diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:48:12 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:48:12 -0700 |
| commit | 9b038c09b39c3c164db52cba9b5fc3a1ff3eb552 (patch) | |
| tree | ed8b08110b4ac85be2e2fdbe5dbbf9c15e597754 /16124-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '16124-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/16124-h.htm | 10819 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0001-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 44005 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 122200 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0005-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 32463 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0005.jpg | bin | 0 -> 109118 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0009.jpg | bin | 0 -> 40280 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0012-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 43364 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0012.jpg | bin | 0 -> 71654 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0015.jpg | bin | 0 -> 30230 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0018-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 48413 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0018.jpg | bin | 0 -> 110920 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0022-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 34818 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0022.jpg | bin | 0 -> 97013 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0026.jpg | bin | 0 -> 29024 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0029.jpg | bin | 0 -> 51014 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0056-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 31077 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0056.jpg | bin | 0 -> 103248 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0057-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 54496 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0057.jpg | bin | 0 -> 94221 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0058-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 46786 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0058.jpg | bin | 0 -> 120143 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0059-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 67090 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0059.jpg | bin | 0 -> 189457 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0062-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 40221 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0062.jpg | bin | 0 -> 118078 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0065-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 43051 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0065.jpg | bin | 0 -> 252691 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0068-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 59225 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0068.jpg | bin | 0 -> 209586 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0071-tb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 60858 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16124-h/images/0071.jpg | bin | 0 -> 221469 bytes |
31 files changed, 10819 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/16124-h/16124-h.htm b/16124-h/16124-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..304fcec --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/16124-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,10819 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lippincott's Magazine of + Popular Literature and Science, Vol. XXVI., December, + 1880.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ + <!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + img {border:0;} + .author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + div.trans-note {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center;} + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em;} + .poem span.i1 {display: block; margin-left: 1em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i3 {display: block; margin-left: 3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + .poem span.i6 {display: block; margin-left: 6em;} + .poem span.i8 {display: block; margin-left: 8em;} + .poem span.i10 {display: block; margin-left: 10em;} + .poem span.i14 {display: block; margin-left: 14em;} + .poem span.i15 {display: block; margin-left: 15em;} + a:link {text-decoration: none} + link {text-decoration: none} + a:visited {text-decoration: none} + a:hover {color: red} + + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature +and Science, Vol. XXVI., December, 1880., by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. XXVI., December, 1880. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: June 24, 2005 [EBook #16124] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + <div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and List of + Illustrations were added by the transcriber. + </div> + + <h1>LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE</h1> + + <h3>OF</h3> + + <h3><i>POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE</i>.</h3> + + <p> </p> + + <h3>DECEMBER, 1880.<br /> + Vol. XXVI.</h3><br /> + <br /> + + + <p>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by + J.B. LIPPINCOTT & Co., in the Office of the Librarian of + Congress, at Washington.</p> + + <p> </p> + + <p> </p> + + <h3>CONTENTS</h3> + + <p><a href="#AN_HISTORICAL_ROCKY_MOUNTAIN_OUTPOST">AN + HISTORICAL ROCKY-MOUNTAIN OUTPOST.</a><br /> + <a href="#LOST">LOST.</a><br /> + <a href="#ADAM_AND_EVE">ADAM AND EVE.</a><br /> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVI"> CHAPTER + XXXVI.</a><br /> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVII"> CHAPTER + XXXVII.</a><br /> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVIII"> CHAPTER + XXXVIII.</a><br /> + <a href="#WILL_DEMOCRACY_TOLERATE_A_PERMANENT_CLASS_OF_NATIONAL_OFFICE_HOLDERS"> + WILL DEMOCRACY TOLERATE A PERMANENT CLASS OF NATIONAL OFFICE + HOLDERS?</a><br /> + <a href="#OUR_GRANDFATHERS_TEMPLES">OUR GRANDFATHERS' + TEMPLES.</a><br /> + <a href="#THE_PRICE_OF_SAFETY">THE PRICE OF SAFETY.</a><br /> + <a href="#THE_AUTHORS_OF_FROUFROU">THE AUTHORS OF + "FROUFROU."</a><br /> + <a href="#THE_KINGS_GIFTS">THE KING'S GIFTS.</a><br /> + <a href="#BAUBIE_WISHART">BAUBIE WISHART.</a><br /> + <a href="#GAS-BURNING_AND_ITS_CONSEQUENCES">GAS-BURNING, AND + ITS CONSEQUENCES.</a><br /> + <a href="#SHAKESPEARE">THE ΑΡΑΞ + ΛΕΓΟΜΕΝΑ IN + SHAKESPEARE.</a><br /> + <a href="#AN_EPISODE_OF_SPANISH_CHIVALRY">AN EPISODE OF + SPANISH CHIVALRY.</a><br /> + <a href="#AUTOMATISM">AUTOMATISM.</a><br /> + <a href="#OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP">OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</a><br /> + <a href="#LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY">LITERATURE OF THE + DAY.</a></p><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + + + <h3>ILLUSTRATIONS</h3> + + <p><a href="#GOING_TO_THE_JUDGES">GOING TO THE + JUDGE'S.<br /></a> + <a href="#GENERAL_VIEW_OF_PUEBLO_COLORADO_LOOKING_NORTH_WEST_PIKES_PEAK_IN_THE_DISTANCE"> + GENERAL VIEW OF PUEBLO, COLORADO, LOOKING + NORTH-WEST—PIKE'S PEAK IN THE DISTANCE.<br /></a> + <a href="#THE_JUDGE">THE JUDGE.<br /></a> + <a href="#OLD_ADOBE_FORT">OLD ADOBE FORT.<br /></a> + <a href="#MEXICAN_INTERIOR">MEXICAN INTERIOR.<br /></a> + <a href="#OLD_BRIDGE">OLD BRIDGE.<br /></a> + <a href="#SANTA_FE_AVENUE_PUEBLO_COLORADO">SANTA FÉ AVENUE, + PUEBLO, COLORADO.<br /></a> <a href="#OLD_SI_SMITH">OLD SI + SMITH.<br /></a> <a href="#UNTITLED">UNTITLED.<br /></a> + <a href="#THE_OLD_SOUTH">THE OLD SOUTH, BOSTON.<br /></a> + <a href="#KINGS_CHAPEL">KINGS CHAPEL, BOSTON, IN + 1872.<br /></a> <a href="#CHRIST_CHURCH">CHRIST CHURCH, + BOSTON.<br /></a> <a href="#ST_MICHAELS">ST. MICHAELS, + MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS.<br /></a> <a href="#ST_PAULS">ST. + PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK.<br /></a> + <a href="#OLD_SWEDES_CHURCH">OLD SWEDES' CHURCH, + PHILADELPHIA.<br /></a> <a href="#MORAVIAN_CEMETERY">THE + MORAVIAN CEMETERY, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA.<br /></a> + <a href="#RUINS_OF_THE_OLD_CHURCH_TOWER">RUINS OF THE OLD + CHURCH-TOWER, JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA.<br /></a></p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="AN_HISTORICAL_ROCKY_MOUNTAIN_OUTPOST" + id="AN_HISTORICAL_ROCKY_MOUNTAIN_OUTPOST"></a>AN HISTORICAL + ROCKY-MOUNTAIN OUTPOST.</h2> + + <p><a name="GOING_TO_THE_JUDGES" + id="GOING_TO_THE_JUDGES"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0001.jpg"><img src="images/0001-tb.jpg" + alt="GOING TO THE JUDGES." + title="GOING TO THE JUDGES." /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>GOING TO THE JUDGE'S.</p> + + <p>The day might have graced the month of June, so balmy was + the air, so warmly shone the sun from a cloudless sky. But the + snow-covered mountain-range whose base we were skirting, the + leafless cottonwoods fringing the Fontaine qui Bouille and the + sombre plains that stretched away to the eastern horizon told a + different story. It was on one of those days elsewhere so rare, + but so common in Colorado, when a summer sky smiles upon a + wintry landscape, that we entered a town in whose history are + to be found greater contrasts than even those afforded by earth + and sky. Today Pueblo is a thriving and aggressive city, + peopled with its quota of that great pioneer army which is + carrying civilization over the length and breadth of our land. + Three hundred and forty years ago, as legend hath it, Coronado + here stopped his northward march, and on the spot where Pueblo + now stands established the farthermost outpost of New + Spain.</p> + + <p>The average traveller who journeys westward from the + Missouri River imagines that he is coming to a new country. + "The New West" is a favorite term with the agents of + land—companies and the writers of alluring + railway-guides. These enterprising advocates sometimes indulge + in flights of rhetoric that scorn the trammels of grammar and + dictionary. Witness the following impassioned utterances + concerning the lands of a certain Western railroad: "They + comprise a section of country whose possibilities are simply + <i>infinitesimal</i>, and whose developments will be revealed + in glorious realization through the horoscope of the near + future." This verbal architect builded wiser than he knew, for + what more fitting word could the imagination suggest wherewith + to crown the possibilities of alkali wastes and barren, + sun-scorched plains?</p> + + <p>A considerable part of the New West of to-day was explored + by the Spaniards more than three centuries ago. Before the + English had landed at Plymouth Rock or made a settlement at + Jamestown they had penetrated to the Rocky Mountains and given + to peak and river their characteristic names. Southern + Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona have been the theatres wherein + were enacted deeds of daring and bravery perhaps unsurpassed by + any people and any age; and that, too, centuries before they + became a part of our American Union. The whole country is + strewn over with the ruins of a civilization in comparison with + which our own of to-day seems feeble. And he who journeys + across the Plains till he reaches the Sangre del Cristo + Mountains or the blue Sierra Mojadas enters a land made famous + by the exploits of Coronado, De Vaca and perhaps of the great + Montezuma himself.</p> + + <p>In the year 1540, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was sent by + the Spanish viceroy of Mexico to explore the regions to the + north. Those mountain-peaks, dim and shadowy in the distance + and seeming to recede as they were approached, had ever been an + alluring sight to the gold-seeking Spaniards. But the coveted + treasure did not reveal itself to their cursory search; and + though they doubtless pushed as far north as the Arkansas + River, they returned to the capital from what they considered + an unsuccessful expedition. The way was opened, however, and in + 1595 the Spaniards came to what is now the Territory of New + Mexico and founded the city of Santa Fé. They had found, for + the most part, a settled country, the inhabitants living in + densely-populated villages, or <i>pueblos</i>, and evincing a + rather high degree of civilization. Their dwellings of mud + bricks, or <i>adobes</i>, were all built upon a single plan, + and consisted of a square or rectangular fort-like structure + enclosing an open space. Herds of sheep and goats grazed upon + the hillsides, while the bottom-lands were planted with corn + and barley. Thus lived and flourished the Pueblo Indians, a + race the origin of which lies in obscurity, but connected with + which are many legends of absorbing interest. All their + traditions point to Montezuma as the founder and leader of + their race, and likewise to their descent from the Aztecs. But + their glory departed with the coming of Cortez, and their + Spanish conquerors treated them as an inferior race. Revolting + against their oppressors in 1680, they were reconquered + thirteen years later, though subsequently allowed greater + liberty. By the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 they became + citizens of the United States. From one extreme of government + to another has drifted this remnant of a stately race, till now + at last it finds itself safely sheltered in the arms of our + great republic.</p> + + <p>Such is the romantic history of a portion of our so-called + "New West;" but it was with a view of ascertaining some facts + concerning occurrences of more recent date, as well as of + seeing some of the actors therein, that we paid a visit to + Pueblo. We found it a rather odd mixture of the old and the + new, the adobe and the "dug-out" looking across the street upon + the imposing structure of brick or the often gaudily-painted + frame cottage. It looked as though it might have been indulging + in a Rip Van Winkle sleep, except that the duration might have + been a century or two. High <i>mesas</i> with gracefully + rounded and convoluted sides almost entirely surround it, and + rising above their floor-like tops, and in fine contrast with + their sombre brown tints, appear the blue outlines of the + distant mountains. Pike's Peak, fifty miles to the north, and + the Spanish Peaks, the Wawatoyas, ninety to the south, are + sublime objects of which the eye never grows weary; while the + Sierra Mojadas bank up the western horizon with a frowning + mountain-wall. A notch in the distant range, forty miles to the + north-west, indicates the place where the Arkansas River breaks + through the barriers that would impede its seaward course, + forming perhaps the grandest cañon to be found in all this + mighty mountain-wilderness. Truly a striking picture was that + on which Coronado and his mail-clad warriors gazed.</p> + + <p> + <a name="GENERAL_VIEW_OF_PUEBLO_COLORADO_LOOKING_NORTH_WEST_PIKES_PEAK_IN_THE_DISTANCE" + id="GENERAL_VIEW_OF_PUEBLO_COLORADO_LOOKING_NORTH_WEST_PIKES_PEAK_IN_THE_DISTANCE"> + </a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0005.jpg"><img src="images/0005-tb.jpg" + alt="GENERAL VIEW OF PUEBLO, COLORADO, LOOKING NORTH-WEST—PIKE'S PEAK IN THE DISTANCE." + title="GENERAL VIEW OF PUEBLO, COLORADO, LOOKING NORTH-WEST—PIKE'S PEAK IN THE DISTANCE." /> + </a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>GENERAL VIEW OF PUEBLO, COLORADO, LOOKING + NORTH-WEST—PIKE'S PEAK IN THE DISTANCE.</p> + + <p>A motley throng compose the inhabitants of Pueblo. The + dark-hued Mexican, his round face shaded by the inevitable + <i>sombrero</i>, figures conspicuously. But if you value his + favor and your future peace of mind have a care how you allude + to his nationality. He is a Spaniard, you should know—a + pure Castilian whose ancestor was some old hidalgo with as long + an array of names and titles as has the Czar of All the Russias + himself. Though he now lives in a forsaken-looking adobe hut + with dirt floor and roof of sticks and turf that serves only to + defile the raindrops that trickle through its many + gaps—though his sallow wife and ill-favored children + huddle round him or cook the scanty meal upon the mud oven in a + corner of the room—he is yet a Spaniard, and glories in + it. The tall, raw-boned man, straight as a young cottonwood, + whose long black hair floats out from beneath his hat as he + rides into town from his ranch down the river, may be a + half-breed who has figured in a score of Indian fights, and + enjoys the proud distinction of having killed his man. There is + the hungry-looking prospector, waiting with ill-disguised + impatience till he can "cross the Range" and follow again, as + he has done year after year, the exciting chase after the + ever-receding mirage—the visions of fabulous wealth + always going to be, but never quite, attained. The time-honored + symbol of Hope must, we think, give place to a more forcible + representation furnished by the peculiar genius of our times; + for is not our modern Rocky-Mountain prospector the complete + embodiment of that sublime grace? His is a hope that even + reverses the proverb, for no amount of deferring is able to + make him heartsick, but rather seems to spur him on to more + earnest endeavor. Has he toiled the summer long, endured every + privation, encountered inconceivable perils, only to find + himself at its close poorer than when he began? Reluctantly he + leaves the mountain-side where the drifting snows have begun to + gather, but seemingly as light-hearted as when he came, for his + unshaken hope bridges the winter and feeds upon the limitless + possibilities of the future. Full of wonderful stories are + these same hope-sustained prospectors—tales that are + bright with the glitter of silver and gold. Not a single one of + them who has not discovered "leads" of wonderful richness or + "placers" where the sands were yellow with gold; but by some + mischance the prize always slipped out of his grasp, and left + him poor in all but hope. And in truth so fascinating becomes + the occupation that men who in other respects seem cool and + phlegmatic will desert an almost assured success to join the + horde rushing toward some unexplored district, impelled by the + ever-flying rumors of untold wealth just brought to light. The + golden goal this season is the great Gunnison Country; and soon + trains of <i>burros</i>, packed with pick and shovel, tent and + provisions, will be climbing the Range.</p> + + <p>Pueblo has likewise its business-men, its men of to-day, who + manage its banks, who buy and sell and get gain as they might + do in any well-ordered city, though, truth to tell, there are + very few of them who do not sooner or later catch the + prevailing infection—a part of whose assets is not + represented by some "prospect" away up in the mountains or + frisking about the Plains in herds of cattle and sheep. But + perhaps the most curiously-original character in all the town + is Judge Allen A. Bradford, of whose wonderful memory the + following good story is told: Years ago he, with a party of + officers, was at the house of Colonel Boone, down the river. + While engaged in playing "pitch-trump," of which the judge was + very fond—and in fact the only game of cards with which + he was acquainted—a messenger rushed in announcing that a + lady had fallen from her horse and was doubtless much injured. + The players left their cards and ran to render assistance, and + the game thus broken up was not resumed. Some two years later + the same parties found themselves together again, and + "pitch-trump" was proposed. To the astonishment of all, the + judge informed them how the score stood when they had so + hurriedly left the game, and with the utmost gravity insisted + that it be continued from that point!</p> + + <p>On a bright sunny morning we sought out the judge's office, + only to learn that he had not yet for the day exchanged the + pleasures of rural life across the Fontaine for less romantic + devotions at the shrine of the stern goddess. Later we were + informed, upon what seemed credible authority, that upon the + morning in question he was intending to sow oats. Though cold + March still claimed the calendar, and hence such action on the + part of the judge might seem like forcing the season, yet + reflections upon his advanced years caused us to suppress the + rising thought that perhaps some allusions to <i>wild</i> oats + might have been intended. Hence we looked forward to a rare + treat—judicial dignity unbending itself in pastoral + pursuits, as in the case of some Roman magistrate. "A little + better'n a mile" was the answer to our interrogatory as to how + far the judge's ranch might be from town; but having upon many + former occasions taken the dimensions of a Colorado mile, we + declined the suggestion to walk and sought some mode of + conveyance. There chanced to be one right at hand, standing + patiently by the wayside and presided over by an ancient + colored gentleman. The coach had been a fine one in its day, + but that was long since past, and now its dashboard, bent out + at an angle of forty-five degrees, the faded trimmings and the + rusty, stately occupant of the box formed a complete and + harmonious picture of past grandeur seldom seen in the Far + West. Two dubious-looking bronchos, a bay and a white, + completed this unique equipage, in which we climbed the + <i>mesa</i> and then descended into the valley of the Fontaine. + The sable driver was disposed to be communicative, and ventured + various opinions upon current topics. He had been through the + war, and came West fourteen years ago.</p> + + <p>"You have had quite an adventurous life," we remarked.</p> + + <p>"Why, sah," he returned, "if the history ob my life was + wrote up it would be wuth ten thousand dollars."</p> + + <p>While regarding the valuation as somewhat high, we yet + regretted our inability to profit by this unexpected though + promising business-opportunity, and soon our attention was + diverted by a glimpse of the judge's adobe, and that person + himself standing by his carriage and awaiting our by no means + rapid approach. He was about to go to town, and the oats were + being sown by an individual of the same nationality as our + driver, to whom the latter addressed such encouraging remarks + as "Git right 'long dere now and sow dat oats. Don't stand + roostin' on de fence all day, like as you had the consumshing. + You look powerful weak. Guess mebbe I'd better come over dere + and show you how."</p> + + <p><a name="THE_JUDGE" + id="THE_JUDGE"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/0009.jpg" + alt="THE JUDGE" + title="THE JUDGE" /> + </div> + + <p class='center'>THE JUDGE.</p> + + <p>Judge Bradford's career has been a chequered one, and it has + fallen to his lot to dispense justice in places and under + circumstances as various as could well be imagined. Born in + Maine in 1815, he has lived successively in Missouri, Iowa, + Nebraska and Colorado, and held almost every position open to + the profession of the law. From the supreme bench of Colorado + he was twice called to represent the Territory as delegate to + Congress. In 1852, when he was judge of the Sixth Judicial + District of Iowa, his eccentricities of character seem to have + reached their full development. He exhibited that supreme + disregard for dress and the various social amenities which not + infrequently betray the superior mind. Never were his clothes + known to fit, being invariably too large or too small, too + short or too long. As to his hair, the external evidences were + of a character to disprove the rumor that he had a brush and + comb, while the stubby beard frequently remained undisturbed + upon the judicial chin for several weeks at a time. The + atrocious story is even told that once upon a time, when half + shaven, he chanced to pick up a newspaper, became absorbed in + its contents, forgot to complete his task, and went to court in + this most absurdly unsymmetrical condition. But, despite these + personal eccentricities, a more honest or capable judge has + rarely been called upon to vindicate the majesty of the law. + Upon the bench none could detect a flaw in his assumption of + that dignity so intimately associated in all minds with the + judiciary, but, the ermine once laid aside for the day, he was + as jolly and mirthful as any of his frontier companions. Judge + Bradford was no advocate, but by the action of a phenomenal + memory his large head was stored so full of law as to + emphasize, to those who knew him, the curious disproportion + between its size and that of his legs and feet. These latter + were of such peculiarly modest dimensions as to call to mind + Goldsmith's well-known lines, though in this case we must, of + necessity, picture admiring frontiersmen standing round + while</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i6">Still the wonder grew<br /></span> + <span class="i0">That two small feet could carry all he + knew.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The judge's mind is of the encyclopædical type, and facts + and dates are his especial "strong holt." But his countenance + fails to ratify the inward structure when, pausing from a + recital, he gazes upon your reception of the knowledge conveyed + with a kindly smile—a most innocent smile that acts as a + strong disposer to belief. Whether it has been a simple tale of + the early days enlivened with recollections of pitch-trump and + other social joys, or whether the performances of savage + Indians and treacherous half-breeds send a chill through the + listener, it is all the same: at its close the judge's amiable + features wear the same belief-compelling smile. Under its + influence we sit for hours while our entertainer ranges through + the stores of his memory, pulling out much that is dust-covered + and ancient, but quickly renovated for our use by his ready + imagination and occasional wit. With a feeling akin to + reverence we listen—a reverence due to one who had turned + his face toward the Rocky Mountains before Colorado had a name, + who had made the perilous journey across the great Plains + behind a bull-team, and who has since been associated with + everything concerned in the welfare and progress of what has + now become this great Centennial State, toward which all eyes + are turning. Not without its dark days to him has passed this + pioneer life, and none were more filled with discouragement + than those during which he represented the Territory in + Congress. He describes the position as one of peculiar + difficulty—on one hand the clamors of a people for aid + and recognition in their rapid development of the country, + while on the other, to meet them, he found himself a mere + beggar at the doors of Congressional mercy and grace, voteless + and hence powerless. Truly, in the light of his experience, the + office of Territorial delegate is no sinecure.</p> + + <p>No one has more closely observed the course of events in the + Far West than Judge Bradford, and his opinions on some disputed + points are very decided and equally clear. Many have wondered + that Pueblo, which had the advantage of first settlement, had + long been a rendezvous of trappers and frontier traders, and + lay upon the only road to the then so-called Pike's Peak mines, + that <i>viâ</i> the Arkansas Cañon—that this outpost, + situated thus at the very gateway of the Far West, should have + remained comparatively unimportant, while Denver grew with such + astonishing rapidity. But, in the judge's opinion, it was the + war of the rebellion that turned the scale in favor of the + Queen City. The first emigrants had come through Missouri and + up the Arkansas, their natural route, and as naturally + conducting to Pueblo. But when Missouri and South-eastern + Kansas became the scenes of guerrilla warfare the emigrant who + would safely convey himself and family across the prairies must + seek a more northern parallel. Hence, Pueblo received a check + from which it is only now recovering, and Denver an impetus + whose ultimate limits no man can foresee.</p> + + <p>Many strange things were done in the olden time. When the + Plains Indians had gathered together their forces for the + purpose of persistently harassing the settlement, the Mountain + Utes, then the allies of the whites, offered their services to + help repel the common enemy. Petitions went up to the governor + and Legislature to accept the proffered services, but they were + steadily refused. Our long-headed judge gives the reason: The + administration was under the control of men who were feeding + Uncle Sam's troops with corn at thirteen cents per pound, and + other staples in proportion, and the Indian volunteers promised + a too speedy ending of such a profitable warfare.</p> + + <p>Thus eventfully has passed the life of Judge Bradford. + During his threescore-and-five years he has moved almost across + a continent, never content unless he was on the frontier. Long + may he live to ride in his light coverless wagon in the smile + of bright Colorado sunshine, honored by all who know him, and + affording his friends the enjoyment of his rare good + presence!</p> + + <p><a name="OLD_ADOBE_FORT" + id="OLD_ADOBE_FORT"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0012.jpg"><img src="images/0012-tb.jpg" + alt="OLD ADOBE FORT." + title="OLD ADOBE FORT." /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>OLD ADOBE FORT.</p> + + <p>Thirty years ago this whole Rocky-Mountain region, now + appropriated by an enterprising and progressive people, + contained, besides the native Indians and the Mexicans in the + south, only a few trappers and frontier traders, most of them + in the employ of the American Fur Company. These were the + fearless and intrepid pioneers who so far from fleeing danger + seemed rather to court it. Accounts of their + adventures—now a struggle with a wounded bear, again the + threatened perils of starvation when lost in some + mountain-fastness—have long simultaneously terrified and + fascinated both young and old. We all have pictured their + dress—the coat or cloak, often an odd combination of + several varieties of skins pieced together, with fur side in; + breeches sometimes of the same material, but oftener of coarse + duck or corduroy; and the slouched hat, under whose broad brim + whatever of the face that was not concealed by a shaggy, + unkempt beard shone out red from exposure to sun and weather. + The American Fur Company had dotted the country with forts, + which served the double purpose of storehouses for the + valuables collected and of places where the employés could + barricade themselves against the too-often troublesome savages. + For such a purpose, though not actually by the Fur Company, was + built the old adobe fort the ruins of which are still to be + seen on the banks of the Arkansas at Pueblo. How old it may + have been no one seems to know, but certain it is that for long + years, and in the earliest times, it was a favorite rendezvous. + Here was always to be found a jolly good party to pass away the + long winter evenings with song and story. Here Kit Carson often + stopped to rest from his many perilous expeditions, enjoying, + together with Fremont and other noted Rocky-Mountain explorers, + the hospitalities of the old fort. Many times were its soft + walls indented by the arrows of besieging Indians, but its + bloodiest tragedy was enacted in 1854, when the Utes surprised + the sleeping company and savagely massacred all.</p> + + <p>While these events were transpiring at the old fort a party + of Mexicans had journeyed from the south, crossed the Arkansas + River and formed a settlement on the east side of the Fontaine. + A characteristically squalid and miserable place it was, with + the dwellings—they scarce deserved the name of + houses—built in the side of the bluffs very much as + animals might burrow in the ground. Part dug-out and part adobe + were those wretched habitations, and the shed-like parts which + projected from the hill were composed of all conceivable and + inconceivable kinds of rubbish. Sticks, stones, bits of old + iron, worn-out mattings and gunny-sacks entered more or less + into the construction of these dens, all stuck together with + the inevitable adobe mud. The settlement extended some distance + along the side of the bluff, and the sloping plain in front was + dignified as the <i>plaza</i>. Perhaps the dark-hued immigrants + expected a large town to spring from these unpromising + beginnings, and their plaza to take on eventually all the + importance which a place so named ever deserves in the Spanish + and Mexican mind. But the Pike's Peak excitement, originating + in 1852 with the finding of gold by a party of Cherokee + Indians, and reaching its culmination in 1859, brought a far + different class of people to our Rocky-Mountain outpost, and a + civilization was inaugurated which speedily compelled the + ancient Mexican methods to go by the board. Thus, Fontaine was + soon absorbed by the rising town of Pueblo, though the ancient + dug-outs still picturesquely dot the hillside, inhabited by + much the same idle and vagabond class from which the prosperous + ranchman soon learns to guard his hen-roost.</p> + + <p>The growth of any of our Far Western towns presents a + curious study. In these latter days it frequently requires but + a few months, or even weeks, to give some new one a fair start + upon its prosperous way. Sometimes a mineral vein, sometimes + the temporary "end of the track" of a lengthening railway, + forms the nucleus, and around it are first seen the tents of + the advance-guard. Before many weeks have elapsed some + enterprising individual has succeeded, in the face of infinite + toil and expense, in bringing a sawmill into camp. Soon it is + buzzing away on the neighboring hillside, and the rough pine + boards and slabs are growing into houses of all curious sizes + and shapes, irregularly lining the main street. Delightfully + free from conventionality are matters in these new towns. + Former notions of things go for naught. Values are in a + highly-disturbed state, and you will probably be charged more + for the privilege of sleeping somewhere on the floor than for + all the refined elegancies of the Fifth Avenue. The board-walks + along the street, where they exist at all, plainly typify this + absence of a well-defined dead level or zero-point in the + popular sentiment; for the various sections are built each upon + the same eccentric plan that obtains in the corresponding + house. The result is an irregular succession of steps equally + irregular, with enough literal jumping-off places to relieve + any possible monotony attending the promenade. If the growth of + the town seems to continue satisfactory, its houses—at + least those in or near its central portions—begin + gradually to pass through the next stage in their development. + During this interesting period, which might be called their + chrysalid state, they are twisted and turned, sometimes sawn + asunder, parts lopped off here and applied elsewhere, and all + those radical changes made which would utterly destroy anything + possessed of protean possibilities inferior to those of the + common Western frame house. But, as a final result of this + treatment and some small additions of new material, at last + emerges the shapely and often artistic cottage, resplendent in + paint, and bearing small resemblance to the slab-built barn + which forms its framework. If the sometime camp becomes a + city—if Auraria grows into a Denver and Fontaine develops + into Pueblo—the frame houses will sooner or later share a + common fate, that of being mounted on wheels or rollers for a + journey suburbward, to make room for the substantial blocks of + brick or stone. By this curious process of evolution do most of + our Western towns rapidly acquire more or less of a + metropolitan appearance.</p> + + <p><a name="MEXICAN_INTERIOR" + id="MEXICAN_INTERIOR"></a></p> + + <div class="figright"> + <img src="images/0015.jpg" + alt="MEXICAN INTERIOR." /><br /> + MEXICAN INTERIOR. + </div> + + <p>Pueblo, while not a representative Western town in these + respects, yet in its early days presented some curious + combinations, most of them growing out of the heterogeneous + human mixture that attempted to form a settlement. The famous + Green-Russell party, on its way from Georgia to the Pike's Peak + country, had passed through Missouri and Kansas in 1858, and + there found an element ripe for any daring and adventurous + deeds in unknown lands. Many of the border desperadoes, then + engaged in that hard-fought prelude to the civil war, found it + desirable and expedient to leave a place where their violent + deeds became too well known; and these, together with others + who hoped to find in a new country relief from the anarchy + which reigned at home, fell into the wake of the pioneers. + Pueblo received its full share of Kansas outlaws about this + time, and, what with those it already contained, even a modicum + of peace seemed out of the question. Here, for instance, was + found living with the Mexicans by the plaza a quarrelsome + fellow named Juan Trujillo, better known by the sobriquet of + Juan Chiquito or "Little John," which his diminutive stature + had earned for him. This worthy is represented as a constant + disturber of the peace, and he met the tragic fate which his + reckless life had invited. From being a trusted friend he had + incurred the enmitv of a noted character named Charley + Antobees, than whom, perhaps, no one has had a more varied + frontier experience. Coming to the Rocky Mountains in 1836 in + the employ of the American Fur Company, he has since served as + hunter, trapper, Indian-fighter, guide to several United States + exploring expeditions, and spy in the Mexican war as well as in + the war of the rebellion. Antobees still lives on the outskirts + of Pueblo, and his scarred and bronzed face, framed by flowing + locks of jet-black hair, is familiar to all. The frame that has + endured so much is now bent, and health is at last broken, and + about a year since an effort was made by Judge Bradford and + others to secure him a pension. But twenty years back he was in + his full vigor and able to maintain his own against all odds. + Whether or not it is true we cannot say, but certain it is that + he is credited with causing the death of Juan Chiquito. An + Indian called "Chickey" actually did the deed, lying in ambush + for his victim. Perhaps few were sorry at the Mexican's sudden + taking off, and in a country where Judge Lynch alone executes + the laws the whole transaction was no doubt regarded as + eminently proper.</p> + + <p>Among those who came to Pueblo with the influx of 1858 were + two brothers from Ohio, Josiah and Stephen Smith. Stalwart + young men were these, of a different type from the Kansans and + Missourians, yet not of the sort to be imposed upon. They were + crack rifle-shots, and even then held decided opinions on the + Indian question—opinions which subsequent experiences + have served to emphasize, but not change. And what with + constant troubles with the savages, as well as with the + scarcely less intractable Kansans, their first years in the Far + West could not be called altogether pleasant. Many a time have + their lives been in danger from bands of outlaw immigrants, + who, dissatisfied with not finding gold lying about as they had + expected, sought to revenge themselves upon the settlers, whom + they considered in fault for having led the way. Their personal + bravery went far toward bringing to a close this reign of + terror and transforming the lawless settlement into a permanent + and prosperous town. Still in the prime of life, they look back + with pleasure over their most hazardous experiences, for time + has softened the dangers and cast over them the glow of + romance. And while none are more familiar with everything + concerning the early history of Pueblo, it is equally true that + none are more ready to gratify an appreciative listener, and + the writer is indebted for much that follows to their + inimitable recitals.</p> + + <p>About the first work of any note undertaken in connection + with the new town was the building of a bridge across the + Arkansas. This was accomplished in 1860, when a charter was + obtained from Kansas and a structure of six spans thrown across + the river. It was a toll-bridge, and every crossing team put at + least one dollar into the pockets of its owners. But trouble + soon overtook the management. While one of the proprietors was + in New Mexico, building a mill for Maxwell upon his famous + estate, the other was so unfortunate as to kill three men, and + was obliged, as Steph Smith felicitously expressed it, to "skip + out." Thus the bridge passed into other hands, where it + remained till it was partly washed away in 1863. The following + little matter of history connected with its palmy days will be + best given in the narrator's own words: "We had a blacksmith + who misused his wife. The citizens took him down to the bridge, + tied a rope around his body and threw him into the river. They + kept up their lick until they nearly drowned the poor cuss, + then whispered to him to be good to his wife or his time would + be short. He took the hint, used his wife well, and everything + was lovely. That was the first cold-water cure in Pueblo, and I + ain't sure but the last." This incident serves to illustrate + the inherent character of American gallantry, for, however wild + or in most respects uncivilized men may appear to become under + the influence of frontier life, instances are rare in which + women are not treated with all the honor and respect due them. + Indeed, I have sometimes thought that the general sentiment + concerning woman is more refined and reverential among the + bronzed pioneers at the outposts than under the influence of a + higher civilization.</p> + + <p>The Arkansas, ever changing its winding course after the + manner of prairie-rivers, has long since shifted its bed some + distance to the south, leaving only a portion of the old bridge + to span what in high water becomes an arm of the river, but + which ordinarily serves to convey the water from a neighboring + mill. We lean upon its guard-rail while fancy is busy with the + past. We picture the prairie-schooners winding around the mesas + and through the gap: soon they have come to the grove by the + river-bank; the horses are picketed and the camp-fire is + blazing; brown children play in the sand while their parents + lie stretched out in the shadow of the wagons. They left + civilization on the banks of the Missouri more than a month + ago, and their eyes are still turned toward those grand old + mountain-ranges in the west over which the declining sun is now + pouring its transfiguring sheen. The brightness dazzles the + eyes, and the Mexican who rides by on a scarce manageable + broncho with nose high in air might be old Juan Chiquito bent + upon some murderous errand. But no: the rider has stopped the + animal, and is soliciting the peaceful offices of a blacksmith, + whose curious little shop, bearing the suggestive name of + "Ute," is seen near the bridge. Here bronchos, mules and burros + are fitted with massive shoes by this frontier Vulcan and sent + rejoicing upon their winding and rocky ways. Our sleepy gaze + follows along Santa Fé Avenue, and the eye sees little that is + suggestive of a modern Western town. But soon comes noisily + along a one-horse street-car, which asserts its just claims to + popular notice in consequence of its composing a full half of a + system scarce a fortnight old by filling the air with direful + screeches as each curve is laboriously described. And later, + when the magnificent overland train, twenty-six hours from + Kansas City, steams proudly up to the station, fancy can no + longer be indulged. The old has become new. The great Plains + have been bridged, and the outposts of but a decade ago become + the suburbs of to-day.</p> + + <p><a name="OLD_BRIDGE" + id="OLD_BRIDGE"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0018.jpg"><img src="images/0018-tb.jpg" + alt="OLD BRIDGE." + title="OLD BRIDGE." /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>OLD BRIDGE.</p> + + <p>Doubtless Old Si Smith now and then indulges in reveries + somewhat similar, but his retrospections would be of a minute + and personal character. To warm up the average frontiersman, + however—and Old Si is no exception—into a style at + once luminous and emphatic and embellished with all the + richness of the border dialect, it is only necessary to suggest + the Indian topic. However phlegmatically he may reel off his + yarns, glowing though they be with exciting adventure, it is + the red-skins that cause his eyes to flash and his rhetoric to + become fervid and impressive. To him the Indian is the + embodiment of all that is supremely vile, and hence merits his + unmitigated hatred. Killing Indians is his most delightful + occupation, and the next in order is talking about it. His + contempt for government methods is unbounded, and the popular + Eastern sentiment he holds in almost equal esteem. The Smith + brothers have had a varied experience in frontier affairs, in + which the Indian has played a prominent part. They hold the + Western views, but with less prejudice than is generally found. + They argue the case with a degree of fairness, and many of + their opinions and deductions are novel and equally just. Said + Stephen Smith to the writer: "We've got this thing reduced + right down to vulgar fractions, and the Utes have got to go. + The mineral lands are worth more to us than the Indians + are"—this with a suggestive shrug—"and if the + government don't remove them from the reserves, why, we'll have + to do it ourselves. There's a great fuss been made about the + whites going on the Indian reserves; and what did it all amount + to? Maybe fifty or sixty prospectors, all told, have got over + the lines, dug a few holes and hurt nobody. But I suppose the + Indians always stay where they ought to! I guess not. Some of + them are off their reserves half the time, and they go off to + murder and kill. Do they ever get punished for that? Not much, + except when folks do it on their own account. But let a white + man get found on the Indian reserves and there's a great howl. + I want a rule that will work both ways, and I don't give much + for a government that isn't able to protect me on the Indian + reserves the same as anywhere else. Some years ago Indian + troubles were reported at Washington, and Sherman was sent out + to investigate. Of course they heard he was coming, and all + were on their good behavior. They knew where their blankets and + ponies and provisions came from. Consequently, Sherman reported + everything peaceful: he hadn't seen anybody killed. That's + about the kind of information they get in the East on the + Indian question.</p> + + <p>"Misused? Yes, the Indians have been misused, badly misused. + I know that. But who have <i>they</i> misused? This whole + country is covered with ruins, and they all go to show that it + has been inhabited by a highly-civilized race of people. And + what has become of them? I believe the Indians cleaned them out + long years ago; and now their turn has come. I find it's a law + of Nature"—and here the narrator's tone grew more + reverent as if touching upon a higher theme—"that the + weak go to the wall. It's a hard law, but I don't see any way + out of it. The old Aztecs had to go under, and the Indians will + have to follow suit."</p> + + <p>Whatever humanitarians and archæologists may conclude + concerning these opinions, they are nevertheless extensively + held in the Far West. The frontiersman, who sees the Indian + only in his native savagery, who has found it necessary to + employ a considerable part of his time in keeping out of range + of poisoned arrows, and who must needs be always upon the alert + lest his family fall a prey to Indian treachery, cannot be + expected to hold any ultra-humanitarian views upon the subject. + He has not been brought in contact with the several + partially-civilized tribes, in whose advancement many see + possibilities for the whole race. He cannot understand why the + government allows the Indians to roam over enormous tracts of + land, rich in minerals they will never extract and containing + agricultural possibilities they will never seek to realize. His + plan would be to have only the same governmental care exercised + over the red man as is now enjoyed by the white, and then look + to the law of the survival of the fittest to furnish a solution + of the problem. The case seems so clear and the arguments so + potent that he looks for some outside reasons for their + failure, and very naturally thinks he discovers them in + governmental quarters. "There's too many people living off this + Indian business for it to be wound up yet a while." Thus does a + representative man at the outposts express the sentiment of no + inconsiderable class.</p> + + <p>Next to the Indian himself, the frontiersman holds in slight + esteem the soldiers who are sent for the protection of the + border. The objects of his supreme hatred still often merit his + good opinion for their bravery and fighting qualities, but upon + raw Eastern recruits and West-Point fledglings he looks with + mild disdain. Having learned the Indian methods by many hard + knocks, he doubtless fails to exercise proper charity toward + those whose experiences have been less extended; and added to + this may be a lurking jealousy—which, however, would be + stoutly disclaimed—because the blue uniform is gaining + honors and experience more easily and under conditions more + favorable than were possible with him in the early days. "They + be about the greenest set!" said an old Indian-fighter to whom + this subject was broached, "and the sight of an Injun jest + about scares 'em to death at first. I never saw any of 'em + <i>I</i> was afraid of if I only had any sort of a show. Why, + back in '59 I undertook to take a young man back to the States, + and we started off in a buggy—a <i>buggy</i>, do you + mind. When we got down the Arkansas a piece we heard the + red-skins was pretty thick, but we went right on, except + keeping more of a lookout, you know. But along in the afternoon + we saw fifteen or twenty coming for us, and we got ready to + give 'em a reception. We had a hard chase, but at last they got + pretty sick of the way I handled my rifle, and concluded to let + us alone for a while. They kept watch of us, though, and meant + to get square with us that night. Well, we travelled till dark, + stopped just long enough to build a big fire, and then lit out. + When those Injuns came for us that night we were some other + place, and they lost their grip on that little scalping-bee. + They didn't trouble us any more, that's sure. And when we got + to the next post there were nigh a hundred teams, six stages + and two companies of soldiers, all shivering for fear of the + Injuns. It rather took the wind out of 'em to see us come in + with that buggy, and they didn't want to believe we had come + through. But, like the man's mother-in-law, we were + <i>there</i>, and they couldn't get out of it. And, sir, maybe + you won't believe me, but those soldiers offered me + <i>seventy-five dollars</i> to go back with them! That's the + sort of an outfit the government sends to protect us!"</p> + + <p><a name="SANTA_FE_AVENUE_PUEBLO_COLORADO" + id="SANTA_FE_AVENUE_PUEBLO_COLORADO"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0022.jpg"><img src="images/0022-tb.jpg" + alt="SANTA FE AVENUE, PUEBLO, COLORADO." + title="SANTA FE AVENUE, PUEBLO, COLORADO.r" /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>SANTA FÉ AVENUE, PUEBLO, COLORADO.</p> + + <p>We have had frequent occasion since our frontier experiences + began to ponder the untrammelled opulence of this Western word, + <i>outfit</i>. From the Mississippi to the Pacific its + expansive possibilities are momentarily being tested. There is + nothing that lives, breathes or grows, nothing known to the + arts or investigated by the sciences—nothing, in short, + coming within the range of the Western perception—that + cannot with more or less appropriateness be termed an "outfit." + A dismal broncho turned adrift in mid-winter to browse on the + short stubble of the Plains is an "outfit," and so likewise is + the dashing equipage that includes a shining phaeton and + richly-caparisoned span. Perhaps by no single method can so + comprehensive an idea of the term in question be obtained in a + short time, and the proper qualifying adjectives correctly + determined, as by simply preparing for a camping-expedition. + The horse-trader with whom you have negotiated for a pair of + horses or mules congratulates you upon the acquisition of a + "boss outfit." When your wagon has been purchased and the mules + are duly harnessed in place, you are further induced to believe + that you have a "way-up outfit," though, obviously, this should + now be understood to possess a dual significance which did not + before obtain, since the wagon represents a component part. The + hardware clerk displays a tent and recommends a fly as forming + a desirable addition to an even otherwise "swell outfit." The + grocer provides you with what he modestly terms a "first-class + outfit," albeit his cans of fruits, vegetables and meats are + for the delectation of the inner man. Frying-pans and + dutch-ovens, camp-stools and trout-scales, receive the same + designation. And now comes the crowning triumph of this + versatile term, as well as a happy illustration of what might + be called its agglutinative and assimilating powers; for when + horses and wagon have received their load of tent and + equipments, and father, mother and the babies have filled up + every available space, this whole establishment, this <i>omnium + gatherum</i> of outfits, becomes neither more nor less than an + "outfit."</p> + + <p>The last five years have witnessed a wonderful material + progress in the Far West. The mineral wealth discovered in + Colorado and New Mexico has caused a great westward-flowing + tide to set in. The nation seems to be possessed of a desire to + reclaim the waste places and to explore the unknown. Cities + that were founded by "fifty-niners," and after a decade seemed + to reach the limits of their growth, have started on a new + career. And for none of these does the outlook seem brighter + than in the case of the city of Pueblo, the old outpost whose + early history we have attempted to sketch. Its growth has all + along been a gradual one, and its improvements have kept pace + with this healthy advance. Its public schools, like those of + all Far Western towns which the writer has visited are model + institutions and an honor to the commonwealth. A handsome brick + court-house, situated on high ground, is an ornament to the + city, and differs widely from that in which Judge Bradford held + court eighteen years ago—the first held in the Territory, + and that, too, under military protection. Pueblo's wealth is + largely derived from the stock-raising business, the + surrounding country being well adapted to cattle and sheep. The + <i>rancheros</i> ride the Plains the year round, and the cattle + flourish upon the food which Nature provides—in the + summer the fresh grass, and in the winter the same converted + into hay which has been cured upon the ground. An important + railway-centre is Pueblo, and iron highways radiate from it to + the four cardinal points. These advantages of location should + procure it a large share of the flood of prosperity that is + sweeping over the State. But enterprises are now in progress + which cannot fail to add materially to its importance as a + factor in the development of the country. On the highest lift + of the mesa south of the town, and in a most commanding + position, it has been decided to locate a blast-furnace which + shall have no neighbor within a radius of five hundred miles. + With iron ore of finest quality easily accessible in the + neighboring mountains, and coal-fields of unlimited extent + likewise within easy reach, the production of iron in the Rocky + Mountains has only waited for the growth of a demand. This the + advancement and prosperity of the State have now well assured. + Many kindred industries will spring up around the furnace, the + Bessemer steel-works and the rail-mills that are now projected; + and a few years will suffice to transform the level mesa, upon + which for untold centuries the cactus and the yucca-lily have + bloomed undisturbed, into a thriving manufacturing city whose + pulse shall be the throb of steam through iron arms. The + onlooking mountains, that have seen strange sights about this + old outpost, are to see a still stranger—the ushering-in + of a new civilization which now begins its march into the land + of the Aztecs.</p> + + <p>Perhaps these thoughts were occupying our minds as we + climbed the bluffs for a visit to this incipient Pittsburg. The + equipage did no credit to the financial status of the iron + company, as it consisted of a superannuated express-wagon drawn + by a dyspeptic white horse which the boy who officiated as + driver found no difficulty in restraining. Two gentlemen in + charge of the constructions, their visitor and two kegs of + nails comprised this precious load. The day was cloudless and + fine, albeit a Colorado "zephyr" was blowing, and the party, + with perhaps the single exception of the horse, felt in fine + spirits. The jolly superintendent, who both in face and mien + reminded one of the typical German nobleman, was overflowing + with story, joke and witty repartee. The site of the works was + reached in the course of time. Excavations were in progress for + the blast-furnace and accessory buildings, and developed a + strange formation. The entire mesa seems built up of boulders + packed together with a sort of alkali clay, dry and hard as + stone, and looking, as our <i>distingué</i> guide remarked, as + though not a drop of water had penetrated five feet from the + surface since the time of the Flood. Two blast-furnaces, each + with a capacity of five hundred tons, will be speedily built, + to be followed by rail-mills, a Bessemer steel-plant and all + the accessories of vast iron-and steel-works. With the + patronage of several thousand miles of railway already assured, + and its duplication in the near future apparently beyond doubt, + the success of this daring frontier enterprise seems far + removed from the domain of conjecture.</p> + + <p><a name="OLD_SI_SMITH" + id="OLD_SI_SMITH"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/0026.jpg" + alt="OLD SI SMITH" + title="OLD SI SMITH" /> + </div> + + <p class='center'>OLD SI SMITH.</p> + + <p>All this was glowingly set forth by the courtly + superintendent, who, though but three months in the country, is + already at heart a Coloradan. That there are some things about + frontier life which he likes better than others he is free to + admit. Among the few matters he would have otherwise he gives + the first place to the tough "range" or "snow-fed" beef upon + which the dwellers in this favored land must needs subsist. "I + heard a story once," said he, "about a young man, a tenderfoot, + who, after long wondering what made the beef so fearfully + tough, at length arrived at the solution, as he thought, and + that quite by accident. He was riding out with a friend, an old + resident, when they chanced to come upon a bunch of cattle. The + young man's attention seemed to be attracted, and as the idea + began to dawn upon him he faced his companion, and, pointing to + an animal which bore the brand "B.C. 45," savagely exclaimed, + 'Look there! How can you expect those antediluvians to be + anything but tough? Why don't you kill your cattle before they + get two or three times as old as Methuselah?'"</p> + + <p>We took a long ride that afternoon under a peerless sky, + with blue mountain-ranges on one hand, whose ridges, covered + with snow, seemed like folds of satin, and on the other the + great billowy Plains, bare and brown and smooth as a carpet. + The white horse, relieved of the kegs of nails, really + performed prodigies of travel, all the more appreciated because + unexpected. A stone-quarry for which we were searching was not + found, but a teamster was, who, while everything solemnly stood + still and waited, and amid the agonies of an indescribable + stutter, finally managed to enlighten us somewhat as to its + whereabouts. These adventures served to put us in excellent + humor, so that when the road was found barricaded by a barbed + wire fence, it only served to give one of the party an + opportunity to air his views upon the subject—to argue, + in fact, that the barbed wire fence had been an important + factor in building up the agricultural greatness of the West. + "For what inducements," he exclaims, "does the top rail of such + a fence offer to the contemplative farmer? None, sir! His + traditional laziness has been broken up, and great material + prosperity is the result."</p> + + <p>Whatever causes have operated to produce the effect, certain + it is that the West is eminently prosperous to-day. Everywhere + are seen growth, enterprise and an aggressiveness that stops at + no obstacles. Immigration is pouring into Colorado alone at the + rate of several thousands per week. The government lands are + being rapidly taken up, and the stable industries of + stock-raising and farming correspondingly extended. + Manufacturing, too, is acquiring a foothold, and many of the + necessaries of life, which now must be obtained in the East, + will soon be produced at home. The mountains are revealing + untold treasures of silver and gold, and the possibilities + which may lie hid in the yet unexplored regions act as a + stimulus to crowds of hopeful prospectors. But while Colorado + is receiving her full share of the influx, a tide seems to be + setting in toward the old empire of the Aztecs, and flowing + through the natural gateway, our old Rocky-Mountain outpost. It + is beginning to be found out that the legends of fabulous + wealth which have come down to us from the olden time have much + of truth in them, and mines that were worked successively by + Franciscan monks, Pueblo Indians, Jesuit priests and Mexicans, + and had suffered filling up and obliteration with every change + of proprietorship, are now being reopened; and that, too, under + a new dispensation which will ensure prosperity to the + enterprise. Spaniard and priest have long since abandoned their + claim to the rich possessions, and their doubtful sway, ever + upon the verge of revolution and offering no incentive to + enterprise, has given place to one of a different character. + Under the protection of beneficent and fostering laws this + oldest portion of our Union may now be expected to reveal its + wealth of resources to energy and intelligent labor. And it may + confidently be predicted that American enterprise will not halt + till it has built up the waste places of our land, and in this + case literally made the desert to blossom as the rose. Thus + gloriously does our new civilization reclaim the errors of the + past, building upon ancient ruins the enlightened institutions + of to-day, and grafting fresh vigor upon effete races and + nationalities. And now, at last, the Spanish Peaks, those + mighty ancient sentinels whose twin spires, like eyes, have + watched the slow rise and fall of stately but tottering + dynasties in the long ago, are to look out upon a different + scene—a new race come in the might of its freedom and + with almost the glory of a conquering host to redeem a waiting + land from the outcome of centuries of avaricious and bigoted + misrule, and even from the thraldom of decay.</p> + + <p class='author'>GEORGE REX BUCKMAN.</p> + + <p><a name="UNTITLED" + id="UNTITLED"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/0029.jpg" + alt="Untitled" + title="Untitled" /> + </div> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="LOST" + id="LOST"></a>LOST.</h2> + + <p><span style="margin-left: 10em;"><b>I.</b></span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">I lost my treasures one by + one,<br /></span> <span class="i1">Those joys the world + holds dear;<br /></span> <span>Smiling I said, + "To-morrow's sun<br /></span> <span class="i1">Will + bring us better cheer."<br /></span> + <span class="i0">For faith and love were one. Glad + faith!<br /></span><span class="i0">All loss is naught + save loss of faith.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p><span style="margin-left: 10em;"><b>II.</b></span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">My truant joys come trooping + back,<br /></span> <span class="i1">And trooping + friends no less;<br /></span> <span class="i0">But + tears fall fast to meet the lack<br /></span> + <span class="i1">Of dearer happiness.<br /></span> + <span class="i0">For faith and love are two.Sad + faith!<br /></span><span class="i0">'Tis loss indeed, + the loss of faith.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class='center'>MARY DODGE.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="ADAM_AND_EVE" + id="ADAM_AND_EVE"></a>ADAM AND EVE.</h2> + + <h3><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" + id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI.</h3> + + <p>From the day on which Adam knew that the date of Jerrem's + trial was fixed all the hope which the sight of Eve had + rekindled was again completely extinguished, and, refusing + every attempt at consolation, he threw himself into an abyss of + despair a hundred-fold more dark and bitter than before. The + thought that he, captain and leader as he had been, should + stand in court confronted by his comrades and neighbors (for + Adam, ignorant of the disasters which had overtaken them, + believed half Polperro to be on their way to London), and there + swear away Jerrem's life and turn informer, was something too + terrible to be dwelt on with even outward tranquillity, and, + abandoning everything which had hitherto sustained him, he gave + himself up to all the terrors of remorse and despair. It was in + vain for Reuben to reason or for Eve to plead: so long as they + could suggest no means by which this dreaded ordeal could be + averted Adam was deaf to all hope of consolation. There was but + one subject which interested him, and only on one subject could + he be got to speak, and that was the chances there still + remained of Jerrem's life being spared; and to furnish him with + some food for this hope, Eve began to loiter at the gates, talk + to the warders and the turnkeys, and mingle with the many + groups who on some business or pretext were always assembled + about the yard or stood idling in the various passages with + which the prison was intersected.