on over the land until it has spent its force, when the +waters rush back to the sea once more. + +The force of such a wave is so great that it destroys everything in its +path, tearing up rocks and boulders, and carrying them along inland with +it. + +In 1746, when the coast of Peru was the scene of one of these +catastrophes, a war-ship was lying at anchor in one of the bays. The +wave came sweeping down upon it, lifted it up on its crest and bore it +several miles inland, depositing it on the side of a hill. + +The island of Leyte, which has just been visited by one of these +terrible waves, is one of the smallest of the Philippine group. Its +trade was carried on with Manila, on the island of Luzon, where the +rebellion is raging. It was a thriving little island, and boasted of +several busy towns, all of which have been completely ruined and in part +swept away by the earthquake wave. + + * * * * * + +At the present time Africa seems to be the storm-centre for all the +warring foreign powers. + +It has long been the policy of the various European rulers to conquer +and hold portions of the lesser known quarters of the globe, and plant +colonies there to employ their surplus population, and to increase their +trade and importance. + +The West Indies, the East Indies, and Australasia have all been settled +in this way. Africa was the last country to excite the ambition of +Europe, but its turn has come, and it is now being forced to yield up +its secrets to the explorer and its riches to the trader. + +Sixty years ago the map of Africa was almost a blank. Egypt and Morocco +were marked out at the north and east, Cape Colony at the extreme south, +and here and there a little outline of territory on the gold coast. All +the rest was vaguely marked as Sahara or the Great Desert and the +Soudan. + +To-day the English, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the Dutch, +the Belgians, and the Spanish have all planted colonies on it, and the +map of Africa looks as business-like as the map of Europe. + +It is not to be supposed that these various nations have taken their +slices of Africa without much contention and disagreement. We have told +you about the troubles with the Boers in the Transvaal, and of Germany's +determination to stop the British advance in that direction. + +We have also mentioned the check given by Menelik of Abyssinia to the +Italians, and of the fight of the Mahdists to keep the Soudan out of the +hands of Egypt and England. + +Fresh trouble is now arising between the English and the French. + +You must not get the idea that the English are doing dreadful things in +Africa, because they are concerned in most of the troubles that are +disturbing the "Dark Continent." + +The fact of the matter is simply that England and France are the largest +landholders in Africa, and are therefore interested in most of the +quarrels. The British colonies are also much more scattered than the +possessions of any of the other powers, and consequently England has +more neighbors to dispute with than the others, and from this fact +appears to be more quarrelsome than she really is. + +The present trouble between France and Great Britain concerns the +boundary line between the possessions of the two countries in Western +Africa. + +This line has been in dispute for nearly thirty years, and has been the +subject of four treaties in ten years. + +One of these agreements laid out the northern boundary line of the +British possessions on the west coast, the Niger territory as it is +called, but it failed to come to any decided understanding about the +western boundary. + +You must understand that these tracts of land which have been taken +possession of by the European powers are not by any means deserted or +uninhabited lands. On the contrary, many of them teem with people, and +these lands on the west of Africa are especially populous. You must bear +in mind that the extensive slave trade which existed for so many years +was carried on with the west coast of Africa. + +Many of these black people are intelligent races of men, and all are +divided into tribes and kingdoms governed by rulers and kings. + +To obtain possession of these lands, it has been necessary for the +different nations of Europe to fight, or make treaties with numberless +small native rulers and kings. The Europeans have seized the country +belonging to these people, but have allowed the kings and rulers to +retain their positions, provided they paid tribute and performed certain +services for their conquerors. You remember about the King of Benin. He +was one of these tributary kings, and his country lay in this very Niger +territory about which we are now speaking. + +When the French wished to define the northern boundary line between +their possessions and those of the English, it was quite easy to do so, +because they had already made treaties with the rulers of the various +provinces and their rights in the country were established. + +With the western side it was not so easy, for there were two great +stumbling-blocks in the way. One was the kingdom of Gando, the other +the territory of the Borgus. + +You will find Gando marked on your maps on the west of the Niger +territory. Borgu, or Bussang, lies just below it, and forms the northern +boundary of Dahomey. + +Borgu and Gando had opposed the advance of both France and England, the +Borgus being an especially fierce and warlike tribe who refused to be +conciliated. + +After a while the British succeeded in settling their differences with +the King of Gando, but Borgu was still in doubt. + +In 1894 it came to the knowledge of the English that a French expedition +had been sent out to make treaties with the Borgus. + +Immediately the news reached them the Niger Company sent out an English +expedition to Nikki, the capital of Borgu, to try and get the treaty +ahead of France. + +Fortune favored the English. Their party arrived three weeks ahead of +the French, and the treaty had been made and all the arrangements +concluded before the French expedition made its appearance. + +The French were of course