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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Shakespeare and Precious Stones, by George
+Frederick Kunz
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Shakespeare and Precious Stones
+       Treating of the Known References of Precious Stones in Shakespeare's Works, with Comments as to the Origin of His Material, the Knowledge of the Poet Concerning Precious Stones, and References as to Where the Precious Stones of His Time Came from
+
+
+Author: George Frederick Kunz
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 13, 2005  [eBook #16055]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Sankar Viswanathan, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(https://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously provided by the Posner
+Memorial Collection at http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 16055-h.htm or 16055-h.zip:
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+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/5/16055/16055-h.zip)
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through the
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+      http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=553_K96S_1916
+
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+by
+
+GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph.D., A.M., D.Sc.
+
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+                  THE CURIOUS LORE OF PRECIOUS STONES
+
+Being a description of their sentiments and folklore, superstitions,
+symbolism, mysticism, use in protection, prevention, religion and
+divination, crystal gazing, birth-stones, lucky stones and talismans,
+astral, zodiacal, and planetary.
+
+
+                    THE MAGIC OF JEWELS AND CHARMS
+
+Magic jewels and electric gems; meteorites or celestial stones; stones
+of healing; fabulous stones, concretions and fossils; snake stones and
+bezoars; charms of ancient and modern times; facts and fancies about
+precious stones.
+
+
+      EACH: Profusely illustrated in color, doubletone and line.
+      Octavo. Handsome cloth binding, gilt top, in a box. $6.00
+      net. Carriage charges extra.
+
+
+                    SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+Treating of the known references to precious stones in Shakespeare's
+works, with comments as to the origin of his material, the knowledge
+of the poet concerning precious stones and references as to where the
+precious stones of his time came from.
+
+
+      Four illustrations. Square Octavo. Decorated cloth. $1.25
+      net.
+
+                              MR. WILLIAM
+                              SHAKESPEARES
+                        COMEDIES, HISTORIES, &
+                               TRAGEDIES
+
+Published according to the True Originall Copies
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
+
+Engraved by Martin Droeshout for the First Folio of 1623, wherein the
+plays were first assembled. Reproduced from a copy of this Folio owned
+by the New York Public Library. The original measures 7-1/2 x 13 in.,
+or 20 x 33 cm.]
+
+
+                                LONDON
+
+            Printed by Isaac Laggard, and Ed. Blount. 1623.
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+Treating of
+The Known _References_ of _Precious Stones_ in Shakespeare's
+Works, with Comments as to the Origin of His Material, the Knowledge
+of the _Poet_ Concerning _Precious Stones_, and References as to
+Where the Precious Stones of His Time Came from
+
+
+The Author
+
+GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ PH.D., Sc.D., A.M.
+
+Honorary President of the Shakespeare Garden Committee of New York
+City; Vice President of the Permanent Shakespeare Birthday Committee
+of the City of New York; Member of the Executive Committee of the New
+York City Tercentenary Celebration; Member of the Mayor's Shakespeare
+Celebration Committee of New York.
+
+With Illustrations
+
+Philadelphia & London
+Imprinted
+By J.B. Lippincott Company
+At the Washington Square Press
+Upon the Tercentenary of Shakespeare
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               TO RUBY,
+                             MY DAUGHTER,
+                    WHOSE MOTHER, SOPHIA HANDFORTH
+                       WAS BORN IN THE LAND OF
+
+                             SHAKESPEARE,
+
+                                 AND
+
+                         TO RUBY'S DAUGHTER,
+                               GRETEL,
+                            (THE PEARL),
+                 THIS VOLUME IS LOVINGLY DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+As no writer has made a more beautiful and telling use of precious
+stones in his verse than did Shakespeare, the author believed that if
+these references could be gathered together for comparison and for
+quotation, and if this were done from authentic and early editions of
+the great dramatist-poet's works, it would give the literary and
+historical student a better understanding as to what gems were used in
+Shakespeare's time, and in what terms he referred to them. This has
+been done here, and comparisons are made with the precious stones of
+the present time, showing what mines were known and gems were worn in
+Shakespeare's day, and also something of those that were not known
+then, but are known at this time.
+
+The reader is also provided with a few important data serving to show
+what could have been the sources of the poet's knowledge regarding
+precious stones and whence were derived those which he may have seen
+or of which he may have heard. As in this period the beauty of a
+jewel depended as much, or more, upon the elaborate setting as upon
+the purity and brilliancy of the gems, the author has given some
+information regarding the leading goldsmith-jewellers, both English
+and French, of Shakespeare's age. Thus the reader will find, besides
+the very full references to the poet's words and clear directions as
+to where all the passages can be located in the First Folio of 1623,
+much material that will stimulate an interest in the subject and
+promote further independent research.
+
+The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. Appleton Morgan,
+President of the Shakespeare Society of New York; Miss H.C. Bartlett,
+the Shakespearean bibliophile; the New York Public Library and H.M.
+Leydenberg, assistant there; Gardner C. Teall; Frederic W. Erb,
+assistant librarian of Columbia University; the Council of the Grolier
+Club, Miss Ruth S. Granniss, librarian of the Club, and Vechten
+Waring, all of New York City.
+
+G.F.K.
+
+NEW YORK April, 1916
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+      SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+      PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF
+      SHAKESPEARE
+
+      PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE POEMS OF
+      SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+      WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (ENGRAVED BY MARTIN
+      DROESHOUT)              _Frontispiece_
+
+      FIVE OF THE SIX AUTHENTIC SHAKESPEARE SIGNATURES
+
+      DIAMOND CUTTER'S SHOP, EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+
+      FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
+
+      PRINTER'S MARK OF RICHARD FIELD
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+
+So wide is the range of the immortal verse of Shakespeare, and so many
+and various are the subjects he touched upon and adorned with the
+magic beauty of his poetic imagery, that it will be of great interest
+to refer to the allusions to gems and precious stones in his plays and
+poems. These allusions are all given in the latter part of this
+volume. What can we learn from them of Shakespeare's knowledge of the
+source, quality, and use of these precious stones?
+
+The great favor that pearls enjoyed in the sixteenth and seventeenth
+centuries is, as we see, reflected by the frequency with which he
+speaks of them, and the different passages reveal in several instances
+a knowledge of the ancient tales of their formation and principal
+source. Thus, in _Troilus and Cressida_ (Act i, sc. 1) he writes:
+"Her bed is India; there she lies, a pearl"; and Pliny's tales of the
+pearl's origin from dew are glanced at indirectly when he says:
+
+
+      The liquid drops of tears that you have shed
+      Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl.
+
+                            _Richard III_, Act iv, sc. 4.
+       First Folio, "Histories", p. 198, col. A, line 17.
+
+
+This is undoubtedly the reason for the comparison between pearls and
+tears, leading to the German proverb, "_Perlen bedeuten Tr�nen_"
+(Pearls mean tears), which was then taken to signify that pearls
+portended tears, instead of that they were the offspring of drops of
+liquid. The world-famed pearl of Cleopatra, which she drank after
+dissolving it, so as to win her wager with Antony that she would
+entertain him with a banquet costing a certain immense sum of money,
+is not even noticed, however, in Shakespeare's _Antony and
+Cleopatra_. In the poet's time pearls were not only worn as jewels,
+but were extensively used in embroidering rich garments and upholstery
+and for the adornment of harnesses. To this Shakespeare alludes in the
+following passages:
+
+
+      The intertissued robe of gold and pearl.
+                                _Henry V_, Act iv, sc. 1.
+   First Folio, "Histories", p. 85 (page number repeated),
+                                         col. B, line 13.
+
+      Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.
+                   _Taming of the Shrew_, Introd., sc. 2.
+                     "Comedies", p. 209, col. B, line 33.
+
+      Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearl.
+                                  _Ibid_., Act ii, sc. 1.
+                     "Comedies", p. 217, col. B, line 32.
+
+      Laced with silver, set with pearls.
+                _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act iii, sc. 4.
+                     "Comedies", p. 112, col. B, line 65.
+
+
+Moreover, we have a simile which might almost make us suppose that
+Shakespeare knew something of the details of the pearl fisheries, when
+the oysters are piled up on shore and allowed to decompose, so as to
+render it easier to get at the pearls, for he makes one of his
+characters say, speaking of an honest man in a poor dwelling, that he
+was like a "pearl in your foul oyster". (_As You Like It_, Act v,
+sc. 4.)
+
+In the strange transformation told of in Ariel's song, the bones of
+the drowned man have been turned to coral, and his eyes to pearls
+(_Tempest_, Act i, sc. 2). The strange and sometimes morbid
+attraction of opposites finds expression in a queer old English
+proverbial saying given in the _Two Gentlemen of Verona_:
+"Black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes". The likeness to
+drops of dew appears where we read of the dew that it was "Decking
+with liquid pearl the bladed grass" (_Midsummer Night's Dream_,
+Act i, sc. 1), and a little later in the same play we read the
+following injunction:
+
+
+      I most go seek some dewdrops here
+      And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.
+                _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act ii, sc. 1.
+        First Folio, "Comedies", p. 148, col. A, line 38.
+
+
+And later still we have the lines:
+
+
+      That same dew, which sometime on the buds
+      Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls.
+                _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act iv, sc. 1.
+                     "Comedies", p. 157, col. B, line 10.
+
+
+The pearl as a simile for great and transcendent value, perhaps
+suggested by the Pearl of Great Price of the Gospel, is used of Helen
+of Greece in the lines (_Troilus and Cressida_, Act ii, sc. 2):
+
+
+               She is a pearl
+      Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.
+                   At end of "Histories", page unnumbered
+                  (p. 596 of facsimile), Col. A, line 19.
+
+
+This being an allusion to the Greek fleet sent out under Agamemnon and
+Menelaus to bring back the truant wife from Troy. The idea of a
+supremely valuable pearl is also apparent in the lines embraced in
+Othello's last words before his self-immolation as an expiation of the
+murder of Desdemona, where he says of himself:[1]
+
+
+                       Whose hand
+      Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away
+      Richer than all his tribe.
+                                 _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 338, col. B, line 53.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: For a Venetian tale that may have suggested these lines
+to Shakespeare, see the present writer's "The Magic of Jewels and
+Charms", Philadelphia and London, 1915, p. 393. The text of the First
+Folio gives "Iudean", instead of "Indian".]
+
+Although the term "Orient pearl" is that used by Shakespeare, and
+undoubtedly many of the older pearls of his day were really of
+Cinghalese or Persian origin, the principal source of supply was then
+the Panama fishery discovered by the Spaniards about a century earlier
+and actively exploited by them.[2] However, through the old
+inventories made by experts familiar with the real sources of precious
+stones and pearls--though not always correctly with those of the
+latter--the term "Orient pearl" came in time to denote one of fine
+hue, so that the "orient" of a pearl is still spoken of as signifying
+a sheen of the first quality.
+
+[Footnote 2: On the pearls brought to Europe from both North and South
+America in Shakespeare's time, see the writer's "Gems and Precious
+Stones of North America", New York, 1890, pp. 240-257; 2d. ed., 1892.]
+
+Many fine pearls of the fresh-water variety, not the marine pearls,
+were found in the Scotch rivers. It was these that are mentioned as
+having been obtained by Julius C�sar to ornament a buckler which he
+dedicated to the shrine of the Temple of Venus Genetrix. It was also
+this type of pearl that was so eagerly sought by the late Queen
+Victoria when she visited Scotland. Many of these pearls exist in old,
+especially in ecclesiastical jewelry, and several are in the
+Ashburnham missal now in the J. Pierpont Morgan library.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: See "The Book of the Pearl", by George Frederick Kunz and
+Charles Hugh Stevenson, New York, 1908, colored plate opposite p. 16.]
+
+Of the glowing ruby Shakespeare seems to have known little, since he
+uses its name only in the conventional way to signify a bright or
+choice shade of red. In _Measure for Measure_ (Act ii, sc. 4) the
+"impression of keen whips" produced ruby streaks on the skin; even
+more materialistic is the nose "all o'er embellished with rubies,
+carbuncles and sapphires" (_Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2). The
+common employment of the designation carbuncle for a precious stone
+and also for a boil was usual from ancient times. At least, we might
+gather from this passage that the poet was aware of the distinction
+between ruby and carbuncle (pyrope garnet). Rubies as "fairy favors"
+is a dainty mention in the fairy drama _Midsummer Night's Dream_ (Act
+ii, sc. 1). C�sar's wounds "ope their ruby lips" (_Julius C�sar_, Act
+iii, sc. 1). Macbeth speaks of the "natural ruby of your cheeks", in
+addressing his wife at the apparition of Banquo's ghost; with her this
+is unchanged, while with him terror or remorse has blanched it
+(_Macbeth_, Act iii, sc. 4). Lastly, the term "ruby lips", so often
+used by poets, is employed by Shakespeare with consummate art in
+_Cymbeline_ (Act ii, sc. 2) where he writes:
+
+
+      But kiss; one kiss! Rubies unparagon'd,
+      How dearly they do't.
+       First Folio, "Tragedies", p. 376, col. B, line 18.
+
+
+The "rubies" of the poet's time were frequently ruby spinels, or the
+so-called "balas rubies" from Badakshan, in Afghan Turkestan. The most
+noted one in the England of that period was probably the one said to
+have been given to Edward the Black Prince by Pedro the Cruel of
+Castile, after the battle of Najera, in 1367, and now the most prized
+adornment of the English Crown, excepting the great historic diamond,
+the Koh-i-n�r. The immense Star of South Africa, weighing 531 metric
+carats, five times the weight of the Koh-i-n�r, is intrinsically worth
+much more, but lacks the manifold dramatic and historic associations
+of its Indian sister.
+
+Strange to say, the beautiful sapphire is only twice named by
+Shakespeare, once as an adjunct to the pearl in embroidery (_Merry
+Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5). The single mention of chrysolite is
+much more impressive:
+
+
+      If heaven would make me such another world,
+      Of one entire and perfect chrysolite!
+                                 _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 337, col. A, line 5.
+
+
+Chrysolite (peridot, or olivine) was regarded in Shakespeare's time
+and earlier as of exceptional rarity. The fine peridots of the Chapel
+of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral were believed to be emeralds
+of extraordinary size and were once valued at $15,000,000, although
+they are really worth barely $100,000; some of them are more than an
+inch in diameter. Whence they came is uncertain, but it is probable
+that they were brought from the East at some time during the Crusades.
+Indeed the origin of the fine peridots of the Middle Ages is shrouded
+in mystery; they are, however, believed to have been found in one or
+more of the islands in the Red Sea. In our day a number of specimens
+have been discovered on the small island of St. John in that sea; the
+deposit here is a jealously-guarded monopoly of the Egyptian
+Government. Peridots have also been found at Spyrget Island, in the
+Arabian Gulf. The most remarkable source of gem-material of this stone
+is meteoric, a few gems weighing as much as a carat each having been
+cut out of some yellowish-green peridot obtained by the writer from
+the meteoric iron of Glorieta Mountain, New Mexico.
+
+That a turquoise, presumably set in a ring, was given to Shylock by
+Leah before their marriage, perhaps at their betrothal, is all that
+Shakespeare has found occasion to write of this pretty stone, one of
+the earliest used for adornment in the world's history, as the great
+mines of Nishapur, in Persia, and those of the Sinai Peninsula were
+worked at a very early time, the latter by the Egyptians as far back
+as 4000 B.C. With the opal, the poet has seized upon its most
+characteristic quality, its changeableness of hue, where he says in
+_Twelfth Night_ (Act ii, sc. 4): "Thy mind is a very opal".
+
+A luminous ring is poetically described in one of Shakespeare's
+earliest plays, _Titus Andronicus_, written in or about 1590. The
+lines referring to the ring are highly expressive. After the murder of
+Bassianus, Martius searches in the depths of a dark pit for the dead
+body, and suddenly cries out to his companion Quintus that he has
+discovered the bloody corpse. As the interior of the pit is pitch
+dark, Quintus can scarcely believe what he hears, and he asks Martius
+how the latter could possibly see what he has described. The answer is
+given in the following lines:
+
+
+      Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
+      A precious ring, that lightens all the hole,
+      Which, like a taper in some monument,
+      Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks,
+      And shows the ragged entrails of the pit.
+                       _Titus Andronicus_, Act ii, sc. 3.
+    First Folio, "Tragedies", p. 38, col. B, lines 53-57.
+
+
+This certainly was suggested by the common belief in naturally
+luminous stones, a belief partly due to a superstitious explanation of
+the ruddy brilliancy of rubies and garnets as resulting from a hidden
+fire in the stone, and partly, perhaps, to the occasional observation
+of the phenomena of phosphorescence or fluorescence in certain
+precious stones.
+
+It will have been seen that the text of Shakespeare's plays gives no
+evidence tending to show any greater familiarity with precious stones
+than could be gathered from the poetry of his day, and from his
+intercourse with classical scholars, such as Francis Bacon, Ben
+Jonson, and others of those who formed the unique assemblage wont to
+meet together at the old Mermaid Tavern in London. That a diamond
+could cost 2000 ducats ($5000), a very large sum in Shakespeare's
+time, is noted in one of his earliest plays, the _Merchant of Venice_
+(Act iii, sc. 1), and the following injunction emphasizes the great
+value of a fine diamond:
+
+
+      Set this diamond safe
+      In golden palaces, as it becomes.
+                              _I Henry VI_, Act v, sc. 3.
+                    "Histories", p. 116, col. B, line 54.
+
+
+In _Pericles_ we read (Act iii, sc. 2):
+
+
+      The diamonds of a most prais�d water
+      Do appear, to make the world twice rich.
+                Third Folio, 1664, p. 7, col. B, line 38;
+                                     separate pagination.
+
+
+In Shakespeare's time but few of the world's great diamonds were in
+Europe, though two, at least, were in his native country. All of them
+must have been of East Indian origin, as this was before the discovery
+of the Brazilian mines (1728). In 1547, Henry VIII of England bought
+of the Fuggers of Augsburg--the great money-lending bankers and jewel
+setters, or royal pawnbrokers, who generally sold or forced some
+jewels upon those who obtained a loan--the jewel of Charles the Bold,
+called the "Three Brethren", from three large balas-rubies with which
+it was set; the central ornament was a "great pointed diamond"; of its
+weight nothing is known. This jewel was lost by Duke Charles on the
+field of Granson, March 2, 1476, where it was secured by the Swiss
+victors; it was eventually bought by the Fuggers. The other fine
+English diamond was that known as the Sancy, weighing 53-3/4 carats
+(55.23 metric carats), acquired by James I from Nicholas Harley de
+Sancy, in 1604, for 500,000 crowns. This is also stated to have
+belonged to Charles the Bold. In 1657 it was redeemed by Cardinal
+Mazarin, after having been pledged for a loan by Queen Henrietta
+Maria, and at Mazarin's death, in 1661, was bequeathed, with his other
+diamonds, to the French Crown. After passing through many
+vicissitudes, it has recently come into the possession of Baron Astor
+of Hever (William Waldorf Astor).
+
+There is a possibility that the Florentine diamond of 133-22/32 carats
+(137.27 metric carats) was already owned by the grand-ducal house of
+Tuscany before Shakespeare's death, but the earliest notice of it
+appears to be that given by Fermental, a French traveller, who saw it
+in Florence in 1630. The other great diamonds of former days are of
+more recent date. The Regent of 136-7/8 carats (140.64 metric carats),
+found in India about 1700, was acquired by the Duke of Orleans in
+1717; the Orloff (194-3/4 old carats = 199.73 metric carats) was
+bought by Prince Orloff for Catherine II, in 1775, for 1,400,000 Dutch
+florins, or about $560,000. The famous Koh-i-n�r, weighing 186-1/16
+carats (191.1 metric carats) in its old cutting, came to Europe, as a
+gift to Queen Victoria from the East India Company, only in 1850;
+although, if it be the same as the great diamond taken by Humayun, son
+of Baber, at the battle of Paniput, April 21, 1526, its history dates
+back at least to 1304, when Sultan Ala-ed-Din took it from the Sultan
+of Malva, whose family had already owned it for generations.
+
+As fresh-colored lips are likened to rubies, so it is said of a bright
+eye, that it "would emulate the diamond" (_Merry Wives of Windsor_,
+Act iii, sc. 3).
+
+Bright eyes are also compared to rock-crystal, and the setting of
+other gems within a bordering of crystals is evidently alluded to in
+the following lines from _Love's Labour's Lost_ (Act ii, sc. 1):
+
+
+      Methought all his senses were lock'd in his eyes
+      As jewels in crystal.
+         First Folio, "Comedies", p. 128, col. A, line 7.
+
+
+We have in _Richard II_ (Act i, sc. 2) the terms "fair and crystal"
+applied to a clear sky, and in _Romeo and Juliet_ (Act i, sc. 2) the
+word is used to denote superlative excellence, where a lady's love is
+to be weighed against her rival on "crystal scales".
+
+Rock-crystal was much more highly valued in the England of Elizabeth
+and of James I than it is to-day, and was freely used as an adjunct to
+more precious material, and still was employed to some extent in the
+adornment of book-covers, although this usage, so common in medi�val
+times, was fast passing away.
+
+In Shakespeare's poems, "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "Lucrece"
+(1594), as well as in his "Sonnets" (1609), in the "Lover's Complaint"
+and in the almost certainly spurious "Passionate Pilgrim", containing
+two sonnets and three poems from _Love's Labour's Lost_, and
+which has been included in most collections of his works, there are
+perhaps relatively more frequent mentions of precious stones than in
+the plays, a few of them being of special interest. Where we have
+twice "ruby lips" (and once "coral lips") in the plays, the poems
+speak thrice of "coral lips" or a "coral mouth";[4] a belt has "coral
+clasps" ("Passionate Pilgrim", l. 366). This belt bears also "amber
+studs", and in the "Lover's Complaint", l. 37, are "favours of amber",
+and also of "crystal, and of beaded jet".
+
+[Footnote 4: "Venus and Adonis", l. 542; "Lucrece", l. 420; Sonnet
+cxxx, l. 2.]
+
+Coming to the really precious stones, sapphire finds a single mention,
+also in the "Lover's Complaint", l. 215, where it is termed
+"heaven-hued". The same poem says of the diamond that it was
+"beautiful and hard" (l. 211), thus symbolizing a heartless beauty.
+More interesting are the following lines regarding the emerald (213,
+214):
+
+
+      The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard
+      Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend.
+
+
+This proves the poet's familiarity with the idea that gazing on an
+emerald benefited weak sight, an idea expressed as far back as 300
+B.C. by Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle, and repeated by the Roman
+Pliny in 75 A.D. The "Lover's Complaint" furnishes another pretty line
+(198) contrasting the different beauties of rubies and pearls:
+
+
+      Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.
+
+
+In "Venus and Adonis", honey-tongued Shakespeare writes of a
+"ruby-colored portal".
+
+Pearls are noted six times, usually as similes for tears, and tears
+are likened to "pearls in glass" ("Venus and Adonis", l. 980). A
+tender line is that in the "Passionate Pilgrim" (hardly from
+Shakespeare's hand, however):
+
+
+      Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded.
+
+
+More varied are the allusions to rock-crystal or crystal, as the poet
+calls it. In one place ("Venus and Adonis", l. 491) there are
+"crystal tears", and these form "a crystal tide" that flows down the
+cheeks and drops in the bosom (_Idem_, l. 957). On the other
+hand, the eyes are likened to this stone, as in "crystal eyne"
+("Venus and Adonis", l. 633), or "crystal eyes" (Sonnet xlvi, l. 6).
+There are also "crystal favours",[5] a "crystal gate",[6] and "crystal
+walls",[7] the two characteristics of brilliancy and transparency
+suggesting these uses of the term.
+
+[Footnote 5: "Lover's Complaint", l. 37.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Idem", l. 286.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Lucrece", l. 1251.]
+
+The emeralds of Shakespeare's age had been brought from Peru by the
+Spaniards and had originally come from Colombian mines, such as those
+at Muzo, which are still worked in our day. The location of some of
+the early deposits here appears to have been lost sight of since the
+Spanish Conquest. The emeralds of Greek and Roman times, and of the
+Middle Ages, came from Mount Zabara (Gebel Zabara), near the Red Sea
+coast, east of Assuan, where traces of the old workings were found in
+1817; these mines were reopened by order of Mehemet Ali, and were
+worked for a brief period by Mons. F. Cailliaud.
+
+There can be no doubt that Shakespeare must have seen many fine
+jewels and glittering gems in pageants and processions during his
+residence in London. On certain special occasions the players were
+summoned to assist at royal functions, provision being made by the
+royal treasury for rich materials to be used in making special
+doublets and mantles for wear on these occasions. It has been
+suggested that the rich jewelling of many of the court portraits by
+Holbein and others must have impressed the poet by their wealth of
+color spread before his eyes; but it is nowise sure that he ever had
+special opportunity to closely examine such portraits, the smaller
+details of which may not have interested him greatly.
+
+While it is not unlikely that some of the royal or noble ladies who
+attended the performances of Shakespeare's plays, while he was
+connected with the Globe Theatre, wore brilliant jewels, it is
+improbable that they were bedecked with the most valuable of their
+gems. The danger of being waylaid and robbed was much greater in those
+days than it is to-day, and it was probably only within palace or
+castle doors, or at some great State function, that the costliest
+jewels were worn. Hence nothing distantly approaching the rather
+excessive splendor of a New York or London opera night could ever have
+dazzled the poet-actor's eyes.
+
+In the case of plays acted before the court, however, the royal and
+noble ladies, undoubtedly, wore many of their finest jewels, as did
+also the sovereign and courtiers. Still, preoccupied as Shakespeare
+must have been with the presentation, or representation of the
+dramatic performance, he probably had little time or inclination to
+devote especial attention to these jewels.
+
+No museum collections, properly so called, existed in Shakespeare's
+day, from which he could have acquired any closer knowledge of
+precious stones or gems, although the conception of a great modern
+museum of art and science found expression in the "New Atlantis" of
+his great contemporary, Lord Bacon. The modest beginnings of the Royal
+Society of London, founded in 1662, cannot be traced back beyond 1645.
+The French Academy of Sciences, founded in 1666, was preceded by
+earlier informal meetings of French scientists, to which allusion is
+even made by Lord Bacon, who died in 1626. The Berlin Academy came
+much later, in 1700, and the St. Petersburg Academy was first
+established in 1725 by Catherine I, widow of Peter the Great. One
+society, the Academia Secretorum Natur� of Naples, goes back to 1560,
+and the Accademia dei Lincei of Prince Federico Cesi was founded at
+Rome in 1603. But of these Shakespeare could have known little or
+nothing.
+
+That the poet knew, more or less vaguely, of America as a source of
+precious stones, as were the Indies, comes out in the farcical lines
+from _The Comedy of Errors_ (Act iii, sc. 2), when one of the
+Dromios, in locating the various lands of the world on parts of his
+mistress's body, to the query of Antipholus: "Where America, the
+Indies?" replies: "Oh, sir, upon her nose, all o'er embellished with
+rubies, carbuncles, sapphires". This is the only mention of America
+in the plays.
+
+A coincidence having its own significance is that April 23, the day of
+Shakespeare's death and also his birthday, was the day dedicated to
+St. George, the patron saint of Merry England. The war-cry of England
+is given several times by Shakespeare, as, for example:
+
+
+      Cry, God for Harry, England and Saint George!
+                               _Henry V_, Act iii, sc. 1.
+        First Folio, "Histories", p. 77, col. B, line 51.
+      God and Saint George! Richmond and Victory!
+                             _Richard III_, Act v, sc. 3.
+       First Folio, "Histories", p. 203, col. A, line 31.
+
+
+And in _I Henry VI_ (Act i, sc. 1) we read:
+
+
+      Bonfires in France forthwith I am to make,
+      To keep our great Saint George's feast withal.
+        First Folio, "Histories", p. 97, col. B, line 97.
+
+
+We find no trace in Shakespeare's works of any belief in the many
+quaint and curious superstitions current in his day regarding the
+talismanic or curative virtues of precious stones. This is quite in
+keeping with the thoroughly sane outlook upon life that constituted
+the strong foundation of his incomparable mind. Not but that, like
+every true poet, the sense of mystery, and even the vague impression
+of the existence of occult powers, of the "Unknowable" in Nature, was
+strongly developed, but this is always in a broad and earnest spirit,
+far removed from all petty superstition.
+
+Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, sacrificed her heart and diamond
+jewel, as a symbol of her sorrow and her love, when a tempest beat
+back the ship that was bearing her from the continent to the English
+coast. Her act, as described in the following verses, seems almost an
+attempt to propitiate the storm (_II Henry VI_, Act iii, sc. 2):
+
+
+      When from thy shore the tempest beat us back,
+      I stood upon the hatches in the storm,
+      And when the dusky sky began to rob
+      My earnest-gaping sight of thy land's view,
+      I took a costly jewel from my neck,
+      A heart it was, bound in with diamonds,
+      And threw it towards thy land: the sea received it,
+      And so I wish'd thy body might my heart.
+        First Folio, "Histories", p. 134, col. A, lines 41-48.
+
+
+The idea of the sacredness of a ring as a love-token is voiced by
+Portia in Shakespeare's _Merchant of Venice_ where she says (Act v,
+sc. 1):
+
+
+      I gave my love a ring and made him swear
+      Never to part with it; and here he stands;
+      I dare be sworn for him he would not leave it
+      Nor pluck it from his finger, for the wealth
+      That the world masters.
+         First Folio, "Comedies", p. 183, col. B, lines 12-16.
+
+
+The nearest approach to a sentimental characterization of precious
+stones is to be found in "A Lover's Complaint", lines 204-217.
+Although we have already noted most of them separately, it may be well
+to give the entire passage here consecutively:
+
+
+      And, lo, behold these talents of their hair,
+      With twisted metal amorously impleach'd,
+      I have received from many a several fair,
+      Their kind acceptance weepingly beseech'd
+      With the annexions of fair gems enrich'd,
+      And deep-brain'd sonnets that did amplify
+      Each stone's dear nature, worth and quality.
+      The diamond,--why, 'twas beautiful and hard,
+      Whereto his invised[8] properties did tend;
+      The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard
+      Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend;
+      The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend
+      With objects manifold: each several stone,
+      With wit well blazon'd, smiled or made some moan.
+
+
+[Footnote 8: Rare word, only known in this passage. Century Dictionary
+gives "invisible", "unseen", "uninspected", noting that some
+commentators suggest "inspected", "tried", "investigated".]
+
+Had Shakespeare felt much interest in the lore of gems, he had before
+him most of the then available material in a book of which he seems to
+have made some use.[9] This was an English rendering of the "De
+Proprietatibus Rerum" of Bartholom�us Anglicus (fl. ca. 1350), by
+Stephan Batman, or Bateman (d. 1587), an English divine and poet, who
+in the later years of his life was chaplain and librarian to the
+famous Archbishop Parker, and thus had free access to the latter's
+fine library. His rendering, published in 1582, bears the following
+quaint title: "Batman uppon Bartholome his Book De Proprietatibus
+Rerum"; it was published in 1582, and appears to have been widely read
+in England among those still interested in the learning of the
+scholastic period. A much earlier English version, made by John of
+Trevisa in 1396, was published by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495, and is
+considered to be the finest production of his press.[10]
+
+[Footnote 9: See H.R.D. Anders, "Shakespeare's Books", Berlin, 1904,
+pp. 238-248, and the New Shakespeare Soc. Trans., 1877-79, pp. 436
+sqq.]
+
+[Footnote 10: In the author's library is a fourteenth century MS. of
+the "De Proprietatibus Rerum", which belonged to the Carthusian
+Monastery of the Holy Trinity, at Dijon.]
+
+A rarely noted source for some of Shakespeare's knowledge regarding
+curious customs has been sought in the rambling treatise on heraldry
+written by Gerard Legh and issued, in 1564, under the title: "Accedens
+of Armorie" (approximately, Introduction to Heraldry). This is cast in
+the form of a dialogue between Gerard the Herehaught (Herold) and the
+Caligat Knight, the latter term designating an inferior kind of knight
+with no claim to nobility; indeed, an old writer renders it "a
+souldior on foot". The writer manages to weave in much material
+slightly or not at all connected with his main theme. Legh was the son
+of a Fleet Street draper. He seems to have studied a variety of
+subjects and gathered together many scraps of curious information. He
+died of the plague, October 13, 1563. His book went through several
+editions during Shakespeare's lifetime. Following the first edition
+of 1562 came successive ones in 1576, 1591, 1597, and one bearing the
+imprint of J. Jaggard in 1616. The author is believed to have been
+intentionally obscure in his treatment of heraldic questions lest he
+might earn the ill-will of the College of Arms by violating certain of
+their privileges.
+
+While both Shakespeare and his great contemporary Cervantes died on
+April 23 of the year 1616, it strangely happens that Cervantes had
+been dead ten days when Shakespeare expired. This apparent paradox is
+due to the fact that while in Spain the Gregorian calendar had already
+been introduced, the "Old Style", or Julian reckoning, was still used
+in England; indeed, it was not totally abandoned until 1752, in the
+reign of George II, 170 years after the first use of the Gregorian
+reckoning on the Continent. In the seventeenth century the error to be
+corrected amounted to ten days, so that Shakespeare's death, under the
+New Style, occurred on May 3, while Cervantes died on April 13 of the
+Old Style.
+
+In commemoration of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's death, the
+Shakespearean scholar, Miss H.C. Bartlett, prepared for the New York
+Public Library an exhibition of Shakespearean books, including all the
+early editions of the quartos; the various editions of the folios; the
+works of contemporaneous authors whom Shakespeare had consulted; and
+also the early works that mention Shakespeare, or cite from his plays
+or poems, including Greene's "Groat's Worth of Wit", published in 1592
+by Henry Chettle and containing the earliest printed allusion to
+Shakespeare under the name of "Shake-scene".
+
+One of the contemporary books containing citations from Shakespeare's
+works, shown at the New York Public Library, is "The Woman Hater", by
+Francis Beaumont (?1585-1615 or 1616), printed in 1607.[11] The
+citation, from _Hamlet_, Act i, sc. 5,[12] is apropos of the
+disappearance of a "fish head". It is put into the mouths of two of
+the characters, as follows:
+
+
+      _Lazarello_. Speak, I am bound to hear.
+      _Count_. So art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear.
+
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Woman Hater, as it hath beene lately acted by the
+children of Paules, London, printed and to be sold by John Hodgers in
+Paules Church-yard, 1607".]
+
+[Footnote 12: First Folio, p. 257, col. B, lines 15, 16.]
+
+In the spacious hall of the beautiful Hispanic Museum in New York City
+there has recently been displayed, in commemoration of the
+tercentenary of Cervantes's death, an exceptionally fine collection
+of editions of his works and of rare plates illustrating episodes from
+them. Notable among the books was a first edition of his earliest
+published poems, four redondillas, a copla and an elegy, on the death,
+October 3, 1568, of Elizabeth de Valois, third wife of Philip II, and
+sister of Charles IX of France.[13] Dark rumors were afloat for some
+time that she had been poisoned by order of her husband. Among the
+other treasures in the Hispanic Museum exhibition was the earliest
+imprint of Cervantes's masterpiece, the immortal "Don Quixote". This
+was printed in Madrid, in 1605, by Juan de la Cuesta.
+
+[Footnote 13: The compilation containing these poems is entitled:
+"Hystoria y relacio verdadera de la enfermedad felicissimo transito y
+sumptuosas exequias funebres de la Serenissima Reyna de Espa�a Isabel
+de Valoys nuestra Se�ora", Madrid, 1569. The opening lines of
+Cervantes are:
+
+
+      A quien yra mi doloroso canto
+      O en cuya oreja sonara su acento?
+      (To whom will my sad song go, and in
+      whose ears will its accents sound?) ]
+
+
+A rather attractive bit of verse, purporting to have been written by
+Shakespeare and dedicated to the woman who became his wife in 1582,
+when he was but eighteen years old (she was eight years his senior),
+alludes in its third stanza to "the orient list" of gems, diamond,
+topaz, amethyst, emerald, and ruby. This little poem, with its play
+upon the lady-love's name, can find a place here, although many
+readers are already familiar with it.
+
+
+   TO THE IDOL OF MINE EYES AND THE DELIGHT OF MINE
+                    HEART,
+
+                ANNE HATHAWAY
+
+      Would ye be taught, ye feathered throng,
+      With love's sweet notes to grace your song,
+      To pierce the heart with thrilling lay,
+      Listen to mine Anne Hathaway!
+      She hath a way to sing so clear,
+      Phoebus might wond'ring stop to hear;
+      To melt the sad, make blithe the gay,
+      And nature charm, Anne hath a way:
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To breathe delight Anne hath a way.
+
+      When envy's breath and rancorous tooth
+      Do soil and bite fair worth and truth,
+      And merit to distress betray,
+      To soothe the heart Anne hath a way;
+      She hath a way to chase despair,
+      To heal all grief, to cure all care,
+      Turn foulest night to fairest day:
+      Thou know'st, fond heart, Anne hath a way,
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To make grief bliss Anne hath a way.
+
+      Talk not of gems, the orient list,
+      The diamond, topaz, amethyst,
+      The emerald mild, the ruby gay;
+      Talk of my gem, Anne Hathaway!
+      She hath a way, with her bright eye,
+      Their various lustre to defy,
+      The jewel she and the foil they,
+      So sweet to look Anne hath a way.
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To make grief bliss Anne hath a way.
+
+      But were it to my fancy given
+      To rate her charms, I'd call them Heaven;
+      For though a mortal made of clay,
+      Angels must love Anne Hathaway.
+      She hath a way so to control
+      To rupture the imprisoned soul,
+      And sweetest Heaven on earth display,
+      That to be Heaven Anne hath a way!
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To be Heaven's self Anne hath a way.
