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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 21, 2005  [eBook #16098]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 281, NOVEMBER 3, 1827***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 16098-h.htm or 16098-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/9/16098/16098-h/16098-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/9/16098/16098-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X. No. 281.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NO. XIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The first of the above engravings represents one of the _Body Guards
+of the Sheikh of Bornou_, copied from an engraving after a sketch
+made by Major Denham, in his recent "Travels in Africa." These negroes,
+as they are called, meaning the black chiefs and favourites, all raised
+to that rank by Some deed of bravery, are habited in coats of mail,
+composed of iron chain, which cover them from the throat to the knees,
+dividing behind, and coming on each side of the horse; some of them wear
+helmets or skull-caps of the same metal, with chin-pieces, all
+sufficiently strong to ward off the shock of a spear. Their horses'
+heads are also defended by plates of iron, brass, and silver, just
+leaving room for the eyes of the animal; and not unfrequently they are
+hung over with charms, enclosed in little red leather parcels, strung
+together, round the neck, in front of the head, and about the saddle.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Their appearance is altogether of a warlike character, the horses being
+well caparisoned, and the riders well clothed for personal defence; and
+though their equestrian evolutions be somewhat wild, the lance or spear
+is doubtless a formidable weapon in their hands. The savage splendour of
+their dress, together with the pawing and snorting of their fiery
+steeds, render them appropriate auxiliaries to royalty, in countries
+where such attributes of power are requisite to impress the people with
+the importance of their rulers, and where the milder aids of
+civilization and refinement are wanting to protect the sovereign from
+violence.
+
+The second engraving, copied from the same authentic source as that
+preceding it, is a somewhat grotesque portraiture of one of the _Lancers
+of the Sultan of Begharmi_, described, in an historical and geographical
+account by a native prince, as an extensive country, containing woods
+and rivers, and fields fit for cultivation; but now desolated, as the
+inhabitants say, by the "misconduct of the king, who, having increased
+in levity and licentiousness to such a frightful degree, as even to
+marry his own daughter, God Almighty caused Saboon, the prince of
+Wa-da-i, to march against him, and destroy him, laying waste, at the
+same time, all his country, and leaving the houses uninhabited, as a
+signal chastisement for his impiety."
+
+Major Denham having applied for the covering of the above warrior and
+his horse, in his journal thus describes their arrival:--"Aug. 11. Soon
+after daylight, Karouash, with Hadgi, Mustapha, the chief of the
+Shouaas, and the Sheikh's two nephews, Hassein and Kanemy, came to our
+huts. They were attended by more than a dozen slaves, bearing presents
+for us, for King George, and the consul at Tripoli. I had applied for a
+_lebida_, (horse-covering,) after seeing those taken from the Begharmis;
+the sheikh now sent a man, clothed in a yellow wadded jacket, with a
+scarlet cap, and mounted on the horse taken from the Begharmis, on which
+the sultan's eldest son rode. He was one of the finest horses I had
+seen, and covered with a scarlet cloth, also wadded. 'Every thing,'
+Hadgi Mustapha said, 'except the man, is to be taken to your great
+king.'"
+
+The Begharmis, it will be seen, were conquered by the people of Kanem;
+and Major Denham has translated, and given in the appendix to his
+_Travels_, a song of thanksgiving on the triumphant return of the
+governor, full of the characteristic beauty and simplicity of savage
+life. In these struggles it would appear the law of nations is severe on
+the weakest; for the son of the late sultan of the Begharmis is
+described as "now a slave of the sheikh of Bornou." So wags the world!
+
+
+LIVING AT TOULOUSE.
+
+Part of a house, sufficient for a small family, unfurnished, may be had
+for 14 l. a year; and the most elegant in the city, in the best
+situation, for 60 l., including coach-house, stable, cellar, &c. A horse
+may be kept well for 14 l. a year. The wages of a coachman are 8 l., a
+housemaid 8 l., a noted cook 16 l., and a lady's-maid 10 l. The price of
+a chicken is 7-1/2 d.; a partridge 1 s.; a hare 2 s. 6 d.; a duck 1 s.;
+a turkey 2 s. 6 d.; the best bread 1-1/2 d. per lb.; common ditto 1 d.;
+a bottle of wine 3 d.; brandy is sold by the lb. of 16 oz. and costs 6
+d.; grapes 1/2 d. per lb.; meat 3 d.; butter 4 d.; cheese 6d; 50 lbs.
+carrots 10 d.; other vegetables at the same rate. A dozen very fine
+peaches now cost a halfpenny; pears 3 d. a dozen; labourers, who work
+from sunrise to sunset, are fed by the proprietor, and have 6 d. per
+day, which, in this part of the country, will go further than three
+times the sum in England. The horses and oxen used about the farms are
+fed chiefly on straw, and do not consume more than 3 d. a day. The
+labouring people make a very nourishing diet from maize flour, which is
+fried with grease; and this, with beans, forms the principal part of
+their food. They neither use nor wish for meat; but at this season they
+have figs and grapes almost for nothing--_Original Letter_.
+
+
+MOHAMMEDAN SUPERSTITION.
+
+The eastern, and all Mohammedan people, considering Alexander the Great
+as the only monarch who conquered the globe from east to west, give him
+the title of "the two horned," in allusion to his said conquests. They
+likewise believe that Gog and Magog were two great nations, but that, in
+consequence of their wicked and mischievous disposition, Alexander
+gathered and immured them within two immensely high mountains, in the
+darkest and northernmost parts of Europe, by a most surprising and
+insuperable wall, made of iron and copper, of great thickness and
+height; and that to the present time they are confined there; that,
+notwithstanding they are a dwarfish race,--viz. from two to three feet
+in height only--they will one day come out and desolate the world. As
+Lord Mayor's Day is just approaching, perhaps some of the visiters of
+Gog and Magog on that occasion may decide this matter. It is almost akin
+to our nursery quibble of the giants hearing the clock strike, &c. &c.
+
+
+PERSIAN BARBER.
+
+The Khas-terash (literally, personal shaver) of the present sovereign
+has, in the abundance of his wealth, built a palace for himself close to
+the royal bath at Teheran. And he is _entitled_ to riches, for he
+is a man of pre-eminent excellence in his art, and has had for a long
+period, under his especial care, the magnificent beard of his majesty,
+which is at this moment, and has been for years, the pride of
+Persia.--_Persian Sketches_.
+
+
+LIVING IN GENEVA.
+
+The vicinity of Geneva appears peculiarly eligible for the permanent
+residence of an English family. There is perhaps no town on the
+continent where greater facilities are afforded for a man of literary
+and scientific pursuits to indulge his taste or to increase his
+knowledge. The city is close built, and consequently not an agreeable
+place to live in; but its immediate environs abound with delightful
+spots.
+
+The costume of the Genevese assimilates much with that of the French;
+but the better class of females are partial to the English fashions. The
+language of the country is French, but its habits and religion are
+widely different. Not only does the Protestant faith find here the
+salutary prevalence of a kindred faith, but the members of our own
+ecclesiastical establishment are enabled to join each other every
+Sabbath day in the worship of God, and at stated seasons to receive the
+holy sacrament according to the pure and apostolic ritual of the church
+of England.
+
+The expense of a house, with a garden and piece of land, within a mile
+of the gates, including also the keeping of a caleche and pair of
+horses, for a gentleman, his lady, two children, and three servants,
+does not exceed 300 l. a year; and with this he is enabled to receive his
+friends occasionally, and in a respectable style. To proceed from a
+family establishment to a bachelor's pension, "I," says Mr. Seth
+Stevenson, in his _Continental Travels_, "was told that a person
+at Petit Saconnex has a sleeping-room to himself, and his breakfast,
+dinner, tea, and supper with the family, for 500 francs (20 l. 16 s. 8 d.)
+per annum."
+
+The taxation of Geneva is described as very trifling. There is a sort of
+income-tax, to which every man of property contributes, on his honour,
+as to the amount of that property. The whole tax for horses and
+carriages amounts to about 18 d. for each person; the richest it seems
+pays no more, and the others pay no less. "My friend assures me,"
+continues Mr. S. "that his fellow citizens approve of their annexation
+to Switzerland, and also of the union of the Valais with the Helvetic
+confederation--that the people of this little republic are flourishing
+again, contented with their government; and as the best proof of their
+returning prosperity since the peace, he adverted to the comparatively
+few indigent or distressed persons among them, and to the fact of there
+being only forty-five persons in the poor's hospital, besides those
+admitted under the head of casualties."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGINAL STORY OF HAMLET,
+
+(_From the Latin of Saxo Grammaticus, but interspersed._)
+
+
+Florwendillus, king of Jutland, married Geruthra, or Gertrude, the only
+daughter of Ruric, king of Denmark. The produce of this union was a son,
+called Amlettus. When he grew towards manhood, his spirit and
+extraordinary abilities excited the envy and hatred of his uncle, who,
+before the birth of Amlettus, was regarded as presumptive heir to the
+crown. Fengo, which was the name of this haughty prince, conceived a
+passion for his sister-in-law, the queen; and meeting with reciprocal
+feelings, they soon arranged a plan, which putting into execution, he
+ascended the throne of his brother and espoused the widowed princess.
+Amlettus, (or Hamlet,) suspecting that his father had died by the hand
+or the devices of his uncle, determined to be revenged. But perceiving
+the jealousy with which the usurper eyed his superior talents, and the
+better to conceal his hatred and intentions, he affected a gradual
+derangement of reason, and at last acted all the extravagance of an
+absolute madman. Fengo's guilt induced him to doubt the reality of a
+malady so favourable to his security; and suspicious of some direful
+project being hidden beneath assumed insanity, he tried by different
+stratagems to penetrate the truth. One of these was to draw him into a
+confidential interview with a young damsel, who had been the companion
+of his infancy; but Hamlet's sagacity, and the timely caution of his
+intimate friend, frustrated this design. In these two persons we may
+recognise the Ophelia and Horatio of Shakspeare. A second plot was
+attended with equal want of success. It was concerted by Fengo that the
+queen should take her son to task in a private conversation, vainly
+flattering himself that the prince would not conceal his true state from
+the pleadings of a mother. Shakspeare has adopted every part of this
+scene, not only the precise situation and circumstances, but the
+sentiments and sometimes the very words themselves. The queen's
+apartment was the appointed place of conference, where the king, to
+secure certain testimony, had previously ordered one of his courtiers to
+conceal himself under _a heap of straw;_ so says the historian; and
+though Shakspeare, in unison with the refinement of more modern times,
+changes that rustic covering for the royal tapestry, yet it was even as
+Saxo Grammaticus relates it. In those primitive ages, straw, hay, of
+rushes, strewed on the floor, were the usual carpets in the chambers of
+the great. One of our Henrys, in making a progress to the north of
+England, previously sent forward a courier to order _clean straw_
+at every house where he was to take his lodging. But to return to the
+subject.
+
+The prince, suspecting there might be a concealed listener, and that it
+was the king, pursued his wild and frantic acts, hoping that by some
+lucky chance he might discover his hiding-place. Watchful of all that
+passed in the room, as he dashed from side to side, he descried a little
+movement of the uneasy courtier's covering. Suddenly Hamlet sprung on
+his feet, began to crow like a cock, and flapping his arms against his
+sides, leaped upon the straw; feeling something under him, he snatched
+out his sword and thrust it through the unfortunate lord. The barbarism
+of the times is most shockingly displayed in the brutal manner in which
+he treats the dead body; but for the honour of the Danish prince, we
+must suppose that it was not merely a wanton act, but done the more
+decidedly to convince the king, when the strange situation of the corpse
+was seen, how absolutely he must be divested of reason. Being assured he
+was now alone with his mother, in a most awful manner he turns upon her,
+and avows his madness to be assumed; he reproaches her with her wicked
+deeds and incestuous marriage; and threatens a mighty vengeance upon the
+instigator of her crime.
+
+In the historian we find that the admonitions of Hamlet awakened the
+conscience of the queen, and recalled her to penitence and virtue. The
+king, observing the change, became doubly suspicious of the prince; and
+baffling some preliminary steps he took to vengeance; Hamlet was
+entrapped by him into an embassy to England. He sent along with him two
+courtiers, who bore private letters to the English monarch, requesting
+him, as the greatest favour he could confer on Denmark, to compass, by
+secret and by sure means, the death of the prince as soon as he landed.
+Hamlet, during the voyage, had reason to suspect the mission of his
+companions; and by a stratagem obtaining their credentials, he found the
+treacherous mandate; and changing it for one wherein he ordered the
+execution of the two lords, he quietly proceeded with them to the
+British shore. On landing, the papers were delivered, and the king,
+without further parley, obeyed what he believed to be the request of his
+royal ally; and thus did treason meet the punishment due to its crime.
+The daughter of the king being charmed with the person and manners of
+the foreign prince, evinced such marks of tenderness, that Hamlet could
+not but perceive the depth of his conquest. He was not insensible to her
+attractions; and receiving the king's assent, in the course of a few
+days led her to the nuptial altar. Amidst all joys, he was, however,
+like a perturbed ghost that could not rest; and before many suns had
+rose and set, he obtained a hard wrung leave from his bride, once more
+set sail, and appeared at Elsineur just in time to be a witness of the
+splendid rites which Fengo (supposing him now to be murdered) had
+prepared for his funeral. On the proclamation of his arrival, he was
+welcomed with enthusiasm by the people, whose idol he was, and who had
+been overwhelmed with grief when Fengo announced to them his sudden
+death in England. The king, inflamed with so ruinous a disappointment,
+and becoming doubly jealous of his growing popularity, now affected no
+conciliation, but openly manifested his hatred and hostility. Hamlet
+again had recourse to his pretended madness, and committed so many
+alarming acts, that Fengo, fearing their direction, ordered his sword to
+be locked in its scabbard, under a plea of guarding the lunatic from
+personal harm, After various adventures, at last the prince accomplished
+the death of his uncle's adherents, and vengeance on the fratricide
+himself, by setting fire to the palace during the debauch of a midnight
+banquet. Rushing amidst the flames, he kills Fengo with his own hand,
+reproaching him at the moment with his murder, adultery, and incest.
+Immediately on this act of retribution he was proclaimed lawful
+successor to the throne, and crowned with all due solemnity.
+
+Thus far Shakspeare treads in the steps of the annalist; the only
+difference is in the fate of the hero; in the one he finds a kingdom, in
+the other a grave. Saxo Grammaticus carries the history further; and
+after the crowning of Hamlet as king, brings him again into Britain,
+where, in compliment to that land of beauty, he marries a second wife,
+the daughter of a Scottish king. Hamlet brought both his wives to
+Denmark, and prepared for a long life of prosperity and peace. But the
+sword hung over his head; war burst around him, and he fell in combat by
+the hand of Vigelotes, son of Ruric. Saxo Grammaticus sums up his
+character in a few words: "He was a wise prince and a great warrior.
+Like Achilles, he had the principal actions of his life wrought on his
+shield. The daughter of the king of Scotland casting her eye on it,
+loved him for the battles he had won, and became his bride."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH FRUITS.
+
+(_Concluded from page 295._)
+
+
+_The Vine_.--The value and transcendant excellence of this foreign fruit
+is too well known to require any extended account in this paper; as a
+native of the southern verge of the northern temperate zone, it only
+requires its natural degree of heat to bring it to perfection. The
+growth is luxuriant, is fertile, easy of management, and as it requires
+support, obedient to the trainer's will. Many excellent varieties ate in
+our stoves and vineries; differing in hardness, size of bunches, and in
+colour and flavour of fruit. These, it is likely, have been gained from
+seeds; and as its cultivation has been primæval with the inhabitants of
+the earth, no wonder it received, for its unequalled utility, their
+chiefest care.
+
+That the climate of this country has undergone a considerable change
+within the last hundred years, is allowed by all who have considered the
+subject; and nothing furnishes a more convincing proof of this, than the
+history of the vine. Previous to the reign of Henry VIII., every abbey
+and monastery had its vineyard. In the rent-rolls of church property in
+those days, and long afterwards, considerable quantities of grapes were
+paid as tithe; and the vestiges of some of those vineyards remain to
+this day. They were usually placed on the south side of a hill, in a
+light dry soil, having the surface covered with sand; the vines being
+trained near the ground. But with such inclement and changeable springs,
+and long protracted winters, as have been experienced of late, even such
+frost as is seen at this moment (24th of April,) vines as standards in
+the open air, would be destroyed; or, at least, no dependence could be
+placed upon them for a crop. But vineyards in the country could neither
+be so profitable, nor are they so necessary as they were in those days;
+international intercourse is now more open, and corporations, whether
+religious or civil, can be supplied with grapes in any shape, and their
+precious juice in any quantity, at a cheaper rate than either home-grown
+or home-made. In their cultivation in this country, practitioners are
+more liable to err in planting them in too rich, than in too poor a
+soil; the first adds too much to their natural luxuriance of growth, and
+always reduces the flavour of the fruit.
+
+_The Mulberry_.--This fruit has not been subjected to the
+operations and attention of the improver so much, perhaps, as it
+deserves; true, it has been planted against walls, and as espaliers; and
+in both places has done well.
+
+_The Fig_ has been long in our gardens; a very ancient one is still
+alive in the garden of one of the colleges at Oxford. In its native
+country it produces two crops in the year, and this property makes its
+management rather difficult in a country where it can but with
+difficulty be made to produce one; and especially when trained in the
+common way to a wall, where the crop is often sacrificed to the useless
+symmetry of the tree. It is impatient of frost, and requires protection
+during winter; and is also impatient of the knife, and more, perhaps,
+than any other tree, is disposed to form its own natural head. When kept
+in a glass case, either planted in the ground or in pots, it well repays
+the trouble bestowed upon it.
+
+_The Quince_.--This fruit remains very steadily in character to
+what it has always been known to be; the taste is too austere to be used
+alone from the tree; but with other fruits in pastry, or in the shape of
+preserves or marmalade, it is useful.
+
+_The Medley_.--Two or three sorts of this tree are in cultivation:
+they are placed in the lowest grade of fruits; though, when they are
+perfectly mature, they are much relished by some palates. The azarola,
+service, and two or three others used in the south of Europe, are not
+worth notice here.
+
+_The Filbert_.--The common wild hazle of our hedges has been
+improved, by chance or cultivation, into the several varieties of red
+and white filberts and cob-nuts. Working them upon the hazle, or upon
+themselves, is necessary; because, it not only makes them more fruitful,
+but also brings them sooner into bearing.
+
+_The Walnut_.--This nuciferous tree has been cultivated in England
+more for the value of the timber than for its fruit. There are several
+varieties, differing chiefly in the size of the nut, from the diminutive
+ben-nut, to the large or double French sort. The only improvement which
+can be expected in this, is a hardier sort which would be less
+susceptible of damage from frost.
+
+_The Chestnut_.--The description of the walnut may be applied to
+this, as they are natives of the same climate; and their flowers are
+alike impatient of frost. The fruit of this is, however, inferior to
+that of the walnut, and seldom arrives at the same degree of perfection.
+The tree grows to a great size, and is one of the most valuable of our
+forest trees. In "days of yore," it must have been much more plentiful
+in this country, or more plentifully imported, than it now is; as the
+principal timbers of abbeys, cathedrals, and other ancient buildings,
+are chiefly formed of it: being equally durable as the oak, which it so
+much resembles, that they can hardly be distinguished from each other,
+but by the test of the wet edge of a chissel being stained by the oak,
+and not at all by the chestnut.
+
+_The Melon and Cucumber_.--These exotic fruits are extensively
+cultivated; the latter takes various shapes in our bills of fare; the
+former is more a luxury than a fruit for general use; their culture on
+hot-beds forms a material branch of modern gardening, and with that of
+the gourd, pumpkin, squash, vegetable marrow, &c., is well known.
+
+_The Pine-Apple_.--This sovereign of fruits is, and can only be, in
+this country, an appendage to opulence and rank. Several varieties are
+cultivated in our forcing-stoves, and grace the tables of the rich, and
+in as great perfection as they can be had between the tropics. In their
+wild state, they affect the sides of rivulets, and often under the shade
+of lofty trees; but are of inferior flavour, unless the weather is very
+dry when they are ripening off; and when cultivated, they receive little
+or no water during the last stage of their growth.--_Quarterly Journal
+of Science, &c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANECDOTES OF THE MARVELLOUS.
+
+_A Prediction Fulfilled._
+
+
+At the time of the American war, a gentleman (a mere youth) entered the
+army, and saw some little service. One day, during an engagement, he
+was, in the hurry and confusion of it, knocked down; and a soldier,
+setting his foot upon his chest in passing over him, hurt him so
+exceedingly that he became senseless; upon recovering, he found himself
+still stretched on the ground, and a singular, looking female stood
+beside him, who, as he opened his eyes, exclaimed in an ill-boding
+voice, "Ay, young man, mark my words: _that_ hurt will be the
+death of you in your forty-second year." He immediately recognised in
+this old raven one of those _soothsayers_ who usually followed the
+army, and gained a livelihood by their oracular powers. Mr. L. certainly
+did _mark_ her words, inasmuch as returning to England, he quitted
+the army, entered the church, and amongst other red-coat reminiscences,
+used frequently to mention (and mention but to ridicule) the American
+soothsayer's prediction. Nevertheless, true it is, that he did die in
+his forty-second year, and of a disease in his _chest_ too,
+although he had never suffered from the hurt beyond the period at which
+he received it.
+
+
+_Imagination._
+
+The measles (it is pretty well known to all voyagers) is at St. Helena a
+hideous and fatal disorder, although generally mild at the Cape, which
+is about a fortnight's sail from the former island: every ship,
+therefore, from the Cape, upon touching at St. Helena, undergoes
+examination, and, if the measles are known to be prevalent at the former
+place, is put into quarantine, and no officer, however urgent his
+business may be, allowed to land without making oath or affidavit that
+he has not been on shore at the Cape, or approached an infected person.
+Some years since, a naval officer, acquainted with the then governor of
+St. Helena, General P----n, was invited to dine with him, and met at
+dinner another officer from another vessel, who, it is to be presumed,
+had eluded undergoing the usual precautionary measures, and was perhaps
+ignorant of their existence, since he mentioned, during the repast, that
+the measles were prevailing at Cape Town, and admitted that he had
+entered it. Now, he had just arrived at St. Helena, and though he
+expressly stated that he had not gone near any infected person, poor
+Mrs. P----, uttering a shriek, fled from the table, exclaiming that she
+knew she should have the measles; in fact, she immediately fell sick of
+that disorder, (and died, I think I understood.) All her family took it,
+and it raged through the island, proving dreadfully destructive.
+
+
+_Mysterious Incident._
+
+It was the wedding day of Mr. and Mrs. Terry, (I mean the _actual_,
+not the anniversary wedding-day,) and the jocund bridegroom, bride, and
+their guests were assembled about noon in the drawing-room, when a
+servant entered, and said a gentleman had called, and wished to speak to
+Mr. T.; that he was waiting below stairs, and would not come up, because
+he came upon very particular business. Mr. Terry, desiring his company
+to excuse him for a few minutes, quitted the room. One hour elapsed--no
+bridegroom; two hours--he did not appear;--three--four--he was not
+returned: the bride's mind misgave her, and the hymeneal guests were
+quite alarmed: the servants declared that they had seen their master and
+the gentleman walk into the garden, from whence they were not returned.
+Now, a high brick wall, in which there was no outlet, and over which no
+person could climb except by a ladder, enclosed the garden, which, when
+searched, was empty, whilst, at the same time, Mr. Terry and his
+_friend_, "_the gentleman_," could not have walked out at the
+hall-door without being, from its situation, seen and heard by the
+servants in the kitchen. Time fled--and he did not return--no!--and
+although his lady lived to be nearly ninety years of age, she
+_never_ gained tidings again of the spouse, thus so mysteriously
+spirited away!
+
+
+_Raising the Wind._
+
+The superstitions of sailors are not few, as those assert who are
+conversant in maritime affairs. Amongst others, is the custom, pretty
+well known, of _whistling for a wind_. A gentleman told me, that, on his
+first voyage, being then very young, and ignorant of sea usages, he was
+in the habit of walking the deck a great deal, "and whistling as he
+went," perhaps "for want of thought"--perhaps for lack of something
+better to do. Shortly, he fancied that the captain of the vessel seemed
+not a little annoyed whenever this took place, although he kept a
+respectful silence upon the subject. At length Mr. ---- resolved to
+speak to him himself: and, accordingly, one day, when it blew a pretty
+brisk gale, said, "I observe, captain, that you appear particularly
+uneasy whenever I whistle."--"To say the truth, sir, I _am_ just _now_,"
+replied he. "On a fair, still day, whistle as much as you please; but,
+when there is a wind like this, _we don't like to have any more
+called._"--_New London Literary Gaz._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A PHILOSOPHICAL KITCHEN.
+
+
+A romantic and ludicrous novel has just appeared, entitled "The Mummy,
+or Tale of the Twenty-second Century," exhibiting some of the probable
+results of "the march of intellect;" and of the pungency of its satire
+the following is a fair specimen, describing a kitchen in the
+twenty-second century:--
+
+When Dr. Entwerfen left the breakfast-room of Lord Gustavus, which he
+did not do till a considerable time after the rest of the party had
+quitted it, he was so absorbed in meditation, that he did not know
+exactly which way he was going; and, happening unfortunately to turn to
+the right when he should have gone to the left, to his infinite surprise
+he found himself in the kitchen instead of his own study. Absent as the
+doctor was, however, his attention was soon roused by the scene before
+him. Being, like many of his learned brotherhood, somewhat of a
+gourmand, his indignation was violently excited by finding the cook
+comfortably asleep on a sofa on one side of the room, whilst the meat
+intended for dinner, a meal it was then the fashion to take about noon,
+was as comfortably resting itself from its toils on the other. The
+chemical substitute for fire, which ought to have cooked it, having gone
+out, and the cook's nap precluding all reasonable expectation of its
+re-illumination, the doctor's wrath was kindled, though the fire was
+not, and in a violent rage he seized the gentle Celestina's shoulder,
+and and shook her till she woke. "Where am I?" exclaimed she, opening
+her eyes. "Any where but where you ought to be," cried the doctor, in a
+fury. "Look, hussy! look at that fine joint of meat, lying quite cold
+and sodden in its own steam." "Dear me!" returned Celestina, yawning,
+"I am really quite unfortunate to-day! An unlucky accident has already
+occurred to a leg of mutton which was to have formed part of to-day's
+aliments, and now this piece of beef is also destroyed. I am afraid
+there will be nothing for dinner but some mucilaginous saccharine
+vegetables, and they, most probably, will be boiled to a viscous
+consistency." "And what excuse can you offer for all this?" exclaimed
+the doctor, his voice trembling with passion. "It was unavoidable;"
+replied Celestina, coolly; "whilst I was copying a cast from the Apollo
+Belvidere this morning, having unguardedly applied too much caloric to
+the vessel containing the leg of mutton, the aqueous fluid in which it
+was immersed evaporated, and the viand became completely calcinated.