angry that they had been outwitted, and have +ever since declared that the treaties made by the English were of no +value whatever, and that France would not respect them until they had +been sent by the British Government to the French for approval. + +Bad feeling has existed on this point ever since, and it now seems about +to break out into an open quarrel. + +The French complain that the British Niger Company, which rules over the +affairs of this colony, is sending officers over into the Borgu +territory to incite the natives to rebellion. + +This land France declares to be under her protectorate, because she +refuses to recognize the English treaty. + +The English say that the French have no rights whatever in Borgu, and +that if they behave themselves sensibly there will be no trouble, but if +they trespass on lands that are under the influence of England by right +of treaty, they will have to be taught a lesson. + +In the mean while a commission has been appointed to settle the +question, and is now about to meet in Paris. + + * * * * * + +The prospect of a bad strike on the Croton Valley reservoir has just +been averted. + +This strike appeared to be of such a threatening nature that the works +were guarded by sheriffs, and the militia were called out to protect the +property. + +The work which is being done is the building of an enormous wall which +is to act as a dam, and collect the waters of the Croton and its +tributaries into one monster reservoir, for the supply of New York city. + +The work has been in progress for five years, and it promises to be +another four before it is accomplished. + +[Illustration: New dam] + +The majority of the workmen employed are Italians, many of whom have +bought little plots of land and built homes for themselves near their +work. + +Nearly five hundred workmen are employed, and for the convenience of +these men and their families the company put up a large general store +where they could get their provisions; and a boarding-house for the +single men. Both of these were leased to an Italian named Joseph Rico. + +It was an understood thing that the company should protect Rico from +loss, and agreed between the masters and the men that any bills owing at +Rico's store should be deducted from their wages. + +All went well for Rico. He charged enormous prices for everything he +sold, and there being no other store, the people were obliged to buy +from him. + +A short while ago the company put up a large addition to Rico's +boarding-house, large enough to accommodate two hundred men. + +When it was nearly finished word was passed round among the men that +those who wished to keep their job must move into Rico's new +boarding-house, no matter whether they had to give up their own little +homes to do so. It was said that Rico would get the men discharged if +they did not board with him, and would engage others in their place, as +he meant to have his house filled. + +This was more than the men would stand. They determined to go on strike, +and, leaving their work, made riotous demonstrations, threatening to +burn Rico's house about his ears if he did not leave the place at once. +Thinking that the contractors were in league with Rico, they threatened +all sorts of damage to the works if any further attempt was made to +interfere with their right to live where they pleased. + +So fierce were the men that they hurled rocks down into the pit that had +been dug for the foundations of the wall, and began to fill up the hole +that had taken so much time and money to make. Then the soldiers were +sent for. + +When matters had arrived at this stage the Italian consul-general in New +York determined to go to Croton Landing and see if he could not arrange +matters. + +On his arrival he called his countrymen together and learned their +grievances. As soon as he had throughly posted himself on the subject he +went off to the contractors, and had a long interview with them. + +They on their side stated that they had built the house because they +thought it would be pleasanter for the men to live nearer their work, +but they denied having given orders that the men must live in it. + +On hearing this the consul went back to the strikers and soon returned +with about thirty of the leaders. These men talked matters over with the +contractors, and on learning that for the future they could buy their +food where they pleased and live where they pleased, the men decided to +go back to work, the contractors promising not to discharge any of them +so long as they did their duty faithfully and well. + +The Italians were very grateful to their consul for the work he had +done, and in a short while the soldiers were told that they were not +wanted, the sheriffs sent home, and peace once more reigned in Croton +Landing. + + * * * * * + +There seems a possibility of the engineers' strike being brought to a +close. + +The employers have agreed to meet the representatives of the strikers +and talk matters over with them, provided they will promise that the +subject of the eight-hour working day shall not be brought into the +discussion. + +As this was one of the great objects of the strike, it seemed at first +as if it would be impossible for the masters and men to come to an +understanding. + +It has been reported, however, that the strikers have agreed to withdraw +their demand for an eight-hour day and that the meeting will take place. + +One of the great societies of engineers is, however, holding out for the +eight-hour day, and as this society includes the master-workmen of the +trade, the end of the strike may still be far off. + + * * * * * + +While we are on the subject of strikes it may interest you to hear of a +decision that has just been given in a lawsuit between a laborer and a +labor union. + +The workingman, who was an engineer, did not belong to any union, and +did not wish to join one. The union, however, wished him to become one +of its members, and great efforts were made to induce him to join. The +man, however, remained firm. + +When the union found that he was really determined not to join, it