+
+
+This little poem is by Charles Dibdin (1748-1814), the writer of about
+1200 sea-songs, at one time great favorites with sailors. It appeared,
+in 1792, in his long-forgotten novel, "Hannah Hewit, or the Female
+Crusoe", and Sir Sidney Lee conjectures that it may have been composed
+on the occasion of the Stratford jubilee of 1769, in the organization
+of which Dibdin aided the great actor, David Garrick. In the "Poems
+of Places", New York, 1877, edited by Henry W. Longfellow, this poem
+is assigned to Shakespeare on the strength of a persistent popular
+error.[14] In his "Life" Dibdin says: "My songs have been the solace
+of sailors in their long voyages, in storms, in battle; and they have
+been quoted in mutinies to the restoration of order and discipline".
+It has been asserted that they brought more men into the navy than all
+the press gangs could do.
+
+[Footnote 14: Sir Sidney Lee, "A Life of Shakespeare", new edition,
+London, 1915, p. 26, note.]
+
+The poem has sometimes been attributed to Edmund Falconer (1814-1879),
+an actor and dramatist, born in Dublin, and whose real name was Edmund
+O'Rourke. However, his poem entitled "Anne Hathaway, A Traditionary
+Ballad sung to a Day Dreamer by the Mummers of Shottery Brook",[15]
+falls far below the lines we have quoted in poetic quality, as may be
+seen from the opening stanza (the best), which runs as follows:
+
+
+      No beard on thy chin, but a fire in thine eye,
+      With lustiest Manhood's in passion to vie,
+      A stripling in form, with a tongue that can make
+      The oldest folks listen, maids sweethearts forsake,
+      Hie over the fields at the first blush of May,
+      And give thy boy's heart unto Anne Hathaway.
+
+
+[Footnote 15: Edmund Falconer, "Memories, the Bequest of my Boyhood",
+London, 1863, pp. 14-22.]
+
+In none of the allusions to precious stones made by Shakespeare is
+there any indication that he had in mind any of the Biblical passages
+treating of gems. The most notable of these are the enumeration of the
+twelve stones in Aaron's breast-plate (Exodus xxviii, 17-20; xxxix,
+10-13), the list of the foundation stones and gates of the New
+Jerusalem given by John in Revelation (xxi, 19-21), and the
+description of the Tyrian king's "covering" in Ezekiel (xxviii, 130).
+Had the poet given any particular attention to these texts we could
+scarcely fail to note the fact. Other Bible mentions, such as those
+elsewhere made by Ezekiel (xxvii, 16, 22), regarding the trade of
+Tyre, the agates (and coral) from Syria, and the precious stones
+brought by the Arabian or Syrian merchants of Sheba and Raamah, are
+too much generalized to invite any special notice. The same may be
+said of most of the remaining brief allusions. We might rather expect
+that where the color or brilliancy of a precious stone is used as a
+simile this might strike a poet's fancy and perhaps find direct
+expression in his own words. The light of the New Jerusalem is likened
+to "a jasper stone, clear as crystal" (Rev. xxi, 11), and in Exodus
+(xxiv, 10) the sapphire stone is said to be "as it were the body of
+heaven in its clearness". However, that Shakespeare wrote of "the
+heaven-hued sapphire" ("Lover's Complaint", l. 215) has no necessary
+connection with this, as the celestial hue of the beautiful sapphire
+is spoken of time and again by many of the older writers.
+
+FIVE OF THE SIX AUTHENTIC SHAKESPEARE SIGNATURES
+
+[Illustration: Signature on the purchase deed of Shakespeare's house in
+Blackfriars dated March 10, 1613. In the Guildhall, London]
+
+[Illustration: Signatures on the three pages of
+Shakespeare's will executed March 25, 1616. Original in Somerset
+House, London]
+
+[Illustration: Signature attached to the deed mortgaging the house
+in Blackfriars, dated March 11, 1613. In the British Museum]
+
+It should be borne in mind that the great English translation of the
+Bible, popularly called "King James' Bible", was published only after
+Shakespeare had completed his last play in 1611. Before that time,
+dating from Tyndale's version of 1525, and in great measure based on
+it, a number of English translations had appeared, the most
+authoritative in Shakspeare's time being perhaps the "Bishops' Bible",
+printed under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth in 1568, and edited by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+The Geneva Bible of 1560, the first entire Bible in English in which
+the division into chapters and verses was carried out, had, however,
+the widest dissemination in Shakespeare's time, and a careful study of
+passages in his works referable to Biblical texts appears to prove
+that this version was the one with which he was most familiar. His
+plays testify to his close knowledge of the Scriptures, although no
+writer is less fettered by purely doctrinal considerations. The
+Geneva Bible went through no less than sixty editions in Queen
+Elizabeth's reign, and even after the issue of the "Authorized
+Version" in 1611 it competed successfully with this for a time.
+
+That Shakespeare may have seen Philemon Holland's (1552-1637)
+excellent translation of Pliny is nowise unlikely. A notable passage
+in his _Othello_ seems in any case to indicate that it was suggested
+by Pliny's words (Bk. II, chap. 97, in Holland's version):
+
+
+      And the sea Pontus evermore floweth and runneth out into
+      Propontic, but the sea never retireth backe againe within
+      Pontus.
+
+
+Othello replies thus to Iago's conjecture that he may change his mind
+(Act iii, sc. 3):
+
+
+      Never, Iago. Like to the Pontic sea,
+      Whose icy current and compulsive course
+      Ne'er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on
+      To the Propontic and the Hellespont,
+      Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace,
+      Shall ne'er look back, ne'er ebb to humble love.
+         First Folio, "Tragedies", p. 326, col. B, lines 34-39.
+
+
+There is, however, no trace of any familiarity on Shakespeare's part
+with the precious stone lore of the Roman encyclop�dist, either from
+the Latin text of his great "Historia Naturalis", or from the
+translation published by Holland in 1601. This translator, who
+Englished many of the chief Latin and Greek authors, Suetonius, Livy,
+Ammianus Marcellinus, Plutarch's "Morals" and other works, was
+pronounced by Fuller, in his "Worthies", to be "translator general in
+his age", adding that "these books alone of his turning into English
+will make a country gentleman a competent library". For his Ammianus
+Marcellinus the Council of Coventry, his place of residence, paid him
+�4, and �5 for a translation of Camden's "Britannia"--small sums,
+indeed, for so much labor, but not so unreasonable when we think that
+a half-century later the immortal Milton got but �5 for his "Paradise
+Lost". He was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had
+studied and graduated; later he studied medicine, receiving a degree
+of M.D., not from Oxford or Cambridge, however, but either from a
+Scottish or foreign university.
+
+Although Solinus, writing in the third century A.D., relies mainly
+upon Pliny for his information on precious stones, still he here and
+there gives evidence of a more critical spirit, as when he says of the
+rock-crystal that the theory according to which it was frozen and
+hardened water was necessarily incorrect, for it was to be found in
+such mild climates as "Alabanda in Asia and the island of
+Cyprus".[16] This is the more notable that the wholly incorrect view
+persisted into the sixteenth century, so learned a writer as Lord
+Bacon (d. 1626) restating it in his last work, "Sylva Sylvarum".
+
+[Footnote 16: Collectanea rerum memorabilium, Cap. 15.]
+
+One of the most curious gem-treatises, especially as a source of early
+sixteenth-century beliefs in the magic properties of precious stones,
+the "Speculum Lapidum" of Camillo Leonardo, published in Venice, 1502,
+probably never came under Shakespeare's eye. Indeed, even in Italy it
+seems to have been so neglected that Ludovico Dolci ventured to
+publish a literal Italian version of the Latin original as his own
+work in 1565. The English "Mirror of Stones", issued in 1750, is
+frankly stated to be a translation of the Latin original bearing the
+same name.[17]
+
+[Footnote 17: Noted in the present writer's "The Curious Lore of
+Precious Stones", Philadelphia and London, 1913, p. 18.]
+
+In Marlowe's (1564-1593) "Hero and Leander", almost certainly written
+before Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis" (1593), although not published
+until 1598, five years after Marlowe's death, "pearl tears" and the
+"sparkling diamond" are used much in the same way as by Shakespeare,
+as appears in the following verses:
+
+
+      Forth from those two translucent cisterns brake
+      A stream of liquid pearl, which down her face
+      Made milk-white paths.
+                                           Lines 296-298.
+
+      Why should you worship her! her you surpass
+      As much as sparkling diamonds flaring glass.
+                                           Lines 213,214.
+
+
+There is a curious parallelism between a passage in _Troilus and
+Cressida_, 1609, and one in Marlowe's _Dr. Faustus_, 1588. Marlowe
+wrote (sc. 14, l. 83):
+
+
+      Was this the face that launched a thousand ships
+      And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?
+
+
+This is followed very closely by Shakespeare, with the substitution of
+"pearl" for "face".
+
+
+                 She [Helen] is a pearl,
+      Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.
+            _Troilus and Cressida_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 82.
+      First Folio, at end of "Histories", unnumbered page
+                     (596 of facsimile), col. A, line 19.
+
+
+The greatest of the world's poets lived in a period midway between the
+highest development of Renaissance civilization and the foundation of
+our modern civilization, and he was thus at once heir to the rich
+treasures of a glorious past, and endowed with a poetic, or we might
+say a prophetic insight that makes his works appeal as closely to the
+readers of to-day as to those of his own time.
+
+In the four leading European nations of the age--Italy, despite her
+high rank in art, still lacked national unity--four sovereigns of
+marked though widely diverse character and attainments reigned for a
+considerable part of Shakespeare's life. Of the "Virgin Queen" we
+scarcely need to write. The England of her day, and of later days,
+would not have been what it was and what it became, without the aid of
+her mingled shrewdness and prudence. Faults she had and shortcomings,
+but, granted the almost overpowering difficulties she had to face,
+both at home and abroad, it is doubtful whether a more decided, a more
+straight-forward policy would have been as successful as the somewhat
+devious one she pursued. Her chief rival, Philip II (1556-1598), as
+much averse as Elizabeth herself to energetic action, even more fond
+of procrastination, lacked her relative religious and political
+tolerance, and left Spain weaker than he had found it. And still his
+tenacity, his devotion to the cause he believed to be that of heaven,
+his consistency, and even the gloomy seriousness of his life, testify
+to a strong soul, though a thoroughly unlovable one.
+
+The reign of the eccentric Rudolph II, Emperor of Germany (1576-1612),
+whose imperial residence was at Prague, covers the greater part of
+Shakespeare's life. In spite of many failings and mistakes, this
+monarch did much to foster the study of the arts and sciences of his
+age, so far as he was able to understand them. That he was for a time
+the dupe of adventurers and alchemists, such as the half-visionary
+John Dee and the altogether unscrupulous Edward Kelley, was no unusual
+experience in those days, when the dividing line between true science
+and charlatanism was too indistinctly marked to be easily discernible.
+
+The greatest of all the sovereigns of Shakespeare's time was Henry IV
+of France, unquestionably the greatest of French kings, despite the
+fact that the primacy has often been accorded to the Roi Soleil, Louis
+XIV. The powerful and ductile personality that was able to put an end
+to the destructive religious wars of France and to lay a firm
+foundation for the strongly-centralized power of a later time, a
+foundation which the great statesman Richelieu broadened and deepened,
+deserves all the credit that should be given to those who conquer the
+first apparently insurmountable difficulties in the realization of a
+great aim.
+
+How brief was the reign of most of the popes of this time is shown by
+the fact that no less than ten of them were at one time or other
+Shakespeare's contemporaries, although the duration of his life was
+but fifty-two years. Of these probably the most noteworthy was Gregory
+XIII (1572-1585), in whose reign occurred the fearful Massacre of St.
+Bartholomew, August 24, 1572, and the reform of the calendar from that
+known as the Julian to the new style named the Gregorian Calendar in
+honor of this pope.
+
+In the East, just coming into closer commercial intercourse with
+Europe, the long reign of the greatest of the Mogul emperors,
+Jelal-ed-din Akbar (1556-1605), began two years before the accession
+of Elizabeth and lasted two years after her death. Probably no
+Oriental sovereign, certainly no Indian sovereign, ranks higher than
+Akbar, who was at once a great statesman, an able organizer, and
+singularly tolerant in religion. In Persia, one of the most marked
+rulers of this land, Abbas the Great, began to reign in 1584 and died
+in 1628.
+
+In no period was jewelry worn more ornately, or with greater display,
+we might almost say ostentation, than in the age of Shakespeare. As a
+rule, in this period the precious stones were less considered than the
+elaborate goldsmith work in which they were placed. They were the
+adjuncts, rather than the principal glory of the jewel.
+
+The court jeweller of James VI of Scotland and of this monarch after
+his accession to the English throne, as James I, was George Heriot
+(ca. 1563-1624), born in Edinburgh, the son of a member of the company
+of goldsmiths in that city. As the Scotch goldsmiths cumulated the
+profession of money-lending with that of goldsmithing, they were
+usually persons of considerable account among the citizens. Heriot
+became a member of the company in 1588, the year of the Spanish
+Armada. Despite the rather straitened circumstances of the Scottish
+court, considerable amounts were expended for jewels, especially as
+the queen, Anne of Denmark, was very fond of display. The nobility
+also, such of them at least as possessed the means, were inclined to
+deck themselves out with brilliant jewels and splendid ornaments of
+massive gold. Heriot's appointment as goldsmith to the queen dates
+from 1597; soon after this he was made jeweller and goldsmith to the
+king. He followed the court to London in 1603, when King James
+succeeded to Elizabeth, and at the time of his death, February 12,
+1624, had amassed the sum of �50,000 by his profitable connection
+with the court, and had also acquired lands and houses at Rochampton,
+in Surrey, and St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London. His residuary
+estate, which amounted to �23,625 ($118,125), he entrusted to the
+provosts, bailiffs, ministers, and ordinary town-council of Edinburgh
+for the erection of an institution to be called Heriot's Hospital,
+where a number of poor freemen's sons of the town should be
+educated.[18] This foundation still exists, and the excellent
+management of those who have had to do with the endowment is shown by
+the fact that the income it now produces equals the whole sum of the
+original bequest.
+
+[Footnote 18: William Hone, "The Every-Day Book", London, 1838, vol.
+ii, cols. 748, 749.]
+
+This great Scotch goldsmith fashioned a number of splendid rings for
+the queen. An old account furnished by Heriot lists them as
+follows:[19]
+
+A ring with a heart and serpent, all set about with diamonds;
+
+A ring with a single diamond, set in a heart betwixt two hands;
+
+A great ring in the form of a perssed hand and a perssed eye, all
+sett with diamonds;
+
+One great ring, in forme of a frog, all set with diamonds, price
+two-hundreth poundis;
+
+A ring of a burning heart set with diamondis;
+
+A ring in the forme af a scallope shell, set with a table diamond, and
+opening on the head;
+
+A ring of a love trophe set with diamondis;
+
+Two rings, lyke black flowers, with a table diamond in each;
+
+A daissie ring sett with a table diamond;
+
+A ryng sett all over with diamondis, made in fashion of a lizard,
+120 l.;
+
+A ring set with 9 diamonds, and opening on the head with the King's
+picture in that.
+
+[Footnote 19: William Hone, "Every-Day Book", London, 1838, vol. ii,
+cols. 749, 750.]
+
+Heriot also lists a ring delivered about 1607 to Margaret Hartsyde,
+one of the royal household, describing it as "sett all about with
+diamondis, and a table diamond on the head"; that is, in the bezel. He
+states that he had been given to understand that this was by direction
+of Her Majesty. His precaution in making this note appears to have
+been fully justified, for this Margaret Hartsyde was tried in
+Edinburgh, May 31, 1608, on the charge of having purloined a pearl
+belonging to the queen and valued at �110. Her excuse was that she had
+taken this and other pearls to adorn dolls for the amusement of the
+royal children, and that she did not expect the queen would ask for
+them. As, however, it was brought out in the trial that she had
+cleverly disguised some of the pearls she had taken, and had offered
+to sell them to the queen, she was condemned to imprisonment in
+Blackness Castle until the payment of a fine of �400, and to
+confinement in Orkney during the remainder of her life. Eleven years
+later, however, the king's advocate "produced a letter of
+rehabilitation and restitution of Margaret Hartsyde to her fame".[20]
+
+[Footnote 20: "Every-Day Book", _loc. cit_.]
+
+In Shakespeare's day the "goldsmiths" were also jewellers and gem
+dealers, and often money-lenders as well. The settings of the finest
+precious stones were at that time generally of gold, rarely of silver.
+Platinum, the metal that now enjoys the greatest furore for diamond
+settings, was then unknown in Europe; it was first brought to Europe
+in 1735, from South America, having been found in the alluvial
+deposits of the river Pinto, in the district of Choco, now forming
+part of the United States of Colombia. The Spaniards had named it
+_platina_, from its resemblance to _plata_, silver. The
+chief source in our time is Russia, the richest deposits being those
+discovered in 1825, on the Iss, a tributary of the Tura, in the Urals.
+Other valuable deposits are in the district of Nizhni-Tagilsk.
+Platinum also occurs in Brazil, California, and British Columbia,
+associated with gold, as well as in Borneo, New South Wales,
+Australia, and in New Zealand. Its use in gem-mountings began about
+1870, and from 1880 onward it has become more and more favored, until
+now it has almost entirely superseded gold in the finest jewelry,
+especially for diamond settings. Long before the metal was known and
+used in Europe, ornamental use of it was made in South America, in the
+district we have mentioned, the material not being fused, but simply
+forged out of the nuggets found in the deposits.
+
+That but few fine diamonds were in Europe when Shakespeare wrote has
+already been noted; indeed, the annual importation from India, then
+the only source, can hardly have exceeded $100,000 on an average,
+while at the present day the value of the diamonds from the great
+African mines imported into Europe and America amounts to from
+$40,000,000 to $60,000,000 each year.
+
+In King James's reign, besides Heriot, William Herrick (brother of
+Nicolas) and John Spilman were appointed jewellers to the king, queen,
+and prince, the annual emoluments being �50 annually. It is stated
+that Herrick furnished jewels worth �36,000 to Queen Anne of Denmark.
+Such of her many jewels as were to be found when she died are said to
+have been left to her son, later Charles I, and none to her daughter
+Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia and ancestress of many of the
+sovereigns of Europe, as well as of the present reigning house in
+England. Unfortunately for her heir, a great part of the jewels had
+been embezzled, and could not be recovered, although models of many
+had been carefully preserved by William Herrick, who swore that the
+originals had been delivered to the queen. Less notable jewellers of
+King James's day were Philip Jacobson, Arnold Lulls, John Acton, and
+John Williams. One of them, Arnold Lulls, has left a fine set of
+contemporary drawings representing jewels of the epoch; these are now
+to be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. As an instance
+of the value of some of the jewels of his design, it is recorded that
+the sum of �1550 was paid for a diamond jewel with pearl pendants and
+two dozen buttons, furnished to the king to be bestowed upon the
+queen at the christening of the Princess Mary in 1605.[21]
+
+[Illustration: Diamond cutter's shop, eighteenth century, in which the
+diamond-cutting mill is operated by "man-power". Published in the
+Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, by John Hinton, England,
+July, 1749]
+
+[Footnote 21: H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery", London, 1908, p. 302.]
+
+While the jeweller's art in England was still under the influence of
+foreign goldsmiths in Elizabeth's time, it had to a considerable
+extent emancipated itself from foreign control in the latter part of
+her reign and in that of her successor. In addition to George Heriot,
+whom we have just noticed, several others are well worthy of mention,
+such as Dericke Anthony, Affabel Partridge, Peter Trender, and Nicolas
+Herrick,[22] the father of the poet Robert Herrick, who makes many a
+telling use of the colors and charm of precious stones and pearls in
+his dainty poems. To these must be added Sir John Spilman, of German
+birth, who made many jewels at the royal command.
+
+[Footnote 22: H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery", London, 1908, pp. 219,
+220, 301.]
+
+We should remember that for the cutting of precious stones steam-power
+was not then available, "man-power" being employed. A large turning
+wheel was pushed around by a man holding a bar extending from it. The
+motion of this large wheel was transmitted to other smaller ones. The
+number of revolutions per minute hardly exceeded a few hundred, while
+in modern times a speed of from 2000 to 2500 revolutions per minute
+is attained. The diamond cutting industry was largely in the hands of
+Jews in Lisbon.
+
+The gem-cutting processes were not greatly modified for many years
+after Shakespeare's death, so that a representation of the wheel and
+mill used in 1750 gives a fairly good general idea of the _modus
+operandi_. The large wooden wheel, whose axis is the second pillar
+within the frame, is bent, and makes an elbow under the wheel to
+receive the impulsion of a bar that serves instead of a turn-handle.
+On the right side of the frame, where the boy stands, is the
+turn-handle which sets the wheel in motion by means of the elbow of
+its axis. So that if the wooden wheel be twenty times larger than the
+iron one, a hundred turns of the larger wheel will cause a thousand
+revolutions of the smaller one. The method of holding the diamond in
+place over the iron wheel, when in motion, so that it presses upon the
+latter and is polished thereby, is shown in the lower right-hand
+corner of the plate.
+
+The German traveller, Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598,
+toward the end of Elizabeth's life, describes her jewelling in the
+following words:
+
+"The Queen had in her ears two pearls with very rich drops; she
+wore false hair and that red; upon her head she had a small crown; her
+bosom was uncovered, and she had on a necklace of exceedingly fine
+jewels. She was dressed in white silk, bordered with pearls of the
+size of beans, and over it a mantle of black silk shot with silver
+threads; her train was very long. Instead of a chain, she had an
+oblong collar of gold and jewels".
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH In the possession of
+his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., Hardwick Hall. The queen has
+jewels in her hair, a pearl eardrop, and two necklaces, one fitting
+closely to the neck, the other falling over the breast. The stiff
+brocade skirt is embroidered with a wonderful array of aquatic birds
+and animals. On the left, the cushion of the chair of state is
+embroidered with the queen's monogram. Surmounting the chair is a
+crystal ball. The original canvas measures 90 x 66 inches.]
+
+In addition to this display the traveller tells us that the queen's
+right hand was fairly sparkling with jewelled rings.
+
+Aside from his portrayal of jewels in his numerous portraits, Holbein
+ranked as the master designer of jewels in his day. Many of the finest
+of these designs have been preserved for us and can be seen in the
+British Museum, to which they were bequeathed by Sir Hans Sloane in
+1753. There are 179 separate pieces, usually pen-and-ink sketches. The
+execution of the jewels from these designs is believed to have been
+mainly done by Hans of Antwerp, known as Hans Anwarpe, a friend of
+Holbein, who settled in London in 1514, and was appointed goldsmith to
+King Henry VIII, for whom he produced many jewels for New Year's
+gifts.[23]
+
+[Footnote 23: H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery", London [1908], pp. 211,
+213.]
+
+In judging of the jewels figured in portraits we must remember that
+the artist has often modified them to bring them into greater harmony
+with their immediate surroundings. This, in some cases, may lead him
+to make of a somewhat inartistically designed jewel a beautifully
+proportioned one. Again, he may be led to exaggerate the size of the
+precious stones or pearls, and to intensify or deepen their colors. A
+recent instance regards a portrait of the former queen of Spain by one
+of the foremost Spanish artists of our day. The royal lady was
+depicted wearing an enormous pearl; however, the artist informed the
+author that the real pearl was much smaller than the painted one, but
+that, in portraying it, a better decorative effect was obtained by
+increasing its size. Whether Holbein (1497-1543), with his Dutch
+exactness of portrayal, was led into any similar exaggerations we can
+never tell, as little as we can know anything definite regarding the
+true size of the jewels shown in the portraits by the Italian Zucchero
+(1529-1566), the Fleming Lucas de Heere (1524-1584), or by any other
+of the portrait painters of Elizabeth's time.
+
+In a very modest way the addition of gilded scarf-pins, brooches,
+chains, etc., not owned by the sitters, was not uncommonly practised
+thirty or forty years ago, when colored tintypes were popular. These
+were painted on the photographs, much to the gratification of those
+who ordered them for distribution among their friends.
+
+The court-jewellers of France in Shakespeare's day rivalled, though
+they did not excel, those of England. Among them a prominent place
+belongs to Francois Dujardin (or Desjardin), goldsmith of Charles IX
+(1560-1574) and Henri III (1574-1589). When a verification and an
+inventory of the French Crown Jewels were made on August 1, 1574,
+after the death of Charles IX, the expert examination was entrusted to
+Fran�ois Dujardin, who is termed "orfebvre et lapidaire du Roy". The
+goldsmith's art was passed down from father to son in this family: a
+second F. Dujardin (b. ca. 1565) mounted the parures made for
+Elizabeth of Austria, daughter of Henri IV and Maria de' Medici. In
+the reign of Henri IV and the succeeding regency of Maria de' Medici,
+Josse de Langerac, received as master goldsmith in 1594, and the
+brothers Rogier, are noted as leading goldsmiths who, besides
+executing many fine jewels, frequently made loans of money to the
+Queen Regent, and seem to have experienced great difficulty in
+securing full payment. Corneille Rogier set the jewels worn at her
+marriage by Anne d'Autriche, wife of Louis XIII. Two brothers, each
+bearing the name Pierre Courtois, are also noted in old records. One
+of them, at the time of his death, in 1611, occupied two apartments
+with two shops in the Louvre; the shop of the other had the sign "Aux
+Trois Roys", probably referring to the "Three Kings of the East", the
+Magi of the Gospel, very appropriate patrons for goldsmiths.[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: Germain Bapst, "Histoire des Joyaux de la Couronne de
+France", Paris, 1889, pp. 175, 176, 300, 304.]
+
+Thierry Badouer, a German goldsmith-jeweller, received from the French
+court, in 1572, an order for 250,000 crowns' worth of jewels to be
+distributed as gifts at the approaching marriage of Henri de Navarre
+with Marguerite de Valois. He faithfully executed his part of the task
+and brought the jewels with him to Paris, but before he had been able
+to deliver them to the Royal Treasury they were stolen from him during
+the confusion of the St. Bartholomew Massacre. Eventually, in the
+reign of Henri IV, his widow was partly reimbursed for the loss,
+receiving one-quarter of the amount of her claim.[25] After the
+Massacre of St. Bartholomew, and as a result of it, many Protestants
+and Catholics left France for Hanau, Germany, where to this day they
+carry on the jeweller's art; and from this beginning Hanau became a
+jeweller's centre.
+
+[Footnote 25: Op. cit., p. 289.]
+
+The best reproduction of the First Folio of 1623 is the photographic
+facsimile, made in 1902, of the copy formerly owned by the Duke of
+Devonshire and now in the possession of Henry E. Huntington, of New
+York.[26] The original Folio, prepared by the managers of
+Shakespeare's company, John Heminge and Henry Condell, bears the
+imprint of Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount, the printing house being
+conducted by William Jaggard and his son Isaac. It is believed that an
+edition of five hundred copies was issued, at one pound per copy. That
+the publication was essentially a commercial venture, although it may
+also have been a labor of love for some of the editors, is brought out
+clearly and quaintly in the preface addressed to "The great Variety
+of Readers", and signed by Heminge and Condell. This reads that the
+book was printed at the charges of W. Jaggard, Ed. Blount, I.
+Southweeke, and W. Apsley, 1623. The following passage from the
+preface is well worth quoting, its spirit is so delightfully modern:
+
+
+   The fate of all Bookes depends upon your capacities,
+   and not of your heads alone, but of your purses. Well!
+   It is now publique, & you wil stand for your priviledges,
+   wee know: to read, and censure.[27] Do so, but buy it
+   first. That doth best commend a Booke the Stationer
+   sales. Then, how odde soever your braines be, or your
+   wisdomes, make your license the same and spare not.... But
+   whatever you do, Buy. Censure will not drive a
+   Trade, nor make the Jacke go.
+
+
+[Footnote 26: "Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies, being a
+reproduction in facsimile of the First Folio Edition of 1623, from the
+Chatsworth copy in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.,
+with introduction and censure of copies by Sidney Lee". Oxford,
+Clarendon Press, 1902, XXXV 908 pp. Edition limited to 1000 numbered
+and signed copies.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Judge.]
+
+The chief credit for bringing together the materials for the First
+Folio, in 1623, is believed to be due to William Jaggard. Some ten
+years earlier he had acquired the printing-privileges of certain of
+the quartos. Edward Blount, whose name appears as publisher on the
+title page with that of Isaac Jaggard, was merely a stationer, so that
+the actual printing was solely under the charge of the latter, who
+seems, at this time, to have been entrusted with this department of
+the business. However, Blount's services may have been valuable since
+he had better literary taste than the Jaggards possessed.
+
+In spite of certain evident faults of proportion, the portrait of
+Shakespeare engraved by Martin Droeshout for the title page of the
+1623 Folio bears internal evidence of being a fairly good likeness,
+for the face possesses a marked individuality. There is a belief that
+it was taken from the so-called "Flower" portrait, now in the
+Shakespeare Memorial Gallery at Stratford-upon-Avon, and which is
+conjectured to have been painted in 1609, at least during
+Shakespeare's lifetime, possibly by another Martin Droeshout, a
+Fleming, uncle of the engraver of the same name. This portrait was
+discovered, painted on a panel at Peckham Rye, bearing the inscription
+"Will Shakespeare^n, 1609". That it should be the original from which
+the Droeshout engraving was taken has been doubted, since it appears
+rather to resemble later states of the plate than earlier ones. While
+Ben Jonson, who had seen Shakespeare so often, may have been partly
+moved to bestow undue praise upon the Folio portrait, in the lines he
+furnished the publishers to be placed immediately facing it, by his
+wish to say a good word for their publication, he would scarcely have
+made use of such superlative terms had he not considered it to be at
+least a fairly good likeness. Jonson's lines have been so often
+printed that few are unacquainted with them, but as illustrating the
+above remarks they can be repeated here, in the old spelling and form
+of the First Folio:
+
+
+                TO THE READER.
+
+      This Figure, that thou here seest put,
+        It was for gentle Shakespeare cut;
+      Wherein the Graver has a strife
+        With Nature, to out-doo the life:
+      O, could he but have drawne his wit
+        As well in brasse, as he hath hit
+      His face; the Print would then surpasse
+        All, that was ever write in brasse.
+      But, since he cannot, Reader, looke
+        Not on his Picture, but his Booke.
+
+                                                B.I.
+
+
+A most attractive and instructive exhibition of reproductions of the
+portraits of Shakespeare, or supposedly of him, was shown at the rooms
+of the Grolier Club, April 6-29, 1916. The catalogue[28] embraces 436
+numbers, illustrating all the principal types. The exhibition also
+comprised the principal editions of the poet's plays, from the First
+Folio of 1623 to the great Variorum Edition by Dr. Furness, begun in
+1871.
+
+[Footnote 28: Catalogue of an exhibition illustrative of the text of
+Shakespeare's plays, as published in edited editions, together with a
+large collection of engraved portraits of the poet. New York, The
+Grolier Club, April 6-29, 1916, vi+114 pp.]
+
+For the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, celebrated in April,
+1864, a special commemorative medal was struck in England, designed by
+Mr. J. Moore. The obverse shows a profile head of the poet, in the
+modelling of which the artist seems to have been chiefly influenced by
+the Stratford bust. This fundamental type he has not unskilfully
+combined with that of the Droeshout print in the First Folio, the
+dome-like forehead being evidently suggested by the latter. The nose
+is more accentuated than in the bust, and the mouth, though still
+small, is somewhat firmer. Toward the edge of the field are disposed
+the titles of his various works, as though radiating from the head,
+and in the exergue is his signature, framed by a half-garland over
+which extends a mace. The tribute offered to Shakespeare by the Muses,
+figured on the reverse, is a rather stiff and conventional
+composition.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: W. Sharp Ogden, "Shakspere's Portraits: painted, graven,
+and medallic", in The British Numismatic Journal, and Proceedings of
+The British Numismatic Society, 1910, London, 1911, pp. 143-198; see
+p. 189.]
+
+For those who may wish to see the original form of the passages
+regarding precious stones in the text of the First Folio, of 1623, the
+page and column references have been given here. In this text the
+three sections into which the plays have been divided, Comedies,
+Histories, and Tragedies, are separately paged; moreover, the
+pagination offers a number of irregularities. _Troilus and Cressida_,
+added at the end of the "Histories", has page numbers on a couple of
+leaves neither connected with what precedes nor with what follows, the
+remainder of the pages bearing no figures; furthermore, there are
+several obvious, though unimportant, misprints. _Pericles_, first
+issued in Folio, in the Third Folio, of 1664, is therein separately
+paged, as are the other of the plays attributed to Shakespeare printed
+therein, in continuation of the series of the First and Second Folios.
+This play had, however, previously appeared six times in quarto in the
+years 1609, 1611, 1619, 1630, 1635 and 1639.
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond.
+         _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act iii, sc. 3, l. 59.
+                 "Comedies", p. 58 [50], col. A, line 31.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      Give me the ring of mine you had at dinner,
+      Or, for my diamond, the chain you promised.
+                _Comedy of Errors_, Act iv, sc, 3. l. 70.
+                 "Comedies", p. 94, col. B, lines 61, 62.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      Sir, I must have that diamond from you.--
+        There, take it.
+                _Comedy of Errors_, Act v, sc. 1, l. 391.
+                      "Comedies", p. 99, col. B, line 58.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      A lady walled about with diamonds!
+              _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 3.
+                      "Comedies", p. 137, col. A, line 6.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      A diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats in
+        Frankfort!
+             _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 87.
+                     "Comedies", p. 173, col. A, line 62.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+                       Set this diamond safe
+      In golden palaces, as it becomes.
+                 _Henry VI_, Pt. I, Act v, sc. 3, l. 169.
+                    "Histories", p. 116, col. B, line 54.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      A heart it was, bound in with diamonds.
+              _Henry VI_, Pt, II, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 107.
+                    "Histories", p. 134, col. A, line 46.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      Not deck'd with diamonds and Indian stones,
+      Nor to be seen.
+              _Henry VI_, Pt. III, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 63.
+                    "Histories", p. 158, col. B, line 25.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      One day he gives us diamonds, next day stones.
+               _Timon of Athens_, Act iii, sc. 6, l. 131.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 89, col. B, line 56.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      This diamond he greets your wife withal.
+                         _Macbeth_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 15.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 136, col. A, line II.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+                       Which parted thence,
+      As pearls from diamonds dropp'd.
+                       _King Lear_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 24.
+                                  Omitted in First Folio.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+        This diamond was my mother's; take it, heart;
+      But keep it till you woo another wife.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act I, sc. 1, l. 112.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 370, col. A, line 45.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      She went before others I have seen, as that diamond of
+         yours outlustres many I have beheld.
+                        _Cymbeline_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 78.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 372, col. A, line 53.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      I have not seen the most precious diamond that is, nor
+         you the lady.
+                        _Cymbeline_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 81.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 372, col. A, line 55.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      I shall but lend my diamond till your return.
+                      _Cymbeline_, Act. i, sc. 4, l. 153.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 372, col. B, line 59.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      My ten thousand ducats are yours; so is your diamond too.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 163.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 373, col. A, line 1.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+                     It must be married
+      To that your diamond.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 98.
+         "Tragedies", p. 389 [379], col. A, lines 42, 43.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      That diamond upon your finger, say,
+      How came it yours?
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 137.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 396, col. A, line 51.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      To me he seems like diamond to glass.
+                        _Pericles_, Act ii, sc. 3, l. 36.
+                Third Folio, 1664, p. 7, col. B, line 38;
+                                     separate pagination.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      You shall, like diamonds, sit about his crown.
+                        _Pericles_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 53.
+                Third Folio, 1664, p. 8, col. B, line 42.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      The diamonds of a most praised water
+      Do appear, to make the world twice rich.
+                      _Pericles_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 102.
+               Third Folio, 1664, p. 11, col. B, line 13.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      The impression of keen whips I'ld wear as rubies.
+            _Measure for Measure_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 101.
+                      "Comedies", p. 69, col. B, line 63.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,
+      sapphires.
+              _Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.
+                      "Comedies", p. 92, col. A, line 49.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Those be rubies, fairy favors.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 12.
+                     "Comedies", p. 148, col. A, line 35.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Over thy wounds now do I prophesy,--Which,
+      like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips.
+                 _Julius Ca�sar_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 260.
+               "Tragedies", p. 120, col. B, lines 34, 35.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
+      When mine is blanch'd with fear.
+                       _Macbeth_, Act iii, sc. 4, l. 115.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 142, col. B, line 17.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      But kiss; one kiss! Rubies unparagon'd,
+      How dearly they do't!
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 17.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 376, col. B, line 18.
+
+
+SAPPHIRE
+
+
+      Like sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery.
+           _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 75.
+               "Comedies", p. 51, col. A, line 66 (last).
+
+
+SAPPHIRE
+
+
+      Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,
+      sapphires.
+               _Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.
+                      "Comedies", p. 92, col. A, line 49.
+
+
+CHRYSOLITE
+
+
+      If heaven would make me such another world
+      Of one entire and perfect chrysolite.
+                         _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 145.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 337, col. A, line 5.
+
+
+TURQUOISE
+
+
+      It was my turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a
+      bachelor.
+            _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 126.
+                     "Comedies", p. 173, col. B, line 32.
+
+
+OPAL
+
+
+      For thy mind is a very opal.
+                   _Twelfth Night_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 77.
+                     "Comedies", p. 262, col. B, line 45.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      An agate very vilely cut.
+         _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 65.
+                     "Comedies", p. 110, col. A, line 25.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      His heart like an agate with your print impress'd.
+           _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 236.
+              "Comedies", p. 127, col. B, line 62 (last).
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      I was never manned with an agate till now.
+                      _II Henry IV_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 19.
+                     "Histories", p. 76, col. B, line 10.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      Agate-ring, pirke-stocking, caddis-garter, smooth-tongue.
+                      _I Henry IV_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 78.
+                     "Histories", p. 56, col. A, line 53.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      In shape no bigger than an agate-stone
+      On the forefinger of an alderman.
+                 _Romeo and Juliet_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 55.
+                "Tragedies", p. 57, col. A, lines 20, 21.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      Her amber hair for foul hath amber quoted.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 87.
+                     "Comedies", p. 133, col. A, line 52.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery.