</p> + + <p>One morning it came to her mind, How would it be for Adam to + escape, and so not be there to prove the accusation he had made + of Jerrem having shot the man? With scarce more thought than + she had bestowed on many another passing suggestion which + seemed for the moment practical and solid, but as she turned it + round lost shape and floated into air, Eve made the suggestion, + and to her surprise found it seized on by Adam as an + inspiration. Why, he'd risk <i>all</i> so that he escaped being + set face to face with Jerrem and his former mates. Adam had but + to be assured the strain would not be more than Eve's strength + could bear before he had adopted with joy her bare suggestion, + clothed it with possibility, and by it seemed to regain all his + past energy. Could he but get away and Jerrem's life be spared, + all hope of happiness would not be over. In some of those + distant lands to which people were then beginning to go life + might begin afresh. And as his thoughts found utterance in + speech he held out his hand to Eve, and in it she laid her own; + and Adam needed nothing more to tell him that whither he went + there Eve too would go. There was no need for vows and + protestations now between these two, for, though to each the + other's heart lay bare, a word of love scarce ever crossed + their lips. Life seemed too sad and time too precious to be + whiled away in pleasant speeches, and often when together, + burdened by the weight of all they had to say, yet could not + talk about, the two would sit for hours and neither speak a + word. But with this proposition of escape a new channel was + given to them, and as they discussed their different plans the + dreadful shadow which at times had hung between them was rolled + away and lifted out of sight.</p> + + <p>Inspired by the prospect of action, of doing something, Adam + roused himself to master all the difficulties: his old + foresight and caution began to revive, and the project, which + had on one day looked like a desperate extremity, grew by the + end of a week into a well-arranged plan whose success seemed + more than possible. Filled with anxiety for Eve, Reuben gave no + hearty sanction to the experiment: besides which, he felt + certain that now neither Adam's absence nor presence would in + any way affect Jerrem's fate; added to which, if the matter was + detected it might go hard with Adam himself. But his arguments + proved nothing to Eve, who, confident of success, only demanded + from him the promise of secrecy; after which, she thought, as + some questions might be put to him, the less he knew the less + he would have to conceal.</p> + + <p>Although a prisoner, inasmuch as liberty was denied to him, + Adam was in no way subjected to that strict surveillance to + which those who had broken the law were supposed to be + submitted. It was of his own free will that he disregarded the + various privileges which lay open to him: others in his place + would have frequented the passages, hung about the yards and + grown familiar with the tap, where spirits were openly bought + and sold. Money could do much in those days of lax discipline, + and the man who could pay and could give need have very few + wants unsatisfied. But Adam's only desire was to be left + undisturbed and alone; and as this entailed no undue amount of + trouble after their first curiosity had been satisfied, it was + not thought necessary to deny him this privilege. From + constantly going in and out, most of the officials inside the + prison knew Eve, while to but very few was Adam's face + familiar; and it was on this fact, aided by the knowledge that + through favor of a gratuity friends were frequently permitted + to outstay their usual hour, that most of their hopes rested. + Each day she came Eve brought some portion of the disguise + which was to be adopted; and then, having learnt from Reuben + that the Mary Jane had arrived and was lying at the wharf + unloading, not knowing what better to do, they decided that she + should go to Captain Triggs and ask him, in case Adam could get + away, whether he would let him come on board his vessel and + give him shelter there below.</p> + + <p>"Wa-al, no," said Triggs, "I woan't do that, 'cos they as + I'se got here might smell un out; but I'll tell 'ee what: I + knaws a chap as has in many ways bin beholden to me 'fore now, + and I reckon if I gives un the cue he'll do the job for + 'ee."</p> + + <p>"But do you think he's to be trusted?" Eve asked.</p> + + <p>"Wa-al, that rests on how small a part you'm foaced to tell + un of," said Triggs, "and how much you makes it warth his + while. I'm blamed if I'd go bail for un myself, but that won't + be no odds agen' Adam's goin': 'tis just the place for he. 'T + 'ud niver do to car'y a pitch-pot down and set un in the midst + o' they who couldn't bide his stink."</p> + + <p>"And the crew?" said Eve, wincing under Captain Triggs's + figurative language.</p> + + <p>"Awh, the crew's right enuf—a set o' gashly, + smudge-faced raskils that's near half Maltee and t' other + Lascar Injuns. Any jail-bird that flies their way 'ull find + they's all of a feather. But here," he added, puzzled by the + event: "how's this that you'm still mixed up with Adam so? I + thought 'twas all 'long o' you and Reuben May that the + Lottery's landin' got blowed about?"</p> + + <p>Eve shook her head. "Be sure," she said, "'twas never in me + to do Adam any harm."</p> + + <p>"And you'm goin' to stick to un now through thick and thin? + 'Twill niver do for un, ye knaw, to set his foot on Cornish + ground agen."</p> + + <p>"He knows that," said Eve; "and if he gets away we shall be + married and go across the seas to some new part, where no one + can tell what brought us from our home."</p> + + <p>Triggs gave a significant nod. "Lord!" he exclaimed, "but + that's a poor lookout for such a bowerly maid as you be! + Wouldn't it be better for 'ee to stick by yer friends 'bout + here than—"</p> + + <p>"I haven't got any friends," interrupted Eve promptly, + "excepting it's Adam and Joan and Uncle Zebedee."</p> + + <p>"Ah, poor old Zebedee!" sighed Triggs: "'tis all dickey with + he. The day I started I see Sammy Tucker to Fowey, and he was + tellin' that th' ole chap was gone reg'lar tottlin'-like, and + can't tell thickee fra that; and as for Joan Hocken, he says + you wouldn't knaw her for the same. And they's tooked poor + foolish Jonathan, as is more mazed than iver, to live with 'em; + and Mrs. Tucker, as used to haggle with everybody so, tends on + 'em all hand and foot, and her's given up praichin' 'bout + religion and that, and 's turned quite neighborly, and, so long + as her can save her daughter, thinks nothin's too hot nor too + heavy."</p> + + <p>"Dear Joan!" sighed Eve: "she's started by the coach on her + way up here now."</p> + + <p>"Whether she hath or no!" exclaimed Triggs in surprise. + "Then take my word they's heerd that Jerrem's to be hanged, and + Joan's comin' up to be all ready to hand for 't."</p> + + <p>"No, not that," groaned Eve, for at the mere mention of the + word the vague dread seemed to shape itself into a certainty. + "Oh, Captain Triggs, don't say that if Adam gets off you don't + think Jerrem's life will be spared."</p> + + <p>"Wa-al, my poor maid, us must hope so," said the + compassionate captain; "but 'tis the warst o' they doin's that + sooner or later th' endin, of 'em must come. 'Twould never do + to let 'em prosper allays," he added with impressive certainty, + "or where 'ud be the use o' parsons praichin' up 'bout heaven + and hell? Why, now, us likes good liquor cheap to Fowey; and + wance 'pon a time us had it too, but that ha'n't bin for twenty + year. Our day's gone by, and so 'ull theirs be now; and th' + excise 'ull come, and revenoos 'ull settle down, and folks be + foaced to take to lousterin' for the bit o' bread they ates, + and live quiet and paceable, as good neighbors should. So try + and take heart; and if so be that Adam can give they Bailey + chaps the go-by, tell un to come 'longs here, and us 'ull be + odds with any o' they that happens to be follerin' to his + heels."</p> + + <p>Charmed with this friendly promise, Eve said "Good-bye," + leaving the captain puzzled with speculations on women and the + many curious contradictions which seem to influence their + actions; while, the hour being now too late to return to the + prison, she took her way to her own room, thinking it best to + begin the preparations which in case of Adam's escape and any + sudden departure it would be necessary to have completed.</p> + + <p>Perhaps it was her interview with Captain Triggs, the sight + of the wharf and the ships, which took her thoughts back and + made them bridge the gulf which divided her past life from her + present self. Could the girl she saw in that shadowy + past—headstrong, confident, impatient of suffering and + unsympathetic with sorrow—be this same Eve who walked + along with all hope and thought of self merged in another's + happiness and welfare? Where was the vanity, where were the + tricks and coquetries, passports to that ideal existence after + which in the old days she had so thirsted? Trampled out of + sight and choked beneath the fair blossoms of a higher life, + which, as in many a human nature, had needed sorrow, + humiliation and a great watering of tears before there could + spring forth the flowers for a fruit which should one day ripen + into great perfection.</p> + + <p>No wonder, then, that she should be shaken by a doubt of her + own identity; and having reached her room she paused upon the + threshold and looked around as if to satisfy herself by all + those silent witnesses which made it truth. There was the chair + in which she had so often sat plying her needle with such tardy + grace while her impatient thoughts did battle with the humdrum, + narrow life she led. How she had beat against the fate which + seemed to promise naught but that dull round of commonplace + events in which her early years had passed away! How as a gall + and fret had come the thought of Reuben's proffered love, + because it shadowed forth the level of respectable routine, the + life she then most dreaded! To be courted and sought after, to + call forth love, jealousy and despair, to be looked up to, + thought well of, praised, admired,—these were the + delights she had craved and these the longings she had had + granted. And a sigh from the depths of that chastened heart + rendered the bitter tribute paid by all to satiated vanity and + outlived desire. The dingy walls, the ill-assorted furniture + (her mother's pride in which had sometimes vexed her, sometimes + made her laugh) now looked like childhood's friends, whose + faces stamp themselves upon our inmost hearts. The light no + longer seemed obscure, the room no longer gloomy, for each + thing in it now was flooded by the tender light of + memory—that wondrous gift to man which those who only + sail along life's summer sea can never know in all the heights + and depths revealed to storm-tossed hearts.</p> + + <p>"What! you've come back?" a voice said in her ear; and + looking round Eve saw it was Reuben, who had entered + unperceived. "There's nothing fresh gone wrong?" he asked.</p> + + <p>"No, nothing;" but the sad smile she tried to give him + welcome with was so akin to tears that Reuben's face assumed a + look of doubt. "'Tis only that I'm thinking how I'm changed + from what I was," said Eve. "Why, once I couldn't bear this + room and all the things about it; but now—Oh, Reuben, my + heart seems like to break because perhaps 'twill soon now come + to saying good-bye to all of it for ever."</p> + + <p>Reuben winced: "You're fixed to go, then?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, where Adam goes I shall go too: don't you think I + should? What else is left for me to do?"</p> + + <p>"You feel, then, you'd be happy—off with + him—away from all and—everybody else?"</p> + + <p>"Happy! Should I be happy to know he'd gone + alone—happy to know I'd driven him away to some place + where I wouldn't go myself?" and Eve paused, shaking her head + before she added, "If he can make another start in + life—try and begin again—"</p> + + <p>"You ought to help him to it," said Reuben promptly: "that's + very plain to see. Oh, Eve, do you mind the times when you and + me have talked of what we'd like to do—how, never + satisfied with what went on around, we wanted to be altogether + such as some of those we'd heard and read about? The way seems + almost opened up to you, but what shall I do when all this is + over and you are gone away? I can't go back and stick to trade + again, working for nothing more but putting victuals in + myself."</p> + + <p>For a moment Eve did not speak: then, with a sudden + movement, she turned, saying to Reuben, "There's something that + before our lives are at any moment parted I've wanted to say to + you, Reuben. 'Tis that until now, this time while we've been + all together here, I've never known what your worth + is—what you would be to any one who'd got the heart to + value what you'd give. Of late it has often seemed that I + should think but very small of one who'd had the chance of your + liking and yet didn't know the proper value of such + goodness."</p> + + <p>Reuben gave a look of disavowal, and Eve continued, adding + with a little hesitation, "You mustn't think it strange in me + for saying this. I couldn't tell you if you didn't know how + everything lies between Adam and myself; but ever since this + trouble's come about all my thoughts seem changed, and people + look quite different now to what they did before; and, most of + all, I've learnt to know the friend I've got, and always had, + in you, Reuben."</p> + + <p>Reuben did not answer for a moment. He seemed struggling to + keep back something he was yet prompted to speak of. "Eve," he + said at length, "don't think that I've not made mistakes, and + great ones too. When first I fought to battle down my leaning + toward you, why was it? Not because of doubting that 'twould + ever be returned, but 'cos I held myself too good a chap in all + my thoughts and ways to be taken up with such a butterfly + concern as I took you to be. I'd never have believed then that + you'd have acted as I've seen you act. I thought that love with + you meant who could give you the finest clothes to wear and let + you rule the roast the easiest; but you have shown me that you + are made of better woman's stuff than that. And, after all, a + man thinks better of himself for mounting high than stooping to + pick up what can be had for asking any day."</p> + + <p>"No, no, Reuben: your good opinion is more than I deserve," + said Eve, her memory stinging her with past recollections. "If + you want to see a dear, kind-hearted, unselfish girl, wait + until Joan comes. I do so hope that you will take to her! I + think you will, after what you've been to Jerrem and to Adam. I + want you and Joan to like each other."</p> + + <p>"I don't think there's much fear of that," said Reuben. + "Jerrem's spoke so freely about Joan that I seem to know her + before ever having seen her. Let me see: her mind was at one + time set on Adam, wasn't it?"</p> + + <p>"I think that she was very fond of Adam," said Eve, + coloring: "and, so far as that goes, I don't know that there is + any difference now. I'm sure she'd lay her life down if it + would do him good."</p> + + <p>"Poor soul!" sighed Reuben, drawn by a friendly feeling to + sympathize with Joan's unlucky love. "Her cup's been full, and + no mistake, of late."</p> + + <p>"Did Jerrem seem to feel it much that Uncle Zebedee 'd been + took so strange?" asked Eve.</p> + + <p>"I didn't tell him more than I could help," said Reuben. "As + much as possible I made it out to him that for the old man to + come to London wouldn't be safe, and the fear of that seemed to + pacify him at once."</p> + + <p>"I haven't spoken of it to Adam yet," said Eve. "He hasn't + asked about his coming, so I thought I'd leave the telling till + another time. His mind seems set on nothing but getting off, + and by it setting Jerrem free."</p> + + <p>But Reuben made no rejoinder to the questioning tone of + Eve's words, and after a few minutes' pause he waived the + subject by reverting to the description which Eve had given of + Joan, so that, in case he had to meet her alone, he might + recognize her without difficulty. Eve repeated the description, + dwelling with loving preciseness on the various features and + points by which Joan might be known; and then Reuben, having + some work to do, got up to say good-bye.</p> + + <p>"Good-bye," said Eve, holding out her hand—"good-bye. + Every time I say it now I seem to wonder if 'tis to be good-bye + indeed."</p> + + <p>"Why, no: in any way, you'd wait until the trial was + over?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, I forgot: of course we should."</p> + + <p>"Well, then, do you think I'd let you go without a word? Ah, + Eve, no! Whatever others are, nobody's yet pushed you from your + place, nor ever will so long as my life lasts."</p> + + <h3><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVII" + id="CHAPTER_XXXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVII</h3> + + <p>At length the dreaded day was over, the trial was at an end, + and, in spite of every effort made, Jerrem condemned to die. + The hopes raised by the knowledge of Adam's escape seemed + crowned with success when, to the court's dismay, it was + announced that the prisoner's accuser could not be produced: he + had mysteriously disappeared the evening before, and in spite + of a most vigorous search was nowhere to be found. But, with + minds already resolved to make this hardened smuggler's fate a + warning and example to all such as should henceforth dare the + law, one of the cutter's crew, wrought upon by the fear lest + Jerrem should escape and baffle the vengeance they had vowed to + take, was got to swear that Jerrem was the man who fired the + fatal shot; and though it was shown that the night was dark and + recognition next to impossible, this evidence was held + conclusive to prove the crime, and nothing now remained but to + condemn the culprit. The judge's words came slowly forth, + making the stoutest there shrink back and let that arrow from + the bow of death glance by and set its mark on him upon whose + face the crowd now turned to gaze.</p> + + <p>"Can it be that he is stunned? or is he hardened?"</p> + + <p>For Jerrem stands all unmoved and calm while, dulled by the + sound of rushing waters, the words the judge has said come + booming back and back again. A sickly tremor creeps through + every limb and makes it nerveless; a sense of growing weight + presses the flesh down as a burden on the fainting spirit; one + instant a thousand faces, crowding close, keep out the air; the + next, they have all receded out of sight back into misty space, + and he is left alone, with all around faded and grown confused + and all beneath him slipping and giving way. Suddenly a sound + rouses him back to life: a voice has smote his ear and cleaved + his inmost soul; and lifting his head his eyes are met by sight + of Joan, who with a piercing shriek has fallen back, deathlike + and pale, in Reuben's outstretched arms.</p> + + <p>Then Jerrem knows that hope is past and he must die, and in + one flash his fate, in all its misery and shame, stands out + before him, and reeling he totters, to sink down senseless and + be carried off to that dismal cell allotted to those condemned + to death; while Reuben, as best he can, manages to get Joan out + of court and into the open air, where she gradually comes back + to life again and is able to listen to such poor comfort as + Reuben's sad heart can find to give her. For by reason of those + eventful circumstances which serve to cement friendships by + suddenly overthrowing the barriers time must otherwise + gradually wear away, Reuben May and Joan Hocken have (in the + week which has intervened between her arrival and this day of + trial) become more intimate and thoroughly acquainted than if + in an ordinary way they had known each other for years. A + stranger in a large city, with not one familiar face to greet + her, who does not know the terrible feeling of desolation which + made poor Joan hurry through the crowded streets, shrinking + away from their bustle and throng toward Reuben, the one person + she had to turn to for sympathy, advice, assistance and + consolation? With that spirit of perfect trust which her own + large heart gave her the certain assurance of receiving, Joan + placed implicit reliance in all Reuben said and did; and seeing + this, and receiving an inward satisfaction from the sight, + Reuben involuntarily slipped into a familiarity of speech and + manner very opposed to the stiff reserve he usually maintained + toward strangers.</p> + + <p>Ten days were given before the day on which Jerrem was to + die, and during this time, through the various interests raised + in his behalf, no restriction was put upon the intercourse + between him and his friends; so that, abandoning everything for + the poor soul's welfare, Reuben, Joan and Jerrem spent hour + after hour in the closest intercourse. Happily, in times of + great extremity the power of realizing our exact situation is + mostly denied to us; and in the case of Joan and Jerrem, + although surrounded by the terrors and within the outposts of + that dreaded end, it was nothing unfrequent to hear a sudden + peal of laughter, which often would have as sudden an end in a + great burst of tears.</p> + + <p>To point to hopes and joys beyond the grave when every + thought is centred and fixed on this life's interests and keen + anxieties is but a fruitless, vain endeavor; and Reuben had to + try and rest contented in the assurance of Jerrem's perfect + forgiveness and good-will to all who had shown him any malice + or ill-feeling—to draw some satisfaction from the + unselfish love he showed to Joan and the deep gratitude he now + expressed to Uncle Zebedee.</p> + + <p>What would become of them? he often asked when some word of + Joan's revealed the altered aspect of their affairs; and then, + overcome by the helplessness of their forlorn condition, he + would entreat Reuben to stand by them—not to forget Joan, + not to forsake her. And Reuben, strangely moved by sight of + this poor giddy nature's overwrought emotion, would try to calm + him with the ready assurance that while he lived Joan should + never want a friend, and, touched by his words, the two would + clasp his hands together, telling each other of all the + kindness he had showed them, praying God would pay him back in + blessings for his goodness. Nor were theirs the only lips which + spoke of gratitude to Reuben May: his name had now become + familiar to many who through his means were kept from being + ignorant of the sad fate which awaited their boon companion, + their prime favorite, the once madcap, rollicking + Jerrem—the last one, as Joan often told Reuben, whom any + in Polperro would have fixed on for evil to pursue or + misfortune to overtake, and about whom all declared there must + have been "a hitch in the block somewheres, as Fate never + intended that ill-luck should pitch upon Jerrem." The + repetition of their astonishment, their indignation and their + sympathy afforded the poor fellow the most visible + satisfaction, harassed as he was becoming by one dread which + entirely swallowed up the thought and fear of death. This + ghastly terror was the then usual consignment of a body after + death to the surgeons for dissection; and the uncontrollable + trepidation which would take possession of him each time this + hideous recollection forced itself upon him, although + unaccountable to Reuben, was most painful for him to witness. + What difference could it make what became of one's body after + death? Reuben would ask himself, puzzled to fathom that + wonderful tenderness which some natures feel for the flesh + which embodies their attractions. But Jerrem had felt a passing + love for his own dear body: vanity of it had been his ruling + passion, its comeliness his great glory—so much so that + even now a positive satisfaction would have been his could he + have pictured himself outstretched and lifeless, with + lookers-on moved to compassion by the dead grace of his winsome + face and slender limbs. Joan, too, was caught by the same + infection. Not to lie whole and decent in one's coffin! Oh, it + was an indignity too terrible for contemplation; and every time + they were away from Jerrem she would beset Reuben with + entreaties and questions as to what could be done to avoid the + catastrophe.</p> + + <p>The one plan he knew of had been tried—and tried, too, + with repeated success—and this was the engaging of a + superior force to wrest the body from the surgeon's crew, a set + of sturdy miscreants with whom to do battle a considerable mob + was needed; but, with money grown very scarce and time so + short, the thing could not be managed, and Reuben tried to tell + Joan of its impossibility while they two were walking to a + place in which it had been agreed they should find some one + with a message from Eve, who, together with Adam, was in hiding + on board the vessel Captain Triggs had spoken of. But instead + of the messenger Eve herself arrived, having ventured this much + with the hope of hearing something that would lessen Adam's + despair and grief at learning the fate of Jerrem.</p> + + <p>"Ah, poor sawl!" sighed Joan as Eve ended her dismal account + of Adam's sad condition: "'tis only what I feared to hear of. + But tell un, Eve, to lay it to his heart that Jerrem's forgived + un every bit, and don't know what it is to hold a grudge to + Adam; and if I speak of un, he says, 'Why, doan't I know it + ain't through he, but 'cos o' my own headstrong ways and they + sneaks o' revenoo-chaps?' who falsely swored away his blessed + life."</p> + + <p>"Does he seem to dread it much?" asked Eve, the sickly fears + which filled her heart echoed in each whispered word.</p> + + <p>"Not <i>that</i> he don't," said Joan, lifting her hand + significantly to her throat: "'tis after. Oh, Eve," she gasped, + "ain't it too awful to think of their cuttin' up his poor dead + body into bits? Call theyselves doctors!" she burst + out—"the gashly lot! I'll never let wan o' their name + come nighst to me agen."</p> + + <p>"Oh, Reuben," gasped Eve, "is it so? Can nothing be + done?"</p> + + <p>Reuben shook his head.</p> + + <p>"Nothing now," said Joan—"for want o' money, too, + mostly, Eve; and the guineas I've a-wasted! Oh, how the sight + o' every one rises and chinks in judgment 'gainst my ears!"</p> + + <p>"If we'd got the money," said Reuben soothingly, "there + isn't time. All should be settled by to-morrow night; and if + some one this minute brought the wherewithal I haven't one 'pon + whom I dare to lay my hand to ask to undertake the job."</p> + + <p>"Then 'tis no use harpin' 'pon it any more," said Joan; + while Eve gave a sigh, concurring in what she said, both of + them knowing well that if Reuben gave it up the thing must be + hopeless indeed.</p> + + <p>Here was another stab for Adam's wounded senses, and with a + heavy heart and step Eve took her way back to him, while Reuben + and Joan continued to thread the streets which took them by a + circuitous road home to Knight's Passage.</p> + + <p>But no sooner had Eve told Adam of this fresh burden laid on + poor Jerrem than a new hope seemed to animate him. Something + was still to be done: there yet remained an atonement which, + though it cost him his life, he could strive to make to Jerrem. + Throwing aside the fear of detection which had hitherto kept + him skulking within the little vessel, he set off that night to + find the Mary Jane, and, regardless of the terrible shame which + had filled him at the bare thought of confronting Triggs or any + of his crew, he cast himself upon their mercy, beseeching them + as men, and Cornishmen, to do this much for their + brother-sailor in his sad need and last extremity; and his + appeal and the nature of it had so touched these + quickly-stirred hearts that, forgetful of the contempt and + scorn with which, in the light of an informer, they had + hitherto viewed Adam, they had one and all sworn to aid him to + their utmost strength, and to bring to the rescue certain + others of whom they knew, by whose help and assistance success + would be more probable. Therefore it was that, two days before + the morning of his sentenced death, Eve was able to put into + Reuben's hand a scrap of paper on which was written Adam's vow + to Jerrem that, though his own life paid the forfeit for it, + Jerrem's body should be rescued and saved.</p> + + <p>Present as Jerrem's fears had been to Reuben's eyes and to + his mind, until he saw the transport of agitated joy which this + assurance gave to Jerrem he had never grasped a tithe of the + terrible dread which during the last few days had taken such + complete hold of the poor fellow's inmost thoughts. Now, as he + read again and again the words which Adam had written, a + torrent of tears burst forth from his eyes: in an ecstasy of + relief he caught Joan to his heart, wrung Reuben's hand, and + from that moment began to gradually compose himself into a + state of greater ease and seeming tranquillity. Confident, + through the unbroken trust of years, that Adam's promise, once + given, might be implicitly relied on, Jerrem needed no further + assurance than these few written words to satisfy him that + every human effort would be made on his behalf; and the + knowledge of this, and that old comrades would be near, waiting + to unite their strength for his body's rescue, was in itself a + balm and consolation. He grew quite loquacious about the + crestfallen authorities, the surprise of the crowd and the + disappointment of the ruffianly mob deprived of their certain + prey; while the two who listened sat with a tightening grip + upon their hearts, for when these things should come to be the + life of him who spoke them would have passed away, and the + immortal soul have flown from out that perishable husk on which + his last vain thoughts were still being centred.</p> + + <p>Poor Joan! The time had yet to come when she would spend + herself with many a sad regret and sharp upbraiding that this + and that had not been said and done; but now, her spirit + swallowed up in desolation and sunk beneath the burden of + despair, she sat all silent close by Jerrem's side, covering + his hands with many a mute caress, yet never daring to lift up + her eyes to look into his face without a burst of grief + sweeping across to shake her like a reed. Jerrem could eat and + drink, but Joan's lips never tasted food. A fever seemed to + burn within and fill her with its restless torment: the + beatings of her throbbing heart turned her first hot, then + cold, as each pulse said the time to part was hurrying to its + end.</p> + + <p>By Jerrem's wish, Joan was not told that on the morning of + his death to Reuben alone admittance to him had been granted: + therefore when the eve of that morrow came, and the time to say + farewell actually arrived, the girl was spared the knowledge + that this parting was more than the shadow of that last + good-bye which so soon would have to be said for ever. Still, + the sudden change in Jerrem's face pierced her afresh and broke + down that last barrier of control over a grief she could subdue + no longer. In vain the turnkeys warned them that time was up + and Joan must go. Reuben entreated too that they should say + good-bye: the two but clung together in more desperate + necessity, until Reuben, seeing that further force would be + required, stepped forward, and stretching out his hand found it + caught at by Jerrem and held at once with Joan's, while in + words from which all strength of tone seemed to die away Jerrem + whispered, "Reuben, if ever it could come to pass that when I'm + gone you and she might find it some day in your minds to stand + together—<i>one</i>—say 'twas the thing he wished + for most before he went." Then, with a feeble effort to push + her into Reuben's arms, he caught her back, and straining her + close to his heart again cried out, "Oh, Joan, but death comes + bitter when it means good-bye to such as you!" Another cry, a + closer strain, then Jerrem's arms relax; his hold gives way, + and Joan falls staggering back; the door is opened—shut; + the struggle is past, and ere their sad voices can come echoing + back Jerrem and Joan have looked their last in life.</p> + + <h3><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVIII" + id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h3> + + <p>When Reuben found that to be a witness of Jerrem's death + Joan must take her stand among the lawless mob who made holiday + of such sad scenes as this, his decision was that the idea was + untenable. Jerrem too had a strong desire that Joan should not + see him die; and although his avoidance of anything that + directly touched upon that dreaded moment had kept him from + openly naming his wishes, the hints dropped satisfied Reuben + that the knowledge of her absence would be a matter of relief + to him. But how get Joan to listen to his scruples when her + whole mind was set on keeping by Jerrem's side until hope was + past and life was over?</p> + + <p>"Couldn't 'ee get her to take sommat that her wouldn't sleep + off till 'twas late?" Jerrem had said after Reuben had told him + that the next morning he must come alone; and the suggestion + made was seized on at once by Reuben, who, under pretence of + getting something to steady her shaken nerves, procured from + the apothecary near a simple draught, which Joan in good faith + swallowed. And then, Reuben having promised in case she fell + asleep to awaken her at the appointed hour, the poor soul, worn + out by sorrow and fatigue, threw herself down, dressed as she + was, upon the bed, and soon was in a heavy sleep, from which + she did not rouse until well into the following day, when some + one moving in the room made her start up. For a moment she + seemed dazed: then, rubbing her eyes as if to clear away those + happy visions which had come to her in sleep, she gazed about + until Reuben, who had at first drawn back, came forward to + speak to her. "Why, Reuben," she cried, "how's this? Have I + been dreamin', or what? The daylight's come, and, see, the + sun!"</p> + + <p>And here she stopped, her parched mouth half unclosed, as + fears came crowding thick upon her mind, choking her further + utterance. One look at Reuben's face had told the tale; and + though she did not speak again, the ashen hue that overspread + and drove all color from her cheeks proclaimed to him that she + had guessed the truth.</p> + + <p>"'Twas best, my dear," he said, "that you should sleep while + he went to his rest."</p> + + <p>But the unlooked-for shock had been too great a strain on + body and mind, alike overtaxed and weak, and, falling back, + Joan lay for hours as one unconscious and devoid of life. And + Reuben sat silent by her side, paying no heed as hour by hour + went by, till night had come and all around was dark: then some + one came softly up the stairs and crept into the room, and + Eve's whispered "Reuben!" broke the spell.</p> + + <p>Yes, all had gone well. The body, rescued and safe, was now + placed within a house near to the churchyard in which Eve's + mother lay: there it was to be buried. And there, the next day, + the commonplace event of one among many funerals being over, + the four thus linked by fate were brought together, and Adam + and Joan again stood face to face. Heightened by the disguise + which in order to avoid detection he was obliged to adopt, the + alteration in Adam was so complete that Joan stood aghast + before this seeming stranger, while a fresh smart came into + Adam's open wounds as he gazed upon the changed face of the + once comely Joan.</p> + + <p>A terrible barrier—such as, until felt, they had never + dreaded—seemed to have sprung up to separate and divide + these two. Involuntarily they shrank at each other's touch and + quailed beneath each other's gaze, while each turned with a + feeling of relief to him and to her who now constituted their + individual refuge and support. Yes, strange as it seemed to + Adam and unaccountable to Joan, <i>she</i> clung to Reuben, + <i>he</i> to Eve, before whom each could be natural and + unrestrained, while between their present selves a great gulf + had opened out which naught but time or distance could bridge + over.</p> + + <p>So Adam went back to his hiding-place, Reuben to his shop, + and Joan and Eve to the old home in Knight's Passage, as much + lost amid the crowd of thronged London as if they had already + taken refuge in that far-off land which had now become the goal + of Adam's thoughts and keen desires. Eve, too, fearing some + fresh disaster, was equally anxious for their departure, and + most of Reuben's spare time was swallowed up in making the + necessary arrangements. A passage in his name for himself and + his wife was secured in a ship about to start. At the last + moment this passage was to be transferred to Adam and Eve, + whose marriage would take place a day or two before the vessel + sailed. The transactions on which the successful fulfilment of + these various events depended were mostly conducted by Reuben, + aided by the counsels of Mr. Osborne and the assistance of + Captain Triggs, whose good-fellowship, no longer withheld, made + him a valuable coadjutor.</p> + + <p>Fortunately, Triggs's vessel, through some detention of its + cargo, had remained in London for an unusually long time, and + now, when it did sail, Joan was to take passage in it back to + Polperro.</p> + + <p>"Awh, Reuben, my dear," sighed Joan one evening as, Eve + having gone to see Adam, the two walked out toward the little + spot where Jerrem lay, and as they went discussed Joan's near + departure, "I wish to goodness you'd pack up yer alls and come + 'longs to Polperro home with me: 't 'ud be ever so much better + than stayin' to this gashly London, where there ain't a blow o' + air that's fresh to draw your breath in."</p> + + <p>"Why, nonsense!" said Reuben: "you wouldn't have me if I'd + come."</p> + + <p>"How not have 'ee?" exclaimed Joan. "Why, if so be I thought + you'd come I'd never stir from where I be until I got the + promise of it."</p> + + <p>"But there wouldn't be nothin' for me to do," said + Reuben.</p> + + <p>"Why, iss there would—oceans," returned Joan. "Laws! I + knaws clocks by scores as hasn't gone for twenty year and more. + Us has got two ourselves, that wan won't strike and t' other + you can't make tick."</p> + + <p>Reuben smiled: then, growing more serious, he said, "But do + you know, Joan, that yours isn't the first head it's entered + into about going down home with you? I've had a mind toward it + myself many times of late."</p> + + <p>"Why, then, do come to wance," said Joan excitedly; "for so + long as they leaves me the house there'll be a home with me and + Uncle Zebedee, and I'll go bail for the welcome you'll get + gived 'ee there."</p> + + <p>Reuben was silent, and Joan, attributing this to some + hesitation over the plan, threw further weight into her + argument by saying, "There's the chapel too, Reuben. Only to + think o' the sight o' good you could do praichin' to 'em and + that! for, though it didn't seem to make no odds before, I + reckons there's not a few that wants, like me, to be told o' + some place where they treats folks better than they does down + here below."</p> + + <p>"Joan," said Reuben after a pause, speaking out of his own + thoughts and paying no heed to the words she had been saying, + "you know all about Eve and me, don't you?"</p> + + <p>Joan nodded her head.</p> + + <p>"How I've felt about her, so that I believe the hold she's + got on me no one on earth will ever push her off from."</p> + + <p>"Awh, poor sawl!" sighed Joan compassionately: "I've often + had a feelin' for what you'd to bear, and for this reason + too—that I knaws myself what 'tis to be ousted from the + heart you'm cravin' to call yer own."</p> + + <p>"Why, yes, of course," said Reuben briskly: "you were set + down for Adam once, weren't you?"</p> + + <p>"Awh, and there's they to Polperro—mother amongst 'em, + too—who'll tell 'ee now that if Eve had never shawed her + face inside the place Adam 'ud ha' had me, after all. But + there! all that's past and gone long ago."</p> + + <p>There was another pause, which Reuben broke by saying + suddenly, "Joan, should you take it very out of place if I was + to ask you whether after a bit you could marry me? I dare say + now such a thought never entered your head before."</p> + + <p>"Well, iss it has," said Joan; 'and o' late, ever since that + blessed dear spoke they words he did, I've often fell to + wonderin' if so be 't 'ud ever come to pass. Not, mind, that I + should ha' bin put out if 't had so happened that you'd never + axed me, like, but still I thought sometimes as how you might, + and then agen I says, 'Why should he, though?'"</p> + + <p>"There's many a reason why <i>I</i> should ask <i>you</i>, + Joan," said Reuben, smiling at her unconscious frankness, + "though very few why you should consent to take a man whose + love another woman has flung away."</p> + + <p>"Awh, so far as that goes, the both of us is takin' what's + another's orts, you knaw," smiled Joan.</p> + + <p>"Then is it agreed?" asked Reuben, stretching out his + hand.</p> + + <p>"Iss, so far as I goes 'tis, with all my heart." Then as she + took his hand a change came to her April face, and looking at + him through her swimming eyes she said, "And very grateful too + I'm to 'ee, Reuben, for I don't knaw by neither another wan + who'd take up with a poor heart-broke maid like me, and they + she's looked to all her life disgraced by others and + theyselves."</p> + + <p>Reuben pressed the hand that Joan had given to him, and + drawing it through his arm the two walked on in silence, + pondering over the unlooked-for ending to the strange events + they both had lately passed through. Joan's heart was full of a + contentment which made her think, "How pleased Adam will be! + and won't mother be glad! and Uncle Zebedee 'ull have somebody + to look to now and keep poor Jonathan straight and put things a + bit in order;" while Reuben, bewildered by the thoughts which + crowded to his mind, semed unable to disentangle them. Could it + be possible that he, Reuben May, was going down to live at + Polperro, a place whose very name he had once taught himself to + abominate?—that he could be willingly casting his lot + amid a people whom he had but lately branded as thieves, + outcasts, reprobates? Involuntarily his eyes turned toward + Joan, and a nimbus in which perfect charity was intertwined + with great love and singleness of heart seemed to float about + her head and shed its radiance on her face; and its sight was + to Reuben as the first touch of love, for he was smitten with a + sense of his own unworthiness, and, though he did not speak, he + asked that a like spirit to that which filled Joan might rest + upon himself.</p> + + <p>That evening Eve was told the news which Joan and Reuben had + to tell, and as she listened the mixed emotions which swelled + within her perplexed her not a little, for even while feeling + that the two wishes she most desired—Joan cared for and + Reuben made happy—were thus fulfilled, her heart seemed + weighted with a fresh disaster: another wrench had come to part + her from that life soon to be nothing but a lesson and a + memory. And Adam, when he was told, although the words he said + were honest words and true, and truly he did rejoice, there yet + within him lay a sadness born of regret at rendering up that + love so freely given to him, now to be garnered for another's + use; and henceforth every word that Reuben spoke, each promise + that he gave, though all drawn forth by Adam's own requests, + stuck every one a separate thorn within his heart, sore with + the thought of being an outcast from the birthplace that he + loved and cut off from those whose faces now he yearned to look + upon.</p> + + <p>No vision opened up to Adam's view the prosperous life the + future held in store—no still small voice then whispered + in his ear that out of this sorrow was to come the grace which + made success sit well on him and Eve; and though, as years went + by and intercourse became more rare, their now keen interest in + Polperro and its people was swallowed up amid the many claims a + busy life laid on them both, each noble action done, each good + deed wrought, by Adam, and by Eve too, bore on it the unseen + impress of that sore chastening through which they now were + passing.</p> + + <p>Out of the savings which from time to time Adam had placed + with Mr. Macey enough was found to pay the passage-money out + and keep them from being pushed by any pressing want on + landing.</p> + + <p>Already, at the nearest church, Adam and Eve had been + married, and nothing now remained but to get on board the + vessel, which had already dropped down the river and was to + sail the following morning, Triggs had volunteered to put them + and their possessions safely on board, and Reuben and Joan, + with Eve's small personal belongings, were to meet them at the + steps, close by which the Mary Jane's boat would be found + waiting. The time had come when Adam could lay aside his + disguise and appear in much the same trim he usually did when + at Polperro.</p> + + <p>Joan was the first to spy him drawing near, and holding out + both her hands to greet the welcome change she cried, "Thank + the Lord for lettin' me see un his ownself wance + more!—Awh, Adam! awh, my dear! 't seems as if I could + spake to 'ee now and know 'ee for the same agen.—Look to + un, Reuben! you don't wonder now what made us all so proud of + un at home."</p> + + <p>Reuben smiled, but Adam shook his head: the desolation of + this sad farewell robbed him of every other power but that of + draining to the dregs its bitterness. During the whole of that + long day Eve and he had hardly said one word, each racked with + thoughts to which no speech gave utterance. Mechanically each + asked about the things the other one had brought, and seemed to + find relief in feigning much anxiety about their safety, until + Triggs, fearing they might outstay their time, gave them a hint + it would not do to linger long; and, with a view to their + leavetaking being unconstrained, he volunteered to take the few + remaining things down to the boat and stow them safely away, + adding that when they should hear his whistle given it would be + the signal that they must start without delay.</p> + + <p>The spot they had fixed on for the starting-place was one + but little used and well removed from all the bustle of a more + frequented landing. A waterman lounged here and there, but + seeing the party was another's fare vouchsafed to them no + further interest. The ragged mud-imps stayed their noisy pranks + to scrutinize the country build of Triggs's boat, leaving the + four, unnoticed, to stand apart and see each in the other's + face the reflection of that misery which filled his own.</p> + + <p>Parting for ever! no hopes, no expectations, no looking + forward, nothing to whisper "We shall meet again"! "Good-bye + for ever" was written on each face and echoed in each heart. + Words could not soothe that suffering which turned this common + sorrow into an individual torture, which each must bear unaided + and alone; and so they stood silent and with outward calm, + knowing that on that brink of woe the quiver of an eye might + overthrow their all but lost control.</p> + + <p>The sun was sinking fast; the gathering mists of eventide + were rising to shadow all around; the toil of day was drawing + to its close; labor was past, repose was near at hand; its + spirit seemed to hover around and breathe its calm upon those + worn, tried souls. Suddenly a shrill whistle sounds upon their + ears and breaks the spell: the women start and throw their arms + around each other's necks. Adam stretches his hand out, and + Reuben grasps it in his own.</p> + + <p>"Reuben, good-bye. God deal with you as you shall deal with + those you're going among!"</p> + + <p>"Adam, be true to her, and I'll be true to those you leave + behind."</p> + + <p>"Joan!" and Adam's voice sounds hard and strained, and then + a choking comes into his throat, and, though he wants to tell + her what he feels, to ask her to forgive all he has made her + suffer, he cannot speak a word. Vainly he strives, but not a + sound will come; and these two, whose lives, so grown together, + are now to be rent asunder, stand stricken and dumb, looking + from out their eyes that last farewell which their poor + quivering lips refuse to utter.</p> + + <p>"God bless and keep you, Eve!" Reuben's voice is saying as, + taking her hands within his own, he holds them to his heart and + for a moment lets them rest there.—"Oh, friends," he + says, "there is a land where partings never come: upon that + shore may we four meet again!"</p> + + <p>Then for a moment all their hands are clasped and held as in + a vice, and then they turn, and two are gone and two are left + behind.</p> + + <p>And now the two on land stand with their eyes strained on + the boat, which slowly fades away into the vapory mist which + lies beyond: then Reuben turns and takes Joan by the hand, and + silently the two go back together, while Adam and Eve draw near + the ship which is to take them to that far-off shore to which + Hope's torch, rekindled, now is pointing.</p> + + <p>Good-bye is said to Triggs, the boat pushes off, and the two + left standing side by side watch it away until it seems a + speck, which suddenly is swallowed up and disappears from + sight. Then Adam puts his arm round Eve, and as they draw + closer together from out their lips come sighing forth the + whispered words, "Fare-well! farewell!"</p> + + <p class="author"><i>The Author of "Dorothy Fox"</i>.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="OUR_GRANDFATHERS_TEMPLES" + id="OUR_GRANDFATHERS_TEMPLES"></a>OUR GRANDFATHERS' + TEMPLES.</h2> + + <p>If on the fourteenth day of May, 1607, when the Rev. Robert + Hunt celebrated the first sacramental service of the Church of + England on American soil, there had suddenly sprung up at + Jamestown the pillars and arches of a fully-equipped cathedral, + whose stones had remained to tell us of the days when they + first enshrined the worship of the earliest colonists, our most + ancient Christian church would still be less than three hundred + years old—a hopelessly modern structure in comparison + with many an abbey and cathedral of England and the + Continent.</p> + + <p><a name="THE_OLD_SOUTH" + id="THE_OLD_SOUTH"></a></p> + + <div class="figleft"> + <a href="images/0056.jpg"><img src="images/0056-tb.jpg" + alt="THE OLD SOUTH." /></a><br /> + THE OLD SOUTH. + </div> + + <p>In a comparative sense, we look in vain for old churches in + a new country, for in our architecture, if nowhere else, we are + still a land of yesterday, where age seems venerable only when + we refuse to look beyond the ocean, and where even a short two + hundred years have taken away the larger share of such + perishable ecclesiastical monuments as we once had. Our + grandfathers' temples, whether they stood on the banks of the + James River or on the colder shores of Massachusetts Bay, were + built cheaply for a scanty population: their material was + usually wood, sometimes unshapen logs, and their sites, chosen + before the people and the country had become fitted to each + other, were afterward often needed for other uses. So long as + London tears down historic churches, even in the present days + of fashionable devotion to the old and the quaint, and so long + as the Rome of 1880 is still in danger from vandal hands, we + need only be surprised that the list of existing American + churches of former days is so long and so honorable as it is. + If we have no York Minster or St. Alban's Abbey or Canterbury + Cathedral, we may still turn to an Old South, a St. Paul's and + a Christ Church. It is something, after all, to be able to + count our most famous old churches on the fingers of both + hands, and then to enumerate by tens those other temples whose + legacy from bygone times is scarcely less rich.</p> + + <p>The American churches of the seventeenth and eighteenth + centuries were plain structures, unpretending without and + unadorned within; and this for other reasons than the poverty + of the community, the lack of the best building-materials, and + the absence both of architects and of artistic tastes. It was a + simple ritual which most of them were to house, and the absence + of an ornate service demanded the absence of ornamentation, + which would be meaningless because it would symbolize nothing. + The influence of the Puritans in Massachusetts, the Baptists in + Rhode Island, the Dutch Reformed in New York, the Lutherans and + Presbyterians in the Middle and Southern colonies, and the + Friends in Pennsylvania, whatever their denominational + differences, was a unit in favor of the utmost simplicity + consistent with decency and order; and though there was a + difference between Congregational churches like the Old South + in Boston and the Friends' meeting-houses in Philadelphia, the + difference was far less marked than that existing between the + new and old buildings of the Old South society, which the + modern tourist may compare at his leisure in the Boston of + to-day. Even the Episcopalians shared, or deferred to, the + prevailing spirit of the time: they put no cross upon their + Christ Church in Cambridge, nearly a hundred and thirty years + after the settlement of the place, lest they should offend the + tastes of their neighbors. The Methodists, the "Christians," + the Swedenborgians, the Unitarians and the Universalists were + not yet, and the Moravians were a small and little-understood + body in Eastern Pennsylvania.</p> + + <p><a name="KINGS_CHAPEL" + id="KINGS_CHAPEL"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0057.jpg"><img src="images/0057-tb.jpg" + alt="KING'S CHAPEL, BOSTON, IN 1872." + title="KING'S CHAPEL, BOSTON, IN 1872." /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>KING'S CHAPEL, BOSTON, IN 1872.</p> + + <p>Nearly all the colonists, of whatever name, brought from + Europe a conscientious love of religious simplicity and + unpretentiousness: for the most part, the English-speaking + settlers were dissenters from the Church which owned all the + splendid architectural monuments of the country whence they + came; and it was not strange that out of their religious + thought grew churches that symbolized the sturdy qualities of a + faith which, right or wrong, had to endure exile and poverty + and privation—privation not only from social wealth, but + from the rich store of ecclesiastical traditions which had + accumulated for centuries in cathedral choirs and abbey + cloisters.</p> + + <p><a name="CHRIST_CHURCH" + id="CHRIST_CHURCH"></a></p> + + <div class="figleft"> + <a href="images/0058.jpg"><img src="images/0058-tb.jpg" + alt="CHRIST CHURCH, BOSTON." /></a><br /> + CHRIST CHURCH, BOSTON. + </div> + + <p>Therefore, the typical New England meeting-house of the + seventeenth and eighteenth centuries may perhaps be taken as + the best original example of what America has to show in the + way of church-building. To be sure, its cost was modest, its + material was perishable wood, its architectural design was + often a curious medley of old ideas and new uses, and even its + few ornaments were likely to be devoid of the beauty their + designers fancied that they possessed. But it was, at any rate, + an honest embodiment of a sincere idea—the idea of + "freedom to worship God;" and it was adapted to the uses which + it was designed to serve. It stood upon a hill, a square box + with square windows cut in its sides—grim without and + grim within, save as the mellowing seasons toned down its ruder + aspects, and green grass and waving boughs framed it as if it + were a picture. Within, the high pulpit, surmounted by a + sounding-board, towered over the square-backed pews, facing a + congregation kept orderly by stern tithing-man and sterner + tradition. There was at first neither organ nor stove nor + clock. The shivering congregation warmed itself as best it + might by the aid of foot-stoves; the parson timed his sermon by + an hour-glass; and in the singing-seats the fiddle and the + bass—viol formed the sole link (and an unconscious one) + between the simple song-service of the Puritan meeting-house + and the orchestral accompaniments to the high masses of + European cathedrals. The men still sat at the end of the + pew—a custom which had grown up in the days when they + went to the meeting-house gun in hand, not knowing when they + should be hastily summoned forth to fight the Indians. In the + earliest days the drum was the martial summons to worship, but + soon European bells sent forth their milder call. Behind the + meeting-houses were the horse-sheds for the use of distant + comers—a species of ecclesiastical edifice still adorning + the greater number of American country churches, and not likely + to disappear for many a year to come.</p> + + <p>In the elder day there was no such difference as now between + city and country churches, for the limitations of money and + material bore upon both more evenly. But with growing wealth + and the choice of permanent locations for building came brick + and stone; English architects received orders; and the + prevailing revival led by Sir Christopher Wren and his + followers dotted the Northern colonies with more pretentious + churches, boasting spires not wholly unlike those which were + then piercing London skies. With costlier churches of permanent + material there came also the English fashion of burial in + churchyards and chancel-vaults, and mural tablets and + horizontal tombstones were laid into the mortar which has been + permitted, in not a few cases, to preserve them for our own + eyes.</p> + + <p><a name="ST_MICHAELS" + id="ST_MICHAELS"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0059.jpg"><img src="images/0059-tb.jpg" + alt="ST. MICHAEL'S, MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS" + title="ST. MICHAEL'S, MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS" /> + </a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>ST. MICHAEL'S, MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS.</p> + + <p>But our oldest churches, as a rule, have been made more + notable by the political events with which they have been + associated than by the honorable interments that have taken + place beneath their shadow. Their connection with the living + has endeared them to our memories more than their relations to + the dead. Not because it is Boston's Westminster Abbey or + Temple Church has the Old South been permitted to come down to + us as the best example of the Congregational meeting-houses of + the eighteenth century, but because of the Revolutionary + episodes of which it was the scene, and which are commemorated + in the stone tablet upon its front. The Old South Church, built + in 1729, belonged to the common class of brick structures which + replaced wooden ones; for, like Solomon's temple, its + predecessor had been built of cedar sixty years before. The + convenient location of the Old South and the capaciousness of + its interior brought to it the colonial meetings which preceded + the Revolution, and especially that famous gathering of + December 13, 1773, whence marched the disguised patriots to + destroy the taxed tea in Boston harbor. The convenient access + and spacious audience-room of the old church also led to its + occupancy as a riding-school for British cavalry in 1775. Even + now, in the quiet days following the recent excitement + attending its escape from fire and from sale and demolition, + the ancient church still finds occasional use as a place for + lectures and public gatherings. Its chequered days within the + past decade have at least served to make its appearance and its + part in colonial history more familiar to us, and have done + something to save other churches from the destruction which + might have overtaken them.</p> + + <p>As the Old South stands as the brick-and-mortar enshrinement + of the best Puritan thought of the eighteenth century, so + King's Chapel in Boston, built twenty-five years later, + represents the statelier social customs and the more + conservative political opinions of the early New England + Episcopalians. Its predecessor, of wood, was the first building + of the Church of England in New England. The present King's + Chapel, with its sombre granite walls and its gently-lighted + interior, suggests to the mind an impression of independence of + time rather than of age. One reads on the walls, to be sure, + such high-sounding old names as Vassall and Shirley and + Abthorp, and on a tomb in the old graveyard near by one sees + the inscriptions commemorating Governor John Winthrop of + Massachusetts and his son John, governor of Connecticut. But + King's Chapel seems the home of churchly peace and gracious + content; so that, as we sit within its quaint three-sided pews, + it is hard to remember the stormy scenes in which it has had + part. Its Tory congregation, almost to a man, fled from its + walls when the British general, Gage, evacuated Boston; the + sterner worshippers of the Old South occupied its Anglican pews + for a time; and later it was the scene of a theological + movement which caused, in 1785, the first Episcopal church in + New England—or rather its remnant—to become the + first Unitarian society in America.</p> + + <p>In Salem street, Boston, left almost alone at the extreme + north end of the city, is Christ Church, built in 1723. Its + tower contains the oldest chime of bells in America, and from + it, according to some antiquarians, was hung the lantern which + on April 18, 1775, announced to the waiting Paul Revere, and + through him to the Middlesex patriots in all the surrounding + country, that General Gage had despatched eight hundred men to + seize and destroy the military stores gathered at Concord by + the Massachusetts Committees of Safety and Supplies. Thus + opened the Revolutionary war, for the battles at Lexington and + Concord took place only the next day.</p> + + <p>The white-spired building at the corner of Park and Tremont + streets, Boston, known as the Park Street Church, is hardly so + old as its extended fame would lead one to suppose, for it + dates no farther back than the first quarter of the present + century. Its position as the central point of the great + theological controversies of 1820 in the Congregational + churches of Eastern Massachusetts has made it almost as + familiar as the "Saybrook Platform." The meeting-house was + built at the time when the greater part of the Boston churches + were modifying their creeds, and when the Old South itself + would have changed its denominational relations but for the + vote of a State official, cast to break a tie. Its inelegance + and rawness are excused in part by its evident solidity and + sincerity of appearance. In its shadow rest Faneuil, Revere, + Samuel Adams and John Hancock.</p> + + <p>Boston has other churches which, like the Park Street, are + neither ancient nor modern, the Hollis Street Church and the + First Church in Roxbury being good examples. New England has + hardly a better specimen of the old-fashioned meeting-house on + a hill than this old weather-beaten wooden First Church in + Roxbury, the home of a parish to which John Eliot, the apostle + to the Indians, once ministered. Another quaint memorial of the + old colonial days survives in the current name, "Meeting-house + Hill," of a part of the annexed Dorchester district of + Boston.</p> + + <p><a name="ST_PAULS" + id="ST_PAULS"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0062.jpg"><img src="images/0062-tb.jpg" + alt="ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK" + title="ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK" /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK.</p> + + <p>St. Paul's Church, on Boston Common, was the first attempt + of the Episcopalians of the city, after the loss of King's + Chapel, to build a temple of imposing appearance. Controversies + theological and architectural rose with its walls, and young + Edward Everett, if report is to be credited, was the author of + a tract, still in circulation, in which its design and its + principles formed the text for a criticism on the religion to + whose furtherance it was devoted. Standing as it does next the + United States court-house, the uses of the two buildings seem + to have been confused in the builders' minds; for there is + something ecclesiastical in the appearance of the hall of + justice, which was originally a Masonic temple, and something + judicial in the face of the church.</p> + + <p>In Cambridge, three miles from Boston, the + eighteenth-century Episcopalians not only possessed a church, + but also displayed to unwilling eyes a veritable "Bishop's + Palace"—the stately house of the Rev. East Apthorp, + "missionary to New England" and reputed candidate for the + bishopric of that region. Mr. Apthorp was rich and influential, + but his social and ecclesiastical lot was not an easy one, and + he soon returned to England discouraged, leaving his "palace" + to come down to the view of our own eyes, which find in it + nothing more dangerous to republican institutions than is to be + discovered in a hundred other of the three-story wooden houses + which used so to abound in Massachusetts. Christ Church, + Cambridge, in which the bishop <i>in posse</i> used to + minister, and which stands opposite Harvard College, was + designed by the architect of King's Chapel, and has always been + praised for a certain shapely beauty of proportion. For the + last twenty years it has boasted the only chime of bells in + Cambridge, whose quiet shades of a Sunday evening have been + sweetly stirred by the music struck from them by the hands of a + worthy successor of the mediæval bell-ringers, to whom bells + are books, and who can tell the story of every ounce of + bell-metal within twenty miles of his tower. It was of this + church, with its Unitarian neighbor just across the ancient + churchyard where so many old Harvard and colonial worthies + sleep, that Holmes wrote:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Like sentinel and nun, they + keep<br /></span> <span class="i1">Their vigil on the + green:<br /></span> <span class="i0">One seems to + guard, and one to weep,<br /></span> + <span class="i1">The dead that lie + between.