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diff --git a/15910.txt b/15910.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db02d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/15910.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2389 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses +Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries + As well in Relation to Patients, as Physicians: And Of the + only Remedy thereof by Physicians making their own + Medicines. + +Author: Christopher Merrett + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15910] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES *** + + + + +Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from +images generously made available by the Bibliotheque +nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr. + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + ++ Hyphens splitting words across lines have been removed. + ++ Original spellings have generally been retained, but + the Errata from the Second Edition (at the end), and + a mistake in the Errata (!) have been corrected + silently. The original text can be found in the HTML + version. + ++ The Latin epigraph translates as: "They all represent + themselves as Doctors--The Uneducated, The Priest, + The Nurse, and The Barber, The _Apothecary_, The Old Woman." +] + + + +Imprimatur, +Novemb. 13. +1669. +SAM. PARKER. + + + +A +SHORT VIEW +OF THE +FRAUDS, and ABUSES +Committed by +APOTHECARIES; + + +As well in Relation to +PATIENTS, as PHYSICIANS: +AND +Of the only Remedy thereof by PHYSICIANS +making their own +MEDICINES. + + +BY +CHRISTOPHER MERRETT Dr. in Physic, Fellow of the College of +Physicians, and of the Royal Society. + + ----Fingunt se Medicos omnes, Idiota, Sacerdos, Nutrix, & + Tonsor, _Pharmacopaeus_, Anus. + + +The Second Edition more correct. + +LONDON, +Printed for James Allestry, Printer to the Royal Society, at the Rose +and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard, 1670 + + + + + A _Short View_ of the _Frauds_ and _Abuses_ committed by + _Apothecaries_, as well in Relation to _Patients_, as _Physicians_; + and of the only remedy thereof by _Physicians_ making their own + Medicines. + + +Doubtless it will seem strange to most men, that after 30 years not +unsuccessful practice in this great City, I should now at last forbear +sending my Bills to the Apothecaries, knowing that hereby a whole +Company of men interested in the World (who by their number, noise, +and tricks, may be able to decry any Physician) will become my +implacable adversaries, and by their private whispers of untrue tales, +will endeavour to their utmost, either to keep me from any new, or +shuffle me out of my fixed imployment. But not fearing the utmost +their malice can invent, or proclaim; I shall publickly assert what I +privately practice, preferring the publick good, and the honour of my +profession before my own private profit. And although I have had some +experience what their groundless anger can do, when they some years +since proclaimed me in their publick Hall their Enemy, for acting the +College Interest, and of late for saving my Patients lives and purses, +by dispencing gratis my Medicines. Yet I hope no indifferent person, +when he knows that I have thus long slighted their weak endeavours, +will believe I can now at length have so poor an end as revenge; +especially when they shall consider on the one hand, the universal and +daily complaints of both Patient and Physician, the great cause they +have to do so, and the little hope of a remedy, and on the other, +besides that general obligation all men have of doing their +Country-men good, and the particular necessity I have of justifying my +actions, by leaving the World their judg upon the account I shall here +deliver of them. And lastly, that which will leave my Enemies not any +objection, I take upon me not only a great trouble, but charge, +without any other design then doing mankind good, by endeavouring to +restore my profession to its ancient and deserved honours. And had I +none of these inducements, I am sure the vulgar excuse of friends +importunities may be satisfactory to all persons for my publishing +what I here do, when I must acknowledge that many of my Collegues and +other Practisers in several parts, upon reading these papers furnished +me not only with some bad practices of their own experience, but +thereupon enjoyed the publishing of them. So that in these papers I do +but speak the common language of all Physicians, and of very many +Patients. Neither are all their frauds and abuses here inserted, the +rest (perhaps more in number) being reserved to another opportunity. I +shall only add by way of preface; that the last year a Book was +printed on the same argument, by an inquisitive person, now Dr. in +Physic, which might have spared me this labour, but that it was too +large for every ones reading, and in some things short. It was his +fate to be called by them Fool, Ass, and Simple Fellow, and much worse +language, bragging that some of their Boys should answer him. But upon +more serious thoughts, the whole Company have suffered it to find the +credit it well deserves, without the least reply but that of +revilings. + +In these ensuing papers, I hope to prove, that these abuses complain'd +of by all sorts of persons, arise from this only cause, that +Physicians dispence not themselves such Medicines, they use for the +relief of their Patients, but commit this work to the Apothecaries, or +rather their Servants. + +Now the Apothecaries abuses generally relate either to the Medicines, +Patients, or Physicians; which three do comprehend all I shall say on +this subject. + +But the Reader is to take notice, that all here charged on the +Apothecaries, is not meant of every single one, but of some, or more +of them, and may in a short time in all probability be verified of +them all, according as their number, cajoling the ignorant, and bold +daring in Physic increase. + +But before I descend to particulars, I shall first lay down this +Proposition, their own confession, and in their own Language, viz. +That they may be the veriest Knaves in England. Because they may put +in bad ingredients, and more or less then the composition requires, +they may substitute one thing for another; and all this without being +detected, and consequently not be punished for such misdemeanors; but +more especially in Medicines for private mens uses, wherein they may +do what they please without the least discovery of the Patient, and +from this general confession of theirs, it clearly follows, that +whatsoever deceit, covetous wits can invent, may at least be suspected +to be used by them, and whatsoever is here alledged may find easier +belief. + +And Secondly, Most men wonder, that this Corporation, being but of few +years standing, and to the setting up of whose Trade so small a Stock +is necessary; should live so high, spend so freely, gain so great +Estates, by their return of so little money yearly, which how 'tis +done every man may conceive to be effected by the following Artifices. + +More particularly, the Frauds by them committed relate either to their +falsifying of Medicines, or secondly, to the number of their Bills, +and prescriptions, or thirdly, to the prices of them. + +First, They use Medicines quite contrary to the prescription, +Myrtle-leafs shewed the Censors for Sena, a Binder for a Purger. +Mushroms of the Oak, &c. rub'd over with Chalk for Agaric, which Mr. +Evelyn in his late publisht Book of Forest Trees, pag. 27. observes, +to the great scandal of Physic as he adds; Hemlock-Dropwort Roots for +Paeony Roots, Poysons for wholesome remedies; Privet by some, by others +Dog-berries, for those of Spina Cervina, no Purgers for a strong