+             _Taming of the Shrew_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 58.
+                     "Comedies", p. 223, col. B, line 62.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      Their eyes purging thick amber and plum-tree gum.
+                         _Hamlet_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 201.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 261, col. B, line 42.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      Of his bones are coral made.
+                     _The Tempest_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 397.
+                       "Comedies", p. 5, col. A, line 54.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      I saw her coral lips to move.
+             _Taming of the Shrew_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 179.
+                      "Comedies", p.211, col. B, line 57.
+
+
+JET
+
+
+      There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than
+      between jet and ivory.
+             _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 42.
+                     "Comedies", p. 173, col. A, line 18.
+
+
+JET
+
+
+      What color is my gown of?--Black, forsooth: coal-black
+      as jet.
+                    _II Henry VI_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 112.
+                    "Histories", p. 126, col. B, line 61.
+
+
+JET
+
+
+      Two proper palfreys, black as jet,
+      To hale thy vengeful waggon swift away.
+                 _Titus Andronicus_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 50.
+                      "Tragedies", p. 49, col. B, line 7.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+      Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,
+      sapphires.
+              _Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.
+                      "Comedies", p. 92, col. A, line 49.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+      A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art,
+      Were not so rich a jewel.
+                       _Coriolanus_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 55.
+                       "Tragedies", p. 5, col. B, line 7.
+
+
+CARBUNCLES
+
+
+      O'er sized with coagulate gore,
+      With eyes like carbuncles.
+                        _Hamlet_, Act ii, sc. ii, l. 485.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 263, col. B, line 50.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+            Were it carbuncled
+      Like holy Phoebus' car.
+            _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act iv, sc. 8, l. 28.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 360, col. B, line 57.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+            Had it been a carbuncle
+      Of Phoebus' wheel.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 189.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 396, col. B, line 41.
+
+
+EMERALD
+
+
+      In emerald tufts, flowers purple, blue, and white.
+           _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 74.
+                      "Comedies", p. 51, col. A, line 65.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Full fathom five thy father lies;
+      Of his bones are coral made;
+      Those are pearls that were his eyes.
+                         _Tempest_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 398.
+                   "Comedies", p. 5, col. A, lines 51-33.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+            She is mine own,
+      And I as rich in having such a jewel
+      As twenty seas, if all their sand were pearl.
+        _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 170.
+                  "Comedies", p. 26, col. B, lines 34-36.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      A sea of melting pearl, which some call tears.
+       _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 224.
+                       "Comedies", p. 30, col. B, line 2.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      But pearls are fair; and the old saying is,
+      Black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes
+        'Tis true; such pearls as put out ladies' eyes.
+          _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 11.
+                  "Comedies", p. 36, col. B, lines 10-12.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Like sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery
+      Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee.
+           _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 75.
+          "Comedies", p. 51, col. A, lines 65, 66 (last).
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Laced with silver, set with pearls
+         _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act iii, sc. 4, l. 20.
+                     "Comedies", p. 112, col. B, line 65.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Fire enough for a flint, pearl enough for a swine.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act iv, sc. 2, l. 91.
+                     "Comedies", p. 132, col. A, line 11.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      This and these pearls to me sent Longaville.
+             _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 53.
+                     "Comedies", p. 137, col. A, line 59.
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Will you have me, or your pearl again?
+      Neither of either.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 458.
+                     "Comedies", p. 140, col. B, line 58.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 211.
+                      "Comedies", p. 147, col. A, line 6.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I must go seek some dewdrops here
+      And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 15.
+                     "Comedies", p. 148, col. A, line 38.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      That same dew, which sometime in the buds
+      Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 57.
+                 "Comedies", p. 157, col. B, lines 9, 10.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Rich honesty dwells like a miser, sir, in a poor house; as
+        your pearl in your foul oyster.
+                   _As You Like It_, Act v, sc. 4, l. 63.
+                     "Comedies", p. 206, col. A, line 12.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.
+            _Taming of the Shrew_, Introd., sc. 2, l. 44.
+                     "Comedies", p. 209, col. B, line 33.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearls
+      Valance of Venice gold.
+            _Taming of the Shrew_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 355.
+                     "Comedies", p. 217, col. B, line 32.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Why, sir, what 'cerns it you if I wear pearl and gold?
+              _Taming of the Shrew_, Act v, sc. 1, l. 77.
+                      "Comedies", p. 227, col A, line 22.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      This pearl she gave me, I do feel't and see't.
+                    _Twelfth Night_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 2.
+                     "Comedies", p. 271, col. B, line 61.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Draws those heaven-moving pearls from his poor eyes.
+                      _King John_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 169.
+                      "Histories", p. 4, col. B, line 55.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Our chains and our jewels.--
+      Your brooches, pearls and ouches.
+                     _II Henry IV_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 53.
+                     "Histories", p. 82, col. B, line 28.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+            The crown imperial,
+      The intertissued robe of gold and pearl.
+                        _Henry V_, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 279.
+       "Histories", p. 85 (bis, number repeated), col. B,
+                                                 line 13.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
+      Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels.
+                      _Richard III_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 26.
+                    "Histories", p. 180, col. A, line 12.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      The liquid drops of tears that you have shed
+      Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl.
+                    _Richard III_, Act iv, sc. 4, l. 322.
+               "Histories", p. 198, col. A, lines 16, 17.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Her bed is India; there she lies, a pearl.
+            _Troilus and Cressida_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 103.
+     At end of "Histories", page irregularly numbered 79,
+                     col. A, line 8. P. 589 of facsimile.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      She is a pearl
+      Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.
+            _Troilus and Cressida_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 81.
+      Unnumbered page, 596 of facsimile, col. A, line 19.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I will be bright, and shine in pearl and gold.
+                _Titus Andronicus_, Act ii, sc. 1, l, 19.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 35, col. B, line 30.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      This is the pearl that pleased your empress' eye.
+                 _Titus Andronicus_, Act v, sc. 1, l. 42.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 48, col. A, line 21.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's pearl.
+                          _Macbeth_, Act v, sc. 8, l. 56.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 151, col. B, line 32.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Hamlet, this pearl is thine.
+                          _Hamlet_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 293.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 281, col. A, line 15.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      What guests were in her eyes; which parted thence,
+      As pearls from diamonds dropp'd.
+                            _Lear_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 24.
+                                  Omitted in First Folio.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Like the base Indian,[30] threw a pearl away
+      Richer than all his tribe.
+                         _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 347.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 338, col. B, line 53.
+
+
+[Footnote 30: "Iudean" in text.]
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      He kiss'd,--the last of many doubled kisses,--
+      This orient pearl.
+             _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act i, sc. 5, l. 41.
+               "Tragedies", p. 344, col. B, lines 22, 23.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I'll set thee in a shower of gold, and hail
+      Rich pearls upon thee.
+            _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act ii, sc. 5, l. 46.
+               "Tragedies", p. 348, col. B, lines 10, 11.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Did hold his eyes lock'd in her crystal looks.
+         _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 89.
+                      "Comedies", p. 26, col. A, line 17.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Methough all his senses were lock'd in his eye
+      As jewels in crystal for some prince to buy.
+           _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 243.
+                  "Comedies", p. 128, col. A, lines 6, 7.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      One, her hairs were gold, crystal the other's eyes.
+                           _Idem_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 142.
+                             "Comedies", p. 133, line 46.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      To what, my love, shall I compare thine eye?
+      Crystal is muddy.
+       _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 139.
+                     "Comedies", p. 154, col. A, line 54.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      With these crystal beads heaven shall be bribed
+      To do him justice.
+                      _King John_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 171.
+                 "Histories", p. 4, col. B, lines 57, 58.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      The more fair and crystal is the sky,
+      The uglier seem the clouds that in it fly.
+                       _Richard II_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 41.
+              "Histories", p. 23, col. A, line 41 (last).
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Go, clear thy crystals.
+                         _Henry V_, Act ii, sc. 3, l. 56.
+                     "Histories", p. 75, col. B, line 65.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Comets, importing change of times and states,
+      Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky.
+                        _I Henry VI_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 3.
+                  "Histories", p. 96, col. A, lines 2, 3.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'd
+      Your lady's love against some other maid.
+                _Romeo and Juliet_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 101.
+                "Tragedies", p. 55, col. B, lines 51, 52.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Thy crystal window ope; look out.
+                        _Cymbeline_, Act v, sc. 4, l. 81.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 394, col. A, line 12.
+
+
+The following table is arranged according to the frequency of precious
+stone mentions.
+
+The plays rank as follows:
+
+
+     First[31]     Probably
+      Published     Written
+
+
+       1623.       1609.     _Cymbeline_                10
+                                                 (diamond 7, ruby 1,
+                                                 carbuncle 1,
+                                                 rock-crystal 1).
+
+       1598.       1591.     _Love's Labour's            8
+                              Lost_              (pearl 3,
+                                                 rock-crystal 2,
+                                                 diamond 1, amber 1
+                                                 agate 1).
+
+       1600.       1597.     _Merry Wives Of             5
+                              of                 (pearl 1, diamond 2,
+                              Windsor_           emerald 1,
+                                                 sapphire 1).
+
+       1623.       1591.     _Comedy of                  5
+                              Errors_            (diamond 2, ruby 1,
+                                                 sapphire 1,
+                                                 carbuncle 1).
+
+       1600.       1595.     _Midsummer                  5
+                              Night's Dream_     (pearl 3, ruby 1,
+                                                 rock-crystal 1).
+
+       1623.       1596.     _Taming of the              5
+                              Shrew_             (pearl 3, amber 1,
+                                                 coral 1).
+
+       1623.       1591.     _Two Gentlemen of           4
+                              Verona_            (pearl 3,
+                                                 rock-crystal 1).
+
+       1594.       1593.     _Titus                      3
+                              Andronicus_        (pearl 2, jet 1).
+
+       1603.       1602.     _Hamlet_                    3
+                                                 (pearl, amber,
+                                                 carbuncle).
+
+       1623.       1606.     _Macbeth_                   3
+                                                 (diamond, ruby,
+                                                 pearl).
+
+       1609.       1607.     _Pericles_                  3
+                                                 (all diamond).
+
+       1623.       1608.     _Antony and                 3
+                              Cleopatra_         (pearl 2,
+                                                 carbuncle 1).
+
+       1597.       1591.     _Romeo and                  2
+                              Juliet_            (rock-crystal,
+                                                 agate).
+
+       1623.       1592.     _I Henry VI_                2
+                                                 (diamond and
+                                                 rock-crystal).
+
+       1623.       1592.     _II Henry VI_               2
+                                                 (diamond and jet).
+
+       1597.       1592-3.   _Richard III_               2
+                                                 (both pearl).
+
+       1600.       1594.     _Merchant of                2
+                              Venice_            (turquoise, jet).
+
+       1623.       1594.     _King John_                 2
+                                                 (pearl,
+                                                 rock-crystal).
+
+       1623.       1597.     _II Henry IV_               2
+                                                 (pearl, agate).
+
+       1600.       1598.     _Henry V_                   2
+                                                 (pearl, crystal).
+
+       1600.       1599.     _Much Ado About_            2
+                             _Nothing_           (pearl, agate).
+
+       1623.       1599.     _Twelfth Night_             2
+                                                 (pearl, opal).
+
+       1609.       1603.     _Troilus and                2
+                              Cressida_          (both pearl).
+
+       1622.       1604.     _Othello_                   2
+                                                 (pearl, chrysolite).
+
+       1608.       1606.     _Lear_                      2
+                                                 (pearl, diamond).
+
+       1623.       1611.     _Tempest_                   2
+                                                 (pearl, coral).
+
+       1623.       1592.     _III Henry VI_              1
+                                                 (diamond).
+
+       1597.       1593.     _Richard II_                1
+                                                 (rock-crystal).
+
+       1598.       1597.     _I Henry IV_                1
+                                                 (agate).
+
+       1623.       1599.     _As You Like It_            1
+                                                 (pearl).
+
+       1623.       1601.     _Julius C�sar_              1
+                                                 (ruby).
+
+       1623.       1604.     _Measure for                1
+                              Measure_           (ruby).
+
+       1623.       1607.     _Timon of Athens_           1
+                                                 (diamond).
+
+       1623.       1608.     _Coriolanus_                1
+                                                 (carbuncle).
+
+
+[Footnote 31: Data of first publication contributed by Miss Henrietta
+C. Bartlett.]
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS MENTIONED IN POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      The diamond--why 'twas beautiful and hard.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 211.
+
+
+SAPPHIRE
+
+
+      The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend
+      With objects manifold.
+                                          _Idem_, l. 215.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Her tears began to turn their tide,
+      Being prison'd in her eye like pearls in glass.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 980.
+                                       G, verso, l. 1, 2.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      And wiped the brinish pearl from her bright eyes.
+                                      "Lucrece", l. 1213.
+                                               I 2, l. 2.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Those round clear pearls of his, that move thy pity,
+      Are balls of quenchless fire to burn thy city.
+                                         _Idem_, l. 1553.
+                                    L. 2, verso, l. 6, 7.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 198.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Ah! but those tears are pearls which thy love sheds.
+                                     Sonnet XXXIV, l. 13.
+                                              C 4, l. 13.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded!
+                            "Passionate Pilgrim", l. 133.
+                                               B 4, l. 3.
+
+
+OPAL
+
+
+      The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend
+      With objects manifold.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 215.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Once more the ruby-colour'd portal open'd.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 451.
+                                       D ii, verso, l. 1.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 198.
+
+
+EMERALD
+
+
+      The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard
+      Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend.
+                                          _Idem_, l. 213.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      But hers through which the crystal tears gave light,
+      Shone like the moon in water seen by night.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 491.
+                                        D iii, l. 16, 17.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Nor thy soft hands, sweet lips, and crystal eyne.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 633.
+                                             E ii, l. 15.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      The crystal tide that from her two cheeks fair
+      In the sweet channel of her bosom dropt.
+                                          _Idem_, l. 957.
+                                              G, l. 3, 4.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Her eyes seen in the tears, tears in her eye;
+      Both crystals, where they view'd each other's sorrow.
+                                     _Idem_, l. 962, 963.
+                                              G, l. 8, 9.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTALS
+
+
+      Through crystal walls each little mote will peep.
+                                      "Lucrece", l. 1251.
+                                       I 2, verso, l. 19.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      A closet never pierced with crystal eyes.
+                                       Sonnet XLVI, l. 6.
+                                        D 2, verso, l. 6.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Favours from a maund[32] she drew
+      Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.
+                              "Lover's Complaint", l. 37.
+
+[Footnote 32: Basket, or hamper.]
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Who glazed with crystal gate the glowing roses.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 286.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      With coral clasps and amber studs.
+                            "Passionate Pilgrim", l. 366.
+                                        D 4, verso, l. 2.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+              Favours from a maund she drew
+      Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.
+                              "Lover's Complaint", l. 37.
+
+
+JET
+
+      as above.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+                            That sweet coral mouth
+      Whose precious taste her thirsty lips well knew.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 542.
+                                         D iv, l. 20, 21.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+                            Her alabaster skin,
+      Her coral lips, her snow white dimpled chin.
+                                       "Lucrece", l. 420.
+                                               D 3, l. 7.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      Like ivory conduits coral cisterns filling.
+                                         _Idem_, l. 1234.
+                                        I 2, verso, l. 2.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      Coral is far more red than her lips' red.
+                                       Sonnet CXXX, l. 2.
+                                                H 4,1. 2.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      A belt of straw and ivy buds.
+      With coral clasps and amber studs.
+                            "Passionate Pilgrim", 1. 366.
+                                 D 4, verso, l. 1, 2.[33]
+
+
+[Footnote 33: References are here given to the original editions of
+"Venus and Adonis", 1593 (unique copy in the Malone Collection in the
+Bodleian Library, Oxford); "Lucrece", 1594; "Passionate Pilgrim",
+1599, and Sonnets, 1609. As there is no continuous pagination, the
+letters and numbers refer to the page signatures and to the line of
+the page.]
+
+While it cannot be regarded as certain that whenever Shakespeare
+writes of jewels or of rings he means those in which precious stones
+were set, several of the passages more or less clearly indicate this,
+and we therefore present here the more characteristic of the lines in
+question:
+
+
+      A Death's face in a ring.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 616.
+                     "Comedies", p. 142, col. A, line 36.
+
+      The dearest ring in Venice will I give you.
+             _Merchant of Venice_, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 435.
+                     "Comedies", p. 181, col. B, line 27.
+
+      _Diana_.   O behold this ring
+      Whose high respect and rich validity
+      Did lack a parallel; yet for all that
+      He gave it to a commoner of the camp,
+      If I be one.
+
+      _Count_.    He blushes, and 'tis it:
+      Of six preceding ancestors, that gem,
+      Conferr'd by testament to the sequent issue,
+      Hath it been owned and worn.
+        _All's Well That Ends Well_, Act v, sc. 3, l. 191-198.
+                        "Comedies", p. 253, col. A, lines 1-8.
+
+      My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter!
+      Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats!
+      Justice! the law! my ducats and my daughter!
+      A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats,
+      Of double ducats, stolen from me by my daughter!
+      And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones,
+      Stolen by my daughter! Justice! find the girl;
+      She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats.
+                _Merchant of Venice_, Act ii, sc. 8, l. 15-22.
+                      "Comedies", p. 171, col. B, lines 23-30.
+
+      I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the
+        jewels in her ear!
+                  _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 92.
+                       "Comedies", p. 173, col. B, lines 1, 2.
+
+      Sweet are the uses of adversity,
+      Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
+      Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.
+                    _As You Like It_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 13-15.
+                      "Comedies", p. 190, col. A, lines 10-12.
+
+      Win her with gifts, if she respect not words:
+      Dumb jewels often in their silent kind
+      More than quick words do move a woman's mind.
+          _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 89-91.
+                       "Comedies", p. 29, col. A, lines 63-65.
+
+      I frown the while; and perchance wind up my watch,
+      or play with my--some rich jewel.
+                     _Twelfth Night_, Act ii, sc. 5, l. 64-66.
+                     "Comedies", p. 263, col. B, lines 32, 33.
+
+      A jewel in a ten-times-barr'd-up chest
+      Is a bold spirit in a loyal breast.
+                 _King Richard II_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 180, 181.
+                     "Histories", p. 24, col. B, lines 28, 29.
+
+      This royal throne of Kings, this scepter'd isle,
+      This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
+      This other Eden, demi-paradise,
+      This fortress built by Nature for herself
+      Against infection and the hand of war,
+      This happy breed of men, this little world,
+      This precious stone set in the silver sea,
+      Which serves it in the office of a wall
+      Or as a moat defensive to a house,
+      Against the envy of less happier lands,
+      This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.
+                   _King Richard II_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 40-46.
+                      "Histories", p. 28, col. B, lines 17-23.
+
+      In argument and proof of which contract,
+      Bear her this jewel, pledge of my affection.
+                        _I Henry VI_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 46, 47.
+                      "Histories", p. 115, col. A, lines 8, 9.
+
+      It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night,
+      Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear;
+      Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.
+                   _Romeo and Juliet_, Act i, sc. 5, l. 47-49.
+                      "Tragedies", p. 57, col. B, lines 59-61.
+
+      But chiefly to take thence from her dead finger
+      A precious ring, a ring that I must use
+      In dear employment.
+                   _Romeo and Juliet_, Act v, sc. 3, l. 30-32.
+                      "Tragedies", p. 75, col. A, lines 34-36.
+
+
+A striking proof that Shakespeare had no fear of tautology when he
+wished to strengthen the impression of a word by constant reiteration
+is given in the _Merchant of Venice_ (Act v, sc. 2), whence we have
+already quoted a few lines. The passage concerns the disposal by
+Bassanio of a ring he had received from Portia, and he answers her
+thus in the First Folio text:[34]
+
+
+      _Bassanio_.   Sweet _Portia_,
+         If you did know to whom I gave the Ring,
+         If you did know for whom I gave the Ring,
+         And would conceive for what I gave the Ring,
+         And how unwillingly I left the Ring,
+         When naught would be accepted but the Ring,
+         You would abate the strength of your displeasure.
+
+      _Portia._
+         If you had knowne the virtue of the Ring,
+         Or halfe her worthinesse that gave the Ring,
+         Or your owne honour to contains the Ring,
+         You would not then have parted with the Ring.
+
+
+[Footnote 34: First Folio, "Comedies", p. 183, col. B, lines 36-46.]
+
+It was probably more than a coincidence that Shakespeare's first
+printed book, "Venus and Adonis", was published, in 1593, by a
+fellow-townsman, Richard Field, who had come up to London from
+Stratford when a mere boy. Undoubtedly, when Shakespeare met him in
+the bustle of city life, the common memories of their quieter native
+town served at once as an introduction and as a link between them.
+Field also published Shakespeare's "Lucrece" in the year 1594. He had
+been a freeman of the Stationers' Company from February 6, 1587, and
+died either in the year the First Folio was issued, or in the
+succeeding year, 1624.
+
+[Illustration: Printer's mark of Richard Field, as shown on the
+title-page of the first edition of Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis",
+1593, the unique copy of which is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. A
+hand emerging from a cloud upholds the "Anchor of Hope", about which
+are twined two laurel branches.]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES***
+
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+******* This file should be named 16055-8.txt or 16055-8.zip *******
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Shakespeare and Precious Stones, by George
+Frederick Kunz</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Shakespeare and Precious Stones</p>
+<p>       Treating of the Known References of Precious Stones in Shakespeare's Works, with Comments as to the Origin of His Material, the Knowledge of the Poet Concerning Precious Stones, and References as to Where the Precious Stones of His Time Came from</p>
+<p>Author: George Frederick Kunz</p>
+<p>Release Date: June 13, 2005  [eBook #16055]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Sankar Viswanathan,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    <a href="https://www.pgdp.net/">(https://www.pgdp.net/)</a><br />
+    from page images generously provided by<br />
+    the Posner Memorial Collection at
+    <a href="http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner">http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner</a></h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through the
+      Posner Memorial Collection. See
+         <a href="http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=553_K96S_1916">
+         http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=553_K96S_1916</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<h1><i>SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES</i>
+<i>By GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph.D., A.M., D.Sc</i>.</h1>
+
+
+<p><b>THE CURIOUS LORE OF PRECIOUS STONES</b></p>
+
+<p>Being a description of their sentiments and folklore, superstitions,
+symbolism, mysticism, use in protection, prevention, religion and
+divination, crystal gazing, birth-stones, lucky stones and talismans,
+astral, zodiacal, and planetary.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>THE MAGIC OF JEWELS AND CHARMS</b></p>
+
+<p>Magic jewels and electric gems; meteorites or celestial stones; stones
+of healing; fabulous stones, concretions and fossils; snake stones and
+bezoars; charms of ancient and modern times; facts and fancies about
+precious stones.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>EACH: Profusely illustrated in color, doubletone and line.
+      Octavo. Handsome cloth binding, gilt top, in a box. $6.00
+      net. Carriage charges extra.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES</b></p>
+
+<p>Treating of the known references to precious stones in Shakespeare's
+works, with comments as to the origin of his material, the knowledge
+of the poet concerning precious stones, and references as to where the
+precious stones of his time came from.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Four illustrations. Square Octavo. Decorated cloth. $1.25
+  net.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
+<h1>MR. WILLIAM<br />
+SHAKESPEARES<br />
+COMEDIES, HISTORIES, &#x26; TRAGEDIES.<br />
+</h1>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Published according to the True Originall Copies</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image01.jpg" width="532" height="620" alt="WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">LONDON</p>
+<p class="center">Printed by Isaac Laggard, and Ed. Blount. 1623.</p>
+<p class="center">WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE</p>
+
+<p class="center">Engraved by Martin Droeshout for the First Folio of
+1623, wherein the plays were first assembled. <br />
+Reproduced from a copy of this Folio owned by the New York Public Library.<br />
+
+The original measures 7-1/2 x 13 in.,
+    or 20 x 33 cm.</p>
+<p class="center">&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
+<h1>SHAKESPEARE</h1>
+<p class="center"><b>and</b></p>
+<h1>PRECIOUS STONES</h1>
+<p class="center"><b>TREATING OF</b></p>
+<p>The Known References of Precious Stones in Shakespeare's
+Works, with Comments as to the Origin of his Material, the Knowledge of
+the Poet Concerning Precious Stones, and References as to
+Where the Precious Stones of his Time came from</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">The Author</p>
+<p class="center"><b>GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ</b>
+</p><p class="center"><b>PH.D., Sc.D., A.M.</b></p>
+<p>Honorary President of the Shakespeare Garden Committee of New York
+City; Vice President of the Permanent Shakespeare Birthday Committee
+of the City of New York; Member of the Executive Committee of the New
+York City Tercentenary Celebration; Member of the Mayor's Shakespeare
+Celebration Committee of New York.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WITH ILLUSTRATIONS</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image02.jpg" width="396" height="120" alt="Title Page" /></div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>PHILADELPHIA &amp; LONDON</b>
+</p>
+<p class="center">IMPRINTED BY</p>
+<p class="center"><b>J.B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY</b><br/>
+  At the
+Washington Square Press <br/>
+Upon the TERCENTENARY of Shakespeare</p>
+<p class="center">1916</p>
+<p class="center">PUBLISHED JULY, 1916</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
+<p class="center">
+
+               TO RUBY, <br />
+            MY DAUGHTER,<br />
+      WHOSE MOTHER, SOPHIA HANDFORTH ,<br />
+         WAS BORN IN THE LAND OF<br />
+            SHAKESPEARE,<br /><br />
+
+                AND<br /><br />
+
+            TO RUBY'S DAUGHTER, <br />
+                GRETEL, <br />
+              (THE PEARL), <br /><br />
+
+      THIS VOLUME IS LOVINGLY DEDICATED</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p>
+<h2>&nbsp;</h2>
+<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a><b>FOREWORD</b></h2>
+<p>As no writer has made a more beautiful and telling use of precious
+stones in his verse than did Shakespeare, the author believed that if
+these references could be gathered together for comparison and for
+quotation, and if this were done from authentic and early editions of
+the great dramatist-poet's works, it would give the literary and
+historical student a better understanding as to what gems were used in
+Shakespeare's time, and in what terms he referred to them. This has
+been done here, and comparisons are made with the precious stones of
+the present time, showing what mines were known and gems were worn in
+Shakespeare's day, and also something of those that were not known
+then, but are known at this time.</p>
+
+<p>The reader is also provided with a few important data serving to show
+what could have been the sources of the poet's knowledge regarding
+precious stones and whence were derived those which he may have seen
+or of which he may have heard. As in this period the beauty of a
+ <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+ jewel depended as much, or more, upon the elaborate setting as upon
+the purity and brilliancy of the gems, the author has given some
+information regarding the leading goldsmith-jewellers, both English
+and French, of Shakespeare's age. Thus the reader will find, besides
+the very full references to the poet's words and clear directions as
+to where all the passages can be located in the First Folio of 1623,
+much material that will stimulate an interest in the subject and
+promote further independent research.</p>
+
+<p>The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. Appleton Morgan,
+President of the Shakespeare Society of New York; Miss H.C. Bartlett,
+the Shakespearean bibliophile; the New York Public Library and H.M.
+Leydenberg, assistant there; Gardner C. Teall; Frederic W. Erb,
+assistant librarian of Columbia University; the Council of the Grolier
+Club, Miss Ruth S. Granniss, librarian of the Club, and Vechten
+Waring, all of New York City.</p>
+
+<p>G.F.K.</p>
+
+<p>NEW YORK April, 1916
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+<ul class="TOC">
+<li><span class="ralign">PAGE</span><br /></li>
+<li><br />
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></span>
+</li>
+<li><br />
+  PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></span>
+</li>
+<li><br />
+  PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p>
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+<ul class="TOC">
+<li><span class="ralign">PAGE</span><br /></li>
+
+
+  <li><br />WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (ENGRAVED BY MARTIN DROESHOUT)
+  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_4">Frontispiece</a></span><br /></li>
+
+  <li><br />FIVE OF THE SIX AUTHENTIC SHAKESPEARE SIGNATURES
+  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /></li>
+
+  <li><br />DIAMOND CUTTER'S SHOP, EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+  </span><br /></li>
+
+  <li><br />FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
+  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br /></li>
+
+  <li><br />PRINTER'S MARK OF RICHARD FIELD
+  <span class="ralign"> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br /></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
+
+<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES</h2>
+<p>So wide is the range of the immortal verse of Shakespeare, and so many
+and various are the subjects he touched upon and adorned with the
+magic beauty of his poetic imagery, that it will be of great interest
+to refer to the allusions to gems and precious stones in his plays and
+poems. These allusions are all given in the latter part of this
+volume. What can we learn from them of Shakespeare's knowledge of the
+source, quality, and use of these precious stones?</p>
+
+<p>The great favor that pearls enjoyed in the sixteenth and seventeenth
+centuries is, as we see, reflected by the frequency with which he
+speaks of them, and the different passages reveal in several instances
+a knowledge of the ancient tales of their formation and principal
+source. Thus, in Troilus and Cressida (Act i, sc. 1) he writes: "Her
+bed is India; there she lies, a pearl&quot;; and Pliny's tales of the
+pearl's origin from dew are glanced at indirectly when he says:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The liquid drops of tears that you have shed</span>
+  <span class="i3">Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Richard III, Act iv, sc. 4.<br/></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, "Histories&quot;, p. 198, col. A, line 17.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is undoubtedly the reason for the comparison between pearls and
+tears, leading to the German proverb, "Perlen bedeuten Tr&auml;nen"
+(Pearls mean tears), which was then taken to signify that pearls
+portended tears, instead of that they were the offspring of drops of
+liquid. The world-famed pearl of Cleopatra, which she drank after
+dissolving it, so as to win her wager with Antony that she would
+entertain him with a banquet costing a certain immense sum of money,
+is not even noticed, however, in Shakespeare's Antony and
+Cleopatra. In the poet's time pearls were not only worn as jewels,
+but were extensively used in embroidering rich garments and upholstery
+and for the adornment of harnesses. To this Shakespeare alludes in the
+following passages:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The intertissued robe of gold and pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Henry V, Act iv, sc. 1.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, "Histories&quot;, p. 85 (page number repeated),<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">col. B, line 13.</span>
+
+</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Taming of the Shrew, Introd., sc. 2.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 209, col. B, line 33.</span>
+</p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Ibid., Act ii, sc. 1.<br /></span>
+   <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 217, col. B, line 32.<br /></span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+</p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Laced with silver, set with pearls.</span>
+<span class="right">Much Ado About Nothing, Act iii, sc. 4.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 112, col. B, line 65.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, we have a simile which might almost make us suppose that
+Shakespeare knew something of the details of the pearl fisheries, when
+the oysters are piled up on shore and allowed to decompose, so as to
+render it easier to get at the pearls, for he makes one of his
+characters say, speaking of an honest man in a poor dwelling, that he
+was like a "pearl in your foul oyster&quot;. (As You Like It, Act v, sc.
+4.)</p>
+
+<p>In the strange transformation told of in Ariel's song, the bones of
+the drowned man have been turned to coral, and his eyes to pearls
+(Tempest, Act i, sc. 2). The strange and sometimes morbid
+attraction of opposites finds expression in a queer old English
+proverbial saying given in the Two Gentlemen of Verona: "Black men are
+pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes&quot;. The likeness to
+drops of dew appears where we read of the dew that it was "Decking
+with liquid pearl the bladed grass" (Midsummer Night's Dream,
+Act i, sc. 1), and a little later in the same play we read the
+following injunction:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I most go seek some dewdrops here</span>
+  <span class="i3">And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.</span>
+<span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act ii, sc. 1.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, "Comedies&quot;, p. 148, col. A, line 38.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And later still we have the lines:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">That same dew, which sometime on the buds</span>
+  <span class="i3">Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls.</span>
+  <span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act iv, sc. 1.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 157, col. B, line 10.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The pearl as a simile for great and transcendent value, perhaps
+suggested by the Pearl of Great Price of the Gospel, is used of Helen
+of Greece in the lines (Troilus and Cressida, Act ii, sc. 2):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i7">She is a pearl</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.</span>
+<span class="right">At end of "Histories&quot;, page unnumbered<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">(p. 596 of facsimile), Col. A, line 19.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>This being an allusion to the Greek fleet sent out under Agamemnon and
+Menelaus to bring back the truant wife from Troy. The idea of a
+supremely valuable pearl is also apparent in the lines embraced in
+Othello's last words before his self-immolation as an expiation of the
+murder of Desdemona, where he says of himself: <a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i11">Whose hand</span>
+  <span class="i3">Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away</span>
+  <span class="i3">Richer than all his tribe.</span>
+<span class="right">Othello, Act v, sc. 2.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 338, col. B, line 53.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For a Venetian tale that may have suggested these lines
+to Shakespeare, see the present writer's "The Magic of Jewels and
+Charms&quot;, Philadelphia and London, 1915, p. 393. The text of the First
+Folio gives "Iudean&quot;, instead of "Indian&quot;.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p>
+
+<p>Although the term "Orient pearl" is that used by Shakespeare, and
+undoubtedly many of the older pearls of his day were really of
+Cinghalese or Persian origin, the principal source of supply was then
+the Panama fishery discovered by the Spaniards about a century earlier
+and actively exploited by them. <a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> However, through the old
+inventories made by experts familiar with the real sources of precious
+stones and pearls&mdash;though not always correctly with those of the
+latter&mdash;the term "Orient pearl" came in time to denote one of fine
+hue, so that the "orient" of a pearl is still spoken of as signifying
+a sheen of the first quality.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> On the pearls brought to Europe from both North and South
+America in Shakespeare's time, see the writer's "Gems and Precious
+Stones of North America&quot;, New York, 1890, pp. 240-257; 2d. ed., 1892.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Many fine pearls of the fresh-water variety, not the marine pearls,
+were found in the Scotch rivers. It was these that are mentioned as
+having been obtained by Julius C&aelig;sar to ornament a buckler which he
+dedicated to the shrine of the Temple of Venus Genetrix. It was also
+this type of pearl that was so eagerly sought by the late Queen
+Victoria when she visited Scotland. Many of these pearls exist in old,
+especially in ecclesiastical jewelry, and several are in the
+Ashburnham missal now in the J. Pierpont Morgan library. <a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See "The Book of the Pearl&quot;, by George Frederick Kunz and
+Charles Hugh Stevenson, New York, 1908, colored plate opposite p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the glowing ruby Shakespeare seems to have known little, since he
+uses its name only in the conventional way to signify a bright or
+choice shade of red. In Measure for Measure (Act ii, sc. 4) the
+"impression of keen whips" produced ruby streaks on the skin; even
+more materialistic is the nose "all o'er embellished with rubies,
+carbuncles and sapphires" (Comedy of Errors, Act iii, sc. 2). The
+common employment of the designation carbuncle for a precious stone
+and also for a boil was usual from ancient times. At least, we might
+gather from this passage that the poet was aware of the distinction
+between ruby and carbuncle (pyrope garnet). Rubies as "fairy favors"
+is a dainty mention in the fairy drama Midsummer Night's Dream (Act
+ii, sc. 1). C&aelig;sar's wounds "ope their ruby lips" (Julius
+C&aelig;sar, Act iii, sc. 1). Macbeth speaks of the "natural ruby of
+your cheeks&quot;, in addressing his wife at the apparition of Banquo's
+ghost; with her this is unchanged, while with him terror or remorse
+has blanched it (Macbeth, Act iii, sc. 4). Lastly, the term "ruby
+lips&quot;, so often used by poets, is employed by Shakespeare with
+consummate art in Cymbeline (Act ii, sc. 2) where he writes:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">But kiss; one kiss! Rubies unparagon'd,</span>
+  <span class="i3">How dearly they do't.</span>
+<span class="right">First Folio, "Tragedies&quot;, p. 376, col. B, line 18.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The "rubies" of the poet's time were frequently ruby spinels, or the
+so-called "balas rubies" from Badakshan, in Afghan Turkestan. The most
+noted one in the England of that period was probably the one said to
+have been given to Edward the Black Prince by Pedro the Cruel of
+Castile, after the battle of Najera, in 1367, and now the most prized
+adornment of the English Crown, excepting the great historic diamond,
+the Koh-i-n&ucirc;r. The immense Star of South Africa, weighing 531
+metric carats, five times the weight of the Koh-i-n&ucirc;r, is
+intrinsically worth much more, but lacks the manifold dramatic and
+historic associations of its Indian sister.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to say, the beautiful sapphire is only twice named by
+Shakespeare, once as an adjunct to the pearl in embroidery (Merry
+Wives of Windsor, Act v, sc. 5). The single mention of chrysolite is
+much more impressive: <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">If heaven would make me such another world,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of one entire and perfect chrysolite!</span>
+<span class="right">Othello, Act v, sc. 2.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 337, col. A, line 5.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Chrysolite (peridot, or olivine) was regarded in Shakespeare's time
+and earlier as of exceptional rarity. The fine peridots of the Chapel
+of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral were believed to be emeralds
+of extraordinary size and were once valued at $15,000,000, although
+they are really worth barely $100,000; some of them are more than an
+inch in diameter. Whence they came is uncertain, but it is probable
+that they were brought from the East at some time during the Crusades.