+Whilst the other affair--" "Hush, hush!" interrupted the doctor; "I
+cannot bear to hear you mention it. Oh, surely Job himself never
+suffered such a trial of his patience! In fact, _his_ troubles were
+scarcely worth mentioning, for he was never cursed with learned
+servants!" Saying this, the doctor retired, lamenting his hard fate in
+not having been born in those halcyon days when cooks drew nothing but
+their poultry; whilst the gentle Celestina's breast panted with
+indignation at his complaint. An opportunity soon offered for revenge;
+and seeing the doctor's steam valet ready to be carried to its master's
+chamber, she treacherously applied a double portion of caloric; in
+consequence of which, the machine burst whilst in the act of brushing
+the doctor's coat collar, and by discharging the whole of the scalding
+water contained in its cauldron upon him, reduced him to a melancholy
+state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON THE DEATH OF A FRIEND.
+
+
+  Thou art gone to the grave, but we will not deplore thee,
+    Since God was thy refuge, thy ransom, thy guide;
+  He gave thee, he took thee and he will restore thee,
+    And death has no sting since the Saviour has died.
+
+_The Amulet for_ 1828.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+St. Martin's, near Canterbury.
+
+[Illustration: St. Martin's, near Canterbury.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH ERECTED IN ENGLAND.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The venerable and interesting church of St. Martin is situated on the
+side of a hill, (named from it,) at the distance of little more than a
+quarter of a mile from the dilapidated walls of Canterbury. It is
+generally believed to have been erected by the Christian soldiers in the
+Roman army, about the time of king Lucius, A.D. 182, and hence is justly
+esteemed as _the first Christian church erected in Britain_, and
+indeed nothing appears to contradict this assertion; for the Britons,
+before the arrival of the Romans, were, as is well known, in a state of
+barbarism and idolatry, and their habitations huts of clay and turf; and
+as to its being built after their departure, I do not think it at all
+likely, for England was then ravaged and overrun by the warlike clans of
+its mountain neighbours, and consequently its inhabitants had not time
+or inclination to erect buildings, when their lives and property were
+daily in danger. Their successors, the early Saxons, too, I think,
+cannot claim any pretensions to St. Martin, they being heathens, and
+unacquainted with the Christian religion. Nor could they, entirely
+ignorant of Roman materials, have built an edifice completely composed
+with them.
+
+Here then was a Christian church and a Christian congregation
+established in Britain full 415 years before Augustin's arrival; but as
+St. Martin, bishop of Tours, died in the year 395, this church could not
+have been erected in his honour; but it might afterwards have been
+dedicated to him by Luidhard, chaplain to Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, the
+Kentish king; and this is the more likely, as Luidhard himself was a
+French bishop.
+
+In conclusion, it may not be unnecessary to state, that though the
+papists consider Augustin as the apostle of the English, they do not
+acknowledge him as their first instructor in Christianity; for, as it
+appears in their service for May 26, Lucius, a British king, wrote to
+St. Eleutherius, (who was elected priest A.D. 177,) desiring that he
+might be numbered among the Christians. By whom or by what means this
+conversion was effected does not appear; but, however, in reply to it,
+Eleutherius sent the monks Damian and Fryatius into Britain, from whom
+the king and many of his subjects received the gospel.
+
+SAGITTARIUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PICTURE OF LIBERTY.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  O, Liberty! thou goddess, heav'nly bright!
+  Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight,
+  External pleasures in thy presence reign.
+
+  ADDISON.
+
+
+Aristo tells a pretty story of a fairy, who, by some mysterious law of
+her nature, was condemned to appear, at certain seasons, in the form of
+a foul and poisonous snake. Those who injured her during the period of
+her disguise were for ever excluded from participation in the blessings
+which she bestowed. But to those who, in spite of her loathsome aspect,
+pitied and protected her, she afterwards revealed herself in the
+beautiful and celestial form which was natural to her, accompanied their
+steps, granted all their wishes, filled their houses with wealth, made
+them happy in love and victorious in war. Such a spirit is Liberty. At
+times she takes the form of a hateful reptile; she grovels, she hisses,
+she stings; but woe to those who in disgust shall venture to crush her!
+And happy are those who, having dared to receive her in her degraded and
+frightful shape, shall at length be rewarded by her in the time of her
+beauty and glory!--_See Edin. Rev. vol._ xlii. _p._ 332.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FIRST AND LAST.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+
+  One single truth before he died
+  Poor Dick could only boast;
+  "Alas, I die!" he faintly cried,
+  And then--gave up the ghost!
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRENCH GAMING HOUSES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Dicing-houses, where cheaters meet, and cozen young men out of
+  their money.
+
+  _Lord Herbert._
+
+
+  Begin with a guinea, and end with a mortgage.
+
+  _Cumberland._
+
+
+      What more than madness reigns,
+  When one short sitting many hundreds drains,
+  When not enough is left him to supply
+  Board wages, or a footman's livery.
+
+  _Dryden's Juvenal._
+
+
+  Gaming finds a man a cully, and leaves him a knave.
+
+  _Tom Brown._
+
+
+The last "nine days' wonder" is the excess to which gaming is carried
+among the higher circles of this country; but I much doubt whether the
+present expositions of such enormity in a neighbouring nation will work
+the desired effect on Englishmen.
+
+Popular prejudices are obstinate points to combat; but every one who has
+had opportunities for observation, must allow, that in their _taste
+for gaming_, the French and English character are widely different.
+In France, every one plays at cards, or dominoes, and at _all hours in
+the day_, in every cafè, wine-shop, and road-side inn throughout the
+country. I remember to have frequently seen, in the wine-shops at Paris,
+carters in blue smock-frocks playing at ecartè and dominoes over a
+bottle of _vin ordinaire_ at eleven o'clock in the morning,
+particularly in the neighbourhood of the markets. In England such
+amusements would be illegal, and the victualler who allowed them in his
+house would probably be deprived of his license.
+
+In France every man plays at billiards--nay, every village has its
+billiard tables, one of which is almost as frequent an article of
+furniture in private houses, as piano-fortes are in England; and the
+sign of two maces crossed, and the inscriptions "Cafè et Billards" are
+as common over the wine-houses in the provinces, as chequers formerly
+were in our own country towns. I remember meeting with a curious
+adventure during my last residence in Paris. One morning, while
+leisurely walking in _Rue Montmartre_, I was accosted in French, by a
+respectably dressed man, apparently about fifty, who inquired of me the
+situation of ---- street, (for at this moment I do not recollect the
+name). I replied that, being a foreigner, I could not afford him the
+required information, at the same time referring him to the next shop.
+He did not follow my suggestion, but almost at the very instant my eye
+caught the name of the street for which he had just inquired. The
+stranger then told me that being on a visit to the capital, he was
+anxious to see the interior of the palace of the Tuilleries, and was
+proceeding to a friend resident in the above street, who had promised to
+procure him admission to the royal residence, notwithstanding the king
+was then in Paris. I congratulated him on his success, having been, a
+few days previous, disappointed in the same object, when he offered also
+to procure admission for myself and one or two of my friends. We
+accordingly entered a second rate _cafè_, when, I made up to the
+_garçon_ and demanded of him whether orders for viewing the Tuilleries
+were to be obtained there: he made no reply, but my friend of the
+street, who had by this time partly ascended a staircase at the
+extremity of the room, beckoned, and anxiously besought me to accompany
+him. I did so, notwithstanding I was aware that Paris, as well as
+London, had its "frauds." We entered a large room, the first impression
+of which, on some minds, would have been that of terror. In the centre
+stood a handsome billiard-table, over which were two dirty lamps with
+reflectors; the walls were papered in tawdry French taste, the ceiling
+black with smoke, and the whole room but indifferently lighted with a
+disproportionate and dusty window: the door, too, seemed planned for
+security, having a large lock and two bolts inside, but exhibited marks
+of recent repair from violent fracture. In short, there was a lurking
+suspicion about the place, which was not lessened by my companion
+meeting with a partner. From their conversation I learned they were both
+_foreigners_, and were waiting for a friend to bring the orders to view
+the palace, so that all the story was as yet in keeping, and I was
+introduced as a suitor for the same favour. My fellows "in waiting"
+showed much impatience, complained of cold, and politely asked me to
+take a glass of liqueur with them, at the same time taking up the mace
+and beginning to amuse themselves at the billiard-table. I looked on;
+they asked me to join them; I declined, and professed ignorance of the
+game; but their importunities became more pressing, and at last
+troublesome. Not a word further was said of the palace admission.
+I now judged it time to take my leave, and advancing towards the door
+for that purpose, I perceived my companions moved also: I profited by
+the hint, and seizing the handle of the door, thanked them for their
+civility, assured them I could wait no longer, but would call in
+half-an-hour--leaped down the stairs, and did not stop till I reached
+_Rue Montmartre_. I afterwards learned this was a common _street trick_
+in Paris to decoy strangers to the billiard-table, and had I taken the
+mace in hand, it would most probably have been at the expense of a good
+dinner for my companions, as a smart for my credulity.
+
+A few evenings subsequent to this common-place incident, I strolled into
+a house of play in the palais royal, the situation having been
+previously pointed out to me by a friend.[1] The entrance was through a
+narrow passage by a silversmith's shop, on the ground floor, at the end
+of which a strong light shone through the figures denoting the number of
+the house, largely cut in tin; alas! thought I, a fatal number to many
+thousands. On the principal landing, being that above the _entre-sol_
+story, I gently tapped at a handsome door, which was almost as gently
+opened. My friend (for I was not alone,) having deposited his hat and
+stick with the garçon, was allowed to pass, but I was stopped for want
+of--_whiskers_; till assuring him that I was older than he took me to
+be, and an Englishman--I was also permitted to pass. We first entered a
+small room, in which was a roulette-table surrounded by players, and
+well staked: this communicated by folding-doors with a spacious saloon
+with a double table for _Trente-et-un_, or _Rouge et Noir_, round which
+were seated the players, behind whom stood a few lookers-on, and still
+fewer young men, whose stakes were "few and far between,"--probably
+those of cautious adventurers, or novices pecking at the first-fruits of
+play. Nothing is better described in books than the folly of _gaming_,
+and the sufferings of its victims; but, like Virgil, in his picture of
+Heaven, they fall short in describing their extasies; a failing on the
+right side, or perhaps purposely made, for the happiness of mankind. The
+seated visitors here seemed to be quite at home, some picking up their
+Napoleons and five franc pieces, and others recording the issues of the
+game, and illustrating the doctrine of chances by pricking holes in
+cards. A death-like stillness prevailed, interrupted only by the
+monotonous result of the deal of the cards, and the bewitching, though
+not frequent chink of gold and silver. The success of the winners was as
+silent as the disappointment of the losers; neither joy nor grief
+displaying itself otherwise than in an almost unvaried _tristesse_ on
+the countenances of the seated players--in some measure produced by ill
+health and intense anxiety so as to conceal better feelings. I took my
+station at one end of the table beside a middle-aged Frenchman, and by
+way of _forfeit-money_ (for _mere_ lookers on are not very acceptable
+company) threw a few five-franc pieces, one by one, on the same colour
+with his stakes, each of which varied from one to ten Napoleons. After
+twelve chances I had lost about thirty francs, but the Frenchman
+continued playing, and within twenty minutes rose a winner of three
+hundred Napoleons, which the banker changing for paper, he coolly put
+into his waistcoat pocket, and walked off. A slight emotion was visible
+around the table, but there was no other expression. I had now time to
+look around me, and enjoy a little reflection for my foolish risk. It
+would be difficult to say whether more anxiety was displayed among the
+sitters, or the company at their backs. The attractive _foci_ of all
+eyes were the everlasting varieties of red and black, though not
+accompanied by the usual grotesque mob of kings, queens, and _knaves_,
+the latter being probably excluded by the jealousy of their living
+fraternity around the table. A strong and steady light spread over the
+faces of all present, and in some few showed the quiverings and workings
+of the most intense passion; but the same stare or tip-toe of hope and
+fear pervaded the whole assemblage. Some counted their money with
+apparent caution, and seemed to divide their winnings from their store
+with affected precision, probably with an idea of the winnings being
+unfit company for other coin; whilst others listlessly played with their
+cash, or in a vulgar phrase, handled it like dirt, the distinguishing
+feature of the cold and calculating gamester, to whom money is an object
+of secondary concern compared with that of play. In the standing groupe
+I remember to have noticed (from his personal resemblance to a friend) a
+young Englishman, whom I afterwards learned had been a constant visiter
+to that table during the previous three months, and had then won about
+two hundred Napoleons. He had just married an interesting woman, about
+his own age, twenty-two, and had professedly taken up his degree in the
+practice of play, as an elegant and honourable mode of subsistence. A
+few weeks after I met him and his wife, on the Italian Boulevards; in
+dress he was woefully changed, and in his countenance a ghastly stare,
+sunken eye, and emaciated cheeks, bespoke some strong reverse of
+fortune: his wife too seemed dimmed by sorrow, and suffering might be
+traced in every lineament of her features, notwithstanding the artifice
+of dress was tastefully displayed about her person. Alas! thought I, how
+often is the charm of wedded life snapped asunder by man--the proud lord
+of the creation, and how often by his strong hold on her affections,
+does he sink lovely woman still fondly clinging to his disgrace, in the
+abyss of crime and guilt.
+
+But as such incidents must be common to many of your readers who have
+visited the French metropolis, I shall desist from further recital. The
+following outline of those receptacles of vice, _French Gaming
+Houses_, from facts which I collected on the spot, aided by
+authenticated resources, may not prove uninteresting.
+
+Gaming-houses in Paris were first licensed in 1775, by the lieutenant of
+police, who, to diminish the odium of such establishments, decreed that
+the profit resulting from them should be applied to the foundation of
+hospitals. The gamesters might therefore be said to resemble watermen,
+looking one way and rowing another. Their number soon amounted to
+twelve, and women were permitted to resort to them two days in the week.
+Besides the licensed establishments, several illegal ones were
+tolerated. In 1778, gaming was prohibited in France; but not at the
+court or in the hotels of ambassadors, where police-officers could not
+enter. By degrees the public establishments resumed their wonted
+activity, and extended their pernicious effects. The numerous suicides
+and bankruptcies which they occasioned, attracted the attention of the
+_Parlement_, who drew up regulations for their observance; and
+threatened those who should violate them with the pillory and whipping.
+At length, the passion for gambling prevailing in the societies
+established in the Palais Royal, under the title of _clubs_ or _salons_,
+a police ordinance was issued in 1785, prohibiting them from gaming, and
+in the following year, additional prohibitory measures were enforced.
+During the revolution the gaming-houses were frequently prevented and
+licenses withheld; but notwithstanding the rigour of the laws, and the
+vigilance of the police, they still contrived to exist; and they are now
+regularly licensed by the police, and are under its immediate
+inspection. The following items of twenty tables distributed about Paris
+(the established stake varying from a Napoleon to a sous) are from the
+most authentic documents:--
+
+
+  Current expenses                            1,551,480 Francs.
+  _Bail_ to Government                   6,000,000 Francs.
+  Bonus for the bail                            166,666 Francs.
+  Making together 7,716,146 Francs, or about   £321,589 English.
+  Gain of the tables, per annum               9,600,000 Francs.
+  Expenses as above                           7,718,146 Francs.
+  Leaving a clear profit of                   1,881,854 Francs,
+
+
+or about £78,244 English! And yet, in spite of this unanswerable logic
+of _figures and facts_, there are every day fresh victims who are
+infatuated enough to believe that it is possible to counterbalance the
+advantages which the bank possesses, by a judicious management of the
+power the player has of altering his stake! The revenue formerly paid to
+the government for licenses, has recently been transferred to the city
+of Paris.
+
+In England, the outcry against gaming is loud, and deservedly so; and
+the extent to which it is stated to be curried in the higher circles is
+rather underrated than exaggerated; but the severity of our laws on this
+crime, and recent visitations of its rigour, confine it to the saloons
+of wealthy vice. With us it is not a national vice, as in France, where
+every license, facility, and even encouragement presents itself.
+Lotteries, which have been abolished in England, as immoral nuisances,
+are tolerated in France, with more mischievous effect, since, the risk
+is considerably less than our least shares formerly were, the lotteries
+smaller, and those drawn three times every month. The relics of
+_our_ gaming system are only to be found on race-courses; but in
+France, half the toys sold at a fair or _fête_, where mothers win
+rattles for their children, are by _lottery_, whilst our gaming at
+fairs is restricted to a few low adventurers for snuff-boxes, &c.
+Despair is the gloomiest feature of the French character, and of which
+gaming produces a frightful proportion, notwithstanding all that our
+neighbours say about _our hanging and drowning in November:_
+witness their suicides:--
+
+  In 1819: Suicides, 376; of which, 126 women.
+     1820:  do.      325;  do.      114  do.
+     1821:  do.      348;  do.      112  do.
+
+
+Of the suicides of these three years 25, 50, and 36, were attributed to
+love, and 52, 42, 43, to despair arising from _gaming, the
+lottery_, &c. In the winter of 1826, several exaggerated losses by
+gaming were circulated in Paris with great _finesse_, to enable
+bankrupts to account for their deficiencies, many of whom were exposed
+and deservedly punished.
+
+A few words on the _prevention_ of gaming, the consideration of
+which gave rise to this hasty sketch; I mean by dramatic exhibitions of
+its direful effects. On our stage we have a pathetic tragedy by E.
+Moore, which, though seldom acted, is a fine domestic moral to old and
+young; but the author
+
+  "Was his own Beverley, a dupe to play."
+
+
+It is scarcely necessary to allude to the recent transfers of a
+celebrated French _exposé_ of French gambling to our English stage,
+otherwise than to question their moral tendency. The pathos of our
+_Gamester_ may reach the heart; but the French pieces command no
+such appeal to our sympathies. On the contrary, the vice is emblazoned
+in such romantic and fitful fancies, that their effect is questionable,
+especially on the majority of those who flock to such exhibitions. The
+_extasies_ of the gamester are too seductive to be heightened by
+dramatic effect; neither are they counterbalanced by their consesequent
+misery, when the aim of these representations should be to outweigh
+them; for the authenticated publication of a single prize in the lottery
+has been known to seduce more adventurers than a thousand losses have
+deterred from risk. But they keep up the dancing spirits of the
+multitude, and it will be well if their influence extends no further.
+
+PHILO.
+
+
+    [1] As the Palais Royal may be considered the central point of the
+        _maisons de jeu_, or gambling-houses, it will not be irrelevant
+        to give a brief sketch of them:--
+
+        The apartments which they occupy are on the first floor, and are
+        very spacious. Upon ascending the staircase is an antechamber, in
+        which are persons called _bouledogues_ (bull-dogs), whose
+        office it is to prevent the entrance of certain marked individuals.
+        In the same room are men to receive hats, umbrellas, &c., who give
+        a number, which is restored upon going out.
+
+        The antechamber leads to the several gaming rooms, furnished with
+        tables, round which are seated the individuals playing, called
+        _pontes_ (punters), each of whom is furnished with a card and a pin
+        to mark the _rouge_ and _noir_, or the number, in order to regulate
+        his game. At each end of the table is a man called _bout de table_,
+        who pushes up to the bank the money lost. In the middle of the
+        table is the man who draws the cards. These persons, under the
+        reign of Louis XIV., were called _coupeurs de bourses_
+        (purse-cutters); they are now denominated _tailleurs_.
+        After having drawn the cards, they mate known the result as
+        follows:--_Rouge gagne et couleur perd.--Rouge perd et couleur
+        gagne_.
+
+        At _roulette_, the _tailleurs_ are those who put the ball in
+        motion and announce the result.
+
+        At _passe-dix_, every time the dice are thrown, the _tailleurs_
+        announce how many the person playing has gained.
+
+        Opposite the _tailleur_, and on his right and left, are persons
+        called _croupiers_, whose business it is to pay and to collect
+        money.
+
+        Behind the _tailleurs_ and _croupiers_ are inspectors, to see
+        that too much is not given in payment, besides an indefinite
+        number of secret inspectors, who are only known to the proprietors.
+        There are also _maîtres de maison_, who are called to decide
+        disputes; and _messieurs de la chambre_, who furnish cards to
+        the _pontes_, and serve them with beer, &c., which is to be
+        had _gratis_. Moreover, there is a _grand maître_, to whom the
+        apartments, tables, &c., belong.
+
+        When a stranger enters these apartments, he will soon find near
+        him some obliging men of mature age, who, with an air of prudence
+        and sagacity, proffer their advice. As these advisers perfectly
+        understand _their own_ game, if their _protégés_ lose, the mentors
+        vanish; but it they win, the counsellor comes nearer, congratulates
+        the happy player, insinuates that it was by following his advice
+        that fortune smiled on him, and finally succeeds in borrowing a
+        small sum of money on honour. Many of these loungers have no
+        other mode of living.
+
+        There is likewise another room, furnished with sofas, called
+        _chamber des blessés_, which is far from being the most
+        thinly peopled.
+
+        The bank pays in ready money every successful stake and sweeps
+        off the losings with wooden instruments, called _rateaux_
+        (rakes).
+
+        It was in one of the houses in this quarter that the late Marshal
+        Blucher won and lost very heavy sums, during the occupation of
+        Paris by the allied armies.
+
+        There are two gaming-houses in Paris of a more splendid description
+        than those of the Palais Royal, where dinners or suppers are given,
+        and where ladies are admitted.--_Galignani's History of Paris_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A RETROSPECT.
+
+
+  Oh, when I was a tiny boy,
+  My days and nights were full of joy;
+    My mates were blithe and kind!--
+  No wonder that I sometimes sigh,
+  And dash the tear-drop from my eye.
+    To cast a look behind!
+
+  A hoop was an eternal round
+  Of pleasure. In those days I found
+    A top a joyous thing;--
+  But now those past delights I drop;
+  My head alas! is all my top,
+    And careful thoughts the string!
+
+  My marbles--once my bag was stor'd,--
+  Now I must play with Elgin's lord,--
+    With Theseus for a taw!
+  My playful horse has slipt his string.
+  Forgotten all his capering,
+    And harness'd to the law!
+
+  My kite--how fast and fair it flew.
+  Whilst I, a sort of Franklin, drew
+    My pleasure from the sky!
+  'Twas paper'd o'er with studious themes,--
+  The tasks I wrote--my present dreams
+    Will never soar so high!
+
+  My joys are wingless all, and dead;
+  My dumps are made of more than lead;
+    My flights soon find a fall;
+  My fears prevail, my fancies droop,
+  Joy never cometh with a hoop,
+    And seldom with a call!
+
+  My football's laid upon the shelf;
+  I am a shuttlecock, myself
+    The world knocks to and fro;--
+  My archery is all unlearn'd,
+  And grief against myself has turn'd
+    My sorrow and my bow!
+
+  No more in noontide sun I bask;
+  My authorship's an endless task,
+    My head's ne'er out of school;
+  My heart is pain'd with scorn and slight;
+  I have too many foes to fight,
+    And friends grown strangely cool!
+
+  The very chum that shar'd my cake
+  Holds out so cold a hand to shake,
+    It makes me shrink and sigh:--
+  On this I will not dwell and hang,
+  The changeling would not feel a pang
+    Though these should meet his eye!
+
+  No skies so blue or so serene
+  As these;--no leaves look half so green
+    As cloth'd the play-ground tree!
+  All things I lov'd are altered so,
+  Nor does it ease my heart to know
+    That change resides in me.
+
+  O, for the garb that mark'd the boy!
+  The trousers made of corduroy.
+    Well ink'd with black and red;
+  The crownless hat, ne'er deem'd an ill--
+  It only let the sunshine still
+    Repose upon my head!
+
+  O, for that small, small beer anew!
+  And (heaven's own type) that mild sky-blue
+    That wash'd my sweet meals down!
+  The master even!--and that small turk
+  That fagg'd me!--worse is now my work,--
+    A fag; for all the town!
+
+  The "Arabian Nights'" rehears'd in bed!
+  The "Fairy Tales" in school-time read
+    By stealth, 'twixt verb and noun!
+  The angel form that always walk'd
+  In all my dreams, and look'd, and talk'd.
+    Exactly like Miss Brown!
+
+  The _omne bene_--Christmas come!
+  The prize of merit, won for home'--
+    Merit had prizes then!
+  But now I write for days and days
+  For fame--a deal of empty praise,
+    Without the silver pen.
+
+  Then home, sweet home! the crowded coach--
+  The joyous shout--the loud approach--
+    The winding horn like ram's!
+  The meeting sweet that made me thrill,
+  The sweetmeats almost sweeter still,
+    No "_satis_" to the "_jams!_"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH DRESS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Mr. Editor.--In No. 200 of the MIRROR, you will find an article,
+entitled _Female Fashions during the early part of the Last
+Century_. The author then promised to give a description of the dress
+of the English gentlemen of the same period, but as no such description
+has _yet_ appeared in your pages, I trust you will insert the
+annexed at your first convenient opportunity.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+
+_Dress of the English Gentlemen during the Early part of the Last
+Century._
+
+In the reign of King William III., the English gentlemen affected to
+dress like their dependents. Their hats were laced, and their coats and
+waistcoats were embroidered with gold and silver fringe; indeed it
+really became extremely difficult to distinguish a man of quality from
+one of his lackeys. They did not, however, long persevere in this
+ridiculous imitation, for they soon afterwards, like the ladies,
+servilely followed the French fashions. The great partiality of the
+English _beau monde_ towards the _bon ton_ of France, was a
+wonderful advantage to that country--an advantage which the English
+government in vain endeavoured to abolish, although a heavy duty was
+imposed on all French ribbon and lace imported into this kingdom. Many
+millions were annually expended in French cambric, muslin, ribbon, and
+lace, which useless expenditure very sensibly injured our commercial
+transactions with other nations.
+
+Perukes and long wigs were worn at the revolution; but these being
+greatly inconvenient in all weathers, some people _tied up_ their
+wigs, which was the first occasion of short wigs coming into fashion.