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The suburbs of Boston are not poor in churches of the + eighteenth, or even of the seventeenth, century. The oldest + church in New England—the oldest, indeed, in the Northern + States—still standing in Salem, was built in 1634, and + its low walls and tiny-paned windows have shaken under the + eloquence of Roger Williams. It has not been used for religious + purposes since 1672. In Newburyport is one of the American + churches, once many but now few, in which George Whitefield + preached, and beneath it the great preacher lies buried. A + curious little reminder of St. Paul's, London, is found here in + the shape of a whispering gallery. Another landmark is the + venerable meeting-house of the Unitarian society in Hingham, + popularly known as the "Old Ship." Built in 1681, it was a + Congregational place of worship for nearly a century and a + half. Its sturdiness and rude beauty form a striking + illustration of the lasting quality of good, sound wooden beams + as material for the sanctuary. Preparations have already been + undertaken for celebrating the second centennial of the ancient + building. Nearly as old, and still more picturesque with its + quaint roof, its venerable hanging chandelier of brass, its + sober old reredos and its age-hallowed communion-service, is + St. Michael's, Marblehead, built in 1714, where faithful + rectors have endeavored to reach six generations of the + fishermen and aristocracy of the rocky old port. The + antiquarian who has seen these old temples and asks for others + on the New England coast will turn with scarcely less interest + to St. John's, Portsmouth; the forsaken Trinity Church, + Wickford, Rhode Island, built in 1706; or Trinity, Newport, + where Bishop Berkeley used to preach. In Newport, indeed, one + may also speculate beneath the Old Mill on the fanciful theory + that the curious little structure was a baptistery long before + the days of Columbus—the most ancient Christian temple on + this side the sea.</p> + + <p>It is not uncommon to find comparatively new American + churches to which their surroundings or their sober material or + their quiet architecture have given a somewhat exaggerated + appearance of age. Such is the case with the curious row of + three churches—the North and Centre Congregational and + Trinity Episcopalstanding side by side on the New Haven green + in a fashion unknown elsewhere in our own country. Any one of + these three churches looks quite as old as that shapely + memorial of pre-Revolutionary days, St. Paul's Chapel, New + York, built in 1766 in the prevailing fashion of the London + churches. As with St. Paul's, there was also no marked + appearance of antiquity in the North Dutch Church, New York, + removed in recent years. The poor old Middle Dutch Church in + the same city, with its ignoble modern additions and its swarm + of busy tenants, would have looked old if it could have done + so, but for modern New Yorkers it has no more venerable memory, + in its disfigurement and disguise, than that furnished by its + use, for a time, as the city post-office.</p> + + <p><a name="OLD_SWEDES_CHURCH" + id="OLD_SWEDES_CHURCH"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0065.jpg"><img src="images/0065-tb.jpg" + alt="OLD SWEDES' CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA." + title="OLD SWEDES' CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA." /></a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>OLD SWEDES' CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA.</p> + + <p>New York is poor in old buildings, and especially poor in + old churches. Besides St. Paul's, the comparatively modern St. + John's Chapel and the John Street Methodist Church, it really + has nothing to show to the tourist in search of ancient places + of worship. The vicinity can boast a few colonial + temples—the quaint old Dutch church at Tarrytown, dear to + the readers of Irving; the Tennent Church on the battle-ground + of Monmouth, New Jersey, with its blood-stains of wounded + British soldiers; and a charmingly plain little Friends' + meeting-house, no bigger than a small parlor, near Squan, New + Jersey, being the most strikingly attractive. In Newark one + notes the deep-set windows and solid stone walls of the old + First Presbyterian Church, and the quiet plainness of Trinity + Episcopal Church, which looks like Boston's King's Chapel, with + the addition of a white wooden spire.</p> + + <p>Philadelphia is richer than any other American city in + buildings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. On the + older streets it is a frequent sight to see quaint little + houses of imported English brick modestly laid in alternate red + and black, curiously like the latest modern fashion. The ample + room for growth possessed by this widespreading city has saved + many an ancient house for present use as dwelling or store. One + is not surprised, therefore, to find on the old streets near + the Delaware three churches of weather-stained brick which seem + trying to make the piety of an elder age useful to the + worshippers of to-day. All three of these churches—Gloria + Dei, Christ and St. Peter's—now have their chief work + among the poor people whom one always finds in a business + quarter near the river-front, but each attracts, by its + old-time associations and its modern missionary spirit, a + goodly circle of attendants from the western parts of the city. + Gloria Dei Church, the oldest of the three, was built in 1700 + by Swedish Lutherans on the spot where the Swedish predecessors + of the Friends had located their fortified log church + twenty-three years earlier. Its bell and communion-service and + some of its ornamental woodwork were presented by the king of + Sweden. It is surrounded by the usual graveyard, in which lies + Alexander Wilson, the lover and biographer of birds, who asked + to be buried here, in a "silent, shady place, where the birds + will be apt to come and sing over my grave." The Old Swedes' + Church retained its Lutheran connection until recent years, + when it became an Episcopal parish.</p> + + <p>Christ Church and St. Peter's were formerly united in one + parochial government, and to the two parishes ministered + William White, the first Church-of-England minister in + Pennsylvania, the friend and pastor of Washington, the chaplain + of Congress and one of the first two bishops of the American + Church. The present structure of Christ Church was begun in + 1727, but not finished for some years. The parish is older, + dating from 1695. Queen Anne gave it a communion-service in + 1708. In 1754 came from England its still-used chime of bells, + which were laboriously transferred during the Revolution to + Allentown, Pennsylvania, lest they should fall into British + hands and be melted up for cannon. At Christ Church a pew was + regularly occupied by Washington during his frequent residence + in Philadelphia; and here have been seated Patrick Henry, + Benjamin Franklin, James Madison and many another patriot, + besides Cornwallis, Howe, André and others on the English side. + Around and beneath the church are many graves covered by + weather-worn stones, and on the walls of the interior there are + a number of mural tablets.</p> + + <p>St. Peter's Church was begun in 1758, and completed three + years later. In quiet graciousness of appearance it is like + another Christ Church, and its interior arrangements are still + more quaint, the chancel being at the eastern end of the + church, while the pulpit and lectern are at the western. In the + adjoining churchyard is a monument to Commodore Decatur.</p> + + <p>One cannot find in all America sweeter and quainter + memorials of a gentle past—memorials still consecrated to + the gracious work of the present—than the churches and + other denominational houses in the old Moravian towns of + Pennsylvania. At Bethlehem, as one stands in the little + three-sided court on Church street and looks up at the heavy + walls, the tiny dormer windows and the odd-shaped belfry which + mark the "Single Sisters' House" and its wings, one may well + fancy one's self, as a travelled visitor has said, in Quebec or + Upper Austria. Still more quaint and quiet is Willow Square, + behind this curious house, where, beneath drooping + willow-boughs, one finds one's self beside the door of the old + German chapel, with the little dead-house, the boys' school and + the great and comparatively modern Moravian church near by. + Through Willow Square leads the path to the burying-ground, + where lie, beneath tall trees, long rows of neatly-kept graves, + each covered with a plain flat stone, the men and the women + lying on either side of the broad central path. Several of the + ancient Moravian buildings date from the middle of the last + century. The Widows' House stands, opposite the Single Sisters' + Range, and across the street from the large church is the + Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies, established in 1749, and by + far the oldest girls' school in the United States.</p> + + <p>It was in 1778 that the Single Sisters gave to Pulaski that + banner of crimson, silk which is commemorated in Longfellow's + well-known "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns at Bethlehem." The poem, + however, written in the author's early youth, and preserved for + its rare beauty of language and fine choice of subject, rather + than for its historical accuracy, has done much to perpetuate a + wrong idea of the Moravian spirit and ritual. Mr. Longfellow + writes in his first stanza</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i2">When the dying flame of + day<br /></span> <span class="i2">Through the chancel + shot its ray,<br /></span> <span class="i2">Far the + glimmering tapers shed<br /></span> + <span class="i2">Faint light on the cowled + head,<br /></span> <span class="i2">And the censer + burning swung,<br /></span> <span class="i2">When + before the altar hung<br /></span> + <span class="i2">That proud banner, which, with + care,<br /></span> <span class="i2">Had been + consecrated there;<br /></span> <span class="i0">And + the nuns' sweet hymn was heard the while,<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Sung low in the dim, mysterious + aisle.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>But the Moravians know nothing of chancels, tapers, cowled + heads, censers, altars or nuns. Their faith has always been the + simplest Protestantism, their churches are precisely such as + Methodists or Baptists use, and their ritual is plainer than + that of the most "evangelical" Episcopal parish. Their "single + sisters' houses," "widows' houses" and "single brethren's + houses"—the last long disused—are simply + arrangements for social convenience or co-operative + housekeeping. Mr. Longfellow's poetic description applies to + the Moravian ceremonial no more accurately than to a + Congregational prayer-meeting or a Methodist "love-feast."</p> + + <p><a name="MORAVIAN_CEMETERY" + id="MORAVIAN_CEMETERY"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0068.jpg"><img src="images/0068-tb.jpg" + alt="THE MORAVIAN CEMETERY, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA." + title="THE MORAVIAN CEMETERY, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA." /> + </a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>THE MORAVIAN CEMETERY, BETHLEHEM, + PENNSYLVANIA.</p> + + <p>Beside the deep and silent waters of the James River in + Virginia, undisturbed by any sound save the flight of birds and + the rustle of leaves, stands all that is left of the first + church building erected by Englishmen in America. A good part + of the tower remains, the arched doorways being still intact, + and it seems a pitiable misfortune that the honestly-laid + bricks of the venerable building could not have come down to + our day. But, as it is, this ancient square block of brick + forms our one pre-eminent American ruin. Nothing could be a + more solemn monument of the past than the lonely tower, + surrounded by thick branches and underbrush and looking down + upon the few crumbling gravestones still left at its base. + Jamestown, long abandoned as a village, has now become an + island, the action of the waters having at last denied it the + remaining solace of connection with the mainland of the Old + Dominion, of whose broad acres it was once the chief town and + the seat of government—the forerunner of all that came to + America at the hands of English settlers.</p> + + <p>In the slumberous old city of Williamsburg, three miles from + Jamestown, stands the Bruton parish church, two hundred and two + years old, and still the home of a parish of sixty + communicants. Built of brick, with small-paned windows and + wooden tower, its walls have listened to the eloquence of the + learned presidents of the neighboring William and Mary College, + and its floor has been honored by the stately tread of many a + colonial governor, member of the legislature or Revolutionary + patriot; for Williamsburg was the capital and centre of + Virginia until the end of the eighteenth century, and shared + whatever Virginia possessed of political or personal renown. + Washington, of course, was more than once an attendant at + Bruton Church, and so were Jefferson and Patrick Henry and an + honorable host. In the church and in the chapel of William and + Mary College—which the ambitious colonists used to think + a little Westminster Abbey—was the religious home of a + good share of what was stateliest or most honorable in the + early colonial life of the South.</p> + + <p>Other old churches still dot the Virginia soil—St. + John's, Richmond; Pohick Church, Westmoreland county; Christ + Church, Lancaster county; St. Anne's, Isle of Wight county. + Their antiquities, and those of other ancient sanctuaries of + the Old Dominion, have been painstakingly set forth by Bishop + Meade and other zealous chroniclers, and their attractiveness + is increased, in most cases—as at Jamestown—by the + loneliness of their surroundings. Another old church, left in + the midst of sweet country sights and gentle country sounds, is + St. James's, Goose Creek, South Carolina. St. Michael's and St. + Philip's at Charleston in the same State have heard the roar of + hostile cannon, but have come forth unscathed. The demolished + Brattle Street Church in Boston was not the only one of our + sacred edifices to be wounded by cannonballs, for the exigences + of the fight more than once, during the Revolution and the + civil war, brought flame and destruction within the altar-rails + of churches North and South.</p> + + <p>The growth of the Roman Catholic Church in America has been + so recent that it can show but few historical landmarks. The + time-honored cathedral at St. Augustine, Florida, and the + magnificent ruin of the San José Mission near San Antonio, + Texas, and one or two weather-stained little chapels in the + North-west, are nearly all the churches that bring to us the + story of the priestly work of the Roman ecclesiastics during + the colonial days.</p> + + <p>We have no State Church, and the different Presidents have + made a wide variety of choice in selecting their places of + worship in Washington. St. John's, just opposite the White + House, has been the convenient Sunday home of some of them: + others have followed their convictions in Methodist, + Presbyterian, Unitarian and other churches. But the city of + Washington is itself too young to be able to boast any very + ancient associations in its churches, and few of its temples + have been permitted to record the names of famous occupants + during a series of years. Our whole country, indeed, is a land + of many denominations and a somewhat wandering population; and + older cities than Washington have found one church famous for + one event in its history, and another for another, rather than, + in any single building, a series of notable occurrences running + through the centuries. The nearest approach to the record of a + succession of worthies occupying the same church-seats year + after year is to be found in the chronicles of our oldest + college-chapels, as, for instance, at Dartmouth, where the + building containing the still-used chapel dates from 1786. But + though poverty and custom unite in making our colleges + conservative, their growth in numbers demands, from time to + time, new and more generous accommodations for public worship; + and so the little buildings of an earlier day are either torn + down or kept for other and more ignoble uses, like Holden + Chapel at Harvard. This quaint little structure was built in + 1744, and is now used for recitation-rooms, but at one period + in its career it served as the workshop of the college + carpenter.</p> + + <p><a name="RUINS_OF_THE_OLD_CHURCH_TOWER" + id="RUINS_OF_THE_OLD_CHURCH_TOWER"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/0071.jpg"><img src="images/0071-tb.jpg" + alt="RUINS OF THE OLD CHURCH-TOWER, JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA." + title="RUINS OF THE OLD CHURCH-TOWER, JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA." /> + </a> + </div> + + <p class='center'>RUINS OF THE OLD CHURCH-TOWER, JAMESTOWN, + VIRGINIA.</p> + + <p>In the years since our grandfathers built their places of + worship we have seen strange changes in American church + buildings—changes in material, location and adaptation to + ritual uses. We have had a revival of pagan temple-building in + wood and stucco; we have seen Gothic cathedrals copied for the + simplest Protestant uses, until humorists have suggested that + congregations might find it cheaper to change their religion + than their unsuitable new churches; we have ranged from four + plain brick walls to vast and costly piles of marble or + greenstone; we have constructed great audience-rooms for Sunday + school uses alone, and have equipped the sanctuary with all + culinary attachments; we have built parish-houses whose comfort + the best-kept mediæval monk might envy, and we have put up + evangelistic tabernacles only to find the most noted + evangelists preferring to work in regular church edifices + rather than in places of easy resort by the thoughtless crowd + of wonder-seekers. But not all these doings have been foolish + or mistaken: some of them have been most hopeful signs, and the + next century will find excellent work in the church-building of + our day. The Gothic and Queen Anne revivals, at their best, + have promoted even more than the old-time honesty in the use of + sound and sincere building-material; and not a few of our newer + churches prove that our ecclesiastical architects have + something more to show than experiments in fanciful "revivals" + that are such only in name. We shall continue to do well so + long as we worthily perpetuate the best material lesson taught + by our grandfathers' temples—the lesson of downright + honesty of construction and of a union between the spirit of + worship and its local habitation.</p> + + <p class='author'>CHARLES F. RICHARDSON.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2> + <a name="WILL_DEMOCRACY_TOLERATE_A_PERMANENT_CLASS_OF_NATIONAL_OFFICE_HOLDERS" + id="WILL_DEMOCRACY_TOLERATE_A_PERMANENT_CLASS_OF_NATIONAL_OFFICE_HOLDERS"> + </a>WILL DEMOCRACY TOLERATE A PERMANENT CLASS OF NATIONAL + OFFICE HOLDERS?</h2> + + <p>It is no doubt a public misfortune that so much of that + thoughtful patriotism which, both on account of its culture and + its independence, must always be valuable to the country, + should have been wasted, for some time past, upon what are + apparently narrow and unpractical, if not radically unsound, + propositions of reform in the civil service. There is + unquestionably need of reform in that direction: it would be + too much to presume that in the generally imperfect state of + man his methods of civil government would attain perfection; + but it must be questioned whether the subject has been + approached from the right direction and upon the side of the + popular sympathy and understanding. At this time propositions + of civil-service reform have not even the recognition, much + less the comprehension, of the mass of the people. Their + importance, their limitations, their possibilities, have never + been demonstrated: no commanding intellectual authority has + ever taken up the subject and worked it out before the eyes of + the people as a problem of our national politics. It remains a + question of the closet, a merely speculative proposition as to + the science of government.</p> + + <p>What, then, are the metes and bounds of this reform? How + much is demanded? How much is practicable?</p> + + <p>Not attempting a full answer to all of these questions, and + intending no dogmatic treatment of any, let us give them a + brief consideration from the point of view afforded by the + democratic system upon which the whole political fabric of the + United States is established. We are to look at <i>our</i> + civil-service reform from that side. Whatever in it may be + feasible, that much must be a work in accord with the popular + feeling. It may be set down at the outset, as the first + principle of the problem, that any practicable plan of + organizing the public service of the United States must not + only be founded upon the general consent of the people, but + must also have, in its actual operation, their continual, easy + and direct participation. Any scheme, no matter by what + thoughtful patriot suggested, no matter upon what model shaped, + no matter from what experience of other countries deduced, + which does not possess these essential features can never be + worth the serious attention of any one who expects to + accomplish practical and enduring results.</p> + + <p>(Possibly this may seem dogmatic, to begin with; but if we + agree to treat the question as one in democratic politics, the + principle stated becomes perfectly apparent.)</p> + + <p>It must be fair, then, and for the purposes of this article + not premature, to point out that the measure which is + especially known as "civil-service reform," and which has been + occasionally recognized in the party platforms along with other + generalities, is one whose essence is <i>the creation of a + permanent office-holding class</i>. Substantially, this is what + it amounts to. A man looking forward to a place in the public + service is to regard it as a life occupation, the same as if he + should study for a professional career or learn a mechanical + trade. Once in office, after a "competitive examination" or + otherwise, he will expect to stay in: he will hold, as the + Federal judges do, by a life-tenure, "during good behavior." + This is now substantially the system of Great Britain, which, + in the judgment of Mr. Dorman B. Eaton, is so much better than + our own as to actually reduce the rate of criminality in that + country, and which, he declares, only political baseness can + prevent us from imitating. A change of administration there, + Mr. Eaton adds, only affects a few scores of persons occupying + the highest positions: the great mass of the officials live and + die in their places, indifferent to the fluctuation of + parliamentary majorities or the rise and fall of + ministries.</p> + + <p>We must ask ourselves does this system accord with American + democracy?</p> + + <p>A little more than half a century has passed since John + Quincy Adams, unquestionably the best trained and most + experienced American administrator who ever sat in the + Presidency, undertook to establish in the United States almost + precisely the same system as that which Great Britain now has. + Admission to the places was not, it is true, by means of + competitive examination, but the feature—the essential + feature—of permanent tenure was present in his plan. Mr. + Adams took the government from Mr. Monroe without considering + any change needful: his Cabinet advisers even included three of + those who had been in the Cabinet of his predecessor, and these + he retained to the end, though at least one of the three, he + thought, had ceased to be either friendly or faithful to him. + Retaining the old officers, and reappointing them if their + commissions expired, selecting new ones, in the comparatively + rare cases of death, resignation or ascertained delinquency, + upon considerations chiefly relating to their personal + capabilities for the vacant places, Mr. Adams was patiently and + faithfully engaged during the four years of his Presidency in + establishing almost the precise reform of the national service + which has been in recent times so strenuously urged upon us as + the one great need of the nation—the administrative + purification which, if effectually performed, would prove that + our system of government was fit to continue in existence. Mr. + Adams's plan did, indeed, seem excellent. It commanded the + respect of honest but busy citizens absorbed in their private + affairs and desirous that the government might be fixed, once + for all, in settled grooves, so that its functions would + proceed like the steady progress of the seasons. It was an + attempt to run the government, as has been sometimes said, "on + business principles." The President was to proceed, and did + proceed, as if he had in charge some great estate which he was + to manage and direct as a faithful and exact trustee. This, no + one can deny, had the superficial look of most admirable + administration.</p> + + <p>But President Adams had left out of account largely what we + are compelled to sedulously consider—public opinion. He + had acquired most of his experience abroad, and his principal + service at home, as Secretary of State, had been in a + remarkably quiet time, when party movements were neither ebbing + nor flowing, so that he had forgotten how strong and vigorous + the democratic feeling was amongst the population of these + States. This is a forgetfulness to which all men are liable who + long occupy official position, and who seldom have to submit + themselves to that severe and rude competitive examination + which the plan of popular elections establishes. Unfortunately + for him, he was not responsible to a court of chancery for the + management of his trust, but to a tribunal composed of a + multitude of judges. His accounts were to be passed upon not by + one learned and conservative auditor guided by familiar + precedents and rules of law, but a great, tumultuous popular + assembly, which would approve or disapprove by a majority vote. + When, therefore, it appeared to the people that he was forming + a body of permanent office-holders—was recruiting a civil + army to occupy in perpetuity the offices which they, the mass, + had created and were taxed to pay for—the fierce, and in + many respects scandalous, partisan assault which Jackson + represented, if he did not direct, gathered overwhelming force. + It seemed to the popular view that a narrow, an exclusive, an + aristocratic system was being formed. The President appeared to + be, while honestly and carefully preserving their trust from + waste or loss, committing it to a control independent of + them—an official body which, having a permanent tenure, + would be altogether indifferent to their varying desires. Such + a scheme of government was therefore no more than an attempt to + stand the pyramid on its apex: Mr. Adams's administration, + supported chiefly by those whose aspirations were for an honest + and capable bureaucracy, and who could not or would not face + the rude questionings of democracy, ended with his first four + years, and went out in such a whirlwind of partisan opposition + as brought in, by reaction, the infamous "spoils system" that + at the end of half a century we are but partially recovered + from.</p> + + <p>To designate more particularly the great fact which had been + disregarded in this notable experiment of fifty years ago, and + which is apparently not sufficiently considered in the measures + of reform that have been more recently pressed upon us, we may + declare that the government of the United States is, as yet, + the direct outcome of what may be called <i>the political + activity of the people</i>. Whether or not, having read + history, we must anticipate a time here when the many, weary of + preserving their own liberties, will resign their power to a + few, it is certain that no such inclination yet appears. The + government is the product of the public mind and will when + these are moved with reference to the subject. It is created + freshly at short intervals, and the manner of the creation is + seldom languid or careless, but usually earnest, intense and + heated. Upon this point there has no doubt been much + misapprehension. As it has happened—perhaps rather + oddly—that those of our thoughtful patriots whose + warnings and appeals have reached public notice have had their + experiences mostly in city life, surrounded by the peculiar + conditions which exist there, the conclusions they have drawn + in some respects are applicable only to their own surroundings. + They have discovered persons who had forgotten or did not + believe that liberty could be bought only with the one currency + of eternal vigilance, and coupled with these others who were + too busy to attend to the active processes by which the + government is from time to time renewed; and they have + concluded, with fatal inaccuracy of judgment, that this + exceptional disposition of a small number of persons was a type + of the whole population. Nothing could be more absurdly untrue. + Outside of a very limited circle no such political fatigue + exists. The people generally are deeply interested in public + affairs and willing to attend to their own public duties. Their + concern in regard to measures, methods and candidates is seldom + laid aside. The <i>political activity</i> to which we have + called attention thus at some length is earnest, persistent and + exacting.</p> + + <p>It will be useful for the reformer of the civil service to + give some study to the manifestations of this activity. He will + find it one of the most marked and characteristic features in + the life of the American people. If he will take the pains to + examine the civil organization of the country, he will find + that its roots run to every stratum of society. The number of + persons interested in politics, not as a speculative subject, + but as a practical and personal one, is wonderfully great. + Thus, in most of the States there exists that modification of + the ancient Saxon system of local action by + "hundreds"—the township organization. This alone carries + a healthy political movement into the farthest nook and corner + of the body politic: every citizen of common sense may well be + consulted in this primary activity, and every household may be + interested in the question whether its results are good or bad. + But besides this, simple and slightly compensated as are the + positions belonging to the township, there are in every + community many willing to fill them. To be a supervisor of the + roads,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" + id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" + class="fnanchor">[1]</a> to be township constable and + collector of the taxes, to audit the township accounts, to + be a member of the school board, to be a justice of the + peace, is an inclination—it may be a + desire—entertained by many citizens; and if the + ambition may seem to be a narrow one, its modesty does not + make it unworthy or discreditable. But these men alone, + active in the politics of townships, form a surprising + array. If we consider that in Pennsylvania there are + sixty-seven counties, with an average of say forty townships + in each, here are twenty-six hundred and eighty townships, + having each not less than ten officials, and making nearly + twenty-seven thousand persons actually on duty at one time + in a single State in this fundamental branch of the service. + And if we estimate that besides those who are in office at + least two persons are inclined and willing, if not actually + desirous, to occupy the place now filled by each one—a + very moderate calculation—we multiply twenty-six + thousand eight hundred by three, and have over eighty + thousand persons whose minds are quick and active in local + politics on this one account. But we may proceed further. + There are the cities and boroughs, their official business + more complex and laborious, and in most cases receiving much + higher compensation. The competition for these is in many + instances very great: in the case of large cities we need + not waste words in elaborating the fact. It is difficult to + estimate the number of persons to whom the municipal + corporations give place and pay compensation in the State of + Pennsylvania, but five thousand is not an extravagant + surmise, while it would be equally reasonable to presume + that for each place occupied at least three others would be + willing to fill it, so that on this account we may make a + total of twenty thousand. But there are also the county + offices. Besides the judicial positions, altogether + honorable, held by long terms of election and receiving + liberal compensation, there are in each county an average of + fifteen other officials, making in the State, in round + numbers, one thousand. These, again, may be multiplied by + four: there are certainly three waiting aspirants for each + place. But ascend now to the State system, with its several + executive departments, the legislature, the charitable and + penal institutions and the appointments in the gift of the + governor. Great and small, these may reach one thousand (the + Legislature alone, with its officers and employés, accounts + for over three hundred), and certainly there are at least + five persons looking toward each of the several places.</p> + + <p>Upon such an estimate, then, of the political activities of + one State we have such a showing as this:</p> + + <div class='center'> + <table border="0" + cellpadding="4" + cellspacing="0" + summary="Citizens politically active"> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Citizens</td> + + <td align='left'>politically</td> + + <td align='left'>active</td> + + <td align='center'>as</td> + + <td align='left'>to</td> + + <td align='left'>townships,</td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='right'>80,000</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>cities</td> + + <td align='left'>and</td> + + <td align='center'>boroughs</td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='right'>20,000</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>counties</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='right'>4,000</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>the</td> + + <td align='left'>State,</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='right'>5,000</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='right'>-------</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='left'>Making</td> + + <td align='left'>a</td> + + <td align='center'>total</td> + + <td align='center'>of</td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='right'>109,000</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + + <p>Some allowance should be made, no doubt, for persons whose + inclinations for position cover all the different + fields—who may be said to be watching several holes. But + we have not considered how many citizens of Pennsylvania are + inclined to national positions—the Presidency, seats in + Congress or some of the numerous places in the general service + of the Federal government. These two classes, it is probable, + would offset each other.</p> + + <p>Subtracting, however, the odd thousands from the total + stated, we may fix at one hundred thousand the number of + citizens in the one State who, by reason of occupying some + position of public duty or of being inclined to fill one, are + actively interested in the subject of politics. This is almost + exactly one-seventh of the whole number of voters in the State: + it presents the fact that in every group of seven citizens + there is one, presumably of more than the average in capacity + and intelligence, whose mind is quick and sensitive to every + question affecting political organization. We are brought thus + to the same point which we reached by an observation of the + township system—the fact that every part of society is + permeated by the general political circulation. It is like the + human organism: nerves and blood-vessels extend, with size and + capacity proportioned for their work, to the most remote + extremity, and the whole is alive.</p> + + <p>Let us, however, guard strictly, at this point, against a + possible misconception. It is not to be understood that these + one hundred thousand citizens are simply "office-seekers," + using the ordinary and offensive sense of the term. The + activity in affairs which we describe is distinct from a sordid + desire to grab the emoluments of office. The vast majority of + the places, including all those in the townships—which, + with the aspirants to them, make four-fifths of the + whole—are either without any pay at all or have an amount + so small as to be beneath our consideration. But a small part + of the offices which we have enumerated carry emoluments + sufficient to furnish a living for the most economical + incumbent. The inspiration of the political interest evidenced + by this one-seventh part of the citizenship is not an unworthy + one at all: on the contrary, it is that essential democratic + inclination without which our form of government must quickly + stagnate. It would be foolish to say that no selfish motive + enters into this tremendous manifestation of energy and effort + (until humanity assumes a higher form the moving power of the + mercenary principle must be very great), but it is fair and it + is accurate to ascribe to the men in affairs a much loftier and + more honorable impulse—the aspiration to share in the + conduct of their own government, the unwillingness to be + ignored or excluded in the administration of what is + universally denominated a common trust. That they enjoy, if + they do not covet, such pecuniary advantage as their places + bring is reasonable, but it is true, to their credit, that they + do appreciate more than this the honor that attaches to the + public station and the pleasure which may be experienced in the + discharge of its conspicuous duties.</p> + + <p>Let us presume that even this imperfect study of the + political activities of a single State may present some + conception of the tremendous force and energy that go to the + making, year by year, of the various branches of our + government. Certainly, any student of this field may accept + with respect the admonition that there is no languor, no + fatigue, no feeling of genteel disgust with politics, in what + has thus been presented him. If, then, his plan of + reorganization for the civil service is intended to be set up + without consulting the popular inclination, or possibly even in + opposition to it, he may well stand hesitant as to his + likelihood of success. The question may confront him at once: + Is the organization of a permanent official class in the + administration of the general government likely to accord with + the desires of the people? And we may add, Is it consistent + with the general character of our form of government? Is it not + attended by conclusive objections?</p> + + <p>It is not the purpose of this article to attempt answering + these questions fully. We do not propose to throw ourselves + across the path of those undoubtedly sincere, and probably + wise, students of this subject who have arrived at the positive + conclusion that to establish a permanent tenure for the great + body of the national office-holders, and to appoint to + vacancies among them upon the tests of a competitive or other + examination, is the panacea for all our public disorders, the + regenerative process which will lift our whole system into a + higher and purer atmosphere. We do not say that these gentlemen + may not be right, but we are willing to examine the + subject.</p> + + <p>Upon viewing, then, the tremendous popular activity in local + and State affairs—and we must reflect that there is "more + politics to the square foot" in some of the newer States than + there is in Pennsylvania—the inquiry is natural whether + this stops short of all national politics. Certainly it does + not. The offices in the general government, though their + importance and their influence are usually overestimated, are a + great object of attention with the whole country. The vehement + democratic movement toward them that marked the time of Jackson + is still apparent, though it proceeds with diminished force and + is regulated and tempered by the strong protest which has been + made against the scandals of the "spoils system," and against + the theory that government by parties must be a continual + struggle for plunder. It is noticeable that no administration + has ever really attempted the formation of an irremovable body + of officials. No party has ever yet explicitly declared itself + in favor of such a policy. No actual leader of any party, + bearing the responsibility of its success or failure in the + elections, has ever yet sincerely and persistently advocated + the measure. None wish to undertake so tremendous a task. He + would indeed be a powerful orator who could carry a popular + gathering with him in favor of the proposition that hereafter + the holding of office was to be made more exclusive—that + the people were to put away from themselves, by a renunciation + of their own powers, the expectancy of occupying a great part + of the public places. Rare as may be the persuasive ability of + the true stump-orator, and serene as his confidence may be in + his powers, there would be but few volunteers to enter a + campaign upon such a platform as that. It would be a forlorn + hope indeed.</p> + + <p>The view of the people undoubtedly is (1) that the public + places are common property; (2) that any one may aspire to fill + them; and (3) that the elevation to them is properly the direct + or nearly direct result of election. The elective principle is + democratic. It has been, since the beginning of the government, + steadily consuming all other methods of making public officers. + In most States the appointing power of the governor, which + years ago was usually large, has been stripped to the + uttermost. It is thirty years in Pennsylvania since even the + judiciary became elective by the people. And in those + States—of which Delaware furnishes an example—where + most of the county officers are still the appointees of the + governor, the tendency to control his action by a display of + the popular wish—such an array of petitions, etc. as + amounts to a polling of votes—is unmistakable. The + governor is moved, obviously, by the people. And if to some + this general tendency toward the elective idea seems dangerous, + it must be answered that it is not really so if the people are + in fact capable of self-government. Conceding this as the + foundation of our system, we cannot, at this point and that, + expect to interpose a guardianship over their expression.</p> + + <p>To the permanency of tenure it is that we have given, and + expect will generally be given, most attention. This is the + essence of the proposed "reform." The manner of selecting new + appointees is of no great consequence if the vacancies are to + occur so seldom as must be the case where incumbents hold for + life. Whether the new recruits come in upon the certificates of + a board of examiners, such as the British Civil-Service + Commission, or upon the scrutiny of the Executive and his + advisers, as now, is a consideration of minor importance. It is + the idea of an official class, an order of office-holders, + which appears to throw itself across the path of the democratic + activity which we have attempted to describe. This is the point + of conflict—if any. We might, it is true, take many + measures to ensure the colorless and harmless character of the + system. Up to a recent time the government clerks in England + were deprived of the suffrage, in order that they might be + perfectly indifferent to politics. It is probable that in time + our own officials would lose the ordinary instincts of a + democratic citizenship, and would regard with coldness, if not + contempt, the activities that lead to a renewal of the + government. But however smoothly they might move in the + pursuance of their clerical routine, however faultless they + might become in their round of prescribed duties, would they + not still obstruct the public purpose? Would not even this + emasculate order of placemen, standing apart a sacrificed + though favored class, still present themselves as unpardonable + offenders? When it should be discovered that they claimed the + possession in perpetuity of the offices in the national + government, and had organized themselves as a standing army of + placemen, can it be believed that they would not be swept aside + by the same iconoclastic onset which ended the Adams + administration?</p> + + <p>We do not pause here to represent the apparent inconsistency + of desiring to de-citizenize a large number of intelligent + members of the community, or the risk of creating a class in + the republic forbidden to take any active interest in the + renewals of its organization, or the impolicy of diminishing + the force and courage of the popular will in its grapple with + the problem of self-government; but all these comments may + suggest themselves.</p> + + <p>Popular expectancy, it may fairly be declared, follows all + the stations of public life with a jealous if not an eager eye. + There is abundant evidence of this in the county and township + systems. Taking, for example, the administration of county + affairs in any of the States, it will be found that the + officers, by a rule that seems generally satisfactory, hold + during short terms, and are seldom re-elected immediately to + the same place. The rule is rotation—giving a large + number of persons their "turn"—and changes are regularly + made. A man disappointed this year for a particular place waits + until the time comes to fill it again, and in many counties, + other things being about equal, the fact that he has waited + patiently and now presents the oldest claim governs the + selection. The antipathy to one who seeks to hold on to his + place beyond the ordinary term—the dislike for a grabber + who desires more than is usually assigned—is a perfectly + well-known feature in politics. The county system of + Pennsylvania will afford abundant proof of the statements here + made: the terms of the officers, who are all elective, do not + average more than four years, even including such + court-officials as the clerks and prothonotaries, whose duties + are in some particulars technical and difficult, requiring an + acquaintance with the forms of legal procedure. But it is + further true that in the States where county officers are + appointed by the governor no protracted tenure results. On the + contrary, the pressure upon him of the public expectation + seldom permits the reappointment of an officer whose commission + is expiring.</p> + + <p>With this rule of change, primary as its application is, and + within the direct comprehension and control of the people, + there does not appear to be any general discontent. It is + accepted, so far as we can discover, as a just and proper + system by which an equality of claims upon the common favor is + maintained. It is reasonable to presume, therefore, that + amongst a people fairly acquainted with their own business, and + possessing a fair education both of the schools and of + experience in life, many persons in every community are + competent to serve as its officials. At any rate, in the midst + of these usages we discover no demand that the terms of office + be made permanent, and that the place-holders be put beyond the + reach of a removal. There is no apparent realization that such + a "reform" is demanded; and if it be difficult, as has been + stated, to awaken popular enthusiasm in behalf of a permanent + tenure in the national civil service, there seems to be nothing + in the rules of primary politics to help smooth the way.</p> + + <p>It may be asked now whether it is not almost certainly true + that some sound principle lies in the methods which an + intelligent community, unrestrained by ancient conventional + ideas or repressive systems of law, applies to its own + political organization. Is not this instinctive democratic plan + an essential principle of a government founded upon equal + rights? <i>Is it not a law of Change which characterizes the + civil service of a democracy, and not a law of + Permanence?</i></p> + + <p>We can hardly doubt that the facts which have been stated + concerning the disposition of the people toward the offices in + their government are capable of a philosophical explanation; + and as they proceed with evident freedom and naturalness from + the very bosom of communities accustomed to independent thought + and action, the conclusion is irresistible that this is the + temper and the tendency of a free government. Startling as it + may be to propose change rather than permanency in the civil + service, that may prove to be best adapted to our wants. + Consciously or not, such a rule has been established by the + people themselves; and while it has scarcely found a formal + presentation, much less had careful examination and argument, + there can be little doubt that such a principle, substantially + as we have described, lies close to the hearts of the people. + The right of election, the idea that public officers should be + elective, and the expectation that there will be a rotation of + duties and honors, are popular principles which are + unmistakable.</p> + + <p>Apart from the consideration that whatever is fundamental in + popular government, whatever tends to the preservation of + individual freedom and equality of rights, must be a safe + principle, there could be much said from the most practical + stand-point in favor of rotation in office. All human + experience proves the usefulness of change. Rest is the next + thing to rust. In physics things without motion are usually + things without life; and in government it is the bureaus least + disturbed by change that are most stagnated and most + circumlocutory. The apparent misfortune of having men + experienced in public affairs make way, at intervals, for + others of less experience is itself greatly exaggerated. There + are facts so important in compensation that the assumed evil + becomes one of very moderate proportions. For it will be seen + upon careful observation that no important function of the + government, not even in the national service, calls for a + character or qualification—sometimes, but rarely, for any + sort of special or technical skill—which is not being + continually formed and trained either in the movements of + private life and business experience or in the political + schools which are furnished by the State, the county and the + township. The functions of the government are substantially the + guardianship of the same interests for which the State, the + county, the township and the individual exercise concern. + Government has lost its mystery: even diplomacy has somewhat + changed from lying and chicanery to common-sense dealing. The + qualities that are required in the government—industry, + economy, integrity, knowledge of men and affairs—are + precisely those which are of value to every individual citizen, + and which are taught day by day everywhere—to the lads in + school and college and to the men in their occupations of life. + Such qualities a community fit to govern itself must abundantly + possess. There is nothing occult in the science of government. + The administration in behalf of the people of the organization + which they have ordered is nothing foreign to their own + knowledge. They have ceased to consider themselves unfit for + self-rule: they no longer think of calling in from other worlds + a different order of beings to govern them.</p> + + <p>We may accept without fear principles which seem startling, + but which are proved to be rooted in democratic ground, so long + as we have faith in the democratic system itself. There is no + road open for the doubter and questioner of popular rights but + that which leads back to abandoned ground. We may proceed, + then, with an attempt to explain the philosophy of the rule of + Change. Shall it not be stated thus:</p> + + <p><i>That, due regard being had to the preservation of + simplicity and economy—forbidding thus the needless + increase of offices and expenses—it is then true that the + active participation by the largest number of persons in the + practical administration of their own government is an object + highly to be desired in every democratic republic.</i></p> + + <p>The government must be the highest school of affairs. Shall + it be declared that to study there and to have its diploma is + not desirable for all? Is it not perfectly evident that the + more who can learn to actually discharge the duties belonging + to their own social organization, the better for them and the + better for it?</p> + + <p>All these propositions necessarily imply the existence of an + intelligent and patriotic people, at least of such a majority. + So always does every plan of popular government. Whatever of + disappointment presents itself to the author of any scheme of + "reform," upon finding that he has constructed a system which + is ridden down by the political activity of the people, he must + blame the plan upon which our fabric is built. If he is + chagrined to find that his <i>imperium in imperio</i> is not + practicable, and that nothing can make here a power stronger + than the source of power, he must solace his hurt feelings with + the reflection that the system was never adapted to his + contrivance, and that our fathers, when in the beginning they + resolved to establish a government by the people, gave consent + thereby to all the apparent risks and inconveniences of having + the people continually minding their own affairs.</p> + + <p>With a just comprehension of the democratic forces that give + motion and life to the governmental system of the United + States, and of the manner in which they affect the public + service in all its departments, the wise advocate of reform + must approach his work. His patriotism and thoughtfulness are + both necessary. To proceed against the democratic law is not + practicable: to establish a new system which is inconsistent + with the abundant vitality and conscious strength of that + already established is a futile proposition indeed.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="THE_PRICE_OF_SAFETY" + id="THE_PRICE_OF_SAFETY"></a>THE PRICE OF SAFETY.</h2> + + <p>Thirty-three years ago—that is, shortly before + Christmas, 1847—I went over to Paris to pass a few weeks + with my family. The great railway schemes of the two previous + years in England had broken down a good many men in our + office—draughtsmen, surveyors and so on. I wonder if the + present public recollects those days, when the <i>Times</i> + brought out double supplements to accommodate the + advertisements of railroads, when King Hudson was as much a + potentate as Queen Victoria, when Brunel and Stephenson were + autocrats, and when everybody saw a sudden chance of getting + rich by shares or damages? Those days were the beginning of + that period of prosperity of which the recent "hard times" were + the reaction. <i>Then</i> twenty guineas a night for + office-work was sometimes paid to youngsters not yet out of + their teens. In the great offices the young men worked all day + and the alternate nights to get plans ready for Parliament, + sustained by strong coffee always on the tap, till some of them + went mad with the excitement and the strain.</p> + + <p>I had worked hard both in the field and office during the + closing months of 1847, but I broke down at last, and was sent + to recover my health under the care of my family. That family + consisted of my father—a half-pay English + officer—my mother and three sisters, then living <i>au + troisième</i> in the Rue Neuve de Berri, not far from the + newly-erected Russian church, and the windows of the + <i>appartement</i> commanded a side view down the Champs + Élysées. I only needed rest and recreation, both of which my + adoring family eagerly provided me. My sisters were three + lively, simple-hearted, honest English girls, who had a large + acquaintance in Paris, and took great pride and pleasure in + introducing to it their only brother. We were not only invited + to our embassy and on visiting terms with all the English + Colony (that colony whose annals at that period are written in + <i>The Adventures of Philip</i>, and to which Thackeray's + mother and nearest relatives, like ourselves, belonged), but we + were, in virtue of some American connections, admitted to the + American embassy on the footing of semi-Americans.</p> + + <p>We enjoyed our American friends greatly. I formed the + opinion then, which I retain now, that cultivated Americans, + the top-skimming of the social cream, are some of the most + charming people to be met with in cultivated society. To all + that constitutes "nice people" everywhere they join a + <i>soupçon</i> of wild flavor which gives them individuality. + They are to society what their own wild turkeys and canvasbacks + are to the <i>menu</i>.</p> + + <p>One of my sisters, Amy, the eldest, had been ill that + winter, and was not equal to joining in the gayeties that the + others enjoyed. Her principal amusement was walking in the + Gardens of Monceaux, a private domain of King Louis Philippe in + the Batignolles, a quiet, humdrum spot, where she could set her + foot upon green turf and gravel. The streets of Paris, the + Boulevards, and the Champs Élysées were too attractive to a + pleasure-seeker like myself to allow me to content myself with + the pale attractions of Monceaux, but I went there with my + sister once or twice, because French etiquette forbade her + walking even in these quiet garden-paths alone.</p> + + <p>One day it was proposed by her that we should go again. I + could not, in common humanity, refuse, and so consented. Poor + Amy "put on her things," as our girls called it, and we + descended to the porte-cochère, intending to engage the first + passing citadine. As we stepped into the street, however, a gay + carriage with high-stepping gray horses, a chasseur with knife + and feathers, and a coachman in a modest livery on a + hammer-cloth resplendent with yellow fringes and embroideries, + drew up at our door: a pretty hand was laid upon the portière + and a voice cried, "Amy! Amy! I was coming for you."</p> + + <p>"My brother—Miss Leare," said Amy.</p> + + <p>Miss Leare bowed to me gracefully and motioned to her + chasseur to open the carriage-door. "Get in," she said. + "<i>I</i> have the carriage for two hours: what shall we do + with it? Mamma is at the dentist's.—Amy, I thought you + would enjoy a drive, and so I came for you."</p> + + <p>I helped Amy in, and was making my bow when Miss Leare + stopped me. "Come too," she said cordially: "Amy's brother + surely need not be taboo. Shall we drive to the Bois?"</p> + + <p>"I was going to Monceaux," said Amy. "Would it be quite the + thing for us to drive alone to the Bois?"</p> + + <p>"Oh-h-h!" said Miss Leare, prolonging her breath upon the + vocative.—"You see," she added, turning to me, "I am so + unprepared by previous training that I shall never become <i>au + fait</i> in French proprieties. Indeed, I hold them in great + reverence, but they seem to be for ever hedging me in; nor can + I understand the meaning of half of them. In America I was + guided by plain right and wrong.—Why shall we not outrage + etiquette, Amy, by 'going alone,' as you call it, to Monceaux? + Is it that the place is so stiff and solemn and out of the way + that we may walk there without a chaperon? I should have + thought seclusion made a place more dangerous, allowing that + there be any danger at all.—In America, Mr. Farquhar, + your escort would be enough for us, and the fact that Amy is + your sister would give a sort of double security to your + protection."</p> + + <p>"Oh, dear Miss Leare—" began Amy.</p> + + <p>"Hermie, Amy—Hermione, which is English and American + for Tasso's Erminia.—Do you like my name, Mr. Farquhar? + We have strange names in America, English people are pleased to + say.—Victor!" she went on, calling to the chasseur + without pausing for any reply, "stop at some place where they + sell candy. Mr. Farquhar will get out and buy us some."</p> + + <p>Obediently to her order, we stopped at a confectioner's. I + was directed to put my hand into the carriage-pocket, where I + should find some "loose change," kept there for candy and the + hurdy-gurdy boys. Then I was directed to go into the "store" + and choose a pound of all sorts of "mixed candy."</p> + + <p>I had not more than made myself intelligible to a young + person behind the counter when the carriage-door was opened and + both the girls came in, Miss Hermione declaring that she knew I + should be embarrassed by the multitude of "sweeties," and that + I should need their experience to know what I was about.</p> + + <p>With dawdling, laughing and good-comradeship we chose our + bonbons, and getting back into the barouche we proceeded to + crunch them as we drove on to Monceaux. It was like being + children over again, with a slight sense of being out of + bounds. I had never seen confectionery eaten wholesale in that + fashion. Such bonbons were expensive, too. Trained in the + personal economy of English middle-class life, it would never + have occurred to me to buy several francs' worth of sugar-plums + and to eat them by the handful. But as the fair American sat + before me, smiling, laughing, petting Amy and saying + fascinating impertinences to myself, I thought I had never seen + so bewitching a creature. Her frame, though <i>svelte</i> and + admirably proportioned, gave me an idea of vigor and strength + not commonly associated at that time with the girls of America. + Her complexion, too, was healthy: she was not so highly colored + as an English country girl, but her skin was bright and clear. + Her face was a perfect oval, her hair glossy and dark, her eyes + expressive hazel. Her points were all good: her ears, her + hands, her feet, her upper lip and nostrils showed blood, and + the daintiness and taste of her rich dress seemed to denote her + good taste and fine breeding. My sisters, could not tie their + bonnet-strings as she tied hers, nor were their dresses + anything like hers in freshness, fit or daintiness of + trimming.</p> + + <p>We alighted at last at old Monceaux, and walked about its + solemn alleys. Sometimes Miss Leare talked sense, and talked it + well. Those were exciting days in Paris. It was February, 1848, + and a great crisis was nearer at hand in politics than we + suspected; besides which there had been several events in + private life which had increased the general excitement of the + period—notably the murder of Marshal Sebastiani's + daughter, the poor duchesse de Praslin. Hermione could talk of + these things with great spirit, but sometimes relapsed into her + grown-up childishness. She talked, too, with animation of the + freedom and happiness of her American girlhood. My sister Amy + had always taken life <i>au grand sérieux</i>; Ellen was a + little too prompt to flirt with officers and gay young men, and + needed repression; Lætitia went in for book-learning, and + measured every one by what she called their "educational + opportunities." My sisters were as different as possible from + this butterfly creature, who seemed to sip interest and + amusement out of everything.</p> + + <p>At the end of two hours we drove back to Mrs. Leare's hôtel, + which was opposite our own apartment in the Rue Neuve de Berri, + the hôtel that a few weeks later was occupied by Prince Jerome. + Here Hermione insisted upon our coming in while the carriage + drove to the dentist's for her mother.</p> + + <p>The reception-rooms in Mrs. Leare's hôtel were very showy. + They were filled with buhl and knick-knacks gathered on all + parts of the Continent, and lavishly displayed, not always in + good keeping. A little sister, Claribel, came running up to us + when we entered, and clung fondly to Hermione, who sat down at + the Erard grand piano and sang to us, without suggestion, a gay + little French song. She was taking lessons, Amy afterward told + me, of the master most in vogue in Paris and of all others the + most expensive. Amy, who could sing well herself, disparaged + Hermione's voice to me, and sighed as she thought of the waste + of those inestimable lessons.</p> + + <p>Then Miss Hermione lifted the top of an ormolu box on the + chimney-piece of a boudoir and showed Amy and me, under the + rose as it were, some cigarettes, with a laugh. "Mamma's," she + said: "she has a <i>faiblesse</i> that way."</p> + + <p>"Oh, Hermione! you don't?" cried Amy.</p> + + <p>"No, <i>I</i> don't," said Hermione more gravely.</p> + + <p>I was so amused by her, so fascinated, so completely at my + ease with her, that I could have stayed on without taking note + of time had not Amy remembered that it was our dinner-hour. We + took our leave, and met Mrs. Leare on the staircase ascending + to her apartment. She greeted Amy with as much effusion as was + compatible with her ideas of fashion, and said she was "right + glad" to hear we had been passing the morning with + Hermione.</p> + + <p>"I wish you would come very often. I like her to see English + girls: you do her so much good, Amy.—Mr. Farquhar, we + shall hope to see you often too. I have a little reception here + every Sunday evening."</p> + + <p>With that she continued her course up stairs, and we + descended to the porte-cochère.</p> + + <p>She was a faded woman, "dressed to death," as Amy phrased + it, and none of my people had a good word for her.</p> + + <p>"The Leares are rolling in riches, I believe," remarked my + father, "and an American who is rich has no hereditary + obligations to absorb his wealth, so that it becomes all + 'spending-money,' as Miss Hermione says. The head of the + family—King Leare I call him—stays at home in some + sort of a counting-room in New York and makes money, giving + Mrs. Leare and Miss Hermione <i>carte blanche</i> to spend it + on any follies they please. I never heard anything exactly + wrong concerning Mrs. Leare, but she does not seem to me the + woman to be trusted with that very nice young daughter. I feel + great pity for Miss Leare."</p> + + <p>"Miss Leare has plenty of sense and character," said my + mother: "I do not think her mother's queer surroundings seem to + affect her in any way. She moves among the Frenchmen, Poles and + Italians of her mother's court like that lady + Shakespeare—or was it Spenser?—wrote about among + the fauns and satyrs. With all her American freedom she avoids + improprieties by instinct. I have no fears for her future if + she marries the right man."</p> + + <p>"Indeed, mamma," said Amy, "I wish she would keep more + strictly within the limit of the proprieties. She makes me + nervous all the time we are together."</p> + + <p>"My dear, you never heard her breathe a really unbecoming + word or saw her do an immodest thing?" said my mother + interrogatively.</p> + + <p>"Oh no, of course not," said Amy.</p> + + <p>"They say Mrs. Leare wants to marry her to that Neapolitan + marquis who is so often there," put in Ellen. "<i>On dit</i>, + she will have a <i>dot</i> of two millions of francs, or, as + they call it, half a million of dollars."</p> + + <p>"Such a rumor," I broke in, rather annoyed by this turn in + the conversation, "may well buy her the right to be a + marchioness if she will."</p> + + <p>"Indeed it won't, then," said Ellen sharply, "for she thinks + Americans should not 'fix' themselves permanently abroad. She + says she means to marry one of her own folks, as she calls her + countrymen."