+Indeed the origin of the fine peridots of the Middle Ages is shrouded
+in mystery; they are, however, believed to have been found in one or
+more of the islands in the Red Sea. In our day a number of specimens
+have been discovered on the small island of St. John in that sea; the
+deposit here is a jealously-guarded monopoly of the Egyptian
+Government. Peridots have also been found at Spyrget Island, in the
+Arabian Gulf. The most remarkable source of gem-material of this stone
+is meteoric, a few gems weighing as much as a carat each having been
+cut out of some yellowish-green peridot obtained by the writer from
+the meteoric iron of Glorieta Mountain, New Mexico.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That a turquoise, presumably set in a ring, was given to Shylock by
+Leah before their marriage, perhaps at their betrothal, is all that
+Shakespeare has found occasion to write of this pretty stone, one of
+the earliest used for adornment in the world's history, as the great
+mines of Nishapur, in Persia, and those of the Sinai Peninsula were
+worked at a very early time, the latter by the Egyptians as far back
+as 4000 B.C. With the opal, the poet has seized upon its most
+characteristic quality, its changeableness of hue, where he says in
+Twelfth Night (Act ii, sc. 4): "Thy mind is a very opal&quot;.</p>
+
+<p>A luminous ring is poetically described in one of Shakespeare's
+earliest plays, Titus Andronicus, written in or about 1590. The
+lines referring to the ring are highly expressive. After the murder of
+Bassianus, Martius searches in the depths of a dark pit for the dead
+body, and suddenly cries out to his companion Quintus that he has
+discovered the bloody corpse. As the interior of the pit is pitch
+dark, Quintus can scarcely believe what he hears, and he asks Martius
+how the latter could possibly see what he has described. The answer is
+given in the following lines: <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Upon his bloody finger he doth wear</span>
+  <span class="i3">A precious ring, that lightens all the hole,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Which, like a taper in some monument,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And shows the ragged entrails of the pit.</span>
+   <span class="right">Titus Andronicus, Act ii, sc. 3.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, "Tragedies&quot;, p. 38, col. B, lines 53-57.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>This certainly was suggested by the common belief in naturally
+luminous stones, a belief partly due to a superstitious explanation of
+the ruddy brilliancy of rubies and garnets as resulting from a hidden
+fire in the stone, and partly, perhaps, to the occasional observation
+of the phenomena of phosphorescence or fluorescence in certain
+precious stones.</p>
+
+<p>It will have been seen that the text of Shakespeare's plays gives no
+evidence tending to show any greater familiarity with precious stones
+than could be gathered from the poetry of his day, and from his
+intercourse with classical scholars, such as Francis Bacon, Ben
+Jonson, and others of those who formed the unique assemblage wont to
+meet together at the old Mermaid Tavern in London. That a diamond
+could cost 2000 ducats ($5000), a very large sum in Shakespeare's
+time, is noted in one of his earliest plays, the Merchant of Venice
+(Act iii, sc. 1), and the following injunction emphasizes the great
+value of a fine diamond: <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Set this diamond safe</span>
+  <span class="i3">In golden palaces, as it becomes.</span>
+<span class="right">I Henry VI, Act v, sc. 3.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 116, col. B, line 54.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>In Pericles we read (Act iii, sc. 2):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The diamonds of a most prais&egrave;d water</span>
+  <span class="i3">Do appear, to make the world twice rich.</span>
+  <span class="right">Third Folio, 1664, p. 7, col. B, line 38;<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">separate pagination.<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>In Shakespeare's time but few of the world's great diamonds were in
+Europe, though two, at least, were in his native country. All of them
+must have been of East Indian origin, as this was before the discovery
+of the Brazilian mines (1728). In 1547, Henry VIII of England bought
+of the Fuggers of Augsburg&mdash;the great money-lending bankers and jewel
+setters, or royal pawnbrokers, who generally sold or forced some
+jewels upon those who obtained a loan&mdash;the jewel of Charles the Bold,
+called the "Three Brethren&quot;, from three large balas-rubies with which
+it was set; the central ornament was a "great pointed diamond"; of its
+weight nothing is known. This jewel was lost by Duke Charles on the
+field of Granson, March 2, 1476, where it was secured by the Swiss
+victors; it was eventually bought by the Fuggers. The other fine
+English diamond was that known as the Sancy, weighing 53-3/4 carats <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+(55.23 metric carats), acquired by James I from Nicholas Harley de
+Sancy, in 1604, for 500,000 crowns. This is also stated to have
+belonged to Charles the Bold. In 1657 it was redeemed by Cardinal
+Mazarin, after having been pledged for a loan by Queen Henrietta
+Maria, and at Mazarin's death, in 1661, was bequeathed, with his other
+diamonds, to the French Crown. After passing through many
+vicissitudes, it has recently come into the possession of Baron Astor
+of Hever (William Waldorf Astor).</p>
+
+<p>There is a possibility that the Florentine diamond of 133-22/32 carats
+(137.27 metric carats) was already owned by the grand-ducal house of
+Tuscany before Shakespeare's death, but the earliest notice of it
+appears to be that given by Fermental, a French traveller, who saw it
+in Florence in 1630. The other great diamonds of former days are of
+more recent date. The Regent of 136-7/8 carats (140.64 metric carats),
+found in India about 1700, was acquired by the Duke of Orleans in
+1717; the Orloff (194-3/4 old carats = 199.73 metric carats) was
+bought by Prince Orloff for Catherine II, in 1775, for 1,400,000 Dutch
+florins, or about $560,000. The famous Koh-i-n&ucirc;r, weighing 186-1/16
+carats (191.1 metric carats) in its old cutting, came to Europe, as a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> gift to Queen Victoria from the East India Company, only in 1850;
+although, if it be the same as the great diamond taken by Humayun, son
+of Baber, at the battle of Paniput, April 21, 1526, its history dates
+back at least to 1304, when Sultan Ala-ed-Din took it from the Sultan
+of Malva, whose family had already owned it for generations.</p>
+
+<p>As fresh-colored lips are likened to rubies, so it is said of a bright
+eye, that it "would emulate the diamond" (Merry Wives of Windsor,
+Act iii, sc. 3).</p>
+
+<p>Bright eyes are also compared to rock-crystal, and the setting of
+other gems within a bordering of crystals is evidently alluded to in
+the following lines from Love's Labour's Lost (Act ii, sc. 1):</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Methought all his senses were lock'd in his eyes</span>
+  <span class="i3">As jewels in crystal.</span>
+ <span class="right">First Folio, "Comedies&quot;, p. 128, col. A, line 7.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>We have in Richard II (Act i, sc. 2) the terms "fair and crystal"
+applied to a clear sky, and in Romeo and Juliet (Act i, sc. 2) the
+word is used to denote superlative excellence, where a lady's love is
+to be weighed against her rival on "crystal scales&quot;.</p>
+
+<p>Rock-crystal was much more highly valued in the England of Elizabeth <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> and of James I than it is to-day, and was freely used as an adjunct to
+more precious material, and still was employed to some extent in the
+adornment of book-covers, although this usage, so common in medi&aelig;val
+times, was fast passing away.</p>
+
+<p>In Shakespeare's poems, "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "Lucrece"
+(1594), as well as in his "Sonnets" (1609), in the "Lover's Complaint"
+and in the almost certainly spurious "Passionate Pilgrim&quot;, containing
+two sonnets and three poems from Love's Labour's Lost, and
+which has been included in most collections of his works, there are
+perhaps relatively more frequent mentions of precious stones than in
+the plays, a few of them being of special interest. Where we have
+twice "ruby lips" (and once "coral lips") in the plays, the poems
+speak thrice of "coral lips" or a "coral mouth"; <a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> a belt has "coral
+clasps" ("Passionate Pilgrim&quot;, l. 366). This belt bears also "amber
+studs&quot;, and in the "Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 37, are "favours of amber&quot;,
+and also of "crystal, and of beaded jet&quot;.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 542; "Lucrece&quot;, l. 420; Sonnet
+cxxx, l. 2.</p></div>
+
+<p>Coming to the really precious stones, sapphire finds a single mention,
+also in the "Lover's Complaint&quot;,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> l. 215, where it is termed "heaven-hued&quot;. The same poem says of the diamond that it was
+"beautiful and hard" (l. 211), thus symbolizing a heartless beauty.
+More interesting are the following lines regarding the emerald (213,
+214):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard</span>
+  <span class="i3">Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>This proves the poet's familiarity with the idea that gazing on an
+emerald benefited weak sight, an idea expressed as far back as 300
+B.C. by Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle, and repeated by the Roman
+Pliny in 75 A.D. The "Lover's Complaint" furnishes another pretty line
+(198) contrasting the different beauties of rubies and pearls:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>In "Venus and Adonis&quot;, honey-tongued Shakespeare writes of a
+"ruby-colored portal&quot;.</p>
+
+<p>Pearls are noted six times, usually as similes for tears, and tears
+are likened to "pearls in glass" ("Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 980). A
+tender line is that in the "Passionate Pilgrim" (hardly from
+Shakespeare's hand, however):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>More varied are the allusions to rock-crystal or crystal, as the poet
+calls it. In one place ("Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 491) there are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+"crystal tears&quot;, and these form "a crystal tide" that flows down the
+cheeks and drops in the bosom (Idem, l. 957). On the other
+hand, the eyes are likened to this stone, as in "crystal eyne"
+("Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 633), or "crystal eyes" (Sonnet xlvi, l. 6).
+There are also "crystal favours&quot;, <a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> a "crystal gate&quot;, <a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and "crystal
+walls&quot;, <a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> the two characteristics of brilliancy and transparency
+suggesting these uses of the term.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "Idem&quot;, l. 286.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> "Lucrece&quot;, l. 1251.</p></div>
+
+<p>The emeralds of Shakespeare's age had been brought from Peru by the
+Spaniards and had originally come from Colombian mines, such as those
+at Muzo, which are still worked in our day. The location of some of
+the early deposits here appears to have been lost sight of since the
+Spanish Conquest. The emeralds of Greek and Roman times, and of the
+Middle Ages, came from Mount Zabara (Gebel Zabara), near the Red Sea
+coast, east of Assuan, where traces of the old workings were found in
+1817; these mines were reopened by order of Mehemet Ali, and were
+worked for a brief period by Mons. F. Cailliaud.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>There can be no doubt that Shakespeare must have seen many fine
+jewels and glittering gems in pageants and processions during his
+residence in London. On certain special occasions the players were
+summoned to assist at royal functions, provision being made by the
+royal treasury for rich materials to be used in making special
+doublets and mantles for wear on these occasions. It has been
+suggested that the rich jewelling of many of the court portraits by
+Holbein and others must have impressed the poet by their wealth of
+color spread before his eyes; but it is nowise sure that he ever had
+special opportunity to closely examine such portraits, the smaller
+details of which may not have interested him greatly.</p>
+
+<p>While it is not unlikely that some of the royal or noble ladies who
+attended the performances of Shakespeare's plays, while he was
+connected with the Globe Theatre, wore brilliant jewels, it is
+improbable that they were bedecked with the most valuable of their
+gems. The danger of being waylaid and robbed was much greater in those
+days than it is to-day, and it was probably only within palace or
+castle doors, or at some great State function, that the costliest
+jewels were worn. Hence nothing distantly approaching the rather
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+excessive splendor of a New York or London opera night could ever have
+dazzled the poet-actor's eyes.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of plays acted before the court, however, the royal and
+noble ladies, undoubtedly, wore many of their finest jewels, as did
+also the sovereign and courtiers. Still, preoccupied as Shakespeare
+must have been with the presentation, or representation of the
+dramatic performance, he probably had little time or inclination to
+devote especial attention to these jewels.</p>
+
+<p>No museum collections, properly so called, existed in Shakespeare's
+day, from which he could have acquired any closer knowledge of
+precious stones or gems, although the conception of a great modern
+museum of art and science found expression in the "New Atlantis" of
+his great contemporary, Lord Bacon. The modest beginnings of the Royal
+Society of London, founded in 1662, cannot be traced back beyond 1645.
+The French Academy of Sciences, founded in 1666, was preceded by
+earlier informal meetings of French scientists, to which allusion is
+even made by Lord Bacon, who died in 1626. The Berlin Academy came
+much later, in 1700, and the St. Petersburg Academy was first
+established in 1725 by Catherine I, widow of Peter the Great. One
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+society, the Academia Secretorum Natur&aelig; of Naples, goes back to 1560,
+and the Accademia dei Lincei of Prince Federico Cesi was founded at
+Rome in 1603. But of these Shakespeare could have known little or
+nothing.</p>
+
+<p>That the poet knew, more or less vaguely, of America as a source of
+precious stones, as were the Indies, comes out in the farcical lines
+from The Comedy of Errors (Act iii, sc. 2), when one of the
+Dromios, in locating the various lands of the world on parts of his
+mistress's body, to the query of Antipholus: "Where America, the
+Indies?" replies: "Oh, sir, upon her nose, all o'er embellished with
+rubies, carbuncles, sapphires&quot;. This is the only mention of America
+in the plays.</p>
+
+<p>A coincidence having its own significance is that April 23, the day of
+Shakespeare's death and also his birthday, was the day dedicated to
+St. George, the patron saint of Merry England. The war-cry of England
+is given several times by Shakespeare, as, for example:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Cry, God for Harry, England and Saint George!</span>
+  <span class="right">Henry V, Act iii, sc. 1.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, "Histories&quot;, p. 77, col. B, line 51.</span>
+</p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">God and Saint George! Richmond and Victory!</span>
+  <span class="right">Richard III, Act v, sc. 3.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, "Histories&quot;, p. 203, col. A, line 31.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And in I Henry VI (Act i, sc. 1) we read:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Bonfires in France forthwith I am to make,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To keep our great Saint George's feast withal.</span>
+<span class="right">First Folio, "Histories&quot;, p. 97, col. B, line 97.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>We find no trace in Shakespeare's works of any belief in the many
+quaint and curious superstitions current in his day regarding the
+talismanic or curative virtues of precious stones. This is quite in
+keeping with the thoroughly sane outlook upon life that constituted
+the strong foundation of his incomparable mind. Not but that, like
+every true poet, the sense of mystery, and even the vague impression
+of the existence of occult powers, of the "Unknowable" in Nature, was
+strongly developed, but this is always in a broad and earnest spirit,
+far removed from all petty superstition.</p>
+
+<p>Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, sacrificed her heart and diamond
+jewel, as a symbol of her sorrow and her love, when a tempest beat
+back the ship that was bearing her from the continent to the English
+coast. Her act, as described in the following verses, seems almost an
+attempt to propitiate the storm (II Henry VI, Act iii, sc. 2):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">When from thy shore the tempest beat us back,</span>
+  <span class="i3">I stood upon the hatches in the storm, </span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+  <span class="i3">And when the dusky sky began to rob</span>
+  <span class="i3">My earnest-gaping sight of thy land's view,</span>
+  <span class="i3">I took a costly jewel from my neck,</span>
+  <span class="i3">A heart it was, bound in with diamonds,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And threw it towards thy land: the sea received it,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And so I wish'd thy body might my heart.</span>
+   <span class="right">First Folio, "Histories&quot;, p. 134, col. A, lines 41-48.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The idea of the sacredness of a ring as a love-token is voiced by
+Portia in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice where she says (Act v,
+sc. 1):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I gave my love a ring and made him swear</span>
+  <span class="i3">Never to part with it; and here he stands;</span>
+  <span class="i3">I dare be sworn for him he would not leave it</span>
+  <span class="i3">Nor pluck it from his finger, for the wealth</span>
+  <span class="i3">That the world masters.</span>
+<span class="right">First Folio, "Comedies&quot;, p. 183, col. B, lines 12-16.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The nearest approach to a sentimental characterization of precious
+stones is to be found in "A Lover's Complaint&quot;, lines 204-217.
+Although we have already noted most of them separately, it may be well
+to give the entire passage here consecutively:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">And, lo, behold these talents of their hair,</span>
+  <span class="i3">With twisted metal amorously impleach'd,</span>
+  <span class="i3">I have received from many a several fair,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Their kind acceptance weepingly beseech'd</span>
+  <span class="i3">With the annexions of fair gems enrich'd,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And deep-brain'd sonnets that did amplify</span>
+  <span class="i3">Each stone's dear nature, worth and quality.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+  <span class="i3">The diamond,&mdash;why, 'twas beautiful and hard,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whereto his invised <a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> properties did tend;</span><br />
+  <span class="i3">The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard</span>
+  <span class="i3">Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend;</span>
+  <span class="i3">The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend</span>
+  <span class="i3">With objects manifold: each several stone,</span>
+  <span class="i3">With wit well blazon'd, smiled or made some moan.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Rare word, only known in this passage. Century Dictionary
+gives "invisible&quot;, "unseen&quot;, "uninspected&quot;, noting that some
+commentators suggest "inspected&quot;, "tried&quot;, "investigated&quot;.</p></div>
+
+<p>Had Shakespeare felt much interest in the lore of gems, he had before
+him most of the then available material in a book of which he seems to
+have made some use. <a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> This was an English rendering of the "De
+Proprietatibus Rerum" of Bartholom&aelig;us Anglicus (fl. ca. 1350), by
+Stephan Batman, or Bateman (d. 1587), an English divine and poet, who
+in the later years of his life was chaplain and librarian to the
+famous Archbishop Parker, and thus had free access to the latter's
+fine library. His rendering, published in 1582, bears the following
+quaint title: "Batman uppon Bartholome his Book De Proprietatibus
+Rerum"; it was published in 1582, and appears to have been widely read
+in England among those still interested in the learning of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+scholastic period. A much earlier English version, made by John of
+Trevisa in 1396, was published by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495, and is
+considered to be the finest production of his press. <a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> See H.R.D. Anders, "Shakespeare's Books&quot;, Berlin, 1904,
+pp. 238-248, and the New Shakespeare Soc. Trans., 1877-79, pp. 436
+sqq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> In the author's library is a fourteenth century MS. of
+the "De Proprietatibus Rerum&quot;, which belonged to the Carthusian
+Monastery of the Holy Trinity, at Dijon.</p></div>
+
+<p>A rarely noted source for some of Shakespeare's knowledge regarding
+curious customs has been sought in the rambling treatise on heraldry
+written by Gerard Legh and issued, in 1564, under the title: "Accedens
+of Armorie" (approximately, Introduction to Heraldry). This is cast in
+the form of a dialogue between Gerard the Herehaught (Herold) and the
+Caligat Knight, the latter term designating an inferior kind of knight
+with no claim to nobility; indeed, an old writer renders it "a
+souldior on foot&quot;. The writer manages to weave in much material
+slightly or not at all connected with his main theme. Legh was the son
+of a Fleet Street draper. He seems to have studied a variety of
+subjects and gathered together many scraps of curious information. He
+died of the plague, October 13, 1563. His book went through several <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>editions during Shakespeare's lifetime. Following the first edition
+of 1562 came successive ones in 1576, 1591, 1597, and one bearing the
+imprint of J. Jaggard in 1616. The author is believed to have been
+intentionally obscure in his treatment of heraldic questions lest he
+might earn the ill-will of the College of Arms by violating certain of
+their privileges.</p>
+
+<p>While both Shakespeare and his great contemporary Cervantes died on
+April 23 of the year 1616, it strangely happens that Cervantes had
+been dead ten days when Shakespeare expired. This apparent paradox is
+due to the fact that while in Spain the Gregorian calendar had already
+been introduced, the "Old Style&quot;, or Julian reckoning, was still used
+in England; indeed, it was not totally abandoned until 1752, in the
+reign of George II, 170 years after the first use of the Gregorian
+reckoning on the Continent. In the seventeenth century the error to be
+corrected amounted to ten days, so that Shakespeare's death, under the
+New Style, occurred on May 3, while Cervantes died on April 13 of the
+Old Style.</p>
+<p>In commemoration of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's death, the
+Shakespearean scholar, Miss H.C. Bartlett, prepared for the New York <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> Public Library an exhibition of Shakespearean books, including all the
+early editions of the quartos; the various editions of the folios; the
+works of contemporaneous authors whom Shakespeare had consulted; and
+also the early works that mention Shakespeare, or cite from his plays
+or poems, including Greene's "Groat's Worth of Wit&quot;, published in 1592
+by Henry Chettle and containing the earliest printed allusion to
+Shakespeare under the name of "Shake-scene&quot;.</p>
+
+<p>One of the contemporary books containing citations from Shakespeare's
+works, shown at the New York Public Library, is "The Woman Hater&quot;, by
+Francis Beaumont (?1585-1615 or 1616), printed in 1607. <a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The
+citation, from Hamlet, Act i, sc. 5, <a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> is apropos of the
+disappearance of a "fish head&quot;. It is put into the mouths of two of
+the characters, as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Lazarello. Speak, I am bound to hear.</span>
+  <span class="i3">Count. So art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> "The Woman Hater, as it hath beene lately acted by the
+children of Paules, London, printed and to be sold by John Hodgers in
+Paules Church-yard, 1607&quot;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> First Folio, p. 257, col. B, lines 15, 16.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the spacious hall of the beautiful Hispanic Museum in New York City
+there has recently been displayed, in commemoration of the
+tercentenary <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>of Cervantes's death, an exceptionally fine collection
+of editions of his works and of rare plates illustrating episodes from
+them. Notable among the books was a first edition of his earliest
+published poems, four redondillas, a copla and an elegy, on the death,
+October 3, 1568, of Elizabeth de Valois, third wife of Philip II, and
+sister of Charles IX of France. <a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Dark rumors were afloat for some
+time that she had been poisoned by order of her husband. Among the
+other treasures in the Hispanic Museum exhibition was the earliest
+imprint of Cervantes's masterpiece, the immortal "Don Quixote&quot;. This
+was printed in Madrid, in 1605, by Juan de la Cuesta.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The compilation containing these poems is entitled: "Hystoria y relacio verdadera de la enfermedad felicissimo transito y
+sumptuosas exequias funebres de la Serenissima Reyna de Espa&ntilde;a Isabel
+de Valoys nuestra Se&ntilde;ora&quot;, Madrid, 1569. The opening lines of
+Cervantes are:</p>
+<p class="poem">
+    <span class="i3">A quien yra mi doloroso canto</span>
+    <span class="i3">O en cuya oreja sonara su acento?</span>
+    <span class="i3">(To whom will my sad song go, and in</span>
+    <span class="i3">whose ears will its accents sound?)</span>
+  </p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>A rather attractive bit of verse, purporting to have been written by
+Shakespeare and dedicated to the woman who became his wife in 1582,
+when he was but eighteen years old (she was eight years his senior),
+alludes in its third stanza <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>to "the orient list" of gems, diamond,
+topaz, amethyst, emerald, and ruby. This little poem, with its play
+upon the lady-love's name, can find a place here, although many
+readers are already familiar with it.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i1">TO THE IDOL OF MINE EYES AND THE DELIGHT OF MINE</span>
+<span class="i10">HEART,</span> </p>
+<p class="poem">  <span class="i8">ANNE HATHAWAY</span> </p>
+<p class="poem">  <span class="i3">Would ye be taught, ye feathered throng,</span>
+  <span class="i3">With love's sweet notes to grace your song,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To pierce the heart with thrilling lay,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Listen to mine Anne Hathaway!</span>
+  <span class="i3">She hath a way to sing so clear,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Ph&#339;bus might wond'ring stop to hear;</span>
+  <span class="i3">To melt the sad, make blithe the gay,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And nature charm, Anne hath a way:</span>
+  <span class="i8">She hath a way,</span>
+  <span class="i8">Anne Hathaway,</span>
+<span class="i3">To breathe delight Anne hath a way.</span> </p>
+<p class="poem">  <span class="i3">When envy's breath and rancorous tooth</span>
+  <span class="i3">Do soil and bite fair worth and truth,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And merit to distress betray,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To soothe the heart Anne hath a way;</span>
+  <span class="i3">She hath a way to chase despair,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To heal all grief, to cure all care,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Turn foulest night to fairest day:</span>
+  <span class="i3">Thou know'st, fond heart, Anne hath a way,</span>
+  <span class="i8">She hath a way,</span>
+  <span class="i8">Anne Hathaway,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To make grief bliss Anne hath a way.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="poem">  <br />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+  <span class="i3">Talk not of gems, the orient list,</span>
+  <span class="i3">The diamond, topaz, amethyst,</span>
+  <span class="i3">The emerald mild, the ruby gay;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Talk of my gem, Anne Hathaway!</span>
+  <span class="i3">She hath a way, with her bright eye,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Their various lustre to defy,</span>
+  <span class="i3">The jewel she and the foil they,</span>
+  <span class="i3">So sweet to look Anne hath a way.</span>
+  <span class="i8">She hath a way,</span>
+  <span class="i8">Anne Hathaway,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To make grief bliss Anne hath a way.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="poem">  <br />
+  <span class="i3">But were it to my fancy given</span>
+  <span class="i3">To rate her charms, I'd call them Heaven;</span>
+  <span class="i3">For though a mortal made of clay,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Angels must love Anne Hathaway.</span>
+  <span class="i3">She hath a way so to control</span>
+  <span class="i3">To rupture the imprisoned soul,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And sweetest Heaven on earth display,</span>
+  <span class="i3">That to be Heaven Anne hath a way!</span>
+  <span class="i8">She hath a way,</span>
+  <span class="i8">Anne Hathaway,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To be Heaven's self Anne hath a way.</span>
+</p>
+<p>This little poem is by Charles Dibdin (1748-1814), the writer of about
+1200 sea-songs, at one time great favorites with sailors. It appeared,
+in 1792, in his long-forgotten novel, "Hannah Hewit, or the Female
+Crusoe&quot;, and Sir Sidney Lee conjectures that it may have been composed
+on the occasion of the Stratford jubilee of 1769, in the organization
+of which Dibdin aided the great actor, David Garrick. In the "Poems
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+of Places&quot;, New York, 1877, edited by Henry W. Longfellow, this poem
+is assigned to Shakespeare on the strength of a persistent popular
+error. <a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> In his "Life" Dibdin says: "My songs have been the solace
+of sailors in their long voyages, in storms, in battle; and they have
+been quoted in mutinies to the restoration of order and discipline&quot;. It has been asserted that they brought more men into the navy than all
+the press gangs could do.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Sir Sidney Lee, "A Life of Shakespeare&quot;, new edition,
+London, 1915, p. 26, note.</p></div>
+
+<p>The poem has sometimes been attributed to Edmund Falconer (1814-1879),
+an actor and dramatist, born in Dublin, and whose real name was Edmund
+O'Rourke. However, his poem entitled "Anne Hathaway, A Traditionary
+Ballad sung to a Day Dreamer by the Mummers of Shottery Brook&quot;, <a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+falls far below the lines we have quoted in poetic quality, as may be
+seen from the opening stanza (the best), which runs as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">No beard on thy chin, but a fire in thine eye,</span>
+  <span class="i3">With lustiest Manhood's in passion to vie,</span>
+  <span class="i3">A stripling in form, with a tongue that can make</span>
+  <span class="i3">The oldest folks listen, maids sweethearts forsake,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Hie over the fields at the first blush of May,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And give thy boy's heart unto Anne Hathaway.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Edmund Falconer, "Memories, the Bequest of my Boyhood&quot;, London, 1863, pp. 14-22.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+<p>In none of the allusions to precious stones made by Shakespeare is
+there any indication that he had in mind any of the Biblical passages
+treating of gems. The most notable of these are the enumeration of the
+twelve stones in Aaron's breast-plate (Exodus xxviii, 17-20; xxxix,
+10-13), the list of the foundation stones and gates of the New
+Jerusalem given by John in Revelation (xxi, 19-21), and the
+description of the Tyrian king's "covering" in Ezekiel (xxviii, 130).
+Had the poet given any particular attention to these texts we could
+scarcely fail to note the fact. Other Bible mentions, such as those
+elsewhere made by Ezekiel (xxvii, 16, 22), regarding the trade of
+Tyre, the agates (and coral) from Syria, and the precious stones
+brought by the Arabian or Syrian merchants of Sheba and Raamah, are
+too much generalized to invite any special notice. The same may be
+said of most of the remaining brief allusions. We might rather expect
+that where the color or brilliancy of a precious stone is used as a
+simile this might strike a poet's fancy and perhaps find direct
+expression in his own words. The light of the New Jerusalem is likened
+to "a jasper stone, clear as crystal" (Rev. xxi, 11), and in Exodus
+(xxiv, 10) the sapphire stone is said to be "as it were the body of
+heaven in its clearness&quot;. However, that Shakespeare wrote of "the
+heaven-hued sapphire" ("Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 215) has no necessary
+connection with this, as the celestial hue of the beautiful sapphire
+is spoken of time and again by many of the older writers.<a name="image2" id="image2"></a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+<p class="caption">FIVE OF THE SIX AUTHENTIC SHAKESPEARE SIGNATURES</p>
+
+
+  <div class="center">
+  <img src="images/image03.jpg" width="400" height="335" alt="Signature on the purchase deed of Shakespeare&#39;s house in Blackfriars dated March 10 1613. In the Guildhall, London"/></div>
+  <p class="caption">
+      Signature on the purchase deed of Shakespeare&#39;s house in
+  Blackfriars <br />
+  dated March 10 1613. In the Guildhall, London.</p>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+ <img src="images/image04.jpg" width="400" height="65" alt="signature 2" />
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="center">
+  <img src="images/image05.jpg" width="400" height="226" alt="signature 3" /></div>
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image06.jpg" width="400" height="121" alt="signature 4" /></div>
+
+
+
+    <p class="caption">Signatures on the three pages of<br />
+Shakespeare's will executed March 25, 1616. Original in Somerset
+House, London.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image07.jpg" width="400" height="404" alt="Signature attached to the deed mortgaging the house
+in Blackfriars, dated March 11, 1613. In the British Museum" /> </div>
+<p class="caption">Signature attached to the deed mortgaging the house
+in Blackfriars, dated March 11, 1613. In the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>It should be borne in mind that the great English translation of the
+Bible, popularly called "King James' Bible&quot;, was published only after
+Shakespeare had completed his last play in 1611. Before that time,
+dating from Tyndale's version of 1525, and in great measure based on
+it, a number of English translations had appeared, the most
+authoritative in Shakspeare's time being perhaps the "Bishops' Bible&quot;, printed under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth in 1568, and edited by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>The Geneva Bible of 1560, the first entire Bible in English in which
+the division into chapters and verses was carried out, had, however,
+the widest dissemination in Shakespeare's time, and a careful study of
+passages in his works referable to Biblical texts appears to prove
+that this version was the one with which he was most familiar. His
+plays testify to his close knowledge of the Scriptures, although no
+writer is less fettered by purely doctrinal considerations. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> Geneva Bible went through no less than sixty editions in Queen
+Elizabeth's reign, and even after the issue of the "Authorized
+Version" in 1611 it competed successfully with this for a time.</p>
+
+<p>That Shakespeare may have seen Philemon Holland's (1552-1637)
+excellent translation of Pliny is nowise unlikely. A notable passage
+in his Othello seems in any case to indicate that it was suggested
+by Pliny's words (Bk. II, chap. 97, in Holland's version):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And the sea Pontus evermore floweth and runneth out into
+      Propontic, but the sea never retireth backe againe within
+      Pontus.</p></div>
+
+<p>Othello replies thus to Iago's conjecture that he may change his mind
+(Act iii, sc. 3):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Never, Iago. Like to the Pontic sea,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whose icy current and compulsive course</span>
+  <span class="i3">Ne'er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on</span>
+  <span class="i3">To the Propontic and the Hellespont,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Shall ne'er look back, ne'er ebb to humble love.</span>
+ <span class="right">First Folio, "Tragedies&quot;, p. 326, col. B, lines 34-39.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no trace of any familiarity on Shakespeare's part
+with the precious stone lore of the Roman encyclop&aelig;dist, either from
+the Latin text of his great "Historia Naturalis&quot;, or from the
+translation published by Holland in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> 1601. This translator, who
+Englished many of the chief Latin and Greek authors, Suetonius, Livy,
+Ammianus Marcellinus, Plutarch's "Morals" and other works, was
+pronounced by Fuller, in his "Worthies&quot;, to be "translator general in
+his age&quot;, adding that "these books alone of his turning into English
+will make a country gentleman a competent library&quot;. For his Ammianus
+Marcellinus the Council of Coventry, his place of residence, paid him
+&pound;4, and &pound;5 for a translation of Camden's "Britannia"&mdash;small sums,
+indeed, for so much labor, but not so unreasonable when we think that
+a half-century later the immortal Milton got but &pound;5 for his "Paradise
+Lost&quot;. He was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had
+studied and graduated; later he studied medicine, receiving a degree
+of M.D., not from Oxford or Cambridge, however, but either from a
+Scottish or foreign university.</p>
+
+<p>Although Solinus, writing in the third century A.D., relies mainly
+upon Pliny for his information on precious stones, still he here and
+there gives evidence of a more critical spirit, as when he says of the
+rock-crystal that the theory according to which it was frozen and
+hardened water was necessarily incorrect, for it was to be found in
+such mild climates as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>"Alabanda in Asia and the island of
+Cyprus&quot;. <a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> This is the more notable that the wholly incorrect view
+persisted into the sixteenth century, so learned a writer as Lord
+Bacon (d. 1626) restating it in his last work, "Sylva Sylvarum&quot;.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Collectanea rerum memorabilium, Cap. 15.</p></div>
+
+<p>One of the most curious gem-treatises, especially as a source of early
+sixteenth-century beliefs in the magic properties of precious stones,
+the "Speculum Lapidum" of Camillo Leonardo, published in Venice, 1502,
+probably never came under Shakespeare's eye. Indeed, even in Italy it
+seems to have been so neglected that Ludovico Dolci ventured to
+publish a literal Italian version of the Latin original as his own
+work in 1565. The English "Mirror of Stones&quot;, issued in 1750, is
+frankly stated to be a translation of the Latin original bearing the
+same name. <a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Noted in the present writer's "The Curious Lore of
+Precious Stones&quot;, Philadelphia and London, 1913, p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<p>In Marlowe's (1564-1593) "Hero and Leander&quot;, almost certainly written
+before Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis" (1593), although not published
+until 1598, five years after Marlowe's death, "pearl tears" and the
+"sparkling diamond" are used much in the same way as by Shakespeare,
+as appears in the following verses:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+  <span class="i3">Forth from those two translucent cisterns brake</span>
+  <span class="i3">A stream of liquid pearl, which down her face</span>
+  <span class="i3">Made milk-white paths.</span>
+<span class="right">Lines 296-298.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Why should you worship her! her you surpass</span>
+  <span class="i3">As much as sparkling diamonds flaring glass.</span>
+<span class="right">Lines 213,214.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>There is a curious parallelism between a passage in Troilus and
+Cressida, 1609, and one in Marlowe's Dr. Faustus, 1588. Marlowe
+wrote (sc. 14, l. 83):</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Was this the face that launched a thousand ships</span>
+  <span class="i3">And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>This is followed very closely by Shakespeare, with the substitution of "pearl" for "face&quot;.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i9">She [Helen] is a pearl,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.</span>
+  <span class="right">Troilus and Cressida, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 82.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">First Folio, at end of "Histories&quot;, unnumbered page<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">(596 of facsimile), col. A, line 19.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The greatest of the world's poets lived in a period midway between the
+highest development of Renaissance civilization and the foundation of
+our modern civilization, and he was thus at once heir to the rich
+treasures of a glorious past, and endowed with a poetic, or we might
+say a prophetic insight that makes his works appeal as closely to the
+readers of to-day as to those of his own time. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the four leading European nations of the age&mdash;Italy, despite her
+high rank in art, still lacked national unity&mdash;four sovereigns of
+marked though widely diverse character and attainments reigned for a
+considerable part of Shakespeare's life. Of the "Virgin Queen" we
+scarcely need to write. The England of her day, and of later days,
+would not have been what it was and what it became, without the aid of
+her mingled shrewdness and prudence. Faults she had and shortcomings,
+but, granted the almost overpowering difficulties she had to face,
+both at home and abroad, it is doubtful whether a more decided, a more
+straight-forward policy would have been as successful as the somewhat
+devious one she pursued. Her chief rival, Philip II (1556-1598), as
+much averse as Elizabeth herself to energetic action, even more fond
+of procrastination, lacked her relative religious and political
+tolerance, and left Spain weaker than he had found it. And still his
+tenacity, his devotion to the cause he believed to be that of heaven,
+his consistency, and even the gloomy seriousness of his life, testify
+to a strong soul, though a thoroughly unlovable one.</p>
+
+<p>The reign of the eccentric Rudolph II, Emperor of Germany (1576-1612),
+whose imperial <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> residence was at Prague, covers the greater part of
+Shakespeare's life. In spite of many failings and mistakes, this
+monarch did much to foster the study of the arts and sciences of his
+age, so far as he was able to understand them. That he was for a time
+the dupe of adventurers and alchemists, such as the half-visionary
+John Dee and the altogether unscrupulous Edward Kelley, was no unusual
+experience in those days, when the dividing line between true science
+and charlatanism was too indistinctly marked to be easily discernible.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest of all the sovereigns of Shakespeare's time was Henry IV
+of France, unquestionably the greatest of French kings, despite the
+fact that the primacy has often been accorded to the Roi Soleil, Louis
+XIV. The powerful and ductile personality that was able to put an end
+to the destructive religious wars of France and to lay a firm
+foundation for the strongly-centralized power of a later time, a
+foundation which the great statesman Richelieu broadened and deepened,
+deserves all the credit that should be given to those who conquer the
+first apparently insurmountable difficulties in the realization of a
+great aim.</p>
+
+<p>How brief was the reign of most of the popes <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> of this time is shown by
+the fact that no less than ten of them were at one time or other
+Shakespeare's contemporaries, although the duration of his life was
+but fifty-two years. Of these probably the most noteworthy was Gregory
+XIII (1572-1585), in whose reign occurred the fearful Massacre of St.