+Some few years afterwards, bob-wigs were adopted by the gentlemen,
+especially by those of the army and the navy.
+
+The English costume was remarkably neat and plain anterior to the year
+1748; at which period, however, all gentlemen rather resembled military
+officers than private individuals, for their coats were not only richly
+embroidered with gold and silver, but they even assumed the cockade in
+their hats, and carried _long_ rapiers at their sides. At length this
+imposing attire was adopted by the merchants and tradesmen of the
+metropolis, and soon afterwards by the most notorious rogues and
+pickpockets in town, so that when any person with a laced coat, a
+cockade, and a sword, walked along the streets of London, it was
+absolutely impossible to determine whether he affected to be thought a
+nobleman, a military officer, a tradesman, or a pickpocket, for he bore
+an equal resemblance to each of these characters.
+
+In the year 1749, hair-powder was used by the _finished_ gentlemen,
+though the use of it, a year or two previous, was prohibited in every
+class of society. Of the costume of this period (_i.e._ about
+1749), the immortal Hogarth, in his works, has left us numerous
+specimens, which need no comment here: his productions, indeed, are so
+equal in merit, that it is impossible to decide which is his _ne plus
+ultra_.
+
+In conclusion, I would advise the reader to refer to a few of Hogarth's
+prints, for they will admirably serve to illustrate the above
+observations on the fashions and habits of our forefathers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Astronomical Occurrences_
+
+_FOR NOVEMBER, 1827._
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Should the afternoon of Saturday, the 3rd of the month, prove
+favourable, we shall be afforded an opportunity of witnessing another of
+those interesting phenomena--eclipses, at least the latter part of one,
+a portion of it only being visible to the inhabitants of this island;
+the defect above alluded to is a lunar one. The passage of the moon
+through the earth's shadow commences at 3 h. 29 m. 34 s. afternoon; she
+rises at Greenwich at 4 h. 45 m. 34 s. with the northern part of her disk
+darkened to the extent of nearly 10 digits. The greatest obscuration
+will take place at 5 h. 7 m. 42 s. when 10-1/2 digits will be eclipsed; she
+then recedes from the earth's shadow, when the sun's light will first be
+perceived extending itself on her lower limb towards the east; it will
+gradually increase till she entirely emerges from her veil of darkness,
+the extreme verge of which leaves her at her upper limb 32 deg. from her
+vertex, or highest point of her disc.
+
+We have the following in "Moore," some years ago, on the nature and
+causes of eclipses of the sun and moon:--
+
+  "Far different sun's and moon's eclipses are,
+  The moon's are often, but the sun's more rare
+  The moon's do much deface her beauty bright;
+  Sol's do not his, but hide from us his sight:
+  It is the earth the moon's defect procures,
+  'Tis the moon's shadow that the sun obscures.
+  Eastward, moon's front beginneth first to lack,
+  Westward, sun's brows begin their mourning black:
+  Moon's eclipses come when she most glorious shines,
+  Sun's in moon's wane, when beauty most declines;
+  Moon's general, towards heaven and earth together,
+  Sun's but to earth, nor to all places neither."
+
+
+The Sun enters _Sagittarius_ on the 23rd, at 1 h. 2 m. morning.
+
+Mercury will be visible on the 10th, in 10 deg. of _Sagittarius_, a
+little after sunset, being then at his greatest eastern elongation; he
+is stationary on the 20th, and passes his inferior conjunction on the
+30th, at 1-3/4 h. afternoon.
+
+Venus is in conjunction with the above planet on the 24th, at 9 h.
+evening; she sets on the 1st at 5 h. 7 m., and on the 30th at 4 h. 47 m.
+evening.
+
+Jupiter may be seen before sunrise making his appearance above the
+horizon about 5 h.; he is not yet distant enough from the sun to render
+the eclipses of his satellites visible to us.
+
+A small comet has just been discovered, situated in one of the feet of
+_Cassiopea_. It is invisible to the naked eye, and appears
+approaching the pole with great rapidity.
+
+PASCHE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF THE ROMANS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY.
+
+
+A recent discovery has added to our information the most extensive
+series of statistical data, which make known from an official act, and
+by numerical figures, the state of the Roman empire 1500 years ago; the
+price of agricultural and ordinary labour; the relative value of money;
+the abundance or scarcity of certain natural productions; the use, more
+or less common, of particular sorts of food; the multiplication of
+cattle and of flocks; the progress of horticulture; the abundance of
+vineyards of various qualities; the common use of singular meats, and
+dishes, which we think betrays a corruption of taste; in short the
+relation of the value existing between the productions of agriculture
+and those of industry, from whence we obtain a proof of the degree of
+prosperity which both had reached at this remote period.
+
+This precious archaeological monument is an edict of Diocletian,
+published in the year 303 of our era, and fixing the price of labour and
+of food in the Roman empire. The first part of this edict was found by
+Mr. William Hanks, written upon a table of stone, which he discovered at
+Stratonice, now called Eskihissar in Asia Minor. The second part, which
+was in the possession of a traveller lately returned from the Levant,
+has been, brought from Rome to London by M. de Vescovali, and Colonel
+Leake intends to publish a literal translation of it. This agreement of
+so many persons of respectable character, and known talents, excludes
+all doubts respecting the authenticity of the monument.
+
+The imperial edict of Diocletian is composed of more than twenty-four
+articles. It is quite distinct from that delivered the preceding year
+for taxing the price of corn in the eastern provinces, and it contained
+no law upon the value of corn. It fixed for all the articles which it
+enumerated a maximum, which was the price in times of scarcity. For all
+the established prices it makes use of the _Roman Denarii_; and it
+applies them to the _sextarius_ for liquids, and to the _Roman
+pound_ for the things sold by weight.
+
+Before the Augustan age, the _denarius_ was equal to eighteen sous
+of our money; but it diminished gradually in value, and under Diocletian
+its value was not above nine sous of French money, and 45 centimes. The
+Roman pound was equivalent to 12 ounces, and the _sextarius_ which
+was the sixth part of a conge, came near to the old Paris chopin, or
+half a litre.
+
+Proceeding on these data, M. Moreau de Jonnes has formed a table,
+showing, 1. the maximum in Roman measures, the same as the established
+imperial edict; and 2. the mean price of objects _formed from_ half
+the maximum, and reduced into French measures.
+
+The following is the table drawn up by M. Moreau de Jonnes. The
+slightest inspection of it will enable us to appreciate the importance
+of this archaeological discovery, for no monument of antiquity has
+furnished so long a series of numerical terms, of statistical data, and
+positive testimony of the civil life and domestic economy of the Greeks
+and Romans:--
+
+
+I.--PRICE OF LABOUR.
+
+                                            Maximum       Mean Price
+                                            in Roman      in English
+                                            Money.        Money.
+
+                                                            £. s. d.
+  To a day labourer                             25 Den.     0  4  8
+  Do. for interior works                        50          0  9  4
+  To a mason                                    50          0  9  4
+  To a maker of mortar                          50          0  9  4
+  To a marble-cutler, or maker of mosaic work   60          0 11  4
+  To a tailor for making clothes                50          0  9  4
+  Do. for sewing only                            6          0  1  1-1/2
+  For making shoes for the patricians          150          1  8  1
+  Do. shoes for workmen                        120          1  2  8
+  for the military                             100          0 18  8
+  for the senators                             100          0 18  8
+  for the women                                 60          0 11  4
+  Military sandals                              75          0 14  0-1/2
+  To a barber for each man                       2          0  0  4-1/2
+  To a veterinary surgeon for shearing the
+    animals and trimming their feet              6          0  1  1-1/2
+  Do. for currycombing and  cleaning them       20          0  9  9
+  For one month's lessons in architecture      100          0 18  8
+  To an advocate for a petition
+    to the tribunal                            250          2  6  9
+  For the hearing a cause                     1000          9  7  6
+
+
+II.--PRICE OF WINES.
+
+                                            Maximum        Mean Price of
+                                            of the         the English
+                                            Sextarius.     Pint, Wine
+                                                            Measure.
+
+                                                            £. s. d.
+  Picene, Tiburtine, Sabine, Aminean,
+    Surentine, Setinian, and Falernian wines    30 Den.     0  5  4
+  Old wines of the first quality                24          0  4  2-3/4
+  Do. of second quality                         16          0  2 10
+  Country wine                                   8          0  1  5
+  Beer                                           4          0  0  4-3/4
+  Beer of Egypt                                  2          0  0  2
+  Spiced wine of Asia                           30          0  5  4
+  Barley wine of Attica                         24          0  4  2-3/4
+  Decoction of different raising                16          0  2 10
+
+
+III.--PRICE OF MEAT.
+
+                                            Maximum         Mean Price of
+                                            of the Roman    the French
+                                            pound.          pound.
+
+                                                            £. s. d.
+  Flesh of oxen                                  8 Den.     0  2  0
+  Do. of mutton, or of goat                      8          0  2  0
+  Do. of lamb, or of kid                        12          0  3  0
+  Do. of pork                                   12          0  3  0
+  The best lard                                 16          0  4  0
+  The best ham from Westphalia, from Cerdagne,
+    or from the country of the Marses           20          0  5  0
+  Fat fresh pork                                12          0  3  0
+  Belly and tripe                               16          0  4  0
+  Pig's liver, enlarged by being
+    fattened upon figs                          16          0  4  0
+  Pig's feet, each                               4          0  0  9
+  Fresh pork sausages, weighing one ounce        2          0  0  4-1/2
+  Do. of fresh beef                             16          0  2  9-1/2
+  Pork sausages and seasoned                    16          0  4  0
+  Do. of smoked beef                            10          0  2  9-1/2
+
+
+IV.--POULTRY AND GAME.
+
+                                            Maximum       Mean Price of
+                                            of each       each in English
+                                            in Roman      Money.
+                                              Money.
+                                                            £. s. d.
+  One fat male peacock                         250 Den.     2  6  9
+  One fat female peacock                       200          1 17  9
+  One male wild peacock                        125          1  3  4-1/2
+  One female wild peacock                      100          0 18  8
+  One fat goose                                200          2  6  9
+  Do. not fat                                  100          0 18  8
+  One hen                                       60          0 11  4
+  One duck                                      40          0  7  4
+  One partridge                                 30          0  5  8
+  One hare                                     150          1  8  1
+  One rabbit                                    40          0  7  4
+
+
+V.--FISH.
+
+                                            Maximum       Mean Price of
+                                            of each       each in English
+                                            in Roman      Money.
+                                            Money.
+                                                            £. s. d.
+  Sea fish, first quality                       24 Den.     0  4  6
+  Do. second quality                            16          0  3  0
+  River fish, first quality                     12          0  2  3
+  Do. second quality                             8          0  1  6
+  Salt fish                                      6          0  1  1-1/2
+  Oysters, per hundred                         100          0 18  8
+
+
+VI.--CULINARY VEGETABLES.
+
+
+  Lettuces, the best, five together              4          0  0  9
+  Do. second quality, ten together               4          0  0  9
+  Common cabbages, the best, single              4          0  0  9
+  Cauliflower, the best, five together           4          0  0  9
+  Do. second quality, ten together               4          0  0  9
+  Beet root, the best, five together             4          0  0  9
+  Do. second quality, ten together               4          0  0  9
+  Radishes, the largest                          4          0  0  9
+
+
+VII.--OTHER PROVISIONS.
+
+                                          Maximum         Mean Price of
+                                          of the          each in English
+                                          Sextarius in    Money.
+                                          Roman Money.
+
+                                                            £. s. d.
+  Honey, the best                               40 Den.     0 15  0
+  Do. second quality                            20          0  7  6
+  Oil, the best quality                         40          0 15  0
+  Do. the second quality                        24          0  9  1
+  Vinegar                                        6          0  3  3
+  A stimulant to excite the appetite, made
+    of the essence of fish                       6          0  2  3
+  Dried cheese, the Roman pound                 12          0  3  4 Fr. lb.
+
+
+We are much surprised at the very high prices in this table. Labour and
+provisions cost ten and twenty times as much as with us. But when we
+come to compare the price of provisions with the price of labour the
+dearness of all the necessaries of life appears still more excessive.
+M. Moreau de Jonnes makes this comparison. He brings together from the
+edicts of Diocletian a great many facts given by historians, and he
+shows, that, if the abundance of the precious metals has any influence
+on raising the prices, the want of labour, industry, and of produce,
+must cause it also.
+
+These considerations point out in the strongest manner the poverty of
+this royal people, of whom two-thirds, if not three-fourths, were
+reduced to live on fish and cheese, and drink piquette, when the expense
+of the table of Vitellius amounted, in a single year, to 175 millions of
+Francs.--_Brewster's Journal of Science._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+"I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TWELVE GOLDEN RULES OF CHARLES I.
+
+
+1. Profane no divine ordinances. 2. Touch no state matters. 3. Urge no
+healths. 4. Pick no quarrels. 5. Maintain no ill opinions. 6. Encourage
+no vice. 7. Repeat no grievances. 8. Reveal no secrets. 9. Make no
+comparisons. 10. Keep no bad company. 11. Make no long meals. 12. Lay no
+wagers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPIGRAMS,
+
+_Written on the Union_, 1801, _by a celebrated Barrister of Dublin._
+
+_Adapted to the Commercial Failures_, 1800.
+
+
+  Why should we exclaim, that the times are so bad,
+    Pursuing a querulous strain?
+  When Erin gives up all the rights that she had,
+    What _right has she left to com_plain?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  The Cit complains to all he meets,
+  That grass will grow in Dublin streets,
+    And swears that all is over!
+  Short-sighted mortals, can't you see,
+  Your mourning will be chang'd to glee--
+    For then you'll live in _clover_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Necessitas non habet legem._
+
+ON SIR JOHN ANSTRUTHER.
+
+_By the Honourable Thomas Erskine._
+
+  Necessity and Law are alike each other:
+  Necessity has no Law--nor has Anstruther.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPITAPH ON A CONTROVERSIALIST.
+
+
+On the death of that turbulent and refractory enthusiast, John Lilburne,
+_alias Free-born John, alias Lilburne the Trouble-world_, there
+appeared the following epigrammatic epitaph:--
+
+  Is John departed, and is Lilburne gone?
+  Farewell to both, to Lilburne and to John!
+  Yet being gone, take this advice from me,
+  Let them not _both_ in one grave buried be.
+
+  Here lay ye John; lay Lilburne thereabout,
+  For if they both should meet, they would fall out.
+
+
+This alluded to a saying, that John Lilburne was so quarrelsome, that if
+he were the only man in the world, John would quarrel with Lilburne, and
+Lilburne with John. Lilburne, it will be remembered, was a sad thorn in
+Cromwell's sore side, for which the protector amply repaid him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOSPITAL OF SURGERY.
+
+
+A new surgical hospital is to be forthwith erected in the neighbourhood
+of Charing Cross, where the King, with his usual and characteristic
+munificence, has given a spot of ground on which it is to be erected. A
+benevolent individual has given, within these few days, 1,500 l.
+towards a fund for the building.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. Limbird, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newssmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 281, NOVEMBER 3, 1827***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 16098-8.txt or 16098-8.zip *******
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+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827, by Various</title>
+  <style type="text/css">
+  <!--
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+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+
+  .figure              {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: June 21, 2005  [eBook #16098]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 281, NOVEMBER 3, 1827***</p>
+<br /><br /><h4>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia,<br />
+                and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h4><br /><br />
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[pg 297]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. X, NO. 281.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1827.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+NO. XIV.
+</h3>
+
+<div class="figure" style="float:left;height:14em;">
+<a href="images/281-1.png"><img src="images/281-1.png" style="height:12em;"
+alt="[Illustration]" /></a>
+</div>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right;height:14em;">
+<a href="images/281-2.png"><img src="images/281-2.png" style="height:12em;"
+alt="[Illustration]" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>
+The first of the above engravings represents one of the <i>Body Guards
+of the Sheikh of Bornou</i>, copied from an engraving after a sketch
+made by Major Denham, in his recent "Travels in Africa." These negroes,
+as they are called, meaning the black chiefs and favourites, all raised
+to that rank by Some deed of bravery, are habited in coats of mail,
+composed of iron chain, which cover them from the throat to the knees,
+dividing behind, and coming on each side of the horse; some of them wear
+helmets or skull-caps of the same metal, with chin-pieces, all
+sufficiently strong to ward off the shock of a spear. Their horses'
+heads are also defended by plates of iron, brass, and silver, just
+leaving room for the eyes of the animal; and not unfrequently they are
+hung over with charms, enclosed in little red leather parcels, strung
+together, round the neck, in front of the head, and about the saddle.
+</p>
+<p>
+Their appearance is altogether of a warlike character, the horses being
+well caparisoned, and the riders well clothed for personal defence; and
+though their equestrian evolutions be somewhat wild, the lance or spear
+is doubtless a formidable weapon in their hands. The savage splendour of
+their dress, together with the pawing and snorting of their fiery
+steeds, render them appropriate auxiliaries to royalty, in countries
+where such attributes of power are requisite to impress the people with
+the importance of their rulers, and where the milder aids of
+civilization and refinement are wanting to protect the sovereign from
+violence.
+</p>
+<p>
+The second engraving, copied from the same authentic source as that
+preceding it, is a somewhat grotesque portraiture of one of the
+<i>Lancers of the Sultan of Begharmi</i>, described, in an historical
+and geographical account by a native prince, as an extensive country,
+containing woods and rivers, and fields fit for cultivation; but now
+desolated, as the inhabitants say, by the "misconduct of the king, who,
+having increased in levity and licentiousness to such a frightful
+degree, as even to marry his own daughter, God Almighty
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[pg 298]</span>
+
+caused Saboon, the prince of Wa-da-i, to march against him, and destroy
+him, laying waste, at the same time, all his country, and leaving the
+houses uninhabited, as a signal chastisement for his impiety."
+</p>
+<p>
+Major Denham having applied for the covering of the above warrior and
+his horse, in his journal thus describes their arrival:&mdash;"Aug. 11. Soon
+after daylight, Karouash, with Hadgi, Mustapha, the chief of the
+Shouaas, and the Sheikh's two nephews, Hassein and Kanemy, came to our
+huts. They were attended by more than a dozen slaves, bearing presents
+for us, for King George, and the consul at Tripoli. I had applied for a
+<i>lebida</i>, (horse-covering,) after seeing those taken from the
+Begharmis; the sheikh now sent a man, clothed in a yellow wadded jacket,
+with a scarlet cap, and mounted on the horse taken from the Begharmis,
+on which the sultan's eldest son rode. He was one of the finest horses I
+had seen, and covered with a scarlet cloth, also wadded. 'Every thing,'
+Hadgi Mustapha said, 'except the man, is to be taken to your great
+king.'"
+</p>
+<p>
+The Begharmis, it will be seen, were conquered by the people of Kanem;
+and Major Denham has translated, and given in the appendix to his
+<i>Travels</i>, a song of thanksgiving on the triumphant return of the
+governor, full of the characteristic beauty and simplicity of savage
+life. In these struggles it would appear the law of nations is severe on
+the weakest; for the son of the late sultan of the Begharmis is
+described as "now a slave of the sheikh of Bornou." So wags the world!
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	LIVING AT TOULOUSE.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Part of a house, sufficient for a small family, unfurnished, may be had
+for 14<i>l.</i> a year; and the most elegant in the city, in the best
+situation, for 60<i>l.</i>, including coach-house, stable, cellar, &amp;c. A horse
+may be kept well for 14<i>l.</i> a year. The wages of a coachman are 8<i>l.</i>, a
+housemaid 8<i>l.</i>, a noted cook 16<i>l.</i>, and a lady's-maid 10<i>l.</i> The price of a
+chicken is 7&frac12;<i>d.</i>; a partridge 1<i>s.</i>; a hare 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; a duck 1<i>s.</i>; a
+turkey 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; the best bread 1&frac12;<i>d.</i> per lb.; common ditto 1<i>d.</i>; a
+bottle of wine 3<i>d.</i>; brandy is sold by the lb. of 16 oz. and costs 6<i>d.</i>;
+grapes &frac12;<i>d.</i> per lb.; meat 3<i>d.</i>; butter 4<i>d.</i>; cheese 6d; 50 lb<i>s.</i> carrots
+10<i>d.</i>; other vegetables at the same rate. A dozen very fine peaches now
+cost a halfpenny; pears 3<i>d.</i> a dozen; labourers, who work from sunrise to
+sunset, are fed by the proprietor, and have 6<i>d.</i> per day, which, in this
+part of the country, will go further than three times the sum in
+England. The horses and oxen used about the farms are fed chiefly on
+straw, and do not consume more than 3<i>d.</i> a day. The labouring people make
+a very nourishing diet from maize flour, which is fried with grease; and
+this, with beans, forms the principal part of their food. They neither
+use nor wish for meat; but at this season they have figs and grapes
+almost for nothing&mdash;<i>Original Letter</i>.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	MOHAMMEDAN SUPERSTITION.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The eastern, and all Mohammedan people, considering Alexander the Great
+as the only monarch who conquered the globe from east to west, give him
+the title of "the two horned," in allusion to his said conquests. They
+likewise believe that Gog and Magog were two great nations, but that, in
+consequence of their wicked and mischievous disposition, Alexander
+gathered and immured them within two immensely high mountains, in the
+darkest and northernmost parts of Europe, by a most surprising and
+insuperable wall, made of iron and copper, of great thickness and
+height; and that to the present time they are confined there; that,
+notwithstanding they are a dwarfish race,&mdash;viz. from two to three feet
+in height only&mdash;they will one day come out and desolate the world. As
+Lord Mayor's Day is just approaching, perhaps some of the visiters of
+Gog and Magog on that occasion may decide this matter. It is almost akin
+to our nursery quibble of the giants hearing the clock strike, &amp;c. &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	PERSIAN BARBER.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The Khas-terash (literally, personal shaver) of the present sovereign
+has, in the abundance of his wealth, built a palace for himself close to
+the royal bath at Teheran. And he is <i>entitled</i> to riches, for he
+is a man of pre-eminent excellence in his art, and has had for a long
+period, under his especial care, the magnificent beard of his majesty,
+which is at this moment, and has been for years, the pride of
+Persia.&mdash;<i>Persian Sketches</i>.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	LIVING IN GENEVA.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The vicinity of Geneva appears peculiarly eligible for the permanent
+residence of an English family. There is perhaps no town on the
+continent where greater facilities are afforded for a man of literary
+and scientific pursuits to indulge his taste or to increase his
+knowledge. The city is close built, and consequently not an agreeable
+place to live in; but its immediate environs abound with delightful
+spots.
+</p>
+<p>
+The costume of the Genevese assimilates much with that of the French;
+but the better class of females are partial to the English fashions. The
+language of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>[pg 299]</span>
+
+the country is French, but its habits and religion are widely different.
+Not only does the Protestant faith find here the salutary prevalence of
+a kindred faith, but the members of our own ecclesiastical establishment
+are enabled to join each other every Sabbath day in the worship of God,
+and at stated seasons to receive the holy sacrament according to the
+pure and apostolic ritual of the church of England.
+</p>
+<p>
+The expense of a house, with a garden and piece of land, within a mile
+of the gates, including also the keeping of a caleche and pair of
+horses, for a gentleman, his lady, two children, and three servants,
+does not exceed 300<i>l.</i> a year; and with this he is enabled to receive his
+friends occasionally, and in a respectable style. To proceed from a
+family establishment to a bachelor's pension, "I," says Mr. Seth
+Stevenson, in his <i>Continental Travels</i>, "was told that a person
+at Petit Saconnex has a sleeping-room to himself, and his breakfast,
+dinner, tea, and supper with the family, for 500 francs (20<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>)
+per annum."
+</p>
+<p>
+The taxation of Geneva is described as very trifling. There is a sort of
+income-tax, to which every man of property contributes, on his honour,
+as to the amount of that property. The whole tax for horses and
+carriages amounts to about 18<i>d.</i> for each person; the richest it seems
+pays no more, and the others pay no less. "My friend assures me,"
+continues Mr. S. "that his fellow citizens approve of their annexation
+to Switzerland, and also of the union of the Valais with the Helvetic
+confederation&mdash;that the people of this little republic are flourishing
+again, contented with their government; and as the best proof of their
+returning prosperity since the peace, he adverted to the comparatively
+few indigent or distressed persons among them, and to the fact of there
+being only forty-five persons in the poor's hospital, besides those
+admitted under the head of casualties."
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	ORIGINAL STORY OF HAMLET,
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+(<i>From the Latin of Saxo Grammaticus, but interspersed.</i>)
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Florwendillus, king of Jutland, married Geruthra, or Gertrude, the only
+daughter of Ruric, king of Denmark. The produce of this union was a son,
+called Amlettus. When he grew towards manhood, his spirit and
+extraordinary abilities excited the envy and hatred of his uncle, who,
+before the birth of Amlettus, was regarded as presumptive heir to the
+crown. Fengo, which was the name of this haughty prince, conceived a
+passion for his sister-in-law, the queen; and meeting with reciprocal
+feelings, they soon arranged a plan, which putting into execution, he
+ascended the throne of his brother and espoused the widowed princess.
+Amlettus, (or Hamlet,) suspecting that his father had died by the hand
+or the devices of his uncle, determined to be revenged. But perceiving
+the jealousy with which the usurper eyed his superior talents, and the
+better to conceal his hatred and intentions, he affected a gradual
+derangement of reason, and at last acted all the extravagance of an
+absolute madman. Fengo's guilt induced him to doubt the reality of a
+malady so favourable to his security; and suspicious of some direful
+project being hidden beneath assumed insanity, he tried by different
+stratagems to penetrate the truth. One of these was to draw him into a
+confidential interview with a young damsel, who had been the companion
+of his infancy; but Hamlet's sagacity, and the timely caution of his
+intimate friend, frustrated this design. In these two persons we may
+recognise the Ophelia and Horatio of Shakspeare. A second plot was
+attended with equal want of success. It was concerted by Fengo that the
+queen should take her son to task in a private conversation, vainly
+flattering himself that the prince would not conceal his true state from
+the pleadings of a mother. Shakspeare has adopted every part of this
+scene, not only the precise situation and circumstances, but the
+sentiments and sometimes the very words themselves. The queen's
+apartment was the appointed place of conference, where the king, to
+secure certain testimony, had previously ordered one of his courtiers to
+conceal himself under <i>a heap of straw;</i> so says the historian; and
+though Shakspeare, in unison with the refinement of more modern times,
+changes that rustic covering for the royal tapestry, yet it was even as
+Saxo Grammaticus relates it. In those primitive ages, straw, hay, of
+rushes, strewed on the floor, were the usual carpets in the chambers of
+the great. One of our Henrys, in making a progress to the north of
+England, previously sent forward a courier to order <i>clean straw</i>
+at every house where he was to take his lodging. But to return to the
+subject.