</p> + + <p>"She knows an infinite variety of things, and has had all + kinds of masters," sighed Lætitia: "she speaks all the + languages in Europe. I believe Americans have a peculiar + facility for pronunciation, like the Russians, and she learned + at her school in America philosophy, rhetoric, logic, Latin, + algebra, chemistry."</p> + + <p>"I wonder she should be so sweet a woman," said my father. + "She seems a good girl—I never took her for a learned + one—but her mother is a fool, and I should think her + father must be that or worse. I wonder what he can be like? It + seems to an Englishman so strange that a man should stay at + home alone for years, and suffer his wife and family to travel + all over the Continent without protection."</p> + + <p>Though my father, mother and sisters declined the Sunday + invitation of Mrs. Leare, I went to her reception. The guests + were nearly all Italians, Poles, Spaniards or Frenchmen. There + was no Englishman present, but myself, and only one or two + Americans. I felt at once how out of place my mother, the + country matron, and my father, <i>ce respectable viellard,</i> + would have been in such a circle. But Mrs. Leare's guests were + not the <i>jeunesse dorée</i> nor the dubious nobility I had + expected to meet in her <i>salon</i>. The Frenchmen among them + were all men whose names were familiar in French political + circles—men of revolutionary tendencies and of advanced + opinions. I afterward discovered they had taken advantage of + Mrs. Leare's desire to be the head of a salon to use her rooms + as a convenient rendezvous. It was safe ground on which to + simmer their revolutionary cauldron. It was seething and + bubbling that night, although neither the Leares nor myself + were aware of what was brewing. The talk was all about the + Banquets, especially the impending reform banquet in the Rue + Chaillot. The gentlemen present were not exactly conspirators: + they were for the most part political reformers, who, being cut + off from the usual modes of expressing themselves through a + recognized parliamentary opposition or by the medium of + petition, had devised a system of political banquets, some + fifty of which had already been held in the departments, and + they were now engaged in getting one up in Paris in the Twelfth + arrondissement.</p> + + <p>At that time, in a population of thirty-five millions, there + were but a quarter of a million of French voters, and as in + France all places (from that of a railroad guard to a seat on + the bench) were disposed of by the government, it was very easy + for ministers to control the legislature. A reform, really + needed in the franchise, was the object proposed to themselves + by the original heads of the Revolution of 1848, though when + they had set their ball in motion they could neither control it + nor keep up with it as it rolled downward.</p> + + <p>The prevalent idea in Mrs. Leare's salon was that the + banquet of the Rue Chaillot would go off quietly, that the + prefect of police would protest, and that the affair would then + pass into the law-courts, where it would remain until all + interest in the subject had passed away. One was sensible, + however, that there was a general feeling of excitement in the + atmosphere. Paris swarmed with troops, evidently under stricter + discipline than usual. People looked into each other's faces + interrogatively and read the daily papers with an anxious + air.</p> + + <p>Though I did not at the time fully appreciate what I saw, I + was struck by the business-like character of the men about me. + The guests, I thought, took very little notice of the lady of + the house. I did not then suspect that they were using her + hospitality for their own purposes, and that they felt secure + in her total incapacity to understand what they were doing. + She, meantime, intent on filling her reception-rooms with + celebrities and titled persons, was charmed to have collected + so many distinguished men around her.</p> + + <p>Hermione appeared bewildered, uncomfortable and restless, + like a spectator on the edge of a great crowd. "There are too + many strangers here to-night," she said: "mamma and I do not + know one half of them. They have been brought here by their + friends. To have a salon is mamma's ambition, but this is not + my idea of it. I feel as if we were out of place among these + men, who talk to each other and hardly notice us at all."</p> + + <p>We sat together and exchanged our thoughts in whispers. It + was one of those crowds that create a solitude for lovers. Not + that we talked sentiment or that we were lovers. We conversed + about the excitements of the day—of the Leste affair, in + which the king and the king's ministry were accused of + protecting dishonesty; of the Beauvallon and D'Equivilley duel + and the Praslin murder, in connection with both of which the + royal family and the ministry were popularly accused of + protecting criminals—and at last the conversation strayed + away from France to Hermione's own girlhood. She told me of her + happy country home in Maryland with her grandmother, and + sighed. I asked her if she was going to the English ball to be + given on Wednesday night at the beautiful Jardin d'Hiver in the + Champs Élysées.</p> + + <p>"I suppose so," she replied, "but I don't care for large + assemblies: I feel afraid of the men I meet. I wish your mother + could chaperon me: it would be much nicer to be with her than + with my own. Mamma understands nothing about looking after me; + she wants to have a good time herself, and I am only in her + way. Do you know, Mr. Farquhar, I have a theory that when women + have missed anything they ought to have enjoyed in early life, + they always want to go back and pick it up. Mamma had no + pleasures in her youth, no attentions, no gayety. If I am to be + chaperoned, I like the real thing. If I were at home in + Maryland, where my father came from, I should need no one to + protect me: <i>you</i> could take me to the ball."</p> + + <p>"I, Miss Hermione?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, you. You would call for me, and wait till I was ready + to come down. Then you and I would go <i>alone</i>," she added, + enjoying my look of incredulity. "It is the custom: no harm + could come of it," she added. "We would walk to our ball."</p> + + <p>"No harm in the case that you have supposed, but in some + other cases—"</p> + + <p>"You suppose a good deal," she interrupted. "You suppose a + girl without self-respect or good sense, and perhaps a man + without honor. Here, of course, things cannot be like that. + Society seems founded upon different ideas from those prevalent + with us about men and women. <i>Here</i>, I admit, a girl finds + comfort and protection and ease of mind in a good chaperon. Yet + it seemed strange to me to put on leading-strings when I came + out here: I had been used to take care of myself for so many + years."</p> + + <p>"Why, Miss Leare," I said, laughing, "you cannot have been + many years in society."</p> + + <p>"I am twenty," she said frankly, "and we came to Europe + about three years ago. But before that time I had been in + company a good deal. Not in the city, for I was not 'out,' but + in the hotels at Newport, at the Springs and in the country. In + America one has but to do what one knows is kind and right, and + no one will think evil: here one may do, without suspecting it, + so many compromising things."</p> + + <p>"Does the instinct that you speak of to be kind and right + always guide the young American lady?"</p> + + <p>"I suppose so—so far as I know. It <i>must</i>. She + walks by it, and sets her feet down firmly. Here I feel all the + time as if I were walking among traps blindfolded."</p> + + <p>The ball of the Jardin d'Hiver in the Champs Élysées was a + superb success. The immense glass-house was fitted up for + dancing, and all went merry as a marriage-bell, with a crater + about to open under our feet, as at the duchess of Richmond's + ball at Brussels.</p> + + <p>Miss Leare was there, but quiet and dignified. There was not + the smallest touch of vulgarity about her. The coarse readiness + to accept publicity which distinguishes the underbred woman, + whether in England or America, the desire to show off a foreign + emancipation from what appear ridiculous French rules, were not + in her.</p> + + <p>Yet she might have amused herself as she liked with complete + impunity, for Mrs. Leare appeared to leave her entirely alone. + I danced with her as often as she would permit me, and my heart + was no longer in my own possession when I put-her into her + carriage about dawn.</p> + + <p>Two or three days after I called, but the ladies were not + in, so that except at church at the Hôtel Marboeuf on Sunday + morning I saw nothing of Miss Hermione. Monday, February 21st, + was sunny and bright. The public excitement was such that an + unusual number of working-men were keeping their St. Crispin. + The soldiers, however, were confined to their quarters: not a + uniform was to be seen abroad. Our night had been disturbed by + the continuous rumble of carts and carriages.</p> + + <p>"Is it a fine day for the banquet?" I heard Amy say as our + maid opened her windows on Tuesday morning.</p> + + <p>"There is to be no banquet," was the answer. "<i>Voyez + done</i> the proclamation posted on the door of the barrack at + the corner of the Rue Chaillot."</p> + + <p>I sprang from my bed and looked out of my window. A strange + change had taken place in the teeming little caserne at the + corner. Instead of the usual groups of well-behaved + boy-soldiers in rough uniforms, the barrack looked deserted, + and its lower windows had been closed up to their top panes + with bags of hay and mattresses. Not a soldier, not even a + sentry, was to be seen.</p> + + <p>I dressed myself and went out to collect news. The carts + that had disturbed us during the night had been not only + employed in removing all preparations for the banquet, but in + taking every loose paving-stone out of the way. I found the + Place de la Madeleine full of people, all looking up at the + house of Odillon Barrot, asking "What next?" and "What shall we + do?" Odillon Barrot was the hero of the moment—literally + <i>of the moment</i>. In forty-eight hours from that time his + name had faded from the page of history. In the Place de la + Concorde there was more excitement, for threats were being made + to cross the bridge and to insult the Chambers. The Pont de + l'Institut, notwithstanding the efforts of the garde municipale + or mounted police, was greatly crowded. A party of dragoons, on + sorrel ponies barely fourteen hands high, rode up and began to + clear the bridge, but gently and gradually. The crowd was + retiring as fast as its numbers would permit, when some of the + municipal guard rode through the ranks of the dragoons and set + themselves, with ill-judged roughness, to accelerate the + operation. The crowd grew angry, and stones began to be thrown + at the guard and soldiers.</p> + + <p>Growing anxious for the women I had left in the Rue Neuve de + Berri, I returned home by side-streets. A crowd had collected + on the Champs Élysées about thirty yards from the corner of our + street, and was forming a barricade. All were shouting, all + gesticulating. Citadines at full speed were driving out of + reach of requisition; horses were going off disencumbered of + their vehicles; the driver of a remise was seated astride his + animal, the long flaps of his driving-coat covering it from + neck to tail; a noble elm was being hewn down by hatchets and + even common knives. An omnibus, the remise, a few barrels and + dining-tables, a dozen yards of <i>pave</i> torn up by eager + hands, a sentry-box, some benches and the tree, formed the + barricade. <i>Gamins</i> and <i>blouses</i> worked at it. The + respectables looked on and did not trouble the workers. + Suddenly there was a general stampede among them. A squadron of + about fifty dragoons charged up the Champs Élysées. One old + peasant-woman in a scanty yellow-and-black skirt, which she + twitched above her knees, led the retreat. But soon they + stopped and turned again, while the dragoons rode slowly back, + breathing their horses. Nobody was angry, for nobody had been + hurt, but they were frightened enough.</p> + + <p>At this moment, stealing from a porte-cochère where she had + taken refuge during the fright and <i>sauve gui peut</i>, came + a figure wrapped in dark drapery. Could it be possible? + Hermione Leare! In a moment I was at her side. She was very + pale and breathless, and she was glad to take my arm. "What + brings you here?" I whispered.</p> + + <p>"Our servants have all run away: they think mamma is + compromised. Victor, our chasseur, broke open mamma's secretary + and took his wages. She is almost beside herself. She wanted to + send a letter to the post, and as it is steamer-day I thought + papa had better know that thus far nothing has happened to us. + There was nobody to take the letter: I said I would put it in + the box in the Rue Ponthieu."</p> + + <p>"And did you post it?"</p> + + <p>"No: I could not get to the Rue Ponthieu. They were firing + down the street, and now I dare not."</p> + + <p>"Trust it to me, Miss Leare, and promise me to send for me + if you have any more such errands. You must never run such + risks again."</p> + + <p>"I have to be the man of the family," she answered, almost + with an apologetic air.</p> + + <p>"Do not say that again. I shall come over three times a day + while this thing lasts to see if you have any commissions."</p> + + <p>She smiled and pressed my hand as she turned into her own + porte-cochère. Frightened servants and their friends were in + the porter's lodge, who gazed after her with exclamations as + she went up the common stair.</p> + + <p>The remainder of that day passed with very little fighting. + Up to that time it had been a riot apropos of a change of + ministry, but in the night the secret societies met and flung + aside the previous question.</p> + + <p>When we awoke on Wednesday morning, February 23d, we were + struck by the strange quiet of the streets. No provisions + entered Paris through the barrier, no vehicles nor venders of + small wares. The absolute silence, save when "Mourir pour la + Patrie" sounded hoarsely in the distance, was as strange as it + was unexpected. I had always connected an insurrection with + noise. It was rumored that Guizot the Unpopular had been + dismissed, and that Count Mole, a man of half measures, had + been called to the king's councils. The affair looked to me as + if it were going to die out for want of fuel. But I was + mistaken: the blouses, who had not had one gun to a hundred the + day before, had been all night arming themselves by domiciliary + requisitions. The national guard was not believed to be + firm.</p> + + <p>The night before, an hour after I had parted with Miss + Hermione, I had made an attempt to see her and Mrs. Leare, + without any success. Not even bribery would induce the + concierge to let me in. His orders were peremptory: "<i>Pas un + seul, monsieur, personne</i>"—madame received nobody.</p> + + <p>Early on Wednesday morning I again presented myself: the + ladies were not visible. Later in the day I called again, and + was again refused. But several times Amy had seen Hermione at a + window, and they had made signs across the street to one + another. I began to understand that Mrs. Leare was overwhelmed + by the responsibility she had incurred in opening her salon to + men whom she now perceived to have been conspirators, and that + she was obstinately determined not to compromise herself + further by giving admittance to any one.</p> + + <p>Our bonne had been able to ascertain from the concierge of + the Leare house that madame was hysterical, and could hardly be + controlled by mademoiselle.</p> + + <p>I was in the streets till five o'clock on Wednesday, when, + concluding all was over, I came home, intending to make another + effort to see the Leares, and if possible to take Miss + Hermione, with Ellen and Lætitia, to view the debris of the two + days' fight—to let them get their first glimpse of real + war in the Place de la Concorde, where a regiment was littering + down its horses for the night, and a peep into the closed + gardens of the Tuileries.</p> + + <p>When I got up to our rooms I found my sisters at a window + overlooking the courtyard of Mrs. Leare's hotel, and they all + cried out with one voice, "Mrs. Leare's carriage is just ready + to drive away."</p> + + <p>I looked. A travelling-equipage stood in the courtyard. On + it the concierge was hoisting trunks, and into it was being + heaped a promiscuous variety of knick-knackery and wearing + apparel. A country postilion—who, but for his dirt, would + have looked more like a character in a comedy than a real live, + serviceable post-boy—was standing in carpet slippers + (having divested himself of his boots of office) harnessing + three undersized gray Normandy mares to an elegant + travelling-carriage.</p> + + <p>Hermione herself, Claribel her little sister, Mrs. Leare and + the old colored nurse got quickly in. Mrs. Leare was in tears, + with her head muffled in a yard or two of green <i>barège</i>, + then the distinctive mark of a travelling American woman. The + child's-nurse had long gold ear-drops and a head-dress of red + bandanna. There was not a man of any kind with them except the + postilion. The concierge opened the gates of the courtyard.</p> + + <p>"Stop! stop!" I cried, and rushed down our own staircase and + out of our front door.</p> + + <p>As I ran past their entrance a woman put a paper into my + hand. I had no time to glance at it, for the carriage had + already turned into the Rue Ponthieu. For some distance I ran + after it, encountering at every step excited groups of people, + some of whom seemed to me in search of mischief, while some had + apparently come out to gather news. There were no other + carriages in the streets, and that alone enabled me to track + the one I was in chase of, for everybody I met had noticed + which way it had turned. It wound its way most deviously + through by-streets to avoid those in which paving-stones had + been torn up or barricades been formed, and the postilion made + all possible speed, fearing the carriage might be seized and + detached from his horses. But the day's work was finished and + the disorders of the night were not begun.</p> + + <p>Forced at last to slacken my speed and to take breath, I + glanced at the paper that I still held in my hand. It contained + a few words from Hermione: "Thank you for all the kindness you + have tried to show us, dear sir. My mother has heard that all + the English in Paris are to be massacred at midnight by the + mob, and directs me to give you notice, which is the reason I + address this note to you and not to Amy. Mamma is afraid of + being mistaken for an Englishwoman. We have secured post-horses + and are setting out for Argenteuil, where we shall take the + railway. Again, thank you: your kindness will not be forgotten + by H. LEARE."</p> + + <p>This note reassured me. I no longer endeavored to overtake + the carriage, but I pushed my way as fast as possible beyond + the nearest barrier. Once outside the wall of Paris, I was in + the Banlieu, that zone of rascality whose inhabitants are all + suspected by the police and live under the ban. Of course on + such a gala-day of lawlessness this hive was all astir. At a + village I passed through I tried to hire a conveyance to + Argenteuil. I also tried to get some railway information, but + nobody could tell me anything and all were ravenous for news. I + secured, however, without losing too much time, a seat with a + stout young country-man who drove a little country cart with a + powerful gray horse, and was going in the direction I wanted to + travel.</p> + + <p>"What will be the result of this affair?" I said to him when + he had got his beast into a steady trot.</p> + + <p>He shrugged his shoulders. A French workingman has a far + larger vocabulary at his command than the English laborer. "Bon + Dieu!" he exclaimed: "who knows what will come of it? A land + without a master is no civilized land. We shall fall back into + barbarism. What there is certain is, that we shall all be + ruined."</p> + + <p>At length, to my great relief, we saw a carriage before us; + and we drove into the railway-station at the same moment as the + Leares.</p> + + <p>Before the ladies could alight I was beside the window of + their carriage.</p> + + <p>"You here, Mr. Farquhar?" cried Hermione. "How good of you! + You cannot guess the relief. Help me to get them out, these + helpless ones."</p> + + <p>We lifted Mrs. Leare on to the platform of the railway, + weeping and trembling. The old colored nurse could not speak + French, and seemed to think her only duty was to hold the hand + of little Claribel and to stand where her young mistress placed + her. All looked to Hermione. She carried a canvas bag of + five-franc pieces and paid right and left. I tried to + interfere, as she was giving the postilion an exorbitant + sum.</p> + + <p>"No, hush!" she whispered: "we can afford to pay, but in our + situation we cannot afford to dispute."</p> + + <p>She then deputed me to see after the "baggage," as she + called the luggage of the party, and went with her mother into + the glass cage that the French call a <i>salle d'attente</i> at + a railway-station.</p> + + <p>We had come from the seat of war, and every one crowded + around us asking for news. I had little to tell, but replied + that I believed the affair was nearly over. I did not foresee + that two hours later a procession roaring "Mourir pour la + Patrie" under the windows of the Hôtel des Affaires Étrangères + would be fired into by accident, and that the <i>émeute</i> of + February, 1848, would be converted into a revolution.</p> + + <p>It was nine o'clock in the evening. The lamps were lighted + in the station. The night was cloudy, but far off on the + horizon we could see a gleam of radiance, marking the locality + of the great city.</p> + + <p>After an hour of very anxious waiting, during which Mrs. + Leare was beside herself with nervous agitation, the locked + doors of our prison were flung open and we were permitted to + seat ourselves in a railway-carriage.</p> + + <p>Hermione's tender devotion to her mother, the old servant + and the child was beautiful to witness. Now that Mrs. Leare was + helpless on her daughter's hands, they seemed to have found + their natural relations. Hermione said few words to me, but a + glance now and then thanked me for being with them. The train + started. For about three miles all went on well, although we + travelled cautiously, fearing obstructions. Suddenly the speed + of our train was checked, and there was a cry of consternation + as we rounded a sharp curve. The bridge over the Seine at its + third bend was ablaze before us!</p> + + <p>All the men upon the train sprang out upon the track as soon + as the carriage-doors were opened, and in a few moments we were + surrounded by ruffians refusing to let us go on.</p> + + <p>"Back the train!" cried the railroad official in charge.</p> + + <p>No, they were not willing to let us go back to Paris. + Conspirators against the people might be making their escape. + They had set fire to the bridge, they said, to prevent the + train from passing over. It must remain where it was. If we + passengers desired to return to Paris, we must walk there.</p> + + <p>"Walk?" I exclaimed: "it is ten miles! Women—delicate + ladies—children!"</p> + + <p>My remonstrance was drowned in the confusion. Suddenly the + party of women under my charge stood at my elbow: Mrs. Leare + was leaning on Hermione's arm; Mammy Christine and Claribel + cowered close and held her by her drapery.</p> + + <p>"Make no remonstrances," she said in a low voice: "let us + not excite attention. An Englishman never knows when not to + complain: an American accepts his fate more quietly. These + people mean to sack the train. We had better get away as soon + as possible."</p> + + <p>"But how?" I cried.</p> + + <p>"I can walk. We must find some means of transporting mamma, + Mammy Chris and Clary."</p> + + <p>As Hermione said this she turned to an official and + questioned him upon the subject. He thought that there was a + little cart and horse which might be hired at a neighboring + cottage.</p> + + <p>"Let us go and see about it, Mr. Farquhar," said + Hermione.</p> + + <p>"I will."</p> + + <p>"No: I put greater trust in my own powers of + persuasion.—Mammy dear, take good care of mamma: we shall + be back directly."</p> + + <p>Her <i>we</i> was very sweet to me, and I shared her + mistrust of my French and my diplomacy.</p> + + <p>The glare of the burning bridge lighted our steps: the air + was full of falling flakes of fire. The cottage was a quarter + of a mile off. Hermione refused my arm, but, holding her skirts + daintily, stepped bravely at my side. She exhibited no + bashfulness, no excitement, no confusion, no fear: she was + simply bent on business. We reached the peasant's farmyard. He + and his family were outside the house. We like to say a + Frenchman has no word for <i>home</i>. But the conclusion that + the man of Anglo-Saxon birth deduces from this lack in his + vocabulary is false: no man cares more for the domicile that + shelters him. Hermione made her request with sweet + persuasiveness. I saw at once it would have been refused if I + had made it, but to her they made excuses. The old horse, they + said, was very old, the old cart was broken.</p> + + <p>"Let me look at it," said Hermione. At this they led us into + an outhouse, where she assisted me to make a careful + inspection. I might have rejected the old trap at once, but she + offered a few suggestions, which she told me in an aside were + the fruit of her experiences in Maryland and Virginia, and the + cart was pronounced safe enough to be driven slowly with a + light load.</p> + + <p>A half-grown son of the house was put in charge of it. + Hermione suggested he should bring the family clothes-line in + case of a breakdown, and prevailed upon the farmer's wife to + put in plenty of fresh straw, a blanket and a pillow. She made + a bargain, less extravagant than I expected, with the peasant + proprietor, promising, however, a very handsome + <i>pourboire</i> to his son in the event of our good fortune. + The farmer stipulated, in his turn, that cart, horse and lad + were not to pass the barrier, that the boy should walk at the + horse's head, and that the cart was to contain only two women + and little Claribel.</p> + + <p>It was harnessed up immediately. Hermione and I followed it + on foot back to the little band of travellers waiting beside + the railway.</p> + + <p>"Can we not get some of your trunks out?" I said to her.</p> + + <p>"No," she answered: "leave them to their fate. I dare not + overload the cart, and I doubt whether those men with hungry + eyes would let us take them. Mamma," she whispered, "has her + diamonds."</p> + + <p>"You will get into the cart, Miss Leare?" I said as I saw + her motioning to the old colored woman to take the place beside + her mother.</p> + + <p>"No indeed," she replied: "our contract stipulated only for + mamma, Mammy and Clary: Mammy is crippled with rheumatism. If + you have no objection I will walk with you."</p> + + <p>"Objection? No. But it is ten miles."</p> + + <p>"A long stretch," she said with a half sigh, "but I am + young, strong, and excitement counts for something: besides, + there is no remedy. We must consider them."</p> + + <p>There had been about fifteen other persons on the train. A + dozen of these, finding we were going to walk back to Paris, + proposed to join us. The night was growing dark, and we pushed + on. There was no woman afoot but Hermione. "Madame" they called + her, evidently taking her for my wife, but by no word or smile + did she notice the blunder. After a while she accepted my arm, + drawing up her skirts by means of loops or pins. We had one + lantern among us, and from time to time its glare permitted me + to see her dainty feet growing heavy with mud and travel.</p> + + <p>It was not what could be called a lovers' walk, tramping in + the dark through mud and water, on a French country road, at a + cart's tail, and hardly a word was exchanged between us; yet + had it not been for fears about her safety it would have been + the most delightful expedition I had ever known.</p> + + <p>From time to time Mrs. Leare and the old nurse in the cart + complained of their bones. Hermione was always ready with + encouragement, but she said little else to any one. She + appeared to be reserving all her energies to assist her + physical endurance and to strengthen her for her task of taking + care of the others.</p> + + <p>I had always seen my sisters and other girls protected, + sheltered, cared for: it gave me a sharp pang to see this + beautiful and dainty creature totally unthought of by those + dependent on her. Nor did Mrs. Leare seem to feel any anxiety + about my comradeship with her daughter. I could fully + appreciate Hermione's remark about her chaperonage being very + unsatisfactory.</p> + + <p>Every now and then we passed through villages along whose + straggling streets the population was aswarm, eager for news + and wondering at our muddy procession. In one of the villages I + suggested stopping, but Mrs. Leare was now as frantic to get + home again as she had been to get away. She said, and truly, + that it had been a wild plan to start from Paris—that if + she had seen me and had heard that I thought the émeute was at + an end and that the report about the English was untrue, she + should never have left her apartment. She had been frightened + out of her senses by some men <i>en blouse</i> who had made + their way into her rooms and had carried off her pistol and a + little Turkish dagger. Victor's theft of his own wages had + upset her. She had insisted upon setting out. Hermione had got + post-horses somehow: Hermione ought never to have let her come + away.</p> + + <p>About three in the morning we reached a larger village than + we had hitherto passed. The inhabitants had been apprised of + the events in the Rue Neuve des Capucines before the ministry + of the Affaires Étrangères, and the revolutionary element had + increased in audacity. A crowd of turbulent-looking working-men + dressed in blouses, armed with muskets, old sabres and all + kinds of miscellaneous weapons, stopped our way. Some seized + the head of the old horse, some gathered round the cart and + lifted lanterns into the faces of the ladies. The French + workman is a much more athletic man than the French soldier. I + own to a sensation of deadly terror for a moment when I saw the + ladies in the midst of a lawless rabble whose brawny arms were + bared as if prepared for butchery of any kind. Far off, too, a + low rattle of distant musketry warned us that the tumult in + Paris was renewed.</p> + + <p>"Mourir pour la Patrie" appeared to come from every throat, + and many of the crowd were the worse for liquor. Indeed, these + patriots had rendezvoused at a cabaret at the entrance of the + village, and swarmed from its tables to intercept us. The + ladies, they insisted, must alight and be examined. Mammy Chris + was drawn out of the cart, looking as if her face had been + rubbed in ashes: Mrs. Leare was nervously excited, Hermione + went up to her, supported her and drew her bag of diamonds out + of her hand. I took Claribel in my arms.</p> + + <p>"Vos passeports," they demanded.</p> + + <p>"Here are our American passports," said Hermione: "we are + Americans."</p> + + <p>"Yes, Americans, republicans!" cried Mrs. Leare: "we + fraternize with all republicans in France."</p> + + <p>"Aristos," said a man between his teeth, glancing at her + dress and at that of Hermione.</p> + + <p>"What does he say?" cried Mrs. Leare, who did not catch the + word.</p> + + <p>"Hush, mother!" said Hermione.</p> + + <p>"But what did he say?" she shrieked. "Tell me at once: do + not keep it from me."</p> + + <p>Hermione replied (unwilling to use the word "aristocrat") by + an American idiom: "He said we belonged to the Upper Ten."</p> + + <p>"But we don't! Oh, Hermie, your father belongs to a good + family in Maryland, but <i>my</i> grandfather made shoes. I was + quite poor when he married me. I was only sixteen."</p> + + <p>"What you say?" said a railroad-hand who knew a little + English. "You say you are not some aristos?"</p> + + <p>"No, sir," said I: "these ladies claim to be Americans and + republicans."</p> + + <p>"Vive la République!" cried the man.</p> + + <p>"Vive la République!" quickly echoed Hermione.</p> + + <p>"C'est bien! c'est bien!" cried another, raising his lantern + to her blanched and beautiful face.</p> + + <p>"You will let us all pass, monsieur?" she said persuasively: + "you will even be our escort a little way. We will pay + handsomely for your protection."</p> + + <p>Before he could answer her two or three fellows, more drunk + than the rest, burst out with a proposition: "She says they are + not aristos, but republicans. Let her prove it. She cannot, if + she be a true republican, refuse to kiss her + fellow-patriots."</p> + + <p>I started and was about to knock the rascal down with the + bag of diamonds.</p> + + <p>But Hermione laid a restraining hand upon my arm. + "Gentlemen," she said in clear tones and perfect French, "it is + quite true that we are Americans and republicans. We wish you + well, and if it be for the good of France to be free under a + republican form of government, no one can wish her prosperity + more than ourselves. But in our free country, messieurs, a + woman is held free to give her kiss to whom she will, and + according to our custom she gives it only to her betrothed or + to her husband." Here stooping she picked up a little boy who + had worked himself into the forefront of the crowd, and before + I knew what she was about to do she had lifted him upon the + cart beside her. She looked a moment steadily at the men around + her, holding the boy's hand in both her own, then turning + toward him and pressing her lips upon his face, she said, + "Messieurs, I kiss your representative: I cannot embrace a + multitude;" and placed a piece of money in the gamin's + hand.</p> + + <p>For a moment there was some doubt what view the crowd might + take of this, but her beauty, her fearlessness, and, above all, + the awe inspired by her womanliness, prevailed. They shouted + "Vive la République!"</p> + + <p>"With all my heart," replied Hermione. "Now shout for me, + gentlemen: Vive la République des États Unis!"</p> + + <p>They were completely won. A French crowd is never dangerous + or unmanageable till it has tasted blood, and besides it + has—or at least in those days it used to + have—<i>sentiments</i>, to which it was possible with a + little tact to appeal successfully.</p> + + <p>The opposition to our progress came to an end. Mrs. Leare + and old Mammy were helped back into the cart, and a man offered + them some wine. They brought some also to Hermione. I pressed + her to drink it, which she did to their good health, and giving + back the glass placed in it a napoleon. "Do me the favor, + messieurs," she said, "to drink your next toast to our American + republic."</p> + + <p>Cheers rose for her. There was no longer any talk of + detaining us: the old horse was urged forward. Hermione took my + arm. We marched on, escorted by the rabble. At the end of the + village-street they all gave us an unsteady cheer and turned + back to their wine-tables. Hermione proceeded in silence a + little farther. Then I felt her slipping from my arm, and was + just in time to catch her.</p> + + <p>Without compunction I requested Mammy Chris to get out of + the cart and put her young lady in her place, pillowing her + head as carefully as I could on my own coat, and proceeding in + my shirtsleeves.</p> + + <p>We were then not half a mile from the Banlieu, which we + passed without adventure, much to my surprise, its inhabitants + having taken advantage of the confusion to pour into Paris and + infest its richer quarters.</p> + + <p>The ladies were obliged to get out at the barrier and to + send back the cart to its proprietor. Again I had the happiness + of supporting Hermione while I carried little Claribel, and + Mrs. Leare and Mammy walked on ahead.</p> + + <p>"I feel humiliated," I said, "that the whole burden of those + dreadful moments should have fallen upon you."</p> + + <p>"And to avoid that feeling you were ready to knock down a + drunken blouse in English style?" she said, smiling. "No, Mr. + Farquhar, nothing but the power that a woman finds in her own + womanhood could have brought us through safely. Those men had + all had mothers, and each man had some sort of womanly ideal. I + could not have managed a crowd of <i>poissardes</i>, but, thank + Heaven, there is yet a chord that a woman may strike in the + hearts of men."</p> + + <p>The dawn of Thursday, February 24, 1848, was breaking at the + eastward when I arrived with Mrs. Leare, Hermione, the nurse + and child at their own apartment. I went up stairs with them. + All was cold and cheerless in the rooms. There were no + servants. Mrs. Leare sat down; the old nurse bemoaned her + rheumatism and her aching bones; Hermione, with the assistance + of the concierge's wife, lighted a fire, made some tea and + waited on her mother.</p> + + <p>For several days afterward she was very ill. She knew + nothing of passing events—of the king's flight, of the + triumphal and victorious processions that passed up the Champs + Élysées, of the sudden impossibility of procuring supplies of + change, and of the consequent difficulty of paying household + bills with <i>billets de mille francs</i> without gold or + silver.</p> + + <p>Each day I went several times to make inquiries, and twice I + saw Mrs. Leare in bed, but Hermione was invisible.</p> + + <p>My father, an honorable British officer of the old school, + perceived how things were with me. "My son," he said one day, + "there are two courses open to you. You have nothing but your + profession. Your education and the premium on your admittance + to the office of the great man for whom you work have been my + provision for you: the little property I have to leave must + support your sisters. You cannot under such circumstances + address Miss Leare. You must either go back at once to your + work in England and forget this episode, or you may go out to + America and see her father. You can tell him you have nothing + on which to support his daughter, and ask if he will give you + leave to address the young lady. No son of mine, situated like + yourself, shall offer himself in any other way to an heiress + whose father is three thousand miles away, and who is supposed + to have two millions of francs for her dowry."</p> + + <p>I saw he was right, but, forlorn as the hope was of any + appeal to Mr. Leare, I would not relinquish it. I resolved to + go out to America and see him, and wrote to England to secure + letters of introduction to the chief engineers in the United + States and Canada. Meantime, my father proposed that we should + go together and call upon Mrs. and Miss Leare.</p> + + <p>Hermione received us in the boudoir, looking like a bruised + lily: her mother came in afterward.</p> + + <p>"We are going right straight home," she said, "the moment we + can get money to get away. I have written to Mr. Leare that he + must find some means to send me some."</p> + + <p>"I am glad to hear you say this, madame," said my father. + "My son has just made up his mind to go out to America and seek + employment on one of your railways."</p> + + <p>Hermione looked up with a question in her eyes: so did her + mother.</p> + + <p>"Why, Mr. Farquhar, that will suit us exactly," cried Mrs. + Leare.—"Hermione, won't it be lovely if Mr. Farquhar + takes care of us on the voyage?—You will engage your + passage—won't you?—in the same steamer as we + do?—No one was ever so good a squire of dames as your + son, Captain Farquhar. Hermione and I shall never forget our + obligations to him."</p> + + <p>"No, madame," said my father; and he got up and walked to + the fireplace, where in his embarrassment he laid his hand upon + the ornamented box which held the cigarettes of the fast + lady.</p> + + <p>She rose up too and went hastily toward him, anxious he + should not surprise her little frailty.</p> + + <p>"The truth is, madame," whispered my father, who never could + restrain his tongue from any kindly indiscretion, "the poor + fellow is suffering too much from the attractions of Miss + Leare. He has nothing but his profession, and I tell him he + must not dare to address her in her father's absence."</p> + + <p>"My dear captain, what does that matter? And I believe + Hermione would have him too," said her mother.</p> + + <p>"Disparity of means—" began my father.</p> + + <p>"Oh, no matter," interrupted Mrs. Leare: "her father always + told her just to please herself. Mr. Farquhar is an Englishman + and of good family. He has his profession to keep him out of + mischief, and Hermie will more than pay her own expenses. + Indeed, I dare not go home without a gentleman to look after us + on the passage: my nerves have been too shattered, and I never + again shall trust a courier. Do let your son go back with us," + she implored persuasively; and added, as she saw that he still + hesitated, "Besides, what rich man in America knows how long he + may be rich? 'Spend your money and enjoy yourself' has always + been my motto."</p> + + <p>Thus urged, what could my father do but suppose that Mrs. + Leare knew Mr. Leare's views better than he did? He no longer + held out on the point of honor.</p> + + <p>In twenty-four hours Hermione and I were engaged to be + married.</p> + + <p>During the voyage to New York I learned to understand her + father's character, and when he met us on the wharf I was no + longer afraid of him.</p> + + <p>Hermione's choice in marriage seemed to be wholly left to + herself. Mr. Leare told me, when I had that formidable talk + with him dreaded by all aspirants to the hand of a man's + daughter, that Hermione had too much good sense, self-respect + and womanliness to give herself away to a man unworthy of her. + "That she can love you, sir," he said, "is sufficient + recommendation."</p> + + <p>That it might be sufficient in my case I hoped with all my + soul, but felt, as Hermione had expressed it early in our + acquaintance, that society in America must be founded upon very + different opinions than our own in regard to the relations of + men and women.</p> + + <p class='author'>E.W. LATIMER.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="THE_AUTHORS_OF_FROUFROU" + id="THE_AUTHORS_OF_FROUFROU"></a>THE AUTHORS OF + "FROUFROU."</h2> + + <p>No doubt it will surprise some theatre-goers who are not + special students of the stage to be told that the authors of + <i>Froufrou</i> are the authors also of the <i>Grande Duchesse + de Gérolstein</i> and of <i>La Belle Hélène</i>, of + <i>Carmen</i> and of <i>Le Petit Duc</i>. There are a few, I + know, who think that <i>Froufrou</i> was written by the fertile + and ingenious M. Victorien Sardou, and who, without thinking, + credit M. Jacques Offenbach with the composition of the words + as well as the music of the <i>Grande Duchesse</i>; and as for + <i>Carmen</i>, is it not an <i>Italian</i> opera, and is not + the book, like the music, the work of some Italian? As a matter + of fact, all these plays, unlike as they are to each other, and + not only these, but many more—not a few of them fairly + well known to the American play-goer—are due to the + collaboration of M. Henri Meilhac and M. Ludovic Halévy.</p> + + <p>Born in 1832, M. Henri Meilhac, like M. Émile Zola, dealt in + books before he began to make them. He soon gave up trade for + journalism, and contributed with pen and pencil to the comic + <i>Journal pour Rire</i>. He began as a dramatist in 1855 with + a two-act play at the Palais Royal Theatre: like the first + pieces of Scribe and of M. Sardou, and of so many more who have + afterward abundantly succeeded on the stage, this play of M. + Meilhac's was a failure; and so also was his next, likewise in + two acts. But in 1856 the <i>Sarabande du Cardinal</i>, a + delightful little comedy in one act, met with favor at the + Gymnase. It was followed by two or three other comediettas + equally clever. In 1859, M. Meilhac made his first attempt at a + comedy in five acts, but the <i>Petit fils de Mascarille</i> + had not the good fortune of his ancestor. In 1860, for the + first time, he was assisted by M. Ludovic Halévy, and in the + twenty years since then their names have been linked together + on the title-pages of two score or more plays of all + kinds—drama, comedy, farce, opera, operetta and ballet. + M. Meilhac's new partner was the nephew of the Halévy who is + best known out of France as the composer of the <i>Jewess</i>, + and he was the son of M. Léon Halévy, poet, philosopher and + playwright. Two years younger than M. Henri Meilhac, M. Ludovic + Halévy held a place in the French civil service until 1858, + when he resigned to devote his whole time, instead of his spare + time, to the theatre. As the son of a dramatist and the nephew + of a popular composer, he had easy access to the stage. He + began as the librettist-in-ordinary to M. Offenbach, for whom + he wrote <i>Ba-ta-clan</i> in 1855, and later the <i>Chanson de + Fortunio</i>, the <i>Pont des Soupirs</i> and <i>Orphée aux + Enfers</i>. The first very successful play which MM. Meilhac + and Halévy wrote together was a book for M. Offenbach; and it + was possibly the good fortune of this operetta which finally + affirmed the partnership. Before the triumph of the <i>Belle + Hélène</i> in 1864 the collaboration had been tentative, as it + were: after that it was as though the articles had been + definitely ratified—not that either of the parties has + not now and then indulged in outside speculations, trying a + play alone or with an outsider, but this was without prejudice + to the permanent partnership.</p> + + <p>This kind of literary union, the long-continued conjunction + of two kindred spirits, is better understood amongst us than + the indiscriminate collaboration which marks the dramatic + career of M. Eugène Labiche, for instance. Both kinds were + usual enough on the English stage in the days of Elizabeth, but + we can recall the ever-memorable example of Beaumont and + Fletcher, while we forget the chance associations of Marston, + Dekker, Chapman and Ben Jonson. And in contemporary literature + we have before us the French tales of MM. Erckmann-Chatrian and + the English novels of Messrs. Besant and Rice. The fact that + such a union endures is proof that it is advantageous. A + long-lasting collaboration like this of MM. Meilhac and Halévy + must needs be the result of a strong sympathy and a sharp + contrast of character, as well as of the possession by one of + literary qualities which supplement those of the other.</p> + + <p>One of the first things noticed by an American student of + French dramatic literature is that the chief Parisian critics + generally refer to the joint work of these two writers as the + plays of M. Meilhac, leaving M. Halévy altogether in the shade. + At first this seems a curious injustice, but the reason is not + far to seek. It is not that M. Halévy is some two years the + junior of M. Meilhac: it lies in the quality of their + respective abilities. M. Meilhac has the more masculine style, + and so the literary progeny of the couple bear rather his name + than his associate's. M. Meilhac has the strength of marked + individuality, he has a style of his own, one can tell his + touch; while M. Halévy is merely a clever French dramatist of + the more conventional pattern. This we detect by considering + the plays which each has put forth alone and unaided by the + other. In reading one of M. Meilhac's works we should feel no + doubt as to the author, while M. Halévy's clever pictures of + Parisian society, wanting in personal distinctiveness, would + impress us simply as a product of the "Modern French + School."</p> + + <p>Before finally joining with M. Halévy, M. Meilhac wrote two + comedies in five acts of high aim and skilful execution, and + two other five-act pieces have been written by MM. Meilhac and + Halévy together. The <i>Vertu de Célimène</i> and the <i>Petit + fils de Mascarille</i> are by the elder partner—<i>Fanny + Lear</i> and <i>Froufrou</i> are the work of the firm. Yet in + these last two it is difficult to see any trace of M. Halévy's + handiwork. Allowing for the growth of M. Meilhac's intellect + during the eight or ten years which intervened between the work + alone and the work with his associate, and allowing for the + improvement in the mechanism of play-making, I see no reason + why M. Meilhac might not have written <i>Fanny Lear</i> and + <i>Froufrou</i> substantially as they are had he never met M. + Halévy. But it is inconceivable that M. Halévy alone could have + attained so high an elevation or have gained so full a comic + force. Perhaps, however, M. Halévy deserves credit for the + better technical construction of the later plays: merely in + their mechanism the first three acts of <i>Froufrou</i> are + marvellously skilful. And perhaps, also, his is a certain + softening humor, which is the cause that the two later plays, + written by both partners, are not so hard in their brilliance + as the two earlier comedies, the work of M. Meilhac alone.</p> + + <p>It may seem something like a discussion of infinitesimals, + but I think M. Halévy's co-operation has given M. Meilhac's + plays a fuller ethical richness. To the younger writer is due a + simple but direct irony, as well as a lightsome and laughing + desire to point a moral when occasion serves. Certainly, I + shall not hold up a play written to please the public of the + Palais Royal, or even of the Gymnase, as a model of all the + virtues. Nor need it be, on the other hand, an embodiment of + all the cardinal sins. The frequenters of the Palais Royal + Theatre are not babes; young people of either sex are not taken + there; only the emancipated gain admittance; and to the + seasoned sinners who haunt theatres of this type these plays by + MM. Meilhac and Halévy are harmless. Indeed, I do not recall + any play of theirs which could hurt any one capable of + understanding it. Most of their plays are not to be recommended + to ignorant innocence or to fragile virtue. They are not meant + for young men and maidens. They are not wholly free from the + taint which is to be detected in nearly all French fiction. The + mark of the beast is set on not a little of the work done by + the strongest men in France. M. Meilhac is too clean and too + clever ever to delve in indecency from mere wantonness: he has + no liking for vice, but his virtue sits easily on him, and + though he is sound on the main question, he looks upon the + vagaries of others with a gentle eye. M. Halévy, it seems to + me, is made of somewhat sterner stuff. He raises a warning + voice now and then—in <i>Fanny Lear</i>, for instance, + the moral is pointed explicitly—and even where there is + no moral tagged to the fable, he who has eyes to see and ears + to hear can find "a terrible example" in almost any of these + plays, even the lightest. For the congregation to which it was + delivered there is a sermon in <i>Toto chez Tata</i>, perhaps + the piece in which, above all others, the Muse seems Gallic and + <i>égrillarde</i>. That is a touch of real truth, and so of a + true morality, where Tata, the fashionable courtesan, leaning + over her stairs as Toto the school-boy bears off her elderly + lover, and laughing at him, cries out, "Toi, mon petit homme, + je te repincerai dans quatre ou cinq ans!" And a cold and + cutting stroke it is a little earlier in the same little comedy + where Toto, left alone in Tata's parlor, negligently turns over + her basket of visiting-cards and sees "names which he knew + because he had learnt them by heart in his history of France." + Still, in spite of this truth and morality, I do not advise the + reading of <i>Toto chez Tata</i> in young ladies' seminaries. + Young ladies in Paris do not go to hear Madame Chaumont, for + whom <i>Toto</i> was written, nor is the Variétés, where it was + played, a place where a girl can take her mother.</p> + + <p>It was at the Variétés in December, 1864, that the <i>Belle + Hélène</i> was produced: this was the first of half a score of + plays written by MM. Meilhac and Halévy for which M. Jacques + Offenbach composed the music. Chief among these are + <i>Barbe-bleue</i>, the <i>Grande Duchesse de Gérolstein</i>, + the <i>Brigands</i> and <i>Périchole</i>. When we recall the + fact that these five operas are the most widely known, the most + popular and by far the best of M. Offenbach's works, there is + no need to dwell on his indebtedness to MM. Meilhac and Halévy, + or to point out how important a thing the quality of the + opera-book is to the composer of the score. These earlier + librettos were admirably made: they are models of what a comic + opera-book should be. I cannot well imagine a better bit of + work of its kind than the <i>Belle Hélène</i> or the <i>Grande + Duchesse</i>. Tried by the triple test of plot, characters and + dialogue, they are nowhere wanting. Since MM. Meilhac and + Halévy have ceased writing for M. Offenbach they have done two + books for M. Charles Lecoq—the <i>Petit Duc</i> and the + <i>Grande Demoiselle</i>. These are rather light comic operas + than true <i>opéras-bouffes</i>, but if there is an elevation + in the style of the music, there is an emphatic falling off in + the quality of the words. From the <i>Grande Duchesse</i> to + the <i>Petit Duc</i> is a great descent: the former was a + genuine play, complete and self-contained—the latter is a + careless trifle, a mere outline sketch for the composer to fill + up. The story—akin in subject to Mr. Tom Taylor's fine + historical drama <i>Clancarty</i>—is pretty, but there is + no trace of the true poetry which made the farewell letter of + Périchole so touching, or of the true comic force which + projected Général Bourn. <i>Carmen</i>, which, like + <i>Périchole</i>, owes the suggestion of its plot and + characters to Prosper Mérimée, is little more than the + task-work of the two well-trained play-makers: it was + sufficient for its purpose, no more and no less.</p> + + <p>Of all the opera-books of MM. Meilhac and Halévy, that one + is easily first and foremost which has for its heroine the + Helen of Troy whom Marlowe's Faustus declared</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i4">Fairer than the evening + air,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Clad in the beauty + of a thousand stars.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In the <i>Belle Hélène</i> we see the higher wit of M. + Meilhac. M. Halévy had been at the same college with him, and + they had pored together over the same legends of old time, but + working without M. Meilhac on <i>Orphée aux Enfers</i>, M. + Halévy showed his inferiority, for <i>Orphée</i> is the + old-fashioned anachronistic skit on antiquity—funny if + you will, but with a fun often labored, not to say + forced—the fun of physical incongruity and exaggeration. + But in the <i>Belle Hélène</i> the fun, easy and flowing, is of + a very high quality, and it has root in mental, not physical, + incongruity. Here indeed is the humorous touchstone of a whole + system of government and of theology. And, allowing for the + variations made with comic intent, it is altogether Greek in + spirit—so Greek, in fact, that I doubt whether any one + who has not given his days and nights to the study of Homer and + of the tragedians, and who has not thus taken in by the pores + the subtle essence of Hellenic life and literature, can truly + appreciate this French farce. Planché's <i>Golden Fleece</i> is + in the same vein, but the ore is not as rich. Frere's <i>Loves + of the Triangles</i> and some of his <i>Anti-Jacobin</i> + writing are perhaps as good in quality, but the subjects are + inferior and temporary. Scarron's vulgar burlesques and the + cheap parodies of many contemporary English play-makers are not + to be mentioned in the same breath with this scholarly fooling. + There is something in the French genius akin to the Greek, and + here was a Gallic wit who could turn a Hellenic love-tale + inside out, and wring the uttermost drop of fun from it without + recourse to the devices of the booth at the fair, the false + nose and the simulation of needless ugliness. The French play, + comic as it was, did not suggest hysteria or epilepsy, and it + was not so lacking in grace that we could not recall the + original story without a shudder. There is no shattering of an + ideal, and one cannot reproach the authors of the <i>Belle + Hélène</i> with what Theophrastus Such calls "debasing the + moral currency, lowering the value of every inspiring fact and + tradition."</p> + + <p>Surpassed only by the <i>Belle Hélène</i> is the <i>Grande + Duchesse de Gérolstein</i>. It is nearly fifteen years since + all the world went to Paris to see an Exposition Universelle + and to gaze at the "sabre de mon père," and since a Russian + emperor, going to hear the operetta, said to have been + suggested by the freak of a Russian empress, sat incognito in + one stage-box of the little Variétés Theatre, and glancing up + saw a Russian grand duke in the other. It is nearly fifteen + years since the tiny army of Her Grand-ducal Highness took New + York by storm, and since American audience after audience + hummed its love for the military and walked from the French + Theatre along Fourteenth street to Delmonico's to supper, + sabring the waiters there with the venerated weapon of her + sire. The French Theatre is no more, and Delmonico's is no + longer at that Fourteenth-street corner, and Her Highness + Mademoiselle Tostée is dead, and M. Offenbach's sprightly tunes + have had the fate of all over-popular airs, and are forgotten + now. <i>Où sont les neiges d'antan?</i></p> + + <p>It has been said that the authors regretted having written + the <i>Grande Duchesse</i>, because the irony of history soon + made a joke on Teutonic powers and principalities seem like + unpatriotic satire. Certainly, they had no reason to be ashamed + of the literary quality of their work: in its class it yields + only to its predecessor. There is no single figure as fine as + Calchas—Général Boum is a coarser outline—but how + humorous and how firm is the drawing of Prince Paul and Baron + Grog! And Her Highness herself may be thought a cleverer sketch + of youthful femininity than even the Hellenic Helen. It is hard + to judge the play now. Custom has worn its freshness and made + it too familiar: we know it too well to criticise it clearly. + Besides, the actors have now overlaid the action with over-much + "business." But in spite of these difficulties the merits of + the piece are sufficiently obvious: its constructive skill can + be remarked; the first act, for example, is one of the best + bits of exposition on the modern French stage.</p> + + <p>Besides these plays for music, and besides the more + important five-act comedies to be considered later, MM. Meilhac + and Halévy are the authors of thirty or forty comic + dramas—as they are called on the English stage—or + farce-comedies in one, two, three, four, and even five acts, + ranging in aim from the gentle satire of sentimentality in + <i>La Veuve</i> to the outspoken farce of the <i>Réveillon</i>. + Among the best of the longer of these comic plays are + <i>Tricoche et Cacolet</i> and <i>La Boule</i>. Both were + written for the Palais Royal, and they are models of the new + dramatic species which came into existence at that theatre + about twenty years ago, as M. Francisquc Sarcey recently + reminded us in his interesting article on the Palais Royal in + <i>The Nineteenth Century</i>. This new style of comic play may + be termed realistic farce—realistic, because it starts + from every-day life and the most matter-of-fact conditions; and + farce, because it uses its exact facts only to further its + fantasy and extravagance. Consider <i>La Boule</i>. Its first + act is a model of accurate observation; it is a transcript from + life; it is an inside view of a commonplace French household + which incompatibility of temper has made unsupportable. And + then take the following acts, and see how on this foundation of + fact, and screened by an outward semblance of realism, there is + erected the most laughable superstructure of fantastic farce. I + remember hearing one of the two great comedians of the Théâtre + Français, M. Coquelin, praise a comic actor of the Variétés + whom we had lately seen in a rather cheap and flimsy farce, + because he combined "la vérité la plus absolue avec la fantasie + la plus pure." And this is the merit of <i>La Boule</i>: its + most humorous inventions have their roots in the truth.</p> + + <p>Better even than <i>La Boule</i> is <i>Tricoche et + Cacolet</i>, which is the name of a firm of private detectives + whose exploits and devices surpass those imagined by Poe in + America, by Wilkie Collins in England, and by Gaboriau in + France. The manifold disguises and impersonations of the two + partners when seeking to outwit each other are as well-motived + and as fertile in comic effect as any of the attempts of + Crispin or of some other of Regnard's interchangeable valets. + Is not even the <i>Légataire Universel</i>, Regnard's + masterpiece, overrated? To me it is neither higher comedy nor + more provocative of laughter than either <i>La Boule</i> or + <i>Tricoche et Cacolet</i>; and the modern plays, as I have + said, are based on a study of life as it is, while the figures + of the older comedies are frankly conventional. Nowhere in + Regnard is there a situation equal in comic power to that in + the final act of the <i>Réveillon</i>—a situation Molière + would have been glad to treat.</p> + + <p>Especially to be commended in <i>Tricoche et Cacolet</i> is + the satire of the hysterical sentimentality and of the forced + emotions born of luxury and idleness. The parody of the amorous + intrigue which is the staple of so many French plays is as + wholesome as it is exhilarating. Absurdity is a deadly + shower-bath to sentimentalism. The method of Meilhac and Halévy + in sketching this couple is not unlike that employed by Mr. + W.S. Gilbert in <i>H.M.S. Pinafore</i> and <i>The Pirates of + Penzance</i>. Especially to be noted is the same perfectly + serious pushing of the dramatic commonplaces to an absurd + conclusion. There is the same kind of humor too, and the same + girding at the stock tricks of stage-craft—in <i>H.M.S. + Pinafore</i> at the swapping of children in the cradle, and in + <i>Tricoche et Cacolet</i> at the "portrait de ma mère" which + has drawn so many tears in modern melodrama. But MM. Meilhac + and Halévy, having made one success, did not further attempt + the same kind of pleasantry—wiser in this than Mr. + Gilbert, who seems to find it hard to write anything else.</p> + + <p>As in the <i>Château à Toto</i> MM. Meilhac and Halévy had + made a modern perversion of <i>Dame Blanche</i>, so in <i>La + Cigale</i> did they dress up afresh the story of the <i>Fille + du R'egiment</i>. As the poet asks—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Ah, World of ours, are you so + gray,<br /></span> <span class="i1">And weary, World, + of spinning,<br /></span> <span class="i0">That you + repeat the tales to-day<br /></span> + <span class="i1">You told at the + beginning?<br /></span> <span class="i0">For lo! the + same old myths that made<br /></span> + <span class="i1">The early stage-successes<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Still hold the boards, and still are + played<br /></span> <span class="i1">With new effects + and dresses.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>I have cited <i>La Cigale</i>, not because it is a very good + play—for it is not—but because it shows the present + carelessness of French dramatists in regard to dramatic + construction. <i>La Cigale</i> is a very clever bit of work, + but it has the slightest of plots, and this made out of old + cloth; and the situations, in so far as there are any, follow + each other as best they may. It is not really a play: it is a + mere sketch touched up with Parisianisms, "local hits" and the + wit of the moment. This substitution of an off-hand sketch for + a full-sized picture can better be borne in a little one-act + play than in a more ambitious work in three or four acts.</p> + + <p>And of one-act plays Meilhac and Halévy have written a score + or more—delightful little <i>genre</i> pictures, like the + <i>Été de Saint-Martin</i>, simple pastels, like <i>Toto chez + Tata</i>, and vigorous caricatures, like the <i>Photographe</i> + or the <i>Brésilien</i>. The Frenchman invented the ruffle, + says Emerson: the Englishman added the shirt. These little + dramatic trifles are French ruffles. In the beginning of his + theatrical career M. Meilhac did little comedies like the + <i>Sarabande</i> and the <i>Autographe</i>, in the Scribe + formula—dramatized anecdotes, but fresher in wit and + livelier in fancy than Scribe's. This early work was far more + regular than we find in some of his latest, bright as these + are: the <i>Petit Hôtel</i>, for instance, and <i>Lolotte</i> + are etchings, as it were, instantaneous photographs of certain + aspects of life in the city by the Seine or stray paragraphs of + the latest news from Paris.</p> + + <p>It is perhaps not too much to say that Meilhac and Halévy + are seen at their best in these one-act plays. They hit better + with a single-barrel than with a revolver. In their five-act + plays, whether serious like <i>Fanny Lear</i> or comic like + <i>La Vie Parisienne</i>, the interest is scattered, and we + have a series of episodes rather than a single story. Just as + the egg of the jelly-fish is girt by circles which tighten + slowly until the ovoid form is cut into disks of independent + life, so if the four intermissions of some of Meilhac and + Halévy's full-sized plays were but a little longer and wider + and deeper they would divide the piece into five separate + plays, any one of which could fairly hope for success by + itself. I have heard that the <i>Roi Candaule</i> was + originally an act of <i>La Boule</i>, and the + <i>Photographe</i> seems as though it had dropped from <i>La + Vie Parisienne</i> by mistake. In M. Meilhac's earlier five-act + plays, the <i>Vertu de Celimène</i> and the <i>Petit fils de + Mascarille</i>, there is great power of conception, a real grip + on character, but the main action is clogged with tardy + incidents, and so the momentum is lost. In these comedies the + influence of the new school of Alexandre Dumas <i>fils</i> is + plainly visible. And the inclination toward the strong, not to + say violent, emotions which Dumas and Angier had imported into + comedy is still more evident in <i>Fanny Lear</i>, the first + five-act comedy which Meilhac and Halévy wrote together, and + which was brought out in 1868. The final situation is one of + truth and immense effectiveness, and there is great vigor in + the creation of character. The decrepit old rake, the Marquis + de Noriolis, feeble in his folly and wandering in helplessness, + but irresistible when aroused, is a striking figure; and still + more striking is the portrait of his wife, now the Marquise de + Noriolis, but once Fanny Lear the adventuress—a woman who + has youth, beauty, wealth, everything before her, if it were + not for the shame which is behind her: gay and witty, and even + good-humored, she is inflexible when she is determined; hers is + a velvet manner and an iron will. The name of Fanny Lear may + sound familiar to some readers because it was given to an + American adventuress in Russia by a grand-ducal admirer.