began +to persecute him, and sending its walking delegates to follow him +wherever he obtained employment, threatened his master to call all the +rest of his workmen out on strike if the offending engineer was not +discharged. + +This happened time after time; all of his employers declared that he was +a competent workman, and that they were very sorry to discharge him, but +they dared not take the risk of a strike and so were obliged to let him +go. + +In 1896 this man tried to join the union but they refused to have him, +though at the same time they continued to persecute him so that he could +not obtain work anywhere. Then he sued the Labor Union for damages. + +The judge before whom the case was brought gave a decision in the +workingman's favor, declaring that if labor unions were allowed to do +any such wicked things as this, no laborer who was not a union man could +be able to earn his living. + + * * * * * + +Preparations are being made in Honolulu for the reception of the +Princess Kaiulani. + +It is whispered that, in case the annexation treaty should be rejected +by the Senate, Kaiulani wants to be on hand to seize the throne. + +It would appear that the Hawaiians who wish to see a monarch once more +on the throne of the Sandwich Islands are not agreed as to which queen +they wish to serve under. There is a strong party for Kaiulani and +another equally strong for Liliuokalani. Congress, however, meets in +December, and it is rumored that the Hawaiian treaty will be one of the +first things the Senate will consider. The rival queens will therefore +not have so very long to wait before they will know whether there will +be any throne left for them to fight for. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +POLO STICK.--Our boys should be interested in this invention, as it +suggests many ideas for the improvement of other sporting goods. + +While the inventor has called his idea a polo stick, it is in fact in +the glove that the novelty lies. + +[Illustration: Polo Stick] + +This is made of strong leather, and in the palm a metal plate or lock is +fixed. + +The glove fastens at the wrist with a strong button. + +The polo stick, instead of being grasped around the stock, is held by a +metal handle, in the centre of which is a hasp fitting the lock in the +palm of the glove. The polo stick is thus firmly locked to the hand and +practically becomes a part of the user's arm. + +So strong is the lock that the stick must be splintered before it will +give way. + +For polo such a device is invaluable, for dropping one's stick means +dismounting and losing much valuable time; but a simple locking device +would be of great assistance in all games that require the stick, bat, +or club to be held with especial firmness. + + +SPRING CASTER.--This is a very novel idea, and one which is likely to +become very popular if it is found to be practical. + +[Illustration: Spring Caster] + +Between the roller of the caster and the plate which attaches it to the +chair-leg, a strong spiral spring is inserted. The chair thus supported +adapts itself to every movement of the sitter, and gives ease and +comfort that no firmly fixed seat can do. + +For writers these springs are particularly delightful, as the forward +movement of the body brings the seat forward with it, and the writer can +have the comfort of resting his back at the same time that he is at a +convenient angle for his work. + + G.H.R. + + + + +LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS. + + +We have received two very interesting letters, one from E.J.K., 461 West +43d Street, and one from C.H.K., 504 West 44th Street. We thank these +friends for their kind letters, but are unable to print them at length. + + _To the Editor._ + + DEAR SIR:--In your article in No. 51, on the forest fires + and drought following a very wet season, and remarking that + we should have such extremes, is it not due--our + irregularity of climate--to our careless devastating of + whole portions of the country of trees? Many claim so. We + are in sore need of national or state foresters. [Signed] + INQUIRER. + + +DEAR INQUIRER: + +While vegetation has something to do with the climate, the sudden +changes to which we are subject are due to the configuration of the +land. The Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Range rising at either +edge of the continent form the immense valley through which the +Mississippi takes its course; and these two factors of the high +mountains and the broad plains have the greatest influence on the +climate. + +Our immense length of seaboard and the proximity of the Gulf Stream are +also agents for engendering our variable climate. + +Trees protect moisture from rapid evaporation, and a wooded country is a +blessing to its inhabitants, defending their dwellings from wind in +mountainous districts. + +The denudation of the forests tends to destroy the moisture of the +atmosphere, but has little effect on the sudden transitions from heat to +cold. + + EDITOR. + + + MR. WILLIAM B. HARISON. + + DEAR SIR:--Thank you very much for the box-kite. It arrived + the day before yesterday, and works admirably. + + Truly yours, + ELEANOR H. + + +DEAR ELEANOR: + +We are glad you like the kite, and that it flies well. + +We witnessed a very funny attempt to fly one of our kites lately. It +took the small owner of the kite, his mamma, papa, and two friends to +make the effort, and even then failed, notwithstanding that the papa and +the friend climbed the fence at the risk of their necks in their +endeavor to reach the breeze. + +On serious reflection we decided that the kite did not fly because there +was no breeze to fly it with, and therefore we recommend all our young +friends to wait for the breeze before they endeavor to fly their kites. + + + EDITOR. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 53, November 11, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 16176.txt or 16176.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/1/7/16176/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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