+</p>
+<p>
+The prince, suspecting there might be a concealed listener, and that it
+was the king, pursued his wild and frantic acts, hoping that by some
+lucky chance he might discover his hiding-place. Watchful of all that
+passed in the room, as he dashed from side to side, he descried a little
+movement of the uneasy courtier's covering. Suddenly Hamlet sprung on
+his feet, began to crow like a cock, and flapping his arms against his
+sides, leaped
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[pg 300]</span>
+
+  upon the straw; feeling something under him, he snatched out his sword
+and thrust it through the unfortunate lord. The barbarism of the times
+is most shockingly displayed in the brutal manner in which he treats the
+dead body; but for the honour of the Danish prince, we must suppose that
+it was not merely a wanton act, but done the more decidedly to convince
+the king, when the strange situation of the corpse was seen, how
+absolutely he must be divested of reason. Being assured he was now alone
+with his mother, in a most awful manner he turns upon her, and avows his
+madness to be assumed; he reproaches her with her wicked deeds and
+incestuous marriage; and threatens a mighty vengeance upon the
+instigator of her crime.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the historian we find that the admonitions of Hamlet awakened the
+conscience of the queen, and recalled her to penitence and virtue. The
+king, observing the change, became doubly suspicious of the prince; and
+baffling some preliminary steps he took to vengeance; Hamlet was
+entrapped by him into an embassy to England. He sent along with him two
+courtiers, who bore private letters to the English monarch, requesting
+him, as the greatest favour he could confer on Denmark, to compass, by
+secret and by sure means, the death of the prince as soon as he landed.
+Hamlet, during the voyage, had reason to suspect the mission of his
+companions; and by a stratagem obtaining their credentials, he found the
+treacherous mandate; and changing it for one wherein he ordered the
+execution of the two lords, he quietly proceeded with them to the
+British shore. On landing, the papers were delivered, and the king,
+without further parley, obeyed what he believed to be the request of his
+royal ally; and thus did treason meet the punishment due to its crime.
+The daughter of the king being charmed with the person and manners of
+the foreign prince, evinced such marks of tenderness, that Hamlet could
+not but perceive the depth of his conquest. He was not insensible to her
+attractions; and receiving the king's assent, in the course of a few
+days led her to the nuptial altar. Amidst all joys, he was, however,
+like a perturbed ghost that could not rest; and before many suns had
+rose and set, he obtained a hard wrung leave from his bride, once more
+set sail, and appeared at Elsineur just in time to be a witness of the
+splendid rites which Fengo (supposing him now to be murdered) had
+prepared for his funeral. On the proclamation of his arrival, he was
+welcomed with enthusiasm by the people, whose idol he was, and who had
+been overwhelmed with grief when Fengo announced to them his sudden
+death in England. The king, inflamed with so ruinous a disappointment,
+and becoming doubly jealous of his growing popularity, now affected no
+conciliation, but openly manifested his hatred and hostility. Hamlet
+again had recourse to his pretended madness, and committed so many
+alarming acts, that Fengo, fearing their direction, ordered his sword to
+be locked in its scabbard, under a plea of guarding the lunatic from
+personal harm, After various adventures, at last the prince accomplished
+the death of his uncle's adherents, and vengeance on the fratricide
+himself, by setting fire to the palace during the debauch of a midnight
+banquet. Rushing amidst the flames, he kills Fengo with his own hand,
+reproaching him at the moment with his murder, adultery, and incest.
+Immediately on this act of retribution he was proclaimed lawful
+successor to the throne, and crowned with all due solemnity.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus far Shakspeare treads in the steps of the annalist; the only
+difference is in the fate of the hero; in the one he finds a kingdom, in
+the other a grave. Saxo Grammaticus carries the history further; and
+after the crowning of Hamlet as king, brings him again into Britain,
+where, in compliment to that land of beauty, he marries a second wife,
+the daughter of a Scottish king. Hamlet brought both his wives to
+Denmark, and prepared for a long life of prosperity and peace. But the
+sword hung over his head; war burst around him, and he fell in combat by
+the hand of Vigelotes, son of Ruric. Saxo Grammaticus sums up his
+character in a few words: "He was a wise prince and a great warrior.
+Like Achilles, he had the principal actions of his life wrought on his
+shield. The daughter of the king of Scotland casting her eye on it,
+loved him for the battles he had won, and became his bride."
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ENGLISH FRUITS.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>Concluded from page 295.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Vine</i>.&mdash;The value and transcendant excellence of this foreign
+fruit is too well known to require any extended account in this paper;
+as a native of the southern verge of the northern temperate zone, it
+only requires its natural degree of heat to bring it to perfection. The
+growth is luxuriant, is fertile, easy of management, and as it requires
+support,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[pg 301]</span>
+
+  obedient to the trainer's will. Many excellent varieties ate in our
+stoves and vineries; differing in hardness, size of bunches, and in
+colour and flavour of fruit. These, it is likely, have been gained from
+seeds; and as its cultivation has been primæval with the inhabitants of
+the earth, no wonder it received, for its unequalled utility, their
+chiefest care.
+</p>
+<p>
+That the climate of this country has undergone a considerable change
+within the last hundred years, is allowed by all who have considered the
+subject; and nothing furnishes a more convincing proof of this, than the
+history of the vine. Previous to the reign of Henry VIII., every abbey
+and monastery had its vineyard. In the rent-rolls of church property in
+those days, and long afterwards, considerable quantities of grapes were
+paid as tithe; and the vestiges of some of those vineyards remain to
+this day. They were usually placed on the south side of a hill, in a
+light dry soil, having the surface covered with sand; the vines being
+trained near the ground. But with such inclement and changeable springs,
+and long protracted winters, as have been experienced of late, even such
+frost as is seen at this moment (24th of April,) vines as standards in
+the open air, would be destroyed; or, at least, no dependence could be
+placed upon them for a crop. But vineyards in the country could neither
+be so profitable, nor are they so necessary as they were in those days;
+international intercourse is now more open, and corporations, whether
+religious or civil, can be supplied with grapes in any shape, and their
+precious juice in any quantity, at a cheaper rate than either home-grown
+or home-made. In their cultivation in this country, practitioners are
+more liable to err in planting them in too rich, than in too poor a
+soil; the first adds too much to their natural luxuriance of growth, and
+always reduces the flavour of the fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Mulberry</i>.&mdash;This fruit has not been subjected to the
+operations and attention of the improver so much, perhaps, as it
+deserves; true, it has been planted against walls, and as espaliers; and
+in both places has done well.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Fig</i> has been long in our gardens; a very ancient one is still
+alive in the garden of one of the colleges at Oxford. In its native
+country it produces two crops in the year, and this property makes its
+management rather difficult in a country where it can but with
+difficulty be made to produce one; and especially when trained in the
+common way to a wall, where the crop is often sacrificed to the useless
+symmetry of the tree. It is impatient of frost, and requires protection
+during winter; and is also impatient of the knife, and more, perhaps,
+than any other tree, is disposed to form its own natural head. When kept
+in a glass case, either planted in the ground or in pots, it well repays
+the trouble bestowed upon it.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Quince</i>.&mdash;This fruit remains very steadily in character to
+what it has always been known to be; the taste is too austere to be used
+alone from the tree; but with other fruits in pastry, or in the shape of
+preserves or marmalade, it is useful.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Medley</i>.&mdash;Two or three sorts of this tree are in cultivation:
+they are placed in the lowest grade of fruits; though, when they are
+perfectly mature, they are much relished by some palates. The azarola,
+service, and two or three others used in the south of Europe, are not
+worth notice here.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Filbert</i>.&mdash;The common wild hazle of our hedges has been
+improved, by chance or cultivation, into the several varieties of red
+and white filberts and cob-nuts. Working them upon the hazle, or upon
+themselves, is necessary; because, it not only makes them more fruitful,
+but also brings them sooner into bearing.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Walnut</i>.&mdash;This nuciferous tree has been cultivated in England
+more for the value of the timber than for its fruit. There are several
+varieties, differing chiefly in the size of the nut, from the diminutive
+ben-nut, to the large or double French sort. The only improvement which
+can be expected in this, is a hardier sort which would be less
+susceptible of damage from frost.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Chestnut</i>.&mdash;The description of the walnut may be applied to
+this, as they are natives of the same climate; and their flowers are
+alike impatient of frost. The fruit of this is, however, inferior to
+that of the walnut, and seldom arrives at the same degree of perfection.
+The tree grows to a great size, and is one of the most valuable of our
+forest trees. In "days of yore," it must have been much more plentiful
+in this country, or more plentifully imported, than it now is; as the
+principal timbers of abbeys, cathedrals, and other ancient buildings,
+are chiefly formed of it: being equally durable as the oak, which it so
+much resembles, that they can hardly be distinguished from each other,
+but by the test of the wet edge of a chissel being stained by the oak,
+and not at all by the chestnut.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Melon and Cucumber</i>.&mdash;These exotic fruits are extensively
+cultivated; the latter takes various shapes in our bills of fare; the
+former is more a luxury than a fruit for general use; their culture
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span>
+
+  on hot-beds forms a material branch of modern gardening, and with that
+of the gourd, pumpkin, squash, vegetable marrow, &amp;c., is well known.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Pine-Apple</i>.&mdash;This sovereign of fruits is, and can only be, in
+this country, an appendage to opulence and rank. Several varieties are
+cultivated in our forcing-stoves, and grace the tables of the rich, and
+in as great perfection as they can be had between the tropics. In their
+wild state, they affect the sides of rivulets, and often under the shade
+of lofty trees; but are of inferior flavour, unless the weather is very
+dry when they are ripening off; and when cultivated, they receive little
+or no water during the last stage of their growth.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Journal
+of Science, &amp;c.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>
+	ANECDOTES OF THE MARVELLOUS.
+</h2>
+
+<center>
+<i>A Prediction Fulfilled.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+At the time of the American war, a gentleman (a mere youth) entered the
+army, and saw some little service. One day, during an engagement, he
+was, in the hurry and confusion of it, knocked down; and a soldier,
+setting his foot upon his chest in passing over him, hurt him so
+exceedingly that he became senseless; upon recovering, he found himself
+still stretched on the ground, and a singular, looking female stood
+beside him, who, as he opened his eyes, exclaimed in an ill-boding
+voice, "Ay, young man, mark my words: <i>that</i> hurt will be the
+death of you in your forty-second year." He immediately recognised in
+this old raven one of those <i>soothsayers</i> who usually followed the
+army, and gained a livelihood by their oracular powers. Mr. L. certainly
+did <i>mark</i> her words, inasmuch as returning to England, he quitted
+the army, entered the church, and amongst other red-coat reminiscences,
+used frequently to mention (and mention but to ridicule) the American
+soothsayer's prediction. Nevertheless, true it is, that he did die in
+his forty-second year, and of a disease in his <i>chest</i> too,
+although he had never suffered from the hurt beyond the period at which
+he received it.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Imagination.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+The measles (it is pretty well known to all voyagers) is at St. Helena a
+hideous and fatal disorder, although generally mild at the Cape, which
+is about a fortnight's sail from the former island: every ship,
+therefore, from the Cape, upon touching at St. Helena, undergoes
+examination, and, if the measles are known to be prevalent at the former
+place, is put into quarantine, and no officer, however urgent his
+business may be, allowed to land without making oath or affidavit that
+he has not been on shore at the Cape, or approached an infected person.
+Some years since, a naval officer, acquainted with the then governor of
+St. Helena, General P&mdash;&mdash;n, was invited to dine with him, and met at
+dinner another officer from another vessel, who, it is to be presumed,
+had eluded undergoing the usual precautionary measures, and was perhaps
+ignorant of their existence, since he mentioned, during the repast, that
+the measles were prevailing at Cape Town, and admitted that he had
+entered it. Now, he had just arrived at St. Helena, and though he
+expressly stated that he had not gone near any infected person, poor
+Mrs. P&mdash;&mdash;, uttering a shriek, fled from the table, exclaiming that she
+knew she should have the measles; in fact, she immediately fell sick of
+that disorder, (and died, I think I understood.) All her family took it,
+and it raged through the island, proving dreadfully destructive.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Mysterious Incident.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+It was the wedding day of Mr. and Mrs. Terry, (I mean the <i>actual</i>,
+not the anniversary wedding-day,) and the jocund bridegroom, bride, and
+their guests were assembled about noon in the drawing-room, when a
+servant entered, and said a gentleman had called, and wished to speak to
+Mr. T.; that he was waiting below stairs, and would not come up, because
+he came upon very particular business. Mr. Terry, desiring his company
+to excuse him for a few minutes, quitted the room. One hour elapsed&mdash;no
+bridegroom; two hours&mdash;he did not appear;&mdash;three&mdash;four&mdash;he was not
+returned: the bride's mind misgave her, and the hymeneal guests were
+quite alarmed: the servants declared that they had seen their master and
+the gentleman walk into the garden, from whence they were not returned.
+Now, a high brick wall, in which there was no outlet, and over which no
+person could climb except by a ladder, enclosed the garden, which, when
+searched, was empty, whilst, at the same time, Mr. Terry and his
+<i>friend</i>, "<i>the gentleman</i>," could not have walked out at the
+hall-door without being, from its situation, seen and heard by the
+servants in the kitchen. Time fled&mdash;and he did not return&mdash;no!&mdash;and
+although his lady lived to be nearly ninety years of age, she
+<i>never</i> gained tidings again of the spouse, thus so mysteriously
+spirited away!
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Raising the Wind.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+The superstitions of sailors are not few, as those assert who are
+conversant in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[pg 303]</span>
+
+  maritime affairs. Amongst others, is the custom, pretty well known, of
+<i>whistling for a wind</i>. A gentleman told me, that, on his first
+voyage, being then very young, and ignorant of sea usages, he was in the
+habit of walking the deck a great deal, "and whistling as he went,"
+perhaps "for want of thought"&mdash;perhaps for lack of something better to
+do. Shortly, he fancied that the captain of the vessel seemed not a
+little annoyed whenever this took place, although he kept a respectful
+silence upon the subject. At length Mr. &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; resolved to speak to him
+himself: and, accordingly, one day, when it blew a pretty brisk gale,
+said, "I observe, captain, that you appear particularly uneasy whenever
+I whistle."&mdash;"To say the truth, sir, I <i>am</i> just <i>now</i>," replied he.
+"On a fair, still day, whistle as much as you please; but, when there is
+a wind like this, <i>we don't like to have any more called.</i>"&mdash;<i>New London
+Literary Gaz.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	THE SELECTOR
+<br />
+AND
+<br />
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+<br />
+<i>NEW WORKS.</i>
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	A PHILOSOPHICAL KITCHEN.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A romantic and ludicrous novel has just appeared, entitled "The Mummy,
+or Tale of the Twenty-second Century," exhibiting some of the probable
+results of "the march of intellect;" and of the pungency of its satire
+the following is a fair specimen, describing a kitchen in the
+twenty-second century:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+When Dr. Entwerfen left the breakfast-room of Lord Gustavus, which he
+did not do till a considerable time after the rest of the party had
+quitted it, he was so absorbed in meditation, that he did not know
+exactly which way he was going; and, happening unfortunately to turn to
+the right when he should have gone to the left, to his infinite surprise
+he found himself in the kitchen instead of his own study. Absent as the
+doctor was, however, his attention was soon roused by the scene before
+him. Being, like many of his learned brotherhood, somewhat of a
+gourmand, his indignation was violently excited by finding the cook
+comfortably asleep on a sofa on one side of the room, whilst the meat
+intended for dinner, a meal it was then the fashion to take about noon,
+was as comfortably resting itself from its toils on the other. The
+chemical substitute for fire, which ought to have cooked it, having gone
+out, and the cook's nap precluding all reasonable expectation of its
+re-illumination, the doctor's wrath was kindled, though the fire was
+not, and in a violent rage he seized the gentle Celestina's shoulder,
+and and shook her till she woke. "Where am I?" exclaimed she, opening
+her eyes. "Any where but where you ought to be," cried the doctor, in a
+fury. "Look, hussy! look at that fine joint of meat, lying quite cold
+and sodden in its own steam." "Dear me!" returned Celestina, yawning,
+"I am really quite unfortunate to-day! An unlucky accident has already
+occurred to a leg of mutton which was to have formed part of to-day's
+aliments, and now this piece of beef is also destroyed. I am afraid
+there will be nothing for dinner but some mucilaginous saccharine
+vegetables, and they, most probably, will be boiled to a viscous
+consistency." "And what excuse can you offer for all this?" exclaimed
+the doctor, his voice trembling with passion. "It was unavoidable;"
+replied Celestina, coolly; "whilst I was copying a cast from the Apollo
+Belvidere this morning, having unguardedly applied too much caloric to
+the vessel containing the leg of mutton, the aqueous fluid in which it
+was immersed evaporated, and the viand became completely calcinated.
+Whilst the other affair&mdash;" "Hush, hush!" interrupted the doctor; "I
+cannot bear to hear you mention it. Oh, surely Job himself never
+suffered such a trial of his patience! In fact, <i>his</i> troubles were
+scarcely worth mentioning, for he was never cursed with learned
+servants!" Saying this, the doctor retired, lamenting his hard fate in
+not having been born in those halcyon days when cooks drew nothing but
+their poultry; whilst the gentle Celestina's breast panted with
+indignation at his complaint. An opportunity soon offered for revenge;
+and seeing the doctor's steam valet ready to be carried to its master's
+chamber, she treacherously applied a double portion of caloric; in
+consequence of which, the machine burst whilst in the act of brushing
+the doctor's coat collar, and by discharging the whole of the scalding
+water contained in its cauldron upon him, reduced him to a melancholy
+state.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ON THE DEATH OF A FRIEND.
+</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Thou art gone to the grave, but we will not deplore thee,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Since God was thy refuge, thy ransom, thy guide;</p>
+           <p>  He gave thee, he took thee and he will restore thee,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And death has no sting since the Saviour has died.</p>
+<p style="text-align:right;"><i>The Amulet for</i> 1828.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[pg 304]</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>
+St. Martin's, near Canterbury.
+</h2>
+
+<div class="figure" style="height: 20em;">
+<a href="images/281-3.png"><img src="images/281-3.png" style="height: 18em;"
+alt="St. Martin's, Near Canterbury." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH ERECTED IN ENGLAND.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+The venerable and interesting church of St. Martin is situated on the
+side of a hill, (named from it,) at the distance of little more than a
+quarter of a mile from the dilapidated walls of Canterbury. It is
+generally believed to have been erected by the Christian soldiers in the
+Roman army, about the time of king Lucius, A.D. 182, and hence is justly
+esteemed as <i>the first Christian church erected in Britain</i>, and
+indeed nothing appears to contradict this assertion; for the Britons,
+before the arrival of the Romans, were, as is well known, in a state of
+barbarism and idolatry, and their habitations huts of clay and turf; and
+as to its being built after their departure, I do not think it at all
+likely, for England was then ravaged and overrun by the warlike clans of
+its mountain neighbours, and consequently its inhabitants had not time
+or inclination to erect buildings, when their lives and property were
+daily in danger. Their successors, the early Saxons, too, I think,
+cannot claim any pretensions to St. Martin, they being heathens, and
+unacquainted with the Christian religion. Nor could they, entirely
+ignorant of Roman materials, have built an edifice completely composed
+with them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here then was a Christian church and a Christian congregation
+established in Britain full 415 years before Augustin's arrival; but as
+St. Martin, bishop of Tours, died in the year 395, this church could not
+have been erected in his honour; but it might afterwards have been
+dedicated to him by Luidhard, chaplain to Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, the
+Kentish king; and this is the more likely, as Luidhard himself was a
+French bishop.
+</p>
+<p>
+In conclusion, it may not be unnecessary to state, that though the
+papists consider Augustin as the apostle of the English, they do not
+acknowledge him as their first instructor in Christianity; for, as it
+appears in their service for May 26, Lucius, a British king, wrote to
+St. Eleutherius, (who was elected priest A.D. 177,) desiring that he
+might be numbered among the Christians. By whom or by what means this
+conversion was effected does not appear; but, however, in reply to it,
+Eleutherius sent the monks Damian and Fryatius into Britain, from whom
+the king and many of his subjects received the gospel.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SAGITTARIUS.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	PICTURE OF LIBERTY.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  O, Liberty! thou goddess, heav'nly bright!</p>
+           <p>  Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight,</p>
+           <p>  External pleasures in thy presence reign.</p>
+           <p style="text-align: right;">  ADDISON.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+Aristo tells a pretty story of a fairy, who, by some mysterious law of
+her nature, was condemned to appear, at certain seasons, in the form of
+a foul and poisonous snake. Those who injured her during the period of
+her disguise were for ever excluded from participation in the blessings
+which she bestowed. But to those who, in spite of her loathsome aspect,
+pitied and protected her, she afterwards revealed herself in the
+beautiful and celestial form which was natural to her, accompanied their
+steps, granted all their wishes, filled their houses with wealth, made
+them happy in love and victorious in war. Such a spirit is Liberty. At
+times she takes the form of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>[pg 305]</span>
+
+  a hateful reptile; she grovels, she hisses, she stings; but woe to those
+who in disgust shall venture to crush her! And happy are those who,
+having dared to receive her in her degraded and frightful shape, shall
+at length be rewarded by her in the time of her beauty and
+glory!&mdash;<i>See Edin. Rev. vol.</i> xlii. <i>p.</i> 332.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+P.T.W.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	FIRST AND LAST.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>From the Italian</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  One single truth before he died</p>
+           <p>  Poor Dick could only boast;</p>
+           <p>  "Alas, I die!" he faintly cried,</p>
+           <p>  And then&mdash;gave up the ghost!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	FRENCH GAMING HOUSES.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<p class="quote">
+Dicing-houses, where cheaters meet, and cozen young men out of
+their money.</p>
+<p style="text-align:right;">  <i>Lord Herbert.</i></p>
+
+<p class="quote">Begin with a guinea, and end with a mortgage.</p>
+<p style="text-align:right;">  <i>Cumberland.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">      What more than madness reigns,</p>
+           <p>  When one short sitting many hundreds drains,</p>
+           <p>  When not enough is left him to supply</p>
+           <p>  Board wages, or a footman's livery.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p style="text-align:right;">  <i>Dryden's Juvenal.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="quote">Gaming finds a man a cully, and leaves him a knave.</p>
+<p style="text-align:right;">  <i>Tom Brown.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+The last "nine days' wonder" is the excess to which gaming is carried
+among the higher circles of this country; but I much doubt whether the
+present expositions of such enormity in a neighbouring nation will work
+the desired effect on Englishmen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Popular prejudices are obstinate points to combat; but every one who has
+had opportunities for observation, must allow, that in their <i>taste
+for gaming</i>, the French and English character are widely different.
+In France, every one plays at cards, or dominoes, and at <i>all hours in
+the day</i>, in every cafè, wine-shop, and road-side inn throughout the
+country. I remember to have frequently seen, in the wine-shops at Paris,
+carters in blue smock-frocks playing at ecartè and dominoes over a
+bottle of <i>vin ordinaire</i> at eleven o'clock in the morning,
+particularly in the neighbourhood of the markets. In England such
+amusements would be illegal, and the victualler who allowed them in his
+house would probably be deprived of his license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In France every man plays at billiards&mdash;nay, every village has its
+billiard tables, one of which is almost as frequent an article of
+furniture in private houses, as piano-fortes are in England; and the
+sign of two maces crossed, and the inscriptions "Cafè et Billards" are
+as common over the wine-houses in the provinces, as chequers formerly
+were in our own country towns. I remember meeting with a curious
+adventure during my last residence in Paris. One morning, while
+leisurely walking in <i>Rue Montmartre</i>, I was accosted in French, by
+a respectably dressed man, apparently about fifty, who inquired of me
+the situation of &mdash;&mdash; street, (for at this moment I do not recollect
+the name). I replied that, being a foreigner, I could not afford him the
+required information, at the same time referring him to the next shop.
+He did not follow my suggestion, but almost at the very instant my eye
+caught the name of the street for which he had just inquired. The
+stranger then told me that being on a visit to the capital, he was
+anxious to see the interior of the palace of the Tuilleries, and was
+proceeding to a friend resident in the above street, who had promised to
+procure him admission to the royal residence, notwithstanding the king
+was then in Paris. I congratulated him on his success, having been, a
+few days previous, disappointed in the same object, when he offered also
+to procure admission for myself and one or two of my friends. We
+accordingly entered a second rate <i>cafè</i>, when, I made up to the
+<i>garçon</i> and demanded of him whether orders for viewing the
+Tuilleries were to be obtained there: he made no reply, but my friend of
+the street, who had by this time partly ascended a staircase at the
+extremity of the room, beckoned, and anxiously besought me to accompany
+him. I did so, notwithstanding I was aware that Paris, as well as
+London, had its "frauds." We entered a large room, the first impression
+of which, on some minds, would have been that of terror. In the centre
+stood a handsome billiard-table, over which were two dirty lamps with
+reflectors; the walls were papered in tawdry French taste, the ceiling
+black with smoke, and the whole room but indifferently lighted with a
+disproportionate and dusty window: the door, too, seemed planned for
+security, having a large lock and two bolts inside, but exhibited marks
+of recent repair from violent fracture. In short, there was a lurking
+suspicion about the place, which was not lessened by my companion
+meeting with a partner. From their conversation I learned they were both
+<i>foreigners</i>, and were waiting for a friend to bring the orders to
+view the palace, so that all the story was as yet in keeping, and I was
+introduced as a suitor for the same favour. My fellows "in waiting"
+showed much impatience, complained of cold, and politely asked me to
+take a glass of liqueur with them, at the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page306" name="page306"></a>[pg 306]</span>
+
+  same time taking up the mace and beginning to amuse themselves at the
+billiard-table. I looked on; they asked me to join them; I declined, and
+professed ignorance of the game; but their importunities became more
+pressing, and at last troublesome. Not a word further was said of the
+palace admission. I now judged it time to take my leave, and advancing
+towards the door for that purpose, I perceived my companions moved also:
+I profited by the hint, and seizing the handle of the door, thanked them
+for their civility, assured them I could wait no longer, but would call
+in half-an-hour&mdash;leaped down the stairs, and did not stop till I reached
+<i>Rue Montmartre</i>. I afterwards learned this was a common <i>street
+trick</i> in Paris to decoy strangers to the billiard-table, and had I
+taken the mace in hand, it would most probably have been at the expense
+of a good dinner for my companions, as a smart for my credulity.