</p> + + <p>After <i>Fanny Lear</i> came <i>Froufrou</i>, the lineal + successor of <i>The Stranger</i> as the current masterpiece of + the lachrymatory drama. Nothing so tear-compelling as the final + act of <i>Froufrou</i> had been seen on the stage for half a + century or more. The death of Froufrou was a watery sight, and + for any chance to weep we are many of us grateful. And yet it + was a German, born in the land of Charlotte and + Werther,—it was Heine who remarked on the oddity of + praising the "dramatic poet who possesses the art of drawing + tears—a talent which he has in common with the meanest + onion." It is noteworthy that it was by way of Germany that + English tragedy exerted its singular influence on French + comedy. Attracted by the homely power of pieces like <i>The + Gamester</i> and <i>Jane Shore</i>, Diderot in France and + Lessing in Germany attempted the <i>tragédie bourgeoise</i>, + but the right of the "tradesmen's tragedies"—as Goldsmith + called them—to exist at all was questioned until + Kotzebue's pathetic power and theatrical skill captured nearly + every stage in Europe. In France the bastard offspring of + English tragedy and German drama gave birth to an equally + illegitimate <i>comédie larmoyante</i>. And so it happens that + while comedy in English literature, resulting from the clash of + character, is always on the brink of farce, comedy in French + literature may be tinged with passion until it almost turns to + tragedy. In France the word "comedy" is elastic and covers a + multitude of sins: it includes the laughing <i>Boule</i> and + the tearful <i>Froufrou</i>: in fact, the French Melpomene is a + sort of <i>Jeanne qui pleure et Jeanne qui rit</i>.</p> + + <p>So it happens that <i>Froufrou</i> is a comedy. And indeed + the first three acts are comedy of a very high order, full of + wit and rich in character. I mentioned <i>The Stranger</i> a + few lines back, and the contrast of the two plays shows how + much lighter and more delicate French art is. The humor to be + found in <i>The Stranger</i> is, to say the least, Teutonic; + and German humor is like the simple Italian wines: it will not + stand export. And in <i>The Stranger</i> there is really no + character, no insight into human nature. <i>Misanthropy and + Repentance</i>, as Kotzebue called his play (<i>The + Stranger</i> was Sheridan's title for the English translation + he revised for his own theatre), are loud-sounding words when + we capitalize them, but they do not deceive us now: we see that + the play itself is mostly stalking sententiousness, mawkishly + overladen with gush. But in <i>Froufrou</i> there is wit of the + latest Parisian kind, and there are characters—people + whom we might meet and whom we may remember. Brigard, for one, + the reprobate old gentleman, living even in his old age in that + Bohemia which has Paris for its capital, and dyeing his few + locks because he feels himself unworthy to wear gray + hair,—Brigard is a portrait from life. The Baron de + Cambri is less individual, and I confess I cannot quite stomach + a gentleman who is willing to discuss the problem of his wife's + virtue with a chance adorer. But the cold Baronne herself is no + commonplace person. And Louise, the elder daughter of Froufrou, + the one who had chosen the better part and had kept it by much + self-sacrifice,—she is a true woman. Best, better even + than Brigard, is Gilberte, nicknamed "Froufrou" from the + rustling of her silks as she skips and scampers airily around. + Froufrou, when all is said, is a real creation, a revelation of + Parisian femininity, a living thing, breathing the breath of + life and tripping along lightly on her own little feet. + Marrying a reserved yet deeply-devoted husband because her + sister bid her; taking into her home that sister, who had + sacrificed her own love for the husband; seeing this sister + straighten the household which she in her heedless seeking for + idle amusement had not governed, then beginning to feel herself + in danger and aware of a growing jealousy, senseless though it + be, of the sister who has so innocently supplanted her by her + hearth, and even with her child; making one effort to regain + her place, and failing, as was inevitable,—poor Froufrou + takes the fatal plunge which will for ever and at once separate + her from what was hers before. What a fine scene is that at the + end of the third act, in which Froufrou has worked herself + almost to a frenzy, and, hopeless in her jealousy, gives up all + to her sister and rushes from the house to the lover she + scarcely cares for! And how admirably does all that has gone + before lead up to it! These first three acts are a wonder of + constructive art. Of the rest of the play it is hard to speak + so highly. The change is rather sudden from the study of + character in the first part to the demand in the last that if + you have tears you must prepare to shed them now. The + brightness is quenched in gloom and despair. Of a verity, + frivolity may be fatal, and death may follow a liking for + private theatricals and the other empty amusements of fashion; + but is it worth while to break a butterfly on the wheel and to + put a humming-bird to the question? To say what fate shall be + meted out to the woman taken in adultery is always a hard task + for the dramatist. Here the erring and erratic heroine comes + home to be forgiven and to die, and so after the fresh and + unforced painting of modern Parisian life we have a finish full + of conventional pathos. Well, death redeems all, and, as Pascal + says, "the last act is always tragedy, whatever fine comedy + there may have been in the rest of life. We must all die + alone."</p> + + <p class='author'>J. BRANDER MATTHEWS.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="THE_KINGS_GIFTS" + id="THE_KINGS_GIFTS"></a>THE KING'S GIFTS.</h2> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Cyrus the king in royal + mood<br /></span> <span class="i0">Portioned his gifts + as seemed him good:<br /></span> <span class="i0">To + Artabasus, proud to hold<br /></span> + <span class="i0">The priceless boon, a cup of + gold—<br /></span> <span class="i0">A + rare-wrought thing: its jewelled brim<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Haloed a nectar sweet to + him.<br /></span> <span class="i0">No flavor fine it + seemed to miss;<br /></span> <span class="i0">But when + the king stooped down, a kiss<br /></span> + <span class="i0">To leave upon Chrysantas' + lips,<br /></span> <span class="i0">The jewels paled in + dull eclipse<br /></span> <span class="i0">To + Artabasus: hard and cold<br /></span> + <span class="i0">And empty grew the cup of + gold.<br /></span> <span class="i0">"Better, O Sire, + than mine," cried he,<br /></span> <span class="i0">"I + deem Chrysantas' gift to be."<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Yet the wise king his courtiers + knew,<br /></span> <span class="i0">And unto each had + given his due.<br /></span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">To all who watch and all who + wait<br /></span> <span class="i0">The king will come, + or soon or late.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Choose + well: thy secret wish is known,<br /></span> + <span class="i0">And thou shalt surely have thine + own—<br /></span> <span class="i0">A golden cup + thy poor wealth's sign,<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Or on thy lips Love's seal + divine.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class='center'>EMILY A. BRADDOCK</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="BAUBIE_WISHART" + id="BAUBIE_WISHART"></a>BAUBIE WISHART.</h2> + + <p>"I have taken you at your word, you see, Miss Mackenzie. You + told me not to give alms in the street, and to bring the + begging children to you. So here is one now."</p> + + <p>Thus introduced, the begging child was pushed forward into + the room by the speaker, a lady who was holding her by one + shoulder.</p> + + <p>She was a stunted, slim creature, that might have been any + age from nine to fourteen, barefooted and bareheaded, and + wearing a Rob Roy tartan frock. She entered in a sidelong way + that was at once timid and confidently independent, and stared + all round her with a pair of large brown eyes. She did not seem + to be in the least frightened, and when released by her + guardian stood at ease comfortably on one foot, tucking the + other away out of sight among the not too voluminous folds of + her frock.</p> + + <p>It was close on twelve o'clock of a March day in the poor + sewing-women's workroom in Drummond street. The average number + of women of the usual sort were collected together—a + depressed and silent gathering. It seemed as if the bitter east + wind had dulled and chilled them into a grayer monotony of look + than usual, so that they might be in harmony with the general + aspect which things without had assumed at its grim bidding. A + score or so of wan faces looked up for a minute, but the child, + after all, had nothing in her appearance that was calculated to + repay attention, and the lady was known to them all. So "white + seam" reasserted its old authority without much delay.</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie laid down the scissors which she had been + using on a bit of coarse cotton, and advanced in reply to the + address of the newcomer. "How do you do? and where did you pick + up this creature?" she asked, looking curiously at the + importation.</p> + + <p>"Near George IV. Bridge, on this side of it, and I just took + hold of her and brought her off to you at once. I don't + believe"—this was said <i>sotto voce</i>—"that she + has a particle of clothing on her but that frock."</p> + + <p>"Very likely.—What is your name, my child?"</p> + + <p>"Baubie Wishart, mem." She spoke in an apologetic tone, + glancing down at her feet, the one off duty being lowered for + the purpose of inspection, which over, she hoisted the foot + again immediately into the recesses of the Rob Roy tartan.</p> + + <p>"Have you a father and mother?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, mem."</p> + + <p>"What does your father do?"</p> + + <p>Baubie Wishart glanced down again in thought for an instant, + then raised her eyes for the first time directly to her + questioner's face: "He used to be a Christy man, but he canna + be that any longer, sae he goes wi' boords."</p> + + <p>"Why cannot he be a Christy man any longer?"</p> + + <p>Down came the foot once more, and this time took up its + position permanently beside the other: "Because mother drinks + awfu', an' pawned the banjo for drink." This family history was + related in the most matter-of-fact, natural way.</p> + + <p>"And does your father drink too?" asked Miss Mackenzie after + a short pause.</p> + + <p>Baubie Wishart's eyes wandered all round the room, and with + one toe she swept up a little mass of dust before she answered + in a voice every tone of which spoke unwilling truthfulness, + "Just whiles—Saturday nichts."</p> + + <p>"Is <i>he</i> kind to you?"</p> + + <p>"Ay," looking up quickly, "excep' just whiles when he's + fou—Saturday nichts, ye ken—and then he beats me; + but he's rale kind when he's sober."</p> + + <p>"Were you ever at school?"</p> + + <p>"No, mem," with a shake of the head that seemed to convey + that she had something else, and probably better, to do.</p> + + <p>"Did you ever hear of God?" asked the lady who had brought + her.</p> + + <p>"Ay, mem," answered Baubie quite readily: "it's a kind of a + bad word I hear in the streets."</p> + + <p>"How old are you?" asked both ladies simultaneously.</p> + + <p>"Thirteen past," replied Baubie, with a promptness that made + her listeners smile, suggesting as it did the thought that the + question had been put to her before, and that Baubie knew well + the import of her answer.</p> + + <p>She grew more communicative now. She could not read, but, + all the same, she knew two songs which she sang in the + streets—"Before the Battle" and "After the Battle;" and, + carried away by the thought of her own powers, she actually + began to give proof of her assertion by reciting one of them + there and then. This, however, was stopped at once. "Can knit + too," she added then.</p> + + <p>"Who taught you to knit?"</p> + + <p>"Don' know. Wis at a Sunday-schuil too."</p> + + <p>"Oh, you were? And what did you learn there?"</p> + + <p>Baubie Wishart looked puzzled, consulted her toes in vain, + and then finally gave it up.</p> + + <p>"I should like to do something for her," observed her first + friend: "it is time this street-singing came to an end."</p> + + <p>"She is intelligent, clearly," said Miss Mackenzie, looking + curiously at the child, whose appearance and bearing rather + puzzled her. There was not a particle of the professional + street-singer about Baubie Wishart, the child of that species + being generally clean-washed, or at least soapy, of face, with + lank, smooth-combed and greasy hair; and usually, too, with a + smug, sanctimonious air of meriting a better fate. Baubie + Wishart presented none of these characteristics: her face was + simply filthy; her hair was a red-brown, loosened tangle that + reminded one painfully of oakum in its first stage. And she + looked as if she deserved a whipping, and defied it too. She + was just a female arab—an arab <i>plus</i> an + accomplishment—bright, quick and inconsequent as a + sparrow, and reeking of the streets and gutters, which had been + her nursery.</p> + + <p>"Yes," continued the good lady, "I must look after her."</p> + + <p>"Poor little atom! I suppose you will find out where the + parents live, and send the school-board officer to them. That + is the usual thing, is it not? I must go, Miss Mackenzie. + Good-bye for to-day. And do tell me what you settle for + her."</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie promised, and her friend took her + departure.</p> + + <p>"Go and sit by the fire, Baubie Wishart, for a little, and + then I shall be ready to talk to you."</p> + + <p>Nothing loath apparently, Baubie established herself at the + end of the fender, and from that coign of vantage watched the + on-goings about her with the stoicism of a red Indian. She + showed no symptom of wonder at anything, and listened to the + disquisitions of Miss Mackenzie and the matron as to the proper + adjustment of parts—"bias," "straights," "gathers," + "fells," "gussets" and "seams," a whole new language as it + unrolled its complexities before her—with complacent + indifference.</p> + + <p>At last, all the web of cotton being cut up, the time came + to go. Miss Mackenzie buttoned up her sealskin coat, and + pulling on a pair of warm gloves beckoned Baubie, who rose with + alacrity: "Where do your father and mother live?"</p> + + <p>"Kennedy's Lodgings, in the Gressmarket, mem."</p> + + <p>"I know the place," observed Miss Mackenzie, to whom, + indeed, most of these haunts were familiar. "Take me there now, + Baubie."</p> + + <p>They set out together. Baubie trotted in front, turning her + head, dog-fashion, at every corner to see if she were followed. + They reached the Grassmarket at last, and close to the corner + of the West Bow found an entry with the whitewashed inscription + above it, "Kennedy's Lodgings." Baubie glanced round to see if + her friend was near, then vanished upward from her sight. Miss + Mackenzie kilted her dress and began the ascent of the stairs, + the steps of which, hollowed out as they were by the tread of + centuries of human feet, afforded a not too safe footing.</p> + + <p>Arrived at the third floor, she found Baubie waiting for + her, breathless and panting.</p> + + <p>"It's here," she said—"the big kitchen, mem."</p> + + <p>A long, narrow passage lay before them, off which doors + opened on all sides. Precipitating herself at one of these + doors, Baubie Wishart, who could barely reach the latch, pushed + it open, giving egress to a confusion of noises, which seemed + to float above a smell of cooking, in which smell herrings and + onions contended for the mastery.</p> + + <p>It was a very large room, low-ceilinged, but well enough + lighted by a couple of windows, which looked into a close + behind. The walls had been whitewashed once upon a time, but + the whitewash was almost lost to view under the decorations + with which it was overlaid. These consisted of pictures cut out + of the illustrated weekly papers or milliners' books. All sorts + of subjects were represented: fashion-plates hung side by side + with popular preachers and statesmen, race-horses and Roman + Catholic saints; red-and white-draped Madonnas elbowed the + "full-dress" heroines of the penny weeklies. It was a curious + gallery, and a good many of the works of art had the merit of + being antique. Generations of flies had emblazoned their deeds + of prowess on the papers: streaks of candle-grease bore witness + to the inquiring turn of mind, attracted by the letter-press, + or the artistic proclivities of Kennedy's lodgers. It was about + two, the dinner-hour probably, which accounted for the presence + of so many people in the room. Most, but not all, seemed to be + of the wandering class. They were variously employed. Some were + sitting on the truckle-beds that ran round the walls; one or + two were knitting or sewing; a cripple was mending baskets in + one of the windows; and about the fire a group were collected + superintending the operations which produced, though not + unaided, the odors with which the room was reeking.</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie stood for a few minutes, unnoticed + apparently, looking about her at the motley crowd. Baubie on + entering the room had raised herself for a second on tiptoe to + look into a distant corner, and then, remarking to herself, + half audibly, "His boords is gane," subsided, and contented + herself with watching Miss Mackenzie's movements.</p> + + <p>There seemed to be no one to do the honors. The inmates all + looked at each other for a moment hesitatingly, then resumed + their various occupations. A young woman, a sickly, livid-faced + creature, rose from her place behind the door, and, advancing + with a halting step, said to Miss Mackenzie, "Mistress + Kennedy's no' in, an' Wishart's oot wi's boords."</p> + + <p>"I wanted to see him about this child, who was found begging + in the streets to-day."</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie looked curiously at the woman, wondering if + she could belong in any way to the Wishart family. She was a + miserable object, seemingly in the last stage of + consumption.</p> + + <p>"Eh, mem," she answered hurriedly, and drawing nearer, + "ye're a guid leddy, I ken, an' tak' t' lassie away oot o' + this. The mither's an awfu' wuman: tak' her away wi' ye, or + she'll sune be as bad. She'll be like mysel' and the rest o' + them here."</p> + + <p>"I will, I will," Miss Mackenzie said, shocked and startled, + recoiling before the spirit-reeking breath of this warning + spectre. "I will, I will," she repeated hastily. There was no + use remaining any longer. She went out, beckoning to Baubie, + who was busy rummaging about a bed at the top of the room.</p> + + <p>Baubie had bethought her that it was time to take her father + his dinner. So she slipped over to that corner of the big + kitchen which was allotted to the Wishart family and possessed + herself of a piece of a loaf which was hidden away there. As + she passed by the fire she profited by the momentary + abstraction of the people who were cooking to snap up and make + her own a brace of unconsidered trifles in the shape of onions + which were lying near them. These, with the piece of bread, she + concealed on her person, and then returned to Miss Mackenzie, + who was now in the passage.</p> + + <p>"Baubie," said that lady, "I will send some one here about + you. Now, don't let me hear of your singing in the streets or + begging again. You will get into trouble if you do."</p> + + <p>She was descending the stairs as she spoke, and she turned + round when she had reached the entry: "You know the police will + take you, Baubie."</p> + + <p>"Yes, mem," answered Baubie, duly impressed.</p> + + <p>"Well, now, I am going home. Stay: are you hungry?"</p> + + <p>Without waiting for her answer, Miss Mackenzie entered a + tiny shop close by, purchased a mutton-pie and handed it to + Baubie Wishart, who received it with wondering reverence. Miss + Mackenzie took her way home westward up the Grassmarket. She + turned round before leaving it by way of King's Stables, and + caught sight of Bauble's frock by the entry of Kennedy's + Lodgings—a tiny morsel of color against the shadow of the + huge gray houses. She thought of the big kitchen and its + occupants, and the face and words of the poor girl, and + promised herself that she would send the school-board officer + to Kennedy's Lodgings that very night.</p> + + <p>Baubie waited till her friend was well out of sight: then + she hid her mutton-pie in the same place with the onions and + the piece of bread, and started up the Grassmarket in her turn. + She stopped at the first shop she passed and bought a + pennyworth of cheese. Then she made her way to the Lothian + road, and looked up and down it anxiously in search of the + walking advertisement-man. He was not there, so she directed + her course toward Princes street, and after promenading it as + far east as the Mound, she turned up into George street, and + caught sight of her father walking along slowly by the + curbstone. It was not long before she overtook him.</p> + + <p>"Od, lassie, I wis thinkin' lang," he began wearily as soon + as he realized her apparition. Baubie did not wait for him to + finish: with a peremptory nod she signified her will, and he + turned round and followed her a little way down Hanover street. + Then Baubie selected a flight of steps leading to a basement + store, and throwing him a look of command flitted down and + seated herself at the bottom. It was sheltered from the cold + wind and not too much overlooked. Wishart shifted the boards + from about his shoulders, and, following her, laid them against + the wall at the side of the basement-steps, and sat down + heavily beside her. He was a sickly-looking man, sandy-haired, + with a depressed and shifty expression of face—not + vicious, but weak and vacillating. Baubie seemed to have the + upper hand altogether: every gesture showed it. She opened the + paper that was wrapped about her fragment of rank yellow + cheese, laid it down on the step between them, and then + produced, in their order of precedence, the pie, the onions and + the bread.</p> + + <p>"Wha gied ye that?" asked Wishart, gazing at the + mutton-pie.</p> + + <p>"A leddy," replied Baubie, concisely.</p> + + <p>"An' they?" pointing to the onions.</p> + + <p>A nod was all the answer, for Baubie, who was hungry, was + busy breaking the piece of loaf. Wishart with great care + divided the pie without spilling much more than half its gravy, + and began on his half of it and the biggest onion + simultaneously. Baubie ate up her share of pie, declined + cheese, and attacked her onion and a great piece of crust. The + crust was very tough, and after the mutton-pie rather dry and + tasteless, and she laid it down presently in her lap, and after + a few minutes' passive silence began: "That," nodding at the + cheese, or what was left of it rather, "wis all I got—ae + penny. The leddy took me up till a hoose, an' anither are that + wis there came doon hame and gaed in ben, an' wis speirin' for + ye, an' says she'll gie me till the polis for singin' an' + askin' money in t' streets, an' wants you to gie me till her to + pit in schuil."</p> + + <p>She stopped and fixed her eyes on him, watching the effect + of her words. Wishart laid down his bread and cheese and stared + back at her. It seemed to take some time for his brain to + realize all the meaning of her pregnant speech.</p> + + <p>"Ay," he said after a while, and with an effort, "I maun + tak' ye to Glasgae, to yer aunt. Ye'll be pit in schuil if yer + caught."</p> + + <p>"I'll no bide," observed Baubie, finishing off her onion + with a grimace. The raw onion was indeed strong and hot, even + for Bauble's not too epicurean palate, but it had been got for + nothing—a circumstance from which it derived a flavor + which many people more dainty than Bauble Wishart find to be + extremely appetizing.</p> + + <p>"Bide!" echoed her father: "they'll mak' ye bide. Gin I had + only the banjo agen!" sighed the whilom Christy man, getting up + and preparing to adjust the boards once more.</p> + + <p>The last crumb of the loaf was done, and Bauble, refreshed, + got up too. "Whenll ye be hame?" she questioned abruptly when + they had reached the top of the steps.</p> + + <p>"Seven. Gaeway hame wi' ye, lassie, noo. Ye didna see + <i>her</i>?" he questioned as he walked off.</p> + + <p>"Na," replied Bauble, standing still and looking about her + as if to choose which way she should take.</p> + + <p>He sighed deeply, and moved off slowly on his way back to + his post, with the listless, hopeless air that seems to belong + to the members of his calling.</p> + + <p>Bauble obeyed her parent's commands in so far as that she + did go home, but as she took Punch and Judy in her course up + the Mound, and diverged as far as a football match in the + Meadows, it was nearly seven before Kennedy's Lodgings saw her + again.</p> + + <p>The following morning, shortly after breakfast, Miss + Mackenzie's butler informed her that there was a child who + wanted to speak with her in the hall. On going down she found + Bauble Wishart on the mat.</p> + + <p>"Where is your father? and why did he not come with you?" + asked Miss Mackenzie, puzzled.</p> + + <p>"He thoucht shame to come an' speak wi' a fine leddy like + you." This excuse, plausible enough, was uttered in a low voice + and with downcast eyes, but hardly was it pronounced when she + burst out rapidly and breathlessly into what was clearly the + main object of her visit: "But please, mem, he says he'll gie + me to you if ye'll gie him the three shillin's to tak' the + banjo oot o' the pawn."</p> + + <p>This candid proposal took Miss Mackenzie's breath away. To + become the owner of Baubie Wishart, even at so low a price, + seemed to her rather a heathenish proceeding, with a flavor of + illegality about it to boot. There was a vacancy at the home + for little girls which might be made available for the little + wretch without the necessity of any preliminary of this kind; + and it did not occur to her that it was a matter of any moment + whether Mr. Wishart continued to exercise the rôle of + "sandwich-man" or returned to his normal profession of + banjo-player. Baubie was to be got hold of in any case. With + the muttered adjuration of the wretched girl in Kennedy's + Lodgings echoing in her ears, Miss Mackenzie determined that + she should be left no longer than could be helped in that + company.</p> + + <p>How earnest and matter of fact she was in delivering her + extraordinary errand! thought Miss Mackenzie to herself, + meeting the eager gaze of Baubie Wishart's eyes, looking out + from beneath her tangle of hair like those of a Skye + terrier.</p> + + <p>"I will speak to your father myself, Baubie—tell him + so—to-morrow, perhaps: tell him I mean to settle about + you myself. Now go."</p> + + <p>The least possible flicker of disappointment passed over + Baubie's face. The tangled head drooped for an instant, then + she bobbed by way of adieu and vanished.</p> + + <p>That day and the next passed before Miss Mackenzie found it + possible to pay her long-promised visit to Mr. Wishart, and + when, about eleven in the forenoon, she once more entered the + big kitchen in Kennedy's Lodgings, she was greeted with the + startling intelligence that the whole Wishart family were in + prison.</p> + + <p>The room was as full as before. Six women were sitting in + the middle of the floor teasing out an old hair mattress. There + was the same odor of cooking, early as it was, and the same + medley of noises, but the people were different. The + basket-making cripple was gone, and in his place by the window + sat a big Irish beggar-woman, who was keeping up a conversation + with some one (a compatriot evidently) in a window of the close + behind.</p> + + <p>The mistress of the house came forward. She was a + decent-looking little woman, but had rather a hard face, + expressive of care and anxiety. On recognizing her visitor she + curtsied: "The Wisharts, mem? Yes, they're a' in jail."</p> + + <p>"All in jail?" echoed Miss Mackenzie. "Will you come outside + and speak to me? There are so many people—"</p> + + <p>"Eh yes, mem: I'm sure ye fin' the room closs. Eh yes, mem, + the Wisharts are a' in the lock-up."</p> + + <p>They were standing outside in the passage, and Mrs. Kennedy + held the door closed by the latch, which she kept firmly + grasped in her hand. It struck Miss Mackenzie as being an odd + way to secure privacy for a privileged communication, to fasten + the door of their room upon those inside. It was expressive, + however.</p> + + <p>"Ye see, mem," began the landlady, "Wishart's no a very bad + man—jist weak in the heid like—but's wife is jist + something awfu', an' I could not let her bide in a decent + lodging-house. We hae to dra' the line somewhere, and I dra' it + low enough, but she wis far below that. Eh, she's jist + terrible! Wishart has a sister in Glasgae verra weel to do, an' + I h'ard him say he'd gie the lassie to her if it wer na for the + wife. The day the school-board gentleman wis here she came + back: she'd been away, ye ken, and she said she'd become a + t'otaller, an' so I sed she micht stay; but, ye see, when nicht + came on she an' Wishart gaed out thegither, an' jist to + celebrate their bein' frien's again she an' him gaed intil a + public, an' she got uproarious drunk, an' the polis took her + up. Wishart wis no sae bad, sae they let him come hame; but, ye + see, he had tasted the drink, an' wanted mair, an' he hadna ony + money. Ye see, he'd promised the gentleman who came here that + he widna send Baubie oot to sing again. But he <i>did</i> send + her oot then to sing for money for him, an' the polis had been + put to watch her, an' saw her beg, an' took her up to the + office, an' came back here for Wishart. An' so before the day + was dune they were a' lockit up thegither."</p> + + <p>Such was the story related to Miss Mackenzie. What was to be + done with Baubie now? It was hardly fair that she should be + sent to a reformatory among criminal children. She had + committed no crime, and there was that empty bed at the home + for little girls. She determined to attend the sheriff-court on + Monday morning and ask to be given the custody of Baubie.</p> + + <p>When Monday morning came, ten o'clock saw Miss Mackenzie + established in a seat immediately below the sheriff's high + bench. The Wisharts were among the first batch tried, and made + their appearance from a side-door. Mrs. Wishart came first, + stepping along with a resolute, brazen bearing that contrasted + with her husband's timid, shuffling gait. She was a + gypsy-looking woman, with wandering, defiant black eyes, and + her red face had the sign-manual of vice stamped upon it. After + her came Baubie, a red-tartan-covered mite, shrinking back and + keeping as close to her father as she could. Baubie had favored + her mother as to complexion: that was plain. The top of her + rough head and her wild brown eyes were just visible over the + panel as she stared round her, taking in with composure and + astuteness everything that was going on. She was the most + self-possessed of her party, for under Mrs. Wishart's active + brazenness there could easily be seen fear and a certain + measure of remorse hiding themselves; and Wishart seemed to be + but one remove from imbecility.</p> + + <p>The charges were read with a running commentary of bad + language from Mrs. Wishart as her offences were detailed; + Wishart blinked in a helpless, pathetic way; Baubie, who seemed + to consider herself as associated with him alone in the charge, + assumed an air of indifference and sucked her thumb, meantime + watching Miss Mackenzie furtively. She felt puzzled to account + for her presence there, but it never entered her head to + connect that fact with herself in any way.</p> + + <p>"Guilty or not guilty?" asked the sheriff-clerk.</p> + + <p>"There's a kin' lady in coort," stammered Wishart, "an' she + kens a' aboot it."</p> + + <p>"Guilty or not guilty?" reiterated the clerk: "this is not + the time to speak." "She kens it a', an' she wis to tak' the + lassie."</p> + + <p>"Guilty or not guilty? You must plead, and you can say what + you like afterward." Wishart stopped, not without an appealing + look at the kind lady, and pleaded guilty meekly. A policeman + with a scratched face and one hand plastered up testified to + the extravagances Mrs. Wishart had committed on the strength of + her conversion to teetotal principles.</p> + + <p>Baubic heard it all impassively, her face only betraying + anything like keen interest while the police-officer was + detailing his injuries. Three months' imprisonment was the + sentence on Margaret Mactear or Wishart. Then Wishart's + sentence was pronounced—sixty days.</p> + + <p>He and Baubie drew nearer to each other, Wishart with a + despairing, helpless look. Baubie's eyes looked like those of a + hare taken in a gin. Not one word had been said about her. She + was not to go with her father. What was to become of her? She + was not long left in doubt as to her fate.</p> + + <p>"I will take the child, sheriff," said Miss Mackenzie + eagerly and anxiously. "I came here purposely to offer her a + home in the refuge."</p> + + <p>"Policeman, hand over the child to this lady at once," said + the sheriff.—</p> + + <p>"Nothing could be better, Miss Mackenzie. It is very good of + you to volunteer to take charge of her."</p> + + <p>Mrs. Wishart disappeared with a parting volley of blasphemy; + her husband, casting, as he went, a wistful look at Miss + Mackenzie, shambled fecklessly after the partner of his joys + and sorrows; and the child remained alone behind. The policeman + took her by an arm and drew her forward to make room for a + fresh consignment of wickedness from the cells at the side. + Baubie breathed a short sigh as the door closed upon her + parents, shook back her hair, and looked up at Miss Mackenzie, + as if to announce her readiness and good will. Not one vestige + of her internal mental attitude could be gathered from her + sun-and wind-beaten little countenance. There was no + rebelliousness, neither was there guilt. One would almost have + thought she had been told beforehand what was to happen, so + cool and collected was she.</p> + + <p>"Now, Baubie, I am going to take you home. Come, child."</p> + + <p>Pleased with her success, Miss Mackenzie, so speaking, took + the little waif's hand and led her out of the police-court into + the High street. She hardly dared to conjecture that it was + Baubie Wishart's first visit to that place, but as she stood on + the entrance-steps and shook out her skirts with a sense of + relief, she breathed a sincere hope that it might be the + child's last.</p> + + <p>A cab was waiting. Baubie, to her intense delight and no + less astonishment, was requested to occupy the front seat. Miss + Mackenzie gave the driver his order and got in, facing the red + tartan bundle.</p> + + <p>"Were you ever in a cab before?" asked Miss Mackenzie.</p> + + <p>"Na, niver," replied Baubie in a rapt tone and without + looking at her questioner, so intent was she on staring out of + the windows, between both of which she divided her attention + impartially.</p> + + <p>They were driving down the Mound, and the outlook, usually + so far-reaching from that vantage-ground, was bounded by a + thick sea-fog that the east wind was carrying up from the Forth + and dispensing with lavish hands on all sides. The buildings + had a grim, black look, as if a premature old age had come upon + them, and the black pinnacles of the Monument stood out sharply + defined in clear-cut, harsh distinctness against the floating + gray background. There were not many people stirring in the + streets. It was a depressing atmosphere, and Miss Mackenzie + observed before long that Baubie either seemed to have become + influenced by it or that the novelty of the cab-ride had worn + off completely. They crossed the Water of Leith, worn to a mere + brown thread owing to the long drought, by Stockbridge street + bridge, and a few yards from it found themselves before a gray + stone house separated from the street by a grass-plot + surrounded by a stone wall: inside the wall grew chestnut and + poplar trees, which in summer must have shaded the place + agreeably, but which this day, in the cold gray mist, seemed + almost funereal in their gloomy blackness. The gate was opened + from within the wall as soon as Miss Mackenzie rang, and she + and Baubie walked up the little flagged path together. As the + gate clanged to behind them Baubie looked back involuntarily + and sighed.</p> + + <p>"Don't fear, lassie," said her guide: "they will be very + kind to you here. And it will be just a good home for you."</p> + + <p>It may be questioned whether this promise of a good home + awoke any pleasing associations or carried with it any definite + meaning to Baubie Wishart's mind. She glanced up as if to show + that she understood, but her eyes turned then and rested on the + square front of the little old-fashioned gray house with its + six staring windows and its front circumscribed by the wall and + the black poplars and naked chestnuts, and she choked down + another sigh.</p> + + <p>"Now, Mrs. Duncan," Miss Mackenzie was saying to a + comfortably-dressed elderly woman, "here's your new girl, + Baubie Wishart."</p> + + <p>"Eh, ye've been successful then, Miss Mackenzie?"</p> + + <p>"Oh dear, yes: the sheriff made no objection. And now, Mrs. + Duncan, I hope she will be a good girl and give you no + trouble.—Come here, Baubie, and promise me to do + everything you are told and obey Mrs. Duncan in + everything."</p> + + <p>"Yes, mem," answered Bauble reverently, almost solemnly.</p> + + <p>There seemed to be no necessity for further exhortation. + Baubie's demeanor promised everything that was hoped for or + wanted, and, perfectly contented, Miss Mackenzie turned her + attention to the minor details of wardrobe, etc.: "That frock + is good enough if it were washed. She must get shoes and + stockings; and then underwear, too, of some sort will be + wanted."</p> + + <p>"That will it," responded the matron; "but I had better send + her at once to get a bath."</p> + + <p>A big girl was summoned from a back room and desired to get + ready a tub. It was the ceremony customary at the reception of + a neophyte—customary, and in general very necessary + too.</p> + + <p>Baubie's countenance fell lower still on hearing this, and + she blinked both eyes deprecatingly. Nevertheless, when the big + girl—whom they called Kate—returned, bringing with + her a warm whiff of steam and soap, she trotted after her + obediently and silently.</p> + + <p>After a while the door opened, and Kate's yellow head + appeared. "Speak with ye, mem?" she said. "I hae her washen + noo, but what for claes?"</p> + + <p>"Eh yes.—Miss Mackenzie, we can't put her back into + those dirty clothes."</p> + + <p>"Oh no.—I'll come and look at her clothes, Kate." As + she spoke Miss Mackenzie rose and followed the matron and Kate + into a sort of kitchen or laundry.</p> + + <p>In the middle of the floor was a tub containing Miss Wishart + mid-deep in soapsuds. Her thick hair was all soaking, and clung + fast to her head: dripping locks hung clown over her eyes, + which looked out through the tangle patient and suffering. She + glanced up quickly as Miss Mackenzie came in, and then resigned + herself passively into Kate's hands, who with a piece of + flannel had resumed the scrubbing process.</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie was thinking to herself that it was possibly + Baubie Wishart's first experience of the kind, when she + observed the child wince as if she were hurt.</p> + + <p>"It's yon' as hurts her," said Kate, calling the matron's + attention to something on the child's shoulders. They both + stooped and saw a long blue-and-red mark—a bruise all + across her back. Nor was this the only evidence of + ill-treatment: other bruises, and even scars, were to be seen + on the lean little body.</p> + + <p>"Puir thing!" said the matron in a low tone, + sympathizingly.</p> + + <p>"Baubie, who gave you that bruise?" asked Miss + Mackenzie.</p> + + <p>No answer from Baubie, who seemed to be absorbed in watching + the drops running off the end of her little red nose, which + played the part of a gargoyle to the rest of her face.</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie repeated the question, sternly almost: + "Bauble Wishart, I insist upon knowing who gave you that + bruise."</p> + + <p>"A didna gie't to mysel', mem." was the answer from the + figure in the soapsuds. There was a half sob in the voice as of + terror, and her manner had all the appearance of + ingenuousness.</p> + + <p>The matron and Miss Mackenzie looked at each other + significantly, and agreed tacitly that there was no use in + pushing the question.</p> + + <p>"Od!" said Kate, who had paused in the act of taking a warm + towel from the fireplace to listen, "a'body kens ye didna gie + it till yoursel', lassie."</p> + + <p>"Where are her clothes?" said the matron. "Oh, here. Yon + frock's good enough if it was washed; but, losh me! just look + at these for clothes!" She was exhibiting some indescribable + rags as she spoke.</p> + + <p>"Kate," said Miss Mackenzie, "dress her in the lassie + Grant's clothes: they are the most likely to fit her. Don't + lose time: I want to see her again before I go."</p> + + <p>Kate fished up her charge, all smoking, from the soapsuds + and rubbed her down before the fire. Then the tangled wet hair + was parted evenly and smoothed into dark locks on either side + of her face. Raiment clean, but the coarsest of the coarse, was + found for her. A brown wincey dress surmounted all. Shoes and + stockings came last of all, probably in the order of importance + assigned to them by Kate.</p> + + <p>From the arm-chair of the matron's sitting-room Miss + Mackenzie surveyed her charge with satisfaction. Baubie looked + subdued, contented, perhaps grateful, and was decidedly + uncomfortable. Every vestige of the picturesque was gone, + obliterated clean by soap and water, and Kate's hair-comb, a + broken-toothed weapon that had come off second best in its + periodic conflicts with her own barley-mow, had disposed for + ever of the wild, curly tangle of hair. Her eyes had red rims + to them, caused by superfluous soap and water, and in its + present barked condition, when all the dirt was gone, Baubie's + face had rather an interesting, wistful expression. She seemed + not to stand very steadily in her boots, which were much too + big for her.</p> + + <p>Miss Mackenzie surveyed her with great satisfaction. The + brown wincey and the coarse apron seemed to her the neophyte's + robe, betokening Baubie's conversion from arab nomadism to + respectability and from a vagabond trade to decorous + industry.</p> + + <p>"Now, Baubie, you can knit: I mean to give you needles and + worsted to knit yourself stockings. Won't that be nice? I am + sure you never knitted stockings for yourself before."</p> + + <p>"Yes, mem," replied Baubie, shuffling her feet.</p> + + <p>"Now, what bed is she to get, Mrs. Duncan? Let us go up + stairs and see the dormitory."</p> + + <p>"I thought I would put her in the room with Kate: I changed + the small bed in there. If you will just step up stairs, Miss + Mackenzie?"</p> + + <p>The party reached the dormitory by a narrow wooden + staircase, the whiteness of which testified to the scrubbing + powers of Kate's red arms and those of her compeers. All the + windows were open, and the east wind came in at its will, + nippingly cold if airy. They passed through a large, + low-ceilinged room into a smaller one, in which were only four + beds: a small iron stretcher beside the window was pointed out + as Baubie's. Miss Mackenzie turned down the red-knitted + coverlet and looked at the blankets. They were perfectly clean, + like everything else, and, like everything else too, very + coarse and very well worn.</p> + + <p>"This will do very nicely.—Baubie, this is to be your + bed."</p> + + <p>Baubie, fresh from the lock-up and Kennedy's Lodgings, might + have been expected to show some trace of her sense of + comparison, but not a vestige of expression crossed her face: + she looked up in civil acknowledgment of having heard: that was + all.</p> + + <p>"I shall look in again in the course of a week," announced + Miss Mackenzie.—"Good-bye, Baubie: do everything Mrs. + Duncan tells you."</p> + + <p>With this valedictory Miss Mackenzie left the matron, and + Kate attended her down stairs; and Baubie was at last + alone.</p> + + <p>She remained standing stock-still when they left her by the + bedside—when the door, shut by Kate, who went out last, + hid them from her view. She listened in a stupid kind of way to + the feet tramping on the bare boards of the outer dormitory and + down the stairs: then all was still, and Baubie Wishart, clean, + clothed and separated from her father for the first time in her + life, was left alone to consider how she liked "school." She + felt cold and strange and lonely, and for about three minutes' + space she abandoned herself without reserve to the sensation. + Then the heavy shoes troubled her, and in a fit of anger and + impatience she suddenly began to unlace one. Some far-off sound + startled her, and with a furtive, timorous look at the door she + fastened it up again. No one came, but instead of returning to + the boot she sprang to the window, and, mounting the narrow + sill, prepared to survey the domain that lay below it. There + was not much to see. The window looked out on the back green, + which was very much like the front, save that there was no + flagged walk. A few stunted poplars ran round the walls: the + grass was trodden nearly all off, and from wall to wall were + stretched cords from which fluttered a motley collection of + linen hung out to dry. There was no looking out of it. Baubie + craned her adventurous small neck in all directions. One side + of the back green was overlooked by a tenement-house; the other + was guarded by the poplars and a low stone wall; at the bottom + was a dilapidated outhouse. The sky overhead was all dull gray: + a formless gray sea-mist hurried across it, driven by the east + wind, which found time as well to fill, as it passed, all the + fluttering garments on the line and swell them into ridiculous + travesties of the bodies they belonged to, tossing them the + while with high mockery into all manner of weird + contortions.</p> + + <p>Baubie looked at them curiously, and wondered to herself how + much they would all pawn for—considerably more than three + shillings no doubt. She established that fact to her own + satisfaction ere long, although she was no great arithmetician, + and she sighed as she built and demolished an air-castle in her + own mind. Though there was but little attraction for her in the + room, she was about to leave the window when her eye fell on a + large black cat crouched on the wall, employed in surveillance + of the linen or stalking sparrows or in deadly ambush for a + hated rival. Meeting Baubie's glance, he sat up and stared at + her suspiciously with a pair of round yellow, unwinking + orbs.</p> + + <p>"Ki! ki! ki!" breathed Baubie discreetly. She felt lonely, + and the cat looked a comfortable big creature, and belonged to + the house doubtless, for he stared at her with an interested, + questioning look. Presently he moved. She repeated her + invitation, whereon the cat slowly rose to his feet, humped his + back and yawned, then deliberately turned quite round, facing + the other way, and resumed his watchful attitude, his tail + tucked in and his ears folded back close, as if to give the + cold wind as little purchase as possible. Baubie felt snubbed + and lonely, and drawing back from the window she sat down on + the edge of her bed to wait events.</p> + + <p>Accustomed as she was to excitement, the experiences of the + last few days were of a nature to affect even stronger nerves + than hers, and the unwonted bodily sensations caused by the + bath and change of garments seemed to intensify her + consciousness of novelty and restraint. There was another not + very pleasant sensation too, of which she herself had not taken + account, although it was present and made itself felt keenly + enough. It was her strange sense of desolation and grief at the + parting from her father. Baubie herself would have been greatly + puzzled had any person designated her feelings by these names. + There were many things in that philosophy of the gutter in + which Baubie Wishart was steeped to the lips undreamt of by + her. What she knew she knew thoroughly, but there was much with + which most children, even of her age and class in life, are, it + is to be hoped, familiar, of which Baubie Wishart was utterly + ignorant. Her circumstances were different from + theirs—fortunately for them; and amongst the poor, as + with their betters, various conditions breed various + dispositions. Baubie was an outer barbarian and savage in + comparison with some children, although they perhaps went + barefooted also; but, like a savage too, she would have grown + fat where they would have starved. And this she knew well.</p> + + <p>Kate's yellow head, appearing at the door to summon her to + dinner, put an end to her gloomy reverie. And with this, her + first meal, began Baubie's acquaintance with the household of + which she was to form an integral portion from that hour.</p> + + <p>They gave her no housework to do. Mrs. Duncan, whom a very + cursory examination satisfied as to the benighted ignorance of + this latest addition to her flock, determined that Baubie + should learn to read, write and sew as expeditiously as might + be. In order that she might benefit by example, she was made to + sit by the lassie Grant, the child whose clothes had been lent + to her, and her education began forthwith.</p> + + <p>It was tame work to Baubie, who did not love sitting still: + "white seam" was a vexation of spirit, and her knitting, in + which she had beforehand believed herself an adept, was found + fault with. The lassie Grant, as was pointed out to her, could + knit more evenly and possessed a superior method of "turning + the heel."</p> + + <p>Baubie Wishart listened with outward calmness and seeming + acquiescence to the comparison instituted between herself and + her neighbor. Inwardly, however, she raged. What about + knitting? Anybody could knit. She would like to see the lassie + Grant earn two shillings of a Saturday night singing in the + High street or the Lawnmarket. Baubie forgot in her flush of + triumphant recollection that there had always been somebody to + take the two shillings from her, and beat her and accuse her of + malversation and embezzlement into the bargain. Artist-like, + she remembered her triumphs only: she could earn two shillings + by her braced of songs, and for a minute, as she revelled in + this proud consciousness, her face lost its demure, watchful + expression, and the old independent, confident bearing + reappeared. Baubie forgot also in her present well-nourished + condition the never-failing sensation of hunger that had gone + hand in hand with these departed glories. But even if she had + remembered every circumstance of her former life, and the + privations and sufferings, she would still have pined for its + freedom.</p> + + <p>The consequence of her being well fed was simply that her + mind was freed from what is, after all, the besetting + occupation of creatures like her, and was therefore at liberty + to bestow its undivided attention upon the restraints and + irksomeness of this new order of things. Her gypsy blood began + to stir in her: the charm of her old vagabond habits asserted + itself under the wincey frock and clean apron. To be commended + for knitting and sewing was no distinction worth talking about. + What was it compared with standing where the full glare of the + blazing windows of some public-house fell upon the Rob Roy + tartan, with an admiring audience gathered round and bawbees + and commendations flying thick? She never thought then, any + more than now, of the cold wind or the day-long hunger. It was + no wonder that under the influence of these cherished + recollections "white seam" did not progress and the knitting + never attained to the finished evenness of the lassie Grant's + performance.</p> + + <p>None the less, although she made no honest effort to equal + this model proposed for her example, did Baubie feel jealous + and aggrieved. Her nature recognized other possibilities of + expression and other fields of excellence beyond those afforded + by the above-mentioned useful arts, and she brooded over her + arbitrary and forcedly inferior position with all the intensity + of a naturally masterful and passionate nature. It was all the + more unbearable because she had no real cause of complaint: had + she been oppressed or ill-treated in the slightest degree, or + had anybody else been unduly favored, there would have been a + pretext for an outbreak or a shadow of a reason for her + discontent. But it was not so. The matron dispensed even-handed + justice and motherly kindness impartially all round. And if the + lassie Grant's excellences were somewhat obtrusively contrasted + with Baubie's shortcomings, it was because, the two children + being of the same age, Mrs. Duncan hoped to rouse thereby a + spark of emulation in Baubie. Neither was there any pharisaical + self-exaltation on the part of the rival. She was a + sandy-haired little girl, an orphan who had been three years in + the refuge, and who in her own mind rather deprecated as unfair + any comparison drawn between herself and the newly-caught + Baubie.</p> + + <p>Day followed day quietly, and Baubie had been just a week in + the refuge, when Miss Mackenzie, faithful to her promise, + called to inquire how her <i>protégée</i> was getting on.</p> + + <p>The matron gave her rather a good character of Baubie. + "She's just no trouble—a quiet-like child. She knows just + nothing, but I've set her beside the lassie Grant, and I don't + doubt but she'll do well yet; but she is some dull," she + added.</p> + + <p>"Are you happy, Baubie?" asked Miss Mackenzie. "Will you try + and learn everything like 'Lisbeth Grant? See how well she + sews, and she is no older than you."</p> + + <p>"Ay, mem," responded Baubie, meekly and without looking up. + She was still wearing 'Lisbeth Grant's frock and apron, and the + garments gave her that odd look of their real owner which + clothes so often have the power of conveying. Baubie's slim + figure had caught the flat-backed, square-shoulder form of her + little neighbor, and her face, between the smooth-laid bands of + her hair, seemed to have assumed the same gravely-respectable + air. The disingenuous roving eye was there all the time, could + they but have noted it, and gave the lie to her compressed lips + and studied pose.</p> + + <p>That same day the Rob Roy tartan frock made its appearance + from the wash, brighter as to hue, but somewhat smaller and + shrunken in size, as was the nature of its material for one + reason, and for another because it had parted, in common with + its owner when subjected to the same process, with a great deal + of extraneous matter. Baubie saw her familiar garb again with + joy, and put it on with keen satisfaction.</p> + + <p>That same night, when the girls were going to + bed—whether the inspiration still lingered, in spite of + soapsuds, about the red frock, and was by it imparted to its + owner, or whether it was merely the prompting of that demon of + self-assertion that had been tormenting her of + late—Baubie Wishart volunteered a song, and, heedless of + consequences, struck up one of the two which formed her stock + in trade.</p> + + <p>The unfamiliar sounds had not long disturbed the quiet of + the house when the matron and Kate, open-eyed with wonder, + hastened up to know what was the meaning of this departure from + the regular order of things. Baubie heard their approach, and + only sang the louder. She had a good and by no means unmusical + voice, which the rest had rather improved; and by the time the + authorities arrived on the scene there was an audience gathered + round the daring Baubie, who, with shoes and stockings off and + the Rob Roy tartan half unfastened, was standing by her bed, + singing at the pitch of her voice. The words could be heard + down the stairs:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Hark! I hear the bugles sounding: 'tis + the signal for the fight.<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Now, may God protect us, mother, as He + ever does the right.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"Baubie Wishart," cried the astonished mistress, "what do + you mean?"</p> + + <p>The singer was just at the close of a verse:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Hear the battle-cry of Freedom! how it + swells upon the air!<br /></span> <span class="i0">Yes, + we'll rally round the standard or we'll perish nobly + there.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>She finished it off deliberately, and turned her bright eyes + and flushed face toward the speaker.</p> + + <p>"Who gave you leave, Baubie Wishart," went on the angry + matron, "to make yon noise? You ought to think shame of such + conduct, singing your good-for-nothing street-songs like a + tinkler. One would think ye would feel glad never to hear of + such things again. Let me have no more of this, do ye hear? I + just wonder what Miss Mackenzie would say to ye!—Kate, + stop here till they are all bedded and turn off yon gas."</p> + + <p>Long before the gas was extinguished Baubie had retired into + darkness beneath the bed-clothes, rage and mortification + swelling her small heart. Good-for-nothing street-songs! + Tinkler! Mrs. Duncan's scornful epithets rang in her ears and + cut her to the quick. She lay awake, trembling with anger and + indignation, until long after Kate had followed the younger fry + to rest, and their regular breathing, which her ears listened + for till they caught it from every bed, warned her that the + weary occupants were safely asleep: then she sat up in bed. The + moonlight was streaming into the room through the uncurtained + window, and lit up her tumbled head and hot face. After a + cautious pause she stepped out on the floor and went round the + foot of her bed to the window. She knelt down on the floor, as + if she were in search of something, and began feeling with her + hand on the lower part of the shutter. Then, close to the + floor, and in a place where they were likely to escape + detection, she marked clearly and distinctly eight deep, short + scratches in an even line on the yellow-painted woodwork. She + ran her fingers over them until she could feel each scratch + distinctly. Eight! She counted them thrice to make sure, then + jumped back into bed, and in a few minutes was as fast asleep + as her neighbors.</p> + + <p>The days wore into weeks, and the weeks had soon made a + month, and time, as it went, left Baubie more demure, quieter + and more diligent—diligent apparently at least, for the + knitting, though it advanced, showed no sign of corresponding + improvement, and the rest of her work was simply scamped. March + had given way to April, and the late Edinburgh spring at last + began to give signs of its approach. The chestnuts showed brown + glistening tips to their branch-ends, and their black trunks + became covered with an emerald-colored mildew; the rod-like + branches of the poplars turned a pale whitish-green and began + to knot and swell; the Water of Leith overflowed, and ran + bubbling and mud-colored under the bridge; and the grass by its + banks, and even that in the front green of the refuge, showed + here and there a red-eyed daisy. The days grew longer and + longer, and of a mild evening the thrush's note was to be heard + above the brawling of the stream from the thickets of Dean + Terrace Gardens.</p> + + <p>Baubie Wishart waited passively. Every day saw her more + docile and demure, and every day saw a new scratch added to her + tally on the window-shutter behind her bed.</p> + + <p>May came, and the days climbed with longer strides to their + goal, now close; on reaching which they return slowly and + unwillingly, but just as surely; and to her joy, about, the + third week in May, Baubie Wishart counted one warm, clear night + fifty-nine scratches on the shutter. Fifty-nine! She knew the + number well without counting them.</p> + + <p>Whether she slept or watched that night is not known, but + the next morning at four saw Baubie make a hasty and rather + more simple toilette than usual, insomuch as she forgot to wash + herself, brush her hair or put on her shoes and stockings. + Barefooted and bareheaded, much as she had come, she went. She + stole noiselessly as a shadow through the outer dormitory, + passing the rows of sleepers with bated breath, and not without + a parting glance of triumph at the bed where her rival, + Elizabeth Grant, was curled up. Down the wooden stair, her bare + feet waking no echoes, glided Baubie, and into the school-room, + which looked out on the front green. She opened the window + easily, hoisted herself on the sill, crept through and let + herself drop on the grass below. To scramble up the trunk of + one of the chestnuts and swing herself over the wall was + quickly done, and then she was once more on the flagged path of + the street, and the world lay before her.</p> + + <p>As she stood for one moment, breathless with her haste and + excitement, she was startled by the sudden apparition of the + house cat, who was on his way home as surreptitiously as she + was on hers abroad. He had one bloody ear and a scratched nose, + and stared at her as he passed: then, probably in the hope of + finding an open door after her, he jumped over the wall + hurriedly. Baubie was seized with a sudden panic lest the cat + should waken some one in the house, and she took to her heels + and ran until she reached the bridge. The morning sun was just + beginning to touch the tall tops of the houses, and the little + valley through which the Water of Leith ran lay still in a kind + of clear grayish light, in which the pale tender hues of the + young leaves and the flowering trees were all the more vividly + beautiful. The stream was low, and it hurried along over its + stony bed, as if it too were running away, and in as great a + hurry to be free of all restraints as truant Baubie Wishart, + whose red frock was now climbing the hilly gray street + beyond.</p> + + <p>She could hear, as she strained herself to listen for + pursuing voices, the rustle and murmur of the water with an odd + distinctness as it rose upon the still air of the summer + morning.</p> + + <p>Not a creature was to be seen as she made her way eastward, + shaping her course for Princes street, and peering, with a + gruesome fear of the school-board officer, round every corner. + That early bird, however, was not so keenly on the alert as she + gave him the credit of being, and she reached her goal + unchallenged after coasting along in parallel lines with it for + some time.</p> + + <p>The long beautiful line of Princes street was untenanted as + the Rob Roy tartan tacked cautiously round the corner of St. + David street and took a hasty look up and down before venturing + forth.</p> + + <p>The far-reaching pale red beams of the morning sun had just + touched and kindled as with a flame the summit of the Rock, and + the windows of the Castle caught and flashed back the greeting + in a dozen ruddy reflections. The gardens below lay partly + veiled in a clear transparent mist, faintly blue, that hovered + above the trees and crept up the banks, and over which the + grand outlines of the Rock towered as it lifted its head + majestically into the gold halo that lay beyond.</p> + + <p>Not a sound or stir, even the sparrows were barely awake, as + Baubie darted along. Fixing her eye on that portion of the High + School which is visible from Princes street, she pushed along + at a pace that was almost a run, and a brief space saw her draw + up and fall exhausted on the steps that lead up to the Calton + Hill.</p> + + <p>Right before her was the jail-gate.</p> + + <p>The child's feet, unused now for some time to such + hardships, were hot and bruised, for she had not stopped to + pick her footing in her hasty course, and she was so out of + breath and heated that it seemed to her as if she would never + get cool or her heart cease fluttering as if it would choke + her. She shrank discreetly against the stone wall at her side, + and there for three long hours she remained crouched, watching + and waiting for the hour to chime when the grim black gate + opposite would open.</p> + + <p>The last tinge of crimson and purple had faded before the + golden glories of the day as the sun climbed higher and higher + in the serene blue sky. The red cliffs of Salisbury Crags + glared with a hot lustre above the green slopes of the hill, + and in the white dust of the high-road a million tiny stars + seemed to sparkle and twinkle most invitingly to Baubie's eyes. + The birds had long been awake and busy in the bushes above her + head, and from where she sat she could see, in the distant + glitter of Princes street, all the stir of the newly-raised + day.</p> + + <p>It was a long vigil, and her fear and impatience made it + seem doubly longer. At last the clock began to chime eight, and + before it was half done the wicket in the great door opened + with a noisy clang after a preliminary rattle.</p> + + <p>First came a boy, who cast an anxious look round him, then + set off at a run; next a young woman, for whom another was + waiting just out of sight down the road; last of all (there + were only three released), Baubie, whose heart was beginning to + beat fast again with anxiety, saw the familiar, well-known + figure shamble forth and look up and down the road in a + helpless, undecided way. The next moment the wicket had clapped + to again. Wishart glanced back at it, sighed once or twice, and + blinked his eyes as though the sunlight were too strong for + them.