one. +Sheeps Lungs for Fox Lungs, the Bone of an Oxe Heart for that of a +Stags Heart, Damsons for Damasc Prunes, Syrup of Limons, for that of +Citrons, Bryony Roots for Mechoacan, &c. + +Secondly, They falsify the grand Compositions of the London +Dispensatory. It being a common trade with them to buy unsound, and +decayed Simples of some Druggists, and to return them back so much of +the composition as will pay for the Simples. Secondly, whereas +Apothecaries are bound to shew publickly to the Censors of the +College, and the Master and Wardens of their Company, Mithridate, +Diascordium, Alkermes, &c. Yet for all this some of them privately +make a great deal more of the Composition then is shewed, of unsound +Drugs, and some without any view at all; others put in the Scrapings +that ought to be thrown away; and by these Arts they under-sell, and +ruine one another, selling the Composition at a lower rate then good +Ingredients cost them; and with these complaints they daily mutiny +amongst themselves. + +Thirdly, 'Tis very common for them to load Medicines with Honey, and +other cheaper ingredients, and to leave out in whole or in part, those +of greater value; viz. Saffron in Ruffus Pills, and in Oxycroceum +Plaster, which latter, they colour of a saffron colour with Turmeric, +Sanders &c. Ambergrise in Alkermes, Diascordium was found by the +Censors in their search made only of Honey, and Bole-Armeniac. Which +false composition was taken away by the then Master of the Company. + +Such Chymists which sell preparations honestly made complain, that few +Apothecaries will go to the prices of them. Whence it comes to pass, +that most of the preparations found in the Shops are sophisticated, to +the great abuse of City and Country. These abuses daily increase since +the Censors, discouraged by the multitude of Empirics swarming in +every Corner, have omitted their wonted searches, being to their loss +of time, and expences out of their own Purses for the publick good +only. Now since the Chymical Oyls, by reason of their great prices are +most of them adulterated, and very few of them right good, and that +nothing hath been published on this matter, and to leave the buyers of +them unexcusable, I shall here add briefly, yet sufficiently the ways +to discover these Cheats. First for sweet-scented Chymical Oyls, viz. +those of Cloves, Cinnamon and Sassaphras. Only drop a little of them +into fair water, and that part which is true good will sink under the +water, but the adulterated part will swim on the top of it. Some +others draw deep tinctures from the said Spices with Spirit of Wine +highly rectified, and sell them for the Oyls; but these mix with the +water throughout, neither swimming, nor sinking. Others more craftily +digest with the said tinctures some of the true Oyls, which compound +being put into water, will for a time render it white. Another way of +sophisticating is with Oyl of Turpentine mixed in great quantity with +that which is adulterated; You may easily discover the Oyl of +Turpentine, by setting it on fire, for it yields abundance of +ill-scented smoak, with very little savour of the Herb, Flour, or +Seed, &c. and soon takes fire. To correct the ill smell of the +Turpentine, they digest it with, and distil it off with Spirit of +Wine. Those sophisticated with Turpentine, fired in a Silver Spoon +colour it, and quickly diffuse themselves upon a Knife, or Paper. The +best way to try by firing, is to put a drop or two of these Oyls on +the end of a broad pointed Knife, which being first heated, and then +thrust into a lighted Candle, presently take fire, and break out into +a flame with much dark smoak; but if you will try them in a Spoon, +heat it first over a Candle, and then blow the flame of lighted paper, +or of a Wax Candle on them. To try the scent, blow out the flame of +the good Oyls, and your smell will soon discover the ill scent of the +Turpentine from that of the good Oyl. But on the contrary, all Oyls +drawn from Plants by distillation hardly flame, and the flame soon +goes out, and the smoak gives a full flavour of the Plant it self, +whereas those sophisticated as before, differ from the true in both. +The same Oyls are also sophisticated with cheap ones drawn from +decayed Oringes, and Limons; Your smell on firing will soon discover +these mixtures. A third way of sophisticating Chymical Oyls is, by +mixing with them such Oyls as are made by expression, which are easily +discovered by rubbing them on white paper, which being held and dryed +at the fire, the Chymical part soon flyes away, and leaves the paper +transparent, looking no otherwise then oyled paper; but pure Chymical +Oyls totally fly away, leaving the paper white as 'twas before, and +not transparent, and in this way Oyl of sweet Almonds and Spike have a +great share. As for Oyls drawn by Retort, they all of them smell so +strong of the fire, that neither smell nor tast can well discover any +fraud in them. Now for the fixed Salts, most of them are made of the +Ashes of Tobacco-stalks, &c. More might be said for the discovery of +the Cheats of other Chymical preparations, which shall be reserved to +another opportunity, and had Physicians just encouragement, they would +spend both their time and moneys on the like discoveries for the +publick Utility. + +Fifthly, Add to the former (though perhaps 'tis an error of ignorance +only) that if such Simples are prescribed they know not, they fetch +from the Herb-women what they give them, true or false; for many of +these Women give to very many Plants false names; Now if the +Apothecary be so careful to consult an Herbal, which few have, and +fewer know how to make use of, yet they too frequently mistake the +thing by reason of several names given to the same thing, or of one +name to several things, and many of them consult the common +Dictionaries only, which are most erroneous in the names of natural +things; insomuch that in my first practice (being curious of these +particulars) I have found two or three mistakes in one prescription, a +Catalogue of which mistakes, and names ill given, I had collected, but +the late fire consumed it, though many of them my memory hath +reserved. + +Sixthly, Many of the London, and most of the Country-Apothecaries, buy +of the whole-sale men, who affirm of one another, especially of such +who gain great Estates in short time, that they cannot sell their +Medicines honestly made at so low a rate as they do. + +Seventhly, I shall need to say little of such distilled waters, as +discover themselves neither to smell, nor tast, but shall only recite +a known Story of an Apothecary, who chid his man for sending away a +Customer that came for Plantan water, telling him there was enough at +the Pump. + +Eighthly, As for Ointments, and Plasters, they are sold by some at so +low a price, viz. 3 d. per l. for Ointments, as I have been informed, +that 'tis not possible to make them at, and yet such however falsifyed +maintain a trade amongst Country, and low-priced City-Apothecaries, +and the Chirurgeons profess they cannot effect their Cures with the +Shop-Medicines, and that this is the reason why they make their own +Oyls, Oyntments, &c. as the Apothecaries Charter allows them to do; +and why may not Physicians think this to be the cause why they +sometimes fail in their Cures, as well as Chirurgeons? and also make +their own Medicines as well as they, especially since the Apothecary +may as easily falsify, and to greater profit in the one, then in the +other? + +Ninthly, As to their use of bad or decayed Drugs, 'tis so common a +practice that I shall need to give but one notorious instance of it, +and 'tis this, I having occasion to use some Seeds, sent for them to a +Seeds-man, the Messenger desiring to have those of