+Bartholomew, August 24, 1572, and the reform of the calendar from that
+known as the Julian to the new style named the Gregorian Calendar in
+honor of this pope.</p>
+
+<p>In the East, just coming into closer commercial intercourse with
+Europe, the long reign of the greatest of the Mogul emperors,
+Jelal-ed-din Akbar (1556-1605), began two years before the accession
+of Elizabeth and lasted two years after her death. Probably no
+Oriental sovereign, certainly no Indian sovereign, ranks higher than
+Akbar, who was at once a great statesman, an able organizer, and
+singularly tolerant in religion. In Persia, one of the most marked
+rulers of this land, Abbas the Great, began to reign in 1584 and died
+in 1628.</p>
+
+<p>In no period was jewelry worn more ornately, or with greater display,
+we might almost say ostentation, than in the age of Shakespeare. As a
+rule, in this period the precious stones were less considered than the
+elaborate goldsmith <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> work in which they were placed. They were the
+adjuncts, rather than the principal glory of the jewel.</p>
+
+<p>The court jeweller of James VI of Scotland and of this monarch after
+his accession to the English throne, as James I, was George Heriot
+(ca. 1563-1624), born in Edinburgh, the son of a member of the company
+of goldsmiths in that city. As the Scotch goldsmiths cumulated the
+profession of money-lending with that of goldsmithing, they were
+usually persons of considerable account among the citizens. Heriot
+became a member of the company in 1588, the year of the Spanish
+Armada. Despite the rather straitened circumstances of the Scottish
+court, considerable amounts were expended for jewels, especially as
+the queen, Anne of Denmark, was very fond of display. The nobility
+also, such of them at least as possessed the means, were inclined to
+deck themselves out with brilliant jewels and splendid ornaments of
+massive gold. Heriot's appointment as goldsmith to the queen dates
+from 1597; soon after this he was made jeweller and goldsmith to the
+king. He followed the court to London in 1603, when King James
+succeeded to Elizabeth, and at the time of his death, February 12,
+1624, had amassed the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> sum of &pound;50,000 by his profitable connection
+with the court, and had also acquired lands and houses at Rochampton,
+in Surrey, and St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London. His residuary
+estate, which amounted to &pound;23,625 ($118,125), he entrusted to the
+provosts, bailiffs, ministers, and ordinary town-council of Edinburgh
+for the erection of an institution to be called Heriot's Hospital,
+where a number of poor freemen's sons of the town should be
+educated. <a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> This foundation still exists, and the excellent
+management of those who have had to do with the endowment is shown by
+the fact that the income it now produces equals the whole sum of the
+original bequest.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> William Hone, "The Every-Day Book&quot;, London, 1838, vol.
+ii, cols. 748, 749.</p></div>
+
+<p>This great Scotch goldsmith fashioned a number of splendid rings for
+the queen. An old account furnished by Heriot lists them as
+follows: <a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>A ring with a heart and serpent, all set about with diamonds;</p>
+
+<p>A ring with a single diamond, set in a heart betwixt two hands;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>A great ring in the form of a perssed hand and a perssed eye, all
+sett with diamonds;</p>
+
+<p>One great ring, in forme of a frog, all set with diamonds, price
+two-hundreth poundis;</p>
+
+<p>A ring of a burning heart set with diamondis;</p>
+
+<p>A ring in the forme af a scallope shell, set with a table diamond, and
+opening on the head;</p>
+
+<p>A ring of a love trophe set with diamondis;</p>
+
+<p>Two rings, lyke black flowers, with a table diamond in each;</p>
+
+<p>A daissie ring sett with a table diamond;</p>
+
+<p>A ryng sett all over with diamondis, made in fashion of a lizard, 120
+l.;</p>
+
+<p>A ring set with 9 diamonds, and opening on the head with the King's
+picture in that.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> William Hone, "Every-Day Book&quot;, London, 1838, vol. ii,
+cols. 749, 750.</p></div>
+
+<p>Heriot also lists a ring delivered about 1607 to Margaret Hartsyde,
+one of the royal household, describing it as "sett all about with
+diamondis, and a table diamond on the head"; that is, in the bezel. He
+states that he had been given to understand that this was by direction
+of Her Majesty. His precaution in making this note appears to have
+been fully justified, for this Margaret Hartsyde was tried in
+Edinburgh, May 31, 1608, on the charge of having purloined a pearl
+belonging to the queen and valued at &pound;110. Her excuse was that she had
+taken <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> this and other pearls to adorn dolls for the amusement of the
+royal children, and that she did not expect the queen would ask for
+them. As, however, it was brought out in the trial that she had
+cleverly disguised some of the pearls she had taken, and had offered
+to sell them to the queen, she was condemned to imprisonment in
+Blackness Castle until the payment of a fine of &pound;400, and to
+confinement in Orkney during the remainder of her life. Eleven years
+later, however, the king's advocate "produced a letter of
+rehabilitation and restitution of Margaret Hartsyde to her fame&quot;. <a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> "Every-Day Book&quot;, loc. cit.</p></div>
+
+<p>In Shakespeare's day the "goldsmiths" were also jewellers and gem
+dealers, and often money-lenders as well. The settings of the finest
+precious stones were at that time generally of gold, rarely of silver.
+Platinum, the metal that now enjoys the greatest furore for diamond
+settings, was then unknown in Europe; it was first brought to Europe
+in 1735, from South America, having been found in the alluvial
+deposits of the river Pinto, in the district of Choco, now forming
+part of the United States of Colombia. The Spaniards had named it
+platina, from its resemblance to plata, silver. The
+chief source <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>in our time is Russia, the richest deposits being those
+discovered in 1825, on the Iss, a tributary of the Tura, in the Urals.
+Other valuable deposits are in the district of Nizhni-Tagilsk.
+Platinum also occurs in Brazil, California, and British Columbia,
+associated with gold, as well as in Borneo, New South Wales,
+Australia, and in New Zealand. Its use in gem-mountings began about
+1870, and from 1880 onward it has become more and more favored, until
+now it has almost entirely superseded gold in the finest jewelry,
+especially for diamond settings. Long before the metal was known and
+used in Europe, ornamental use of it was made in South America, in the
+district we have mentioned, the material not being fused, but simply
+forged out of the nuggets found in the deposits.</p>
+
+<p>That but few fine diamonds were in Europe when Shakespeare wrote has
+already been noted; indeed, the annual importation from India, then
+the only source, can hardly have exceeded $100,000 on an average,
+while at the present day the value of the diamonds from the great
+African mines imported into Europe and America amounts to from
+$40,000,000 to $60,000,000 each year.</p>
+
+<p>In King James's reign, besides Heriot, William <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> Herrick (brother of
+Nicolas) and John Spilman were appointed jewellers to the king, queen,
+and prince, the annual emoluments being &pound;50 annually. It is stated
+that Herrick furnished jewels worth &pound;36,000 to Queen Anne of Denmark.
+Such of her many jewels as were to be found when she died are said to
+have been left to her son, later Charles I, and none to her daughter
+Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia and ancestress of many of the
+sovereigns of Europe, as well as of the present reigning house in
+England. Unfortunately for her heir, a great part of the jewels had
+been embezzled, and could not be recovered, although models of many
+had been carefully preserved by William Herrick, who swore that the
+originals had been delivered to the queen. Less notable jewellers of
+King James's day were Philip Jacobson, Arnold Lulls, John Acton, and
+John Williams. One of them, Arnold Lulls, has left a fine set of
+contemporary drawings representing jewels of the epoch; these are now
+to be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. As an instance
+of the value of some of the jewels of his design, it is recorded that
+the sum of &pound;1550 was paid for a diamond jewel with pearl pendants and
+two dozen buttons, furnished to the king to
+be bestowed upon the
+queen at the christening of the Princess Mary in 1605. <a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a><a name="image3" id="image3"></a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image08.jpg" width="600" height="445" alt="Diamond cutter&#39;s shop, eighteenth century, in which the
+diamond-cutting mill is operated by man-power.&quot; Published in the
+Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, by John Hinton, England,
+July, 1749" /></div>
+  <p class="caption">Diamond cutter&#39;s shop, eighteenth century, in which the
+diamond-cutting mill is operated by &quot;man-power&quot;. Published in the
+Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, by John Hinton, England,
+July, 1749</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery&quot;, London, 1908, p. 302.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the jeweller's art in England was still under the influence of
+foreign goldsmiths in Elizabeth's time, it had to a considerable
+extent emancipated itself from foreign control in the latter part of
+her reign and in that of her successor. In addition to George Heriot,
+whom we have just noticed, several others are well worthy of mention,
+such as Dericke Anthony, Affabel Partridge, Peter Trender, and Nicolas
+Herrick, <a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> the father of the poet Robert Herrick, who makes many a
+telling use of the colors and charm of precious stones and pearls in
+his dainty poems. To these must be added Sir John Spilman, of German
+birth, who made many jewels at the royal command.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery&quot;, London, 1908, pp. 219,
+220, 301.</p></div>
+
+<p>We should remember that for the cutting of precious stones steam-power
+was not then available, "man-power" being employed. A large turning
+wheel was pushed around by a man holding a bar extending from it. The
+motion of this large wheel was transmitted to other smaller ones. The
+number of revolutions per minute hardly exceeded a few hundred, while
+in modern <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>times a speed of from 2000 to 2500 revolutions per minute
+is attained. The diamond cutting industry was largely in the hands of
+Jews in Lisbon.</p>
+
+<p>The gem-cutting processes were not greatly modified for many years
+after Shakespeare's death, so that a representation of the wheel and
+mill used in 1750 gives a fairly good general idea of the modus
+operandi. The large wooden wheel, whose axis is the second pillar
+within the frame, is bent, and makes an elbow under the wheel to
+receive the impulsion of a bar that serves instead of a turn-handle.
+On the right side of the frame, where the boy stands, is the
+turn-handle which sets the wheel in motion by means of the elbow of
+its axis. So that if the wooden wheel be twenty times larger than the
+iron one, a hundred turns of the larger wheel will cause a thousand
+revolutions of the smaller one. The method of holding the diamond in
+place over the iron wheel, when in motion, so that it presses upon the
+latter and is polished thereby, is shown in the lower right-hand
+corner of the plate.</p>
+
+<p>The German traveller, Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598,
+toward the end of Elizabeth's life, describes her jewelling in the
+following words:</p>
+
+<p>"The Queen had in her ears two pearls with very rich drops; she
+wore false hair and that red; upon her head she had a small crown; her
+bosom was uncovered, and she had on a necklace of exceedingly fine
+jewels. She was dressed in white silk, bordered with pearls of the
+size of beans, and over it a mantle of black silk shot with silver
+threads; her train was very long. Instead of a chain, she had an
+oblong collar of gold and jewels&quot;.<a name="image4" id="image4"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image09.jpg" alt="FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH In the possession of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., Hardwick Hall. The queen has jewels in her hair, a pearl eardrop, and two necklaces, one fitting
+closely to the neck, the other falling over the breast. The stiff
+brocade skirt is embroidered with a wonderful array of aquatic birds
+and animals. On the left, the cushion of the chair of state is
+embroidered with the queen&#39;s monogram. Surmounting the chair is a
+crystal ball. The original canvas measures 90x66 inches." width="400" height="549" class="center" /></div>
+<p class="caption">FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH In the possession of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.,
+Hardwick Hall. The queen has jewels in her hair, a pearl eardrop, and two necklaces,
+  one fitting closely to the neck, the other falling over the breast. The stiff brocade skirt is embroideredwith a wonderful array of aquatic birds and animals. On the left, the cushion of the chair of state is embroidered with the queen&#39;s monogram. Surmounting the chair is a crystal ball.
+  The original canvas measures 90x66 inches.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to this display the traveller tells us that the queen's
+right hand was fairly sparkling with jewelled rings.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from his portrayal of jewels in his numerous portraits, Holbein
+ranked as the master designer of jewels in his day. Many of the finest
+of these designs have been preserved for us and can be seen in the
+British Museum, to which they were bequeathed by Sir Hans Sloane in
+1753. There are 179 separate pieces, usually pen-and-ink sketches. The
+execution of the jewels from these designs is believed to have been
+mainly done by Hans of Antwerp, known as Hans Anwarpe, a friend of
+Holbein, who settled in London in 1514, and was appointed goldsmith to
+King Henry VIII, for whom he produced many jewels for New Year's
+gifts. <a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery&quot;, London [1908], pp. 211,
+213.</p></div>
+
+<p>In judging of the jewels figured in portraits we must remember that
+the artist has often modified them to bring them into greater harmony
+with their immediate surroundings. This, in some cases, may lead him
+to make of a somewhat inartistically designed jewel a beautifully
+proportioned one. Again, he may be led to exaggerate the size of the
+precious stones or pearls, and to intensify or deepen their colors. A
+recent instance regards a portrait of the former queen of Spain by one
+of the foremost Spanish artists of our day. The royal lady was
+depicted wearing an enormous pearl; however, the artist informed the
+author that the real pearl was much smaller than the painted one, but
+that, in portraying it, a better decorative effect was obtained by
+increasing its size. Whether Holbein (1497-1543), with his Dutch
+exactness of portrayal, was led into any similar exaggerations we can
+never tell, as little as we can know anything definite regarding the
+true size of the jewels shown in the portraits by the Italian Zucchero
+(1529-1566), the Fleming Lucas de Heere (1524-1584), or by any other
+of the portrait painters of Elizabeth's time.</p>
+
+<p>In a very modest way the addition of gilded scarf-pins, brooches,
+chains, etc., not owned by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>the sitters, was not uncommonly practised
+thirty or forty years ago, when colored tintypes were popular. These
+were painted on the photographs, much to the gratification of those
+who ordered them for distribution among their friends.</p>
+
+<p>The court-jewellers of France in Shakespeare's day rivalled, though
+they did not excel, those of England. Among them a prominent place
+belongs to Francois Dujardin (or Desjardin), goldsmith of Charles IX
+(1560-1574) and Henri III (1574-1589). When a verification and an
+inventory of the French Crown Jewels were made on August 1, 1574,
+after the death of Charles IX, the expert examination was entrusted to
+Fran&ccedil;ois Dujardin, who is termed "orfebvre et lapidaire du Roy&quot;. The
+goldsmith's art was passed down from father to son in this family: a
+second F. Dujardin (b. ca. 1565) mounted the parures made for
+Elizabeth of Austria, daughter of Henri IV and Maria de' Medici. In
+the reign of Henri IV and the succeeding regency of Maria de' Medici,
+Josse de Langerac, received as master goldsmith in 1594, and the
+brothers Rogier, are noted as leading goldsmiths who, besides
+executing many fine jewels, frequently made loans of money to the
+Queen Regent, and seem to have experienced <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>great difficulty in
+securing full payment. Corneille Rogier set the jewels worn at her
+marriage by Anne d'Autriche, wife of Louis XIII. Two brothers, each
+bearing the name Pierre Courtois, are also noted in old records. One
+of them, at the time of his death, in 1611, occupied two apartments
+with two shops in the Louvre; the shop of the other had the sign "Aux
+Trois Roys&quot;, probably referring to the "Three Kings of the East&quot;, the
+Magi of the Gospel, very appropriate patrons for goldsmiths. <a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Germain Bapst, "Histoire des Joyaux de la Couronne de
+France&quot;, Paris, 1889, pp. 175, 176, 300, 304.</p></div>
+
+<p>Thierry Badouer, a German goldsmith-jeweller, received from the French
+court, in 1572, an order for 250,000 crowns' worth of jewels to be
+distributed as gifts at the approaching marriage of Henri de Navarre
+with Marguerite de Valois. He faithfully executed his part of the task
+and brought the jewels with him to Paris, but before he had been able
+to deliver them to the Royal Treasury they were stolen from him during
+the confusion of the St. Bartholomew Massacre. Eventually, in the
+reign of Henri IV, his widow was partly reimbursed for the loss,
+receiving one-quarter of the amount of her claim. <a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> After <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>the
+Massacre of St. Bartholomew, and as a result of it, many Protestants
+and Catholics left France for Hanau, Germany, where to this day they
+carry on the jeweller's art; and from this beginning Hanau became a
+jeweller's centre.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Op. cit., p. 289.</p></div>
+
+<p>The best reproduction of the First Folio of 1623 is the photographic
+facsimile, made in 1902, of the copy formerly owned by the Duke of
+Devonshire and now in the possession of Henry E. Huntington, of New
+York.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The original Folio, prepared by the managers of
+Shakespeare's company, John Heminge and Henry Condell, bears the
+imprint of Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount, the printing house being
+conducted by William Jaggard and his son Isaac. It is believed that an
+edition of five hundred copies was issued, at one pound per copy. That
+the publication was essentially a commercial venture, although it may
+also have been a labor of love for some of the editors, is brought out
+clearly and quaintly in the preface addressed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>to "The great Variety
+of Readers&quot;, and signed by Heminge and Condell. This reads that the
+book was printed at the charges of W. Jaggard, Ed. Blount, I.
+Southweeke, and W. Apsley, 1623. The following passage from the
+preface is well worth quoting, its spirit is so delightfully modern:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>The fate of all Bookes depends upon your capacities,
+   and not of your heads alone, but of your purses. Well!
+   It is now publique, &amp; you wil stand for your priviledges,
+   wee know: to read, and censure. <a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Do so, but buy it
+   first. That doth best commend a Booke the Stationer
+   sales. Then, how odde soever your braines be, or your
+   wisdomes, make your license the same and spare not.... But
+   whatever you do, Buy. Censure will not drive a
+   Trade, nor make the Jacke go.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> "Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, &amp; Tragedies, being a
+reproduction in facsimile of the First Folio Edition of 1623, from the
+Chatsworth copy in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.,
+with introduction and censure of copies by Sidney Lee&quot;. Oxford,
+Clarendon Press, 1902, XXXV 908 pp. Edition limited to 1000 numbered
+and signed copies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Judge.</p></div>
+
+<p>The chief credit for bringing together the materials for the First
+Folio, in 1623, is believed to be due to William Jaggard. Some ten
+years earlier he had acquired the printing-privileges of certain of
+the quartos. Edward Blount, whose name appears as publisher on the
+title page with that of Isaac Jaggard, was merely a stationer, so that
+the actual printing was solely under the charge of the latter, who
+seems, at this time, to have been entrusted with this department of
+the business. However, Blount's services may <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>have been valuable since
+he had better literary taste than the Jaggards possessed.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of certain evident faults of proportion, the portrait of
+Shakespeare engraved by Martin Droeshout for the title page of the
+1623 Folio bears internal evidence of being a fairly good likeness,
+for the face possesses a marked individuality. There is a belief that
+it was taken from the so-called "Flower" portrait, now in the
+Shakespeare Memorial Gallery at Stratford-upon-Avon, and which is
+conjectured to have been painted in 1609, at least during
+Shakespeare's lifetime, possibly by another Martin Droeshout, a
+Fleming, uncle of the engraver of the same name. This portrait was
+discovered, painted on a panel at Peckham Rye, bearing the inscription
+"Will Shakespeare^n, 1609&quot;. That it should be the original from which
+the Droeshout engraving was taken has been doubted, since it appears
+rather to resemble later states of the plate than earlier ones. While
+Ben Jonson, who had seen Shakespeare so often, may have been partly
+moved to bestow undue praise upon the Folio portrait, in the lines he
+furnished the publishers to be placed immediately facing it, by his
+wish to say a good word for their publication, he would scarcely have
+made use of such superlative <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> terms had he not considered it to be at
+least a fairly good likeness. Jonson's lines have been so often
+printed that few are unacquainted with them, but as illustrating the
+above remarks they can be repeated here, in the old spelling and form
+of the First Folio:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i8">TO THE READER.</span><br />
+  <br />
+  <span class="i3">This Figure, that thou here seest put,</span>
+  <span class="i4">It was for gentle Shakespeare cut;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Wherein the Graver has a strife</span>
+  <span class="i4">With Nature, to out-doo the life:</span>
+  <span class="i3">O, could he but have drawne his wit</span>
+  <span class="i4">As well in brasse, as he hath hit</span>
+  <span class="i3">His face; the Print would then surpasse</span>
+  <span class="i4">All, that was ever write in brasse.</span>
+  <span class="i3">But, since he cannot, Reader, looke</span>
+  <span class="i4">Not on his Picture, but his Booke.</span>
+  <br />
+  <span class="i24">B.I.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>A most attractive and instructive exhibition of reproductions of the
+portraits of Shakespeare, or supposedly of him, was shown at the rooms
+of the Grolier Club, April 6-29, 1916. The catalogue <a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> embraces 436
+numbers, illustrating all the principal types. The exhibition also
+comprised <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>the principal editions of the poet's plays, from the First
+Folio of 1623 to the great Variorum Edition by Dr. Furness, begun in
+1871.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Catalogue of an exhibition illustrative of the text of
+Shakespeare's plays, as published in edited editions, together with a
+large collection of engraved portraits of the poet. New York, The
+Grolier Club, April 6-29, 1916, vi+114 pp.</p></div>
+
+<p>For the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, celebrated in April,
+1864, a special commemorative medal was struck in England, designed by
+Mr. J. Moore. The obverse shows a profile head of the poet, in the
+modelling of which the artist seems to have been chiefly influenced by
+the Stratford bust. This fundamental type he has not unskilfully
+combined with that of the Droeshout print in the First Folio, the
+dome-like forehead being evidently suggested by the latter. The nose
+is more accentuated than in the bust, and the mouth, though still
+small, is somewhat firmer. Toward the edge of the field are disposed
+the titles of his various works, as though radiating from the head,
+and in the exergue is his signature, framed by a half-garland over
+which extends a mace. The tribute offered to Shakespeare by the Muses,
+figured on the reverse, is a rather stiff and conventional
+composition. <a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> W. Sharp Ogden, "Shakspere's Portraits: painted, graven,
+and medallic&quot;, in The British Numismatic Journal, and Proceedings of
+The British Numismatic Society, 1910, London, 1911, pp. 143-198; see
+p. 189.</p></div>
+
+<p>For those who may wish to see the original form of the passages
+regarding precious stones in the text of the First Folio, of 1623, the
+page and column references have been given here. In this text the
+three sections into which the plays have been divided, Comedies,
+Histories, and Tragedies, are separately paged; moreover, the
+pagination offers a number of irregularities. Troilus and Cressida,
+added at the end of the "Histories&quot;, has page numbers on a couple of
+leaves neither connected with what precedes nor with what follows, the
+remainder of the pages bearing no figures; furthermore, there are
+several obvious, though unimportant, misprints. Pericles, first
+issued in Folio, in the Third Folio, of 1664, is therein separately
+paged, as are the other of the plays attributed to Shakespeare printed
+therein, in continuation of the series of the First and Second Folios.
+This play had, however, previously appeared six times in quarto in the
+years 1609, 1611, 1619, 1630, 1635 and 1639.
+
+
+
+</p><hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>&nbsp;</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRECIOUS_STONES_MENTIONED_IN_THE_PLAYS_OF_SHAKESPEARE" id="PRECIOUS_STONES_MENTIONED_IN_THE_PLAYS_OF_SHAKESPEARE"></a>PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE</h2>
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="i3">I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond.</span>
+<span class="right">Merry Wives of Windsor, Act iii, sc. 3, l. 59.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 58 [50], col. A, line 31.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Give me the ring of mine you had at dinner,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Or, for my diamond, the chain you promised.</span>
+ <span class="right">Comedy of Errors, Act iv, sc. 3. l. 70.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 94, col. B, lines 61, 62.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Sir, I must have that diamond from you.&mdash;</span>
+  <span class="i4">There, take it.</span>
+<span class="right">Comedy of Errors, Act v, sc. 1, l. 391.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 99, col. B, line 58.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A lady walled about with diamonds!</span>
+  <span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act v, sc. 2, l. 3.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 137, col. A, line 6.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats in</span>
+  <span class="i4">Frankfort!</span>
+<span class="right">Merchant of Venice, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 87.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 173, col. A, line 62.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i11">Set this diamond safe</span>
+  <span class="i3">In golden palaces, as it becomes.</span>
+<span class="right">Henry VI, Pt. I, Act v, sc. 3, l. 169.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 116, col. B, line 54.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A heart it was, bound in with diamonds.</span>
+<span class="right">Henry VI, Pt, II, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 107.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 134, col. A, line 46.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Not deck'd with diamonds and Indian stones,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Nor to be seen.</span>
+ <span class="right">Henry VI, Pt. III, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 63.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 158, col. B, line 25.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">One day he gives us diamonds, next day stones.</span>
+<span class="right">Timon of Athens, Act iii, sc. 6, l. 131.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 89, col. B, line 56.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">This diamond he greets your wife withal.</span>
+<span class="right">Macbeth, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 15.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 136, col. A, line II.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i11">Which parted thence,</span>
+  <span class="i3">As pearls from diamonds dropp'd.</span>
+<span class="right">King Lear, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 24.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Omitted in First Folio.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+
+</p>
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i4">This diamond was my mother's; take it, heart;</span>
+  <span class="i3">But keep it till you woo another wife.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act i, sc. 1, l. 112.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 370, col. A, line 45.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">She went before others I have seen, as that diamond of</span>
+  <span class="i5">yours outlustres many I have beheld.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act i, sc. 4, l. 78.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 372, col. A, line 53.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I have not seen the most precious diamond that is, nor</span>
+  <span class="i5">you the lady.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act i, sc. 4, l. 81.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 372, col. A, line 55.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I shall but lend my diamond till your return.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act. i, sc. 4, l. 153.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 372, col. B, line 59.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">My ten thousand ducats are yours; so is your diamond too.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act i, sc. 4, l. 163.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 373, col. A, line 1.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i10">It must be married</span>
+  <span class="i3">To that your diamond.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 98.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 389 [379], col. A, lines 42, 43.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">That diamond upon your finger, say,</span>
+  <span class="i3">How came it yours?</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act v, sc. 5, l. 137.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 396, col. A, line 51.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">To me he seems like diamond to glass.</span>
+<span class="right">Pericles, Act ii, sc. 3, l. 36.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Third Folio, 1664, p. 7, col. B, line 38;<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">separate pagination.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">You shall, like diamonds, sit about his crown.</span>
+<span class="right">Pericles, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 53.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Third Folio, 1664, p. 8, col. B, line 42.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The diamonds of a most praised water</span><br />
+  <span class="i3">Do appear, to make the world twice rich.</span>
+<span class="right">Pericles, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 102.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Third Folio, 1664, p. 11, col. B, line 13.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>RUBY</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The impression of keen whips I'ld wear as rubies.</span>
+<span class="right">Measure for Measure, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 101.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 69, col. B, line 63.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>RUBY</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,</span>
+  <span class="i3">sapphires.</span>
+<span class="right">Comedy of Errors, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 92, col. A, line 49.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>RUBY</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Those be rubies, fairy favors.</span>
+<span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 12.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 148, col. A, line 35.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>RUBY</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Over thy wounds now do I prophesy,&mdash;Which,</span>
+  <span class="i3">like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips.</span>
+<span class="right">Julius Ca&aelig;sar, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 260.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 120, col. B, lines 34, 35.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>RUBY</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,</span>
+  <span class="i3">When mine is blanch'd with fear.</span>
+<span class="right">Macbeth, Act iii, sc. 4, l. 115.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 142, col. B, line 17.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>RUBY</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">But kiss; one kiss! Rubies unparagon'd,</span>
+  <span class="i3">How dearly they do't!</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 17.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 376, col. B, line 18.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>SAPPHIRE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Like sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery.</span>
+<span class="right">Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v, sc. 5, l. 75.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 51, col. A, line 66 (last).</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>SAPPHIRE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,</span>
+  <span class="i3">sapphires.</span>
+<span class="right">Comedy of Errors, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 92, col. A, line 49.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>CHRYSOLITE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">If heaven would make me such another world</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of one entire and perfect chrysolite.</span>
+<span class="right">Othello, Act v, sc. 2, l. 145.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 337, col. A, line 5.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>TURQUOISE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">It was my turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a</span>
+  <span class="i3">bachelor.</span>
+<span class="right">Merchant of Venice, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 126.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 173, col. B, line 32.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>OPAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">For thy mind is a very opal.</span>
+<span class="right">Twelfth Night, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 77.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 262, col. B, line 45.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AGATE (CAMEO)</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">An agate very vilely cut.</span>
+<span class="right">Much Ado About Nothing, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 65.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 110, col. A, line 25.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AGATE (CAMEO)</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">His heart like an agate with your print impress'd.</span>
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 236.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 127, col. B, line 62 (last).</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AGATE (CAMEO)</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I was never manned with an agate till now.</span>
+<span class="right">II Henry IV, Act i, sc. 2, l. 19.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 76, col. B, line 10.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>AGATE (CAMEO)</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Agate-ring, pirke-stocking, caddis-garter, smooth-tongue.</span>
+<span class="right">I Henry IV, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 78.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 56, col. A, line 53.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AGATE (CAMEO)</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">In shape no bigger than an agate-stone</span>
+  <span class="i3">On the forefinger of an alderman.</span>
+<span class="right">Romeo and Juliet, Act i, sc. 4, l. 55.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 57, col. A, lines 20, 21.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AMBER</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Her amber hair for foul hath amber quoted.</span>
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 87.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 133, col. A, line 52.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AMBER</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery.</span>
+<span class="right">Taming of the Shrew, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 58.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 223, col. B, line 62.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>AMBER</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Their eyes purging thick amber and plum-tree gum.</span>
+<span class="right">Hamlet, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 201.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 261, col. B, line 42.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>CORAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Of his bones are coral made.</span>
+<span class="right">The Tempest, Act i, sc. 2, l. 397.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 5, col. A, line 54.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>CORAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I saw her coral lips to move.</span>
+<span class="right">Taming of the Shrew, Act i, sc. 1, l. 179.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p.211, col. B, line 57.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>JET</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than</span>
+  <span class="i3">between jet and ivory.</span>
+<span class="right">Merchant of Venice, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 42.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 173, col. A, line 18.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>JET</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">What color is my gown of?&mdash;Black, forsooth: coal-black</span>
+  <span class="i3">as jet.</span>
+<span class="right">II Henry VI, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 112.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 126, col. B, line 61.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>JET</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Two proper palfreys, black as jet,</span>
+  <span class="i3">To hale thy vengeful waggon swift away.</span>
+<span class="right">Titus Andronicus, Act v, sc. 2, l. 50.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 49, col. B, line 7.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>CARBUNCLE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,</span>
+  <span class="i3">sapphires.</span>
+<span class="right">Comedy of Errors, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 92, col. A, line 49.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>CARBUNCLE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Were not so rich a jewel.</span>
+<span class="right">Coriolanus, Act i, sc. 4, l. 55.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 5, col. B, line 7.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>CARBUNCLES</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">O'er sized with coagulate gore,</span>
+  <span class="i3">With eyes like carbuncles.</span>
+<span class="right">Hamlet, Act ii, sc. ii, l. 485.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 263, col. B, line 50.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>CARBUNCLE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i6">Were it carbuncled</span>
+  <span class="i3">Like holy Ph&#339;bus' car.</span>
+<span class="right">Antony and Cleopatra, Act iv, sc. 8, l. 28.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 360, col. B, line 57.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>CARBUNCLE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i6">Had it been a carbuncle</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of Ph&#339;bus' wheel.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act v, sc. 5, l. 189.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 396, col. B, line 41.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>EMERALD</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">In emerald tufts, flowers purple, blue, and white.</span>
+<span class="right">Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v, sc. 5, l. 74.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 51, col. A, line 65.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Full fathom five thy father lies;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of his bones are coral made;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Those are pearls that were his eyes.</span>
+<span class="right">Tempest, Act i, sc. 2, l. 398.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 5, col. A, lines 51-33.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i6">She is mine own,</span>
+  <span class="i3">And I as rich in having such a jewel</span>
+  <span class="i3">As twenty seas, if all their sand were pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 170.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 26, col. B, lines 34-36.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A sea of melting pearl, which some call tears.</span>
+<span class="right">Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 224.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 30, col. B, line 2.</span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">But pearls are fair; and the old saying is,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes</span>
+  <span class="i4">'Tis true; such pearls as put out ladies' eyes.</span>
+<span class="right">Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act v, sc. 2, l. 11.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 36, col. B, lines 10-12.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Like sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery</span>
+  <span class="i3">Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee.</span>
+<span class="right">Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v, sc. 5, l. 75.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 51, col. A, lines 65, 66 (last).</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Laced with silver, set with pearls</span>
+<span class="right">Much Ado About Nothing, Act iii, sc. 4, l. 20.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 112, col. B, line 65.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Fire enough for a flint, pearl enough for a swine.</span>
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act iv, sc. 2, l. 91.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 132, col. A, line 11.</span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">This and these pearls to me sent Longaville.</span>
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act v, sc. 2, l. 53.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 137, col. A, line 59.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Will you have me, or your pearl again?</span>
+  <span class="i3">Neither of either.</span>
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act v, sc. 2, l. 458.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Comedies&quot;, p. 140, col. B, line 58.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.</span>
+<span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act i, sc. 1, l. 211.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 147, col. A, line 6.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I must go seek some dewdrops here</span>
+  <span class="i3">And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.</span>
+<span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 15.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 148, col. A, line 38.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">That same dew, which sometime in the buds</span>
+  <span class="i3">Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls.</span>
+<span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 57.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 157, col. B, lines 9, 10.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Rich honesty dwells like a miser, sir, in a poor house; as</span>
+  <span class="i4">your pearl in your foul oyster.</span>
+<span class="right">As You Like It, Act v, sc. 4, l. 63.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 206, col. A, line 12.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Taming of the Shrew, Introd., sc. 2, l. 44.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 209, col. B, line 33.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearls</span>
+  <span class="i3">Valance of Venice gold.</span>
+<span class="right">Taming of the Shrew, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 355.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 217, col. B, line[Pg 093] 32.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Why, sir, what 'cerns it you if I wear pearl and gold?</span>
+<span class="right">Taming of the Shrew, Act v, sc. 1, l. 77.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 227, col A, line 22.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">This pearl she gave me, I do feel't and see't.</span>
+<span class="right">Twelfth Night, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 2.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 271, col. B, line 61.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Draws those heaven-moving pearls from his poor eyes.</span>
+<span class="right">King John, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 169.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 4, col. B, line 55.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Our chains and our jewels.&mdash;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Your brooches, pearls and ouches.</span>
+<span class="right">II Henry IV, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 53.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 82, col. B, line 28.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i6">The crown imperial,</span>
+  <span class="i3">The intertissued robe of gold and pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Henry V, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 279.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 85 (bis, number repeated), col. B,<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">line 13.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels.</span>
+<span class="right">Richard III, Act i, sc. 4, l. 26.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 180, col. A, line 12.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The liquid drops of tears that you have shed</span>
+  <span class="i3">Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Richard III, Act iv, sc. 4, l. 322.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 198, col. A, lines 16, 17.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Her bed is India; there she lies, a pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Troilus and Cressida, Act i, sc. 1, l. 103.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, page irregularly numbered 79,<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">col. A, line 8. P. 589 of facsimile.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">She is a pearl</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.</span>
+<span class="right">Troilus and Cressida, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 81.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Unnumbered page, 596 of facsimile, col. A, line 19.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I will be bright, and shine in pearl and gold.</span>
+<span class="right">Titus Andronicus, Act ii, sc. 1, l, 19.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 35, col. B, line 30.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">This is the pearl that pleased your empress' eye.</span>
+<span class="right">Titus Andronicus, Act v, sc. 1, l. 42.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 48, col. A, line 21.</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Macbeth, Act v, sc. 8, l. 56.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 151, col. B, line 32.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Hamlet, this pearl is thine.</span>
+<span class="right">Hamlet, Act v, sc. 2, l. 293.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 281, col. A, line 15.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">What guests were in her eyes; which parted thence,</span><br />
+  <span class="i3">As pearls from diamonds dropp'd.</span>
+<span class="right">Lear, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 24.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">Omitted in First Folio.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Like the base Indian, <a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> threw a pearl away</span>
+  <span class="i3">Richer than all his tribe.</span>
+<span class="right">Othello, Act v, sc. 2, l. 347.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 338, col. B, line 53.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> "Iudean" in text.</p></div>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">He kiss'd,&mdash;the last of many doubled kisses,&mdash;</span>
+  <span class="i3">This orient pearl.</span>
+<span class="right">Antony and Cleopatra, Act i, sc. 5, l. 41.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 344, col. B, lines 22, 23.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I'll set thee in a shower of gold, and hail</span>
+  <span class="i3">Rich pearls upon thee.</span>
+<span class="right">Antony and Cleopatra, Act ii, sc. 5, l. 46.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 348, col. B, lines 10, 11.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i11">His mistress</span>
+  <span class="i3">Did hold his eyes lock'd in her crystal looks.</span>
+<span class="right">Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 89.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 26, col. A, line 17.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Methough all his senses were lock'd in his eye</span>
+  <span class="i3">As jewels in crystal for some prince to buy.</span>
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 243.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 128, col. A, lines 6, 7.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">One, her hairs were gold, crystal the other's eyes.</span>
+<span class="right">Idem, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 142.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 133, line 46.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">To what, my love, shall I compare thine eye?</span>
+  <span class="i3">Crystal is muddy.</span>
+<span class="right">Midsummer Night's Dream, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 139.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 154, col. A, line 54.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">With these crystal beads heaven shall be bribed</span>
+  <span class="i3">To do him justice.</span>
+<span class="right">King John, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 171.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 4, col. B, lines 57, 58.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The more fair and crystal is the sky,</span>
+  <span class="i3">The uglier seem the clouds that in it fly.</span>
+<span class="right">Richard II, Act i, sc. 1, l. 41.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 23, col. A, line 41 (last).</span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Go, clear thy crystals.</span>
+<span class="right">Henry V, Act ii, sc. 3, l. 56.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 75, col. B, line 65.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Comets, importing change of times and states,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky.</span>
+<span class="right">I Henry VI, Act i, sc. 1, l. 3.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 96, col. A, lines 2, 3.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'd</span>
+  <span class="i3">Your lady's love against some other maid.</span>
+<span class="right">Romeo and Juliet, Act i, sc. 2, l. 101.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 55, col. B, lines 51, 52.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Thy crystal window ope; look out.</span>
+<span class="right">Cymbeline, Act v, sc. 4, l. 81.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 394, col. A, line 12. </span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
+<p>The following table is arranged according to the frequency of precious
+stone mentions. <a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+<p>The plays rank as follows:</p>
+<p class="center">
+</p>
+<table summary="Table of plays in order of frequency gems mentioned.