</p> + + <p>Baubie, scarce breathing, watched him as a cat watches just + before she springs.</p> + + <p>After a second of hesitation he began to move cityward, + obeying some sheep-like instinct which impelled him to follow + those who had gone on before. Baubie saw this, and, just + waiting to let him get well under way and settle into his gait, + she gathered herself up and sprang across the road upon him + with the suddenness and rapidity of a flash.</p> + + <p>He fairly staggered with surprise. There she was, exactly as + he had left her, dusty, barefooted and bareheaded. The wind had + tossed up her hair, which indeed was only too obedient to its + will, and it clustered all the more wildly about her face + because of having been cropped to the regulation length of the + refuge.</p> + + <p>"Lassie, is't you?" he ejaculated, lost in astonishment. + Then, realizing the fact, he gave expression to his feeling by + grinning in a convulsive kind of way and clapping her once or + twice on the shoulder next him. "Od! I niver! Didna the + leddy—"</p> + + <p>Baubie cut him short. "Sed I widna bide," she observed + curtly and significantly.</p> + + <p>Gestures and looks convey, among people like the Wisharts, + far more meaning than words, and Baubie's father perfectly + understood from the manner and tone of her pregnant remark that + she had run away from school, and had severed the connection + between herself and the "kind leddy," and that in consequence + the situation was highly risky for both. They remained standing + still for a moment, looking at each other. The boy and the + woman were already out of sight, and the white, dusty high-road + seemed all their own domain.</p> + + <p>Wishart shuffled with his feet once more, and looked in the + direction of Princes street, and then at Baubie inquiringly. It + was for her, as usual, to decide. Baubie had been his + Providence for as long as he had memory for—no great + length of time. He was conjecturing in his own mind vaguely + whether his Providence had, by any chance, got the desiderated + three shillings necessary for the redemption of the banjo + hidden away in the Rob Roy tartan. He would not have been + surprised had it been so, and he would have asked no + questions.</p> + + <p>Seeing that her eyes followed the direction of his with a + forbidding frown, he said tentatively, "Ye + didn'—didna—"</p> + + <p>"What?" snapped Baubie crossly: she divined his meaning + exactly. "Come awa' wi' ye!" she ordered, facing right round + countryward.</p> + + <p>"We'll gae awa' til Glasgae, Baubie, eh? I'm thinkin' to yer + auntie's. <i>She</i>"—with a gesture of his head backward + at the prison—"will no' be oot this month; sae she'll + niver need to ken, eh?"</p> + + <p>Baubie nodded. He only spoke her own thoughts, and he knew + it.</p> + + <p>The first turn to the right past the High School brought + them out on the road before Holyrood, which lay grim and black + under the sun-bathed steeps of Arthur's Seat. On by the Grange + and all round the south-eastern portion of the city this odd + couple took their way. It was a long round, but safety made it + necessary. At last, between Corstorphine's wooded slopes and + the steeper rise of the Pentlands, they struck into the Glasgow + road. In the same order as before they pursued their journey, + Baubie leading as of old, now and again vouchsafing a word over + her shoulder to her obedient follower, until the dim haze of + the horizon received into itself the two quaint figures, and + Baubie Wishart and the Rob Roy tartan faded together out of + sight.</p> + + <p class="author"><i>The Author of "Flitters, Tatters and the + Counsellor."</i></p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="GAS-BURNING_AND_ITS_CONSEQUENCES" + id="GAS-BURNING_AND_ITS_CONSEQUENCES"></a>GAS-BURNING, AND + ITS CONSEQUENCES.</h2> + + <p>"It is remarkable what attention has been attracted all over + the country by the recent experiments with Edison's + inventions," observed my friend the traveller as our host + turned a fuller flow of gas in the chandelier. "Even in the + little villages out West, of only one bank and <i>not</i> one + good hotel, the topics which last spring generally excited most + interest in all circles were Edison's electric light and Bell's + telephone."</p> + + <p>"Very likely," replied our host, an elderly gentleman of + fortune. "If we had such impure gas as is found in many of the + villages and small cities not so very far West, I'd never light + a burner in my library again. As it is, I do so very rarely. + The products of gas combustion act on the bindings until firm + calf drops in pieces, and even law-sheep loses its coherency, + as the argument of the opposing counsel does when your own + lawyer begins to talk."</p> + + <p>"The effect on the upholstery and metallic ornaments is as + bad as upon the books," added our hostess. "This room will have + to be refurnished in the spring—all on account of the + changes in color both of the paper and the silk and cotton + fabrics; and the bronze dressing on those statuettes is + softening, so that there are lines and spots of rust all over + them."</p> + + <p>"Perhaps, my dear, they would have suffered equally from the + atmosphere without gas," replied the old gentleman, looking at + his wife over his glasses.</p> + + <p>"Our friend here has a hundred thousand more in gas stock + than he had a year ago, and I suspect that he is still a bear + in the market," said his neighbor a chemist, who had just + dropped in.</p> + + <p>"If I lose I shall lay it to your advice."</p> + + <p>"You did well to buy—if you sell at once," said the + traveller, who was interested in the electric light to some + unknown extent: "gas stock will finally have to go down."</p> + + <p>"When the sun shines in the night, not before," asserted a + young accountant from the gas-works who had been holding a + private talk with the daughter of the house at the other corner + of the room.</p> + + <p>"Gas companies can manufacture at less cost than formerly," + said the chemist.</p> + + <p>"But yet gas has gone up again lately. You may thank the + electric-light boom for the temporary respite you have had from + poor gas at high prices."</p> + + <p>"Yes; some of the companies put gas down lower than they + could manufacture it, in order to hold their customers at a + time when people almost believed that Edison's light would + prove a success."</p> + + <p>"But it <i>was</i> a success. It proved an excellent light, + displayed a neat lamp, and gave no ill effects upon either the + atmosphere or the eyes; and the perfect carbons showed a + surprising endurance. The only difficulty is that the invention + is not yet perfected so as to go immediately into use."</p> + + <p>"But the lower part of the glasses becomes dark with + deposited carbon," returned the chemist. "If carbons could be + made to last long enough to render the lamps cheap, this + smoking of the globes would set a limit at which the lamps + would cease to be presentable; and the cleaning, and the + exhausting of air again, are difficult and expensive."</p> + + <p>"That remains to be proved. But coal is sure to grow + dearer."</p> + + <p>"That isn't likely within a century. Besides, by the fault + of the consumer gas-light costs now one-third more than it + should for the same light. The best English authorities state + this to be the case in Great Britain, and I have no question + that such is the fact here."</p> + + <p>"How would you remedy the evil of waste?"</p> + + <p>"By the use of economical burners and of governors to + regulate the flow of gas."</p> + + <p>"That is very easily said. What is the name of your + economical burner?"</p> + + <p>"I am not an advocate of any special burner, but of all that + are constructed on right principles."</p> + + <p>"There are many kinds of burners. Do you not have some + classification for them?" inquired the young lady, who was + fresh from Wellesley.</p> + + <p>"The usual forms of the burner," replied the chemist + "—or, more properly, the forms of the tip—are the + fishtail, the batwing and the argand. In the first the gas + issues through two holes which come together at the top, so + that the two jets of gas impinge and form a flat flame; in the + batwing the gas issues in a thin sheet through a slit in a + hollow knob; while in the argand the gas enters a short + cylinder or broad ring, escaping thence through numerous holes + at the upper edge. There are many varieties of each of these, + differing in the construction of the part below the tip. The + argand has long been the favorite burner for the table and + desk. Its advantages are a strong, steady light, but, as you + know, it is apt to smoke at every slight increase in the + pressure of the gas, though there are recent improved forms in + which this fault is in a measure corrected. A properly-made + argand burner will give a light equal to three whole candles + (spermaceti, of the standard size and quality) for every foot + of gas burned. Of the argand burners, Guise's shadowless argand + has been considered the best, but of late years Sugg's Letheby + burner has carried off the palm. Wood's burner has been a + favorite, as, being a fishtail, it could be used with a short + chimney, which gives the flame steadiness. By the arms on the + chimney-frame the flame is broadened at the bottom, with a + smaller dark space at the base than in any other flat-flame + burner. It is so constructed that the quantity of gas passing + is regulated by turning a tap in the lower part of the burner, + which changes the size of the orifice in the tube. Ten years + ago this burner, with a regulator at the meter, was generally + thought to be the most economical contrivance possible. It is + now little used. Yet either the batwing or the fishtail tip can + be used in any common burner except the argand. The old brass + and iron tips are mostly superseded by those of "lava," being + liable to an early change of the orifice from incrustation and + rust. In the flat-flame burners there are differences in the + internal arrangement. Perhaps our young gas-manufacturer here + can tell us what is now the most approved burner."</p> + + <p>The young man confessed that he had specimens of the best + kinds of flat-flame burners in his pocket. He quickly brought + from his overcoat in the hall a small paper parcel from which + he produced several bright little brass tubes, explaining that + he carried them because somebody was always inquiring about the + best kind of burner. "These save talk," said he.</p> + + <p>With a small wrench he removed one of the old burners, and + the several kinds were successively tested in its place. Some + gave a better light, but it was objected that they might + consume more gas. Whereupon the chemist tore a strip from his + well-worn handkerchief, and, having damped it, wound the ribbon + several times around the top of the old burner (which had been + replaced), leaving the orifice uncovered. The new burner was + screwed down over this, making a gas-tight connection. "There," + said he, "we have a gauge. The new burner will receive the same + amount of gas that the old one consumed—no more, no + less—but the current is slightly checked."</p> + + <p>The burner gave the same amount of light as before, so far + as the eye could perceive.</p> + + <p>"In the combustion of gas for heating purposes," continued + the chemist, "seek the burner with free, rapid delivery through + small holes. For light you want something different. Suppose + you send a current of gas up into this sewing-thimble: it can + find an exit only by turning backward. Then suppose it escapes + from the thimble only to enter a larger cavity above it, whence + it must issue through a burner-tip with an orifice of the usual + size. The current, you perceive, is twice completely broken. It + will be seen that only the expansive force of the gas, together + with its buoyancy, acts upon the jets, instead of a direct + current. Now, it will always be found that the burner which + best carries out the principles just illustrated—other + points being equal—will give more light with a less + quantity of gas than any other. This also exhibits the chief + principle of most of the governors or regulators.</p> + + <p>"You will observe that this checking of the current is + attained in various ways in different burners," continued the + chemist as he unscrewed and dissected the samples before him. + "In some it is done by a perforated metal disk in the orifice; + in others, by a bit of wool, which checks slightly a slow + current, and by the pressure of a strong one becomes compacted + and forms a more effective obstacle. In most cases, however, it + soon becomes solid with condensed matters from the gas. Another + form of check is a small cap having perpendicular slits at the + sides. The cylinder of the cap, being smaller than the orifice + of the burner, screws down into it; the openings being + shortened or lengthened according as the cylinder is screwed up + or down. One objection to this is the trouble required in + regulating. Here is another burner, in which the orifice ends + in a cap whose sides, near the bottom, are pierced with four + pin-holes directed downward. This reverses the direction of the + current of gas, which then escapes through the pin-holes + downward into a chamber, then turns upward along its sides to + the tip, on entering which it again turns. Each burner is able + to consume economically a flow of gas peculiar to itself, which + can be ascertained by a minute's experiment, and then regulated + by the tap in the pipe. But this requires much care, and is apt + to be neglected. A very small tap in the burner (as in the Wood + and Ellis burners), which can be adjusted so as to require no + further attention, seems the best method of effecting this + graduation."</p> + + <p>The chemist now pulled a manuscript from his pocket and read + from it as follows: "The quantity of light decreases with + disproportionate rapidity by reduced consumption; for, as + experiments have shown, when consuming only two feet per hour, + eighty-five per cent. of the gas is lost; with two and a half + feet the loss is sixty per cent.; and with three and a half + feet it is thirty-four per cent. of that derived from the gas + when burning the full quantity for which the burner is + constructed. In some experiments made upon this matter under + the direction of referees appointed by the London Board of + Trade the loss at the other extreme is given. They report: + 'Instead of the gas giving increased light as the rate of + consumption is increased, it will be seen that <i>in every + case</i> there is a point beyond which the <i>light + decreases</i> relatively to the proportion of gas consumed. In + every case, too, this point lies far below the maximum of + gas-consumption, observing the turning-points in the case of + the different burners.' Again, every burner has a certain + amount of gas which it will consume to the greatest advantage + as to both light and economy; which in a completely-regulated + burner is quickly found, and the delivery fixed by the small + tap. When the gas is issuing from the burner at so low a + pressure that the flame is just on the point of smoking, the + maximum effect for the quantity of gas consumed in that + particular burner is attained, because in that case the + quantity and intensity of the light are most advantageously + balanced. For the same reason, the burner best suited for light + is one in which the jet-openings are proportionately large, so + as to prevent as much as possible too great contact with the + air in the lower part of the flame. In case the air-currents + disturb the light, it is necessary to turn on a stronger flow, + which secures steadiness, but sets economy at naught."</p> + + <p>"It would be a good thing," said the young fellow, + interrupting him, "if some person would invent a burner that + should heat the gas before its discharge. We could then get a + perfect combustion of the carbon, and so greater brilliancy and + economy."</p> + + <p>"That is a very common error. Mr. Leslie's burner was + designed on that very theory: the result was contrary to + expectation."</p> + + <p>"What was the form of the burner?" inquired our host.</p> + + <p>"Leslie's burner is a form of the argand. The gas, instead + of issuing from holes pierced in a solid ring, is conducted to + the flame in separate small tubes upward of an inch long. + Twenty-eight of these tubes are inserted in a ring two inches + in diameter, and converge to one inch at the ends, where the + gas escapes. These tubes become hot very quickly when the gas + is lighted, and it issues at a high temperature. Here is the + result of a test made by Mr. Clegg, and given on page 344 of + his valuable work on coal gas:</p> + + <p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">COMMON ARGAND, FIFTEEN + HOLES.</span><br /> + Consumption per hour in cubic feet:<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;">6 feet, light = 17.4 standard + candles.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;">5 feet, light = 13.64 standard + candles</span><br /> + <br /> + LESLIE'S BURNER, TWENTY-EIGHT HOLES.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;">6 feet, light = 14.73 standard + candles.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;">5 feet, light = 11.28 standard + candles.</span></p> + + <p>"In experimenting with common burners, argand and others, it + is found that, if the aperture in the tip is too small for the + orifice in the body of the burner, the escaping gas is too + highly heated and is consumed too quickly. So with Leslie's + burner in an increased degree. Theories brought to the test of + experiment are often disappointing."</p> + + <p>The chemist now proceeded to illustrate his harangue with + the argand upon the table, which he lighted and turned on full, + without replacing the chimney. The dull-red flame streamed up + to a height of eight inches or more, waving and smoking + slightly. He now turned down the gas and replaced the chimney, + then set the tap at the same angle as before. "Here," said he, + "we have a flame barely four inches high—of brilliant + white—which gives more light than the taller flame did. + The cause of the shortening of the flame is the more rapid + combustion of the gas, owing to the increased draught or + air-supply in the chimney. From the greater intensity of this + flame a much larger quantity of light is produced than by the + longer flame. If too tall a chimney is used, the flame is + shortened still more and its brilliancy increased, but not to a + degree sufficient to compensate for the diminished surface. The + light, you are doubtless aware, comes from the incandescence of + the carbon, heated by the union of the hydrogen of the gas with + a portion of the oxygen of the air."</p> + + <p>The chemist now read from his manuscript again: "Carburetted + hydrogen of a passably good quality requires two volumes of + pure oxygen for its complete combustion and conversion into + carbonic acid and water. Atmospheric air contains, in its pure + state, about twenty per cent. of oxygen; therefore, one cubic + foot of gas requires for its perfect combustion ten cubic feet + of air. If less be admitted to the flame, a quantity of free + carbon will escape, and be deposited in the form of black + smoke. If an excess of air be admitted, we shall find that the + quantity of nitrogen accompanying this excess has a tendency to + extinguish the flame, while it takes no part in the elective + affinity constantly going on between the other + elements—namely, hydrogen, oxygen and the vapor of + carbon.</p> + + <p>"Again," said he, turning down the gas, "if the flame be + reduced to a consumption of two feet per hour, its light will + be equal to that of one candle only; but on raising the + chimney, thus, about half an inch from the gallery or support + the light is greatly increased, or by simply placing a disk on + top of the chimney the light is increased ninefold; both of + which effects seem to result from a diminished current of air, + while at the same time there is an ample supply. Lastly, with + the ordinary glass moon-globe so generally used in dwellings + with the fishtail burner little difference can be perceived + between the light given from the flame by four feet and that + from six feet of gas per hour, in consequence of the strong + current of air passing up through the globe; but if the top of + the glass be enclosed by a talc cover having an orifice in the + centre about an inch in diameter, then the conditions of the + burner are completely changed. The light is greatly increased, + because the highest economical advantage is then + approached."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" + id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" + class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + + <p>"Smoke from the aperture and lamp-black on the cover must + result from such an arrangement," objected the old + gentleman.</p> + + <p>"There need be very little of either," responded the + chemist. "From some burners there is little light without + smoke. A smoky flame may arise from too much carbon, but the + gas companies in this part of the country are not apt to make + their product too rich; and such a condition is not likely to + occur except with vapor-gas when warm weather quickly succeeds + to a cold spell in the winter season. The consumer's immediate + remedy in any case is to use a smaller tip with the fishtail + and batwing burners, and a taller chimney with the argand; + which devices will give a quicker movement to the gas in one + case and to the air in the other. The smoking, however, may be + caused by carbonic acid, which checks combustion. There is + always more or less of this in gas, arising from a partial + combustion in the retorts when charging them with coal or while + withdrawing the exhausted charge. But it is only by excessively + slow and careless work that this can happen to a serious + extent. Only an expert can tell when this condition exists, + though if the symptoms do not yield to manipulations of the + chimney and tap, it may be suspected. There is no effective + remedy for this adulteration which can be applied by the + consumer except a vigorous complaint against the company which + supplies the stuff.</p> + + <p>"There remains one burner or lamp to be mentioned, contrived + with special reference to health," he continued—"the + ventilating standard lamp of Doctor Faraday, used in the House + of Lords. In this there is an outer glass by which the vitiated + air passes away through the pipe communicating with the + external air. The lamp is interesting, but there is a question + whether there is any practical advantage in its use. Rutter's + ventilating lamp is of different form, having a globe instead + of an outer cylinder, the gas and air coming in from above. + Some of the best dwellings now being erected in the vicinity of + New York are provided with tin pipes leading from the burners + to the open air. In some the pipe receives the foul air from an + open metallic or mineral shade over the burner; others have a + larger pipe enclosing the gas-pipe for ventilation, the tops of + the two pipes (including the burner) being enclosed by a globe + pierced with holes for fresh air. There is said to result a + good ventilation, with economy of gas, an increased steadiness + of the flame and power of light. A better arrangement is a + third pipe enclosing the gas-pipe and enclosed in the + ventilating-pipe, opening to the air, instead of the holes in + the globe, which in this case should be air-tight. This plan is + said to have reached its perfection when the three pipes are + filled with wire gauze to some extent. This, being heated by + the escape of hot gases in the ventilating-pipe, sends both the + air and the gas to the flame already highly heated. The result + is said to be admirable as regards ventilation, steadiness and + power of the light and economy of gas.</p> + + <p>"With these lamps the pressure of the gas-current is of + great importance; and I now turn to that subject. It is a + general complaint in buildings whose rooms are high that the + flow of gas on the lower floor is deficient, while on the upper + floors there is a greater supply than is necessary. This + inconvenience arises from the upper stories being subjected to + less atmospheric pressure than the lower, every rise of ten + feet making a difference in the pressure of about one-tenth of + an inch of water; and, consequently, a column of gas acquires + that amount of pressure additional. The following table, + recording an experiment of Mr. Richards, will show the result + in respect to light:</p> + + <div class='center'> + <table border="0" + cellpadding="1" + cellspacing="0" + summary="Gas issuing from the burner"> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Gas</td> + + <td align='left'>issuing</td> + + <td align='left'>from</td> + + <td align='left'>the</td> + + <td align='left'>burner</td> + + <td align='left'>at</td> + + <td align='left'>a</td> + + <td align='left'>pressure</td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='left'>pressure</td> + + <td align='left'>of—</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + + <div class='center'> + <table border="0" + cellpadding="6" + cellspacing="0" + summary="Gas issuing from the burner"> + <tr> + <td align='left'>1/10</td> + + <td align='left'>inch</td> + + <td align='left'>of</td> + + <td align='left'>water</td> + + <td align='left'>gave</td> + + <td align='left'>the</td> + + <td align='left'>light</td> + + <td align='left'>of</td> + + <td align='right'>12</td> + + <td align='left'>candles</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>5/10</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='right'>6</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>10/10</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='right'>2</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>40/10</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='right'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>no</td> + + <td align='left'>appreciable</td> + + <td align='center'>light.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + + <p>Suppose a building of six floors is supplied from the + gas-mains at a pressure of six-tenths, and that the difference + of altitude between the highest and lowest light is equal to + fifty feet: the gas in the highest or sixth floor will issue + from the burners at a pressure of eleven-tenths; the fifth + floor, at ten-tenths; and so on. In order to secure an entirely + equable flow and economical light a regulator is necessary on + each floor above the first. The gas companies are frequently + obliged to supply mills at a much greater pressure than is + stated above as necessary, in order that the ground floors may + have sufficient light."</p> + + <p>"How about incorrect meters?" asked the traveller.</p> + + <p>"Little need be said of them, as they fall within the domain + of the companies and the public inspector of gas. Under + favorable conditions gas-meters will remain in order for ten + years or more; and when they become defective they as often + favor the consumer, probably, as they do the gas company. Their + defects do not often occasion inconvenience; and when they once + get out of order they run so wild that their condition is soon + detected, when the errors in previous bills should be corrected + by estimate of other seasons."</p> + + <p>"You haven't mentioned the apparatus (carburetters) for + increasing the richness of the gas, which can be applied by the + consumer upon his own premises," said the old gentleman.</p> + + <p>"There is little need. The burners should be adjusted to the + quality of gas furnished. If there were any real gain in this + method of enrichment, the gas companies are the parties who + could make the most of it: indeed, many of them do to such an + extent as can be made profitable. But whenever the temperature + of the atmosphere falls, the matter added to the gas is + deposited in the pipes, sometimes choking them entirely at the + angles. No: arrange your burners and regulators to suit the gas + that is furnished, demand of the company that it fulfil the law + and the contract in regard to the quality of the gas, and give + all gas-improving machines the go-by.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" + id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" + class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + + <p>"Light having, perhaps, been sufficiently considered for the + present needs, we have now to note the effects of the + combustion of gas upon the atmosphere, and through this upon + the furnishing of rooms and the health of the persons living + therein," said the chemist, again taking up his manuscript. + "The usual products from the combustion of common illuminating + gas are carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, ammonia and water-vapor. + Every burner consuming five cubic feet of gas per hour spoils + as much air as two full-grown men: it is therefore evident that + the air of a room thus lighted would soon become vitiated if an + ample supply of fresh air were not frequently admitted.</p> + + <p>"Remember," said he, looking up from the paper, "that nearly + the same effects proceed from the combustion of candles and + lamps of every kind when a sufficient number of these are + burned to give an equal amount of light. Carbonic acid is + easily got rid of, for the rooms where gas is burned usually + have sufficient ventilation near the floor by means of a + register, or even the slight apertures under the + doors—together with their frequent opening—to carry + off the small quantity emitted by one or two burners. But there + are other gases which must have vent at the upper part of the + room, while fresh air should be admitted to supply the place of + that which is chemically changed."</p> + + <p>Returning to his manuscript, he continued: "The burners + which give the least light, burning instead with a low, blue + flame, form the most carbonic acid and free the most nitrogen. + Such are all the burners for heat rather than light. But the + formation of sulphuric acid gas may be the same in each. In the + yellow flame the carbon particles escape to darken the light + colors of the room, not being heated sufficiently to combine + with the oxygen. This product of the combustion of gas (free + carbon) might be regarded as rather wholesome than otherwise + (as its nature is that of an absorbent) were it not the worst + kind of dust to breathe—in fact, clogging the lungs to + suffocation. In vapor gas—made at low heat—the + carbon is in a large degree only mechanically mixed with the + hydrogen, and is liable, especially in cold weather, to be + deposited in the pipes. This leaves only a very poor, thin gas, + mainly hydrogen, which burns with a pale blue flame, as seen in + cold spells in winter. High heats and short charges in the + retorts of the manufactory give a purer gas and a larger + production. Gas made at high heat will reach the consumer in + any weather very nearly as rich as when it leaves the + gas-holder; for, thus made, the hydrogen and carbon are + chemically combined, instead of the hydrogen merely bearing a + quantity of carbon-vapor mechanically mixed and liable to + deposit with every reduction of temperature. To relieve the + atmosphere of the gases and vapors proceeding from combustion + is, of course, the purpose of ventilation. The sulphuric acid + gas and ammonia will be largely in combination with the + water-vapor, which also proceeds from combustion, so that all + will be got rid of together. The vaporization of libraries to + counteract the excessive dryness (or drying, rather) which + causes leather bindings to shrink and to break at the joints, + would be of doubtful utility, since it might only serve to + carry into the porous leather still more of the gases just + mentioned. The action of both sulphuric acid and ammonia is, + undoubtedly, to destroy the fibre of leather, so that it + crumbles to meal or falls apart in flakes.</p> + + <p>"In a very interesting paper read by Professor William R. + Nichols of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before the + American Association of Science at its Saratoga meeting in + 1879, the results of many analyses of leather bindings were + given, showing the presence of the above-named substances in + old bindings in many times greater quantity than in new. Still, + their presence did not prove them to be the cause of the decay; + and Professor Nichols proposes to ascertain the fact by + experiments requiring some years for demonstration.</p> + + <p>"In the hope of deciding the question with reasonable + certainty at once, I have made careful examinations of the + books in the three largest libraries of Boston and Cambridge, + each differing from the others in age and atmosphere. The + bindings of the volumes examined bore their own record in dates + and ownership, by which the conditions of their atmosphere in + respect to gas and (approximately) to heat were made known for + periods varying from current time to over two hundred years. In + the Public Library the combined influences of gas, heat and + effluvium have wrought upon the leather until many covers were + ready to drop to pieces at a touch. The binding showed no more + shrinkage than in the other libraries, but in proportion to the + time the books had been upon the shelves the decay of the + leather was about the same as in the Athenæum. I am informed + that many of the most decayed have from time to time been + rebound, so that a full comparison cannot be made between this + and the others. In the Athenæum less gas has been used, and + there is very little effluvium, but the mealy texture of the + leather is general among the older tenants of the shelves. + Numbers of volumes in the galleries were losing their backs, + which were more or less broken off at the joints from the + shrinkage and brittleness of the leather. The plan has been + proposed of introducing the vapor of water to counteract the + effects of dryness upon the bindings. In this library the + atmosphere has the usual humidity of that out of doors, being + warmed by bringing the outer air in over pipes conveying hot + water, while the other libraries have the higher heat of + steam-pipes. If, therefore, its atmosphere differs from that of + the other libraries in respect to moisture, the variation is in + the direction of greater humidity, without any corresponding + effect on the preservation of bindings. In fact, proper + ventilation and low shelves seem to be the true remedies for + these evils, or, rather, the best means of amelioration, since + there is no complete antidote to the decay common to all + material things. The last condition involves the disuse of + galleries and of rooms upon more than one flat, unless the + atmosphere in the upper portions of the lower rooms be shut off + from the higher, as it should be. Another precaution which + might be taken with advantage is to use the higher shelves for + cloth bindings.</p> + + <p>"In the Harvard College Library no gas has ever been used, + nor any other artificial illuminator to much extent. Neither + had any large number of the volumes been exposed to the + products of gas-combustion, except for a brief time before they + were placed here. The bindings in this library showed very + little crumbling, but many covers were breaking at the joints + from the shrinking which arises from excessive dryness. In + common with many other substances, leather yields moisture to + the air much more readily than it receives it from that medium. + Cloth bindings showed no decay at all here—very little in + any of the libraries, except in the loss of color. It should be + stated that the volumes which I examined at Harvard College + were generally older than those inspected in the other + libraries. There are parchment bindings in each of the + libraries hundreds of years old, apparently just as perfect in + texture as when first placed upon the shelves of the original + owner. The parchment was often worn through at the angles, but + there was no breakage from shrinking, the material having been + shrunken as much as possible when prepared from the skin. At + Harvard College I examined an embossed calf binding stretched + on wooden sides which was above a hundred years old. It was in + almost perfect preservation, and not much shrunken. This + volume, being very large, was on a shelf next the ground + floor—a position which it had probably held ever since + the erection of the building.</p> + + <p>"Professor Nichols does not mention morocco in his tables of + analyses. Indeed, morocco was so little used for bookbindings + until within about thirty years that it affords a less ample + field for investigation than any other of the leathers now in + common use. My attention was therefore directed specially to + this material, of which I found some specimens having a record + of nearly fifty years. My observation was, that in all the + libraries these were less affected by decay, in proportion to + their age, than other leathers. In Harvard College Library the + best Turkey morocco, with forty years of exposure, showed no + injury except from chafing. The outer integument was often worn + away, exposing the texture of the skin, which was still of + strong fibre. In the Athenæum, on the contrary, many of the + moroccos showed the same decay as the calf, russia and sheep. + There was, however, a wide difference in the condition of + moroccos of the same age—some showing as much decay as + the calf, while others had scarcely any of the disintegration + common to the older calf bindings. The same might, indeed, be + said of all leathers, those tanned by the quick modern methods, + with much more acid than is used in old processes, in which + time is a large factor, showing always a more rapid + deterioration. But, the methods being the same, morocco, the + oiliest of the common leathers and the one having the firmest + cuticle, endures the best.</p> + + <p>"The order of endurance of leather (as observed by + librarians) against atmospheric effects is as follows, + descending from the first to the last in order: Parchment, + light-colored morocco, sheep, russia, calf. Cloth wears out + quickly by use, but appears—the linen especially—to + be affected by the atmosphere only in loss of color. These + observations all refer to the ordinary humidity of the air in + frequented rooms.</p> + + <p>"This, then, is the result of my inquiries: I found the + shrinking and breaking resulting from heat much the same in all + the libraries, but most in that where the heating is from the + outer air brought in over hot-water pipes, the two other + libraries examined being warmed by steam-pipes having a higher + temperature. I found the mealy structure—or instead + thereof flakiness—to prevail most in the Athenæum, next + in the Public Library: in the latter, however, many volumes + have been rebound, thus raising the average of condition. In + the Harvard College Library no gas—in fact, little if any + artificial light—is used, and here, too, the mealy + structure and disintegration are mostly absent. I conclude, + therefore, from these limited observations, that heat is + responsible for a large part of the damage to leather bindings, + its effects being evidently supplemented and hastened by + gas-combustion.</p> + + <p>"The ventilating lamps before described, though rather + cumbrous to eyes accustomed to the small and simple apparatus + commonly used, might prove valuable in rooms containing fabrics + liable; to be injured by the gases from open burners."</p> + + <p>As the chemist concluded his reading the traveller remarked + to the somewhat weary listeners, "You now see the vast amount + of study and care required to use gas with economy and safety. + I could not have argued the cause of a new, clean, gasless and + vaporless light like electricity any better myself."</p> + + <p>"It will be found," responded the chemist, "that there are + more troubles and dangers connected with the electric + light—besides the larger expense—than are thought + of now."</p> + + <p>"That is so!" ejaculated the young fellow.</p> + + <p>"At any rate," said the old gentleman, "gas stock won't go + lower for twenty years than it has been this winter."</p> + + <p>"You are all wedded to your idols," was the final protest of + the traveller.</p> + + <p>"I wish I was," murmured the young fellow, with a + side-glance at his fair neighbor, who immediately removed to + another part of the room.</p> + + <p class='author'>GEORGE J. VARNEY.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="SHAKESPEARE" + id="SHAKESPEARE"></a>THE ΑΡΑΞ + ΛΕΓΟΜΕΝΑ IN + SHAKESPEARE</h2> + + <p>When we examine the vocabulary of Shakespeare, what first + strikes us is its copiousness. His characters are countless, + and each one speaks his own dialect. His little fishes never + talk like whales, nor do his whales talk like little fishes. + Those curious in such matters have detected in his works + quotations from seven foreign tongues, and those from Latin + alone amount to one hundred and thirty-two.</p> + + <p>Our first impression, that the Shakespearian variety of + words is multitudinous, is confirmed by statistics. Mrs. Cowden + Clarke has counted those words one by one, and ascertained + their sum to be not less than fifteen thousand. The total + vocabulary of Milton's poetical remains is no more than eight + thousand, and that of Homer, including the <i>Hymns</i> as well + as both <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>, is about nine + thousand. In the English Bible the different words are reckoned + by Mr. G.P. Marsh in his lectures on the English language at + rather fewer than six thousand. Those in the Greek Testament I + have learned by actual count to be not far from five thousand + five hundred.</p> + + <p>Some German writers on Greek grammar maintain that they + could teach Plato and Demosthenes useful lessons concerning + Greek moods and tenses, even as the ancient Athenians, + according to the fable of Phædrus, contended that they + understood squealing better than a pig. However this may be, + any one of us to-day, thanks to the Concordance of Mrs. Clarke + and the Lexicon of Alexander Schmidt, may know much in regard + to Shakespeare's use of language which Shakespeare himself + cannot have known. One particular as to which he must have been + ignorant, while we may have knowledge, is concerning his + employment of terms denominated <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i>.</p> + + <p>The phrase <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i>—literally, + <i>once spoken</i>—may be traced back, I think, to the + Alexandrian grammarians, centuries before our era, who invented + it to describe those words which they observed to occur once, + and <i>only once</i>, in any author or literature. It is so + convenient an expression for statistical commentators on the + Bible, and on the classics as well, that they will not + willingly let it die.</p> + + <p>The list of <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i>—that + is, words used once and <i>only once</i>—in Shakespeare + is surprisingly long. It embraces a greater multitude than any + man can easily number. Nevertheless, I have counted those + beginning with two letters. The result is that the + απαξ + λεγόμενα with + initial <i>a</i> are 364, and those with initial <i>m</i> are + 310. There is no reason, that I know of, to suppose the census + with these initials to be proportionally larger than that with + other letters. If it is not, then the words occurring only once + in all Shakespeare cannot be less than five thousand, and they + are probably a still greater legion.</p> + + <p>The number I have culled from one hundred and forty-six + pages of Schmidt is 674. At this rate the total on the fourteen + hundred and nine pages of the entire Lexicon would foot up + 6504. It is possible, then, that Shakespeare discarded, after + once trying them, more different words than fill and enrich the + whole English Bible. The old grammarians tell us that a certain + part of speech was called <i>supine</i>, because it was very + seldom needed, and therefore almost always lying <i>on its + back</i>—<i>i.e.</i> in Latin, <i>supinus</i>. The + supines of Shakespeare outnumber the employés of most + authors.</p> + + <p>The array of Shakespearian <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i> + appears still vaster if we compare it with expressions of the + same nature in the Scriptures and in Homer. In the English + Bible words with the initials <i>a</i> and <i>m</i> used once + only are 132 to 674 with the same initials in Shakespeare. The + scriptural <i>once-onlys</i> would be more than twice as many + as we find them were they as frequent in proportion to their + total vocabulary as his are.</p> + + <p>The Homeric <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i> with + initial <i>m</i> are 78, but were they as numerous in + proportion to Homer's whole world of words as Shakespeare's + are, they would run up to 186; that is, to more than twice as + many as their actual number.</p> + + <p>In the Greek New Testament I have enumerated 63 + <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i> + beginning with the letter <i>m</i>—a larger number than + you would expect, for it is as large as that in both English + Testaments beginning with that same letter, which is also + exactly 63. It indicates a wider range of expression in the + authors of the Greek original than in their English + translators.</p> + + <p>The 310 Shakespearian words with initial <i>m</i> used + <i>once only</i> I have also compared with the whole verbal + inventory of our language so far as it begins with that letter. + They make up one-fifth almost of that entire stock, which + musters in Webster only 1641 words. You will at once inquire, + "What is the <i>nature</i> of these rejected Shakespearian + vocables, which he seems to have viewed as milk that would bear + no more than one skimming?"</p> + + <p>The percentage of <i>classical</i> words among them is + great—greater indeed than in the body of Shakespeare's + writings. According to the analysis of Weisse, in an average + hundred of Shakespearian words one-third are classical and + two-thirds Saxon. But then all the classical elements have + inherent meaning, while half of the Saxon have none. We may + hence infer that of the significant words in Shakespeare + one-half are of classical derivation. Now, of the + απαξ + λεγόμενα with + initial <i>a</i>, I call 262 words out of 364 classical, and + with initial <i>m</i>, 152 out of 310; that is, 414 out of 674, + or about four-sevenths of the whole Shakespearian host + beginning with those two letters. In doubtful cases I have + considered those words only as classical the first etymology of + which in Webster is from a classical or Romance root. In the + biblical words used once only the classical portion is + enormous—namely, not less than sixty-nine per + cent.—while the classical percentage in Shakespearian + words of the same class is no more than sixty-one.</p> + + <p>Among the 674 <i>a</i> and <i>m</i> Shakespearian words + occurring once only the proportion of words now <i>obsolete</i> + is unexpectedly small. Of 310 such words with initial <i>m</i>, + only one-sixth, or 51 at the utmost, are now disused, either in + sense or even in form. Of this half-hundred a few are used in + Shakespeare, but not at present, as verbs; thus, to + <i>maculate</i>, to <i>miracle</i>, to <i>mud</i>, to + <i>mist</i>, to <i>mischief</i>, to <i>moral</i>—also + <i>merchandized</i> and <i>musicked</i>. Another class now + wellnigh unknown are <i>misproud, misdread, mappery, mansionry, + marybuds, masterdom, mistership, mistressship.</i></p> + + <p>Then there are slight variants from our modern orthography + or meanings, as <i>mained</i> for maimed, <i>markman</i> for + marksman, <i>make</i> for mate, <i>makeless</i> for mateless, + <i>mirable, mervaillous, mess</i> for mass, <i>manakin, + minikin, meyny</i> for many, <i>momentarry</i> for momentary, + <i>moraler, mountainer, misgraffing, misanthropos, mott</i> for + motto, to <i>mutine, mi'nutely</i> for every minute.</p> + + <p>None seem wholly dead words except the following eighteen: + To <i>mammock</i>, tear; <i>mell</i>, meddle; <i>mose</i>, + mourn; <i>micher</i>, truant; <i>mome</i>, fool; + <i>mallecho</i>, mischief; <i>maund</i>, basket; + <i>marcantant</i>, merchant; <i>mun</i>, sound of wind; + <i>mure</i>, wall; <i>meacock</i>, henpecked; <i>mop</i>, grin; + <i>militarist</i>, soldier; <i>murrion</i>, affected with + murrain; <i>mammering</i>, hesitating; <i>mountant</i>, raised + up; <i>mered</i>, only; <i>man-entered</i>, grown up.</p> + + <p>About one-tenth of the remaining <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i> with + initial <i>m</i> are descriptive compounds. Among them are the + following adjectives: <i>Maiden-tongued, maiden-widowed, + man-entered</i> (before noted as obsolete), <i>many-headed, + marble-breasted, marble-constant, marble-hearted, + marrow-eating, mean-apparelled, merchant-marring, + mercy-lacking, mirth-moving, moving-delicate, mock-water, + more-having, mortal-breathing, mortal-living, mortal-staring, + motley-minded, mouse-eaten, moss-grown, mouth-filling, + mouth-made, muddy-mettled, momentary-swift, maid-pale</i>. From + this list, which is nearly complete, it is evident that such + compounds as may be multiplied at will form but a small + fraction of the words that are used <i>once only</i> by + Shakespeare.</p> + + <p>The words used <i>once only</i> by Shakespeare are often so + beautiful and poetical that we wonder how they could fail to be + his favorites again and again. They are jewels that might hang + twenty years before our eyes, yet never lose their lustre. Why + were they never shown but once? They remind me of the exquisite + crystal bowl from which I saw a Jewess and her bridegroom drink + in Prague, and which was then dashed in pieces on the floor of + the synagogue, or of the Chigi porcelain painted by Raphael, + which as soon as it had been once removed from the Farnesina + table was thrown into the Tiber. To what purpose was this + waste? Why should they be used up with once using? Specimens of + this sort, which all poets but Shakespeare would have paraded + as pets many a time, are multifarious. Among a hundred others + never used but once, we have <i>magical, mirthful, mightful, + mirth-moving, moonbeams, moss-grown, mundane, motto, matin, + mural, multipotent, mourningly, majestically, marbled, + martyred, mellifluous, mountainous, meander, magnificence, + magnanimity, mockable, merriness, masterdom, masterpiece, + monarchize, menaces, marrowless</i>.</p> + + <p>Again, a majority of Shakespearian <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i> + being familiar to us as household words, it seems impossible + that he who had tried them once should have need of them no + more. Instances—all with initial <i>m</i>—are as + follows: <i>mechanics, machine, maxim, mission, mode, monastic, + marsh, magnify, malcontent, majority, manly, malleable, + malignancy, maritime, manna, manslaughter, masterly, + market-day-folks, maid-price, mealy, meekly, mercifully, + merchant-like, memorial, mercenary, mention, memorandums, + mercurial, metropolis, miserably, mindful, meridian, medal, + metaphysics, ministration, mimic, misapply, misgovernment, + misquote, misconstruction, monstrously, monster-like, + monstrosity, mutable, moneyed, monopoly, mortise, mortised, + muniments</i>, to <i>moderate</i>, and <i>mother-wit</i> These + words, and five thousand more equally excellent, which have + remained part of the language of the English-speaking world for + three centuries since Shakespeare, and will no doubt continue + to belong to it for ever, we are apt to declare he should have + worn in their newest gloss, not cast aside so soon. Why was he + as shy of repeating any one of them even once as Hudibras was + of showing his wit?—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i2">Who bore it about,<br /></span> + <span class="i0">As if afraid to wear it + out<br /></span> <span class="i0">Except on holidays or + so,<br /></span> <span class="i0">As men their best + apparel do.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>This question, why a full third of Shakespeare's verbal + riches was never brought to light more than once, is probably + one which nobody can at present answer even to his own + satisfaction. Yet the phenomenon is so remarkable that every + one will try after his own fashion to account for it. My own + attempt at a provisional explanation I will present in the + latter part of this paper.</p> + + <p>Let us first, however, notice another question concerning + the <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i>—namely, + that which respects their <i>origin</i>. Where did they come + from? how far did Shakespeare make them? and how far were they + ready to his hand? No approach to answering this inquiry can be + made for some years. Yet as to this matter let us rejoice that + the unique dictionary of the British Philological Society is + now near publication. This work, slowly elaborated by thousands + of co-workers in many devious walks of study on both sides of + the Atlantic, aims to exhibit the first appearance in a book of + every English word. In regard to the great bulk of + Shakespeare's diction it will enable us ten years hence to + determine how much of it was known to literature before him, + and how much of it he himself gathered or gleaned in highways + and byways, or caused to ramify and effloresce from Saxon or + classical roots and trunks, thus "endowing his purposes with + words to make them known." Meantime, we are left to + conjectures. As of his own coinage I should set down such + vocables as <i>motley-minded, mirth-moving, mockable, marbled, + martyred, merriness, marrowless, mightful, multipotent, + masterdom, monarchize</i>, etc. etc.</p> + + <p>But, however much of his linguistic treasury Shakespeare + shall be proved to have inherited ready-made—whatever + scraps he may have stolen at the feast of languages—it is + clear that he was an imperial creator of language, and lived + while his mother-tongue was still plastic. Having a mint of + phrases in his own brain, well might he speak with the contempt + he does of those "fools who for a tricksy word defy the + matter;" that is, slight or disregard it. He never needed to do + that. Words were "correspondent to his command, and, + Ariel-like, did his spiriting gently."</p> + + <p>In a thousand cases, however, Shakespeare cannot have + rejected words through fear lest he should repeat them. It has + taken three centuries for the world to ferret out his + <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i>: can + we believe that he knew them all himself? Unless he were the + Providence which numbers all hairs of the head, he had not got + the start of the majestic world so far as that, however + myriad-minded we may consider him. An instinct which would have + rendered him aware of each and every individual of five + thousand that he had employed once only would be as + inconceivable as that of Falstaff, which made him discern the + heir-apparent in Prince Hal when disguised as a highwayman. In + short, Shakespeare could not be conscious of all the words he + had once used, more than Brigham Young could recognize all the + wives he had once wedded.</p> + + <p>In the absence of other theories concerning the reasons for + Shakespeare's <i>απαξ + λεγόμενα</i> + being so abundant, I throw out a suggestion of my own till a + better one shall supplant it.</p> + + <p>Shakespeare's forte lay in characterization, and that + endlessly diversified. But when he sketched each several + character it seems that he was never content till he had either + found or fabricated the aptest words possible for representing + its form and pressure most true to life. No two characters + being identical in any particular more than two faces are, no + two descriptions, as drawn by his genius, could repeat many of + the selfsame characterizing words. Each of his vocables thus + became like each of the seven thousand constituents of a + locomotive, which fits the one niche it was ordained to fill, + but everywhere else is out of place, and even + <i>dislocated</i>. The more numerous his ethical + differentiations, the more his language was differentiated.</p> + + <p>His personages were as multifarious as have been portrayed + by the whole band of Italian painters; but, as a wizard in + words, he resembled the magician in mosaic, who can delineate + in stone every feature of those portraits because he can + discriminate and imitate shades of color more numberless than + even Shakespeare's words.</p> + + <p>It is hard to believe that the Shakespearian characters were + born, like Athene from the brain of Zeus, in panoplied + perfection. They grew. The play of <i>Troilus</i> was a dozen + years in growth. According to the best commentators, + "Shakespeare, after having sketched out a play on the fashion + of his youthful taste and skill, returned in after years to + enlarge it, remodel it, and enrich it with the matured fruits + of years of observation and reflection. <i>Love's Labor + Lost</i> first appeared in print with the annunciation that it + was 'newly corrected and augmented,' and <i>Cymbeline</i> was + an entire <i>rifacimento</i> of an early dramatic attempt, + showing not only matured fulness of thought, but laboring + intensity of compressed expression." So speaks Verplanck, and + his utterance is endorsed by Richard Grant White.</p> + + <p>Such being the facts, it is clear that Shakespeare treated + his dramas as Guido did the <i>Cleopatra</i>, which he would + not let leave his studio till ten years after the non-artistic + world deemed that portrait fully finished. Meantime, the + painter in moments of inspiration was pencilling his canvas + with curious touches, each approximating nearer his ideal. So + the poet sought to find out acceptable words, or what he terms + "an army of good words." He poured his new wine into new + bottles, and never was at rest till he had arrayed his ideas in + that fitness of phrase which comes only by fits.</p> + + <p>Had he survived fifty years longer, I suppose he would to + the last have been perfecting his phrases, as we read in + Dionysius of Halicarnassus that Plato up to the age of + eighty-one was "combing and curling, and weaving and unweaving, + his writings after a variety of fashions." Possibly, the great + dramatist would at last have corrected one of his couplets as a + modern commentator has done for him, so that it would + stand,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Find <i>leaves</i> on trees, + <i>stones</i> in the running brooks,<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Sermons in <i>books</i>, and + <i>all</i> in everything.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>To speak seriously with a writer in the <i>Encyclopædia + Britannica:</i> "His manner in diction was progressive, and + this progress has been deemed so clearly traceable in his plays + that it can enable us to determine their chronological + sequence." The result is, that while other authors satiate and + soon tire us, Shakespeare's speech for ever "breathes an + indescribable freshness."</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i6">Age cannot wither<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Nor custom stale his infinite + variety.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In the last line I have quoted there is a + απαξ + λεγόμενα but it + is a word which I think you would hardly guess. It is the last + word—<i>variety</i>.</p> + + <p>On every average page of Shakespeare you are greeted and + gladdened by at least five words that you never saw before in + his writings, and that you never will see again, speaking once + and then for ever holding their peace—each not only rare, + but a nonsuch—five gems just shown, then snatched away. + Each page is studded with five stars, each as unique as the + century-flower, and, like the night-blooming cereus, "the + perfume and suppliance of a minute"—<i>ipsa varietate + variora</i>. The mind of Shakespeare was bodied forth as + Montezuma was apparelled, whose costume, however gorgeous, was + never twice the same. Hence the Shakespearian style is fresh as + morning dew and changeful as evening clouds, so that we remain + for ever doubtful in relation to his manner and his matter, + which of them owes the greater debt to the other. The + Shakespearian plots are analogous to the grouping of Raphael, + the characters to the drawing of Michael Angelo, but the + word-painting superadds the coloring of Titian. Accordingly, in + studying Shakespeare's diction I should long ago have said, if + I could, what I read in Arthur Helps, where he treats of a + perfect style—that "there is a sense of felicity about + it, declaring it to be the product of a happy moment, so that + you feel it will not happen again to that man who writes the + sentence, nor to any other of the sons of men, to say the like + thing so choicely, tersely, mellifluously and completely."</p> + + <p>In the central court of the Neapolitan Museum I saw + grape-clusters, mouldings, volutes, fingers and antique + fragments of all sorts wrought in rarest marble, lying + scattered on the pavement, exposed to sun and rain, cast down + the wrong side up, and as it were thrown away, as when the + stones of the Jewish sanctuary were poured out in every street. + Nothing reveals the sculptural opulence of Italy like this + apparent wastefulness. It seems to proclaim that Italy can + afford to make nothing of what would elsewhere be judged worthy + of shrines. We say to ourselves, "If such be the things she + throws away, what must be her jewels?" A similar feeling rises + in me while exploring Shakespeare's prodigality in + απαξ + λεγόμενα. His + exchequer appears more exhaustless than the Bank of + England.</p> + + <p class='author'>JAMES D. BUTLER.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="AN_EPISODE_OF_SPANISH_CHIVALRY" + id="AN_EPISODE_OF_SPANISH_CHIVALRY"></a>AN EPISODE OF + SPANISH CHIVALRY.</h2> + + <p>Don Quijote's readers are aware of the enormous popularity + of the romances of chivalry, but they are apt to imagine that + these represent a purely ideal state of things. This is + undoubtedly the case as far as knight-errantry is concerned, + but certain distinctive habits and customs of chivalry + prevailed in Spain and elsewhere long after the feudal system + and the earlier and original form of chivalry had passed away. + One of the most curious instances of this survival of chivalry + occurred in Spain in the first half of the fifteenth century, + and after commanding the admiration of Europe furnished Don + Quijote with an admirable argument for the existence of Amadis + of Gaul and his long line of successors. The worthy knight had + been temporarily released from his confinement in the Enchanted + Cage, and had begun his celebrated reply to the canon's + statement that there had never been such persons as Amadis and + the other knights-errant, nor the absurd adventures with which + the romances of chivalry abound. Don Quijote's answer is a + marvellous mixture of sense and nonsense: the creations of the + romancer's brain are placed side by side with the Cid, Juan de + Merlo and Gutierre Ouijada, whose names were household words in + Spain: "Let them deny also that Don Fernando de Guerara went to + seek adventures in Germany, where he did combat with Messer + George, knight of the household of the duke of Austria. Let + them say that the jousts of Sucro de Quiñones, him of the Pass, + were a jest."</p> + + <p>It is to these jousts, as one of the most characteristic + episodes of the reign of John II. and of the times, that we + wish to call attention.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" + id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" + class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + + <p>On the evening of Friday, the 1st of January, 1434, while + the king and his court were at Medina del Campo and engaged in + the rejoicings customary on the first day of the New Year, + Suero de Quiñones and nine knights clad in white entered the + saloon, and, coming before the throne, kissed the hands and + feet of the king, and presented him through their herald with a + petition of which the following is the substance:</p> + + <p>"It is just and reasonable for those who are in confinement + or deprived of their freedom to desire liberty; and since I, + your vassal and subject, have long been in durance to a certain + lady—in witness whereof I bear this chain about my neck + every Thursday—now, therefore, mighty sovereign, I have + agreed upon my ransom, which is three hundred lances broken by + myself and these knights, as shall more clearly hereafter + appear—three with every knight or gentleman (counting as + broken the lance which draws blood) who shall come to a certain + place this year; to wit, fifteen days before and fifteen days + after the festival of the apostle St. James, unless my ransom + shall be completed before the day last mentioned. The place + shall be on the highway to Santiago, and I hereby testify to + all strange knights and gentlemen that they will there be + provided with armor, horses and weapons. And be it known to + every honorable lady who may pass the aforesaid way that if she + do not provide a knight or gentleman to do combat for her, she + shall lose her right-hand glove. All the above saving two + things—that neither Your Majesty nor the constable Don + Alvaro de Luna is to enter the lists."</p> + + <p>After the reading of this petition the king took counsel + with his court and granted it, for which Quiñones humbly + thanked him, and then he and his companions retired to disarm + themselves, returning shortly after in dresses more befitting a + festal occasion.</p> + + <p>After the dancing the regulations for the jousts, consisting + of twenty-two chapters, were publicly read. In addition to the + declarations in the petition, it is provided that in case two + or more knights should come to ransom the glove of any lady, + the first knight only will be received, and no one can ransom + more than one glove. In the seventh chapter Quiñones offers a + diamond to the first knight who appears to do combat for one of + three ladies to be named by him, among whom shall not be the + one whose captive he is. No knight coming to the Pass of Honor + shall select the defender with whom to joust, nor shall he know + the name of his adversary until the combat is finished; but any + one after breaking three lances may challenge by name any one + of the defenders, who, if time permits, will break another + lance with him. If any knight desires to joust without some + portion of his armor named by Quiñones, his request shall be + granted if reason and time permit. No knight will be admitted + to the lists until he declare his name and country. If any one + is injured, "as is wont to happen in jousts," he shall be + treated as though he were Quiñones himself, and no one in the + future shall ever be held responsible for any advantage or + victory he may have gained over any of the defenders of the + Pass. No one going as a pilgrim to Santiago by the direct road + shall be hindered by Quiñones unless he approach the aforesaid + bridge of Orbigo (which was somewhat distant from the highway). + In case, however, any knight, having left the main road, shall + come to the Pass, he shall not be permitted to depart until he + has entered the lists or left in pledge a piece of his armor or + right spur, with the promise never to wear that piece or spur + until he shall have been in some deed of arms as dangerous as + the Pass of Honor. Quiñones further pledges himself to pay all + expenses incurred by those who shall come to the Pass.