the same Year. The +Tradesman knowing him to live with me, asked, if they were for +Physical use, he replyed in the affirmative, whereat he presently +shewed him others, which were of 6 or 7 years old (as he confessed) +affirming them to be as good for that use as the newest, which he sold +only for sowing, and that he kept the others, though never so old, for +the Apothecaries only, who still asked for them, buying them though 20 +years old, not regarding if they were decayed and wholy effete (for no +Seed will preserve its vegetative faculty above 7 years much less its +Physical) so they could but have them cheap. Besides their pretty +knacks (as they call them) of making their Compounds fair to the eye, +more vendible, but worse for use, by restoring them to their colour +and consistence, that they may pass for good, which perhaps 'tis +better to pass over in silence, lest by confuting I should teach the +younger Fry, who may better be honestly ignorant of them. Now for +their substituting one thing for another, and detracting where they +please, I shall add but one Story of an Apothecary, who commanded his +man (who told him they had no good Rhabarb in the house) that he +should put in double quantity of what they had. Nay I have known one +simple of a quite different nature used for a whole composition. + +Tenthly, I shall conclude this ungrateful Discourse, with saying that +by reason more frauds may be committed by the Apothecaries, then by +any other Trade, and by supposition that gain will tempt most men to +dishonest actions, especially where they may act undiscovered; I say; +that this seems to be the cause why they have two Supervisors set over +them more then any Company that I know of, viz. the Censors of the +College of Physicians, and the Master and Wardens of their own +Company. + +The next thing is the inlarging and multiplying their Bills and +Medicines. + +First, When in Chronical Diseases a Physician is consulted, they go on +of their own heads with the same prescription, frequently enough to +the Patients great disadvantage, both of health and purse. + +Secondly, By giving and intermixing Medicines of their own Phancy, +with the Physicians prescriptions, viz. some pleasing Medicine, +whereby too often the Physicians intention is quite crost, and the +effect made uncertain, and hazardous. + +Thirdly, By giving Medicines themselves on small accounts, and such as +require only a good ordering, and no more. + +Fourthly, By repeating long courses of Physic unadvisedly, and +needlesly, when either nothing, or very little is needful to be done. + +Fifthly, By creating diseases in easie mens Phansies, and so decoying +them into courses of Physic. + +Sixthly, Some of them get private and worthless receipts, and sell +them at what rate they please; Mr. Delaune by one Pill alone, though +not a very safe one, got some thousands of pounds. + +Seventhly, If one of them get a private receipt from a Physician +called by the inventor his Nostrum, if another Apothecary have +occasion to use it, he shall be sure to pay sawce for it. + +Eighthly, Another trick is when the Patient is cured, and the +Physician therefore hath given over his Visits, then comes the +Apothecary and insinuates by his words and passions, either some +danger of relapse, or some other present distemper, and repairs to the +Physician for a Bill to cure the imaginary disease. + +Ninthly, But their principal Art of all is, to cry up, and bring in to +Patients such Physicians, who through design must comply with the +Apothecaries Interest, and such Practisers they extol and cry up for +good Physicians, which some of them call more expresly good +Apothecaries Physicians, and such without doubt, the whole Company +will endeavour to raise unto a fame and practice. But such as write +only for the good of the Patient, and not at all for the benefit of +the Apothecary (as all honest men ought to do) they will endeavour to +prevent their calling in, or to shuffle them out. + +Now this good Apothecaries Physician, they describe by his frequent +though needless visits, but especially by the multitude of his Bills, +by his visiting twice a day, or oftner (a very careful and painful +Doctor) and by still writing new Medicines, when half the former, or +perhaps none of them have been taken, making an Apothecaries Shop in +the Patients House, planting the Cupboards and Windows with Glasses +and Gally-Pots, and not a quarter of the whole made use of. He +prescribes a Medicine for every slight complaint, and never goes away +from the Patient or the Patient from him, without a Bill, for fear of +the Apothecaries grumbling. + +And from this burdening the sick with multiplicity of Medicines, too +often contrary to, and destructive one of another, it proceeds that in +the Small Pox, and Measles, many are afraid to use Physicians, and +commit the care of the sick to Nurses, and Old Women, and perhaps +sometimes not without cause, for by continual multiplication of +Medicines, the humours of the body may be made, or kept in too great a +state of fluidity, whence the Flox followeth. Whereas a Medicine or +two duly administred, may suffice to bring them well forth, and then +there needs no more but good ordering, unless perhaps some accident +arise, which may require further care. And here as well as in other +Cases, the Patient is to be rectified, who requires the Physicians +Visits, and yet dismisseth him without a reward, unless he writes a +Bill, whereas it might have been better if nothing at all had been +prescribed; and the Physician left to his own judgment; and hence it +is that many enlarge their Bills, that the Patient may think he hath +enough for his money, whereby the Apothecary is gratified, who ought +to commend the Medicines as necessary for the sick person, and +singular in themselves, whereas in truth this great farcy proves +ungrateful to the tast and stomach; inconvenient to health, by curing +one disease, but creating more; and by this means keeping them +continually in a way of Physic. + +A third abuse of the Apothecaries relates to the prices of their +Medicines; first they put what rates they please on their Simples, +Compounds, and Receipts, and none are judges of them, but those of +their own Trade; insomuch that they gain a 11 d. in the Shilling, if +they say true of themselves. Whereas the Colleges of Physicians beyond +Sea, yearly set a tax upon the Simples, and Compounds of the Shops. So +that the Customer can tell the price of what he hath occasion to use, +and not stand at the mercy of the Apothecary to rate them as he lists, +and to this purpose they put in print the prices of them every year. + +Secondly, Suppose a Physician hath prescribed a Pint of Juleb, &c. to +be taken at four several times, some Apothecaries carry not the whole +pint at once, but divide it into four parts, and carry but one at a +time, and so of other Medicines, and then will charge their Bill for +every single Potion, or Draught, as they ought the whole Pint; so that +by this Art they gain four times as much for the whole Medicine as in +Conscience they ought; and a Juleb, which cost them six pence, will be +rated at 10, 12, or more Shillings. But perhaps 'tis fit they should +be paid for their created Visits; and for this unnecessary +officiousness, persons of great estates may be contented to pay +roundly, if they please. + +Thirdly, When a Physician hath prescribed 20 Pills, some of the +Apothecaries will make 30 of them, under pretence the Patient cannot +swallow them else; now reckoning each Pill at a certain rate (as they +usually do) they gain a third part more then they ought. + +Fourthly, To advance the prices, you shall hardly ever see a Bill +without Bezoar, or Pearls in it, to make people think them very +chargeable; whereas