+</p>
+<p>
+A few evenings subsequent to this common-place incident, I strolled into
+a house of play in the palais royal, the situation having been
+previously pointed out to me by a friend.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> The entrance was through a
+narrow passage by a silversmith's shop, on the ground floor, at the end
+of which a strong light shone through the figures denoting the number of
+the house, largely cut in tin; alas! thought I, a fatal number to many
+thousands. On the principal landing, being that above the
+<i>entre-sol</i> story, I gently tapped at a handsome door, which was
+almost as gently opened. My friend (for I was not alone,) having
+deposited his hat and stick with the garçon, was allowed to pass, but I
+was stopped for want of&mdash;<i>whiskers</i>; till assuring him that I was
+older than he took me to be, and an Englishman&mdash;I was also permitted to
+pass. We first entered a small room, in which was a roulette-table
+surrounded by players, and well staked: this communicated by
+folding-doors with a spacious saloon with a double table for
+<i>Trente-et-un</i>, or <i>Rouge et Noir</i>, round which were seated
+the players, behind whom stood a few lookers-on, and still fewer young
+men, whose stakes were "few and far between,"&mdash;probably those of
+cautious adventurers, or novices pecking at the first-fruits of play.
+Nothing is better described in books than the folly of <i>gaming</i>,
+and the sufferings of its victims; but, like Virgil, in his picture of
+Heaven, they fall short in describing their extasies; a failing on the
+right side, or perhaps purposely made, for the happiness of mankind. The
+seated visitors here seemed to be quite at home, some picking up their
+Napoleons and five franc pieces, and others recording the issues of the
+game, and illustrating the doctrine of chances by pricking holes in
+cards. A death-like stillness prevailed, interrupted only by the
+monotonous result of the deal of the cards, and the bewitching, though
+not frequent chink of gold and silver. The success of the winners was as
+silent as the disappointment of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>[pg 307]</span>
+
+  losers; neither joy nor grief displaying itself otherwise than in an
+almost unvaried <i>tristesse</i> on the countenances of the seated
+players&mdash;in some measure produced by ill health and intense anxiety so
+as to conceal better feelings. I took my station at one end of the table
+beside a middle-aged Frenchman, and by way of <i>forfeit-money</i> (for
+<i>mere</i> lookers on are not very acceptable company) threw a few
+five-franc pieces, one by one, on the same colour with his stakes, each
+of which varied from one to ten Napoleons. After twelve chances I had
+lost about thirty francs, but the Frenchman continued playing, and
+within twenty minutes rose a winner of three hundred Napoleons, which
+the banker changing for paper, he coolly put into his waistcoat pocket,
+and walked off. A slight emotion was visible around the table, but there
+was no other expression. I had now time to look around me, and enjoy a
+little reflection for my foolish risk. It would be difficult to say
+whether more anxiety was displayed among the sitters, or the company at
+their backs. The attractive <i>foci</i> of all eyes were the everlasting
+varieties of red and black, though not accompanied by the usual
+grotesque mob of kings, queens, and <i>knaves</i>, the latter being
+probably excluded by the jealousy of their living fraternity around the
+table. A strong and steady light spread over the faces of all present,
+and in some few showed the quiverings and workings of the most intense
+passion; but the same stare or tip-toe of hope and fear pervaded the
+whole assemblage. Some counted their money with apparent caution, and
+seemed to divide their winnings from their store with affected
+precision, probably with an idea of the winnings being unfit company for
+other coin; whilst others listlessly played with their cash, or in a
+vulgar phrase, handled it like dirt, the distinguishing feature of the
+cold and calculating gamester, to whom money is an object of secondary
+concern compared with that of play. In the standing groupe I remember
+to have noticed (from his personal resemblance to a friend) a young
+Englishman, whom I afterwards learned had been a constant visiter to
+that table during the previous three months, and had then won about two
+hundred Napoleons. He had just married an interesting woman, about his
+own age, twenty-two, and had professedly taken up his degree in the
+practice of play, as an elegant and honourable mode of subsistence. A
+few weeks after I met him and his wife, on the Italian Boulevards; in
+dress he was woefully changed, and in his countenance a ghastly stare,
+sunken eye, and emaciated cheeks, bespoke some strong reverse of
+fortune: his wife too seemed dimmed by sorrow, and suffering might be
+traced in every lineament of her features, notwithstanding the artifice
+of dress was tastefully displayed about her person. Alas! thought I, how
+often is the charm of wedded life snapped asunder by man&mdash;the proud lord
+of the creation, and how often by his strong hold on her affections,
+does he sink lovely woman still fondly clinging to his disgrace, in the
+abyss of crime and guilt.
+</p>
+<p>
+But as such incidents must be common to many of your readers who have
+visited the French metropolis, I shall desist from further recital. The
+following outline of those receptacles of vice, <i>French Gaming
+Houses</i>, from facts which I collected on the spot, aided by
+authenticated resources, may not prove uninteresting.
+</p>
+<p>
+Gaming-houses in Paris were first licensed in 1775, by the lieutenant of
+police, who, to diminish the odium of such establishments, decreed that
+the profit resulting from them should be applied to the foundation of
+hospitals. The gamesters might therefore be said to resemble watermen,
+looking one way and rowing another. Their number soon amounted to
+twelve, and women were permitted to resort to them two days in the week.
+Besides the licensed establishments, several illegal ones were
+tolerated. In 1778, gaming was prohibited in France; but not at the
+court or in the hotels of ambassadors, where police-officers could not
+enter. By degrees the public establishments resumed their wonted
+activity, and extended their pernicious effects. The numerous suicides
+and bankruptcies which they occasioned, attracted the attention of the
+<i>Parlement</i>, who drew up regulations for their observance; and
+threatened those who should violate them with the pillory and whipping.
+At length, the passion for gambling prevailing in the societies
+established in the Palais Royal, under the title of <i>clubs</i> or
+<i>salons</i>, a police ordinance was issued in 1785, prohibiting them
+from gaming, and in the following year, additional prohibitory measures
+were enforced. During the revolution the gaming-houses were frequently
+prevented and licenses withheld; but notwithstanding the rigour of the
+laws, and the vigilance of the police, they still contrived to exist;
+and they are now regularly licensed by the police, and are under its
+immediate inspection. The following items of twenty tables distributed
+about Paris (the established stake varying from a Napoleon to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>[pg 308]</span>
+
+sous) are from the most authentic documents:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" align="center" width="90%" summary="Expenses">
+<tr><td>  Current expenses                           </td><td align="right">1,551,480</td><td>Francs. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  <i>Bail</i> to Government                  </td><td align="right">6,000,000</td><td>Francs. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  Bonus for the bail                         </td><td align="right">  166,666</td><td>Francs. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  Making together 7,716,146 Francs, or about </td><td align="right"> £321,589</td><td>English. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  Gain of the tables, per annum              </td><td align="right">9,600,000</td><td>Francs. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  Expenses as above                          </td><td align="right">7,718,146</td><td>Francs. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  Leaving a clear profit of                  </td><td align="right">1,881,854</td><td>Francs, </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+or about £78,244 English! And yet, in spite of this unanswerable logic
+of <i>figures and facts</i>, there are every day fresh victims who are
+infatuated enough to believe that it is possible to counterbalance the
+advantages which the bank possesses, by a judicious management of the
+power the player has of altering his stake! The revenue formerly paid to
+the government for licenses, has recently been transferred to the city
+of Paris.
+</p>
+<p>
+In England, the outcry against gaming is loud, and deservedly so; and
+the extent to which it is stated to be curried in the higher circles is
+rather underrated than exaggerated; but the severity of our laws on this
+crime, and recent visitations of its rigour, confine it to the saloons
+of wealthy vice. With us it is not a national vice, as in France, where
+every license, facility, and even encouragement presents itself.
+Lotteries, which have been abolished in England, as immoral nuisances,
+are tolerated in France, with more mischievous effect, since, the risk
+is considerably less than our least shares formerly were, the lotteries
+smaller, and those drawn three times every month. The relics of
+<i>our</i> gaming system are only to be found on race-courses; but in
+France, half the toys sold at a fair or <i>fête</i>, where mothers win
+rattles for their children, are by <i>lottery</i>, whilst our gaming at
+fairs is restricted to a few low adventurers for snuff-boxes, &amp;c.
+Despair is the gloomiest feature of the French character, and of which
+gaming produces a frightful proportion, notwithstanding all that our
+neighbours say about <i>our hanging and drowning in November:</i>
+witness their suicides:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" align="center" summary="Suicide Rates">
+<tr><td>  In 1819: </td><td>Suicides,</td><td> 376;</td><td> of which,</td><td> 126 </td><td>women.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>     1820: </td><td>do.     </td><td>325; </td><td>do.     </td><td>114 </td><td>do. </td></tr>
+<tr><td>     1821: </td><td>do.     </td><td>348; </td><td>do.     </td><td>112 </td><td>do. </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Of the suicides of these three years 25, 50, and 36, were attributed to
+love, and 52, 42, 43, to despair arising from <i>gaming, the
+lottery</i>, &amp;c. In the winter of 1826, several exaggerated losses by
+gaming were circulated in Paris with great <i>finesse</i>, to enable
+bankrupts to account for their deficiencies, many of whom were exposed
+and deservedly punished.
+</p>
+<p>
+A few words on the <i>prevention</i> of gaming, the consideration of
+which gave rise to this hasty sketch; I mean by dramatic exhibitions of
+its direful effects. On our stage we have a pathetic tragedy by E.
+Moore, which, though seldom acted, is a fine domestic moral to old and
+young; but the author
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "Was his own Beverley, a dupe to play."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+It is scarcely necessary to allude to the recent transfers of a
+celebrated French <i>exposé</i> of French gambling to our English stage,
+otherwise than to question their moral tendency. The pathos of our
+<i>Gamester</i> may reach the heart; but the French pieces command no
+such appeal to our sympathies. On the contrary, the vice is emblazoned
+in such romantic and fitful fancies, that their effect is questionable,
+especially on the majority of those who flock to such exhibitions. The
+<i>extasies</i> of the gamester are too seductive to be heightened by
+dramatic effect; neither are they counterbalanced by their consesequent
+misery, when the aim of these representations should be to outweigh
+them; for the authenticated publication of a single prize in the lottery
+has been known to seduce more adventurers than a thousand losses have
+deterred from risk. But they keep up the dancing spirits of the
+multitude, and it will be well if their influence extends no further.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PHILO.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	A RETROSPECT.
+</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Oh, when I was a tiny boy,</p>
+           <p>  My days and nights were full of joy;</p>
+<p class="i2">    My mates were blithe and kind!&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  No wonder that I sometimes sigh,</p>
+           <p>  And dash the tear-drop from my eye.</p>
+<p class="i2">    To cast a look behind!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  A hoop was an eternal round</p>
+           <p>  Of pleasure. In those days I found</p>
+<p class="i2">    A top a joyous thing;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  But now those past delights I drop;</p>
+           <p>  My head alas! is all my top,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And careful thoughts the string!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  My marbles&mdash;once my bag was stor'd,&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Now I must play with Elgin's lord,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    With Theseus for a taw!</p>
+           <p>  My playful horse has slipt his string.</p>
+           <p>  Forgotten all his capering,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And harness'd to the law!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  My kite&mdash;how fast and fair it flew.</p>
+           <p>  Whilst I, a sort of Franklin, drew</p>
+<p class="i2">    My pleasure from the sky!</p>
+           <p>  'Twas paper'd o'er with studious themes,&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  The tasks I wrote&mdash;my present dreams</p>
+<p class="i2">    Will never soar so high!</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page309" name="page309"></a>[pg 309]</span>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+           <p>  My joys are wingless all, and dead;</p>
+           <p>  My dumps are made of more than lead;</p>
+<p class="i2">    My flights soon find a fall;</p>
+           <p>  My fears prevail, my fancies droop,</p>
+           <p>  Joy never cometh with a hoop,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And seldom with a call!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  My football's laid upon the shelf;</p>
+           <p>  I am a shuttlecock, myself</p>
+<p class="i2">    The world knocks to and fro;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  My archery is all unlearn'd,</p>
+           <p>  And grief against myself has turn'd</p>
+<p class="i2">    My sorrow and my bow!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  No more in noontide sun I bask;</p>
+           <p>  My authorship's an endless task,</p>
+<p class="i2">    My head's ne'er out of school;</p>
+           <p>  My heart is pain'd with scorn and slight;</p>
+           <p>  I have too many foes to fight,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And friends grown strangely cool!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The very chum that shar'd my cake</p>
+           <p>  Holds out so cold a hand to shake,</p>
+<p class="i2">    It makes me shrink and sigh:&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  On this I will not dwell and hang,</p>
+           <p>  The changeling would not feel a pang</p>
+<p class="i2">    Though these should meet his eye!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  No skies so blue or so serene</p>
+           <p>  As these;&mdash;no leaves look half so green</p>
+<p class="i2">    As cloth'd the play-ground tree!</p>
+           <p>  All things I lov'd are altered so,</p>
+           <p>  Nor does it ease my heart to know</p>
+<p class="i2">    That change resides in me.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  O, for the garb that mark'd the boy!</p>
+           <p>  The trousers made of corduroy.</p>
+<p class="i2">    Well ink'd with black and red;</p>
+           <p>  The crownless hat, ne'er deem'd an ill&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  It only let the sunshine still</p>
+<p class="i2">    Repose upon my head!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  O, for that small, small beer anew!</p>
+           <p>  And (heaven's own type) that mild sky-blue</p>
+<p class="i2">    That wash'd my sweet meals down!</p>
+           <p>  The master even!&mdash;and that small turk</p>
+           <p>  That fagg'd me!&mdash;worse is now my work,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    A fag; for all the town!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The "Arabian Nights'" rehears'd in bed!</p>
+           <p>  The "Fairy Tales" in school-time read</p>
+<p class="i2">    By stealth, 'twixt verb and noun!</p>
+           <p>  The angel form that always walk'd</p>
+           <p>  In all my dreams, and look'd, and talk'd.</p>
+<p class="i2">    Exactly like Miss Brown!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The <i>omne bene</i>&mdash;Christmas come!</p>
+           <p>  The prize of merit, won for home'&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Merit had prizes then!</p>
+           <p>  But now I write for days and days</p>
+           <p>  For fame&mdash;a deal of empty praise,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Without the silver pen.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Then home, sweet home! the crowded coach&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  The joyous shout&mdash;the loud approach&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    The winding horn like ram's!</p>
+           <p>  The meeting sweet that made me thrill,</p>
+           <p>  The sweetmeats almost sweeter still,</p>
+<p class="i2">    No "<i>satis</i>" to the "<i>jams!</i>"</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ENGLISH DRESS.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Mr. Editor.&mdash;In No. 200 of the MIRROR, you will find an article,
+entitled <i>Female Fashions during the early part of the Last
+Century</i>. The author then promised to give a description of the dress
+of the English gentlemen of the same period, but as no such description
+has <i>yet</i> appeared in your pages, I trust you will insert the
+annexed at your first convenient opportunity.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+G.W.N.
+</h4>
+
+<center>
+<i>Dress of the English Gentlemen during the Early part of the Last
+Century.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+In the reign of King William III., the English gentlemen affected to
+dress like their dependents. Their hats were laced, and their coats and
+waistcoats were embroidered with gold and silver fringe; indeed it
+really became extremely difficult to distinguish a man of quality from
+one of his lackeys. They did not, however, long persevere in this
+ridiculous imitation, for they soon afterwards, like the ladies,
+servilely followed the French fashions. The great partiality of the
+English <i>beau monde</i> towards the <i>bon ton</i> of France, was a
+wonderful advantage to that country&mdash;an advantage which the English
+government in vain endeavoured to abolish, although a heavy duty was
+imposed on all French ribbon and lace imported into this kingdom. Many
+millions were annually expended in French cambric, muslin, ribbon, and
+lace, which useless expenditure very sensibly injured our commercial
+transactions with other nations.
+</p>
+<p>
+Perukes and long wigs were worn at the revolution; but these being
+greatly inconvenient in all weathers, some people <i>tied up</i> their
+wigs, which was the first occasion of short wigs coming into fashion.
+Some few years afterwards, bob-wigs were adopted by the gentlemen,
+especially by those of the army and the navy.
+</p>
+<p>
+The English costume was remarkably neat and plain anterior to the year
+1748; at which period, however, all gentlemen rather resembled military
+officers than private individuals, for their coats were not only richly
+embroidered with gold and silver, but they even assumed the cockade in
+their hats, and carried <i>long</i> rapiers at their sides. At length
+this imposing attire was adopted by the merchants and tradesmen of the
+metropolis, and soon afterwards by the most notorious rogues and
+pickpockets in town, so that when any person with a laced coat, a
+cockade, and a sword, walked along the streets of London, it was
+absolutely impossible to determine whether he affected to be
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>[pg 310]</span>
+
+  thought a nobleman, a military officer, a tradesman, or a pickpocket,
+for he bore an equal resemblance to each of these characters.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the year 1749, hair-powder was used by the <i>finished</i> gentlemen,
+though the use of it, a year or two previous, was prohibited in every
+class of society. Of the costume of this period (<i>i.e.</i> about
+1749), the immortal Hogarth, in his works, has left us numerous
+specimens, which need no comment here: his productions, indeed, are so
+equal in merit, that it is impossible to decide which is his <i>ne plus
+ultra</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+In conclusion, I would advise the reader to refer to a few of Hogarth's
+prints, for they will admirably serve to illustrate the above
+observations on the fashions and habits of our forefathers.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+<i>Astronomical Occurrences</i>
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+<i>FOR NOVEMBER, 1827.</i>
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Should the afternoon of Saturday, the 3rd of the month, prove
+favourable, we shall be afforded an opportunity of witnessing another of
+those interesting phenomena&mdash;eclipses, at least the latter part of one,
+a portion of it only being visible to the inhabitants of this island;
+the defect above alluded to is a lunar one. The passage of the moon
+through the earth's shadow commences at 3 h. 29 m. 34 s. afternoon; she
+rises at Greenwich at 4 h. 45 m. 34 s. with the northern part of her disk
+darkened to the extent of nearly 10 digits. The greatest obscuration
+will take place at 5 h. 7 m. 42 s. when 10&frac12; digits will be eclipsed; she
+then recedes from the earth's shadow, when the sun's light will first be
+perceived extending itself on her lower limb towards the east; it will
+gradually increase till she entirely emerges from her veil of darkness,
+the extreme verge of which leaves her at her upper limb 32 deg. from her
+vertex, or highest point of her disc.
+</p>
+<p>
+We have the following in "Moore," some years ago, on the nature and
+causes of eclipses of the sun and moon:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "Far different sun's and moon's eclipses are,</p>
+           <p>  The moon's are often, but the sun's more rare</p>
+           <p>  The moon's do much deface her beauty bright;</p>
+           <p>  Sol's do not his, but hide from us his sight:</p>
+           <p>  It is the earth the moon's defect procures,</p>
+           <p>  'Tis the moon's shadow that the sun obscures.</p>
+           <p>  Eastward, moon's front beginneth first to lack,</p>
+           <p>  Westward, sun's brows begin their mourning black:</p>
+           <p>  Moon's eclipses come when she most glorious shines,</p>
+           <p>  Sun's in moon's wane, when beauty most declines;</p>
+           <p>  Moon's general, towards heaven and earth together,</p>
+           <p>  Sun's but to earth, nor to all places neither."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+The Sun enters <i>Sagittarius</i> on the 23rd, at 1 h. 2 m. morning.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mercury will be visible on the 10th, in 10 deg. of <i>Sagittarius</i>, a
+little after sunset, being then at his greatest eastern elongation; he
+is stationary on the 20th, and passes his inferior conjunction on the
+30th, at 1&frac34; h. afternoon.
+</p>
+<p>
+Venus is in conjunction with the above planet on the 24th, at 9 h.
+evening; she sets on the 1st at 5 h. 7 m., and on the 30th at 4 h. 47 m.
+evening.
+</p>
+<p>
+Jupiter may be seen before sunrise making his appearance above the
+horizon about 5 h.; he is not yet distant enough from the sun to render
+the eclipses of his satellites visible to us.
+</p>
+<p>
+A small comet has just been discovered, situated in one of the feet of
+<i>Cassiopea</i>. It is invisible to the naked eye, and appears
+approaching the pole with great rapidity.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PASCHE.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF THE ROMANS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A recent discovery has added to our information the most extensive
+series of statistical data, which make known from an official act, and
+by numerical figures, the state of the Roman empire 1500 years ago; the
+price of agricultural and ordinary labour; the relative value of money;
+the abundance or scarcity of certain natural productions; the use, more
+or less common, of particular sorts of food; the multiplication of
+cattle and of flocks; the progress of horticulture; the abundance of
+vineyards of various qualities; the common use of singular meats, and
+dishes, which we think betrays a corruption of taste; in short the
+relation of the value existing between the productions of agriculture
+and those of industry, from whence we obtain a proof of the degree of
+prosperity which both had reached at this remote period.
+</p>
+<p>
+This precious archaeological monument is an edict of Diocletian,
+published in the year 303 of our era, and fixing the price of labour and
+of food in the Roman empire. The first part of this edict was found by
+Mr. William Hanks, written upon a table of stone, which he discovered at
+Stratonice, now called Eskihissar in Asia Minor. The second part, which
+was in the possession of a traveller lately returned from the Levant,
+has been, brought from Rome to London by M. de Vescovali, and Colonel
+Leake intends to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>[pg 311]</span>
+
+  publish a literal translation of it. This agreement of so many persons
+of respectable character, and known talents, excludes all doubts
+respecting the authenticity of the monument.
+</p>
+<p>
+The imperial edict of Diocletian is composed of more than twenty-four
+articles. It is quite distinct from that delivered the preceding year
+for taxing the price of corn in the eastern provinces, and it contained
+no law upon the value of corn. It fixed for all the articles which it
+enumerated a maximum, which was the price in times of scarcity. For all
+the established prices it makes use of the <i>Roman Denarii</i>; and it
+applies them to the <i>sextarius</i> for liquids, and to the <i>Roman
+pound</i> for the things sold by weight.
+</p>
+<p>
+Before the Augustan age, the <i>denarius</i> was equal to eighteen sous
+of our money; but it diminished gradually in value, and under Diocletian
+its value was not above nine sous of French money, and 45 centimes. The
+Roman pound was equivalent to 12 ounces, and the <i>sextarius</i> which
+was the sixth part of a conge, came near to the old Paris chopin, or
+half a litre.