</p> + + <p>Any knight who, after having broken one or two lances, shall + refuse to continue, shall lose his armor or right spur as + though he had declined to enter the lists. No defender shall be + obliged to joust a second time with any one who had been + disabled for a day in any previous encounter.</p> + + <p>The twenty-first chapter provides for the appointment of two + knights, "<i>caballeros anliguos è probados en annas è dignas + de fè</i>," and two heralds, all of whom shall swear solemnly + to do justice to all who come to the Pass, and who shall decide + all questions which may arise.</p> + + <p>The last chapter provides "that if the lady whose I + [Quiñones] am shall pass that way, she shall not lose her + glove, and no one but myself shall do combat for her, for no + one in the world could do it so truly as I."</p> + + <p>When the preceding provisions had been read, Quiñones gave + to the king-at-arms a letter signed and sealed, which invited + to the Pass all knights so disposed, granting safe conduct to + those of other kingdoms, and declaring the cause of said trial + of arms. Copies of the above letter were also given to other + heralds, who were provided with everything necessary for long + journeys, and in the six months that intervened before the day + fixed for the jousts the matter had been proclaimed throughout + all Christendom. Meanwhile, Quiñones provided horses and arms + and everything necessary for "such an important + enterprise."</p> + + <p>In the kingdom of Leon, about ten miles east of Astorga and + on the highway from that city to the capital, is the bridge of + Orbigo. Suero de Quiñones did not select Orbigo with reference + to convenience of access from the Castiles, but because it must + be passed by pilgrims to Santiago; and that year (1434) was + especially sacred to the saint, whose festival, on the 25th of + July, has always been celebrated with great pomp. The Spaniards + having been forbidden to go to Jerusalem as crusaders, and + being too much occupied at home with the Moors to make such a + long pilgrimage, wisely substituted Santiago, where the remains + of St. James, the patron of Spain, is supposed to rest. His + body is said to have floated in a stone coffin from Joppa to + Padron (thirteen miles below Santiago) in seven days, and for + nearly eight centuries lay forgotten in a cave, but was at + length miraculously brought to light by mysterious flames + hovering over its resting-place, and in 829 was removed to + Santiago. In 846 the saint made his appearance at the + celebrated battle of Clavijo, where he slew sixty thousand + Moors, and was rewarded by a grant of a bushel of grain from + every acre in Spain. His shrine was a favorite resort for + pilgrims from all Christendom until after the Reformation, and + the saint retained his bushel of grain (the annual value of + which had reached the large sum of one million dollars) until + 1835.</p> + + <p>It was near the highway, in a pleasant grove, that Quiñones + erected the lists, a hundred and forty-six paces long and + surrounded by a palisade of the height of a lance, with various + stands for the judges and spectators. At the opposite ends of + the lists were entrances—one for the defenders of the + Pass—and there were hung the arms and banners of + Quiñones, as well as at the other entrance, which was reserved + for the knights who should come to make trial of their arms. In + order that no one might mistake the way, a marble king-at-arms + was erected near the bridge, with the right arm extended and + the inscription, "To the Pass."</p> + + <p>The final arrangements were not concluded until the 10th of + July, the first day of the jousts. Twenty-two tents had been + erected for the accommodation of those engaged in the + enterprise as well as for mere spectators, and Quiñones had + provided all necessary servants and artisans, among whom are + mentioned kings-at-arms, heralds, trumpeters and other + musicians, notaries, armorers, blacksmiths, surgeons, + physicians, carpenters, lance-makers, tailors, embroiderers, + etc. In the midst of the tents was erected a wooden + dining—hall, hung with rich French cloth and provided + with two tables—one for Quiñones and the knights who came + to the Pass, and the other for those who honored the jousts + with their presence. A curious fact not to be omitted is that + the king sent one of his private secretaries to prepare daily + accounts of what happened at the Pass, which were transmitted + by relays to Segovia (where he was engaged in hunting), so that + he should receive them within twenty-four hours.</p> + + <p>On Saturday, the 10th of July, 1434, all the arrangements + having been completed, the heralds proceeded to the entrance of + the lists and announced to Quiñones that three knights were at + the bridge of Orbigo who had come to make trial of their + arms—one a German, Messer Arnoldo de la Floresta Bermeja + of the marquisate of Brandenburg, "about twenty-seven years + old, blond and well-dressed;" the others two brothers from + Valencia, by name Juan and Per Fabla. Quiñones was greatly + delighted at their coming, and sent the heralds to invite them + to take up their quarters with him, which they did, and were + received with honor at the entrance of the lists in the + presence of the judges. It being Saturday, the jousting was + deferred until the following Monday, and the spurs of the three + knights were hung up in the judges' stand as a sort of pledge, + to be restored to their owners when they were ready to enter + the lists.</p> + + <p>The next morning the trumpets sounded, and Quiñones and his + nine companions heard mass in the church of St. John at Orbigo, + and took possession of the lists in the following fashion: + First came the musicians with drums and Moorish fifes, preceded + by the judge, Pero Barba. Then followed two large and beautiful + horses drawing a cart filled with lances of various sizes + pointed with Milan steel. The cart was covered with blue and + green trappings embroidered with bay trees and flowers, and on + every tree was the figure of a parrot. The driver of this + singular conveyance was a dwarf. Next came Quiñones on a + powerful horse with blue trappings, on which were worked his + device and a chain, with the motto <i>Il faut + deliberer</i><a name="FNanchor_5_5" + id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" + class="fnanchor">[5]</a> He was dressed in a quilted jacket + of olive velvet brocade embroidered in green, with a cloak + of blue velvet, breeches of scarlet cloth and a tall cap of + the same color. He wore wheel-spurs of the Italian fashion + richly gilt, and carried a drawn sword, also gilt. On his + right arm, near the shoulder, was richly embroidered his + device in gold two fingers broad, and around it in blue + letters,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Si a vous ne plait de avoyr me + sure,<br /></span> <span class="i4">Certes ie + clis,<br /></span> <span class="i4">Que ie + suis,<br /></span> <span class="i3">Sans + venture.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" + id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" + class="fnanchor">[6]</a><br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>With Quiñones were his nine companions in scarlet velvet and + blue cloaks bearing Quiñones' device and chain, and the + trappings of their horses blue, with the same device and motto. + Near Quiñones were many knights on foot, some of whom led his + horse to do him honor. Three pages magnificently attired and + mounted closed the procession, which entered the lists, and + after passing around it twice halted before the judges' stand, + and Quiñones exhorted the judges to decide impartially all that + should happen, giving equal justice to all, and especially to + defend the strangers in case they should be attacked on account + of having wounded any of the defenders of the Pass.</p> + + <p>The next day, Monday, at dawn the drums beat the reveille, + and the judges, with the heralds, notaries and kings-at-arms, + took their places in their stands. The nine defenders meanwhile + heard mass in a large tent which served as a private chapel for + Quiñones, and where mass was said thrice daily at his expense + by some Dominicans. After the defenders were armed they sent + for the judges to inspect their weapons and armor. The German + knight, Arnoldo, had a disabled hand, but he declared he would + rather die than refrain from jousting. His arms and horse were + approved, although the latter was superior to that of Quiñones. + The judges had provided a body of armed soldiers whose duty it + was to see that all had fair play in the field, and had a pile + of lances of various sizes placed where each knight could + select one to suit him.</p> + + <p>Quiñones and the German now entered the lists, accompanied + by their friends and with "much music." The judges commanded + that no one should dare to speak aloud or give advice or make + any sign to any one in the lists, no matter what happened, + under penalty of having the tongue cut out for speaking and a + hand cut off for making signs; and they also forbade any knight + to enter the lists with more than two servants, one mounted and + the other on foot. The spur taken from the German the previous + Saturday was now restored to him, and the trumpets sounded a + charge, while the heralds and kings-at-arms cried <i>Legeres + allér! legeres allér! é fair son deber</i>.</p> + + <p>The two knights charged instantly, lance in rest, and + Quiñones encountered his antagonist in the guard of his lance, + and his weapon glanced off and touched him in the armor of his + right hand and tore it off, and his lance broke in the middle. + The German encountered him in the armor of the left arm, tore + it off and carried a piece of the border without breaking his + lance. In the second course Quiñones encountered the German in + the top of his plastron, without piercing it, and the lance + came out under his arm-pit, whereupon all thought he was + wounded, for on receiving the shock he exclaimed <i>Olas!</i> + and his right vantbrace was torn off, but the lance was not + broken. The German encountered Quiñones in the front of his + helmet, breaking his lance two palms from the iron. In the + third course Quiñones encountered the German in the guard of + his left gauntlet, and passed through it, and the head of the + lance stuck in the rim without breaking, and the German failed + to encounter. In the fourth course Quiñones encountered the + German in the armor of his left arm without breaking his lance, + and the German failed to encounter. In the next course both + failed to encounter, but in the sixth Quiñones encountered the + German in the joint of his left vantbrace, and the iron passed + half through without breaking, while the shaft broke in the + middle, and the German failed to encounter. After this last + course they went to the judges' stand, where their jousting was + pronounced finished, since they had broken three lances between + them. Quiñones invited the German to supper, and both were + accompanied to their quarters by music, and Quiñones disarmed + himself in public.</p> + + <p>The two Valencian knights did not delay to challenge + Quiñones, since he had remained uninjured; and, as they had the + right to demand horses and arms, they chose those which + Quiñones had used in the last joust. The chronicler adds: "It + seems to me that they did not ask it so much for their honor as + for the safety of their skins." The judges decided that + Quiñones was not bound to give his own armor, as there were + other suits as good: nevertheless, he complied, and sent in + addition four horses to choose from. He was also anxious to + joust with them, but Lope de Estuñiga refused to yield his + place, and cited the chapter of the regulations which provided + that no one should single out his adversary. Quiñones offered + him a very fine horse and a gold chain worth three hundred + doubloons, but Estuñiga answered that he would not yield his + turn although he were offered a city.</p> + + <p>At vespers Estuñiga and Juan Fabla were armed and the judges + examined their arms, and although Fabla had the better horse, + they let it pass. At the sound of the trumpet Estuñiga entered + the lists magnificently attired, and attended by two pages in + armor bearing a drawn sword and a lance. Juan Fabla followed + immediately, and at the given signal they attacked each other + lance in rest. Fabla encountered Estuñiga in the left arm, + tearing off his armor, but neither of them broke his lance. In + the four following courses they failed to encounter. In the + sixth Fabla encountered his adversary in the breastplate, + breaking his lance in the middle, and the head remained + sticking in the armor. They encountered in the seventh course, + and Estuñiga's servant, who was in the lists, cried out, "At + him! at him!" The judges commanded his tongue to be cut out, + but at the intercession of those present the sentence was + commuted to thirty blows and imprisonment. They failed to + encounter in the eighth course, but in the ninth Estuñiga broke + his lance on Fabla's left arm: the latter failed to encounter, + and received a great reverse. After this they ran nine courses + without encountering, but in the nineteenth Estuñiga met Fabla + in the plastron, and his lance slipped off on to his helmet, + but did not break, although it pierced the plastron and the + iron remained sticking in it. By this time it had grown so dark + that the judges could not distinguish the good from the bad + encounters, and for this reason they decided that the combat + was finished the same as though three lances had been broken. + Estuñiga invited Fabla to sup with Quiñones, "and at table + there were many knights, and after supper they danced."</p> + + <p>That same day there arrived at the Pass nine knights from + Aragon, who swore that they were gentlemen without reproach. + Their spurs were taken from them, according to the established + custom, and hung up in the judges' stand until they should + enter the lists.</p> + + <p>The succeeding combats were but repetitions, with trifling + variations, of those just described. From dawn, when the + trumpet sounded for battle, until the evening grew so dark that + the judges could not distinguish the combatants, the defenders + maintained the Pass against all comers with bravery and + honor.</p> + + <p>The third day there passed near Orbigo two ladies, and the + judges sent the king-at-arms and the herald to ascertain + whether they were of noble birth and provided with knights to + represent them in the lists and win them a passage through + Orbigo, and also to request them to give up their right-hand + gloves. The ladies answered that they were noble and were on a + pilgrimage to Santiago; their names were Leonora and Guiomar de + la Vega; the former was married and accompanied by her husband; + the latter was a widow. The king-at-arms then requested their + gloves to be kept as a pledge until some knight should ransom + them. Frances Davio, an Aragonese knight, immediately offered + to do combat for the ladies. The husband of Doña Leonora said + that he had not heard of this adventure, and was unprepared to + attempt it then, but if the ladies were allowed to retain their + gloves, as soon as he had accomplished his pilgrimage he would + return and enter the lists for them. The gloves, however, were + retained and hung in the judges' stand. The matter caused some + discussion, and finally the judges decided that the gloves + should not be kept, for fear it should seem that the defenders + of the Pass were interfering with pilgrims, and also on account + of Juan de la Vega's chivalrous response. So the gloves were + sent on to Astorga to be delivered to their owners, and Juan de + la Vega was absolved from all obligation to ransom them, "and + there was strife among many knights as to who should do battle + for the sisters."</p> + + <p>On the 16th of July, Frances Davio jousted with Lope de + Estuñiga, and when the trial of arms was ended with great honor + to both, Davio swore aloud, so that many knights heard him, + "that never in the future would he have a love-affair with a + nun, for up to that time he had loved one, and it was for her + sake that he had come to the Pass; and any one who had known it + could have challenged him as an evil-doer, and he could not + have defended himself." Whereat Delena, the notary and compiler + of the original record of the Pass, exclaims, "To which I say + that if he had had any Christian nobleness, or even the natural + shame which leads every one to conceal his faults, he would not + have made public such a sacrilegious scandal, so dishonorable + to the religious order and so injurious to Christ."</p> + + <p>The same day the king-at-arms and herald announced to + Quiñones that a gentleman named Vasco de Barrionuevo, servant + of Ruy Diaz de Mendoza, mayor-domo of the king, had come to + make trial of his arms, but as he was not a knight he prayed + Quiñones to confer that honor on him. Quiñones consented, and + commanded him to wait at the entrance of the lists, whither he + and the nine defenders went on foot accompanied by a great + crowd. Quiñones asked Vasco if he desired to become a knight, + and on his answering in the affirmative he drew his gilt sword + and said, "Sir, do you promise to keep and guard all the things + appertaining to the noble order of chivalry, and to die rather + than fail in any one of them?" He swore that he would do so, + and Quiñones, striking him on the helmet with his naked sword, + said, "God make thee a good knight and aid thee to live and act + as every good knight should do!" After this ceremony the new + knight entered the lists with Pedro de los Rios, and they ran + seven courses and broke three lances.</p> + + <p>On the festival of St. James (July 25th) Quiñones entered + the lists without three of the principal pieces of his + armor—namely, the visor of his helmet, the left vantbrace + and breastplate—and said, "Knights and judges of this + Passo Honroso, inasmuch as I announced through Monreal, the + king's herald, that on St. James's Day there would be in this + place three knights, each without a piece of his armor, and + each ready to run two courses with every knight who should + present himself that day, know, therefore, that I, Suero de + Quiñones, alone am those three knights, and am prepared to + accomplish what I proclaimed." The judges after a short + deliberation answered that they had no authority to permit him + to risk his life in manifest opposition to the regulations + which he had sworn to obey, and declared him under arrest, and + forbade all jousting that day, as it was Sunday and the + festival of St. James. Quiñones felt greatly grieved at their + decision, and told them that "in the service of his lady he had + gone into battle against the Moors in the kingdom of Granada + with his right arm bared, and God had preserved him, and would + do so now." The judges, however, were inflexible and refused to + hear him.</p> + + <p>The last day of July, late in the afternoon, there arrived + at the Pass a gentleman named Pedro de Torrecilla, a retainer + or squire of Alfonso de Deza, but no one was willing to joust + with him, on the ground that he was not an hidalgo. The + generous Lope de Estuñiga, hearing this, offered to dub him a + knight, but Torrecilla thanked him and said he could not afford + to sustain in becoming manner the honor of chivalry, but he + would make good the fact that he was an hidalgo. Lope de + Estuñiga was so much pleased by this discreet answer that he + believed him truly of gentle blood, and to do him honor entered + the lists with him. It was, however, so late that they had only + time to run three courses, and then the judges pronounced their + joust finished. Torrecilla esteemed so highly the fact that so + renowned a knight as Lope de Estuñiga should have condescended + to enter the lists with him that he swore it was the greatest + honor he had ever received in his life, and he offered him his + services. Estuñiga thanked him, and affirmed that he felt as + much honored by having jousted with him as though he had been + an emperor.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" + id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" + class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + + <p>A few days after the above events an incident occurred which + shows how contagious the example of Quiñones and his followers + was, and to what amusing imitations it led. A Lombard trumpeter + made his appearance at the Pass, and said that he had been to + Santiago on a pilgrimage, and while there had heard that there + was at the Passo Honroso a trumpeter of the king of Castile + named Dalmao, very celebrated in his line, and he had gone + thirty leagues out of his way in order to have a trial of skill + with him; and he offered to stake a good trumpet against one of + Dalmao's. The latter took the Lombard's trumpet and blew so + loud and skilfully that the Italian, in spite of all his + efforts, was obliged to confess himself conquered, and gave up + his trumpet.</p> + + <p>So far, the encounters, if not entirely bloodless, had not + been attended by any fatal accident. The defenders had all been + wounded, more or less severely: once Quiñones concealed the + fact until the end of the joust in which his antagonist had + been badly hurt, and it was only when the knights were disarmed + that it was discovered that Quiñones was bleeding profusely. On + another occasion his helmet was pierced by his adversary's + lance, the fragment of which he strove in vain to withdraw. All + believed him mortally wounded, but he cried, "It is nothing! it + is nothing! Quiñones! Quiñones!" and continued as though + nothing had occurred. After three encounters the judges + descended from their stands and made him remove his helmet to + see whether he was wounded. When it was found that he was not, + "every one thought that God had miraculously delivered him." + Quiñones was also wounded in his encounter with Juan de Merlo, + and again concealed the fact until the end of the combat, when + he asked the judges to excuse him from jousting further that + day, as his right hand, which he had previously sprained, was + again dislocated, and caused him terrible suffering; and well + it might, for the flesh was lacerated and the whole arm seemed + paralyzed.</p> + + <p>The wounds received the 28th of July were, unfortunately, + sufficiently healed by the 6th of August to enable him to enter + the lists with the unhappy Esberte de Claramonte, an Aragonese. + "Would to God," exclaims the chronicler, "he had never come + here!" In the ninth encounter Quiñones' lance entered his + antagonist's left eye and penetrated the brain. The luckless + knight broke his lance in the ground, was lifted from his + saddle by the force of the blow, and fell dead without uttering + a word; "and his face seemed like the face of one who had been + dead two hours." The Aragonese and Catalans present bewailed + his death loudly, and Quiñones was grieved in his soul at such + a great misfortune. Every possible honor was shown the dead + knight, and the welfare of his soul was not forgotten. Master + Anton, Quiñones' confessor, and the other priests were sent for + to administer the sacraments, and Quiñones begged them to chant + the <i>Responsorium</i><a name="FNanchor_8_8" + id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" + class="fnanchor">[8]</a> over the body, as was customary in + the Church, and do in all respects as though he himself were + the dead man. The priest replied that the Church did not + consider as sons those who died in such exercises, for they + could not be performed without mortal sin, neither did she + intercede for their souls; in proof whereof he referred to + the canonical law, cap. <i>de + Torneamentis</i>.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" + id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" + class="fnanchor">[9]</a> However, at the earnest request of + Quiñones, Messer Anton went with a letter to the bishop of + Astorga to ask leave to bury Claramonte in holy ground, + Quiñones promising if it were granted to take the dead + knight to Leon and bury him in his own family chapel. + Meanwhile, they bore the body to the hermitage of Santa + Catalina, near the bridge of Orbigo, and there it remained + until night, when Messer Anton returned without the desired + license; so they buried Claramonte in unconsecrated ground + near the hermitage, with all possible honor and amid the + tears of the assembled knights. This mournful event does not + seem, however, to have made a very deep impression, for that + same afternoon the jousting was continued.</p> + + <p>The remaining days were marked by no unusual occurrence: + several were seriously but not fatally wounded, and one by one + the defenders of the Pass were disabled; so that when the 9th + of August, the last day of the jousts, arrived, Sancho de + Ravenal was the only one of the ten defenders who was able to + enter the lists. He maintained the Pass that day against two + knights, and then the jousts were declared ended. When the + decision was known there was great rejoicing and blowing of + trumpets, and the lists were illuminated with torches. The + judges returned the spurs which still hung in the stand to the + owners who through lack of time had not been able to joust. + Quiñones and eight of his companions (Lope de Aller was + confined to his bed by his wounds) entered the lists in the + same manner and order as on the first day, and halting before + the judges Quiñones addressed them as follows: "It is known to + Your Honors how I presented myself here thirty days ago with + these companions, and the cause of my so doing was to terminate + the captivity in which until this moment I was to a very + virtuous lady, in token of which I have worn this iron collar + continually every Thursday. The condition of my ransom was, as + you know, three hundred lances broken or guarding this Pass + thirty days, awaiting knights and gentlemen who should free me + from said captivity; and whereas I believe, honorable sirs, + that I have fulfilled everything according to the terms set + down at the beginning, I therefore beg you will command me to + remove this iron collar in testimony of my liberty."</p> + + <p>The judges answered briefly as follows: "Virtuous gentleman + and knight, after hearing your declaration, which seems just + and true, we hereby declare your enterprise completed and your + ransom paid; and be it known to all present that of the three + hundred lances mentioned in the agreement but few remain yet to + be broken, and these would not have remained unbroken had it + not been for lack of adversaries. We therefore command the + king-at-arms and the herald to remove the collar from your neck + and declare you from this time henceforth free from your + enterprise and ransom." | The king-at-arms and the herald then + descended from the stand, and in the presence of the notaries + with due solemnity took the collar from Quiñones' neck in + fulfilment of the judges' command.</p> + + <p>During the thirty days' jousting sixty-eight knights had + entered the lists: of these, one, Messer Arnoldo de la Floresta + Bermeja (Arnold von Rothwald?), was a German; one an Italian, + Messer Luis de Aversa; one Breton,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" + id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" + class="fnanchor">[10]</a> three Valencians, one Portuguese, + thirteen Aragonese, four Catalans, and the remaining + forty-four were from the Castiles and other parts of Spain. + The number of courses run was seven hundred and + twenty-seven, and one hundred and sixty-six lances were + broken. Quiñones was afterward killed by Gutierre Quijada, + one of the knights who took part in the Passo Honroso, and + with whom he seems to have had some kind of a feud. + Quiñones' sword may still be seen at Madrid in the Royal + Armory, No. 1917.</p> + + <p class="author">T.F. CRANE.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="AUTOMATISM" + id="AUTOMATISM"></a>AUTOMATISM.</h2> + + <h3>CONCLUDING PAPER.</h3> + + <p>A few months ago, walking along Fifteenth street, I came up + behind a friend and said, "Good-morning." No answer. + "Good-morning, sir," a little louder.—"Oh, excuse me: I + did not hear you the first time."—" How then did you know + that I had spoken twice?" My friend was nonplussed, but what + had happened was this: on my first speaking the impulse of the + voice had fallen upon his ear and started a nerve-wave which + had struggled up as far as the lower apparatus at the base of + the brain, and, passing through this, had probably even reached + the higher nerve-centres in the surface of the cerebrum, near + to which consciousness resides, but not in sufficient force to + arouse consciousness. When, however, the attention was excited + by my second address, it perceived the first faint impulse + which had been registered upon the protoplasm of the + nerve-centres, although unfelt. Probably most of my readers + have had a similar experience. A word spoken, but not + consciously heard, has a moment afterward been detected by an + effort as distinctly conscious as that made by the man who is + attempting to decipher some old faint manuscript. This incident + and its explanation will serve to illustrate the relation which + seems to exist between consciousness and sensation, and also + between consciousness and the general mental actions.</p> + + <p>It will perhaps render our thinking more accurate if we + attempt to get a clear idea just here as to what consciousness + is and what it is not. Various definitions of the term have + been given, but the simplest and truest seems to be that it is + a knowledge of the present existence of self, and perhaps also + of surrounding objects, although it is conceivable that a + conscious person might be shut off from all contact with the + external world by abolition of the senses. Consciousness is + certainly not what the philosopher and the theologian call the + Ego, or the personality of the individual. A blow on the head + puts an end for the time being to consciousness, but not to the + man's personality. Neither is consciousness the same as the + sense of personal identity, although it is closely connected + with it. The conviction of a man that he is the same person + through the manifold changes which occur in him as the + successive years go on is evidently based on consciousness and + memory. This is well illustrated by some very curious cases in + which the sense or knowledge of personal identity has been + completely lost. Not long ago an instance of such complete loss + was recorded by Doctor Hewater (<i>Hospital Gazette</i>, + November, 1879). The gentleman who was the subject of this loss + found himself standing upon the dépôt-platform in Belaire City, + Ohio, utterly ignorant of who he was or where he came from or + where he was going to. He had a little money in his pocket, and + in his hand a small port-manteau which contained a pair of + scissors and a change of linen. He was well dressed, and on + stating at the nearest hotel his strange condition and asking + for a bed, was received as a guest. In the evening he went out + and attended a temperance lecture. Excited by the eloquence of + the speaker, he was seized with an uncontrollable impulse, + rushed from the room and began to smash with a club the windows + of a neighboring tavern. The roughs ran out of the saloon and + beat him very badly, breaking his arm: this brought him to the + police-station, and thence to the hospital. For months every + effort was made to identify him, but at the date of reporting + without avail. He was known in the hospital as "Ralph," that + name having been found on his underclothing. His knowledge upon + all subjects unconnected with his identity is correct: his + mental powers are good, and he has shown himself expert at + figures and with a pen. For a long time it was thought that he + was feigning, but every one about him was finally convinced + that he is what he says he is—namely, a man without + knowledge of his personal identity. This curious case, which is + by no means unparalleled in the annals of psychological + medicine, shows how distinct memory is from consciousness. + Memory of the past was in Ralph entirely abolished so far as + concerned his own personality, but consciousness was perfect, + and the results of previous mental training remained, as is + shown by his use of figures. It was as though there was a + dislocation between consciousness and the memory of self.</p> + + <p>The distinctness of consciousness from memory is also shown + by dreams. Events which have passed are often recalled during + the unconsciousness of sleep. The curious although common + carrying of the memory of a dream over from the unconsciousness + of sleep to the consciousness of waking movements further + illustrates the complete distinction between the two cerebral + functions.</p> + + <p>If memory, then, be not part of consciousness, what is its + nature? There is a law governing nervous actions both in health + and disease which is known as that of habitual action. The + curious reflex movements made by the frog when acid is put upon + its foot, as detailed in my last paper, were explained by this + law. The spinal cord, after having frequently performed a + certain act under the stimulus of conscious sensation, becomes + so accustomed to perform that act that it does it when the + oft-felt peripheral impulse comes again to it, although the + cerebral functions and consciousness are suspended. A + nerve-centre, even of the lowest kind, once moulded by repeated + acts, retains their impression—<i>i.e.</i> remembers + them. Learning to walk is, as was shown in the last paper, + training the memory of the lower nerve-centres at the base of + the brain until at last they direct the movements of walking + without aid from consciousness. The musician studies a piece of + music. At first the notes are struck in obedience to a + conscious act of the will founded upon a conscious recognition + of the printed type. By and by the piece is so well known that + it is played even when the attention is directed to some other + subject; that is, the act of playing has been repeated until + the lower nerve-centres, which preside over the movements of + the fingers during the playing, have been so impressed that + when once the impulses are started they flow on uninterruptedly + until the whole set has been gone through and the piece of + music is finished. This is the result of memory of the lower + nerve-centres. At first, the child reads only by a distinct + conscious effort of memory, recalling painfully each word. + After a time the words become so impressed upon the lower + nerve-centres that we may read on when our attention is + directed to some other thing. Thus, often we read aloud and are + unconscious of what we have read, precisely as the compositor + habitually sets up pages of manuscript without the faintest + idea of what it is all about. This law of habitual action + applies not only to the lower nerve-centres in their healthy + condition, but with equal force in disease. It is notorious + that one of the great difficulties in the cure of epilepsy is + the habit which is acquired by the nerve-centres of having at + intervals attacks of convulsive discharge of nerve-force. Some + years since I saw in consultation a case which well illustrates + this point. A boy was struck in the head with a brick, and + dropped unconscious. On coming to be was seized with an + epileptic convulsion. These convulsions continually recurred + for many months before I saw him. He never went two hours + without them, and had usually from thirty to forty a + day—some, it is true, very slight, but others very + severe. Medicines had no influence over him, and with the idea + that there might be a point of irritation in the wound itself + causing the epilepsy, the scar was taken out. The result was + that the seizures were the same day reduced very much in + frequency, and in a short time became amenable to treatment, so + that finally complete recovery occurred. He had, however, + probably fifty convulsions in all after the removal of the scar + before this result was achieved. Undoubtedly, in this case the + point of irritation was removed by the operation. The cause of + the convulsions having been taken away, they should have + stopped at once. But here the law of habitual action asserted + itself, and it was necessary to overcome the remembrance of the + disease by the nerve-centres. It is plain that the higher + nerve-centre remembers the idea or fact because it is impressed + by ideas and facts, precisely as the lower spinal nerve-centres + in the frog remember irritations and movements which have + impressed them. The faculty of memory resides in all + nerve-centres: the nature of that which is remembered depends + upon the function of the individual centre. A nerve-cell which + thinks remembers thought—a nerve-cell which causes motion + remembers motion.</p> + + <p>The so-called cases of double consciousness are perfectly + simple in their explanation when the true nature of memory is + borne in mind. In these cases the subject seems to lead a + double life. The attacks usually come on suddenly. In the first + attack all memory of the past is lost. The person is as an + untaught child, and is forced to begin re-education. In some of + these cases this second education has gone on for weeks, and + advanced perhaps beyond the stage of reading, when suddenly the + patient passes back to his original condition, losing now all + memory of events which had occurred and all the knowledge + acquired in what may be called his second state, but regaining + all that he had originally possessed. Weeks or months afterward + the second state reoccurs, the individual now forgetting all + memory of the first or natural condition. It is usually found + that events happening and knowledge acquired during the first + attack of what we have called the second state are remembered + in subsequent returns, so that the second education can be + taken up at the point at which it was lost, and progress be + made. This alternation of conditions has in some instances gone + on for years, the patient living, as it were, two lives at + broken intervals. This condition, usually called double + consciousness, is not double consciousness at all, but, if the + term may be allowed, double memory. It is evidently allied in + its nature to the loss of the sense of personal identity. + Certain phenomena of remembrance seen frequently in exhausting + diseases, and especially in old age, show the permanence of + impressions made upon the higher nerve-centres, and are also + very similar in their nature to this so-called double + consciousness. Not long since a very aged lady of Philadelphia, + who was at the point of death, began to talk in an unknown + tongue, soon losing entirely her power of expressing herself in + English. No one could for a time make out the language she was + speaking, but it was finally found to be Portuguese; and in + tracing the history of the octogenarian it was discovered that + until four or five years of age she had been brought up in Rio + Janeiro, where Portuguese is spoken. There is little difference + between the nature of such a case and that of the so-called + double consciousness, both involving the forgetting of that + which has been known for years.</p> + + <p>There is a curious mental condition sometimes produced by + large doses of hasheesh which might be termed double + consciousness more correctly than the state to which the name + is usually applied. I once took an enormous dose of this + substance. After suffering from a series of symptoms which it + is not necessary here to detail, I was seized with a horrible + undefined fear, as of impending death, and began at the same + time to have marked periods when all connection seemed to be + severed between the external world and myself. During these + periods I was unconscious in so far that I was oblivious of all + external objects, but on coming out of one it was not a blank, + dreamless void upon which I looked back, a mere empty space, + but rather a period of active but aimless life, full, not of + connected thought, but of disjointed images. The mind, freed + from the ordinary laws of association, passed, as it were, with + lightning-like rapidity from one idea to another. The duration + of these attacks was but a few seconds, but to me they seemed + endless. Although I was perfectly conscious during the + intermissions between the paroxysms, all power of measuring + time was lost: seconds appeared to be hours—minutes grew + to days—hours stretched out to infinity. I would look at + my watch, and then after an hour or two, as I thought, would + look again and find that scarcely a minute had elapsed. The + minute-hand appeared motionless, as though graven in the face + itself: the laggard second-hand moved so slowly that it seemed + a hopeless task to watch it during its whole infinite round of + a minute, and I always gave up in despair before the sixty + seconds had elapsed. When my mind was most lucid there was a + distinct duplex action in regard to the duration of time. I + would think to myself, "It has been so long since a certain + event!"—an hour, for example, since the doctor was + summoned—but Reason would say, "No, it has been only a + few minutes: your thoughts and feelings are caused by the + hasheesh." Nevertheless, I was not able to shake off, even for + a moment, this sense of the almost indefinite prolongation of + time. Gradually the periods of unconsciousness became longer + and more frequent, and the oppressive feeling of impending + death more intense. It was like a horrible nightmare: each + successive paroxysm was felt to be the longest I had suffered. + As I came out of it a voice seemed constantly saying, "You are + getting worse; your paroxysms are growing longer and deeper; + they will overmaster you; you will die." A sense of personal + antagonism between my will-power and myself, as affected by the + drug, grew very strong. I felt as though my only chance was to + struggle against these paroxysms—that I must constantly + arouse myself by an effort of will; and that effort was made + with infinite toil and pain. It seemed to me as if some evil + spirit had the control of the whole of me except the will, and + was in determined conflict with that, the last citadel of my + being. Once or twice during a paroxysm I felt myself mounting + upward, expanding, dilating, dissolving into the wide confines + of space, overwhelmed by a horrible, unutterable despair. Then + by a tremendous effort I seemed to break loose and to start up + with the shuddering thought, "Next time you will not be able to + throw this off; and what then?" The sense of double + consciousness which I had to some extent is often, under the + action of hasheesh, much more distinct. I have known patients + to whom it seemed that they themselves sitting upon the chair + were in continual conversation with a second self standing in + front of them. The explanation of this curious condition is a + difficult one. It is possible that the two sides of the brain, + which are accustomed in health to work as one organ, are + disjoined by the poison, so that one half of the brain thinks + and acts in opposition to the other half.</p> + + <p>From what has already been said it is plain that memory is + entirely distinct from consciousness, and that it is in a + certain sense automatic, or at least an attribute of all + nerve-centres. If this be so, it would seem probable, <i>a + priori</i>, that other intellectual acts are also distinct from + consciousness. For present purposes the activities of the + cerebrum may be divided into the emotional and the more + strictly-speaking intellectual acts. A little thought will, I + think, convince any of my readers that emotions are as purely + automatic as the movements of the frog's hind leg. The Irishman + who said that he was really a brave man, although he had a + cowardly pair of legs which always ran away with him, was far + from speaking absurdly. It is plain that passion is something + entirely beyond the conscious will, because it is continually + excited from without, and because we are unable to produce it + by a mere effort of the will without some external cause. The + common phrase, "He is working himself up into a passion," + indicates a perception of the fact that consciousness sometimes + employs memories, thoughts, associations, etc. to arouse the + lower nerve-centres that are connected with the emotion of + anger. It is so also with various other emotions. The soldier + who habitually faces death in the foremost rank of the battle, + and yet shrinks in mortal fear or antipathy from a mouse, is + not an unknown spectacle. It is clear that his fear of the + little animal is based not upon reason, but upon an + uncontrollable sensitiveness in his nervous system acquired by + inheritance or otherwise. It does not follow from this that + conscious will is not able to affect emotion. As already + pointed out, it can arouse emotion by using the proper means, + and it undoubtedly can, to a greater or less extent, directly + subdue emotion. The law of inhibition, as it is called by the + physiologist, dominates the whole nervous system. Almost every + nerve-centre has above it a higher centre whose function it is + directly to repress or subdue the activity of the lower centre. + A familiar instance of this is seen in the action of the heart: + there are certain nerve-centres which when excited lessen the + rate of the heart's beat, and are even able to stop it + altogether. The relation of the will-power to the emotions is + directly inhibitory. The will is able to repress the activity + of those centres which preside over anger. In the man with red + hair these centres may be very active and the will-power weak; + hence the inhibitory influence of the will is slight and the + man gets angry easily. In the phlegmatic temperament the + anger-centres are slow to action, the will-power strong, and + the man is thrown off his balance with difficulty. It is well + known that power grows with exercise, and when we habitually + use the will in controlling the emotional centres its power + continually increases. The man learning self-control is simply + drilling the lower emotional centres into obedience to the + repressive action of the higher will. Without further + demonstration, it is clear that emotion is distinct from + conscious will, and is automatic in the sense in which the term + has been used in this article.</p> + + <p>Imagination also is plainly distinct from consciousness. It + acts during sleep. Often, indeed, it runs riot during the + slumbers of the night, but at times it works with an automatic + regularity exceeding its powers during the waking moments. It + is also true that judgment is exercised in sleep, and that + reason sometimes exerts its best efforts in that state. But not + only do the intellectual nets go on without consciousness + during sleep, but also while we are awake. Some years since I + was engaged in working upon a book requiring a good deal of + thought. Very frequently I would be unable to solve certain + problems, but leaving them would find a day or two afterward, + on taking pen in hand, that the solution traced itself without + effort on the paper clearly and logically. During the sleeping + hours, or during the waking hours of a busy professional life, + the brain had, without my consciousness, been solving the + difficulties. This experience is by no means a peculiar one. + Many scientific workers have borne testimony to a similar habit + of the cerebrum. The late Sir W. Rowan Hamilton, the discoverer + of the mathematical method known as that of the quaternions, + states that his mind suddenly solved that problem after long + work when he was thinking of something else. He says in one + place: "Tomorrow will be the fifteenth birthday of the + quaternions. They started into life or light full grown on the + 16th of October, 1843, as I was walking with Lady Hamilton to + Dublin and came up to Brougham Bridge; that is to say, I then + and there felt the galvanic circle of thought closed, and the + sparks which fell from it were the fundamental equations + between <i>I, F</i> and <i>K</i> exactly as I have used them + ever since. I felt the problem to have been at that moment + solved—an intellectual want relieved which had haunted me + for at least fifteen years before." Mr. Appolo, a distinguished + scientific inventor, stated in the Proceedings of the Royal + Society that it was his habit to get the bearings and facts of + a case during the day and go to bed, and wake the next morning + with the problem solved. If the problem was a difficult one he + always passed a restless night. Examples might be multiplied. + Sir Benjamin Brodie, speaking of his own mental action, states + that when he was unable to proceed further in some + investigation he was accustomed to let the matter drop. Then + "after an interval of time, without any addition to my stock of + knowledge, I have found the obscurity and confusion in which + the subject was originally enveloped to have cleared away. The + facts have seemed all to settle themselves in their right + places, and their mutual relations to have become apparent, + although I have not been sensible of having made any distinct + effort for that purpose."</p> + + <p>Not only is there such a thing, then, as unconscious + thought, but it is probable that the best thinking is rarely, + if ever, done under the influence of consciousness. The poet + creates his work when the inspiration is on him and he is + forgetful of himself and the world. Consciousness may aid in + pruning and polishing, but in creating it often interferes + with, rather than helps, the cerebral action. I think any one + of my readers who has done any literary or scientific writing + will agree that his or her best work is performed when self and + surrounding objects have disappeared from thought and + consciousness scarcely exists more than it does in a dream. + Sometimes the individual is conscious of the flow of an + undercurrent of mental action, although this does not rise to + the level of distinct recognition. Oliver Wendell Holmes speaks + of a business-man of Boston who, whilst considering a very + important question, was conscious of an action going on in his + brain so unusual and painful as to excite his apprehension that + he was threatened with palsy; but after some hours his + perplexity was all at once cleared up by the natural solution + of the problem which was troubling him, worked out, as he + believed, in the obscure and restless interval. "Jumping to a + conclusion," a process to which the female sex is said to be + especially prone, is often due to unconscious cerebration, the + reasoning being so rapid that the consciousness cannot follow + the successive steps. It is related that Lord Mansfield once + gave the advice to a younger friend newly appointed to a + colonial judgeship, "Never give reasons for your decisions. + Your judgments will very probably be right, but your reasons + will almost certainly be wrong." The brain of the young judge + evidently worked unconsciously with accuracy, but was unable to + trace the steps along which it really travelled.</p> + + <p>We are not left to the unaided study of our mental processes + for proof that the human brain is a mechanism. In the + laboratory of Professor Goltz in Strasburg I saw a terrier from + which he had removed, by repeated experiments, all the surface + of the brain, thereby reducing the animal to a simple + automaton. Looked at while lying in his stall, he seemed at + first in no wise different from other dogs: he took food when + offered to him, was fat, sleek and very quiet. When I + approached him he took no notice of me, but when the assistant + caught him by the tail he instantly became the embodiment of + fury. He had not sufficient perceptive power to recognize the + point of assault, so that his keeper, standing behind him, was + not in danger. With flashing eyes and hair all erect the dog + howled and barked furiously, incessantly snapping and biting, + first on this side and then on that, tearing with his fore legs + and in every way manifesting rage. When his tail was dropped by + the attendant and his head touched, the storm at once subsided, + the fury was turned into calm, and the animal, a few seconds + before so rageful, was purring like a cat and stretching out + its head for caresses. This curious process could be repeated + indefinitely. Take hold of his tail, and instantly the storm + broke out afresh: pat his head, and all was tenderness. It was + possible to play at will with the passions of the animal by the + slightest touches.</p> + + <p>During the Franco-German contest a French soldier was struck + in the head with a bullet and left on the field for dead, but + subsequently showed sufficient life to cause him to be carried + to the hospital, where he finally recovered his general health, + but remained in a mental state very similar to that of + Professor Goltz's dog. As he walked about the rooms and + corridors of the soldiers' home in Paris he appeared to the + stranger like an ordinary man, unless it were in his apathetic + manner. When his comrades were called to the dinner-table he + followed, sat down with them, and, the food being placed upon + his plate and a knife and fork in his hands, would commence to + eat. That this was not done in obedience to thought or + knowledge was shown by the fact that his dinner could be at + once interrupted by awakening a new train of feeling by a new + external impulse. Put a crooked stick resembling a gun into his + hand, and at once the man was seized with a rage comparable to + that produced in the Strasburg dog by taking hold of his tail. + The fury of conflict was on him: with a loud yell he would + recommence the skirmish in which he had been wounded, and, + crying to his comrades, would make a rush at the supposed + assailant. Take the stick out of his hand, and at once his + apathy would settle upon him; give him a knife and fork, and, + whether at the table or elsewhere, he would make the motions of + eating; hand him a spade, and he would begin to dig. It is + plain that the impulse produced by seeing his comrades move to + the dining-room started the chain of automatic movements which + resulted in his seating himself at the table. The weapon called + into new life the well-known acts of the battle-field. The + spade brought back the day when, innocent of blood, he + cultivated the vineyards of sunny France.</p> + + <p>In both the dog and the man just spoken of the control of + the will over the emotions and mental acts was evidently lost, + and the mental functions were performed only in obedience to + impulses from without—<i>i.e.</i> were automatic. The + human brain is a complex and very delicate mechanism, so + uniform in its actions, so marvellous in its creation, that it + is able to measure the rapidity of its own processes. There are + scarcely two brains which work exactly with the same rapidity + and ease. One man thinks faster than another man for reasons as + purely physical as those which give to one man a faster gait + than that of another. Those who move quickly are apt to think + quickly, the whole nervous system performing its processes with + rapidity. This is not, however, always the case, as it is + possible for the brain to be differently constructed, so far as + concerns its rapidity of action, from the spinal cord of the + same individual. Our power of measuring time without + instruments is probably based upon the cerebral system of each + individual being accustomed to move at a uniform rate. + Experience has taught the brain that it thinks so many thoughts + or does so much work in such a length of time, and it judges + that so much time has elapsed when it has done so much work. + The extraordinary sense of prolongation of time which occurs in + the intoxication produced by hasheesh is probably due to the + fact that under the influence of the drug the brain works very + much faster than it habitually does. Having produced a + multitude of images or thoughts in a moment, the organ judges + that a corresponding amount of time has elapsed. Persons are + occasionally seen who have the power of waking at any desired + time: going to bed at ten o'clock, they will rouse themselves + at four, five or six in the morning, as they have made up their + minds to do the previous night. The explanation of this curious + faculty seems to be that in these persons the brain-functions + go on with so much regularity during sleep that the brain is + enabled to judge, though unconsciously, when the time fixed + upon has arrived, and by an unconscious effort to recall + consciousness.</p> + + <p>Of course the subject of automatism might have been + discussed at far greater length than is allowable in the limits + of two magazine articles, but sufficient has probably been said + to show the strong current of modern physiological psychology + toward proving that all ordinary mental actions, except the + exercise of the conscious will, are purely physical, produced + by an instrument which works in a method not different from + that in which the glands of the mouth secrete saliva and the + tubules of the stomach gastric juice. Some of my readers may + say this is pure materialism, or at least leads to materialism. + No inquirer who pauses to think how his investigation is going + to affect his religious belief is worthy to be called + scientific. The scientist, rightly so called, is a searcher + after truth, whatever may be the results of the discovery of + the truth. Modern science, however, has not proved the truth of + materialism. It has shown that the human organism is a + wonderful machine, but when we come to the further question as + to whether this machine is inhabited by an immortal principle + which rules it and directs it, or whether it simply runs + itself, science has not, and probably cannot, give a definite + answer. It has reached its limit of inquiry, and is unable to + cross the chasm that lies beyond. There are men who believe + that there is nothing in the body save the body itself, and + that when that dies all perishes: there are others, like the + writer, who believe that they feel in their mental processes a + something which they call "will," which governs and directs the + actions of the machine, and which, although very largely + influenced by external surroundings, is capable of rising above + the impulses from without, leading them to believe in the + existence of more than flesh—of soul and God. The + materialist, so far as natural science is concerned, stands + upon logical ground, but no less logical is the foundation of + him who believes in human free-will and immortality. The + decision as to the correctness of the beliefs of the + materialist or of the theist must be reached by other data than + those of natural science.</p> + + <p class='author'>H.C. WOOD, M.D.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP" + id="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"></a>OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</h2> + + <h3>CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM AND DEMOCRATIC IDEAS.</h3> + + <p>A movement which appeals not to the emotions, but to the + intellect—whose advocates aim at enlightening-the public + mind and convincing it of the truth of some new or disregarded + principle, and the necessity of enforcing it—needs above + all things open and active opposition, both as a stimulant to + its supporters and as a means of arousing general attention. It + has been very unfortunate for our Civil-Service Reformers that + they have never been able to provoke discussion. They have had + the field of argument all to themselves. Their repeated + challenges have been received only with silent respect, + scornful indifference, or expressions of encouragement still + more depressing. Those whose hostility they were prepared to + encounter have been the readiest to acknowledge the truth of + their propositions—considered as pure + abstractions—and have even invited them to apply their + system—in conjunction with that which it seeks to + supplant. Meanwhile, the popular interest has been kept busily + absorbed by issues of a different nature; and the Reformers, + snubbed in quarters where they had confidently counted on aid, + and hustled from the arena in which they had fondly imagined + they were to play a prominent part and exert a decisive + influence, are now, it is announced, about to devote their + energies to the quiet propagation of their views by means of + tracts and other publications, abstaining from any appearance + in the domain of actual politics either as a distinct party or + as an organized body of independent voters appealing to the + hopes and fears of existing parties, and ready to co-operate + with one or the other according to the inducements offered for + their support.</p> + + <p>We heartily wish them success in this new enterprise, and it + is as a contribution to their efforts that we publish in this + number of the Magazine an article which, so far as our + observation extends, is the first direct argumentative attack + upon their doctrines and open defence of the system they have + assailed. We shall not undertake to anticipate their reply, but + I shall content ourselves with pointing out, on the principle + of <i>fas est ab hoste doceri,</i> what they may learn from + this attack, and especially what hints may be derived from it + in regard to the proper objective point of their proposed + operations. Hitherto, if we mistake not, they have been led to + suppose that the only obstacles in their way are the interested + antagonism of the "politicians" and the ignorant apathy of the + great mass of the people, and it is because they have found + themselves powerless to make head against the tactics of the + former class that they intend to confine themselves henceforth + to the work of awaking and enlightening the latter. There is + always danger, however, when we are expounding our pet theories + to a group of silent listeners, of ignoring their state of mind + in regard to the subject-matter and mistaking the impression + produced by our eloquence. George Borrow tells us that when + preaching in Rommany to a congregation of Gypsies he felt + highly flattered by the patient attention of his hearers, till + he happened to notice that they all had their eyes fixed in a + diabolical squint. Something of the same kind would, we fear, + be the effect on a large number of persons of well-meant + expositions of the English civil-service reform and its + admirable results. Nor will any appeals to the moral sense + excite an indignation at the workings of our present system + sufficiently deep and general to demand its overthrow. + Civil-service reform had a far easier task in England than it + has here, and forces at its back which are here actively or + inertly opposed to it. There the system of patronage was + intimately connected with oligarchical rule; official positions + were not so much monopolized by a victorious party as by a + privileged class; the government of the day had little interest + in maintaining the system, the bulk of the nation had a direct + interest in upsetting it, and its downfall was a natural result + of the growth of popular power and the decline of aristocracy. + Our system, however similar in its character and effects, had + no such origin; it does not belong to some peculiar institution + which we are seeking to get rid of: on the contrary, it has its + roots in certain conceptions of the nature of government and + popular freedom—of the relations between a people and + those who administer its affairs—which are all but + universally current among us.</p> + + <p>It is this last point which is clearly and forcibly + presented in the article of our contributor, and which it will + behoove the Reformers not to overlook. Nothing is more + characteristic of the American mind, in reference to political + ideas, than its strong conservatism. This fact, which has often + puzzled foreign observers accustomed to connect democracy with + innovating tendencies and violent fluctuations, is yet easily + explained. Though ours is a new country, its system of + government is really older than that of almost any other + civilized country. In the century during which it has existed + intact and without any material modification the institutions + of most other nations have undergone a complete change, in some + cases of form and structure, in others of theory and essence. + Even England, which boasts of the stability of its government + and its immunity from the storms that have overturned so many + thrones and disorganized so many states, has experienced a + fundamental, though gradual and peaceable, revolution. There, + as elsewhere, the centre of power has changed, the chain of + tradition has been broken, and new conceptions of the functions + of government and its relations to the governed have taken the + place of the old ones. But in America nothing of this kind has + occurred: the "old order" has not passed away, nor have its + foundations undergone the least change; the municipal and + colonial institutions under which we first exercised the right + of self-government, and the Constitution which gave us our + national baptism, are still the fountain of all our political + ideas; and our party struggles are not waged about new + principles or animated by new watch words, but are fenced and + guided by the maxims transmitted by the founders of the + republic. This is our strength and our safeguard against wild + experiments, but it is also an impediment to every suggestion + of improvement. It binds us to the letter of tradition, leads + us to confound the accidental with the essential, and gives to + certain notions and certain words a potency which must be + described as an anachronism. We still use the language of the + Revolutionary epoch, recognize no perils but those against + which our ancestors had to guard, and put faith in the efficacy + of methods that have no longer an object, and of phrases that + have lost their original significance. Because George III. + distributed offices at his pleasure as rewards, and bound the + holders to party services in conformity with his will, the + sovereign people is to do the same. "Rotation in office" having + been the means in the eighteenth century of dispelling + political stagnation and checking jobbery and corruption, it is + still the only process for correcting abuses and getting the + public service properly performed. The prime duty of all good + citizens is to emulate the incessant political activity of + their patriotic forefathers, and it is owing solely to a too + general neglect of this duty that ballot-stuffing and + machine-running, and all the other evils unknown in early days + and in primitive communities, have come into existence and + gained sway throughout the land. These and similar views, + according to our observation, characterize what we may without + disrespect, and without confining the remark to the rural + districts, term the provincial mind, and wherever they exist + the ideas of the Civil-Service Reformers are not only not + understood or treated as visionary, but are regarded with + aversion and distrust as foreign, monstrous and inconsistent + with popular freedom and republican government.