sometimes there is not above a grain or two of +these dear ingredients in the prescription, and a few grains of these +or Ambergrise doubles or trebles the prices of the Medicines, and are +sure never to be omitted in their Bills, besides the guilding of the +Pills, and covering their Bolusses, and Electuaries with Gold (which +have only an imaginary and no real use in Medicines so used) much +inhanseth their prices, and a rich Cordial inserted exceedingly +advanceth most of their Bills; or if China or any other dear +ingredient be in the receipt 'tis not omitted. + +Fifthly, Some Apothecaries offer, and perhaps some Physicians have +taken presents to help them to Customers, which must necessarily be +squeazed out of their higher-rated Medicines. + +Sixthly, I have heard some prudent persons complain of their bringing +in their Bills but once in a year, or two; supposing they made them +pay Lombards Usury for their forbearance. And through this neglect +they sometimes lose their money, and whether they raise other Mens +Bills to make up these losses, I affirm not. + +Seventhly, Another cause of raising their prices is a necessity of +keeping in their Shops such Medicines as are seldom used, or such as +must upon necessity decay, and grow useless. Now suppose they throw +such away, this reason is good, but you will find a remedy for this +hereafter. + +To conclude this second Complaint. By reason of the dear Bills of the +Apothecaries, many are deterred from going to the Physician, and run +to common Mountebanks, and I think this to be the reason (as some +disabused persons have confessed to me) why they have so much cryed up +the abilities of Apothecaries for practice, because they would save +their credit in taking Physic of them. St. Augustine candidly in his +Book of Confessions declares, that through covetousness he repeated a +course of Physic, without consulting the Physician (who had before +cured him of the same disease) to his greater charge, danger of his +life, and offence against God. + +Having done with the Apothecaries abuses relating chiefly to the +Patients Health and Purse, and such as are willfully committed (though +all of them reflect on the Physician) I shall now touch on a few +neglects, and mistakes proving often very mischievous. + +First, They frequently mistake the Physicians directions, which of +what dangerous consequence it is, every one can tell. + +Secondly, They carry a Medicine appointed for one sick person to +another. + +Thirdly, They often neglect the sending of Medicines in due time, +especially such as have no Servants, or but raw ones, when the Master +is out of Town, or upon long visits. + +Having now done with the Apothecaries as they relate principally to +the sick, I shall in the next place speak of them, as they relate to +Physicians, and that either to the profession in general, or to the +particular practisers of it. + +As to the Physicians in general, they endeavour to extirpate them, and +some have been so bold to say, they hope in few years to see never a +Physician in London, and to profess they will scramble with them for +practice. And that this hath been and is their intention, the +following particulars will clearly demonstrate. + +First, They have always endeavoured and aimed at the depression and +ruine of the College of Physicians, the only Corporation of that Art +in England, considering rightly, that the depression of the College is +their interest and rise, and that the total subversion of it will make +them absolute Masters in Physic and Physicians their Servants. In +Order hereunto they have constantly, both publickly and privately +opposed the College in whatsoever hath been offered to setle the +liberty of practice on them, their only priviledg and subsistence, +though they have been offered all they could desire for the security +of their Trade, and legal employment, and far beyond whatsoever any +Corporation of Apothecaries in all, or in any forreign part enjoy, yet +nothing would ever content them, but an unlawful, unreasonable, +dangerous, and destructive Usurpation of liberty to some pretended +practice, that thereby they might gain the whole. + +Secondly, They have continually traduced the College, and troubled +them in Parliaments, at the Council-Board, &c. to their great charge +and molestation. And for such their great demerits against the +College, the King and his Council, Anno 1639. granted a Quo Warranto +to the Attorney General (the Judges having first heard the whole +matter) to take away their Charter, which doubtless had been effected, +had not the troubles, and long civil War immediately ensued. + +Thirdly, And in this present Parliament, how did they endeavour to +prepossess the Members of the House of Commons with strange, and false +prejudices and assertions drawn from irrational, and groundless +suppositions, making us the greatest Tyrants in the World, inferring +ridiculously that a Lady, or Charitable Gentlewoman (for in that +believing Sex they have gain'd a great deal of ground by their +falsities) might not give the Poor a Cordial, &c. without being +questioned by the College; whereas they know in their Consciences, +that the College hath power enough by their first Charter to act as +much in this kind against themselves, and all other persons, as they +desired of this present Parliament; And yet neither Apothecary, or any +other who practised charitably, were ever troubled for so doing. They +pretended also they were abridged wholy from their Trade, and might +not sell a penny-worth of Mithridate, &c. without a Doctors Bill. +Whereas there's not a word in the Charter to that purpose; the sole +intent whereof was to keep them as well as other Mountebanks, from +prescribing (which they call selling) the Physicians only livelyhood. +And as to the bill itself so much railed on by them in +Westminster-Hall, Coffee-Houses, Ale-Houses, &c. 'tis easie to make it +out, that this Charter as proposed gives the Apothecaries more liberty +and freedom of exercising their lawful Trade, then is enjoyed in any +other Nation, where both Corporations are erected, and that it doth in +nothing infringe, or diminish their freedom as Citizens, or their +Charter as Apothecaries; and that our Charter was compiled by some, +and perused and approved by others the most eminent Lawyers in England +for Worth and Place; and yet none of these could find any thing in it +either Illegal, Tyrannical, or unfit to be desired of the Parliament. +Nay many mis-informed Members being rightly instructed in the true +state of the matter, have acknowledged the justice of it; And was no +more then King James by his Letters Patents, dated the 18th of +October, in the 15th year of his Reign, granted to the said College; +near about the same time the Apothecaries Charter was granted; and +being almost nothing else but a supply of what was short in their +former Grants, viz. That whereas their Charter granted by King Henry +the Eighth, gave power to punish offenders in the practice of Physic; +and because there was no power given to summon, nor penalty imposed +for the non-appearance of such offenders; therefore by their +non-appearance, the said power of the Censors was eluded; for no such +offenders would appear before them, and consequently no punishment +could be inflicted on them, according to the true meaning of the said +Act. Now this Charter so much declaimed against, prayed only a supply +of this defect, and also better and more necessary ways and means, +without which, such and all other offenders against the lives and +healths of his Majesties Subjects could not be discovered; and they +had reason not to doubt a grant of the said power, since by the said +Charter a power was granted them to imprison offenders, whom the +Keepers of the