+</p>
+<p>
+Proceeding on these data, M. Moreau de Jonnes has formed a table,
+showing, 1. the maximum in Roman measures, the same as the established
+imperial edict; and 2. the mean price of objects <i>formed from</i> half
+the maximum, and reduced into French measures.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following is the table drawn up by M. Moreau de Jonnes. The
+slightest inspection of it will enable us to appreciate the importance
+of this archaeological discovery, for no monument of antiquity has
+furnished so long a series of numerical terms, of statistical data, and
+positive testimony of the civil life and domestic economy of the Greeks
+and Romans:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" align="center" summary="Table of price comparisons">
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>I.&mdash;PRICE OF LABOUR.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>Maximum in Roman Money.</td><td colspan="4">Mean Price in English Money.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>           </td><td align="right">£. </td><td align="right">s. </td><td align="right">d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>To a day labourer                       </td><td align="right"> Den. 25         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 4  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. for interior works                  </td><td align="right">      50         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 9  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a mason                              </td><td align="right">      50         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 9  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a maker of mortar                    </td><td align="right">      50         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 9  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a marble-cutler, or maker of mosaic work </td><td align="right">  60         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">11  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a tailor for making clothes          </td><td align="right">      50         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 9  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. for sewing only                     </td><td align="right">       6         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 1  </td><td align="right">1 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>For making shoes for the patricians     </td><td align="right">     150         </td><td align="right">1 </td><td align="right"> 8  </td><td align="right">1 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. shoes for workmen                   </td><td align="right">     120         </td><td align="right">1 </td><td align="right"> 2  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>for the military                        </td><td align="right">     100         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">18  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>for the senators                        </td><td align="right">     100         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">18  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>for the women                           </td><td align="right">      60         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">11  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Military sandals                        </td><td align="right">      75         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">14  </td><td align="right">0 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a barber for each man                 </td><td align="right">      2         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 0  </td><td align="right">4 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a veterinary surgeon for shearing the
+          animals and trimming their feet        </td><td align="right">      6         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 1  </td><td align="right">1 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. for currycombing and  cleaning them  </td><td align="right">     20         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 9  </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>For one month's lessons in architecture  </td><td align="right">    100         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">18  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>To an advocate for a petition
+          to the tribunal                      </td><td align="right">      250         </td><td align="right">2 </td><td align="right"> 6  </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>For the hearing a cause                </td><td align="right">     1000         </td><td align="right">9 </td><td align="right"> 7  </td><td align="right">6 </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>II.&mdash;PRICE OF WINES.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>Maximum of the Sextarius.</td><td colspan="4">Mean Price of the English Pint, Wine Measure.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>           </td><td align="right">£. </td><td align="right">s. </td><td align="right">d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Picene, Tiburtine, Sabine, Aminean,
+          Surentine, Setinian, and Falernian wines</td><td align="right"> Den. 30      </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">5  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old wines of the first quality            </td><td align="right">   24         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">4  </td><td align="right">2 </td><td>&frac34; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. of second quality                     </td><td align="right">   16         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">2 </td><td align="right">10 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Country wine                              </td><td align="right">    8         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">1  </td><td align="right">5 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beer                                      </td><td align="right">    4         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">4 </td><td>&frac34; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beer of Egypt                             </td><td align="right">    2         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">2 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Spiced wine of Asia                       </td><td align="right">   30         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">5  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barley wine of Attica                     </td><td align="right">   24         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">4  </td><td align="right">2 </td><td>&frac34; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Decoction of different raising            </td><td align="right">   16         </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">2 </td><td align="right">10 </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>III.&mdash;PRICE OF MEAT.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>Maximum of the Roman pound.</td><td colspan="4">Mean Price of the French pound.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>           </td><td align="right">£. </td><td align="right">s. </td><td align="right">d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Flesh of oxen                             </td><td align="right">Den. 8         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">2  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. of mutton, or of goat                  </td><td align="right">    8         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">2  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. of lamb, or of kid                     </td><td align="right">   12         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">3  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. of pork                                 </td><td align="right">  12         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">3  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>The best lard                               </td><td align="right">  16         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">4  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>The best ham from Westphalia, from Cerdagne,
+          or from the country of the Marses         </td><td align="right">  20         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">5  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fat fresh pork                              </td><td align="right">  12         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">3  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belly and tripe                             </td><td align="right">  16         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">4  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pig's liver, enlarged by being
+          fattened upon figs                        </td><td align="right">  16         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">4  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pig's feet, each                            </td><td align="right">   4         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fresh pork sausages, weighing one ounce     </td><td align="right">   2         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0  </td><td align="right">4 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. of fresh beef                           </td><td align="right">  16         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">2  </td><td align="right">9 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pork sausages and seasoned                  </td><td align="right">  16         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">4  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. of smoked beef                          </td><td align="right">  10         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">2  </td><td align="right">9 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>IV.&mdash;POULTRY AND GAME.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>Maximum of each in Roman Money.</td><td colspan="4">Mean Price of each in English Money.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>           </td><td align="right">£. </td><td align="right">s. </td><td align="right">d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>One fat male peacock                        </td><td align="right">Den. 250    </td><td align="right">2 </td><td align="right"> 6  </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One fat female peacock                      </td><td align="right">200         </td><td align="right">1 </td><td align="right">17  </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One male wild peacock                       </td><td align="right">125         </td><td align="right">1 </td><td align="right"> 3  </td><td align="right">4 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One female wild peacock                     </td><td align="right">100         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">18  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One fat goose                               </td><td align="right">200         </td><td align="right">2 </td><td align="right"> 6  </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. not fat                                 </td><td align="right">100         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">18  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One hen                                     </td><td align="right"> 60         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">11  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One duck                                    </td><td align="right"> 40         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 7  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One partridge                               </td><td align="right"> 30         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 5  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One hare                                    </td><td align="right">150         </td><td align="right">1 </td><td align="right"> 8  </td><td align="right">1 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>One rabbit                                  </td><td align="right"> 40         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 7  </td><td align="right">4 </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>V.&mdash;FISH.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>Maximum of each in Roman Money.</td><td colspan="4">Mean Price of each in English Money.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>                                         </td><td>           </td><td align="right">£. </td><td align="right">s. </td><td align="right">d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sea fish, first quality                  </td><td align="right">Den. 24         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 4  </td><td align="right">6 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. second quality                       </td><td align="right">     16         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 3  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>River fish, first quality                </td><td align="right">     12         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 2  </td><td align="right">3 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. second quality                       </td><td align="right">      8         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 1  </td><td align="right">6 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salt fish                                </td><td align="right">      6         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 1  </td><td align="right">1 </td><td>&frac12; </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oysters, per hundred                     </td><td align="right">    100         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">18  </td><td align="right">8 </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>VI.&mdash;CULINARY VEGETABLES.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Lettuces, the best, five together        </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. second quality, ten together         </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>[pg 312]</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Common cabbages, the best, single        </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cauliflower, the best, five together     </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. second quality, ten together         </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beet root, the best, five together       </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. second quality, ten together         </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Radishes, the largest                    </td><td align="right">4 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="6"><h3>VII.&mdash;OTHER PROVISIONS.</h3></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                          </td><td>Maximum of the Sextarius in Roman Money.</td><td colspan="4">Mean Price of each in English Money.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>                                          </td><td>           </td><td align="right">£. </td><td align="right">s. </td><td align="right">d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Honey, the best                               </td><td align="right">Den. 40    </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">15  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. second quality                            </td><td align="right">20         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 7  </td><td align="right">6 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil, the best quality                         </td><td align="right">40         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">15  </td><td align="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Do. the second quality                        </td><td align="right">24         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 9  </td><td align="right">1 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vinegar                                       </td><td align="right"> 6         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 3  </td><td align="right">3 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>A stimulant to excite the appetite, made
+          of the essence of fish                      </td><td align="right"> 6         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 2  </td><td align="right">3 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dried cheese, the Roman pound                 </td><td align="right">12         </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right"> 3  </td><td align="right">4 </td><td>Fr. lb. </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>
+We are much surprised at the very high prices in this table. Labour and
+provisions cost ten and twenty times as much as with us. But when we
+come to compare the price of provisions with the price of labour the
+dearness of all the necessaries of life appears still more excessive.
+M. Moreau de Jonnes makes this comparison. He brings together from the
+edicts of Diocletian a great many facts given by historians, and he
+shows, that, if the abundance of the precious metals has any influence
+on raising the prices, the want of labour, industry, and of produce,
+must cause it also.
+</p>
+<p>
+These considerations point out in the strongest manner the poverty of
+this royal people, of whom two-thirds, if not three-fourths, were
+reduced to live on fish and cheese, and drink piquette, when the expense
+of the table of Vitellius amounted, in a single year, to 175 millions of
+Francs.&mdash;<i>Brewster's Journal of Science.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+"I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	TWELVE GOLDEN RULES OF CHARLES I.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+1. Profane no divine ordinances. 2. Touch no state matters. 3. Urge no
+healths. 4. Pick no quarrels. 5. Maintain no ill opinions. 6. Encourage
+no vice. 7. Repeat no grievances. 8. Reveal no secrets. 9. Make no
+comparisons. 10. Keep no bad company. 11. Make no long meals. 12. Lay no
+wagers.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	EPIGRAMS,
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+<i>Written on the Union</i>, 1801, <i>by a celebrated Barrister of Dublin.</i>
+</center>
+
+<center>
+<i>Adapted to the Commercial Failures</i>, 1800.
+</center>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Why should we exclaim, that the times are so bad,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Pursuing a querulous strain?</p>
+           <p>  When Erin gives up all the rights that she had,</p>
+<p class="i2">    What <i>right has she left to com</i>plain?</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The Cit complains to all he meets,</p>
+           <p>  That grass will grow in Dublin streets,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And swears that all is over!</p>
+           <p>  Short-sighted mortals, can't you see,</p>
+           <p>  Your mourning will be chang'd to glee&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    For then you'll live in <i>clover</i>.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<center>
+<i>Necessitas non habet legem.</i>
+</center>
+
+<h3>
+ON SIR JOHN ANSTRUTHER.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+<i>By the Honourable Thomas Erskine.</i>
+</center>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Necessity and Law are alike each other:</p>
+           <p>  Necessity has no Law&mdash;nor has Anstruther.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	EPITAPH ON A CONTROVERSIALIST.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+On the death of that turbulent and refractory enthusiast, John Lilburne,
+<i>alias Free-born John, alias Lilburne the Trouble-world</i>, there
+appeared the following epigrammatic epitaph:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Is John departed, and is Lilburne gone?</p>
+           <p>  Farewell to both, to Lilburne and to John!</p>
+           <p>  Yet being gone, take this advice from me,</p>
+           <p>  Let them not <i>both</i> in one grave buried be.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Here lay ye John; lay Lilburne thereabout,</p>
+           <p>  For if they both should meet, they would fall out.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+This alluded to a saying, that John Lilburne was so quarrelsome, that if
+he were the only man in the world, John would quarrel with Lilburne, and
+Lilburne with John. Lilburne, it will be remembered, was a sad thorn in
+Cromwell's sore side, for which the protector amply repaid him.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	HOSPITAL OF SURGERY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A new surgical hospital is to be forthwith erected in the neighbourhood
+of Charing Cross, where the King, with his usual and characteristic
+munificence, has given a spot of ground on which it is to be erected. A
+benevolent individual has given, within these few days, 1,500<i>l.</i>
+towards a fund for the building.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. Limbird, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newssmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>
+As the Palais Royal may be considered the central point of the
+<i>maisons de jeu</i>, or gambling-houses, it will not be irrelevant
+to give a brief sketch of them:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+The apartments which they occupy are on the first floor, and are
+very spacious. Upon ascending the staircase is an antechamber, in
+which are persons called <i>bouledogues</i> (bull-dogs), whose
+office it is to prevent the entrance of certain marked individuals.
+In the same room are men to receive hats, umbrellas, &amp;c., who give
+a number, which is restored upon going out.
+</p>
+<p>
+The antechamber leads to the several gaming rooms, furnished with
+tables, round which are seated the individuals playing, called
+<i>pontes</i> (punters), each of whom is furnished with a card and a pin
+to mark the <i>rouge</i> and <i>noir</i>, or the number, in order to regulate
+his game. At each end of the table is a man called <i>bout de table</i>,
+who pushes up to the bank the money lost. In the middle of the
+table is the man who draws the cards. These persons, under the
+reign of Louis XIV., were called <i>coupeurs de bourses</i>
+(purse-cutters); they are now denominated <i>tailleurs</i>.
+After having drawn the cards, they mate known the result as
+follows:&mdash;<i>Rouge gagne et couleur perd.&mdash;Rouge perd et couleur
+gagne</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+At <i>roulette</i>, the <i>tailleurs</i> are those who put the ball in
+motion and announce the result.
+</p>
+<p>
+At <i>passe-dix</i>, every time the dice are thrown, the <i>tailleurs</i>
+announce how many the person playing has gained.
+</p>
+<p>
+Opposite the <i>tailleur</i>, and on his right and left, are persons
+called <i>croupiers</i>, whose business it is to pay and to collect
+money.
+</p>
+<p>
+Behind the <i>tailleurs</i> and <i>croupiers</i> are inspectors, to see
+that too much is not given in payment, besides an indefinite
+number of secret inspectors, who are only known to the proprietors.
+There are also <i>maîtres de maison</i>, who are called to decide
+disputes; and <i>messieurs de la chambre</i>, who furnish cards to
+the <i>pontes</i>, and serve them with beer, &amp;c., which is to be
+had <i>gratis</i>. Moreover, there is a <i>grand maître</i>, to whom the
+apartments, tables, &amp;c., belong.
+</p>
+<p>
+When a stranger enters these apartments, he will soon find near
+him some obliging men of mature age, who, with an air of prudence
+and sagacity, proffer their advice. As these advisers perfectly
+understand <i>their own</i> game, if their <i>protégés</i> lose, the mentors
+vanish; but it they win, the counsellor comes nearer, congratulates
+the happy player, insinuates that it was by following his advice
+that fortune smiled on him, and finally succeeds in borrowing a
+small sum of money on honour. Many of these loungers have no
+other mode of living.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is likewise another room, furnished with sofas, called
+<i>chamber des blessés</i>, which is far from being the most
+thinly peopled.
+</p>
+<p>
+The bank pays in ready money every successful stake and sweeps
+off the losings with wooden instruments, called <i>rateaux</i>
+(rakes).
+</p>
+<p>
+It was in one of the houses in this quarter that the late Marshal
+Blucher won and lost very heavy sums, during the occupation of
+Paris by the allied armies.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are two gaming-houses in Paris of a more splendid description
+than those of the Palais Royal, where dinners or suppers are given,
+and where ladies are admitted.&mdash;<i>Galignani's History of Paris</i>.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 281, NOVEMBER 3, 1827***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 16098-h.txt or 16098-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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@@ -0,0 +1,2027 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 281, November 3, 1827
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 21, 2005  [eBook #16098]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 281, NOVEMBER 3, 1827***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 16098-h.htm or 16098-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/9/16098/16098-h/16098-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/9/16098/16098-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X. No. 281.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NO. XIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The first of the above engravings represents one of the _Body Guards
+of the Sheikh of Bornou_, copied from an engraving after a sketch
+made by Major Denham, in his recent "Travels in Africa." These negroes,
+as they are called, meaning the black chiefs and favourites, all raised
+to that rank by Some deed of bravery, are habited in coats of mail,
+composed of iron chain, which cover them from the throat to the knees,
+dividing behind, and coming on each side of the horse; some of them wear
+helmets or skull-caps of the same metal, with chin-pieces, all
+sufficiently strong to ward off the shock of a spear. Their horses'
+heads are also defended by plates of iron, brass, and silver, just
+leaving room for the eyes of the animal; and not unfrequently they are
+hung over with charms, enclosed in little red leather parcels, strung
+together, round the neck, in front of the head, and about the saddle.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Their appearance is altogether of a warlike character, the horses being
+well caparisoned, and the riders well clothed for personal defence; and
+though their equestrian evolutions be somewhat wild, the lance or spear
+is doubtless a formidable weapon in their hands. The savage splendour of
+their dress, together with the pawing and snorting of their fiery
+steeds, render them appropriate auxiliaries to royalty, in countries
+where such attributes of power are requisite to impress the people with
+the importance of their rulers, and where the milder aids of
+civilization and refinement are wanting to protect the sovereign from
+violence.
+
+The second engraving, copied from the same authentic source as that
+preceding it, is a somewhat grotesque portraiture of one of the _Lancers
+of the Sultan of Begharmi_, described, in an historical and geographical
+account by a native prince, as an extensive country, containing woods
+and rivers, and fields fit for cultivation; but now desolated, as the
+inhabitants say, by the "misconduct of the king, who, having increased
+in levity and licentiousness to such a frightful degree, as even to
+marry his own daughter, God Almighty caused Saboon, the prince of
+Wa-da-i, to march against him, and destroy him, laying waste, at the
+same time, all his country, and leaving the houses uninhabited, as a
+signal chastisement for his impiety."
+
+Major Denham having applied for the covering of the above warrior and
+his horse, in his journal thus describes their arrival:--"Aug. 11. Soon
+after daylight, Karouash, with Hadgi, Mustapha, the chief of the
+Shouaas, and the Sheikh's two nephews, Hassein and Kanemy, came to our
+huts. They were attended by more than a dozen slaves, bearing presents
+for us, for King George, and the consul at Tripoli. I had applied for a
+_lebida_, (horse-covering,) after seeing those taken from the Begharmis;
+the sheikh now sent a man, clothed in a yellow wadded jacket, with a
+scarlet cap, and mounted on the horse taken from the Begharmis, on which
+the sultan's eldest son rode. He was one of the finest horses I had
+seen, and covered with a scarlet cloth, also wadded. 'Every thing,'
+Hadgi Mustapha said, 'except the man, is to be taken to your great
+king.'"
+
+The Begharmis, it will be seen, were conquered by the people of Kanem;
+and Major Denham has translated, and given in the appendix to his
+_Travels_, a song of thanksgiving on the triumphant return of the
+governor, full of the characteristic beauty and simplicity of savage
+life. In these struggles it would appear the law of nations is severe on
+the weakest; for the son of the late sultan of the Begharmis is
+described as "now a slave of the sheikh of Bornou." So wags the world!
+
+
+LIVING AT TOULOUSE.
+
+Part of a house, sufficient for a small family, unfurnished, may be had
+for 14 l. a year; and the most elegant in the city, in the best
+situation, for 60 l., including coach-house, stable, cellar, &c. A horse
+may be kept well for 14 l. a year. The wages of a coachman are 8 l., a
+housemaid 8 l., a noted cook 16 l., and a lady's-maid 10 l. The price of
+a chicken is 7-1/2 d.; a partridge 1 s.; a hare 2 s. 6 d.; a duck 1 s.;
+a turkey 2 s. 6 d.; the best bread 1-1/2 d. per lb.; common ditto 1 d.;
+a bottle of wine 3 d.; brandy is sold by the lb. of 16 oz. and costs 6
+d.; grapes 1/2 d. per lb.; meat 3 d.; butter 4 d.; cheese 6d; 50 lbs.
+carrots 10 d.; other vegetables at the same rate. A dozen very fine
+peaches now cost a halfpenny; pears 3 d. a dozen; labourers, who work
+from sunrise to sunset, are fed by the proprietor, and have 6 d. per
+day, which, in this part of the country, will go further than three
+times the sum in England. The horses and oxen used about the farms are
+fed chiefly on straw, and do not consume more than 3 d. a day. The
+labouring people make a very nourishing diet from maize flour, which is
+fried with grease; and this, with beans, forms the principal part of
+their food. They neither use nor wish for meat; but at this season they
+have figs and grapes almost for nothing--_Original Letter_.
+
+
+MOHAMMEDAN SUPERSTITION.
+
+The eastern, and all Mohammedan people, considering Alexander the Great
+as the only monarch who conquered the globe from east to west, give him
+the title of "the two horned," in allusion to his said conquests. They
+likewise believe that Gog and Magog were two great nations, but that, in
+consequence of their wicked and mischievous disposition, Alexander
+gathered and immured them within two immensely high mountains, in the
+darkest and northernmost parts of Europe, by a most surprising and
+insuperable wall, made of iron and copper, of great thickness and
+height; and that to the present time they are confined there; that,
+notwithstanding they are a dwarfish race,--viz. from two to three feet
+in height only--they will one day come out and desolate the world. As
+Lord Mayor's Day is just approaching, perhaps some of the visiters of
+Gog and Magog on that occasion may decide this matter. It is almost akin
+to our nursery quibble of the giants hearing the clock strike, &c. &c.
+
+
+PERSIAN BARBER.
+
+The Khas-terash (literally, personal shaver) of the present sovereign
+has, in the abundance of his wealth, built a palace for himself close to
+the royal bath at Teheran. And he is _entitled_ to riches, for he
+is a man of pre-eminent excellence in his art, and has had for a long
+period, under his especial care, the magnificent beard of his majesty,
+which is at this moment, and has been for years, the pride of
+Persia.--_Persian Sketches_.
+
+
+LIVING IN GENEVA.
+
+The vicinity of Geneva appears peculiarly eligible for the permanent
+residence of an English family. There is perhaps no town on the
+continent where greater facilities are afforded for a man of literary
+and scientific pursuits to indulge his taste or to increase his
+knowledge. The city is close built, and consequently not an agreeable
+place to live in; but its immediate environs abound with delightful
+spots.
+
+The costume of the Genevese assimilates much with that of the French;
+but the better class of females are partial to the English fashions. The
+language of the country is French, but its habits and religion are
+widely different. Not only does the Protestant faith find here the
+salutary prevalence of a kindred faith, but the members of our own
+ecclesiastical establishment are enabled to join each other every
+Sabbath day in the worship of God, and at stated seasons to receive the
+holy sacrament according to the pure and apostolic ritual of the church
+of England.
+
+The expense of a house, with a garden and piece of land, within a mile
+of the gates, including also the keeping of a caleche and pair of
+horses, for a gentleman, his lady, two children, and three servants,
+does not exceed 300 l. a year; and with this he is enabled to receive his
+friends occasionally, and in a respectable style. To proceed from a
+family establishment to a bachelor's pension, "I," says Mr. Seth
+Stevenson, in his _Continental Travels_, "was told that a person
+at Petit Saconnex has a sleeping-room to himself, and his breakfast,
+dinner, tea, and supper with the family, for 500 francs (20 l. 16 s. 8 d.)
+per annum."
+
+The taxation of Geneva is described as very trifling. There is a sort of
+income-tax, to which every man of property contributes, on his honour,
+as to the amount of that property. The whole tax for horses and
+carriages amounts to about 18 d. for each person; the richest it seems
+pays no more, and the others pay no less. "My friend assures me,"
+continues Mr. S. "that his fellow citizens approve of their annexation
+to Switzerland, and also of the union of the Valais with the Helvetic
+confederation--that the people of this little republic are flourishing
+again, contented with their government; and as the best proof of their
+returning prosperity since the peace, he adverted to the comparatively
+few indigent or distressed persons among them, and to the fact of there
+being only forty-five persons in the poor's hospital, besides those
+admitted under the head of casualties."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGINAL STORY OF HAMLET,
+
+(_From the Latin of Saxo Grammaticus, but interspersed._)
+
+
+Florwendillus, king of Jutland, married Geruthra, or Gertrude, the only
+daughter of Ruric, king of Denmark. The produce of this union was a son,
+called Amlettus. When he grew towards manhood, his spirit and
+extraordinary abilities excited the envy and hatred of his uncle, who,
+before the birth of Amlettus, was regarded as presumptive heir to the
+crown. Fengo, which was the name of this haughty prince, conceived a
+passion for his sister-in-law, the queen; and meeting with reciprocal
+feelings, they soon arranged a plan, which putting into execution, he
+ascended the throne of his brother and espoused the widowed princess.
+Amlettus, (or Hamlet,) suspecting that his father had died by the hand
+or the devices of his uncle, determined to be revenged. But perceiving
+the jealousy with which the usurper eyed his superior talents, and the
+better to conceal his hatred and intentions, he affected a gradual
+derangement of reason, and at last acted all the extravagance of an
+absolute madman. Fengo's guilt induced him to doubt the reality of a
+malady so favourable to his security; and suspicious of some direful
+project being hidden beneath assumed insanity, he tried by different
+stratagems to penetrate the truth. One of these was to draw him into a
+confidential interview with a young damsel, who had been the companion
+of his infancy; but Hamlet's sagacity, and the timely caution of his
+intimate friend, frustrated this design. In these two persons we may
+recognise the Ophelia and Horatio of Shakspeare. A second plot was
+attended with equal want of success. It was concerted by Fengo that the
+queen should take her son to task in a private conversation, vainly
+flattering himself that the prince would not conceal his true state from
+the pleadings of a mother. Shakspeare has adopted every part of this
+scene, not only the precise situation and circumstances, but the
+sentiments and sometimes the very words themselves. The queen's
+apartment was the appointed place of conference, where the king, to
+secure certain testimony, had previously ordered one of his courtiers to
+conceal himself under _a heap of straw;_ so says the historian; and
+though Shakspeare, in unison with the refinement of more modern times,
+changes that rustic covering for the royal tapestry, yet it was even as
+Saxo Grammaticus relates it. In those primitive ages, straw, hay, of
+rushes, strewed on the floor, were the usual carpets in the chambers of
+the great. One of our Henrys, in making a progress to the north of
+England, previously sent forward a courier to order _clean straw_
+at every house where he was to take his lodging. But to return to the
+subject.
+
+The prince, suspecting there might be a concealed listener, and that it
+was the king, pursued his wild and frantic acts, hoping that by some
+lucky chance he might discover his hiding-place. Watchful of all that
+passed in the room, as he dashed from side to side, he descried a little
+movement of the uneasy courtier's covering. Suddenly Hamlet sprung on
+his feet, began to crow like a cock, and flapping his arms against his
+sides, leaped upon the straw; feeling something under him, he snatched
+out his sword and thrust it through the unfortunate lord. The barbarism
+of the times is most shockingly displayed in the brutal manner in which
+he treats the dead body; but for the honour of the Danish prince, we
+must suppose that it was not merely a wanton act, but done the more
+decidedly to convince the king, when the strange situation of the corpse
+was seen, how absolutely he must be divested of reason. Being assured he
+was now alone with his mother, in a most awful manner he turns upon her,
+and avows his madness to be assumed; he reproaches her with her wicked
+deeds and incestuous marriage; and threatens a mighty vengeance upon the
+instigator of her crime.
+
+In the historian we find that the admonitions of Hamlet awakened the
+conscience of the queen, and recalled her to penitence and virtue. The
+king, observing the change, became doubly suspicious of the prince; and
+baffling some preliminary steps he took to vengeance; Hamlet was
+entrapped by him into an embassy to England. He sent along with him two
+courtiers, who bore private letters to the English monarch, requesting
+him, as the greatest favour he could confer on Denmark, to compass, by
+secret and by sure means, the death of the prince as soon as he landed.
+Hamlet, during the voyage, had reason to suspect the mission of his
+companions; and by a stratagem obtaining their credentials, he found the
+treacherous mandate; and changing it for one wherein he ordered the
+execution of the two lords, he quietly proceeded with them to the
+British shore. On landing, the papers were delivered, and the king,
+without further parley, obeyed what he believed to be the request of his
+royal ally; and thus did treason meet the punishment due to its crime.
+The daughter of the king being charmed with the person and manners of
+the foreign prince, evinced such marks of tenderness, that Hamlet could
+not but perceive the depth of his conquest. He was not insensible to her
+attractions; and receiving the king's assent, in the course of a few
+days led her to the nuptial altar. Amidst all joys, he was, however,
+like a perturbed ghost that could not rest; and before many suns had
+rose and set, he obtained a hard wrung leave from his bride, once more
+set sail, and appeared at Elsineur just in time to be a witness of the
+splendid rites which Fengo (supposing him now to be murdered) had
+prepared for his funeral. On the proclamation of his arrival, he was
+welcomed with enthusiasm by the people, whose idol he was, and who had
+been overwhelmed with grief when Fengo announced to them his sudden
+death in England. The king, inflamed with so ruinous a disappointment,
+and becoming doubly jealous of his growing popularity, now affected no
+conciliation, but openly manifested his hatred and hostility. Hamlet
+again had recourse to his pretended madness, and committed so many
+alarming acts, that Fengo, fearing their direction, ordered his sword to
+be locked in its scabbard, under a plea of guarding the lunatic from
+personal harm, After various adventures, at last the prince accomplished
+the death of his uncle's adherents, and vengeance on the fratricide
+himself, by setting fire to the palace during the debauch of a midnight
+banquet. Rushing amidst the flames, he kills Fengo with his own hand,
+reproaching him at the moment with his murder, adultery, and incest.
+Immediately on this act of retribution he was proclaimed lawful
+successor to the throne, and crowned with all due solemnity.
+
+Thus far Shakspeare treads in the steps of the annalist; the only
+difference is in the fate of the hero; in the one he finds a kingdom, in
+the other a grave. Saxo Grammaticus carries the history further; and
+after the crowning of Hamlet as king, brings him again into Britain,
+where, in compliment to that land of beauty, he marries a second wife,
+the daughter of a Scottish king. Hamlet brought both his wives to
+Denmark, and prepared for a long life of prosperity and peace. But the
+sword hung over his head; war burst around him, and he fell in combat by
+the hand of Vigelotes, son of Ruric. Saxo Grammaticus sums up his
+character in a few words: "He was a wise prince and a great warrior.
+Like Achilles, he had the principal actions of his life wrought on his
+shield. The daughter of the king of Scotland casting her eye on it,
+loved him for the battles he had won, and became his bride."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH FRUITS.