+Columns are from left: date first published, date written, gem name, frequency mentioned.">
+  <tr>
+    <td >First published&nbsp; </td>
+    <td >Probably written </td>
+    <td >&nbsp;</td>
+    <td >&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1609</td>
+    <td><i>Cymbeline</i></td>
+    <td><p>10&nbsp;(diamond 7, ruby 1, carbuncle 1, rock-crystal 1).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1598.</td>
+    <td>1591.</td>
+    <td><i>Love's Labour's Lost </i></td>
+    <td><p>8&nbsp;(pearl 3, rock-crystal 2, diamond 1, amber 1, agate 1).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1600</td>
+    <td>1597</td>
+    <td><i>Merry Wives Of Windsor</i> </td>
+    <td><p>5&nbsp;(pearl 1, diamond 2, emerald 1, sapphire 1).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td> 1591.</td>
+    <td><i>Comedy of Errors </i></td>
+    <td><p>5&nbsp;(diamond 2, ruby 1, sapphire 1, carbuncle 1)</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1600.</td>
+    <td> 1595.</td>
+    <td><i>Midsummer Night's Dream </i></td>
+    <td><p>5&nbsp;(pearl 3, ruby 1, rock-crystal 1).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623.</td>
+    <td>1596.</td>
+    <td><i>Taming of the Shrew </i></td>
+    <td><p>5&nbsp;(pearl 3, amber 1, coral 1).</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623.</td>
+    <td>1591.</td>
+    <td><i>Two gentlemen of Verona </i></td>
+    <td><p>4&nbsp;(pearl 3, rock-crystal 1).</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1594.</td>
+    <td>1593.</td>
+    <td><i>Titus Andronicus </i></td>
+    <td><p>3&nbsp;(pearl 2, jet 1).</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1603</td>
+    <td>1602</td>
+    <td><i>Hamlet</i></td>
+    <td><p>3&nbsp;(pearl, amber, carbuncle).</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1606</td>
+    <td><i>Macbeth</i></td>
+    <td><p>3&nbsp;(diamond, ruby, pearl).</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1609</td>
+    <td>1607</td>
+    <td><i>Pericles</i></td>
+    <td><p>3&nbsp;(all diamond).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1608</td>
+    <td><i>Antony and Cleopatra </i></td>
+    <td><p>3&nbsp;(pearl 2, carbuncle 1).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1597</td>
+    <td>1591</td>
+    <td><i>Romeo and Juliet </i></td>
+    <td><p>2&nbsp;(rock-crystal, agate).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1592</td>
+    <td><i>I Henry VI </i></td>
+    <td><p>2&nbsp;(diamond and rock-crystal).<br />
+      </p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1592</td>
+    <td><i>II Henry VI </i></td>
+    <td><p>2&nbsp;(diamond and jet).<br />
+      </p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1597</td>
+    <td>1592-3</td>
+    <td><i>Richard III </i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (both pearl).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1600</td>
+    <td>1594</td>
+    <td><i>Merchant of Venice </i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+        (turquoise, jet).<br />
+      </p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1594</td>
+    <td><i>King John </i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+        (pearl,
+    rock-crystal).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1597</td>
+    <td><i>II Henry IV</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, agate).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1600</td>
+    <td>1598</td>
+    <td><i>Henry V</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, crystal).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1600</td>
+    <td>1599</td>
+    <td><i>Much Ado About
+Nothing</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, agate).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1599</td>
+    <td><i>Twelfth Night</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, opal).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1609</td>
+    <td>1603</td>
+    <td><i>Troilus and
+Cressida</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (both pearl).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1622</td>
+    <td>1604</td>
+    <td> <i>Othello</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, chrysolite).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1608</td>
+    <td>1606</td>
+    <td><i>Lear</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, diamond).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1611</td>
+    <td><i>Tempest</i></td>
+    <td><p>2
+      (pearl, coral).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1592</td>
+    <td><i>III Henry VI</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+      (diamond).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1597</td>
+    <td>1593</td>
+    <td> <i>Richard II</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+      (rock-crystal).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1598</td>
+    <td>1597</td>
+    <td><i>I Henry IV</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+      (agate).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1599</td>
+    <td><i>As You Like It</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+        (pearl).<br />
+      </p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1601</td>
+    <td><i>Julius C&aelig;sar</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+      (ruby).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1604</td>
+    <td> <i>Measure for
+Measure</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+        (ruby).<br />
+      </p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1607</td>
+    <td><i>Timon of Athens</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+      (diamond).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1623</td>
+    <td>1608</td>
+    <td><i>Coriolanus</i></td>
+    <td><p>1
+      (carbuncle).</p></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Data of first publication contributed by Miss Henrietta C. Bartlett.</p>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRECIOUS_MENTIONED_IN_POEMS_OF_SHAKESPEARE" id="PRECIOUS_MENTIONED_IN_POEMS_OF_SHAKESPEARE"></a>PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>DIAMOND</p>
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="i3">The diamond&mdash;why 'twas beautiful and hard.</span>
+
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 211.</span>
+</p>
+<p>SAPPHIRE</p>
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="i3">The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend</span>
+    <span class="i3">With objects manifold.</span>
+
+<span class="right">Idem, l. 215.</span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+
+
+<p class="poem">
+
+  <span class="i3">Her tears began to turn their tide,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Being prison'd in her eye like pearls in glass.</span>
+
+<span class="right">"Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 980.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">G, verso, l. 1, 2.</span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">And wiped the brinish pearl from her bright eyes.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lucrece&quot;, l. 1213.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">I 2, l. 2.</span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Those round clear pearls of his, that move thy pity,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Are balls of quenchless fire to burn thy city.</span>
+<span class="right">Idem, l. 1553.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">L. 2, verso, l. 6, 7.</span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 198.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Ah! but those tears are pearls which thy love sheds.</span>
+<span class="right">Sonnet XXXIV, l. 13.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">C 4, l. 13.</span>
+</p>
+<p>PEARLS</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded!</span>
+<span class="right">"Passionate Pilgrim&quot;, l. 133.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">B 4, l. 3.</span>
+</p>
+<p>OPAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend</span>
+  <span class="i3">With objects manifold.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 215.</span>
+</p>
+<p>RUBY</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Once more the ruby-colour'd portal open'd.</span>
+<span class="right">"Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 451.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">D ii, verso, l. 1.</span>
+</p>
+<p>RUBY</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 198.</span>
+</p>
+<p>EMERALD</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard</span>
+  <span class="i3">Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend.</span>
+<span class="right">Idem, l. 213.</span>
+</p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">But hers through which the crystal tears gave light,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Shone like the moon in water seen by night.</span>
+<span class="right">"Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 491.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">D iii, l. 16, 17.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Nor thy soft hands, sweet lips, and crystal eyne.</span>
+<span class="right">"Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 633.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">E ii, l. 15.</span>
+</p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The crystal tide that from her two cheeks fair</span>
+  <span class="i3">In the sweet channel of her bosom dropt.</span>
+<span class="right">Idem, l. 957.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">G, l. 3, 4.</span>
+</p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Her eyes seen in the tears, tears in her eye;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Both crystals, where they view'd each other's sorrow.</span>
+<span class="right">Idem, l. 962, 963.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">G, l. 8, 9.</span>
+</p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTALS</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Through crystal walls each little mote will peep.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lucrece&quot;, l. 1251.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">I 2, verso, l. 19.</span>
+</p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A closet never pierced with crystal eyes.</span>
+<span class="right">Sonnet XLVI, l. 6.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">D 2, verso, l. 6.</span>
+</p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Favours from a maund <a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> she drew</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 37.</span>
+</p>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Basket, or hamper.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p>
+<p>ROCK-CRYSTAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Who glazed with crystal gate the glowing roses.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 286.</span>
+</p>
+<p>AMBER</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">With coral clasps and amber studs.</span>
+<span class="right">"Passionate Pilgrim&quot;, l. 366.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">D 4, verso, l. 2.</span>
+</p>
+<p>AMBER</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i7">Favours from a maund she drew</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lover's Complaint&quot;, l. 37.</span>
+</p>
+<p>JET</p>
+<p>as above.</p>
+<p>CORAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i14">That sweet coral mouth</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whose precious taste her thirsty lips well knew.</span>
+<span class="right">"Venus and Adonis&quot;, l. 542.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">D iv, l. 20, 21.</span>
+</p>
+<p>CORAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i14">Her alabaster skin,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Her coral lips, her snow white dimpled chin.</span>
+<span class="right">"Lucrece&quot;, l. 420.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">D 3, l. 7.</span>
+</p>
+<p>CORAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Like ivory conduits coral cisterns filling.</span>
+<span class="right">Idem, l. 1234.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">I 2, verso, l. 2.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p>
+<p>CORAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Coral is far more red than her lips' red.</span>
+<span class="right">Sonnet CXXX, l. 2.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">H 4,1. 2.</span>
+</p>
+<p>CORAL</p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A belt of straw and ivy buds.</span>
+  <span class="i3">With coral clasps and amber studs.</span>
+<span class="right">"Passionate Pilgrim&quot;, 1. 366.</span>
+  <span class="right">D 4, verso, l. 1, 2.
+  <a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+  </span>
+</p>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> References are here given to the original editions of "Venus and Adonis&quot;, 1593 (unique copy in the Malone Collection in the
+  Bodleian Library, Oxford); "Lucrece&quot;, 1594; "Passionate Pilgrim&quot;, 1599, and Sonnets, 1609. As there is no continuous pagination, the
+  letters and numbers refer to the page signatures and to the line of
+  the page.</p>
+</div>
+<p>While it cannot be regarded as certain that whenever Shakespeare
+  writes of jewels or of rings he means those in which precious stones
+  were set, several of the passages more or less clearly indicate this,
+  and we therefore present here the more characteristic of the lines in
+question:</p>
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="i3">A Death's face in a ring.</span>
+
+<span class="right">Love's Labour's Lost, Act v, sc. 2, l. 616.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 142, col. A, line 36.</span>
+</p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">The dearest ring in Venice will I give you.</span>
+  <span class="right">Merchant of Venice, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 435.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 181, col. B, line 27.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+  <span class="i2">Diana.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O behold this ring</span>
+  <span class="i3">Whose high respect and rich validity</span>
+  <span class="i3">Did lack a parallel; yet for all that</span>
+  <span class="i3">He gave it to a commoner of the camp,</span>
+  <span class="i3">If I be one.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="poem">  <br />
+  <span class="i2">Count.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; He blushes, and 'tis it:</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of six preceding ancestors, that gem,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Conferr'd by testament to the sequent issue,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Hath it been owned and worn.</span>
+   <span class="right">All's Well That Ends Well, Act v, sc. 3, l. 191-198.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 253, col. A, lines 1-8.</span>
+</p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter!</span>
+  <span class="i3">Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats!</span>
+  <span class="i3">Justice! the law! my ducats and my daughter!</span>
+  <span class="i3">A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Of double ducats, stolen from me by my daughter!</span>
+  <span class="i3">And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Stolen by my daughter! Justice! find the girl;</span>
+  <span class="i3">She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats.</span>
+  <span class="right">Merchant of Venice, Act ii, sc. 8, l. 15-22.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 171, col. B, lines 23-30.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the</span>
+  <span class="i4">jewels in her ear!</span>
+  <span class="right">Merchant of Venice, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 92.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 173, col. B, lines 1, 2.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Sweet are the uses of adversity,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.</span>
+  <span class="right">As You Like It, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 13-15.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 190, col. A, lines 10-12.</span>
+  </p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p>
+	<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Win her with gifts, if she respect not words:</span>
+  <span class="i3">Dumb jewels often in their silent kind</span>
+  <span class="i3">More than quick words do move a woman's mind.</span>
+  <span class="right">Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 89-91.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 29, col. A, lines 63-65.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">I frown the while; and perchance wind up my watch,</span>
+  <span class="i3">or play with my&mdash;some rich jewel.</span>
+  <span class="right">Twelfth Night, Act ii, sc. 5, l. 64-66.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Comedies&quot;, p. 263, col. B, lines 32, 33.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">A jewel in a ten-times-barr'd-up chest</span>
+  <span class="i3">Is a bold spirit in a loyal breast.</span>
+  <span class="right">King Richard II, Act i, sc. 1, l. 180, 181.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 24, col. B, lines 28, 29.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">This royal throne of Kings, this scepter'd isle,</span>
+  <span class="i3">This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,</span>
+  <span class="i3">This other Eden, demi-paradise,</span>
+  <span class="i3">This fortress built by Nature for herself</span>
+  <span class="i3">Against infection and the hand of war,</span>
+  <span class="i3">This happy breed of men, this little world,</span>
+  <span class="i3">This precious stone set in the silver sea,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Which serves it in the office of a wall</span>
+  <span class="i3">Or as a moat defensive to a house,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Against the envy of less happier lands,</span>
+  <span class="i3">This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.</span>
+  <span class="right">King Richard II, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 40-46.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 28, col. B, lines 17-23.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">In argument and proof of which contract,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Bear her this jewel, pledge of my affection.</span>
+  <span class="right">I Henry VI, Act v, sc. 2, l. 46, 47.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Histories&quot;, p. 115, col. A, lines 8, 9.</span>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night,</span>
+  <span class="i3">Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear;</span>
+  <span class="i3">Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.</span>
+
+  <span class="right">Romeo and Juliet, Act i, sc. 5, l. 47-49.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 57, col. B, lines 59-61.</span>
+  </p>
+  <p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">But chiefly to take thence from her dead finger</span>
+  <span class="i3">A precious ring, a ring that I must use</span>
+  <span class="i3">In dear employment.</span>
+  <span class="right">Romeo and Juliet, Act v, sc. 3, l. 30-32.<br /></span>
+  <span class="right">"Tragedies&quot;, p. 75, col. A, lines 34-36.</span>
+</p>
+<p>A striking proof that Shakespeare had no fear of tautology when he
+  wished to strengthen the impression of a word by constant reiteration
+  is given in the Merchant of Venice (Act v, sc. 2), whence we have
+  already quoted a few lines. The passage concerns the disposal by
+  Bassanio of a ring he had received from Portia, and he answers her
+thus in the First Folio text: <a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+<p class="poem">
+  <span class="i3">Bassanio.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sweet Portia,</span><br />
+  <span class="i5">If you did know to whom I gave the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">If you did know for whom I gave the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">And would conceive for what I gave the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">And how unwillingly I left the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">When naught would be accepted but the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">You would abate the strength of your displeasure.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="poem">  <br />
+  <br />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+  <span class="i3">Portia.</span>
+  <span class="i5">If you had knowne the virtue of the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">Or halfe her worthinesse that gave the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">Or your owne honour to contains the Ring,</span>
+  <span class="i5">You would not then have parted with the Ring.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"></a><span class="label">[34]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; First Folio, "Comedies&quot;, p. 183, col. B, lines 36-46.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>It was probably more than a coincidence that Shakespeare's first
+  printed book, "Venus and Adonis&quot;, was published, in 1593, by a
+  fellow-townsman, Richard Field, who had come up to London from
+  Stratford when a mere boy. Undoubtedly, when Shakespeare met him in
+  the bustle of city life, the common memories of their quieter native
+  town served at once as an introduction and as a link between them.
+  Field also published Shakespeare's "Lucrece" in the year 1594. He had
+  been a freeman of the Stationers' Company from February 6, 1587, and
+  died either in the year the First Folio was issued, or in the
+succeeding year, 1624.
+</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="400" height="467" alt="Printer&#39;s mark of Richard Field, as shown on the
+title-page of the first edition of ShakespeareVenus and Adonis,&quot;
+1593, the unique copy of which is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. A
+hand emerging from a cloud upholds the &quot; Anchor of Hope,&quot; about which
+are twined two laurel branches."  /></div>
+  <p class="caption">Printer&#39;s mark of Richard Field, as shown on the
+  title-page of the first edition of Shakespeare&#39;s &quot;Venus and Adonis&quot;,
+  1593, the unique copy of which is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. A
+  hand emerging from a cloud upholds the &quot;Anchor of Hope&quot;, about which
+  are twined two laurel branches.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 16055-h.txt or 16055-h.zip *******</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Shakespeare and Precious Stones, by George
+Frederick Kunz
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Shakespeare and Precious Stones
+       Treating of the Known References of Precious Stones in Shakespeare's Works, with Comments as to the Origin of His Material, the Knowledge of the Poet Concerning Precious Stones, and References as to Where the Precious Stones of His Time Came from
+
+
+Author: George Frederick Kunz
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 13, 2005  [eBook #16055]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Sankar Viswanathan, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(https://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously provided by the Posner
+Memorial Collection at http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 16055-h.htm or 16055-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/5/16055/16055-h/16055-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/0/5/16055/16055-h.zip)
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through the
+      Posner Memorial Collection. See
+      http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=553_K96S_1916
+
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+by
+
+GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph.D., A.M., D.Sc.
+
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+                  THE CURIOUS LORE OF PRECIOUS STONES
+
+Being a description of their sentiments and folklore, superstitions,
+symbolism, mysticism, use in protection, prevention, religion and
+divination, crystal gazing, birth-stones, lucky stones and talismans,
+astral, zodiacal, and planetary.
+
+
+                    THE MAGIC OF JEWELS AND CHARMS
+
+Magic jewels and electric gems; meteorites or celestial stones; stones
+of healing; fabulous stones, concretions and fossils; snake stones and
+bezoars; charms of ancient and modern times; facts and fancies about
+precious stones.
+
+
+      EACH: Profusely illustrated in color, doubletone and line.
+      Octavo. Handsome cloth binding, gilt top, in a box. $6.00
+      net. Carriage charges extra.
+
+
+                    SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+Treating of the known references to precious stones in Shakespeare's
+works, with comments as to the origin of his material, the knowledge
+of the poet concerning precious stones and references as to where the
+precious stones of his time came from.
+
+
+      Four illustrations. Square Octavo. Decorated cloth. $1.25
+      net.
+
+                              MR. WILLIAM
+                              SHAKESPEARES
+                        COMEDIES, HISTORIES, &
+                               TRAGEDIES
+
+Published according to the True Originall Copies
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
+
+Engraved by Martin Droeshout for the First Folio of 1623, wherein the
+plays were first assembled. Reproduced from a copy of this Folio owned
+by the New York Public Library. The original measures 7-1/2 x 13 in.,
+or 20 x 33 cm.]
+
+
+                                LONDON
+
+            Printed by Isaac Laggard, and Ed. Blount. 1623.
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+Treating of
+The Known _References_ of _Precious Stones_ in Shakespeare's
+Works, with Comments as to the Origin of His Material, the Knowledge
+of the _Poet_ Concerning _Precious Stones_, and References as to
+Where the Precious Stones of His Time Came from
+
+
+The Author
+
+GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ PH.D., Sc.D., A.M.
+
+Honorary President of the Shakespeare Garden Committee of New York
+City; Vice President of the Permanent Shakespeare Birthday Committee
+of the City of New York; Member of the Executive Committee of the New
+York City Tercentenary Celebration; Member of the Mayor's Shakespeare
+Celebration Committee of New York.
+
+With Illustrations
+
+Philadelphia & London
+Imprinted
+By J.B. Lippincott Company
+At the Washington Square Press
+Upon the Tercentenary of Shakespeare
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               TO RUBY,
+                             MY DAUGHTER,
+                    WHOSE MOTHER, SOPHIA HANDFORTH
+                       WAS BORN IN THE LAND OF
+
+                             SHAKESPEARE,
+
+                                 AND
+
+                         TO RUBY'S DAUGHTER,
+                               GRETEL,
+                            (THE PEARL),
+                 THIS VOLUME IS LOVINGLY DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+As no writer has made a more beautiful and telling use of precious
+stones in his verse than did Shakespeare, the author believed that if
+these references could be gathered together for comparison and for
+quotation, and if this were done from authentic and early editions of
+the great dramatist-poet's works, it would give the literary and
+historical student a better understanding as to what gems were used in
+Shakespeare's time, and in what terms he referred to them. This has
+been done here, and comparisons are made with the precious stones of
+the present time, showing what mines were known and gems were worn in
+Shakespeare's day, and also something of those that were not known
+then, but are known at this time.
+
+The reader is also provided with a few important data serving to show
+what could have been the sources of the poet's knowledge regarding
+precious stones and whence were derived those which he may have seen
+or of which he may have heard. As in this period the beauty of a
+jewel depended as much, or more, upon the elaborate setting as upon
+the purity and brilliancy of the gems, the author has given some
+information regarding the leading goldsmith-jewellers, both English
+and French, of Shakespeare's age. Thus the reader will find, besides
+the very full references to the poet's words and clear directions as
+to where all the passages can be located in the First Folio of 1623,
+much material that will stimulate an interest in the subject and
+promote further independent research.
+
+The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. Appleton Morgan,
+President of the Shakespeare Society of New York; Miss H.C. Bartlett,
+the Shakespearean bibliophile; the New York Public Library and H.M.
+Leydenberg, assistant there; Gardner C. Teall; Frederic W. Erb,
+assistant librarian of Columbia University; the Council of the Grolier
+Club, Miss Ruth S. Granniss, librarian of the Club, and Vechten
+Waring, all of New York City.
+
+G.F.K.
+
+NEW YORK April, 1916
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+      SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+      PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF
+      SHAKESPEARE
+
+      PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE POEMS OF
+      SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+      WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (ENGRAVED BY MARTIN
+      DROESHOUT)              _Frontispiece_
+
+      FIVE OF THE SIX AUTHENTIC SHAKESPEARE SIGNATURES
+
+      DIAMOND CUTTER'S SHOP, EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+
+      FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
+
+      PRINTER'S MARK OF RICHARD FIELD
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES
+
+
+So wide is the range of the immortal verse of Shakespeare, and so many
+and various are the subjects he touched upon and adorned with the
+magic beauty of his poetic imagery, that it will be of great interest
+to refer to the allusions to gems and precious stones in his plays and
+poems. These allusions are all given in the latter part of this
+volume. What can we learn from them of Shakespeare's knowledge of the
+source, quality, and use of these precious stones?
+
+The great favor that pearls enjoyed in the sixteenth and seventeenth
+centuries is, as we see, reflected by the frequency with which he
+speaks of them, and the different passages reveal in several instances
+a knowledge of the ancient tales of their formation and principal
+source. Thus, in _Troilus and Cressida_ (Act i, sc. 1) he writes:
+"Her bed is India; there she lies, a pearl"; and Pliny's tales of the
+pearl's origin from dew are glanced at indirectly when he says:
+
+
+      The liquid drops of tears that you have shed
+      Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl.
+
+                            _Richard III_, Act iv, sc. 4.
+       First Folio, "Histories", p. 198, col. A, line 17.
+
+
+This is undoubtedly the reason for the comparison between pearls and
+tears, leading to the German proverb, "_Perlen bedeuten Traenen_"
+(Pearls mean tears), which was then taken to signify that pearls
+portended tears, instead of that they were the offspring of drops of
+liquid. The world-famed pearl of Cleopatra, which she drank after
+dissolving it, so as to win her wager with Antony that she would
+entertain him with a banquet costing a certain immense sum of money,
+is not even noticed, however, in Shakespeare's _Antony and
+Cleopatra_. In the poet's time pearls were not only worn as jewels,
+but were extensively used in embroidering rich garments and upholstery
+and for the adornment of harnesses. To this Shakespeare alludes in the
+following passages:
+
+
+      The intertissued robe of gold and pearl.
+                                _Henry V_, Act iv, sc. 1.
+   First Folio, "Histories", p. 85 (page number repeated),
+                                         col. B, line 13.
+
+      Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.
+                   _Taming of the Shrew_, Introd., sc. 2.
+                     "Comedies", p. 209, col. B, line 33.
+
+      Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearl.
+                                  _Ibid_., Act ii, sc. 1.
+                     "Comedies", p. 217, col. B, line 32.
+
+      Laced with silver, set with pearls.
+                _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act iii, sc. 4.
+                     "Comedies", p. 112, col. B, line 65.
+
+
+Moreover, we have a simile which might almost make us suppose that
+Shakespeare knew something of the details of the pearl fisheries, when
+the oysters are piled up on shore and allowed to decompose, so as to
+render it easier to get at the pearls, for he makes one of his
+characters say, speaking of an honest man in a poor dwelling, that he
+was like a "pearl in your foul oyster". (_As You Like It_, Act v,
+sc. 4.)
+
+In the strange transformation told of in Ariel's song, the bones of
+the drowned man have been turned to coral, and his eyes to pearls
+(_Tempest_, Act i, sc. 2). The strange and sometimes morbid
+attraction of opposites finds expression in a queer old English
+proverbial saying given in the _Two Gentlemen of Verona_:
+"Black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes". The likeness to
+drops of dew appears where we read of the dew that it was "Decking
+with liquid pearl the bladed grass" (_Midsummer Night's Dream_,
+Act i, sc. 1), and a little later in the same play we read the
+following injunction:
+
+
+      I most go seek some dewdrops here
+      And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.
+                _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act ii, sc. 1.
+        First Folio, "Comedies", p. 148, col. A, line 38.
+
+
+And later still we have the lines:
+
+
+      That same dew, which sometime on the buds
+      Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls.
+                _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act iv, sc. 1.
+                     "Comedies", p. 157, col. B, line 10.
+
+
+The pearl as a simile for great and transcendent value, perhaps
+suggested by the Pearl of Great Price of the Gospel, is used of Helen
+of Greece in the lines (_Troilus and Cressida_, Act ii, sc. 2):
+
+
+               She is a pearl
+      Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.
+                   At end of "Histories", page unnumbered
+                  (p. 596 of facsimile), Col. A, line 19.
+
+
+This being an allusion to the Greek fleet sent out under Agamemnon and
+Menelaus to bring back the truant wife from Troy. The idea of a
+supremely valuable pearl is also apparent in the lines embraced in
+Othello's last words before his self-immolation as an expiation of the
+murder of Desdemona, where he says of himself:[1]
+
+
+                       Whose hand
+      Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away
+      Richer than all his tribe.
+                                 _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 338, col. B, line 53.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: For a Venetian tale that may have suggested these lines
+to Shakespeare, see the present writer's "The Magic of Jewels and
+Charms", Philadelphia and London, 1915, p. 393. The text of the First
+Folio gives "Iudean", instead of "Indian".]
+
+Although the term "Orient pearl" is that used by Shakespeare, and
+undoubtedly many of the older pearls of his day were really of
+Cinghalese or Persian origin, the principal source of supply was then
+the Panama fishery discovered by the Spaniards about a century earlier
+and actively exploited by them.[2] However, through the old
+inventories made by experts familiar with the real sources of precious
+stones and pearls--though not always correctly with those of the
+latter--the term "Orient pearl" came in time to denote one of fine
+hue, so that the "orient" of a pearl is still spoken of as signifying
+a sheen of the first quality.
+
+[Footnote 2: On the pearls brought to Europe from both North and South
+America in Shakespeare's time, see the writer's "Gems and Precious
+Stones of North America", New York, 1890, pp. 240-257; 2d. ed., 1892.]
+
+Many fine pearls of the fresh-water variety, not the marine pearls,
+were found in the Scotch rivers. It was these that are mentioned as
+having been obtained by Julius Caesar to ornament a buckler which he
+dedicated to the shrine of the Temple of Venus Genetrix. It was also
+this type of pearl that was so eagerly sought by the late Queen
+Victoria when she visited Scotland. Many of these pearls exist in old,
+especially in ecclesiastical jewelry, and several are in the
+Ashburnham missal now in the J. Pierpont Morgan library.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: See "The Book of the Pearl", by George Frederick Kunz and
+Charles Hugh Stevenson, New York, 1908, colored plate opposite p. 16.]
+
+Of the glowing ruby Shakespeare seems to have known little, since he
+uses its name only in the conventional way to signify a bright or
+choice shade of red. In _Measure for Measure_ (Act ii, sc. 4) the
+"impression of keen whips" produced ruby streaks on the skin; even
+more materialistic is the nose "all o'er embellished with rubies,
+carbuncles and sapphires" (_Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2). The
+common employment of the designation carbuncle for a precious stone
+and also for a boil was usual from ancient times. At least, we might
+gather from this passage that the poet was aware of the distinction
+between ruby and carbuncle (pyrope garnet). Rubies as "fairy favors"
+is a dainty mention in the fairy drama _Midsummer Night's Dream_ (Act
+ii, sc. 1). Caesar's wounds "ope their ruby lips" (_Julius Caesar_, Act
+iii, sc. 1). Macbeth speaks of the "natural ruby of your cheeks", in
+addressing his wife at the apparition of Banquo's ghost; with her this
+is unchanged, while with him terror or remorse has blanched it
+(_Macbeth_, Act iii, sc. 4). Lastly, the term "ruby lips", so often
+used by poets, is employed by Shakespeare with consummate art in
+_Cymbeline_ (Act ii, sc. 2) where he writes:
+
+
+      But kiss; one kiss! Rubies unparagon'd,
+      How dearly they do't.
+       First Folio, "Tragedies", p. 376, col. B, line 18.
+
+
+The "rubies" of the poet's time were frequently ruby spinels, or the
+so-called "balas rubies" from Badakshan, in Afghan Turkestan. The most
+noted one in the England of that period was probably the one said to
+have been given to Edward the Black Prince by Pedro the Cruel of
+Castile, after the battle of Najera, in 1367, and now the most prized
+adornment of the English Crown, excepting the great historic diamond,
+the Koh-i-nur. The immense Star of South Africa, weighing 531 metric
+carats, five times the weight of the Koh-i-nur, is intrinsically worth
+much more, but lacks the manifold dramatic and historic associations
+of its Indian sister.
+
+Strange to say, the beautiful sapphire is only twice named by
+Shakespeare, once as an adjunct to the pearl in embroidery (_Merry
+Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5). The single mention of chrysolite is
+much more impressive:
+
+
+      If heaven would make me such another world,
+      Of one entire and perfect chrysolite!
+                                 _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 337, col. A, line 5.
+
+
+Chrysolite (peridot, or olivine) was regarded in Shakespeare's time
+and earlier as of exceptional rarity. The fine peridots of the Chapel
+of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral were believed to be emeralds
+of extraordinary size and were once valued at $15,000,000, although
+they are really worth barely $100,000; some of them are more than an
+inch in diameter. Whence they came is uncertain, but it is probable
+that they were brought from the East at some time during the Crusades.
+Indeed the origin of the fine peridots of the Middle Ages is shrouded
+in mystery; they are, however, believed to have been found in one or
+more of the islands in the Red Sea. In our day a number of specimens
+have been discovered on the small island of St. John in that sea; the
+deposit here is a jealously-guarded monopoly of the Egyptian
+Government. Peridots have also been found at Spyrget Island, in the
+Arabian Gulf. The most remarkable source of gem-material of this stone
+is meteoric, a few gems weighing as much as a carat each having been
+cut out of some yellowish-green peridot obtained by the writer from
+the meteoric iron of Glorieta Mountain, New Mexico.
+
+That a turquoise, presumably set in a ring, was given to Shylock by
+Leah before their marriage, perhaps at their betrothal, is all that
+Shakespeare has found occasion to write of this pretty stone, one of
+the earliest used for adornment in the world's history, as the great
+mines of Nishapur, in Persia, and those of the Sinai Peninsula were
+worked at a very early time, the latter by the Egyptians as far back
+as 4000 B.C. With the opal, the poet has seized upon its most
+characteristic quality, its changeableness of hue, where he says in
+_Twelfth Night_ (Act ii, sc. 4): "Thy mind is a very opal".
+
+A luminous ring is poetically described in one of Shakespeare's
+earliest plays, _Titus Andronicus_, written in or about 1590. The
+lines referring to the ring are highly expressive. After the murder of
+Bassianus, Martius searches in the depths of a dark pit for the dead
+body, and suddenly cries out to his companion Quintus that he has
+discovered the bloody corpse. As the interior of the pit is pitch
+dark, Quintus can scarcely believe what he hears, and he asks Martius
+how the latter could possibly see what he has described. The answer is
+given in the following lines:
+
+
+      Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
+      A precious ring, that lightens all the hole,
+      Which, like a taper in some monument,
+      Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks,
+      And shows the ragged entrails of the pit.
+                       _Titus Andronicus_, Act ii, sc. 3.
+    First Folio, "Tragedies", p. 38, col. B, lines 53-57.
+
+
+This certainly was suggested by the common belief in naturally
+luminous stones, a belief partly due to a superstitious explanation of
+the ruddy brilliancy of rubies and garnets as resulting from a hidden
+fire in the stone, and partly, perhaps, to the occasional observation
+of the phenomena of phosphorescence or fluorescence in certain
+precious stones.
+
+It will have been seen that the text of Shakespeare's plays gives no
+evidence tending to show any greater familiarity with precious stones
+than could be gathered from the poetry of his day, and from his
+intercourse with classical scholars, such as Francis Bacon, Ben
+Jonson, and others of those who formed the unique assemblage wont to
+meet together at the old Mermaid Tavern in London. That a diamond
+could cost 2000 ducats ($5000), a very large sum in Shakespeare's
+time, is noted in one of his earliest plays, the _Merchant of Venice_
+(Act iii, sc. 1), and the following injunction emphasizes the great
+value of a fine diamond:
+
+
+      Set this diamond safe
+      In golden palaces, as it becomes.
+                              _I Henry VI_, Act v, sc. 3.
+                    "Histories", p. 116, col. B, line 54.
+
+
+In _Pericles_ we read (Act iii, sc. 2):
+
+
+      The diamonds of a most praised water
+      Do appear, to make the world twice rich.
+                Third Folio, 1664, p. 7, col. B, line 38;
+                                     separate pagination.
+
+
+In Shakespeare's time but few of the world's great diamonds were in
+Europe, though two, at least, were in his native country. All of them
+must have been of East Indian origin, as this was before the discovery
+of the Brazilian mines (1728). In 1547, Henry VIII of England bought
+of the Fuggers of Augsburg--the great money-lending bankers and jewel
+setters, or royal pawnbrokers, who generally sold or forced some
+jewels upon those who obtained a loan--the jewel of Charles the Bold,
+called the "Three Brethren", from three large balas-rubies with which
+it was set; the central ornament was a "great pointed diamond"; of its
+weight nothing is known. This jewel was lost by Duke Charles on the
+field of Granson, March 2, 1476, where it was secured by the Swiss
+victors; it was eventually bought by the Fuggers. The other fine
+English diamond was that known as the Sancy, weighing 53-3/4 carats
+(55.23 metric carats), acquired by James I from Nicholas Harley de
+Sancy, in 1604, for 500,000 crowns. This is also stated to have
+belonged to Charles the Bold. In 1657 it was redeemed by Cardinal
+Mazarin, after having been pledged for a loan by Queen Henrietta
+Maria, and at Mazarin's death, in 1661, was bequeathed, with his other
+diamonds, to the French Crown. After passing through many
+vicissitudes, it has recently come into the possession of Baron Astor
+of Hever (William Waldorf Astor).
+
+There is a possibility that the Florentine diamond of 133-22/32 carats
+(137.27 metric carats) was already owned by the grand-ducal house of
+Tuscany before Shakespeare's death, but the earliest notice of it
+appears to be that given by Fermental, a French traveller, who saw it
+in Florence in 1630. The other great diamonds of former days are of
+more recent date. The Regent of 136-7/8 carats (140.64 metric carats),
+found in India about 1700, was acquired by the Duke of Orleans in
+1717; the Orloff (194-3/4 old carats = 199.73 metric carats) was
+bought by Prince Orloff for Catherine II, in 1775, for 1,400,000 Dutch
+florins, or about $560,000. The famous Koh-i-nur, weighing 186-1/16
+carats (191.1 metric carats) in its old cutting, came to Europe, as a
+gift to Queen Victoria from the East India Company, only in 1850;
+although, if it be the same as the great diamond taken by Humayun, son
+of Baber, at the battle of Paniput, April 21, 1526, its history dates
+back at least to 1304, when Sultan Ala-ed-Din took it from the Sultan
+of Malva, whose family had already owned it for generations.
+
+As fresh-colored lips are likened to rubies, so it is said of a bright
+eye, that it "would emulate the diamond" (_Merry Wives of Windsor_,
+Act iii, sc. 3).
+
+Bright eyes are also compared to rock-crystal, and the setting of
+other gems within a bordering of crystals is evidently alluded to in
+the following lines from _Love's Labour's Lost_ (Act ii, sc. 1):
+
+
+      Methought all his senses were lock'd in his eyes
+      As jewels in crystal.
+         First Folio, "Comedies", p. 128, col. A, line 7.
+
+
+We have in _Richard II_ (Act i, sc. 2) the terms "fair and crystal"
+applied to a clear sky, and in _Romeo and Juliet_ (Act i, sc. 2) the
+word is used to denote superlative excellence, where a lady's love is
+to be weighed against her rival on "crystal scales".
+
+Rock-crystal was much more highly valued in the England of Elizabeth
+and of James I than it is to-day, and was freely used as an adjunct to
+more precious material, and still was employed to some extent in the
+adornment of book-covers, although this usage, so common in mediaeval
+times, was fast passing away.
+
+In Shakespeare's poems, "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "Lucrece"
+(1594), as well as in his "Sonnets" (1609), in the "Lover's Complaint"
+and in the almost certainly spurious "Passionate Pilgrim", containing
+two sonnets and three poems from _Love's Labour's Lost_, and
+which has been included in most collections of his works, there are
+perhaps relatively more frequent mentions of precious stones than in
+the plays, a few of them being of special interest. Where we have
+twice "ruby lips" (and once "coral lips") in the plays, the poems
+speak thrice of "coral lips" or a "coral mouth";[4] a belt has "coral
+clasps" ("Passionate Pilgrim", l. 366). This belt bears also "amber
+studs", and in the "Lover's Complaint", l. 37, are "favours of amber",
+and also of "crystal, and of beaded jet".
+
+[Footnote 4: "Venus and Adonis", l. 542; "Lucrece", l. 420; Sonnet
+cxxx, l. 2.]
+
+Coming to the really precious stones, sapphire finds a single mention,
+also in the "Lover's Complaint", l. 215, where it is termed
+"heaven-hued". The same poem says of the diamond that it was
+"beautiful and hard" (l. 211), thus symbolizing a heartless beauty.
+More interesting are the following lines regarding the emerald (213,
+214):
+
+
+      The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard
+      Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend.