</p> + + <h3>AN UNFINISHED PAGE OF HISTORY.</h3> + + <p>I can easily understand why educated Americans cross the + Atlantic every year in shoals in search of the picturesque; and + I can understand, too, all that they say of the relief which + ivied ruins and cathedrals and galleries, or any other + reminders of past ages, give to their eyes, oppressed so long + by our interminable rows of store-box houses, our pasteboard + villas, the magnificence of our railway accommodations for + Ladies and Gents, and all the general gaseous glitter which + betrays how young and how rich we are. But I cannot understand + why it is that their eyes, thus trained, should fail to see the + exceptional picturesqueness of human life in this country. The + live man is surely always more dramatic and suggestive than a + house or a costume, provided we have eyes to interpret him; and + this people, as no other, are made up of the moving, active + deposits and results of world-old civilizations and experiments + in living.</p> + + <p>Outwardly, if you choose, the country is like one of the + pretentious houses of its rich citizens—new, smug, + complacently commonplace—but within, like the house + again, it is filled with rare bits gathered out of every age + and country and jumbled together in utter confusion. If you + ride down Seventh street in a horse-car, you are in a + psychological curio-shop. On one side, very likely, is a + Russian Jew just from the Steppes; on the other, a negro with + centuries of heathendom and slavery hinting themselves in lip + and eye; the driver is a Fenian, with the blood of the + Phoenicians in his veins; in front of you is a gentleman with + the unmistakable Huguenot nose, and chin; while an almond-eyed + pagan, disguised behind moustache and eye-glasses, courteously + takes your fare and drops it for you in the Slawson box. + Nowhere do all the elements of Tragedy and Comedy play so + strange a part as on the dead-level of this American stage. It + is because it is so dead a level that we fail to see the part + they play—because "furious Goth and fiery Hun" meet, not + on the battle-field, but in the horse-car, dropping their cents + together in a Slawson box.</p> + + <p>For example, as to the tragedy.</p> + + <p>I met at dinner not long ago a lady who was introduced to me + under a French name, but whose clear olive complexion, erect + carriage and singular repose of manner would indicate her + rather to be a Spaniard. She wore a red rose in the coils of + her jetty hair, and another fastened the black lace of her + corsage. Her eyes, which were slow, dark and brilliant, always + rested on you an instant before she spoke with that fearless + candor which is not found in the eyes of a member of any race + that has ever been enslaved. I was told that her rank was high + among her own people, and in her movements and voice there were + that quiet simplicity and total lack of self-consciousness + which always belong either to a man or woman of the highest + breeding, or to one whose purpose in life is so noble as to + lift him above all considerations of self. Although a + foreigner, she spoke English with more purity than most of the + Americans at the table, but with a marked and frequent + recurrence of forcible but half-forgotten old idioms; which was + due, as! learned afterward, to her having had no book of + English literature to study for several years but Shakespeare. + I observed that she spoke but seldom, and to but one person at + a time; but when she did, her casual talk was the brimming over + of a mind of great original force as yet full and unspent. She + was, besides, a keen observer who had studied much, but seen + more.</p> + + <p>This lady, in a word, was one who would deserve recognition + by the best men and women in any country; and she received it + here, as many of the readers of <i>Lippincott</i>, who will + recognize my description, will remember. She was caressed and + feted by literary and social celebrities in Washington and New + York; Boston made much of her; Longfellow and Holmes made + verses in her honor; prying reporters gave accounts of her + singular charm and beauty to the public in the daily + papers.</p> + + <p>She was accompanied by two of the men of her family. They + did not speak English, but they were men of strong practical + sense and business capacity, with the odd combination in their + character of that exaggerated perception of honorable dealing + which we are accustomed to call chivalric. They had, too, a + grave dignity and composure of bearing which would have + befitted Spanish hidalgos, and beside which our pert, sociable + American manner and slangy talk were sadly belittled. These men + (for I had a reason in making particular inquiries concerning + them) were in private life loyal friends, good citizens, + affectionate husbands and fathers—in a word, Christian + men, honest from the marrow to the outside.</p> + + <p>Now to the strange part of my story, revolting enough to our + republican ears. This lady and her people, in the country to + which they belong, are held in a subjection to which that of + the Russian serf was comparative freedom. They are held legally + as the slaves not of individuals, but of the government, which + has absolute power over their persons, lives and property. Its + manner of exercising that power is, however, peculiar. They are + compelled to live within certain enclosures. Each enclosure is + ruled by a man of the dominant race, usually of the lower + class, who, as a rule, gains the place by bribing the officer + of government who has charge of these people. The authority of + this man within the limits of the enclosure is literally as + autocratic as that of the Russian czar. He distributes the + rations intended by the government for the support of these + people, or such part of them as he thinks fit, retaining + whatever amount he chooses for himself. There is nothing to + restrain him in these robberies. In consequence, the funds set + aside by the government for the support of its wretched + dependants are stolen so constantly by the officers at the + capital and the petty tyrants of the separate enclosures that + the miserable creatures almost yearly starve and freeze to + death from want. Their resource would be, of course, as they + are in a civilized country, to work at trades, to farm, etc. + But this is not permitted to them. Another petty officer is + appointed in each enclosure to barter goods for the game or + peltry which they bring in or crops that they manage to raise. + He fixes his own price for both his goods and theirs, and + cheats them by wholesale at his leisure. There is no appeal: + they are absolutely forbidden to trade with any other person. + The men of my friend's family—educated men and shrewd in + business as any merchant of Philadelphia—when at home + were liable to imprisonment and a fine of five hundred dollars + if they bought from or sold to any other person than this one + man. They are, too, taught no trade or profession. Each + enclosure has its appointed blacksmith, carpenter, etc. of the + dominant class, who, naturally, will not share their profits by + teaching their trade to the others.</p> + + <p>Within the enclosures my friend and her people, no matter + how enlightened or refined they may be, are herded, and under + the same rules, as so many animals. They cannot leave the + enclosure without passes, such as were granted to our slaves + before the war when they wished to go outside of the + plantation. This woman, when seated at President Hayes's table, + the equal in mind and breeding of any of her companions, was, + by the laws of her country, a runaway, legally liable to be + haled by the police back to her enclosure, and shot if she + resisted. She and her people are absolutely unprotected by any + law. It is indeed the only case, so far as I know, in any + Christian country, in which a single class are so set aside, + unprotected by any law. When our slaves were killed or tortured + by inhuman masters, there was at least some show of justice for + them. The white murderer went through some form of trial and + punishment. The slave, though a chattel, was still a human + being. But these people are not recognized by the law as human + beings. They cannot buy nor sell; they cannot hold property: if + with their own hands they build a house and gather about them + the comforts of civilization and the wife and children to which + the poorest negro, the most barbarous savage, has a right, any + man of the dominant class can, without violating any law, take + possession of the house, ravage the wife and thrust the + children out to starve. The wrong-doer is subject to no + penalty. The victim has no right of appeal to the courts. Hence + such outrages are naturally of daily occurrence. Not only are + they perpetrated on individuals, but frequently there is a raid + made upon the whole of the inmates of one + enclosure—whenever, in fact, the people in the + neighborhood fancy they would like to take possession of their + land. The kinsmen of my friend, with their clan numbering some + seven hundred souls—a peaceable, industrious Christian + community, living on land which had belonged to their ancestors + for centuries—were swept off of it a few years ago at the + whim of two of their rulers: their houses and poor little + belongings were all left behind, and they were driven a + thousand miles into a sterile, malarious region where nearly + half of their number died. The story of their sufferings, their + homesickness and their despair on the outward journey, and of + how still later some thirty of them returned on foot, carrying + the bones of those who had died to lay them in their old homes, + is one of the most dramatic pages in history. De Quincey's + "Flight of a Tartar Clan" does not equal it in pathos or as a + story of heroism and endurance. At the end of their homeward + journey, when almost within sight of their homes, the heroic + little band were seized by order of the ruler of their + enclosure and committed to prison. The tribe are still in the + malarious swamps to which they were exiled. Strangers hold + their farms and the houses which they built with their own + hands.</p> + + <p>The anomalous condition of a people legally ranking as + animals, and not human beings, would naturally produce + unpleasant consequences when they are criminally the + aggressors. When they steal or kill they cannot be tried, sent + to jail or hung as if they were human in the eye of the law. + The ruler of each enclosure is granted arbitrary power in such + cases to punish at his discretion. He is judge, jury, and often + executioner. He has a control over the lives of these people + more absolute than that of any Christian monarch over his + subjects. If he thinks proper to shoot the offender, he can + call upon the regular army of the country to sustain him. If + the individual offender escapes, the whole of the inmates of + the enclosure are held responsible, and men, women and children + are slaughtered by wholesale and without mercy.</p> + + <p>My readers understand my little fable by this time. It is no + fable, but a disgraceful truth.</p> + + <p>The government under which a people—many of whom are + educated, enlightened Christian gentlemen—are denied the + legal rights of human beings and all protection of law is not + the absolute despotism of Siara or Russia, but the United + States, the republic which proclaims itself the refuge for the + oppressed of all nations—the one spot on earth where + every man is entitled alike to life, liberty and the pursuit of + happiness. The only people in the world to whom it denies these + rights are not its quondam slaves, not pagans, not runaway + convicts, not the offscourings of any nation however degraded, + but the original owners of the country.</p> + + <p>The legal disability under which the Indian is held is as + much of an outrage on human rights, and as bald a contradiction + of the doctrines on which our republic is based, as negro + slavery was.</p> + + <p class="author">R.H.D.</p> + + <h3>A LITTLE IRELAND IN AMERICA</h3> + + <p>The humorous side of life was never more vividly brought + before me than while living a few years ago in the vicinity of + an Irish settlement in one of the suburbs of New York. What we + call "characters" were to be found in every cottage—the + commonplace was the exception. Indeed, I do not remember that + it existed at all in "The Lane," as this locality was + called.</p> + + <p>Perhaps among the inhabitants of The Lane none more deserved + distinction than Mary Magovern. The grandmother of a numerous + family, she united all the masculine and feminine virtues. + About the stiff, spotless and colossal frill of her cap curled + wreaths of smoke from her stout dhudeen as she sat before the + door blacking the small boots of her grandchildren, stopping + from time to time to remove the pipe from her mouth, that she + might deliver in her full bass voice a peremptory order to the + large yellow dog that lay at her feet. It was usually on the + occasion of a carriage passing, when the dog would growl and + rise. Very quickly out came the pipe, and immediately followed + the words, "Danger, lay by thim intintions;" and the pipe was + used as an indicator for the next movement—namely, to + patiently lie down again upon the ground.</p> + + <p>Mary Magovern kept a drinking-shop behind the living-rooms + of her cottage, and the immense prestige she had in The Lane + must have had some foundation in the power which this thriving + business gave her, many of her neighbors being under the + obligation of debt to her.</p> + + <p>Mike Quinlan would have been her most frequent visitor had + it not been for the ever-open eye of Mrs. Quinlan, which caused + her husband to seek his delights by stealth at a village a mile + away. Mike was an elderly and handsome man, but his wits had + ebbed out as the contents of the wine-cup flowed in, and the + beauty that had won so remarkable a person as Mrs. Quinlan in + its first glow was somewhat marred. He was the owner of a small + cart and a mule, and those who had stones or earth to move + usually remembered to employ poor Mike. But it was on foot, as + a more inconspicuous method of eluding the watchfulness of Mrs. + Quinlan, that Mike slipped away to the neighboring village of + an afternoon, and it was on foot that I one night saw Mrs. + Quinlan going over the same road with an invincible + determination in her countenance and a small birch rod in her + hand. Mrs. Quinlan was somewhat younger than her lord and + master: she had a clear, bright-blue eye, a roseate color in + her little slender face, and gray hair tidily smoothed back + beneath the dainty ruffles of her cap, about which a black + ribbon was tied. She wore short petticoats and low shoes, and + as she walked briskly along she smoothed her apron with the + disengaged hand, as if, the balance of the family + respectability having so wholly fallen upon her own shoulders, + she would not disturb it by permitting a disorderly wrinkle. + Half an hour later she passed again over the road, her face + turned homeward and wearing an even greater austerity, the + birch rod grasped firmly in her hand, and her worser half + preceding her with a foolish smile upon his lips, half of + concession, half of pride in the power to which he stooped.</p> + + <p>Another of Mrs. Magovern's occasional visitors was Old + Haley, who had regular employment upon our own place. Like Mike + Quinlan, he rejoiced in a wife who was an ornament to her + sex—a most respectable, handsome and intelligent woman, + though education had done little to sharpen her wits or widen + her experience. She could tell a one from a five dollar bill, + as her husband would proudly inform you, and she could cook a + dinner, do up a skirt or a frilled cap, keep a house or tend a + sick friend, as well as any woman in the land. "Maggie's a + janeous!" her husband would remark with a look of intense + admiration.</p> + + <p>One evening Mrs. Haley made her appearance at our house, + asking for an audience of my mother. The object was to inform + her—these sympathetic people like to be advised in all + their affairs—that being in need of various household + supplies she proposed on the following day to go to the city + and purchase them at the Washington Market.</p> + + <p>"I suppose you have been to the city before, Mrs. Haley?" + remarked my mother.</p> + + <p>"I have not, ma'am," said Mrs. Haley.</p> + + <p>"Had you not better take some friend with you who has been + there before, lest you should get lost?"</p> + + <p>"Faith, I had, ma'am: I had a right to have moor sinse an' + think o' that."</p> + + <p>So Mrs. Haley departed, returning again in company with Mary + Magovern: "Here's Mary Magovern, ma'am: she's goin' along wid + me."</p> + + <p>"Ah, that's very well.—You know the city, Mary? you've + been there?"</p> + + <p>"I have not, ma'am."</p> + + <p>"Why, what, then, is the use of your going with Mrs. + Haley?"</p> + + <p>"We'll make a shtrict inquiry, ma'am."</p> + + <p>The next morning they started, and at four o'clock Old Haley + came in much anxiety of mind to seek comfort of my mother: + "Maggie's not come, ma'am. Faith, I'm throubled, for the city + is a quare place."</p> + + <p>When it grew late Haley returned again and again, in + ever-increasing anxiety, to be reassured. At last, when the + family were retiring to bed, came Mrs. Haley and Mrs. Magovern + to report their arrival. In spite of the lateness of the hour + my mother received them, and in spite of their wearied and worn + faces administered a gentle rebuke for the anxiety that Mrs. + Haley had caused her spouse.</p> + + <p>"Well, indade it's no wonder he was throubled," said Mrs. + Haley, "an' it's a wonder we got here at all. We got nothing at + the Washington Market, for we couldn't find it at all: I think + they tuk it away to Washington. It was in the mornin' airly + that we got to the city, ma'am, an' there was a koind of a + carr, an' a gintleman up on the top of it, an' anuther + gintleman at the dure of it, wid the dure in his hand, an' he + sez, sez he, 'Git in, ladies,' sez he.—'We're goin' to + the Washington Market, sur,' sez I.—That's where I'll + take yez, ladies,' sez he. 'Pay yer fares, ladies.' An' we got + in, ma'am, an' wint up to the top of the city, an' paid tin + cints, the both of us. An' there was a great many ladies an' + gintlemen got in an' done the same, ma'am, an' some got out one + place an' some another. An' whin we got up to the top of the + city, 'Mrs. Magovern,' sez I,' this isn't the Washington + Market,' sez I.—' It is not, Mrs. Haley,' sez + she.—'We'll git out, Mrs. Magovern,' sez I.—'We + will, Mrs. Haley,' sez she. An' thin, ma'am, there was a small + bit of a howl in the carr, and it was through the howl the + ladies an' gintlemen would cry out to the gintleman on the top + o' the carr, and he'd put his face down forninst it an' spake + wid thim; an' I cried up through the howl to him, an' sez I, + 'Me an' Mrs. Magovern will git out, sur,' sez I, 'for this + isn't the Washington Market at all.'—'It is not, ma'am,' + sez he, 'but that's where I'll take yez,' sez he. 'Sit down, + ladies,' sez he, 'and pay me the money,' sez he. 'I had a great + many paple to lave,' sez he. An' indade he had, ma'am. An' we + paid the money agin, an' we wint down to the bottom o' the + city. 'This is not the Washington Market, Mrs. Magovern,' sez + I.—'It is not, Mrs. Haley,' sez she.—'We'll git + out, Mrs. Magovern,' sez I.—'We will, Mrs. Haley,' sez + she. Thin came the gintleman that first had the dure in his + hand. 'What's the matther, ladies?' sez he.—'This isn't + the Washington Market, sur,' sez I.—'It is not, ma'am,' + sez he, 'but the city is a great place,' sez he, 'an' it's not + aisy to go everywhere at wonst,' sez he; 'an' if yez will have + patience,' sez he, 'ye'll git there,' sez he. 'Git in, ladies,' + sez he, 'an' pay yer fares.' Wid all the houses there's in the + city, an' all the sthrates there's in it, faith, it was no good + at all to thry to foind our way alone; but thim wur false + paple—they niver took us to the Washington Market at all; + an' it was all the day we wint up to the top o' the city and + down to the bottom o' the city, and spinding our money at it. + An' sez I, 'Mrs. Magovern, it would be better for us if we wint + home,' sez I.—'It would, Mrs. Haley,' sez she; an' we + come down to the boat, an' it was two hours agin befoor the + boat would go, an' thin we come home; an' it's toired we are, + an' it's an' awful place, the city is."</p> + + <p>Haley's statements could seldom be relied on, but his + untruth fulness was never a matter of self-interest, but rather + of amiability. He desired to tell you whatever you desired to + know, and to tell it as you would like to hear it, even if + facts were so perverse as to be contrary.</p> + + <p>One day I wanted to do an errand in the village, and called + for the horse and carriage. Haley brought them to the door. As + I took the reins I remembered that it was noon and the horse's + dinner-time: "Did the horse have his dinner, Haley?"</p> + + <p>"I just gave it to him, ma'am; and an ilegint dinner he + had."</p> + + <p>"Why did you feed him just when I was about to drive + him?"</p> + + <p>"Oh, well, it's not much he got."</p> + + <p>"He should have had nothing."</p> + + <p>"Faith, me lady, I ownly showed it to him."</p> + + <p>There were no more respectable people in The Lane than John + Godfrey and his family. His pretty little wife with an anxious + face tenderly watched over an ever-increasing family of + daughters, till on one most providential occasion the expected + girl turned out to be a boy, and I went with my sisters to + congratulate the happy mother. "What will you name the little + fellow, Mrs. Godfrey?" I asked, sympathetically.</p> + + <p>The poor woman looked up with a smile, saying weakly, "John + Pathrick, miss—John afther the father, an' Pathrick + afther the saint."</p> + + <p>The following year the same unexpected luck brought another + boy, and again we young girls, being much at leisure, carried + our congratulations: "What will be the name of this little boy, + Mrs. Godfrey?"</p> + + <p>"Pathrick John, miss—Pathrick afther the saint, an' + John afther the father."</p> + + <p>A confused sense of having heard that sentence before came + over me. "Why, Mrs. Godfrey," I said, "was not that the name of + your last child?"</p> + + <p>"To be shure, miss. Why would I be trating one betther than + the other?"</p> + + <p>A member of this same family, upon receiving a blow with a + stone in the eye, left her somewhat overcrowded paternal home + for the quieter protection of her widowed aunt, Mrs. King, and + one day my sister and myself knocked at Mrs. King's door to + inquire about the state of the injured organ.</p> + + <p>"Troth, miss, it's very bad," said Mrs. King.</p> + + <p>"What do you do for it, Mrs. King?"</p> + + <p>"Do?" said Mrs. King, suddenly applying the corner of her + apron to her overflowing eyes—"Do?" she continued in a + broken voice. "I've been crying these three days."</p> + + <p>"But what do you do to make it better?"</p> + + <p>Mrs. King took heart, folded her arms, and thus applied + herself to the setting forth of her humane exertions: "In comes + Mistress Magovern, an', 'Mrs. King,' sez she, 'put rar + bafesteak to the choild's oye;' an' that minit, ma'am, the rar + bafesteak wint to it. Thin comes Mrs. Haley. 'Is it rar + bafesteak ye'd be putting to it, Mrs. King?' sez she. 'Biling + clothes, Mrs. King,' sez she. That minit, ma'am, the rar + bafesteak come afif an' the biling clothes wint to it. In comes + Mrs. Quinlan. 'Will ye be destryin' the choild's oye intirely, + Mrs. King?' sez she. 'Cowld ice, Mrs. King.' An' that minit, + ma'am, the biling clothes come aff an' the cowld ice wint to + it. Oh, I do be doin' iverything anybody do tell me."</p> + + <p>It was a memorable sight to see the Gunning twins wandering + down The Lane hand in hand when their maternal relative had + gone out washing for the day and taken the door-key with her. + "Thim lads is big enough to take care of thimsilves," she would + remark, though "the lads" were not yet capable of coherent + speech. No doubt they wandered into some neighbor's at + meal-time and received a willingly-given potato or a drink of + milk. They seemed happy enough, and their funny, ugly little + faces were defaced by no tears. They grew in time old enough to + explain their position to inquiring passers-by and to pick up + and eat an amazing quantity of green apples. A lady passing one + day stopped and remonstrated with one of them. "Barney," she + said, "it will make you ill if you eat those green + apples."—"I do be always atin' of them, ma'am," replied + Barney, stolidly.</p> + + <p>Perhaps it may have been the green apples, but from whatever + cause Barney fell ill, and all that the doctor prescribed made + him no better. "It's no matther, stir," said Mrs. Gunning one + morning: "yer needn't come ag'in. I'll just go an' ask Mrs. + ———" (my mother).</p> + + <p>The next morning the doctor, meeting my mother, laughingly + remarked that it was very plain that they couldn't practise in + the same district: he had just met Mrs. Gunning, who informed + him that "what Mrs. ——— gave her the night + befoor done the choild a power of good."</p> + + <p>The day preceding our departure from the place my sister and + I passed through The Lane, and received the most amiable + farewells, accompanied with blessings, and even tears. The + figure I best remember is that of Mrs. Regan, who, bursting out + from her doorway, stood in our path, and, dissolving in tears, + sobbed out, "Faith, I'm sorry yez be goin'. I don't know what + I'll do at all widout yez;" and, seizing my sister's hand, gave + her this unique recommendation: "Ye were always passing by + mannerly—niver sassy nor impidint, nor nothing."</p> + + <p>The Lane has changed to-day. A Chinese grocer has, I hear, + set up a shop in its midst. Some of its most noted characters + have passed away, and the younger generation have taken on + habits more American than those of their predecessors.</p> + + <p class="author">M.R.O.</p> + + <h3>A CHILD'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY.</h3> + + <p>A quaint and charming volume, which has fallen in our way, + is <i>Little Charlie's Life</i>, "the autobiography of a child + between six and seven years of age, written with his own hand + and without any assistance whatever." It was at the urgent + request of the gentleman who acted as editor, Rev. W.R. + Clark—thus rescuing an inimitable little work from + comparative oblivion—that the parents of the youthful + author reluctantly consented to the publication of this curious + delineation of child-life. From the date of his birth (1833), + Charlie must have written his work some forty years ago. How + long he was engaged in its composition is not stated, but from + the internal evidence yielded by the spelling and the + handwriting (for the work is lithographed in exact imitation of + the manuscript) we should infer that it occupied two or three + years, the handwriting of the first seven chapters being in + imitation of ordinary printing, while the remaining chapters + appear in an ordinary schoolboy's hand. We may add that it is + copiously illustrated by himself, and that the illustrations + are worth their weight in gold, supplementing as they do, in a + superfluously exact and curiously quaint manner, this most + unique work.</p> + + <p>He starts with this account of himself: "My name is Charles + John Young, and I was born in Amfort, a pretty village in + Hampshire, 1833 in July, that pleasant time when the birds sing + merrily and flowers bloom sweetly. My father and mother are the + kindest in the world, and I love them dearly and both alike. I + shall give a description of them by and by. In the mean time I + shall just say that my papa is a clergyman."</p> + + <p>The earlier chapters describe the various migrations of the + family from one parish to another, and from them we have no + difficulty in recognizing in "papa" the Rev. Julian Young, who + possessed no small share of the talents that distinguished + <i>his</i> father, the celebrated tragedian, Charles Young, and + which seem to have been transmitted to our author, who, we + understand, has honorably served his country in Her Majesty's + army. From his earliest years Charlie seems to have been + strongly influenced by religious feelings. His creed was a + bright and trustful one, a realization of God's presence and of + the need of speaking to Him as to one who could always hear and + help. When he was about three years old, we are told in the + editor's interesting preface, he was often heard offering up + little petitions for the supply of his child-like wants. Once, + when, his nurse left him to fetch some more milk, his father + overheard him saying, "O God, please let there be enough milk + in the jug for me to have some more, for Jesus Christ's sake. + Amen." Many quaint little religious reflections and scriptural + allusions are interspersed throughout the book. In one place he + declares that "without papa and mamma the garden would be to me + what the wilderness was to John the Baptist;" while again he + offers up a pathetic prayer for a baby-brother; and throughout + we are struck by the fact that his religion was pre-eminently + one of love. Charlie's educational advantages were of the + noblest and best, home-training largely predominating. In the + ninth chapter he refers in a simple matter-of-fact way to his + early studies: "Mamma devotes her time in teaching me and in + reading instructive books with me. Papa tells me about the + productions of the earth, rivers, mountains, valleys, mines, + and, most wonderful of all, the formation of the human body." + Further on we read: "Nothing of any great importance occurred + now for some time. My life was spent quietly in the country, as + the child of a Wiltshire clergyman ought, mamma devoting her + time in teaching me, and my daily play going on the same, till + at last papa and mamma took me to the splendid capital of + England." However much this brilliant transition may have + dazzled him, he still prefers his quiet country home, arguing + thus: "As to living there [in London], I should not like it. + The reason why—because its noisy riots in the streets + suit not my mood like the tranquil streams and the waving trees + I love in England's country.... 'Tis true—oh, how + true!—in the poetic words of Mr. Shakespeare, 'Man made + the town, God made the country.'"</p> + + <p>Despite the stilted style and absurdly pompous descriptions, + with an occasional terrible breakdown, Charlie's love of + Nature, and especially of the animal creation, seems to have + been most genuine. He speaks of "the wide ocean which when + angry roars and clashes over the beach, but when calm crabs are + seen crawling on the shore and the sun shines bright over the + waves," and of "the billows rolling over each other and foaming + over the rough stones," with an apparently real enthusiasm. The + softer emotions of his nature were engrossed in this way, as we + infer from the negative evidence afforded by his autobiography + that he reached his seventh year without any experience of the + tender passion.</p> + + <p>His physiological ideas in the speculations regarding the + origin of a baby-brother are naïvely expressed: "One day I was + told that a baby was born [this was when he was three years and + a half old], and upon going into mamma's bedroom I saw a red + baby lying in an arm-chair wrapped in swaddling-clothes. It + puzzled me very much to think how he came into the world: it + was mysterious, very, and I cannot make it out now. My first + thought was, that he must have had airy wings, and after he had + come they had disappeared. My second thought was that he was so + very little as to be able to come through the keyhole, and + increased rapidly in size, just as it says in the Bible that a + grain of mustard-seed springs to be so large a tree that the + fowls of the air can roost upon it."</p> + + <p>In his sixth year Charlie evinced poetic tendencies. We have + in one of his poems a description of his grandpapa, "a + venerable old gentleman with dark eyes, gray hair, noble + features, and altogether very generous aspect." Here is "a song + appropriate to him:"</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Oh, venerable is our old + ancestor—<br /></span> <span class="i3">Cloud on + his brow,<br /></span> <span class="i3">Lightning in + his eyes,<br /></span> <span class="i0">His gray hair + streaming in the wind.<br /></span> <span class="i3">To + children ever kind,<br /></span> <span class="i3">To + merit never blind,—<br /></span> + <span class="i0">Oh, such is our old + ancestor,<br /></span> <span class="i0">With hair that + streameth wild.<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>At the head of this poem is a picture of the old ancestor, + consisting of a hat, a head, a walking-stick, one arm and two + legs, one of which—whether the right or left is doubtful, + as their origin is concealed by the aforesaid arm—is much + longer than the other, and walking in a contrary direction. The + most wonderful feature of this sketch is the "hair streaming in + the wind," the distance from the poll to the end of the flowing + locks being longer than the longest leg.</p> + + <p>We cannot conclude without an extract describing a "dreadful + accident" which happened to our youthful author; "perhaps," as + he solemnly says, "for a punishment of my sins, or to show me + that Death stands ready at the door to snatch my life away:" + "One night papa had been conjuring a penny, and I thought + <i>I</i> should like to conjure; so I took a round brass thing + with a verse out of the Bible upon it that I brought into bed + with me. I thought it went down papa's throat, so <i>I</i> put + it down <i>my</i> throat, and I was pretty near choked. I + called my nurse, who was in the next room. She fetched up papa, + and then my nurse brought the basin. Papa beat my back, and I + was sick. <i>Lo! there was the counter!</i> Papa said, 'Good + God!' and my nurse fainted, but soon recovered. Don't you think + papa was very clever when he beat my back? Papa then had a long + talk afterward with me about it—a very serious one."</p> + + <p>The above pathetic story is accurately illustrated, but we + especially regret that we cannot transfer to these pages some + of the marvellous delineations of the animals in the Clifton + Zoological Garden.</p> + + <p class="author">M.S. D.</p> + + <h3>WANTED—A REAL GAINSBOROUGH.</h3> + + <p>I am an unmarried man of twenty-four. After that confession + it is hardly necessary to add that I am in the habit of + thinking a great deal about a person not yet embodied into + actual existence—<i>i.e.</i>. my future wife. I have not + yet met her—she is a purely ideal being—but at the + same time I so often have a vivid conception of her looks, her + air, her walk, her tones even, that she seems to be present. My + misery is that I cannot find her in real life.</p> + + <p>No one need fancy that I am an imaginative man: quite the + contrary is the fact. I am a lawyer, and have an office in Bond + street. Every morning at eight o'clock I take the Sixth Avenue + horse-cars and ride down to Fourteenth street. I have a fancy + for walking the rest of the way, and toward evening I saunter + back homeward along Broadway and Union Square.</p> + + <p>Prosaic as these journeys may seem, they are nevertheless + the inspiration of my hopes, the feeders of my visions. It is + at such times that I enjoy my glimpses of the lady I long to + meet. I jostle gentle creatures at every step: feminine shapes + and feminine tones are on every side presented to eyes and + ears. I trust nobody will be prejudiced against me when I + confess that I see the fair one of my dreams in the + shop-windows. Once having seen her, I become immeasurably + happy, and go on dreaming about her until we meet again. It may + seem a curious admission, but this beautiful although + impalpable being is suggested by the charming dresses, hats and + bonnets displayed on the milliners' blocks. None of our artists + can paint portraits now-a-days: Art seems to have withdrawn her + gifts from them and endowed the dressmakers and milliners + instead.</p> + + <p>It was at first difficult for me to decide on the + personality of my beloved. My earliest fancy was for a blond: + at least the dress was of pale blue silk with a profusion of + lace trimmings. Her hat was of straw faced with azure velvet, + and the crown surrounded by a long plume, also of ciel blue. I + knew by heart the features of this fair young creature, + invisible although she was to others. They seemed to belong + more to a flower than to a face: her eyes were large and blue, + full of appealing love; her hair was of course golden; her + smile was angelic; and her whole expression was one of + sweetness and goodness. She was my first dream: little although + she belonged to actual life, she used to trip about by my side + and sit with me in my room at home. Suddenly, however, I became + enamored of a different creature, and my dream changed. I began + to think of my lovely blond regretfully as of a beautiful + creature too good for earth who died young. It is the habit of + the shopkeepers to change the figures in their windows, and one + morning I fell in love with quite a different creature. She + wore when I first saw her a long dress of black silk and velvet + sparkling with jet; over her shoulders was thrown carelessly a + mantle of cream-colored cloth; on her head was a plush + hat—what they call a Gainsborough—trimmed with a + long graceful plume, also of cream-color. Although only her + back was toward me, I knew by instinct exactly what her face + was. She was dark of course, with a low broad forehead, about + which clustered little short curls; her eyes were superb, at + once laughing and melancholy; her features suggested rather + pride than softness; but her smile was enchanting, open, sunny, + like a burst of light from behind a cloud. Nothing could be + more real than this vision. At first the discovery of this + magnificently-endowed woman rendered me happy: I used to walk + past the shop half a dozen times a day to look at her. Her + costumes varied, but they always suggested the same dark but + brilliant lineaments, the same graceful movements, the same + peculiarly lovely tones. She often looked back at me over her + shoulder, but had an air of evading me. All at once, with + surprise and delight, I remembered that she might be found in + actual existence, in real flesh and blood. I deserted the image + for a week in the hope of finding the reality. I paced Fifth + Avenue; I went to the dry-goods stores; I attended the + theatres. Often I seemed to see her before me—the + picturesque hat, the long plume, the rich mantle and dress. At + such moments while I pressed forward my heart beat. When the + cheek turned toward me and the eyes lighted up with surprise at + my disappointed stare, it was easy enough to see that I had + made a mistake. There was the hat, the cloak, the bewitching + little frippiness of lace and net and ribbon about the bust. + She had, however, copied the masterpiece without investing + herself with its soul: her face was vague and characterless, + her whole personality void of that eloquent womanliness which + had so wrought upon me. This experience was so many times + repeated that I was frightfully tormented by it. The familiar + dress seemed to reveal with appalling truthfulness the lack of + those qualities of heart and soul which I demanded. Those + lovely, picturesque outlines suggest not only rounded cheeks + colored with girlish bloom, but something more; and the + graceful draping is not a meaningless husk.</p> + + <p>I have gone back to my shop-window image. She never + disappoints me. She is as beautiful, as magnificently endowed, + as full of fascinating life and spirit, as ever. I sometimes + think, unless I find her actual prototype, of buying that + Gainsborough hat, that cloth mantle and velvet dress, and + hanging them up in my room.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY" + id="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"></a>LITERATURE OF THE DAY.</h2> + + <div class="blockquot"> + <p>History of the English People. By John Richard Green. + New York: Harper & Brothers.</p> + </div> + + <p>Most readers interested in English history have long felt + the need of such a work as this, in which the results of recent + research among original sources and of the critical examination + of earlier labors are gathered up and summarized in a narrative + at once clear and concise, free from disquisition, minuteness + of detail and elaborate descriptions, without being meagre or + superficial, devoid of suggestiveness or of animation. In + calling his work a <i>History of the English People</i>, Mr. + Green has not undertaken to deviate from the beaten track, + devoting his attention to social development and leaving + political affairs in the background. What he has evidently had + in view is the fact that English history is in a special sense + that of the rise and growth of free institutions, exhibiting at + every stage the mutual influence or combined action of + different classes, permeated even when the Crown or the + aristocracy was most powerful by a popular spirit, and + contrasting in this respect with that of France and Spain, in + which during many centuries the mass of the people lost instead + of gaining ground, representative bodies analogous to the + English Parliament were deprived of their rights or swept out + of existence, and liberty was sacrificed to national + consolidation and unity. Whence this difference came need + hardly be pointed out. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes were + neither freer nor more enterprising than the Franks and other + Teutonic families; but the fortune which carried them to + Britain saved them from inheriting any onerous share of the + great legacy of the Roman Empire—with the task of + absorbing and transmitting its language and + civilization—secured them against the risk of being + either merged in a more numerous race or submerged by a new + influx, and thus preserved an identity and continuity which + link their latest achievements with their earliest exploits, + and stamp their whole career with the same character.</p> + + <p>With such a subject, Mr. Green has had no difficulty in so + marking its divisions as to concentrate attention on successive + epochs without dropping the thread that runs through the whole. + The earlier portions of his work are naturally the most + instructive and the fullest of interest. The last volume, + indeed, which covers the ground from the Revolution to the + battle of Waterloo, besides including the index to the whole + work, gives far too rapid a survey of momentous and familiar + events to afford profit or satisfaction. One feels that, while + the style retains its fluency, the tone has lost its warmth, + and that much of the writing must have been perfunctory: the + reading, at all events, cannot but be so. But scarcely any one, + however well acquainted with the ground, can follow without + pleasure and an enlargement of view Mr. Green's account of + "Early England," "England under Foreign Kings," "The Charter" + and "The Parliament" (from 1307 to 1461), which form the + subjects of the first four books; while the next four, + occupying the second and third volumes, and entitled "The + Monarchy," "The Reformation," "Puritan England" and "The + Revolution," are marked by a grasp of thought, a fine sense of + proportion, a thorough knowledge and well-balanced judgment of + men and events, and not unfrequently a dramatic force, which + sustain the interest throughout, and which make them a valuable + addition, and sometimes a necessary corrective, to the fuller + and more brilliant narratives in which the same periods and + subjects have been separately treated.</p> + + <p>Mr. Green does not appear to have gone deeply into the study + of original sources, but it is only in his incidental treatment + of continental history that his deficiencies in this respect + become palpable. Here he is often inaccurate, and even when his + facts are correct his mode of stating them shows that he is not + master of the whole field, and has little appreciation of + mingled motives and attendant circumstances. Such a sentence as + this: "The restoration of the towns on the Somme to Burgundy, + the cession of Normandy to the king's brother, Francis, the + hostility of Brittany, not only detached the whole western + coast from the hold of Lewis, but forced its possessors to look + for aid to the English king who lay in their rear," could not + have been written with any clear ideas of either the political + or the geographical relations of the places mentioned. What is + meant by the "western coast"? Not, certainly, the towns on the + Somme, which lie in the north-east, nor Normandy, which has + indeed a western coast of its own, but cannot be said to form + part of the western coast of France. Nor does Brittany include + "the <i>whole</i> western coast," or even the larger portion of + it, while it could not have been "detached from the hold of + Lewis," inasmuch as he had never held it. As little will that + remark apply to the other provinces on the western coast, as + these were still in his possession. Who are meant, therefore, + by the "possessors" of this misty coast, and why the English + king is said to have lain "in their rear," can only be + conjectured. It is a small blunder that the French king's + brother is called "Francis" instead of Charles, since we must + not suspect Mr. Green of confounding him with the duke of + Brittany, who bore the former name. But the whole passage, in + connection with what follows it, indicates that the author has + mixed up the state of affairs at two very close, but very + distinct, conjunctures. Many similar instances of defective + knowledge might be cited, nor are they confined to this early + period. The remark, in regard to Charles of Austria (the + emperor Charles V.), that "the madness of his mother left him + <i>next heir</i> of Castille" is nonsense: he was her heir in + any case, while through her madness he became nominally joint, + and virtually sole, ruler of the kingdom. His son Philip had + not been "twice a widower" when he married Mary of England, and + the assertion that "he owed his victory at Gravelines mainly to + the opportune arrival of ten English ships of war" is + patriotic, but foolish. That "Catholicism alone united the + burgher of the Netherlands to the noble of Castille, or + Milanese and Neapolitan to the Aztec of Mexico and Peru," would + be an incomprehensible statement even if Peru had been + inhabited by the Aztecs. Such errors, however, cannot seriously + impair the value of Mr. Green's work. Its merits, as regards + both matter and form, are solid and varied. The scale on which + it was planned adapts it admirably to the gap which it was + intended to fill, and, except in the latter portions, its + comparative brevity of treatment excludes neither important + facts nor modifying views. No shorter work could give the + reader any adequate knowledge or conceptions in regard to + English history, and no longer work is needed to make him fully + acquainted with its essential features.</p> + + <div class="blockquot"> + <p>White Wings: A Yachting Romance. By William Black. New + York: Harper & Brothers.—Roy and Viola. By Mrs. + Forrester. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & + Co.—The Wellfields. By Jessie Fothergill. + (Leisure-Hour Series.) New York: Holt & + Co.—Troublesome Daughters. By L.B. Walford. + (Leisure—Hour Series.) New York: Holt & + Co.—Brigitta. By Berthold Auerbach. + (Leisure—Hour Series.) New York: Holt & Co.</p> + </div> + + <p>There is a time appointed to read novels—a time which + belongs, like that of other good things, to youth, when the + real and the ideal merge into each other, and even the most + practical beliefs turn upon the notion that the world was + created for ourselves, and that the general system of things is + bound to furnish circumstances and incidents which shall + flatter our unsatisfied desires. It seems a pity that it should + not fall to the lot of the critic to write down his impression + of new books at this epoch, when he is most fitted to enjoy + them. When romance and other delights have blankly + vanished—" gone glimmering through the dreams of things + that were"—he is scarcely fitted to trust the worth of + his own impressions. Reading from mere idle curiosity or with + critical intentions, and reading with delight, with eager + absorption in the story and an eager desire to know how it + turns out, are two different matters. The loss of this capacity + for enjoyment of the every-day novel is not a subject for + self-gratulation, coming as it does from our own absence of + imagination and from narrowing instead of increasing powers. + That period of our existence when we could read anything which + offered should be looked back upon with a feeling of purely + admiring regret, and in our efforts to master the novel of + to-day we should endeavor to bring back the glory and the + sweetness of the early dream.</p> + + <p>It is not so very long ago that Mr. William Black's novels + began to charm us. He did not take Fame at a single leap, but + wooed her patiently, and suffered many a repulse. His first + book, <i>Ion; or, Marriage</i>, was probably the very worst + novel ever written by a man who was finally to make a great + success. <i>The Daughter of Heth</i> achieved this result, and + <i>The Strange Adventures of a Phaeton, A Princess of Thule</i> + and <i>Macleod of Dar</i> deepened, one by one, the witchery + the first threw over us. The author's power was especially + shown in investing his maidens with glamour and piquancy: + Coquette and Sheila led their captives away from the + suffocating dusts and the burning heats of life. Then his + backgrounds were so well chosen—those mysterious reaches + of the far northern seas, the slow twilights over the heaving + ocean, the swift dawns, the storms and the lightnings, and the + glad blue skies. Even the music of the bagpipes inspired + lamentations only less sweet than notes of joy. Mr. Black still + has lovely girls; his yachts still pitch and roll and scud over + the tossed and misty Hebridean seas; there are the same magical + splendors of air and sky and water and shores; the wail of the + pibroch is heard as of yore—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0">Dunvegan! oh, Dunvegan!<br /></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Why, then, is it that his last book fails to do more than + arouse dim memories of some previous enjoyment? Why are his + violets without perfume? Why is his music vacant of the old + melodies?</p> + + <p>In <i>Roy and Viola</i>, on the contrary, Mrs. Forrester is + seen at her best, and has given us a book of lively interest. + The situation in some respects suggests that of <i>Daniel + Deronda:</i> D'Arcy is a sort of Grandcourt cheapened and made + popular, acting out his instincts of tyranny and brutality with + more ostentation and less good taste. What is subtly indicated + by George Eliot is given with profuse effect by the present + writer. Viola, if not a Gwendolen, is yet an unloving wife. Sir + Douglas Roy plays a somewhat difficult rôle—that of + friend to the husband and undeclared lover to the + wife—without losing our respect. He is in many ways a + successful hero, and acts his part without either insipidity or + priggishness. A genial optimist like Mrs. Forrester, as her old + readers may well believe, sacrifices to a hopelessly unhappy + marriage no lot which interests us. Disagreeable husbands die + at an auspicious moment, and everybody is finally made happy in + his or her own way, which includes the possession of plenty of + money. The conversations are piquant, and the interest of the + story is well kept up.</p> + + <p><i>The Wellfields</i> is a falling off from + <i>Probation</i>, which in its turn was a distinct falling-off + from Miss Fothergill's initial story, <i>The First Violin</i>. + The characters are dim, intangible, remote, possessing no + reality even at the outset, and as they progress becoming even + more estranged from our belief and sympathy. Jerome is too + feeble to arouse even our resentment, which we mildly expend on + Sara instead for displaying grief for so poor a creature. When + an author publishes one successful book, it should be a matter + of serious thought whether it is not worth while to make such a + triumph the crowning event of his or her destiny, lest Fate + should have in reserve the tedious trials which await those who + are compelled to hear that their sun has set.</p> + + <p>Mrs. Walford's last book has, in a measure, retrieved a + certain reputation for interest which her <i>Cousins</i> had + lost. In <i>Troublesome Daughters</i>, however, one looks in + vain for the fulfilment of the promise of <i>Mr. Smith</i> and + her delightful <i>Van: A Summer Romance</i>.</p> + + <p>In <i>Brigitta</i> we find enough of Auerbach's charm to + like the story, simple as it is. It recalls his greater books + only by the fidelity of the tone and the clearness of the + pictures. Xander is well drawn, and the tragedy of his life, + portrayed as it is by those few strong touches which reveal the + real artist, is profoundly impressive.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p class="center"><i>New Books Received.</i></p> + + <p>Geo. P. Rowell & Co.'s American Newspaper Directory, + containing Accurate Lists of all the Newspapers and Periodicals + published in the United States, Territories and the Dominion of + Canada, together with a description of the towns and cities in + which they are published. New York: George P. Rowell & + Co.</p> + + <p>The Skin in Health and Disease. By L. Duncan Bulkley, M.D. + (American Health Primers.) Philadelphia: Presley Blakiston.</p> + + <p>The Confessions of a Frivolous Girl. Edited by Robert Grant. + Vignette Illustrations. Boston: A. Williams & Co.</p> + + <p>The Life and Public Services of James A. Garfield. By Major + J.M. Bundy. New York: A.D. Barnes & Co.</p> + + <p>The Mystery of Allanwold. By Mrs. Elizabeth Van Loon. + Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.</p> + + <p>Political and Legal Remedies for War. By Sheldon Amos, M.A. + New York: Harper & Brothers.</p> + + <p>Mary Anerley: A Yorkshire Tale. By R.D. Blackmore. New York: + Harper & Brothers.</p> + + <p>A Selection of Spiritual Songs, with Music for the + Sunday-school. New York: Scribner & Co.</p><br /> + + + <div class='footnotes'> + <br /> + <br /> + + + <h3>FOOTNOTES</h3> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_1_1" + id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label"> + [1]</span></a> I use here the official nomenclature of + Pennsylvania: by whatever title the local officials are + known in the various States, the general fact is of + course the same in all.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_2_2" + id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label"> + [2]</span></a> In some tests given in Richards' + <i>Treatise on Coal Gas</i> (p. 293) the following + results were shown: Obstruction of light by—</p> + </div> + + <div class='center'> + <table border="0" + cellpadding="4" + cellspacing="0" + summary="Obstruction of Light"> + <tr> + <td align='left'>A</td> + + <td align='left'>clear</td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='left'>glass</td> + + <td align='left'>globe,</td> + + <td align='left'>about</td> + + <td align='left'>12</td> + + <td align='left'>per cent.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>An</td> + + <td align='left'>engraved</td> + + <td align='left'></td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>24</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>Obscured</td> + + <td align='center'>all</td> + + <td align='center'>over</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>40</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>Opal</td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>60</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>Painted</td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'></td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + + <td align='left'>64</td> + + <td align='center'>"</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_3_3" + id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label"> + [3]</span></a> There is a recent method of adding + carbon to the gas which is not liable to the objection + of clogging the pipes. By a small apparatus a stick of + naphthaline is attached to the burner so as to be + slowly vaporized. It is not yet in the hands of dealers + in gas-fixtures.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_4_4" + id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label"> + [4]</span></a> Our narrative is drawn from the <i>Libra + del Passo Honroso, defendido por el excelente caballero + Suero de Quiñones, copilado de un libro antiguo de mano + por Fr. Juan de Pineda, Religiose de la orden de San + Francisco. Segunda edicion</i>. Madrid, 1783, in the + <i>Crónicas españolas</i>, vol. v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_5_5" + id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label"> + [5]</span></a> In modern French, <i>Il faut + délivrer</i>—"It is necessary to release," + referring to the chain worn by Quiñones.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_6_6" + id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label"> + [6]</span></a> "If it does not please you to show + moderation, I say, in truth, that I am + unfortunate."</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_7_7" + id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label"> + [7]</span></a> Prosper Mérimée, in a note to his + <i>History of Peter the Cruel</i> (London, 1849, vol. + i., p. 35), says, referring to the above episode, "I do + not think that at that period an example of similar + condescension could be found anywhere except in Spain. + A century later the <i>chevalier sans peur et sans + reproche</i>, the valiant Bayard, refused to mount a + breach in company with lansquenets."</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_8_8" + id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label"> + [8]</span></a> Beginning, "Libera me, Domine, de morte + æterna," etc.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_9_9" + id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label"> + [9]</span></a> The Church as early as 1131 (Council of + Rheims) endeavored to prevent these dangerous + amusements by denying burial in consecrated ground with + funeral rites to those who were killed in + tournaments.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_10_10" + id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label"> + [10]</span></a> Puymaigre explains this almost total + absence of Frenchmen by the fact that in 1434 the wars + between Charles VII and the English were being waged. + The English pilgrims to Santiago (the large number of + whom we have previously mentioned) were probably + non-combatants.</p> + </div> + </div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular +Literature and Science, Vol. XXVI., December, 1880., by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE *** + +***** This file should be named 16124-h.htm or 16124-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/1/2/16124/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/16124-h/images/0001-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0001-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0a90f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0001-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0001.jpg b/16124-h/images/0001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ab44c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0001.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0005-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0005-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e9c6dd --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0005-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0005.jpg b/16124-h/images/0005.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c150e27 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0005.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0009.jpg b/16124-h/images/0009.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d812300 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0009.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0012-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0012-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5507c48 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0012-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0012.jpg b/16124-h/images/0012.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..30f7aec --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0012.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0015.jpg b/16124-h/images/0015.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb9aea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0015.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0018-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0018-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..04aceab --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0018-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0018.jpg b/16124-h/images/0018.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..178bf0e --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0018.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0022-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0022-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0351a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0022-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0022.jpg b/16124-h/images/0022.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..34d0a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0022.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0026.jpg b/16124-h/images/0026.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a69472d --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0026.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0029.jpg b/16124-h/images/0029.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4d6dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0029.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0056-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0056-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..072f157 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0056-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0056.jpg b/16124-h/images/0056.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..94e6ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0056.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0057-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0057-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a03456e --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0057-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0057.jpg b/16124-h/images/0057.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2943cf --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0057.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0058-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0058-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf14dd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0058-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0058.jpg b/16124-h/images/0058.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..71f32f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0058.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0059-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0059-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0204b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0059-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0059.jpg b/16124-h/images/0059.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee9ff28 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0059.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0062-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0062-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8bf816 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0062-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0062.jpg b/16124-h/images/0062.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..afb5d9c --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0062.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0065-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0065-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fab8639 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0065-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0065.jpg b/16124-h/images/0065.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a02640 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0065.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0068-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0068-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8dc2f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0068-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0068.jpg b/16124-h/images/0068.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7ed49a --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0068.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0071-tb.jpg b/16124-h/images/0071-tb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cc371a --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0071-tb.jpg diff --git a/16124-h/images/0071.jpg b/16124-h/images/0071.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7fbea56 --- /dev/null +++ b/16124-h/images/0071.jpg |