+
+(_Concluded from page 295._)
+
+
+_The Vine_.--The value and transcendant excellence of this foreign fruit
+is too well known to require any extended account in this paper; as a
+native of the southern verge of the northern temperate zone, it only
+requires its natural degree of heat to bring it to perfection. The
+growth is luxuriant, is fertile, easy of management, and as it requires
+support, obedient to the trainer's will. Many excellent varieties ate in
+our stoves and vineries; differing in hardness, size of bunches, and in
+colour and flavour of fruit. These, it is likely, have been gained from
+seeds; and as its cultivation has been primaeval with the inhabitants of
+the earth, no wonder it received, for its unequalled utility, their
+chiefest care.
+
+That the climate of this country has undergone a considerable change
+within the last hundred years, is allowed by all who have considered the
+subject; and nothing furnishes a more convincing proof of this, than the
+history of the vine. Previous to the reign of Henry VIII., every abbey
+and monastery had its vineyard. In the rent-rolls of church property in
+those days, and long afterwards, considerable quantities of grapes were
+paid as tithe; and the vestiges of some of those vineyards remain to
+this day. They were usually placed on the south side of a hill, in a
+light dry soil, having the surface covered with sand; the vines being
+trained near the ground. But with such inclement and changeable springs,
+and long protracted winters, as have been experienced of late, even such
+frost as is seen at this moment (24th of April,) vines as standards in
+the open air, would be destroyed; or, at least, no dependence could be
+placed upon them for a crop. But vineyards in the country could neither
+be so profitable, nor are they so necessary as they were in those days;
+international intercourse is now more open, and corporations, whether
+religious or civil, can be supplied with grapes in any shape, and their
+precious juice in any quantity, at a cheaper rate than either home-grown
+or home-made. In their cultivation in this country, practitioners are
+more liable to err in planting them in too rich, than in too poor a
+soil; the first adds too much to their natural luxuriance of growth, and
+always reduces the flavour of the fruit.
+
+_The Mulberry_.--This fruit has not been subjected to the
+operations and attention of the improver so much, perhaps, as it
+deserves; true, it has been planted against walls, and as espaliers; and
+in both places has done well.
+
+_The Fig_ has been long in our gardens; a very ancient one is still
+alive in the garden of one of the colleges at Oxford. In its native
+country it produces two crops in the year, and this property makes its
+management rather difficult in a country where it can but with
+difficulty be made to produce one; and especially when trained in the
+common way to a wall, where the crop is often sacrificed to the useless
+symmetry of the tree. It is impatient of frost, and requires protection
+during winter; and is also impatient of the knife, and more, perhaps,
+than any other tree, is disposed to form its own natural head. When kept
+in a glass case, either planted in the ground or in pots, it well repays
+the trouble bestowed upon it.
+
+_The Quince_.--This fruit remains very steadily in character to
+what it has always been known to be; the taste is too austere to be used
+alone from the tree; but with other fruits in pastry, or in the shape of
+preserves or marmalade, it is useful.
+
+_The Medley_.--Two or three sorts of this tree are in cultivation:
+they are placed in the lowest grade of fruits; though, when they are
+perfectly mature, they are much relished by some palates. The azarola,
+service, and two or three others used in the south of Europe, are not
+worth notice here.
+
+_The Filbert_.--The common wild hazle of our hedges has been
+improved, by chance or cultivation, into the several varieties of red
+and white filberts and cob-nuts. Working them upon the hazle, or upon
+themselves, is necessary; because, it not only makes them more fruitful,
+but also brings them sooner into bearing.
+
+_The Walnut_.--This nuciferous tree has been cultivated in England
+more for the value of the timber than for its fruit. There are several
+varieties, differing chiefly in the size of the nut, from the diminutive
+ben-nut, to the large or double French sort. The only improvement which
+can be expected in this, is a hardier sort which would be less
+susceptible of damage from frost.
+
+_The Chestnut_.--The description of the walnut may be applied to
+this, as they are natives of the same climate; and their flowers are
+alike impatient of frost. The fruit of this is, however, inferior to
+that of the walnut, and seldom arrives at the same degree of perfection.
+The tree grows to a great size, and is one of the most valuable of our
+forest trees. In "days of yore," it must have been much more plentiful
+in this country, or more plentifully imported, than it now is; as the
+principal timbers of abbeys, cathedrals, and other ancient buildings,
+are chiefly formed of it: being equally durable as the oak, which it so
+much resembles, that they can hardly be distinguished from each other,
+but by the test of the wet edge of a chissel being stained by the oak,
+and not at all by the chestnut.
+
+_The Melon and Cucumber_.--These exotic fruits are extensively
+cultivated; the latter takes various shapes in our bills of fare; the
+former is more a luxury than a fruit for general use; their culture on
+hot-beds forms a material branch of modern gardening, and with that of
+the gourd, pumpkin, squash, vegetable marrow, &c., is well known.
+
+_The Pine-Apple_.--This sovereign of fruits is, and can only be, in
+this country, an appendage to opulence and rank. Several varieties are
+cultivated in our forcing-stoves, and grace the tables of the rich, and
+in as great perfection as they can be had between the tropics. In their
+wild state, they affect the sides of rivulets, and often under the shade
+of lofty trees; but are of inferior flavour, unless the weather is very
+dry when they are ripening off; and when cultivated, they receive little
+or no water during the last stage of their growth.--_Quarterly Journal
+of Science, &c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANECDOTES OF THE MARVELLOUS.
+
+_A Prediction Fulfilled._
+
+
+At the time of the American war, a gentleman (a mere youth) entered the
+army, and saw some little service. One day, during an engagement, he
+was, in the hurry and confusion of it, knocked down; and a soldier,
+setting his foot upon his chest in passing over him, hurt him so
+exceedingly that he became senseless; upon recovering, he found himself
+still stretched on the ground, and a singular, looking female stood
+beside him, who, as he opened his eyes, exclaimed in an ill-boding
+voice, "Ay, young man, mark my words: _that_ hurt will be the
+death of you in your forty-second year." He immediately recognised in
+this old raven one of those _soothsayers_ who usually followed the
+army, and gained a livelihood by their oracular powers. Mr. L. certainly
+did _mark_ her words, inasmuch as returning to England, he quitted
+the army, entered the church, and amongst other red-coat reminiscences,
+used frequently to mention (and mention but to ridicule) the American
+soothsayer's prediction. Nevertheless, true it is, that he did die in
+his forty-second year, and of a disease in his _chest_ too,
+although he had never suffered from the hurt beyond the period at which
+he received it.
+
+
+_Imagination._
+
+The measles (it is pretty well known to all voyagers) is at St. Helena a
+hideous and fatal disorder, although generally mild at the Cape, which
+is about a fortnight's sail from the former island: every ship,
+therefore, from the Cape, upon touching at St. Helena, undergoes
+examination, and, if the measles are known to be prevalent at the former
+place, is put into quarantine, and no officer, however urgent his
+business may be, allowed to land without making oath or affidavit that
+he has not been on shore at the Cape, or approached an infected person.
+Some years since, a naval officer, acquainted with the then governor of
+St. Helena, General P----n, was invited to dine with him, and met at
+dinner another officer from another vessel, who, it is to be presumed,
+had eluded undergoing the usual precautionary measures, and was perhaps
+ignorant of their existence, since he mentioned, during the repast, that
+the measles were prevailing at Cape Town, and admitted that he had
+entered it. Now, he had just arrived at St. Helena, and though he
+expressly stated that he had not gone near any infected person, poor
+Mrs. P----, uttering a shriek, fled from the table, exclaiming that she
+knew she should have the measles; in fact, she immediately fell sick of
+that disorder, (and died, I think I understood.) All her family took it,
+and it raged through the island, proving dreadfully destructive.
+
+
+_Mysterious Incident._
+
+It was the wedding day of Mr. and Mrs. Terry, (I mean the _actual_,
+not the anniversary wedding-day,) and the jocund bridegroom, bride, and
+their guests were assembled about noon in the drawing-room, when a
+servant entered, and said a gentleman had called, and wished to speak to
+Mr. T.; that he was waiting below stairs, and would not come up, because
+he came upon very particular business. Mr. Terry, desiring his company
+to excuse him for a few minutes, quitted the room. One hour elapsed--no
+bridegroom; two hours--he did not appear;--three--four--he was not
+returned: the bride's mind misgave her, and the hymeneal guests were
+quite alarmed: the servants declared that they had seen their master and
+the gentleman walk into the garden, from whence they were not returned.
+Now, a high brick wall, in which there was no outlet, and over which no
+person could climb except by a ladder, enclosed the garden, which, when
+searched, was empty, whilst, at the same time, Mr. Terry and his
+_friend_, "_the gentleman_," could not have walked out at the
+hall-door without being, from its situation, seen and heard by the
+servants in the kitchen. Time fled--and he did not return--no!--and
+although his lady lived to be nearly ninety years of age, she
+_never_ gained tidings again of the spouse, thus so mysteriously
+spirited away!
+
+
+_Raising the Wind._
+
+The superstitions of sailors are not few, as those assert who are
+conversant in maritime affairs. Amongst others, is the custom, pretty
+well known, of _whistling for a wind_. A gentleman told me, that, on his
+first voyage, being then very young, and ignorant of sea usages, he was
+in the habit of walking the deck a great deal, "and whistling as he
+went," perhaps "for want of thought"--perhaps for lack of something
+better to do. Shortly, he fancied that the captain of the vessel seemed
+not a little annoyed whenever this took place, although he kept a
+respectful silence upon the subject. At length Mr. ---- resolved to
+speak to him himself: and, accordingly, one day, when it blew a pretty
+brisk gale, said, "I observe, captain, that you appear particularly
+uneasy whenever I whistle."--"To say the truth, sir, I _am_ just _now_,"
+replied he. "On a fair, still day, whistle as much as you please; but,
+when there is a wind like this, _we don't like to have any more
+called._"--_New London Literary Gaz._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A PHILOSOPHICAL KITCHEN.
+
+
+A romantic and ludicrous novel has just appeared, entitled "The Mummy,
+or Tale of the Twenty-second Century," exhibiting some of the probable
+results of "the march of intellect;" and of the pungency of its satire
+the following is a fair specimen, describing a kitchen in the
+twenty-second century:--
+
+When Dr. Entwerfen left the breakfast-room of Lord Gustavus, which he
+did not do till a considerable time after the rest of the party had
+quitted it, he was so absorbed in meditation, that he did not know
+exactly which way he was going; and, happening unfortunately to turn to
+the right when he should have gone to the left, to his infinite surprise
+he found himself in the kitchen instead of his own study. Absent as the
+doctor was, however, his attention was soon roused by the scene before
+him. Being, like many of his learned brotherhood, somewhat of a
+gourmand, his indignation was violently excited by finding the cook
+comfortably asleep on a sofa on one side of the room, whilst the meat
+intended for dinner, a meal it was then the fashion to take about noon,
+was as comfortably resting itself from its toils on the other. The
+chemical substitute for fire, which ought to have cooked it, having gone
+out, and the cook's nap precluding all reasonable expectation of its
+re-illumination, the doctor's wrath was kindled, though the fire was
+not, and in a violent rage he seized the gentle Celestina's shoulder,
+and and shook her till she woke. "Where am I?" exclaimed she, opening
+her eyes. "Any where but where you ought to be," cried the doctor, in a
+fury. "Look, hussy! look at that fine joint of meat, lying quite cold
+and sodden in its own steam." "Dear me!" returned Celestina, yawning,
+"I am really quite unfortunate to-day! An unlucky accident has already
+occurred to a leg of mutton which was to have formed part of to-day's
+aliments, and now this piece of beef is also destroyed. I am afraid
+there will be nothing for dinner but some mucilaginous saccharine
+vegetables, and they, most probably, will be boiled to a viscous
+consistency." "And what excuse can you offer for all this?" exclaimed
+the doctor, his voice trembling with passion. "It was unavoidable;"
+replied Celestina, coolly; "whilst I was copying a cast from the Apollo
+Belvidere this morning, having unguardedly applied too much caloric to
+the vessel containing the leg of mutton, the aqueous fluid in which it
+was immersed evaporated, and the viand became completely calcinated.
+Whilst the other affair--" "Hush, hush!" interrupted the doctor; "I
+cannot bear to hear you mention it. Oh, surely Job himself never
+suffered such a trial of his patience! In fact, _his_ troubles were
+scarcely worth mentioning, for he was never cursed with learned
+servants!" Saying this, the doctor retired, lamenting his hard fate in
+not having been born in those halcyon days when cooks drew nothing but
+their poultry; whilst the gentle Celestina's breast panted with
+indignation at his complaint. An opportunity soon offered for revenge;
+and seeing the doctor's steam valet ready to be carried to its master's
+chamber, she treacherously applied a double portion of caloric; in
+consequence of which, the machine burst whilst in the act of brushing
+the doctor's coat collar, and by discharging the whole of the scalding
+water contained in its cauldron upon him, reduced him to a melancholy
+state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON THE DEATH OF A FRIEND.
+
+
+  Thou art gone to the grave, but we will not deplore thee,
+    Since God was thy refuge, thy ransom, thy guide;
+  He gave thee, he took thee and he will restore thee,
+    And death has no sting since the Saviour has died.
+
+_The Amulet for_ 1828.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+St. Martin's, near Canterbury.
+
+[Illustration: St. Martin's, near Canterbury.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH ERECTED IN ENGLAND.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The venerable and interesting church of St. Martin is situated on the
+side of a hill, (named from it,) at the distance of little more than a
+quarter of a mile from the dilapidated walls of Canterbury. It is
+generally believed to have been erected by the Christian soldiers in the
+Roman army, about the time of king Lucius, A.D. 182, and hence is justly
+esteemed as _the first Christian church erected in Britain_, and
+indeed nothing appears to contradict this assertion; for the Britons,
+before the arrival of the Romans, were, as is well known, in a state of
+barbarism and idolatry, and their habitations huts of clay and turf; and
+as to its being built after their departure, I do not think it at all
+likely, for England was then ravaged and overrun by the warlike clans of
+its mountain neighbours, and consequently its inhabitants had not time
+or inclination to erect buildings, when their lives and property were
+daily in danger. Their successors, the early Saxons, too, I think,
+cannot claim any pretensions to St. Martin, they being heathens, and
+unacquainted with the Christian religion. Nor could they, entirely
+ignorant of Roman materials, have built an edifice completely composed
+with them.
+
+Here then was a Christian church and a Christian congregation
+established in Britain full 415 years before Augustin's arrival; but as
+St. Martin, bishop of Tours, died in the year 395, this church could not
+have been erected in his honour; but it might afterwards have been
+dedicated to him by Luidhard, chaplain to Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, the
+Kentish king; and this is the more likely, as Luidhard himself was a
+French bishop.
+
+In conclusion, it may not be unnecessary to state, that though the
+papists consider Augustin as the apostle of the English, they do not
+acknowledge him as their first instructor in Christianity; for, as it
+appears in their service for May 26, Lucius, a British king, wrote to
+St. Eleutherius, (who was elected priest A.D. 177,) desiring that he
+might be numbered among the Christians. By whom or by what means this
+conversion was effected does not appear; but, however, in reply to it,
+Eleutherius sent the monks Damian and Fryatius into Britain, from whom
+the king and many of his subjects received the gospel.
+
+SAGITTARIUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PICTURE OF LIBERTY.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  O, Liberty! thou goddess, heav'nly bright!
+  Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight,
+  External pleasures in thy presence reign.
+
+  ADDISON.
+
+
+Aristo tells a pretty story of a fairy, who, by some mysterious law of
+her nature, was condemned to appear, at certain seasons, in the form of
+a foul and poisonous snake. Those who injured her during the period of
+her disguise were for ever excluded from participation in the blessings
+which she bestowed. But to those who, in spite of her loathsome aspect,
+pitied and protected her, she afterwards revealed herself in the
+beautiful and celestial form which was natural to her, accompanied their
+steps, granted all their wishes, filled their houses with wealth, made
+them happy in love and victorious in war. Such a spirit is Liberty. At
+times she takes the form of a hateful reptile; she grovels, she hisses,
+she stings; but woe to those who in disgust shall venture to crush her!
+And happy are those who, having dared to receive her in her degraded and
+frightful shape, shall at length be rewarded by her in the time of her
+beauty and glory!--_See Edin. Rev. vol._ xlii. _p._ 332.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FIRST AND LAST.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+
+  One single truth before he died
+  Poor Dick could only boast;
+  "Alas, I die!" he faintly cried,
+  And then--gave up the ghost!
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRENCH GAMING HOUSES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Dicing-houses, where cheaters meet, and cozen young men out of
+  their money.
+
+  _Lord Herbert._
+
+
+  Begin with a guinea, and end with a mortgage.
+
+  _Cumberland._
+
+
+      What more than madness reigns,
+  When one short sitting many hundreds drains,
+  When not enough is left him to supply
+  Board wages, or a footman's livery.
+
+  _Dryden's Juvenal._
+
+
+  Gaming finds a man a cully, and leaves him a knave.
+
+  _Tom Brown._
+
+
+The last "nine days' wonder" is the excess to which gaming is carried
+among the higher circles of this country; but I much doubt whether the
+present expositions of such enormity in a neighbouring nation will work
+the desired effect on Englishmen.
+
+Popular prejudices are obstinate points to combat; but every one who has
+had opportunities for observation, must allow, that in their _taste
+for gaming_, the French and English character are widely different.
+In France, every one plays at cards, or dominoes, and at _all hours in
+the day_, in every cafe, wine-shop, and road-side inn throughout the
+country. I remember to have frequently seen, in the wine-shops at Paris,
+carters in blue smock-frocks playing at ecarte and dominoes over a
+bottle of _vin ordinaire_ at eleven o'clock in the morning,
+particularly in the neighbourhood of the markets. In England such
+amusements would be illegal, and the victualler who allowed them in his
+house would probably be deprived of his license.
+
+In France every man plays at billiards--nay, every village has its
+billiard tables, one of which is almost as frequent an article of
+furniture in private houses, as piano-fortes are in England; and the
+sign of two maces crossed, and the inscriptions "Cafe et Billards" are
+as common over the wine-houses in the provinces, as chequers formerly
+were in our own country towns. I remember meeting with a curious
+adventure during my last residence in Paris. One morning, while
+leisurely walking in _Rue Montmartre_, I was accosted in French, by a
+respectably dressed man, apparently about fifty, who inquired of me the
+situation of ---- street, (for at this moment I do not recollect the
+name). I replied that, being a foreigner, I could not afford him the
+required information, at the same time referring him to the next shop.
+He did not follow my suggestion, but almost at the very instant my eye
+caught the name of the street for which he had just inquired. The
+stranger then told me that being on a visit to the capital, he was
+anxious to see the interior of the palace of the Tuilleries, and was
+proceeding to a friend resident in the above street, who had promised to
+procure him admission to the royal residence, notwithstanding the king
+was then in Paris. I congratulated him on his success, having been, a
+few days previous, disappointed in the same object, when he offered also
+to procure admission for myself and one or two of my friends. We
+accordingly entered a second rate _cafe_, when, I made up to the
+_garcon_ and demanded of him whether orders for viewing the Tuilleries
+were to be obtained there: he made no reply, but my friend of the
+street, who had by this time partly ascended a staircase at the
+extremity of the room, beckoned, and anxiously besought me to accompany
+him. I did so, notwithstanding I was aware that Paris, as well as
+London, had its "frauds." We entered a large room, the first impression
+of which, on some minds, would have been that of terror. In the centre
+stood a handsome billiard-table, over which were two dirty lamps with
+reflectors; the walls were papered in tawdry French taste, the ceiling
+black with smoke, and the whole room but indifferently lighted with a
+disproportionate and dusty window: the door, too, seemed planned for
+security, having a large lock and two bolts inside, but exhibited marks
+of recent repair from violent fracture. In short, there was a lurking
+suspicion about the place, which was not lessened by my companion
+meeting with a partner. From their conversation I learned they were both
+_foreigners_, and were waiting for a friend to bring the orders to view
+the palace, so that all the story was as yet in keeping, and I was
+introduced as a suitor for the same favour. My fellows "in waiting"
+showed much impatience, complained of cold, and politely asked me to
+take a glass of liqueur with them, at the same time taking up the mace
+and beginning to amuse themselves at the billiard-table. I looked on;
+they asked me to join them; I declined, and professed ignorance of the
+game; but their importunities became more pressing, and at last
+troublesome. Not a word further was said of the palace admission.
+I now judged it time to take my leave, and advancing towards the door
+for that purpose, I perceived my companions moved also: I profited by
+the hint, and seizing the handle of the door, thanked them for their
+civility, assured them I could wait no longer, but would call in
+half-an-hour--leaped down the stairs, and did not stop till I reached
+_Rue Montmartre_. I afterwards learned this was a common _street trick_
+in Paris to decoy strangers to the billiard-table, and had I taken the
+mace in hand, it would most probably have been at the expense of a good
+dinner for my companions, as a smart for my credulity.
+
+A few evenings subsequent to this common-place incident, I strolled into
+a house of play in the palais royal, the situation having been
+previously pointed out to me by a friend.[1] The entrance was through a
+narrow passage by a silversmith's shop, on the ground floor, at the end
+of which a strong light shone through the figures denoting the number of
+the house, largely cut in tin; alas! thought I, a fatal number to many
+thousands. On the principal landing, being that above the _entre-sol_
+story, I gently tapped at a handsome door, which was almost as gently
+opened. My friend (for I was not alone,) having deposited his hat and
+stick with the garcon, was allowed to pass, but I was stopped for want
+of--_whiskers_; till assuring him that I was older than he took me to
+be, and an Englishman--I was also permitted to pass. We first entered a
+small room, in which was a roulette-table surrounded by players, and
+well staked: this communicated by folding-doors with a spacious saloon
+with a double table for _Trente-et-un_, or _Rouge et Noir_, round which
+were seated the players, behind whom stood a few lookers-on, and still
+fewer young men, whose stakes were "few and far between,"--probably
+those of cautious adventurers, or novices pecking at the first-fruits of
+play. Nothing is better described in books than the folly of _gaming_,
+and the sufferings of its victims; but, like Virgil, in his picture of
+Heaven, they fall short in describing their extasies; a failing on the
+right side, or perhaps purposely made, for the happiness of mankind. The
+seated visitors here seemed to be quite at home, some picking up their
+Napoleons and five franc pieces, and others recording the issues of the
+game, and illustrating the doctrine of chances by pricking holes in
+cards. A death-like stillness prevailed, interrupted only by the
+monotonous result of the deal of the cards, and the bewitching, though
+not frequent chink of gold and silver. The success of the winners was as
+silent as the disappointment of the losers; neither joy nor grief
+displaying itself otherwise than in an almost unvaried _tristesse_ on
+the countenances of the seated players--in some measure produced by ill
+health and intense anxiety so as to conceal better feelings. I took my
+station at one end of the table beside a middle-aged Frenchman, and by
+way of _forfeit-money_ (for _mere_ lookers on are not very acceptable
+company) threw a few five-franc pieces, one by one, on the same colour
+with his stakes, each of which varied from one to ten Napoleons. After
+twelve chances I had lost about thirty francs, but the Frenchman
+continued playing, and within twenty minutes rose a winner of three
+hundred Napoleons, which the banker changing for paper, he coolly put
+into his waistcoat pocket, and walked off. A slight emotion was visible
+around the table, but there was no other expression. I had now time to
+look around me, and enjoy a little reflection for my foolish risk. It
+would be difficult to say whether more anxiety was displayed among the
+sitters, or the company at their backs. The attractive _foci_ of all
+eyes were the everlasting varieties of red and black, though not
+accompanied by the usual grotesque mob of kings, queens, and _knaves_,
+the latter being probably excluded by the jealousy of their living
+fraternity around the table. A strong and steady light spread over the
+faces of all present, and in some few showed the quiverings and workings
+of the most intense passion; but the same stare or tip-toe of hope and
+fear pervaded the whole assemblage. Some counted their money with
+apparent caution, and seemed to divide their winnings from their store
+with affected precision, probably with an idea of the winnings being
+unfit company for other coin; whilst others listlessly played with their
+cash, or in a vulgar phrase, handled it like dirt, the distinguishing
+feature of the cold and calculating gamester, to whom money is an object
+of secondary concern compared with that of play. In the standing groupe
+I remember to have noticed (from his personal resemblance to a friend) a
+young Englishman, whom I afterwards learned had been a constant visiter
+to that table during the previous three months, and had then won about
+two hundred Napoleons. He had just married an interesting woman, about
+his own age, twenty-two, and had professedly taken up his degree in the
+practice of play, as an elegant and honourable mode of subsistence. A
+few weeks after I met him and his wife, on the Italian Boulevards; in
+dress he was woefully changed, and in his countenance a ghastly stare,
+sunken eye, and emaciated cheeks, bespoke some strong reverse of
+fortune: his wife too seemed dimmed by sorrow, and suffering might be
+traced in every lineament of her features, notwithstanding the artifice
+of dress was tastefully displayed about her person. Alas! thought I, how
+often is the charm of wedded life snapped asunder by man--the proud lord
+of the creation, and how often by his strong hold on her affections,
+does he sink lovely woman still fondly clinging to his disgrace, in the
+abyss of crime and guilt.
+
+But as such incidents must be common to many of your readers who have
+visited the French metropolis, I shall desist from further recital. The
+following outline of those receptacles of vice, _French Gaming
+Houses_, from facts which I collected on the spot, aided by
+authenticated resources, may not prove uninteresting.
+
+Gaming-houses in Paris were first licensed in 1775, by the lieutenant of
+police, who, to diminish the odium of such establishments, decreed that
+the profit resulting from them should be applied to the foundation of
+hospitals. The gamesters might therefore be said to resemble watermen,
+looking one way and rowing another. Their number soon amounted to
+twelve, and women were permitted to resort to them two days in the week.
+Besides the licensed establishments, several illegal ones were
+tolerated. In 1778, gaming was prohibited in France; but not at the
+court or in the hotels of ambassadors, where police-officers could not
+enter. By degrees the public establishments resumed their wonted
+activity, and extended their pernicious effects. The numerous suicides
+and bankruptcies which they occasioned, attracted the attention of the
+_Parlement_, who drew up regulations for their observance; and
+threatened those who should violate them with the pillory and whipping.
+At length, the passion for gambling prevailing in the societies
+established in the Palais Royal, under the title of _clubs_ or _salons_,
+a police ordinance was issued in 1785, prohibiting them from gaming, and
+in the following year, additional prohibitory measures were enforced.