+
+
+This proves the poet's familiarity with the idea that gazing on an
+emerald benefited weak sight, an idea expressed as far back as 300
+B.C. by Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle, and repeated by the Roman
+Pliny in 75 A.D. The "Lover's Complaint" furnishes another pretty line
+(198) contrasting the different beauties of rubies and pearls:
+
+
+      Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.
+
+
+In "Venus and Adonis", honey-tongued Shakespeare writes of a
+"ruby-colored portal".
+
+Pearls are noted six times, usually as similes for tears, and tears
+are likened to "pearls in glass" ("Venus and Adonis", l. 980). A
+tender line is that in the "Passionate Pilgrim" (hardly from
+Shakespeare's hand, however):
+
+
+      Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded.
+
+
+More varied are the allusions to rock-crystal or crystal, as the poet
+calls it. In one place ("Venus and Adonis", l. 491) there are
+"crystal tears", and these form "a crystal tide" that flows down the
+cheeks and drops in the bosom (_Idem_, l. 957). On the other
+hand, the eyes are likened to this stone, as in "crystal eyne"
+("Venus and Adonis", l. 633), or "crystal eyes" (Sonnet xlvi, l. 6).
+There are also "crystal favours",[5] a "crystal gate",[6] and "crystal
+walls",[7] the two characteristics of brilliancy and transparency
+suggesting these uses of the term.
+
+[Footnote 5: "Lover's Complaint", l. 37.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Idem", l. 286.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Lucrece", l. 1251.]
+
+The emeralds of Shakespeare's age had been brought from Peru by the
+Spaniards and had originally come from Colombian mines, such as those
+at Muzo, which are still worked in our day. The location of some of
+the early deposits here appears to have been lost sight of since the
+Spanish Conquest. The emeralds of Greek and Roman times, and of the
+Middle Ages, came from Mount Zabara (Gebel Zabara), near the Red Sea
+coast, east of Assuan, where traces of the old workings were found in
+1817; these mines were reopened by order of Mehemet Ali, and were
+worked for a brief period by Mons. F. Cailliaud.
+
+There can be no doubt that Shakespeare must have seen many fine
+jewels and glittering gems in pageants and processions during his
+residence in London. On certain special occasions the players were
+summoned to assist at royal functions, provision being made by the
+royal treasury for rich materials to be used in making special
+doublets and mantles for wear on these occasions. It has been
+suggested that the rich jewelling of many of the court portraits by
+Holbein and others must have impressed the poet by their wealth of
+color spread before his eyes; but it is nowise sure that he ever had
+special opportunity to closely examine such portraits, the smaller
+details of which may not have interested him greatly.
+
+While it is not unlikely that some of the royal or noble ladies who
+attended the performances of Shakespeare's plays, while he was
+connected with the Globe Theatre, wore brilliant jewels, it is
+improbable that they were bedecked with the most valuable of their
+gems. The danger of being waylaid and robbed was much greater in those
+days than it is to-day, and it was probably only within palace or
+castle doors, or at some great State function, that the costliest
+jewels were worn. Hence nothing distantly approaching the rather
+excessive splendor of a New York or London opera night could ever have
+dazzled the poet-actor's eyes.
+
+In the case of plays acted before the court, however, the royal and
+noble ladies, undoubtedly, wore many of their finest jewels, as did
+also the sovereign and courtiers. Still, preoccupied as Shakespeare
+must have been with the presentation, or representation of the
+dramatic performance, he probably had little time or inclination to
+devote especial attention to these jewels.
+
+No museum collections, properly so called, existed in Shakespeare's
+day, from which he could have acquired any closer knowledge of
+precious stones or gems, although the conception of a great modern
+museum of art and science found expression in the "New Atlantis" of
+his great contemporary, Lord Bacon. The modest beginnings of the Royal
+Society of London, founded in 1662, cannot be traced back beyond 1645.
+The French Academy of Sciences, founded in 1666, was preceded by
+earlier informal meetings of French scientists, to which allusion is
+even made by Lord Bacon, who died in 1626. The Berlin Academy came
+much later, in 1700, and the St. Petersburg Academy was first
+established in 1725 by Catherine I, widow of Peter the Great. One
+society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae of Naples, goes back to 1560,
+and the Accademia dei Lincei of Prince Federico Cesi was founded at
+Rome in 1603. But of these Shakespeare could have known little or
+nothing.
+
+That the poet knew, more or less vaguely, of America as a source of
+precious stones, as were the Indies, comes out in the farcical lines
+from _The Comedy of Errors_ (Act iii, sc. 2), when one of the
+Dromios, in locating the various lands of the world on parts of his
+mistress's body, to the query of Antipholus: "Where America, the
+Indies?" replies: "Oh, sir, upon her nose, all o'er embellished with
+rubies, carbuncles, sapphires". This is the only mention of America
+in the plays.
+
+A coincidence having its own significance is that April 23, the day of
+Shakespeare's death and also his birthday, was the day dedicated to
+St. George, the patron saint of Merry England. The war-cry of England
+is given several times by Shakespeare, as, for example:
+
+
+      Cry, God for Harry, England and Saint George!
+                               _Henry V_, Act iii, sc. 1.
+        First Folio, "Histories", p. 77, col. B, line 51.
+      God and Saint George! Richmond and Victory!
+                             _Richard III_, Act v, sc. 3.
+       First Folio, "Histories", p. 203, col. A, line 31.
+
+
+And in _I Henry VI_ (Act i, sc. 1) we read:
+
+
+      Bonfires in France forthwith I am to make,
+      To keep our great Saint George's feast withal.
+        First Folio, "Histories", p. 97, col. B, line 97.
+
+
+We find no trace in Shakespeare's works of any belief in the many
+quaint and curious superstitions current in his day regarding the
+talismanic or curative virtues of precious stones. This is quite in
+keeping with the thoroughly sane outlook upon life that constituted
+the strong foundation of his incomparable mind. Not but that, like
+every true poet, the sense of mystery, and even the vague impression
+of the existence of occult powers, of the "Unknowable" in Nature, was
+strongly developed, but this is always in a broad and earnest spirit,
+far removed from all petty superstition.
+
+Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, sacrificed her heart and diamond
+jewel, as a symbol of her sorrow and her love, when a tempest beat
+back the ship that was bearing her from the continent to the English
+coast. Her act, as described in the following verses, seems almost an
+attempt to propitiate the storm (_II Henry VI_, Act iii, sc. 2):
+
+
+      When from thy shore the tempest beat us back,
+      I stood upon the hatches in the storm,
+      And when the dusky sky began to rob
+      My earnest-gaping sight of thy land's view,
+      I took a costly jewel from my neck,
+      A heart it was, bound in with diamonds,
+      And threw it towards thy land: the sea received it,
+      And so I wish'd thy body might my heart.
+        First Folio, "Histories", p. 134, col. A, lines 41-48.
+
+
+The idea of the sacredness of a ring as a love-token is voiced by
+Portia in Shakespeare's _Merchant of Venice_ where she says (Act v,
+sc. 1):
+
+
+      I gave my love a ring and made him swear
+      Never to part with it; and here he stands;
+      I dare be sworn for him he would not leave it
+      Nor pluck it from his finger, for the wealth
+      That the world masters.
+         First Folio, "Comedies", p. 183, col. B, lines 12-16.
+
+
+The nearest approach to a sentimental characterization of precious
+stones is to be found in "A Lover's Complaint", lines 204-217.
+Although we have already noted most of them separately, it may be well
+to give the entire passage here consecutively:
+
+
+      And, lo, behold these talents of their hair,
+      With twisted metal amorously impleach'd,
+      I have received from many a several fair,
+      Their kind acceptance weepingly beseech'd
+      With the annexions of fair gems enrich'd,
+      And deep-brain'd sonnets that did amplify
+      Each stone's dear nature, worth and quality.
+      The diamond,--why, 'twas beautiful and hard,
+      Whereto his invised[8] properties did tend;
+      The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard
+      Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend;
+      The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend
+      With objects manifold: each several stone,
+      With wit well blazon'd, smiled or made some moan.
+
+
+[Footnote 8: Rare word, only known in this passage. Century Dictionary
+gives "invisible", "unseen", "uninspected", noting that some
+commentators suggest "inspected", "tried", "investigated".]
+
+Had Shakespeare felt much interest in the lore of gems, he had before
+him most of the then available material in a book of which he seems to
+have made some use.[9] This was an English rendering of the "De
+Proprietatibus Rerum" of Bartholomaeus Anglicus (fl. ca. 1350), by
+Stephan Batman, or Bateman (d. 1587), an English divine and poet, who
+in the later years of his life was chaplain and librarian to the
+famous Archbishop Parker, and thus had free access to the latter's
+fine library. His rendering, published in 1582, bears the following
+quaint title: "Batman uppon Bartholome his Book De Proprietatibus
+Rerum"; it was published in 1582, and appears to have been widely read
+in England among those still interested in the learning of the
+scholastic period. A much earlier English version, made by John of
+Trevisa in 1396, was published by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495, and is
+considered to be the finest production of his press.[10]
+
+[Footnote 9: See H.R.D. Anders, "Shakespeare's Books", Berlin, 1904,
+pp. 238-248, and the New Shakespeare Soc. Trans., 1877-79, pp. 436
+sqq.]
+
+[Footnote 10: In the author's library is a fourteenth century MS. of
+the "De Proprietatibus Rerum", which belonged to the Carthusian
+Monastery of the Holy Trinity, at Dijon.]
+
+A rarely noted source for some of Shakespeare's knowledge regarding
+curious customs has been sought in the rambling treatise on heraldry
+written by Gerard Legh and issued, in 1564, under the title: "Accedens
+of Armorie" (approximately, Introduction to Heraldry). This is cast in
+the form of a dialogue between Gerard the Herehaught (Herold) and the
+Caligat Knight, the latter term designating an inferior kind of knight
+with no claim to nobility; indeed, an old writer renders it "a
+souldior on foot". The writer manages to weave in much material
+slightly or not at all connected with his main theme. Legh was the son
+of a Fleet Street draper. He seems to have studied a variety of
+subjects and gathered together many scraps of curious information. He
+died of the plague, October 13, 1563. His book went through several
+editions during Shakespeare's lifetime. Following the first edition
+of 1562 came successive ones in 1576, 1591, 1597, and one bearing the
+imprint of J. Jaggard in 1616. The author is believed to have been
+intentionally obscure in his treatment of heraldic questions lest he
+might earn the ill-will of the College of Arms by violating certain of
+their privileges.
+
+While both Shakespeare and his great contemporary Cervantes died on
+April 23 of the year 1616, it strangely happens that Cervantes had
+been dead ten days when Shakespeare expired. This apparent paradox is
+due to the fact that while in Spain the Gregorian calendar had already
+been introduced, the "Old Style", or Julian reckoning, was still used
+in England; indeed, it was not totally abandoned until 1752, in the
+reign of George II, 170 years after the first use of the Gregorian
+reckoning on the Continent. In the seventeenth century the error to be
+corrected amounted to ten days, so that Shakespeare's death, under the
+New Style, occurred on May 3, while Cervantes died on April 13 of the
+Old Style.
+
+In commemoration of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's death, the
+Shakespearean scholar, Miss H.C. Bartlett, prepared for the New York
+Public Library an exhibition of Shakespearean books, including all the
+early editions of the quartos; the various editions of the folios; the
+works of contemporaneous authors whom Shakespeare had consulted; and
+also the early works that mention Shakespeare, or cite from his plays
+or poems, including Greene's "Groat's Worth of Wit", published in 1592
+by Henry Chettle and containing the earliest printed allusion to
+Shakespeare under the name of "Shake-scene".
+
+One of the contemporary books containing citations from Shakespeare's
+works, shown at the New York Public Library, is "The Woman Hater", by
+Francis Beaumont (?1585-1615 or 1616), printed in 1607.[11] The
+citation, from _Hamlet_, Act i, sc. 5,[12] is apropos of the
+disappearance of a "fish head". It is put into the mouths of two of
+the characters, as follows:
+
+
+      _Lazarello_. Speak, I am bound to hear.
+      _Count_. So art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear.
+
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Woman Hater, as it hath beene lately acted by the
+children of Paules, London, printed and to be sold by John Hodgers in
+Paules Church-yard, 1607".]
+
+[Footnote 12: First Folio, p. 257, col. B, lines 15, 16.]
+
+In the spacious hall of the beautiful Hispanic Museum in New York City
+there has recently been displayed, in commemoration of the
+tercentenary of Cervantes's death, an exceptionally fine collection
+of editions of his works and of rare plates illustrating episodes from
+them. Notable among the books was a first edition of his earliest
+published poems, four redondillas, a copla and an elegy, on the death,
+October 3, 1568, of Elizabeth de Valois, third wife of Philip II, and
+sister of Charles IX of France.[13] Dark rumors were afloat for some
+time that she had been poisoned by order of her husband. Among the
+other treasures in the Hispanic Museum exhibition was the earliest
+imprint of Cervantes's masterpiece, the immortal "Don Quixote". This
+was printed in Madrid, in 1605, by Juan de la Cuesta.
+
+[Footnote 13: The compilation containing these poems is entitled:
+"Hystoria y relacio verdadera de la enfermedad felicissimo transito y
+sumptuosas exequias funebres de la Serenissima Reyna de Espana Isabel
+de Valoys nuestra Senora", Madrid, 1569. The opening lines of
+Cervantes are:
+
+
+      A quien yra mi doloroso canto
+      O en cuya oreja sonara su acento?
+      (To whom will my sad song go, and in
+      whose ears will its accents sound?) ]
+
+
+A rather attractive bit of verse, purporting to have been written by
+Shakespeare and dedicated to the woman who became his wife in 1582,
+when he was but eighteen years old (she was eight years his senior),
+alludes in its third stanza to "the orient list" of gems, diamond,
+topaz, amethyst, emerald, and ruby. This little poem, with its play
+upon the lady-love's name, can find a place here, although many
+readers are already familiar with it.
+
+
+   TO THE IDOL OF MINE EYES AND THE DELIGHT OF MINE
+                    HEART,
+
+                ANNE HATHAWAY
+
+      Would ye be taught, ye feathered throng,
+      With love's sweet notes to grace your song,
+      To pierce the heart with thrilling lay,
+      Listen to mine Anne Hathaway!
+      She hath a way to sing so clear,
+      Phoebus might wond'ring stop to hear;
+      To melt the sad, make blithe the gay,
+      And nature charm, Anne hath a way:
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To breathe delight Anne hath a way.
+
+      When envy's breath and rancorous tooth
+      Do soil and bite fair worth and truth,
+      And merit to distress betray,
+      To soothe the heart Anne hath a way;
+      She hath a way to chase despair,
+      To heal all grief, to cure all care,
+      Turn foulest night to fairest day:
+      Thou know'st, fond heart, Anne hath a way,
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To make grief bliss Anne hath a way.
+
+      Talk not of gems, the orient list,
+      The diamond, topaz, amethyst,
+      The emerald mild, the ruby gay;
+      Talk of my gem, Anne Hathaway!
+      She hath a way, with her bright eye,
+      Their various lustre to defy,
+      The jewel she and the foil they,
+      So sweet to look Anne hath a way.
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To make grief bliss Anne hath a way.
+
+      But were it to my fancy given
+      To rate her charms, I'd call them Heaven;
+      For though a mortal made of clay,
+      Angels must love Anne Hathaway.
+      She hath a way so to control
+      To rupture the imprisoned soul,
+      And sweetest Heaven on earth display,
+      That to be Heaven Anne hath a way!
+                She hath a way,
+                Anne Hathaway,
+      To be Heaven's self Anne hath a way.
+
+
+This little poem is by Charles Dibdin (1748-1814), the writer of about
+1200 sea-songs, at one time great favorites with sailors. It appeared,
+in 1792, in his long-forgotten novel, "Hannah Hewit, or the Female
+Crusoe", and Sir Sidney Lee conjectures that it may have been composed
+on the occasion of the Stratford jubilee of 1769, in the organization
+of which Dibdin aided the great actor, David Garrick. In the "Poems
+of Places", New York, 1877, edited by Henry W. Longfellow, this poem
+is assigned to Shakespeare on the strength of a persistent popular
+error.[14] In his "Life" Dibdin says: "My songs have been the solace
+of sailors in their long voyages, in storms, in battle; and they have
+been quoted in mutinies to the restoration of order and discipline".
+It has been asserted that they brought more men into the navy than all
+the press gangs could do.
+
+[Footnote 14: Sir Sidney Lee, "A Life of Shakespeare", new edition,
+London, 1915, p. 26, note.]
+
+The poem has sometimes been attributed to Edmund Falconer (1814-1879),
+an actor and dramatist, born in Dublin, and whose real name was Edmund
+O'Rourke. However, his poem entitled "Anne Hathaway, A Traditionary
+Ballad sung to a Day Dreamer by the Mummers of Shottery Brook",[15]
+falls far below the lines we have quoted in poetic quality, as may be
+seen from the opening stanza (the best), which runs as follows:
+
+
+      No beard on thy chin, but a fire in thine eye,
+      With lustiest Manhood's in passion to vie,
+      A stripling in form, with a tongue that can make
+      The oldest folks listen, maids sweethearts forsake,
+      Hie over the fields at the first blush of May,
+      And give thy boy's heart unto Anne Hathaway.
+
+
+[Footnote 15: Edmund Falconer, "Memories, the Bequest of my Boyhood",
+London, 1863, pp. 14-22.]
+
+In none of the allusions to precious stones made by Shakespeare is
+there any indication that he had in mind any of the Biblical passages
+treating of gems. The most notable of these are the enumeration of the
+twelve stones in Aaron's breast-plate (Exodus xxviii, 17-20; xxxix,
+10-13), the list of the foundation stones and gates of the New
+Jerusalem given by John in Revelation (xxi, 19-21), and the
+description of the Tyrian king's "covering" in Ezekiel (xxviii, 130).
+Had the poet given any particular attention to these texts we could
+scarcely fail to note the fact. Other Bible mentions, such as those
+elsewhere made by Ezekiel (xxvii, 16, 22), regarding the trade of
+Tyre, the agates (and coral) from Syria, and the precious stones
+brought by the Arabian or Syrian merchants of Sheba and Raamah, are
+too much generalized to invite any special notice. The same may be
+said of most of the remaining brief allusions. We might rather expect
+that where the color or brilliancy of a precious stone is used as a
+simile this might strike a poet's fancy and perhaps find direct
+expression in his own words. The light of the New Jerusalem is likened
+to "a jasper stone, clear as crystal" (Rev. xxi, 11), and in Exodus
+(xxiv, 10) the sapphire stone is said to be "as it were the body of
+heaven in its clearness". However, that Shakespeare wrote of "the
+heaven-hued sapphire" ("Lover's Complaint", l. 215) has no necessary
+connection with this, as the celestial hue of the beautiful sapphire
+is spoken of time and again by many of the older writers.
+
+FIVE OF THE SIX AUTHENTIC SHAKESPEARE SIGNATURES
+
+[Illustration: Signature on the purchase deed of Shakespeare's house in
+Blackfriars dated March 10, 1613. In the Guildhall, London]
+
+[Illustration: Signatures on the three pages of
+Shakespeare's will executed March 25, 1616. Original in Somerset
+House, London]
+
+[Illustration: Signature attached to the deed mortgaging the house
+in Blackfriars, dated March 11, 1613. In the British Museum]
+
+It should be borne in mind that the great English translation of the
+Bible, popularly called "King James' Bible", was published only after
+Shakespeare had completed his last play in 1611. Before that time,
+dating from Tyndale's version of 1525, and in great measure based on
+it, a number of English translations had appeared, the most
+authoritative in Shakspeare's time being perhaps the "Bishops' Bible",
+printed under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth in 1568, and edited by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+The Geneva Bible of 1560, the first entire Bible in English in which
+the division into chapters and verses was carried out, had, however,
+the widest dissemination in Shakespeare's time, and a careful study of
+passages in his works referable to Biblical texts appears to prove
+that this version was the one with which he was most familiar. His
+plays testify to his close knowledge of the Scriptures, although no
+writer is less fettered by purely doctrinal considerations. The
+Geneva Bible went through no less than sixty editions in Queen
+Elizabeth's reign, and even after the issue of the "Authorized
+Version" in 1611 it competed successfully with this for a time.
+
+That Shakespeare may have seen Philemon Holland's (1552-1637)
+excellent translation of Pliny is nowise unlikely. A notable passage
+in his _Othello_ seems in any case to indicate that it was suggested
+by Pliny's words (Bk. II, chap. 97, in Holland's version):
+
+
+      And the sea Pontus evermore floweth and runneth out into
+      Propontic, but the sea never retireth backe againe within
+      Pontus.
+
+
+Othello replies thus to Iago's conjecture that he may change his mind
+(Act iii, sc. 3):
+
+
+      Never, Iago. Like to the Pontic sea,
+      Whose icy current and compulsive course
+      Ne'er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on
+      To the Propontic and the Hellespont,
+      Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace,
+      Shall ne'er look back, ne'er ebb to humble love.
+         First Folio, "Tragedies", p. 326, col. B, lines 34-39.
+
+
+There is, however, no trace of any familiarity on Shakespeare's part
+with the precious stone lore of the Roman encyclopaedist, either from
+the Latin text of his great "Historia Naturalis", or from the
+translation published by Holland in 1601. This translator, who
+Englished many of the chief Latin and Greek authors, Suetonius, Livy,
+Ammianus Marcellinus, Plutarch's "Morals" and other works, was
+pronounced by Fuller, in his "Worthies", to be "translator general in
+his age", adding that "these books alone of his turning into English
+will make a country gentleman a competent library". For his Ammianus
+Marcellinus the Council of Coventry, his place of residence, paid him
+L4, and L5 for a translation of Camden's "Britannia"--small sums,
+indeed, for so much labor, but not so unreasonable when we think that
+a half-century later the immortal Milton got but L5 for his "Paradise
+Lost". He was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had
+studied and graduated; later he studied medicine, receiving a degree
+of M.D., not from Oxford or Cambridge, however, but either from a
+Scottish or foreign university.
+
+Although Solinus, writing in the third century A.D., relies mainly
+upon Pliny for his information on precious stones, still he here and
+there gives evidence of a more critical spirit, as when he says of the
+rock-crystal that the theory according to which it was frozen and
+hardened water was necessarily incorrect, for it was to be found in
+such mild climates as "Alabanda in Asia and the island of
+Cyprus".[16] This is the more notable that the wholly incorrect view
+persisted into the sixteenth century, so learned a writer as Lord
+Bacon (d. 1626) restating it in his last work, "Sylva Sylvarum".
+
+[Footnote 16: Collectanea rerum memorabilium, Cap. 15.]
+
+One of the most curious gem-treatises, especially as a source of early
+sixteenth-century beliefs in the magic properties of precious stones,
+the "Speculum Lapidum" of Camillo Leonardo, published in Venice, 1502,
+probably never came under Shakespeare's eye. Indeed, even in Italy it
+seems to have been so neglected that Ludovico Dolci ventured to
+publish a literal Italian version of the Latin original as his own
+work in 1565. The English "Mirror of Stones", issued in 1750, is
+frankly stated to be a translation of the Latin original bearing the
+same name.[17]
+
+[Footnote 17: Noted in the present writer's "The Curious Lore of
+Precious Stones", Philadelphia and London, 1913, p. 18.]
+
+In Marlowe's (1564-1593) "Hero and Leander", almost certainly written
+before Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis" (1593), although not published
+until 1598, five years after Marlowe's death, "pearl tears" and the
+"sparkling diamond" are used much in the same way as by Shakespeare,
+as appears in the following verses:
+
+
+      Forth from those two translucent cisterns brake
+      A stream of liquid pearl, which down her face
+      Made milk-white paths.
+                                           Lines 296-298.
+
+      Why should you worship her! her you surpass
+      As much as sparkling diamonds flaring glass.
+                                           Lines 213,214.
+
+
+There is a curious parallelism between a passage in _Troilus and
+Cressida_, 1609, and one in Marlowe's _Dr. Faustus_, 1588. Marlowe
+wrote (sc. 14, l. 83):
+
+
+      Was this the face that launched a thousand ships
+      And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?
+
+
+This is followed very closely by Shakespeare, with the substitution of
+"pearl" for "face".
+
+
+                 She [Helen] is a pearl,
+      Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.
+            _Troilus and Cressida_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 82.
+      First Folio, at end of "Histories", unnumbered page
+                     (596 of facsimile), col. A, line 19.
+
+
+The greatest of the world's poets lived in a period midway between the
+highest development of Renaissance civilization and the foundation of
+our modern civilization, and he was thus at once heir to the rich
+treasures of a glorious past, and endowed with a poetic, or we might
+say a prophetic insight that makes his works appeal as closely to the
+readers of to-day as to those of his own time.
+
+In the four leading European nations of the age--Italy, despite her
+high rank in art, still lacked national unity--four sovereigns of
+marked though widely diverse character and attainments reigned for a
+considerable part of Shakespeare's life. Of the "Virgin Queen" we
+scarcely need to write. The England of her day, and of later days,
+would not have been what it was and what it became, without the aid of
+her mingled shrewdness and prudence. Faults she had and shortcomings,
+but, granted the almost overpowering difficulties she had to face,
+both at home and abroad, it is doubtful whether a more decided, a more
+straight-forward policy would have been as successful as the somewhat
+devious one she pursued. Her chief rival, Philip II (1556-1598), as
+much averse as Elizabeth herself to energetic action, even more fond
+of procrastination, lacked her relative religious and political
+tolerance, and left Spain weaker than he had found it. And still his
+tenacity, his devotion to the cause he believed to be that of heaven,
+his consistency, and even the gloomy seriousness of his life, testify
+to a strong soul, though a thoroughly unlovable one.
+
+The reign of the eccentric Rudolph II, Emperor of Germany (1576-1612),
+whose imperial residence was at Prague, covers the greater part of
+Shakespeare's life. In spite of many failings and mistakes, this
+monarch did much to foster the study of the arts and sciences of his
+age, so far as he was able to understand them. That he was for a time
+the dupe of adventurers and alchemists, such as the half-visionary
+John Dee and the altogether unscrupulous Edward Kelley, was no unusual
+experience in those days, when the dividing line between true science
+and charlatanism was too indistinctly marked to be easily discernible.
+
+The greatest of all the sovereigns of Shakespeare's time was Henry IV
+of France, unquestionably the greatest of French kings, despite the
+fact that the primacy has often been accorded to the Roi Soleil, Louis
+XIV. The powerful and ductile personality that was able to put an end
+to the destructive religious wars of France and to lay a firm
+foundation for the strongly-centralized power of a later time, a
+foundation which the great statesman Richelieu broadened and deepened,
+deserves all the credit that should be given to those who conquer the
+first apparently insurmountable difficulties in the realization of a
+great aim.
+
+How brief was the reign of most of the popes of this time is shown by
+the fact that no less than ten of them were at one time or other
+Shakespeare's contemporaries, although the duration of his life was
+but fifty-two years. Of these probably the most noteworthy was Gregory
+XIII (1572-1585), in whose reign occurred the fearful Massacre of St.
+Bartholomew, August 24, 1572, and the reform of the calendar from that
+known as the Julian to the new style named the Gregorian Calendar in
+honor of this pope.
+
+In the East, just coming into closer commercial intercourse with
+Europe, the long reign of the greatest of the Mogul emperors,
+Jelal-ed-din Akbar (1556-1605), began two years before the accession
+of Elizabeth and lasted two years after her death. Probably no
+Oriental sovereign, certainly no Indian sovereign, ranks higher than
+Akbar, who was at once a great statesman, an able organizer, and
+singularly tolerant in religion. In Persia, one of the most marked
+rulers of this land, Abbas the Great, began to reign in 1584 and died
+in 1628.
+
+In no period was jewelry worn more ornately, or with greater display,
+we might almost say ostentation, than in the age of Shakespeare. As a
+rule, in this period the precious stones were less considered than the
+elaborate goldsmith work in which they were placed. They were the
+adjuncts, rather than the principal glory of the jewel.
+
+The court jeweller of James VI of Scotland and of this monarch after
+his accession to the English throne, as James I, was George Heriot
+(ca. 1563-1624), born in Edinburgh, the son of a member of the company
+of goldsmiths in that city. As the Scotch goldsmiths cumulated the
+profession of money-lending with that of goldsmithing, they were
+usually persons of considerable account among the citizens. Heriot
+became a member of the company in 1588, the year of the Spanish
+Armada. Despite the rather straitened circumstances of the Scottish
+court, considerable amounts were expended for jewels, especially as
+the queen, Anne of Denmark, was very fond of display. The nobility
+also, such of them at least as possessed the means, were inclined to
+deck themselves out with brilliant jewels and splendid ornaments of
+massive gold. Heriot's appointment as goldsmith to the queen dates
+from 1597; soon after this he was made jeweller and goldsmith to the
+king. He followed the court to London in 1603, when King James
+succeeded to Elizabeth, and at the time of his death, February 12,
+1624, had amassed the sum of L50,000 by his profitable connection
+with the court, and had also acquired lands and houses at Rochampton,
+in Surrey, and St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London. His residuary
+estate, which amounted to L23,625 ($118,125), he entrusted to the
+provosts, bailiffs, ministers, and ordinary town-council of Edinburgh
+for the erection of an institution to be called Heriot's Hospital,
+where a number of poor freemen's sons of the town should be
+educated.[18] This foundation still exists, and the excellent
+management of those who have had to do with the endowment is shown by
+the fact that the income it now produces equals the whole sum of the
+original bequest.
+
+[Footnote 18: William Hone, "The Every-Day Book", London, 1838, vol.
+ii, cols. 748, 749.]
+
+This great Scotch goldsmith fashioned a number of splendid rings for
+the queen. An old account furnished by Heriot lists them as
+follows:[19]
+
+A ring with a heart and serpent, all set about with diamonds;
+
+A ring with a single diamond, set in a heart betwixt two hands;
+
+A great ring in the form of a perssed hand and a perssed eye, all
+sett with diamonds;
+
+One great ring, in forme of a frog, all set with diamonds, price
+two-hundreth poundis;
+
+A ring of a burning heart set with diamondis;
+
+A ring in the forme af a scallope shell, set with a table diamond, and
+opening on the head;
+
+A ring of a love trophe set with diamondis;
+
+Two rings, lyke black flowers, with a table diamond in each;
+
+A daissie ring sett with a table diamond;
+
+A ryng sett all over with diamondis, made in fashion of a lizard,
+120 l.;
+
+A ring set with 9 diamonds, and opening on the head with the King's
+picture in that.
+
+[Footnote 19: William Hone, "Every-Day Book", London, 1838, vol. ii,
+cols. 749, 750.]
+
+Heriot also lists a ring delivered about 1607 to Margaret Hartsyde,
+one of the royal household, describing it as "sett all about with
+diamondis, and a table diamond on the head"; that is, in the bezel. He
+states that he had been given to understand that this was by direction
+of Her Majesty. His precaution in making this note appears to have
+been fully justified, for this Margaret Hartsyde was tried in
+Edinburgh, May 31, 1608, on the charge of having purloined a pearl
+belonging to the queen and valued at L110. Her excuse was that she had
+taken this and other pearls to adorn dolls for the amusement of the
+royal children, and that she did not expect the queen would ask for
+them. As, however, it was brought out in the trial that she had
+cleverly disguised some of the pearls she had taken, and had offered
+to sell them to the queen, she was condemned to imprisonment in
+Blackness Castle until the payment of a fine of L400, and to
+confinement in Orkney during the remainder of her life. Eleven years
+later, however, the king's advocate "produced a letter of
+rehabilitation and restitution of Margaret Hartsyde to her fame".[20]
+
+[Footnote 20: "Every-Day Book", _loc. cit_.]
+
+In Shakespeare's day the "goldsmiths" were also jewellers and gem
+dealers, and often money-lenders as well. The settings of the finest
+precious stones were at that time generally of gold, rarely of silver.
+Platinum, the metal that now enjoys the greatest furore for diamond
+settings, was then unknown in Europe; it was first brought to Europe
+in 1735, from South America, having been found in the alluvial
+deposits of the river Pinto, in the district of Choco, now forming
+part of the United States of Colombia. The Spaniards had named it
+_platina_, from its resemblance to _plata_, silver. The
+chief source in our time is Russia, the richest deposits being those
+discovered in 1825, on the Iss, a tributary of the Tura, in the Urals.
+Other valuable deposits are in the district of Nizhni-Tagilsk.
+Platinum also occurs in Brazil, California, and British Columbia,
+associated with gold, as well as in Borneo, New South Wales,
+Australia, and in New Zealand. Its use in gem-mountings began about
+1870, and from 1880 onward it has become more and more favored, until
+now it has almost entirely superseded gold in the finest jewelry,
+especially for diamond settings. Long before the metal was known and
+used in Europe, ornamental use of it was made in South America, in the
+district we have mentioned, the material not being fused, but simply
+forged out of the nuggets found in the deposits.
+
+That but few fine diamonds were in Europe when Shakespeare wrote has
+already been noted; indeed, the annual importation from India, then
+the only source, can hardly have exceeded $100,000 on an average,
+while at the present day the value of the diamonds from the great
+African mines imported into Europe and America amounts to from
+$40,000,000 to $60,000,000 each year.
+
+In King James's reign, besides Heriot, William Herrick (brother of
+Nicolas) and John Spilman were appointed jewellers to the king, queen,
+and prince, the annual emoluments being L50 annually. It is stated
+that Herrick furnished jewels worth L36,000 to Queen Anne of Denmark.
+Such of her many jewels as were to be found when she died are said to
+have been left to her son, later Charles I, and none to her daughter
+Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia and ancestress of many of the
+sovereigns of Europe, as well as of the present reigning house in
+England. Unfortunately for her heir, a great part of the jewels had
+been embezzled, and could not be recovered, although models of many
+had been carefully preserved by William Herrick, who swore that the
+originals had been delivered to the queen. Less notable jewellers of
+King James's day were Philip Jacobson, Arnold Lulls, John Acton, and
+John Williams. One of them, Arnold Lulls, has left a fine set of
+contemporary drawings representing jewels of the epoch; these are now
+to be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. As an instance
+of the value of some of the jewels of his design, it is recorded that
+the sum of L1550 was paid for a diamond jewel with pearl pendants and
+two dozen buttons, furnished to the king to be bestowed upon the
+queen at the christening of the Princess Mary in 1605.[21]
+
+[Illustration: Diamond cutter's shop, eighteenth century, in which the
+diamond-cutting mill is operated by "man-power". Published in the
+Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, by John Hinton, England,
+July, 1749]
+
+[Footnote 21: H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery", London, 1908, p. 302.]
+
+While the jeweller's art in England was still under the influence of
+foreign goldsmiths in Elizabeth's time, it had to a considerable
+extent emancipated itself from foreign control in the latter part of
+her reign and in that of her successor. In addition to George Heriot,
+whom we have just noticed, several others are well worthy of mention,
+such as Dericke Anthony, Affabel Partridge, Peter Trender, and Nicolas
+Herrick,[22] the father of the poet Robert Herrick, who makes many a
+telling use of the colors and charm of precious stones and pearls in
+his dainty poems. To these must be added Sir John Spilman, of German
+birth, who made many jewels at the royal command.
+
+[Footnote 22: H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery", London, 1908, pp. 219,
+220, 301.]
+
+We should remember that for the cutting of precious stones steam-power
+was not then available, "man-power" being employed. A large turning
+wheel was pushed around by a man holding a bar extending from it. The
+motion of this large wheel was transmitted to other smaller ones. The
+number of revolutions per minute hardly exceeded a few hundred, while
+in modern times a speed of from 2000 to 2500 revolutions per minute
+is attained. The diamond cutting industry was largely in the hands of
+Jews in Lisbon.
+
+The gem-cutting processes were not greatly modified for many years
+after Shakespeare's death, so that a representation of the wheel and
+mill used in 1750 gives a fairly good general idea of the _modus
+operandi_. The large wooden wheel, whose axis is the second pillar
+within the frame, is bent, and makes an elbow under the wheel to
+receive the impulsion of a bar that serves instead of a turn-handle.
+On the right side of the frame, where the boy stands, is the
+turn-handle which sets the wheel in motion by means of the elbow of
+its axis. So that if the wooden wheel be twenty times larger than the
+iron one, a hundred turns of the larger wheel will cause a thousand
+revolutions of the smaller one. The method of holding the diamond in
+place over the iron wheel, when in motion, so that it presses upon the
+latter and is polished thereby, is shown in the lower right-hand
+corner of the plate.
+
+The German traveller, Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598,
+toward the end of Elizabeth's life, describes her jewelling in the
+following words:
+
+"The Queen had in her ears two pearls with very rich drops; she
+wore false hair and that red; upon her head she had a small crown; her
+bosom was uncovered, and she had on a necklace of exceedingly fine
+jewels. She was dressed in white silk, bordered with pearls of the
+size of beans, and over it a mantle of black silk shot with silver
+threads; her train was very long. Instead of a chain, she had an
+oblong collar of gold and jewels".
+
+[Illustration: FROM A PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH In the possession of
+his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., Hardwick Hall. The queen has
+jewels in her hair, a pearl eardrop, and two necklaces, one fitting
+closely to the neck, the other falling over the breast. The stiff
+brocade skirt is embroidered with a wonderful array of aquatic birds
+and animals. On the left, the cushion of the chair of state is
+embroidered with the queen's monogram. Surmounting the chair is a
+crystal ball. The original canvas measures 90 x 66 inches.]
+
+In addition to this display the traveller tells us that the queen's
+right hand was fairly sparkling with jewelled rings.
+
+Aside from his portrayal of jewels in his numerous portraits, Holbein
+ranked as the master designer of jewels in his day. Many of the finest
+of these designs have been preserved for us and can be seen in the
+British Museum, to which they were bequeathed by Sir Hans Sloane in
+1753. There are 179 separate pieces, usually pen-and-ink sketches. The
+execution of the jewels from these designs is believed to have been
+mainly done by Hans of Antwerp, known as Hans Anwarpe, a friend of
+Holbein, who settled in London in 1514, and was appointed goldsmith to
+King Henry VIII, for whom he produced many jewels for New Year's
+gifts.[23]
+
+[Footnote 23: H. Clifford Smith, "Jewellery", London [1908], pp. 211,
+213.]