Prisons would not receive, because no command, nor +penalty was imposed on them, for not receiving such offenders sent by +the Censors (a thing ridiculous to our present Lawyers) however this +defect was supplyed by an Act in the first of Queen Mary. Now whereas +since the making of the said Acts and Powers, granted to the College, +several other Trades, besides the Apothecaries, relating to Physic +(being then all Members of the Grocers Company) viz. Druggists, +Chymists, Sellers of Strong-Waters and Oyls, have arose distinct from +each others, and many abuses have been and are committed in each of +them, as they all confess. The said Charter prays for the publick good +only (there being the same reason of all) they might have the same +power of Surveying them also, as they have of the Apothecaries, which +most of the Judicious, and sober of the said Companies, as well in +relation to their own private profit, and also the publick, by having +all Medicines good, did not oppose, but liked well of. Nay there was +nothing in the said Charter, but what was judged good by all or most +of the Judges of England, several times convened by Order of the King +and his Council, to deliver their opinions concerning some Quaeries, +which comprised the main of what was desired and petitioned for by the +College, of this present Parliament. But before the Committee could +make report to the House, the Parliament was adjourned, whereupon +Apothecaries falsly gave out, and made people believe our Charter was +taken from us. And in this transaction before the Committee, one +Cocket an Apothecary exhibited in the name of the Chymists such a +Scandalous Libel, as the Committee would not suffer to be read; drawn +as some conceive by the assistance, and countenance, if not +contrivance of his Company. + +Lastly, The Company of the Apothecaries are bound by their Charter to +bring their Servants (before they make them Free) to be examined by +the Censors of our College, and to have their approbation of their +fitness to exercise their Art, and set up their Trade. Now that they +have herein neglected their duty, and consequently may be +dis-franchised and lose their Freedoms for this omission, 'tis +manifest not only by the vapours of some of them to some members of +our Body, that they never underwent this examination; but also by +comparing of our Register (wherein are recorded the names of all such +as have been examined) with theirs, if they keep any for this purpose. +Sure I am, that in two years together, when I was Censor, very few, if +any, did appear to their examination, whereas yearly a very great +number set up their Trades. Nay since the firing of London not one +Apothecaries Servant hath been examined by the Censors, for more then +these three Years last past, in which time perhaps no less then 100 +have been made free by the Company. + +Before our presenting this Charter to the Parliament, they would admit +no Arbitrators betwixt our Corporation, and Theirs, not contenting +themselves with their Charter lately granted in King James's Reign, +and that by the procurement of some of our College for these +unthankful persons. For they would not refer themselves (as the +Chirurgeons without many words or dispute did) to the most upright, +and most knowing Sir Orlando Bridgeman then Lord Chief Justice, and +now Lord Keeper, for a clause to be by him drawn, in order to preserve +their immunities and Charter; which they refused, fearing belike he +would exclude them from the Practice of Physic, which the Law hath +already done, and which is all they could doubt of; but the +Corporation of Chirurgeons did acquiesce in the clause drawn by the +said Lord Chief Justice, and never appeared before the Committee +against the said Charter. + +Their increasing dis-respect, and undervaluing the College, appears in +this, that of late years they place our Censors invited to their new +Masters Dinner, at their second Tables whereas always heretofore they +were seated at the first Table, next to the Master of the Company. + +And to hinder the building of a New College, and the Contribution of +the Honorary Fellows thereunto, they tell them that we deceived them +in their admission, and never intend the building of a New College, +though a large contribution hath been made, and ground purchased in +order thereunto by the Members of their Corporation. + +And their further design appears in their great triumphing, and +rejoycing when any illiterate person hath gained any reputation for a +Cure performed, especially where Physicians have been concerned, +though the Patients neglect or obstinateness, have been the sole cause +of this non-performance, and by their continued detraction from +Physicians, and applauding themselves, hoping by the former, that +people will think such Mountebanks able to do better Cures then +learned Physicians, and then they can easily insinuate themselves +superior to such Mountebanks, and consequently to Physicians. By the +latter, they seek to depress, and level us to themselves, being +conscious they can never rise to that worth and ability, required in a +Physician. + +Another manifest sign of their endeavour to usurp our Practice is, +their absurd calling the sick their Patients, for 'tis most certain +that in all reason and language the Physician and Patient only have +relation to each other, but not to the Apothecary, who is but a +Tradesman, and manual Operator. Now a Tradesman and his Customer, or +Chapman, are Relatives each to other, but those Apothecaries who +intrude themselves and usurp on our profession, may call their +Customers Patients, and that in a true literal sence, when by their +ignorance they make them really sufferers under them; and if they deny +Apothecary and Patient to be non-sence, they shew themselves pitifully +ignorant in the Laws, and Rules of Reason, or else profess themselves +Physicians. And the like non-sence they commonly utter by calling +Physicians that make their own Medicines, Mountebanks and Quacks, +whereas none can be such but those who practise without Lawful +Authority, as the Apothecaries, &c. do; and they are not ignorant in +this their malice, that the Law of England would punish them roundly +for so saying. And were I troublesome or vindicative, I could make +some of them examples, but I freely remit the slanders in this kind +that are past. + +Having done with the main part of the Disease, next follows the +Remedy; and the only firm and proper one will appear to be, that +Physicians make their own Medicines; the benefit whereof to the +publick, the reasonableness of the thing it self, the necessity in +relation to the Physician, will be manifest by that which follows. + +And First, All that hath been said demonstrates this last proportion. + +Secondly, The desire of most persons, and the censure of all wise men, +who say we are wanting to our own interest, if we make not use of the +remedy in our own hands, performing our Art in all its members, +whereof making of Medicines is a chief one. + +Thirdly, The common practice, and constant usage of all former and +antient Physicians in all other Nations, and in England also (for 'tis +easie to say when there was not one Apothecary in this Kingdom) the +Laws of our Nation, nay even the Apothecaries Charter allow it, the +Language of all Physicians, our College voting it honourable so to do, +nay Apothecaries themselves commending it in such Physicians as buy +their Medicines of them. + +Fourthly, The Kings Physicians have formerly made the Kings Medicines, +as 'tis manifest by my Lord Coke, in his 4th. Book of the Institutes, +part 4. pag. 251. where he comments on Rot. Pat. 32 H 6. m. 17. He +there first recites the Roll it self, wherein are appointed (the King +being then sick) 3 Physicians and 2 