+During the revolution the gaming-houses were frequently prevented and
+licenses withheld; but notwithstanding the rigour of the laws, and the
+vigilance of the police, they still contrived to exist; and they are now
+regularly licensed by the police, and are under its immediate
+inspection. The following items of twenty tables distributed about Paris
+(the established stake varying from a Napoleon to a sous) are from the
+most authentic documents:--
+
+
+  Current expenses                            1,551,480 Francs.
+  _Bail_ to Government                   6,000,000 Francs.
+  Bonus for the bail                            166,666 Francs.
+  Making together 7,716,146 Francs, or about   L321,589 English.
+  Gain of the tables, per annum               9,600,000 Francs.
+  Expenses as above                           7,718,146 Francs.
+  Leaving a clear profit of                   1,881,854 Francs,
+
+
+or about L78,244 English! And yet, in spite of this unanswerable logic
+of _figures and facts_, there are every day fresh victims who are
+infatuated enough to believe that it is possible to counterbalance the
+advantages which the bank possesses, by a judicious management of the
+power the player has of altering his stake! The revenue formerly paid to
+the government for licenses, has recently been transferred to the city
+of Paris.
+
+In England, the outcry against gaming is loud, and deservedly so; and
+the extent to which it is stated to be curried in the higher circles is
+rather underrated than exaggerated; but the severity of our laws on this
+crime, and recent visitations of its rigour, confine it to the saloons
+of wealthy vice. With us it is not a national vice, as in France, where
+every license, facility, and even encouragement presents itself.
+Lotteries, which have been abolished in England, as immoral nuisances,
+are tolerated in France, with more mischievous effect, since, the risk
+is considerably less than our least shares formerly were, the lotteries
+smaller, and those drawn three times every month. The relics of
+_our_ gaming system are only to be found on race-courses; but in
+France, half the toys sold at a fair or _fete_, where mothers win
+rattles for their children, are by _lottery_, whilst our gaming at
+fairs is restricted to a few low adventurers for snuff-boxes, &c.
+Despair is the gloomiest feature of the French character, and of which
+gaming produces a frightful proportion, notwithstanding all that our
+neighbours say about _our hanging and drowning in November:_
+witness their suicides:--
+
+  In 1819: Suicides, 376; of which, 126 women.
+     1820:  do.      325;  do.      114  do.
+     1821:  do.      348;  do.      112  do.
+
+
+Of the suicides of these three years 25, 50, and 36, were attributed to
+love, and 52, 42, 43, to despair arising from _gaming, the
+lottery_, &c. In the winter of 1826, several exaggerated losses by
+gaming were circulated in Paris with great _finesse_, to enable
+bankrupts to account for their deficiencies, many of whom were exposed
+and deservedly punished.
+
+A few words on the _prevention_ of gaming, the consideration of
+which gave rise to this hasty sketch; I mean by dramatic exhibitions of
+its direful effects. On our stage we have a pathetic tragedy by E.
+Moore, which, though seldom acted, is a fine domestic moral to old and
+young; but the author
+
+  "Was his own Beverley, a dupe to play."
+
+
+It is scarcely necessary to allude to the recent transfers of a
+celebrated French _expose_ of French gambling to our English stage,
+otherwise than to question their moral tendency. The pathos of our
+_Gamester_ may reach the heart; but the French pieces command no
+such appeal to our sympathies. On the contrary, the vice is emblazoned
+in such romantic and fitful fancies, that their effect is questionable,
+especially on the majority of those who flock to such exhibitions. The
+_extasies_ of the gamester are too seductive to be heightened by
+dramatic effect; neither are they counterbalanced by their consesequent
+misery, when the aim of these representations should be to outweigh
+them; for the authenticated publication of a single prize in the lottery
+has been known to seduce more adventurers than a thousand losses have
+deterred from risk. But they keep up the dancing spirits of the
+multitude, and it will be well if their influence extends no further.
+
+PHILO.
+
+
+    [1] As the Palais Royal may be considered the central point of the
+        _maisons de jeu_, or gambling-houses, it will not be irrelevant
+        to give a brief sketch of them:--
+
+        The apartments which they occupy are on the first floor, and are
+        very spacious. Upon ascending the staircase is an antechamber, in
+        which are persons called _bouledogues_ (bull-dogs), whose
+        office it is to prevent the entrance of certain marked individuals.
+        In the same room are men to receive hats, umbrellas, &c., who give
+        a number, which is restored upon going out.
+
+        The antechamber leads to the several gaming rooms, furnished with
+        tables, round which are seated the individuals playing, called
+        _pontes_ (punters), each of whom is furnished with a card and a pin
+        to mark the _rouge_ and _noir_, or the number, in order to regulate
+        his game. At each end of the table is a man called _bout de table_,
+        who pushes up to the bank the money lost. In the middle of the
+        table is the man who draws the cards. These persons, under the
+        reign of Louis XIV., were called _coupeurs de bourses_
+        (purse-cutters); they are now denominated _tailleurs_.
+        After having drawn the cards, they mate known the result as
+        follows:--_Rouge gagne et couleur perd.--Rouge perd et couleur
+        gagne_.
+
+        At _roulette_, the _tailleurs_ are those who put the ball in
+        motion and announce the result.
+
+        At _passe-dix_, every time the dice are thrown, the _tailleurs_
+        announce how many the person playing has gained.
+
+        Opposite the _tailleur_, and on his right and left, are persons
+        called _croupiers_, whose business it is to pay and to collect
+        money.
+
+        Behind the _tailleurs_ and _croupiers_ are inspectors, to see
+        that too much is not given in payment, besides an indefinite
+        number of secret inspectors, who are only known to the proprietors.
+        There are also _maitres de maison_, who are called to decide
+        disputes; and _messieurs de la chambre_, who furnish cards to
+        the _pontes_, and serve them with beer, &c., which is to be
+        had _gratis_. Moreover, there is a _grand maitre_, to whom the
+        apartments, tables, &c., belong.
+
+        When a stranger enters these apartments, he will soon find near
+        him some obliging men of mature age, who, with an air of prudence
+        and sagacity, proffer their advice. As these advisers perfectly
+        understand _their own_ game, if their _proteges_ lose, the mentors
+        vanish; but it they win, the counsellor comes nearer, congratulates
+        the happy player, insinuates that it was by following his advice
+        that fortune smiled on him, and finally succeeds in borrowing a
+        small sum of money on honour. Many of these loungers have no
+        other mode of living.
+
+        There is likewise another room, furnished with sofas, called
+        _chamber des blesses_, which is far from being the most
+        thinly peopled.
+
+        The bank pays in ready money every successful stake and sweeps
+        off the losings with wooden instruments, called _rateaux_
+        (rakes).
+
+        It was in one of the houses in this quarter that the late Marshal
+        Blucher won and lost very heavy sums, during the occupation of
+        Paris by the allied armies.
+
+        There are two gaming-houses in Paris of a more splendid description
+        than those of the Palais Royal, where dinners or suppers are given,
+        and where ladies are admitted.--_Galignani's History of Paris_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A RETROSPECT.
+
+
+  Oh, when I was a tiny boy,
+  My days and nights were full of joy;
+    My mates were blithe and kind!--
+  No wonder that I sometimes sigh,
+  And dash the tear-drop from my eye.
+    To cast a look behind!
+
+  A hoop was an eternal round
+  Of pleasure. In those days I found
+    A top a joyous thing;--
+  But now those past delights I drop;
+  My head alas! is all my top,
+    And careful thoughts the string!
+
+  My marbles--once my bag was stor'd,--
+  Now I must play with Elgin's lord,--
+    With Theseus for a taw!
+  My playful horse has slipt his string.
+  Forgotten all his capering,
+    And harness'd to the law!
+
+  My kite--how fast and fair it flew.
+  Whilst I, a sort of Franklin, drew
+    My pleasure from the sky!
+  'Twas paper'd o'er with studious themes,--
+  The tasks I wrote--my present dreams
+    Will never soar so high!
+
+  My joys are wingless all, and dead;
+  My dumps are made of more than lead;
+    My flights soon find a fall;
+  My fears prevail, my fancies droop,
+  Joy never cometh with a hoop,
+    And seldom with a call!
+
+  My football's laid upon the shelf;
+  I am a shuttlecock, myself
+    The world knocks to and fro;--
+  My archery is all unlearn'd,
+  And grief against myself has turn'd
+    My sorrow and my bow!
+
+  No more in noontide sun I bask;
+  My authorship's an endless task,
+    My head's ne'er out of school;
+  My heart is pain'd with scorn and slight;
+  I have too many foes to fight,
+    And friends grown strangely cool!
+
+  The very chum that shar'd my cake
+  Holds out so cold a hand to shake,
+    It makes me shrink and sigh:--
+  On this I will not dwell and hang,
+  The changeling would not feel a pang
+    Though these should meet his eye!
+
+  No skies so blue or so serene
+  As these;--no leaves look half so green
+    As cloth'd the play-ground tree!
+  All things I lov'd are altered so,
+  Nor does it ease my heart to know
+    That change resides in me.
+
+  O, for the garb that mark'd the boy!
+  The trousers made of corduroy.
+    Well ink'd with black and red;
+  The crownless hat, ne'er deem'd an ill--
+  It only let the sunshine still
+    Repose upon my head!
+
+  O, for that small, small beer anew!
+  And (heaven's own type) that mild sky-blue
+    That wash'd my sweet meals down!
+  The master even!--and that small turk
+  That fagg'd me!--worse is now my work,--
+    A fag; for all the town!
+
+  The "Arabian Nights'" rehears'd in bed!
+  The "Fairy Tales" in school-time read
+    By stealth, 'twixt verb and noun!
+  The angel form that always walk'd
+  In all my dreams, and look'd, and talk'd.
+    Exactly like Miss Brown!
+
+  The _omne bene_--Christmas come!
+  The prize of merit, won for home'--
+    Merit had prizes then!
+  But now I write for days and days
+  For fame--a deal of empty praise,
+    Without the silver pen.
+
+  Then home, sweet home! the crowded coach--
+  The joyous shout--the loud approach--
+    The winding horn like ram's!
+  The meeting sweet that made me thrill,
+  The sweetmeats almost sweeter still,
+    No "_satis_" to the "_jams!_"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH DRESS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Mr. Editor.--In No. 200 of the MIRROR, you will find an article,
+entitled _Female Fashions during the early part of the Last
+Century_. The author then promised to give a description of the dress
+of the English gentlemen of the same period, but as no such description
+has _yet_ appeared in your pages, I trust you will insert the
+annexed at your first convenient opportunity.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+
+_Dress of the English Gentlemen during the Early part of the Last
+Century._
+
+In the reign of King William III., the English gentlemen affected to
+dress like their dependents. Their hats were laced, and their coats and
+waistcoats were embroidered with gold and silver fringe; indeed it
+really became extremely difficult to distinguish a man of quality from
+one of his lackeys. They did not, however, long persevere in this
+ridiculous imitation, for they soon afterwards, like the ladies,
+servilely followed the French fashions. The great partiality of the
+English _beau monde_ towards the _bon ton_ of France, was a
+wonderful advantage to that country--an advantage which the English
+government in vain endeavoured to abolish, although a heavy duty was
+imposed on all French ribbon and lace imported into this kingdom. Many
+millions were annually expended in French cambric, muslin, ribbon, and
+lace, which useless expenditure very sensibly injured our commercial
+transactions with other nations.
+
+Perukes and long wigs were worn at the revolution; but these being
+greatly inconvenient in all weathers, some people _tied up_ their
+wigs, which was the first occasion of short wigs coming into fashion.
+Some few years afterwards, bob-wigs were adopted by the gentlemen,
+especially by those of the army and the navy.
+
+The English costume was remarkably neat and plain anterior to the year
+1748; at which period, however, all gentlemen rather resembled military
+officers than private individuals, for their coats were not only richly
+embroidered with gold and silver, but they even assumed the cockade in
+their hats, and carried _long_ rapiers at their sides. At length this
+imposing attire was adopted by the merchants and tradesmen of the
+metropolis, and soon afterwards by the most notorious rogues and
+pickpockets in town, so that when any person with a laced coat, a
+cockade, and a sword, walked along the streets of London, it was
+absolutely impossible to determine whether he affected to be thought a
+nobleman, a military officer, a tradesman, or a pickpocket, for he bore
+an equal resemblance to each of these characters.
+
+In the year 1749, hair-powder was used by the _finished_ gentlemen,
+though the use of it, a year or two previous, was prohibited in every
+class of society. Of the costume of this period (_i.e._ about
+1749), the immortal Hogarth, in his works, has left us numerous
+specimens, which need no comment here: his productions, indeed, are so
+equal in merit, that it is impossible to decide which is his _ne plus
+ultra_.
+
+In conclusion, I would advise the reader to refer to a few of Hogarth's
+prints, for they will admirably serve to illustrate the above
+observations on the fashions and habits of our forefathers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Astronomical Occurrences_
+
+_FOR NOVEMBER, 1827._
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Should the afternoon of Saturday, the 3rd of the month, prove
+favourable, we shall be afforded an opportunity of witnessing another of
+those interesting phenomena--eclipses, at least the latter part of one,
+a portion of it only being visible to the inhabitants of this island;
+the defect above alluded to is a lunar one. The passage of the moon
+through the earth's shadow commences at 3 h. 29 m. 34 s. afternoon; she
+rises at Greenwich at 4 h. 45 m. 34 s. with the northern part of her disk
+darkened to the extent of nearly 10 digits. The greatest obscuration
+will take place at 5 h. 7 m. 42 s. when 10-1/2 digits will be eclipsed; she
+then recedes from the earth's shadow, when the sun's light will first be
+perceived extending itself on her lower limb towards the east; it will
+gradually increase till she entirely emerges from her veil of darkness,
+the extreme verge of which leaves her at her upper limb 32 deg. from her
+vertex, or highest point of her disc.
+
+We have the following in "Moore," some years ago, on the nature and
+causes of eclipses of the sun and moon:--
+
+  "Far different sun's and moon's eclipses are,
+  The moon's are often, but the sun's more rare
+  The moon's do much deface her beauty bright;
+  Sol's do not his, but hide from us his sight:
+  It is the earth the moon's defect procures,
+  'Tis the moon's shadow that the sun obscures.
+  Eastward, moon's front beginneth first to lack,
+  Westward, sun's brows begin their mourning black:
+  Moon's eclipses come when she most glorious shines,
+  Sun's in moon's wane, when beauty most declines;
+  Moon's general, towards heaven and earth together,
+  Sun's but to earth, nor to all places neither."
+
+
+The Sun enters _Sagittarius_ on the 23rd, at 1 h. 2 m. morning.
+
+Mercury will be visible on the 10th, in 10 deg. of _Sagittarius_, a
+little after sunset, being then at his greatest eastern elongation; he
+is stationary on the 20th, and passes his inferior conjunction on the
+30th, at 1-3/4 h. afternoon.
+
+Venus is in conjunction with the above planet on the 24th, at 9 h.
+evening; she sets on the 1st at 5 h. 7 m., and on the 30th at 4 h. 47 m.
+evening.
+
+Jupiter may be seen before sunrise making his appearance above the
+horizon about 5 h.; he is not yet distant enough from the sun to render
+the eclipses of his satellites visible to us.
+
+A small comet has just been discovered, situated in one of the feet of
+_Cassiopea_. It is invisible to the naked eye, and appears
+approaching the pole with great rapidity.
+
+PASCHE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF THE ROMANS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY.
+
+
+A recent discovery has added to our information the most extensive
+series of statistical data, which make known from an official act, and
+by numerical figures, the state of the Roman empire 1500 years ago; the
+price of agricultural and ordinary labour; the relative value of money;
+the abundance or scarcity of certain natural productions; the use, more
+or less common, of particular sorts of food; the multiplication of
+cattle and of flocks; the progress of horticulture; the abundance of
+vineyards of various qualities; the common use of singular meats, and
+dishes, which we think betrays a corruption of taste; in short the
+relation of the value existing between the productions of agriculture
+and those of industry, from whence we obtain a proof of the degree of
+prosperity which both had reached at this remote period.
+
+This precious archaeological monument is an edict of Diocletian,
+published in the year 303 of our era, and fixing the price of labour and
+of food in the Roman empire. The first part of this edict was found by
+Mr. William Hanks, written upon a table of stone, which he discovered at
+Stratonice, now called Eskihissar in Asia Minor. The second part, which
+was in the possession of a traveller lately returned from the Levant,
+has been, brought from Rome to London by M. de Vescovali, and Colonel
+Leake intends to publish a literal translation of it. This agreement of
+so many persons of respectable character, and known talents, excludes
+all doubts respecting the authenticity of the monument.
+
+The imperial edict of Diocletian is composed of more than twenty-four
+articles. It is quite distinct from that delivered the preceding year
+for taxing the price of corn in the eastern provinces, and it contained
+no law upon the value of corn. It fixed for all the articles which it
+enumerated a maximum, which was the price in times of scarcity. For all
+the established prices it makes use of the _Roman Denarii_; and it
+applies them to the _sextarius_ for liquids, and to the _Roman
+pound_ for the things sold by weight.
+
+Before the Augustan age, the _denarius_ was equal to eighteen sous
+of our money; but it diminished gradually in value, and under Diocletian
+its value was not above nine sous of French money, and 45 centimes. The
+Roman pound was equivalent to 12 ounces, and the _sextarius_ which
+was the sixth part of a conge, came near to the old Paris chopin, or
+half a litre.
+
+Proceeding on these data, M. Moreau de Jonnes has formed a table,
+showing, 1. the maximum in Roman measures, the same as the established
+imperial edict; and 2. the mean price of objects _formed from_ half
+the maximum, and reduced into French measures.
+
+The following is the table drawn up by M. Moreau de Jonnes. The
+slightest inspection of it will enable us to appreciate the importance
+of this archaeological discovery, for no monument of antiquity has
+furnished so long a series of numerical terms, of statistical data, and
+positive testimony of the civil life and domestic economy of the Greeks
+and Romans:--
+
+
+I.--PRICE OF LABOUR.
+
+                                            Maximum       Mean Price
+                                            in Roman      in English
+                                            Money.        Money.
+
+                                                            L. s. d.
+  To a day labourer                             25 Den.     0  4  8
+  Do. for interior works                        50          0  9  4
+  To a mason                                    50          0  9  4
+  To a maker of mortar                          50          0  9  4
+  To a marble-cutler, or maker of mosaic work   60          0 11  4
+  To a tailor for making clothes                50          0  9  4
+  Do. for sewing only                            6          0  1  1-1/2
+  For making shoes for the patricians          150          1  8  1
+  Do. shoes for workmen                        120          1  2  8
+  for the military                             100          0 18  8
+  for the senators                             100          0 18  8
+  for the women                                 60          0 11  4
+  Military sandals                              75          0 14  0-1/2
+  To a barber for each man                       2          0  0  4-1/2
+  To a veterinary surgeon for shearing the
+    animals and trimming their feet              6          0  1  1-1/2
+  Do. for currycombing and  cleaning them       20          0  9  9
+  For one month's lessons in architecture      100          0 18  8
+  To an advocate for a petition
+    to the tribunal                            250          2  6  9
+  For the hearing a cause                     1000          9  7  6
+
+
+II.--PRICE OF WINES.
+
+                                            Maximum        Mean Price of
+                                            of the         the English
+                                            Sextarius.     Pint, Wine
+                                                            Measure.
+
+                                                            L. s. d.
+  Picene, Tiburtine, Sabine, Aminean,
+    Surentine, Setinian, and Falernian wines    30 Den.     0  5  4
+  Old wines of the first quality                24          0  4  2-3/4
+  Do. of second quality                         16          0  2 10
+  Country wine                                   8          0  1  5
+  Beer                                           4          0  0  4-3/4
+  Beer of Egypt                                  2          0  0  2
+  Spiced wine of Asia                           30          0  5  4
+  Barley wine of Attica                         24          0  4  2-3/4
+  Decoction of different raising                16          0  2 10
+
+
+III.--PRICE OF MEAT.
+
+                                            Maximum         Mean Price of
+                                            of the Roman    the French
+                                            pound.          pound.
+
+                                                            L. s. d.
+  Flesh of oxen                                  8 Den.     0  2  0
+  Do. of mutton, or of goat                      8          0  2  0
+  Do. of lamb, or of kid                        12          0  3  0
+  Do. of pork                                   12          0  3  0
+  The best lard                                 16          0  4  0
+  The best ham from Westphalia, from Cerdagne,
+    or from the country of the Marses           20          0  5  0
+  Fat fresh pork                                12          0  3  0
+  Belly and tripe                               16          0  4  0
+  Pig's liver, enlarged by being
+    fattened upon figs                          16          0  4  0
+  Pig's feet, each                               4          0  0  9
+  Fresh pork sausages, weighing one ounce        2          0  0  4-1/2
+  Do. of fresh beef                             16          0  2  9-1/2
+  Pork sausages and seasoned                    16          0  4  0
+  Do. of smoked beef                            10          0  2  9-1/2
+
+
+IV.--POULTRY AND GAME.
+
+                                            Maximum       Mean Price of
+                                            of each       each in English
+                                            in Roman      Money.
+                                              Money.
+                                                            L. s. d.
+  One fat male peacock                         250 Den.     2  6  9
+  One fat female peacock                       200          1 17  9
+  One male wild peacock                        125          1  3  4-1/2
+  One female wild peacock                      100          0 18  8
+  One fat goose                                200          2  6  9
+  Do. not fat                                  100          0 18  8
+  One hen                                       60          0 11  4
+  One duck                                      40          0  7  4
+  One partridge                                 30          0  5  8
+  One hare                                     150          1  8  1
+  One rabbit                                    40          0  7  4
+
+
+V.--FISH.
+
+                                            Maximum       Mean Price of
+                                            of each       each in English
+                                            in Roman      Money.
+                                            Money.
+                                                            L. s. d.
+  Sea fish, first quality                       24 Den.     0  4  6
+  Do. second quality                            16          0  3  0
+  River fish, first quality                     12          0  2  3
+  Do. second quality                             8          0  1  6
+  Salt fish                                      6          0  1  1-1/2
+  Oysters, per hundred                         100          0 18  8
+
+
+VI.--CULINARY VEGETABLES.
+
+
+  Lettuces, the best, five together              4          0  0  9
+  Do. second quality, ten together               4          0  0  9
+  Common cabbages, the best, single              4          0  0  9
+  Cauliflower, the best, five together           4          0  0  9
+  Do. second quality, ten together               4          0  0  9
+  Beet root, the best, five together             4          0  0  9
+  Do. second quality, ten together               4          0  0  9
+  Radishes, the largest                          4          0  0  9
+
+
+VII.--OTHER PROVISIONS.
+
+                                          Maximum         Mean Price of
+                                          of the          each in English
+                                          Sextarius in    Money.
+                                          Roman Money.
+
+                                                            L. s. d.
+  Honey, the best                               40 Den.     0 15  0
+  Do. second quality                            20          0  7  6
+  Oil, the best quality                         40          0 15  0
+  Do. the second quality                        24          0  9  1
+  Vinegar                                        6          0  3  3
+  A stimulant to excite the appetite, made
+    of the essence of fish                       6          0  2  3
+  Dried cheese, the Roman pound                 12          0  3  4 Fr. lb.
+
+
+We are much surprised at the very high prices in this table. Labour and
+provisions cost ten and twenty times as much as with us. But when we
+come to compare the price of provisions with the price of labour the
+dearness of all the necessaries of life appears still more excessive.
+M. Moreau de Jonnes makes this comparison. He brings together from the
+edicts of Diocletian a great many facts given by historians, and he
+shows, that, if the abundance of the precious metals has any influence
+on raising the prices, the want of labour, industry, and of produce,
+must cause it also.
+
+These considerations point out in the strongest manner the poverty of
+this royal people, of whom two-thirds, if not three-fourths, were
+reduced to live on fish and cheese, and drink piquette, when the expense
+of the table of Vitellius amounted, in a single year, to 175 millions of
+Francs.--_Brewster's Journal of Science._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+"I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TWELVE GOLDEN RULES OF CHARLES I.
+
+
+1. Profane no divine ordinances. 2. Touch no state matters. 3. Urge no
+healths. 4. Pick no quarrels. 5. Maintain no ill opinions. 6. Encourage
+no vice. 7. Repeat no grievances. 8. Reveal no secrets. 9. Make no
+comparisons. 10. Keep no bad company. 11. Make no long meals. 12. Lay no
+wagers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPIGRAMS,
+
+_Written on the Union_, 1801, _by a celebrated Barrister of Dublin._
+
+_Adapted to the Commercial Failures_, 1800.
+
+
+  Why should we exclaim, that the times are so bad,
+    Pursuing a querulous strain?
+  When Erin gives up all the rights that she had,
+    What _right has she left to com_plain?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  The Cit complains to all he meets,
+  That grass will grow in Dublin streets,
+    And swears that all is over!
+  Short-sighted mortals, can't you see,
+  Your mourning will be chang'd to glee--
+    For then you'll live in _clover_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Necessitas non habet legem._
+
+ON SIR JOHN ANSTRUTHER.
+
+_By the Honourable Thomas Erskine._
+
+  Necessity and Law are alike each other:
+  Necessity has no Law--nor has Anstruther.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPITAPH ON A CONTROVERSIALIST.
+
+
+On the death of that turbulent and refractory enthusiast, John Lilburne,
+_alias Free-born John, alias Lilburne the Trouble-world_, there
+appeared the following epigrammatic epitaph:--
+
+  Is John departed, and is Lilburne gone?
+  Farewell to both, to Lilburne and to John!
+  Yet being gone, take this advice from me,
+  Let them not _both_ in one grave buried be.
+
+  Here lay ye John; lay Lilburne thereabout,
+  For if they both should meet, they would fall out.
+
+
+This alluded to a saying, that John Lilburne was so quarrelsome, that if
+he were the only man in the world, John would quarrel with Lilburne, and
+Lilburne with John. Lilburne, it will be remembered, was a sad thorn in
+Cromwell's sore side, for which the protector amply repaid him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOSPITAL OF SURGERY.
+
+
+A new surgical hospital is to be forthwith erected in the neighbourhood
+of Charing Cross, where the King, with his usual and characteristic
+munificence, has given a spot of ground on which it is to be erected. A
+benevolent individual has given, within these few days, 1,500 l.
+towards a fund for the building.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. Limbird, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newssmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 281, NOVEMBER 3, 1827***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 16098.txt or 16098.zip *******
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