+
+In judging of the jewels figured in portraits we must remember that
+the artist has often modified them to bring them into greater harmony
+with their immediate surroundings. This, in some cases, may lead him
+to make of a somewhat inartistically designed jewel a beautifully
+proportioned one. Again, he may be led to exaggerate the size of the
+precious stones or pearls, and to intensify or deepen their colors. A
+recent instance regards a portrait of the former queen of Spain by one
+of the foremost Spanish artists of our day. The royal lady was
+depicted wearing an enormous pearl; however, the artist informed the
+author that the real pearl was much smaller than the painted one, but
+that, in portraying it, a better decorative effect was obtained by
+increasing its size. Whether Holbein (1497-1543), with his Dutch
+exactness of portrayal, was led into any similar exaggerations we can
+never tell, as little as we can know anything definite regarding the
+true size of the jewels shown in the portraits by the Italian Zucchero
+(1529-1566), the Fleming Lucas de Heere (1524-1584), or by any other
+of the portrait painters of Elizabeth's time.
+
+In a very modest way the addition of gilded scarf-pins, brooches,
+chains, etc., not owned by the sitters, was not uncommonly practised
+thirty or forty years ago, when colored tintypes were popular. These
+were painted on the photographs, much to the gratification of those
+who ordered them for distribution among their friends.
+
+The court-jewellers of France in Shakespeare's day rivalled, though
+they did not excel, those of England. Among them a prominent place
+belongs to Francois Dujardin (or Desjardin), goldsmith of Charles IX
+(1560-1574) and Henri III (1574-1589). When a verification and an
+inventory of the French Crown Jewels were made on August 1, 1574,
+after the death of Charles IX, the expert examination was entrusted to
+Francois Dujardin, who is termed "orfebvre et lapidaire du Roy". The
+goldsmith's art was passed down from father to son in this family: a
+second F. Dujardin (b. ca. 1565) mounted the parures made for
+Elizabeth of Austria, daughter of Henri IV and Maria de' Medici. In
+the reign of Henri IV and the succeeding regency of Maria de' Medici,
+Josse de Langerac, received as master goldsmith in 1594, and the
+brothers Rogier, are noted as leading goldsmiths who, besides
+executing many fine jewels, frequently made loans of money to the
+Queen Regent, and seem to have experienced great difficulty in
+securing full payment. Corneille Rogier set the jewels worn at her
+marriage by Anne d'Autriche, wife of Louis XIII. Two brothers, each
+bearing the name Pierre Courtois, are also noted in old records. One
+of them, at the time of his death, in 1611, occupied two apartments
+with two shops in the Louvre; the shop of the other had the sign "Aux
+Trois Roys", probably referring to the "Three Kings of the East", the
+Magi of the Gospel, very appropriate patrons for goldsmiths.[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: Germain Bapst, "Histoire des Joyaux de la Couronne de
+France", Paris, 1889, pp. 175, 176, 300, 304.]
+
+Thierry Badouer, a German goldsmith-jeweller, received from the French
+court, in 1572, an order for 250,000 crowns' worth of jewels to be
+distributed as gifts at the approaching marriage of Henri de Navarre
+with Marguerite de Valois. He faithfully executed his part of the task
+and brought the jewels with him to Paris, but before he had been able
+to deliver them to the Royal Treasury they were stolen from him during
+the confusion of the St. Bartholomew Massacre. Eventually, in the
+reign of Henri IV, his widow was partly reimbursed for the loss,
+receiving one-quarter of the amount of her claim.[25] After the
+Massacre of St. Bartholomew, and as a result of it, many Protestants
+and Catholics left France for Hanau, Germany, where to this day they
+carry on the jeweller's art; and from this beginning Hanau became a
+jeweller's centre.
+
+[Footnote 25: Op. cit., p. 289.]
+
+The best reproduction of the First Folio of 1623 is the photographic
+facsimile, made in 1902, of the copy formerly owned by the Duke of
+Devonshire and now in the possession of Henry E. Huntington, of New
+York.[26] The original Folio, prepared by the managers of
+Shakespeare's company, John Heminge and Henry Condell, bears the
+imprint of Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount, the printing house being
+conducted by William Jaggard and his son Isaac. It is believed that an
+edition of five hundred copies was issued, at one pound per copy. That
+the publication was essentially a commercial venture, although it may
+also have been a labor of love for some of the editors, is brought out
+clearly and quaintly in the preface addressed to "The great Variety
+of Readers", and signed by Heminge and Condell. This reads that the
+book was printed at the charges of W. Jaggard, Ed. Blount, I.
+Southweeke, and W. Apsley, 1623. The following passage from the
+preface is well worth quoting, its spirit is so delightfully modern:
+
+
+   The fate of all Bookes depends upon your capacities,
+   and not of your heads alone, but of your purses. Well!
+   It is now publique, & you wil stand for your priviledges,
+   wee know: to read, and censure.[27] Do so, but buy it
+   first. That doth best commend a Booke the Stationer
+   sales. Then, how odde soever your braines be, or your
+   wisdomes, make your license the same and spare not.... But
+   whatever you do, Buy. Censure will not drive a
+   Trade, nor make the Jacke go.
+
+
+[Footnote 26: "Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies, being a
+reproduction in facsimile of the First Folio Edition of 1623, from the
+Chatsworth copy in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.,
+with introduction and censure of copies by Sidney Lee". Oxford,
+Clarendon Press, 1902, XXXV 908 pp. Edition limited to 1000 numbered
+and signed copies.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Judge.]
+
+The chief credit for bringing together the materials for the First
+Folio, in 1623, is believed to be due to William Jaggard. Some ten
+years earlier he had acquired the printing-privileges of certain of
+the quartos. Edward Blount, whose name appears as publisher on the
+title page with that of Isaac Jaggard, was merely a stationer, so that
+the actual printing was solely under the charge of the latter, who
+seems, at this time, to have been entrusted with this department of
+the business. However, Blount's services may have been valuable since
+he had better literary taste than the Jaggards possessed.
+
+In spite of certain evident faults of proportion, the portrait of
+Shakespeare engraved by Martin Droeshout for the title page of the
+1623 Folio bears internal evidence of being a fairly good likeness,
+for the face possesses a marked individuality. There is a belief that
+it was taken from the so-called "Flower" portrait, now in the
+Shakespeare Memorial Gallery at Stratford-upon-Avon, and which is
+conjectured to have been painted in 1609, at least during
+Shakespeare's lifetime, possibly by another Martin Droeshout, a
+Fleming, uncle of the engraver of the same name. This portrait was
+discovered, painted on a panel at Peckham Rye, bearing the inscription
+"Will Shakespeare^n, 1609". That it should be the original from which
+the Droeshout engraving was taken has been doubted, since it appears
+rather to resemble later states of the plate than earlier ones. While
+Ben Jonson, who had seen Shakespeare so often, may have been partly
+moved to bestow undue praise upon the Folio portrait, in the lines he
+furnished the publishers to be placed immediately facing it, by his
+wish to say a good word for their publication, he would scarcely have
+made use of such superlative terms had he not considered it to be at
+least a fairly good likeness. Jonson's lines have been so often
+printed that few are unacquainted with them, but as illustrating the
+above remarks they can be repeated here, in the old spelling and form
+of the First Folio:
+
+
+                TO THE READER.
+
+      This Figure, that thou here seest put,
+        It was for gentle Shakespeare cut;
+      Wherein the Graver has a strife
+        With Nature, to out-doo the life:
+      O, could he but have drawne his wit
+        As well in brasse, as he hath hit
+      His face; the Print would then surpasse
+        All, that was ever write in brasse.
+      But, since he cannot, Reader, looke
+        Not on his Picture, but his Booke.
+
+                                                B.I.
+
+
+A most attractive and instructive exhibition of reproductions of the
+portraits of Shakespeare, or supposedly of him, was shown at the rooms
+of the Grolier Club, April 6-29, 1916. The catalogue[28] embraces 436
+numbers, illustrating all the principal types. The exhibition also
+comprised the principal editions of the poet's plays, from the First
+Folio of 1623 to the great Variorum Edition by Dr. Furness, begun in
+1871.
+
+[Footnote 28: Catalogue of an exhibition illustrative of the text of
+Shakespeare's plays, as published in edited editions, together with a
+large collection of engraved portraits of the poet. New York, The
+Grolier Club, April 6-29, 1916, vi+114 pp.]
+
+For the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, celebrated in April,
+1864, a special commemorative medal was struck in England, designed by
+Mr. J. Moore. The obverse shows a profile head of the poet, in the
+modelling of which the artist seems to have been chiefly influenced by
+the Stratford bust. This fundamental type he has not unskilfully
+combined with that of the Droeshout print in the First Folio, the
+dome-like forehead being evidently suggested by the latter. The nose
+is more accentuated than in the bust, and the mouth, though still
+small, is somewhat firmer. Toward the edge of the field are disposed
+the titles of his various works, as though radiating from the head,
+and in the exergue is his signature, framed by a half-garland over
+which extends a mace. The tribute offered to Shakespeare by the Muses,
+figured on the reverse, is a rather stiff and conventional
+composition.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: W. Sharp Ogden, "Shakspere's Portraits: painted, graven,
+and medallic", in The British Numismatic Journal, and Proceedings of
+The British Numismatic Society, 1910, London, 1911, pp. 143-198; see
+p. 189.]
+
+For those who may wish to see the original form of the passages
+regarding precious stones in the text of the First Folio, of 1623, the
+page and column references have been given here. In this text the
+three sections into which the plays have been divided, Comedies,
+Histories, and Tragedies, are separately paged; moreover, the
+pagination offers a number of irregularities. _Troilus and Cressida_,
+added at the end of the "Histories", has page numbers on a couple of
+leaves neither connected with what precedes nor with what follows, the
+remainder of the pages bearing no figures; furthermore, there are
+several obvious, though unimportant, misprints. _Pericles_, first
+issued in Folio, in the Third Folio, of 1664, is therein separately
+paged, as are the other of the plays attributed to Shakespeare printed
+therein, in continuation of the series of the First and Second Folios.
+This play had, however, previously appeared six times in quarto in the
+years 1609, 1611, 1619, 1630, 1635 and 1639.
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond.
+         _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act iii, sc. 3, l. 59.
+                 "Comedies", p. 58 [50], col. A, line 31.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      Give me the ring of mine you had at dinner,
+      Or, for my diamond, the chain you promised.
+                _Comedy of Errors_, Act iv, sc, 3. l. 70.
+                 "Comedies", p. 94, col. B, lines 61, 62.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      Sir, I must have that diamond from you.--
+        There, take it.
+                _Comedy of Errors_, Act v, sc. 1, l. 391.
+                      "Comedies", p. 99, col. B, line 58.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      A lady walled about with diamonds!
+              _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 3.
+                      "Comedies", p. 137, col. A, line 6.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      A diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats in
+        Frankfort!
+             _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 87.
+                     "Comedies", p. 173, col. A, line 62.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+                       Set this diamond safe
+      In golden palaces, as it becomes.
+                 _Henry VI_, Pt. I, Act v, sc. 3, l. 169.
+                    "Histories", p. 116, col. B, line 54.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      A heart it was, bound in with diamonds.
+              _Henry VI_, Pt, II, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 107.
+                    "Histories", p. 134, col. A, line 46.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      Not deck'd with diamonds and Indian stones,
+      Nor to be seen.
+              _Henry VI_, Pt. III, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 63.
+                    "Histories", p. 158, col. B, line 25.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      One day he gives us diamonds, next day stones.
+               _Timon of Athens_, Act iii, sc. 6, l. 131.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 89, col. B, line 56.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      This diamond he greets your wife withal.
+                         _Macbeth_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 15.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 136, col. A, line II.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+                       Which parted thence,
+      As pearls from diamonds dropp'd.
+                       _King Lear_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 24.
+                                  Omitted in First Folio.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+        This diamond was my mother's; take it, heart;
+      But keep it till you woo another wife.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act I, sc. 1, l. 112.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 370, col. A, line 45.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      She went before others I have seen, as that diamond of
+         yours outlustres many I have beheld.
+                        _Cymbeline_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 78.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 372, col. A, line 53.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      I have not seen the most precious diamond that is, nor
+         you the lady.
+                        _Cymbeline_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 81.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 372, col. A, line 55.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      I shall but lend my diamond till your return.
+                      _Cymbeline_, Act. i, sc. 4, l. 153.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 372, col. B, line 59.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      My ten thousand ducats are yours; so is your diamond too.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 163.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 373, col. A, line 1.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+                     It must be married
+      To that your diamond.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 98.
+         "Tragedies", p. 389 [379], col. A, lines 42, 43.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      That diamond upon your finger, say,
+      How came it yours?
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 137.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 396, col. A, line 51.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      To me he seems like diamond to glass.
+                        _Pericles_, Act ii, sc. 3, l. 36.
+                Third Folio, 1664, p. 7, col. B, line 38;
+                                     separate pagination.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      You shall, like diamonds, sit about his crown.
+                        _Pericles_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 53.
+                Third Folio, 1664, p. 8, col. B, line 42.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      The diamonds of a most praised water
+      Do appear, to make the world twice rich.
+                      _Pericles_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 102.
+               Third Folio, 1664, p. 11, col. B, line 13.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      The impression of keen whips I'ld wear as rubies.
+            _Measure for Measure_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 101.
+                      "Comedies", p. 69, col. B, line 63.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,
+      sapphires.
+              _Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.
+                      "Comedies", p. 92, col. A, line 49.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Those be rubies, fairy favors.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 12.
+                     "Comedies", p. 148, col. A, line 35.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Over thy wounds now do I prophesy,--Which,
+      like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips.
+                 _Julius Caaesar_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 260.
+               "Tragedies", p. 120, col. B, lines 34, 35.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
+      When mine is blanch'd with fear.
+                       _Macbeth_, Act iii, sc. 4, l. 115.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 142, col. B, line 17.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      But kiss; one kiss! Rubies unparagon'd,
+      How dearly they do't!
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 17.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 376, col. B, line 18.
+
+
+SAPPHIRE
+
+
+      Like sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery.
+           _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 75.
+               "Comedies", p. 51, col. A, line 66 (last).
+
+
+SAPPHIRE
+
+
+      Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,
+      sapphires.
+               _Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.
+                      "Comedies", p. 92, col. A, line 49.
+
+
+CHRYSOLITE
+
+
+      If heaven would make me such another world
+      Of one entire and perfect chrysolite.
+                         _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 145.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 337, col. A, line 5.
+
+
+TURQUOISE
+
+
+      It was my turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a
+      bachelor.
+            _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 126.
+                     "Comedies", p. 173, col. B, line 32.
+
+
+OPAL
+
+
+      For thy mind is a very opal.
+                   _Twelfth Night_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 77.
+                     "Comedies", p. 262, col. B, line 45.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      An agate very vilely cut.
+         _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 65.
+                     "Comedies", p. 110, col. A, line 25.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      His heart like an agate with your print impress'd.
+           _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 236.
+              "Comedies", p. 127, col. B, line 62 (last).
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      I was never manned with an agate till now.
+                      _II Henry IV_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 19.
+                     "Histories", p. 76, col. B, line 10.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      Agate-ring, pirke-stocking, caddis-garter, smooth-tongue.
+                      _I Henry IV_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 78.
+                     "Histories", p. 56, col. A, line 53.
+
+
+AGATE (CAMEO)
+
+
+      In shape no bigger than an agate-stone
+      On the forefinger of an alderman.
+                 _Romeo and Juliet_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 55.
+                "Tragedies", p. 57, col. A, lines 20, 21.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      Her amber hair for foul hath amber quoted.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 87.
+                     "Comedies", p. 133, col. A, line 52.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery.
+             _Taming of the Shrew_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 58.
+                     "Comedies", p. 223, col. B, line 62.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      Their eyes purging thick amber and plum-tree gum.
+                         _Hamlet_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 201.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 261, col. B, line 42.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      Of his bones are coral made.
+                     _The Tempest_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 397.
+                       "Comedies", p. 5, col. A, line 54.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      I saw her coral lips to move.
+             _Taming of the Shrew_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 179.
+                      "Comedies", p.211, col. B, line 57.
+
+
+JET
+
+
+      There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than
+      between jet and ivory.
+             _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 42.
+                     "Comedies", p. 173, col. A, line 18.
+
+
+JET
+
+
+      What color is my gown of?--Black, forsooth: coal-black
+      as jet.
+                    _II Henry VI_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 112.
+                    "Histories", p. 126, col. B, line 61.
+
+
+JET
+
+
+      Two proper palfreys, black as jet,
+      To hale thy vengeful waggon swift away.
+                 _Titus Andronicus_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 50.
+                      "Tragedies", p. 49, col. B, line 7.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+      Her nose, all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles,
+      sapphires.
+              _Comedy of Errors_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 138.
+                      "Comedies", p. 92, col. A, line 49.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+      A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art,
+      Were not so rich a jewel.
+                       _Coriolanus_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 55.
+                       "Tragedies", p. 5, col. B, line 7.
+
+
+CARBUNCLES
+
+
+      O'er sized with coagulate gore,
+      With eyes like carbuncles.
+                        _Hamlet_, Act ii, sc. ii, l. 485.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 263, col. B, line 50.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+            Were it carbuncled
+      Like holy Phoebus' car.
+            _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act iv, sc. 8, l. 28.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 360, col. B, line 57.
+
+
+CARBUNCLE
+
+
+            Had it been a carbuncle
+      Of Phoebus' wheel.
+                       _Cymbeline_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 189.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 396, col. B, line 41.
+
+
+EMERALD
+
+
+      In emerald tufts, flowers purple, blue, and white.
+           _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 74.
+                      "Comedies", p. 51, col. A, line 65.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Full fathom five thy father lies;
+      Of his bones are coral made;
+      Those are pearls that were his eyes.
+                         _Tempest_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 398.
+                   "Comedies", p. 5, col. A, lines 51-33.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+            She is mine own,
+      And I as rich in having such a jewel
+      As twenty seas, if all their sand were pearl.
+        _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 170.
+                  "Comedies", p. 26, col. B, lines 34-36.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      A sea of melting pearl, which some call tears.
+       _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 224.
+                       "Comedies", p. 30, col. B, line 2.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      But pearls are fair; and the old saying is,
+      Black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes
+        'Tis true; such pearls as put out ladies' eyes.
+          _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 11.
+                  "Comedies", p. 36, col. B, lines 10-12.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Like sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery
+      Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee.
+           _Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act v, sc. 5, l. 75.
+          "Comedies", p. 51, col. A, lines 65, 66 (last).
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Laced with silver, set with pearls
+         _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act iii, sc. 4, l. 20.
+                     "Comedies", p. 112, col. B, line 65.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Fire enough for a flint, pearl enough for a swine.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act iv, sc. 2, l. 91.
+                     "Comedies", p. 132, col. A, line 11.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      This and these pearls to me sent Longaville.
+             _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 53.
+                     "Comedies", p. 137, col. A, line 59.
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Will you have me, or your pearl again?
+      Neither of either.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 458.
+                     "Comedies", p. 140, col. B, line 58.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 211.
+                      "Comedies", p. 147, col. A, line 6.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I must go seek some dewdrops here
+      And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 15.
+                     "Comedies", p. 148, col. A, line 38.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      That same dew, which sometime in the buds
+      Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls.
+         _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 57.
+                 "Comedies", p. 157, col. B, lines 9, 10.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Rich honesty dwells like a miser, sir, in a poor house; as
+        your pearl in your foul oyster.
+                   _As You Like It_, Act v, sc. 4, l. 63.
+                     "Comedies", p. 206, col. A, line 12.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.
+            _Taming of the Shrew_, Introd., sc. 2, l. 44.
+                     "Comedies", p. 209, col. B, line 33.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearls
+      Valance of Venice gold.
+            _Taming of the Shrew_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 355.
+                     "Comedies", p. 217, col. B, line 32.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Why, sir, what 'cerns it you if I wear pearl and gold?
+              _Taming of the Shrew_, Act v, sc. 1, l. 77.
+                      "Comedies", p. 227, col A, line 22.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      This pearl she gave me, I do feel't and see't.
+                    _Twelfth Night_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 2.
+                     "Comedies", p. 271, col. B, line 61.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Draws those heaven-moving pearls from his poor eyes.
+                      _King John_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 169.
+                      "Histories", p. 4, col. B, line 55.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Our chains and our jewels.--
+      Your brooches, pearls and ouches.
+                     _II Henry IV_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 53.
+                     "Histories", p. 82, col. B, line 28.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+            The crown imperial,
+      The intertissued robe of gold and pearl.
+                        _Henry V_, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 279.
+       "Histories", p. 85 (bis, number repeated), col. B,
+                                                 line 13.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
+      Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels.
+                      _Richard III_, Act i, sc. 4, l. 26.
+                    "Histories", p. 180, col. A, line 12.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      The liquid drops of tears that you have shed
+      Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl.
+                    _Richard III_, Act iv, sc. 4, l. 322.
+               "Histories", p. 198, col. A, lines 16, 17.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Her bed is India; there she lies, a pearl.
+            _Troilus and Cressida_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 103.
+     At end of "Histories", page irregularly numbered 79,
+                     col. A, line 8. P. 589 of facsimile.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      She is a pearl
+      Whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships.
+            _Troilus and Cressida_, Act ii, sc. 2, l. 81.
+      Unnumbered page, 596 of facsimile, col. A, line 19.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I will be bright, and shine in pearl and gold.
+                _Titus Andronicus_, Act ii, sc. 1, l, 19.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 35, col. B, line 30.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      This is the pearl that pleased your empress' eye.
+                 _Titus Andronicus_, Act v, sc. 1, l. 42.
+                     "Tragedies", p. 48, col. A, line 21.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's pearl.
+                          _Macbeth_, Act v, sc. 8, l. 56.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 151, col. B, line 32.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Hamlet, this pearl is thine.
+                          _Hamlet_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 293.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 281, col. A, line 15.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      What guests were in her eyes; which parted thence,
+      As pearls from diamonds dropp'd.
+                            _Lear_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 24.
+                                  Omitted in First Folio.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Like the base Indian,[30] threw a pearl away
+      Richer than all his tribe.
+                         _Othello_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 347.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 338, col. B, line 53.
+
+
+[Footnote 30: "Iudean" in text.]
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      He kiss'd,--the last of many doubled kisses,--
+      This orient pearl.
+             _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act i, sc. 5, l. 41.
+               "Tragedies", p. 344, col. B, lines 22, 23.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      I'll set thee in a shower of gold, and hail
+      Rich pearls upon thee.
+            _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act ii, sc. 5, l. 46.
+               "Tragedies", p. 348, col. B, lines 10, 11.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Did hold his eyes lock'd in her crystal looks.
+         _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act ii, sc. 4, l. 89.
+                      "Comedies", p. 26, col. A, line 17.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Methough all his senses were lock'd in his eye
+      As jewels in crystal for some prince to buy.
+           _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 243.
+                  "Comedies", p. 128, col. A, lines 6, 7.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      One, her hairs were gold, crystal the other's eyes.
+                           _Idem_, Act iv, sc. 3, l. 142.
+                             "Comedies", p. 133, line 46.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      To what, my love, shall I compare thine eye?
+      Crystal is muddy.
+       _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act iii, sc. 2, l. 139.
+                     "Comedies", p. 154, col. A, line 54.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      With these crystal beads heaven shall be bribed
+      To do him justice.
+                      _King John_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 171.
+                 "Histories", p. 4, col. B, lines 57, 58.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      The more fair and crystal is the sky,
+      The uglier seem the clouds that in it fly.
+                       _Richard II_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 41.
+              "Histories", p. 23, col. A, line 41 (last).
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Go, clear thy crystals.
+                         _Henry V_, Act ii, sc. 3, l. 56.
+                     "Histories", p. 75, col. B, line 65.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Comets, importing change of times and states,
+      Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky.
+                        _I Henry VI_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 3.
+                  "Histories", p. 96, col. A, lines 2, 3.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'd
+      Your lady's love against some other maid.
+                _Romeo and Juliet_, Act i, sc. 2, l. 101.
+                "Tragedies", p. 55, col. B, lines 51, 52.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Thy crystal window ope; look out.
+                        _Cymbeline_, Act v, sc. 4, l. 81.
+                    "Tragedies", p. 394, col. A, line 12.
+
+
+The following table is arranged according to the frequency of precious
+stone mentions.
+
+The plays rank as follows:
+
+
+     First[31]     Probably
+      Published     Written
+
+
+       1623.       1609.     _Cymbeline_                10
+                                                 (diamond 7, ruby 1,
+                                                 carbuncle 1,
+                                                 rock-crystal 1).
+
+       1598.       1591.     _Love's Labour's            8
+                              Lost_              (pearl 3,
+                                                 rock-crystal 2,
+                                                 diamond 1, amber 1
+                                                 agate 1).
+
+       1600.       1597.     _Merry Wives Of             5
+                              of                 (pearl 1, diamond 2,
+                              Windsor_           emerald 1,
+                                                 sapphire 1).
+
+       1623.       1591.     _Comedy of                  5
+                              Errors_            (diamond 2, ruby 1,
+                                                 sapphire 1,
+                                                 carbuncle 1).
+
+       1600.       1595.     _Midsummer                  5
+                              Night's Dream_     (pearl 3, ruby 1,
+                                                 rock-crystal 1).
+
+       1623.       1596.     _Taming of the              5
+                              Shrew_             (pearl 3, amber 1,
+                                                 coral 1).
+
+       1623.       1591.     _Two Gentlemen of           4
+                              Verona_            (pearl 3,
+                                                 rock-crystal 1).
+
+       1594.       1593.     _Titus                      3
+                              Andronicus_        (pearl 2, jet 1).
+
+       1603.       1602.     _Hamlet_                    3
+                                                 (pearl, amber,
+                                                 carbuncle).
+
+       1623.       1606.     _Macbeth_                   3
+                                                 (diamond, ruby,
+                                                 pearl).
+
+       1609.       1607.     _Pericles_                  3
+                                                 (all diamond).
+
+       1623.       1608.     _Antony and                 3
+                              Cleopatra_         (pearl 2,
+                                                 carbuncle 1).
+
+       1597.       1591.     _Romeo and                  2
+                              Juliet_            (rock-crystal,
+                                                 agate).
+
+       1623.       1592.     _I Henry VI_                2
+                                                 (diamond and
+                                                 rock-crystal).
+
+       1623.       1592.     _II Henry VI_               2
+                                                 (diamond and jet).
+
+       1597.       1592-3.   _Richard III_               2
+                                                 (both pearl).
+
+       1600.       1594.     _Merchant of                2
+                              Venice_            (turquoise, jet).
+
+       1623.       1594.     _King John_                 2
+                                                 (pearl,
+                                                 rock-crystal).
+
+       1623.       1597.     _II Henry IV_               2
+                                                 (pearl, agate).
+
+       1600.       1598.     _Henry V_                   2
+                                                 (pearl, crystal).
+
+       1600.       1599.     _Much Ado About_            2
+                             _Nothing_           (pearl, agate).
+
+       1623.       1599.     _Twelfth Night_             2
+                                                 (pearl, opal).
+
+       1609.       1603.     _Troilus and                2
+                              Cressida_          (both pearl).
+
+       1622.       1604.     _Othello_                   2
+                                                 (pearl, chrysolite).
+
+       1608.       1606.     _Lear_                      2
+                                                 (pearl, diamond).
+
+       1623.       1611.     _Tempest_                   2
+                                                 (pearl, coral).
+
+       1623.       1592.     _III Henry VI_              1
+                                                 (diamond).
+
+       1597.       1593.     _Richard II_                1
+                                                 (rock-crystal).
+
+       1598.       1597.     _I Henry IV_                1
+                                                 (agate).
+
+       1623.       1599.     _As You Like It_            1
+                                                 (pearl).
+
+       1623.       1601.     _Julius Caesar_              1
+                                                 (ruby).
+
+       1623.       1604.     _Measure for                1
+                              Measure_           (ruby).
+
+       1623.       1607.     _Timon of Athens_           1
+                                                 (diamond).
+
+       1623.       1608.     _Coriolanus_                1
+                                                 (carbuncle).
+
+
+[Footnote 31: Data of first publication contributed by Miss Henrietta
+C. Bartlett.]
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IN THE POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+
+
+PRECIOUS MENTIONED IN POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+DIAMOND
+
+
+      The diamond--why 'twas beautiful and hard.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 211.
+
+
+SAPPHIRE
+
+
+      The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend
+      With objects manifold.
+                                          _Idem_, l. 215.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Her tears began to turn their tide,
+      Being prison'd in her eye like pearls in glass.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 980.
+                                       G, verso, l. 1, 2.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      And wiped the brinish pearl from her bright eyes.
+                                      "Lucrece", l. 1213.
+                                               I 2, l. 2.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Those round clear pearls of his, that move thy pity,
+      Are balls of quenchless fire to burn thy city.
+                                         _Idem_, l. 1553.
+                                    L. 2, verso, l. 6, 7.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 198.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Ah! but those tears are pearls which thy love sheds.
+                                     Sonnet XXXIV, l. 13.
+                                              C 4, l. 13.
+
+
+PEARLS
+
+
+      Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded!
+                            "Passionate Pilgrim", l. 133.
+                                               B 4, l. 3.
+
+
+OPAL
+
+
+      The heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend
+      With objects manifold.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 215.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Once more the ruby-colour'd portal open'd.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 451.
+                                       D ii, verso, l. 1.
+
+
+RUBY
+
+
+      Of paled pearls and rubies red as blood.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 198.
+
+
+EMERALD
+
+
+      The deep-green emerald, in whose fresh regard
+      Weak sights their sickly radiance do amend.
+                                          _Idem_, l. 213.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      But hers through which the crystal tears gave light,
+      Shone like the moon in water seen by night.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 491.
+                                        D iii, l. 16, 17.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Nor thy soft hands, sweet lips, and crystal eyne.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 633.
+                                             E ii, l. 15.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      The crystal tide that from her two cheeks fair
+      In the sweet channel of her bosom dropt.
+                                          _Idem_, l. 957.
+                                              G, l. 3, 4.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Her eyes seen in the tears, tears in her eye;
+      Both crystals, where they view'd each other's sorrow.
+                                     _Idem_, l. 962, 963.
+                                              G, l. 8, 9.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTALS
+
+
+      Through crystal walls each little mote will peep.
+                                      "Lucrece", l. 1251.
+                                       I 2, verso, l. 19.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      A closet never pierced with crystal eyes.
+                                       Sonnet XLVI, l. 6.
+                                        D 2, verso, l. 6.
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Favours from a maund[32] she drew
+      Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.
+                              "Lover's Complaint", l. 37.
+
+[Footnote 32: Basket, or hamper.]
+
+
+ROCK-CRYSTAL
+
+
+      Who glazed with crystal gate the glowing roses.
+                             "Lover's Complaint", l. 286.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+      With coral clasps and amber studs.
+                            "Passionate Pilgrim", l. 366.
+                                        D 4, verso, l. 2.
+
+
+AMBER
+
+
+              Favours from a maund she drew
+      Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.
+                              "Lover's Complaint", l. 37.
+
+
+JET
+
+      as above.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+                            That sweet coral mouth
+      Whose precious taste her thirsty lips well knew.
+                              "Venus and Adonis", l. 542.
+                                         D iv, l. 20, 21.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+                            Her alabaster skin,
+      Her coral lips, her snow white dimpled chin.
+                                       "Lucrece", l. 420.
+                                               D 3, l. 7.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      Like ivory conduits coral cisterns filling.
+                                         _Idem_, l. 1234.
+                                        I 2, verso, l. 2.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      Coral is far more red than her lips' red.
+                                       Sonnet CXXX, l. 2.
+                                                H 4,1. 2.
+
+
+CORAL
+
+
+      A belt of straw and ivy buds.
+      With coral clasps and amber studs.
+                            "Passionate Pilgrim", 1. 366.
+                                 D 4, verso, l. 1, 2.[33]
+
+
+[Footnote 33: References are here given to the original editions of
+"Venus and Adonis", 1593 (unique copy in the Malone Collection in the
+Bodleian Library, Oxford); "Lucrece", 1594; "Passionate Pilgrim",
+1599, and Sonnets, 1609. As there is no continuous pagination, the
+letters and numbers refer to the page signatures and to the line of
+the page.]
+
+While it cannot be regarded as certain that whenever Shakespeare
+writes of jewels or of rings he means those in which precious stones
+were set, several of the passages more or less clearly indicate this,
+and we therefore present here the more characteristic of the lines in
+question:
+
+
+      A Death's face in a ring.
+            _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 616.
+                     "Comedies", p. 142, col. A, line 36.
+
+      The dearest ring in Venice will I give you.
+             _Merchant of Venice_, Act iv, sc. 1, l. 435.
+                     "Comedies", p. 181, col. B, line 27.
+
+      _Diana_.   O behold this ring
+      Whose high respect and rich validity
+      Did lack a parallel; yet for all that
+      He gave it to a commoner of the camp,
+      If I be one.
+
+      _Count_.    He blushes, and 'tis it:
+      Of six preceding ancestors, that gem,
+      Conferr'd by testament to the sequent issue,
+      Hath it been owned and worn.
+        _All's Well That Ends Well_, Act v, sc. 3, l. 191-198.
+                        "Comedies", p. 253, col. A, lines 1-8.
+
+      My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter!
+      Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats!
+      Justice! the law! my ducats and my daughter!
+      A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats,
+      Of double ducats, stolen from me by my daughter!
+      And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones,
+      Stolen by my daughter! Justice! find the girl;
+      She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats.
+                _Merchant of Venice_, Act ii, sc. 8, l. 15-22.
+                      "Comedies", p. 171, col. B, lines 23-30.
+
+      I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the
+        jewels in her ear!
+                  _Merchant of Venice_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 92.
+                       "Comedies", p. 173, col. B, lines 1, 2.
+
+      Sweet are the uses of adversity,
+      Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
+      Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.
+                    _As You Like It_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 13-15.
+                      "Comedies", p. 190, col. A, lines 10-12.
+
+      Win her with gifts, if she respect not words:
+      Dumb jewels often in their silent kind
+      More than quick words do move a woman's mind.
+          _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act iii, sc. 1, l. 89-91.
+                       "Comedies", p. 29, col. A, lines 63-65.
+
+      I frown the while; and perchance wind up my watch,
+      or play with my--some rich jewel.
+                     _Twelfth Night_, Act ii, sc. 5, l. 64-66.
+                     "Comedies", p. 263, col. B, lines 32, 33.
+
+      A jewel in a ten-times-barr'd-up chest
+      Is a bold spirit in a loyal breast.
+                 _King Richard II_, Act i, sc. 1, l. 180, 181.
+                     "Histories", p. 24, col. B, lines 28, 29.
+
+      This royal throne of Kings, this scepter'd isle,
+      This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
+      This other Eden, demi-paradise,
+      This fortress built by Nature for herself
+      Against infection and the hand of war,
+      This happy breed of men, this little world,
+      This precious stone set in the silver sea,
+      Which serves it in the office of a wall
+      Or as a moat defensive to a house,
+      Against the envy of less happier lands,
+      This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.
+                   _King Richard II_, Act ii, sc. 1, l. 40-46.
+                      "Histories", p. 28, col. B, lines 17-23.
+
+      In argument and proof of which contract,
+      Bear her this jewel, pledge of my affection.
+                        _I Henry VI_, Act v, sc. 2, l. 46, 47.
+                      "Histories", p. 115, col. A, lines 8, 9.
+
+      It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night,
+      Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear;
+      Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.
+                   _Romeo and Juliet_, Act i, sc. 5, l. 47-49.
+                      "Tragedies", p. 57, col. B, lines 59-61.
+
+      But chiefly to take thence from her dead finger
+      A precious ring, a ring that I must use
+      In dear employment.
+                   _Romeo and Juliet_, Act v, sc. 3, l. 30-32.
+                      "Tragedies", p. 75, col. A, lines 34-36.
+
+
+A striking proof that Shakespeare had no fear of tautology when he
+wished to strengthen the impression of a word by constant reiteration
+is given in the _Merchant of Venice_ (Act v, sc. 2), whence we have
+already quoted a few lines. The passage concerns the disposal by
+Bassanio of a ring he had received from Portia, and he answers her
+thus in the First Folio text:[34]
+
+
+      _Bassanio_.   Sweet _Portia_,
+         If you did know to whom I gave the Ring,
+         If you did know for whom I gave the Ring,
+         And would conceive for what I gave the Ring,
+         And how unwillingly I left the Ring,
+         When naught would be accepted but the Ring,
+         You would abate the strength of your displeasure.
+
+      _Portia._
+         If you had knowne the virtue of the Ring,
+         Or halfe her worthinesse that gave the Ring,
+         Or your owne honour to contains the Ring,
+         You would not then have parted with the Ring.
+
+
+[Footnote 34: First Folio, "Comedies", p. 183, col. B, lines 36-46.]
+
+It was probably more than a coincidence that Shakespeare's first
+printed book, "Venus and Adonis", was published, in 1593, by a
+fellow-townsman, Richard Field, who had come up to London from
+Stratford when a mere boy. Undoubtedly, when Shakespeare met him in
+the bustle of city life, the common memories of their quieter native
+town served at once as an introduction and as a link between them.
+Field also published Shakespeare's "Lucrece" in the year 1594. He had
+been a freeman of the Stationers' Company from February 6, 1587, and
+died either in the year the First Folio was issued, or in the
+succeeding year, 1624.
+
+[Illustration: Printer's mark of Richard Field, as shown on the
+title-page of the first edition of Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis",
+1593, the unique copy of which is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. A
+hand emerging from a cloud upholds the "Anchor of Hope", about which
+are twined two laurel branches.]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE AND PRECIOUS STONES***
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