Chirurgeons, to freely minister +and execute Physic about the Kings Person, and there are also recited +in general, Medicines external, and internal. And on this Roll Coke +among other things infers, that the Physicians may use the aid of +those Chirurgeons named in the Warrant, but of no Apothecary, but to +prepare and do all things themselves, &c. And the reason of all this +is, the precious regard had of the health and safety of the King, who +is the head of the Common-wealth. And I am told by one of his present +Majesties Physicians, that the King himself affirmed heretofore we are +unwise in neglecting our duty herein, and lately of these papers, that +'twas the publick interest so to do. + +Fifthly, Chirurgeons (as before) will not trust them to make external +Remedies; and the King, and East-India Company commit the making of +their Chests for their Fleets to the Chirurgeons. + +Sixthly, Have not Ladies and Charitable Gentlewomen their Closets well +furnished with various Medicines for the Poors use, and for their own +also, when Physicians are called to their houses in the Country? +Distillers of Strong-waters, Makers of Plaisters, Confectioners make +Medicines bought by the Apothecaries, Ale-Houses sell purging Drinks, +and Book-sellers sell Chymical Medicines, and all this without much +regret of the Apothecaries. But if a Physician intermix a Medicine +with theirs, though the Patients life be saved thereby, what noise, +and murmuring, and proclaiming of it the next Market-day to the rest +of their Company? to what purpose any one may judg. + +Seventhly, Why should not Physicians, being lawfully authorized +thereunto, practise with their own Medicines, as well as the +Apothecaries with theirs, though against Law, and incurring thereby +the penalty of 5l. per Month, which the College never troubled them +for, or exacted of them? + +Eighthly, Physicians will be necessitated to it for their subsistence +and honour, and to preserve their Art from being prostituted to +illiterate persons, the Apothecaries becoming now their Competitors. + +Ninthly, By this means Physicians will avoid multitudes of +inconveniencies, proceeding from writing of Bills, and the +Apothecaries Visits. + +First The mistakes, and frauds in the Ingredients, especially +committed by the great practising Apothecaries, who may, as appears by +the following story, be suspected to send, instead of what was +prescribed, the remains of his own practice, or else some cast-by +Medicines; for else how could it be when a Medicine was prescribed to +stand in Infusion or steep a whole night, that it should be brought +two hours after the Bill was written, even the very same Evening? +Which by accident the Patient confessed, wanting the expected success. + +Secondly By this course Physicians avoid the many opprobrious terms +cast upon them by Apothecaries: + +As First, In saying that if he had not omitted or added something, the +Patient might have miscarried; which he may say at pleasure without +any contradiction, though doubtless many have been killed by this +means. + +Secondly, By saying the Bill could never have been made without some +alteration of the Apothecary, thereby insinuating the Doctors +ignorance in compounding. + +Thirdly, In saying the Doctor is not versed in Medicines, because +forsooth he varieth not at every Visit, and multiplieth not new Bills +for the Apothecaries profit. + +Fourthly, In saying they teach Physicians, and help them to, and in +their practice. The first and last are vile and foolish Scandals; as +to the Second, 'tis true indeed, that younger Apothecaries recommend +Physicians to their acquaintance; but 'tis no longer then they have +learned enough (as they think) to set up for themselves. + +Fifthly, In saying, they knew before-hand what such a Doctor would +prescribe, and hence it is they have nick-named some Physicians of no +mean practice, by the Medicines they frequently use, which names in +respect to the persons, I shall conceal; and of such Physicians, they +brag they can prescribe as well as they. But if a Physician advise +things unknown to them, or out of the common tract, then they say the +Doctor intends to puzzle them. + +Sixthly, He will avoid the censure of his Bills, which every pitiful +fellow, nay their very Boys will absolve or condemn at pleasure, and +that openly too, nay sometimes to the Patient himself, and thereby +call in his good Apothecaries Physician. Now what a shame is it, that +a Physicians credit and livelihood, should stand at the mercy of such +pitiful ignorant, and self-ended Souls? I have heard one of them say +of the now most Eminent Practiser in London, that his Boy could write +as good a Method as he, and that he understood the practice of Physic +as well as any Physician in London except 2, or 3, though the same +person was soon made to confess, he neither knew the Disease, Cause, +nor Cure of a Pleurisy, pretended to be throughly understood by him. + +Thirdly, He will avoid the trouble put upon him after he hath writ his +Bill, by the Apothecaries ignorance in not understanding it, who to be +informed came to the Doctor heretofore, with their Hats off, but now +send their Boys, who soon put theirs on. Such respect do they give +Physicians, when they come to them as to their Masters to teach them. + +Fourthly, He will avoid the impertinent Visits of the Apothecaries, +and non-sensical, troublesome, and discouraging, frightful discourses +to the Patient, of whom no man can expect more then the Common Proverb +gives to Praters, and impertinent Speakers, That they talk like +Apothecaries. + +Fifthly He will avoid the mischiefs from their Visits, who by their +shrugs, signs, or words, may diminish the Physicians reputation, and +good opinion, whether in his skill, or Medicines, whereby good +Medicines are neglected and the expectation of a good success upon the +use of them taken away, or at least causing an averseness to them; +which actings do exceedingly prejudice the Patient, in reference to +his Cure. + +Sixthly, He will avoid this inconvenience, that some Apothecaries have +attributed the Cure to some of their intermixed Medicines, or +alteration of the Doctors Bill. + +Seventhly, He will avoid that incivility of such of them, who in the +Physicians presence, will feel the Pulse, judg of the Urine, discourse +the Cause, Nature, what the Disease is, and what will be the issue of +it, propose Medicines, nay sometimes endeavour to advise with the +Physician, to contradict and dispute with him, to compare and set +himself above the Physician; and to say truth, these odious and +intolerable Comparisons and intrusions daily complained of by my +Collegues, were a great cause of my departing from them. + +Eighthly, He will avoid those Scandals they have opportunity to raise, +that such a Physician is Covetous, Proud, Negligent, and minds not his +practice, and the like without the least ground, and are frequently by +such Artifices, the Cause of introducing another Physician, knowing +that thereby more Bills will come to their File, and many times the +former Medicines be layed aside, and in this shuffling in and out of +Physicians, they have commonly a great share. + +Ninthly, Apothecaries being now Competitors with Physicians for +practice, and down-right Enemies to such as make their own Medicines; +why should not we suspect them of this false Play, by telling the +Patient the Doctors Medicine will not work (which he knows well enough +how to effect) and then to tell him he will prepare him one of his own +that will work, when perhaps that he calls his own preparation, was +nothing but what the Doctor had prescribed before; and by this +Artifice to advance himself above the Physician. + +Another mischief in sending Bills to the Apothecaries is, that though +the Apothecaries be honest (and who can tell which of them is so?) yet +the Servants neglect, or ignorance (to whom they commit the whole care +of dispensing, and are intruth the Apothecaries (and not their +Masters) may mar all in their Masters absence, who is visiting abroad, +or at his recreations. + +And now I have done with the unpleasant talk of raking into the faults +of the Apothecaries, and with discoursing how Physicians may save +themselves from their devices, I shall next shew the advantages that +will come to the Patient, the Physician, and people, by this way of +remedy proposed. + +As for the Patients, they may hereby save most of the great charges of +Apothecaries Bills, which in long Cases amount to very great sums in a +year, although the Physician hath received very few Fees; the +Physician may so order his business as to take his Fee for his Visits +only, and at home such competent Fees for his advice alone, as are +usually given, and in both Cases take nothing for his Medicines, and +so save the Patient the whole charge of the Apothecaries Bill, which +very seldom comes short, and for the most part manifoldly exceeds the +Physicians Fees. And this he may very well do by making fewer, less +chargable, more effectual, and durable Medicines then the Shops +afford, and suffer nothing in the non-use, or decay of his Medicines; +because he need make no more then will serve his own practice: and I +must here profess, that which I intended not to have published, that +this is the course I have generally taken, for the four Months last +past, since I made my own Medicines, but that some Apothecaries have +given out most falsly, that I have sent in Bills to Patients for +money; but to convince such of their wonted lying, I do hereby oblige +my self to give 100 pound to any of them that shall produce such a +Bill. Secondly, This way will not clog the Patient with more Medicines +then are needful, nor will omit anything may conduce to his recovery, +for if he fails in either, 'tis to his prejudice, either in spending +more Medicines which cost him money, or in not performing his Cure, +which loseth his practice. + +But I do not propose this course of mine as a general rule to all +Physicians, but leave this to every mans private judgment; Neither do +I hereby bind my self to the same practice, because some few Cases may +fall out (though to an equal advantage to the Patient) may perswade me +to the contrary. For I find some persons of that perswasion, as to +think they have not given satisfaction, unless they have payed for the +Medicines; but to such persons, I have always allowed them to give me +what they pleased themselves, for the cure only, to the full +satisfaction of both parties. Though I will not deny but some persons +out of gratitude for their Cure, have rewarded me beyond this +proposal. Some of my acquaintance have desired me to be more plain in +this last Paragraph, especially in that part of it where I say I do +not bind my self to the said practice; and to declare more fully the +Cases that may perswade me to the contrary; which are these and such +as these. First Where Patients of their own free offers will contract +with the Physician, or have formerly too meanly rewarded him for his +Cure, in both which the Statutes of our College allow a contract to be +made with Patients. Another case is, if a Physician be consulted once, +and for his Fee hath given Medicines gratis, if the Patient frequently +send for his Medicines without the least reward at all. Or if the +Patient living far in the Country, having (as before) once consulted +the Physician, as in the last case, and shall for weeks, nay months, +send for the same Medicines. Or if the Patients friend shall recommend +a Medicine to another friend of his unknown to the Physician; and +where he gives no Counsel, if a Physician in the Country shall desire +some of his Medicines, which are all the cases that occur at present; +I say in some of these, the Physician must needs be payed for his +Medicines; but in other, 'tis rational he should be payed for his +advice, as he desireth new Medicines, which charge will be far short +also of the Apothecaries Medicines, whether repeated or prescribed +upon new advice. + +Now the great charge of Apothecaries Bills, and nauseousness of their +Medicines, appears to be the cause why long habitual diseases, as the +Kings Evil, Falling-Sickness, Convulsions, Melancholies, and Winds in +the Bowels, Gouts, &c. become seldom relieved, though they may with a +constant, facile way, be perfectly cured, where neither the great +charge, nor unpleasantness of Medicines, deterr them from a continued +necessary use of Remedies. And for the same reasons many will be kept +from relapses, who being tired out with taking variety of Medicines, +give over before the tone and strength of their parts is restored, +which is necessary to be done in all long Diseases. + +He may so contrive his Medicines, first, That they may be taken in +small quantity, and be made more grateful to the tast, and stomach, +and perform more then those of the Apothecaries, commonly slovenly +made, and of themselves Fulsom, Nauseous, and Sluggish. Secondly, His +Medicines made for particular persons, may last Weeks, Months, nay +Years, whereas the Apothecaries Drinks, especially in the Summer time, +must be renewed once, or twice every day, to the excessive charge of +the Patient. + +That his Medicines may be fewer, is evident in Physicians that +practise in the Country, who ride far to Patients, and carry in their +Mans Cloak-bag, Medicines enough, not only for the person he is sent +to, but also for most other persons, and Cases he meets with in his +Travels, and therefore his Closet needs contain but few, yet noble and +generous Medicines, and such as may serve him upon all occasions, +supplying what's defective from the Fields or Gardens. He may avoid +all pompous, useless, chargable Medicines of the Shops, and substitute +in their place, cheaper, and more conducible to health; He may very +well lay aside the precious Stones, Saphir, Emerals, &c. the high +priced Magistrals of Coral, and Pearl, made worse by their +preparations, or rather destroyed thereby in their Virtue, as also +Unicorns Horn; and Bezoar, all which are now rarely used alone, but in +the received Compositions; He may also spare the charges of leaf-gold, +for guilding Pots, Glasses, Pills, Electuaries, Boles, &c. which +serves only to raise the Bill. + +He may teach the Patients facile and easie Remedies, as to make a +Clyster, apply Blisters, or Medicines to the feet, where they are +needful, &c. and in many Cases may cure by well ordering his Patient +only, without any Remedies at all, or but very few; being free to act +for the Patients Health, without the grumbling of the Apothecary; and +many other ways he may daily meet with, very advantageous to the +Patient. + +He will have little use of Conserves, Syrups, Lohocks, &c. a greater +part whereof Sugar makes up, which doth more hurt to most persons, +then the other ingredients do good. + +As for Infusions and Decoctions, he will find by experiment, how much +liquor, or Menstruum will suffice to extract the full vertue of the +ingredients, and what are helps, or hinderances thereunto, and thereby +neither suffer loss in the quantity, or quality of them. + +He will discover the inefficacy of many of the Syrups and other +Medicines in the Shops, made of such ingredients, the qualities +whereof, what with boiling, what with the great quantity of Sugar +necessary to keep them, are either made useless or opposite to the +ends they are proposed for. Especially in such Plants, Seeds, and +Flowers, which consist of fine volatil parts, and even in drying and +pounding, or the least boiling exhale and evaporate, and therefore in +the common way of ordering them, lose their whole vertue or most of +their efficacy, and alter in their properties. From which by several +methods known to some Physicians, very generous and singular Medicines +may be produced. + +He need not use so large Compositions consisting of such confused and +contrary ingredients, and will find good reason to lay aside those +unintelligible and unreasonable Compositions of Mithridate, and +Treacle, and the so much magnified Treacle-water, and will substitute +better in their places, of smaller charge, and less trouble; and this +all Physicians I have conversed with, and the College it self, by +their Book published for the common good, in the year before the +Plague, and all those Physicians in this City, who make or intend to +make their own Medicines, do confess. + +But here Apothecaries open wide, and cry out that the Physicians are +great Cheats, and envious persons, for continuing such flat Medicines, +and not recommending to the World, or rather their Shops, our greater +secrets. The answer is easie, that the Medicines in our Pharmacopaea, +are the best of any other Pharmacopaea in the World, both for their +goodness, and well preparing of them, whether they be Chymical, or +Galenical; and therefore the same scandal will ly on all Pharmacopaea's +whatsoever. Secondly, I say that within these few last experimental +years, the practical part of Physic hath been much improved (as well +as Anatomy) especially by such as have put their hands to work; and +therefore till such improvement, this could not be well amended. +Furthermore, in making new Dispensatories, a full content must be had, +and 'twere not fit to move where the motion were not like to take +place, for though private men invent new ways of compounding and +preparing, and using their own invented Medicines, yet 'twill require +a long time to make them publickly known, and brought into common use, +and till that be done 'tis not possible to have them brought into a +common Dispensatory; besides, no man would make a motion for such a +reformation, unless he were well furnished with specificks, and then +'twill be required of him to expose them to the whole World, which how +incongruous it will be, every man may easily conceive; hereto add, +that the Apothecaries think themselves able enough by this present +Dispensatory, to out-beard Physicians, and do publickly profess (as +hath been said) that they understand the practice of Physic well as +they; how much more would they have said so, if they had been made +Masters of these secrets? And here I shall admonish those of my own +Faculty, who have devoted their Studies, Labours, and Purses, for the +improvement of their Art, to consider, that as natural things have +their bounds and limits, and that there is no new Creation of them, +and besides, that these things have their bounds also of improvement, +beyond which 'tis impossible for man to go; and that by a good method +and industry, that end may be attained; (though at present I must +confess, no Art is more capable of enlargement then ours:) I say let +all consider, and they will find, what a vast encouragement they have +to improve their knowledg so far, that they shall not only be able to +leave mankind destitute of no remedy Nature did ever produce; but also +restore and setle those Honours ignorant men would usurp, upon the +Learned Professors of this Science, and I see no reason why Physicians +should communicate their secrets to such persons, who will make use of +them, to the ruine of the Inventors, which is indeed a failer of +trust, for when a Physician writes his Bill, he trusts the Apothecary +only with making the Medicine for a particular occasion, and not to +make use of it as his own when be pleaseth for his own profit, and the +Inventor have no further benefit by it, then perhaps one single +advantage. + +Lastly, When Dispensatories were first made, the Apothecaries were +really Physicians Servants, and wholy at their command, not in the +least intrenching on their business, and the rates of Medicines were +reasonable; which superiority over them still continues only in their +prescriptions, the forms whereof are always commanding to take this +and that, and to mix them, &c. but within these few last years they +have set up for themselves, and advanced the rates beyond all reason; +and to be sure, the more we teach them by our Books, the more they +will trangress in both. + +He may receive encouragement from what he discovers, that is more then +ordinarily useful, whereas by writing Bills, he soon communicates to +the ignorant and lazy, who will neither spend time nor money to +advance the Art, but while the one is at work to his great charge, +lots of time, much pains and trouble, the others seek by petty tricks +and Arts to gain a name, and profit from the industrious. Nay some +Mountebanks have been set up by purchasing receipts of the Apothecary +or his Servants. And one of them told me, he set up a Quack by selling +and commending to him a Medicine he had long kept in his Shop and +could not otherwise put off, and that by degrees he made him a famous +practiser among the ignorant and poor people. An Act quite contrary to +the interest of the Company. + +Hence also will arise an emulation amongst Physicians, who shall +exceed each other in noble remedies, and from thence a full and happy +improvement of whatsoever God hath created for the recovery of mans +health impaired; for from the Physician alone the advancement of +Physic is to be expected. How many simples of unknown properties have +been brought into use, to the great comfort of the sick? and many more +may be, as also many preparations, both simple and compound, both in +the Galenical, and Chymical practice, and by this means the Art will +be advanced to its just dignity, now much diminished, dishonoured, and +near to be lost by the intrusion of ignorant persons. + +Greater respect will be given to such Physicians, as being the +immediate instruments of life and health, who will derive unto +themselves that which is now given to the Apothecaries, which proceeds +chiefly from fear lest they should do the Patient hurt; and so their +honour will be doubled, which every Physician looks principally at; +but the Apothecary being not so far concerned, looks chiefly at his +own profit, and regards not the Patients charge. For the greater the +Patients charge, the greater must needs be the Apothecaries gain; +whereas on the contrary, 'tis the Physicians Interest to cure the +Patient with the greatest ease. + +He may proceed on safely and securely in his well experienced +Medicines, having before him not only what he hath prescribed for the +same Patient, but for all others in the like Case, and thereby keep in +memory what he would have forgot, if his Bill had remained on the +Apothecaries File; viz. the Medicines and their success. By means +whereof Physicians do not advance their knowledg so far as they might; +for how is it possible they should remember the particulars of their +Bills writ some days before? and therefore know not how to proceed so +well. But the Apothecaries having before them the whole series of +Medicines, brag they can do more then the Physicians, and by this +means insinuate the same opinion into people. + +The Physician will be consulted in the beginning of Diseases, to the +safety and little expence of the Patient, who will not go first to the +Apothecary, who practiseth on him till the Case is desperate, and then +calls in a Physician when 'tis too late; and if he dyes, the Physician +must carry away the disgrace alone; but if he recover, the Apothecary +if he be so minded, by some trick will share with him in the honour: +and by this resort of people to the Apothecaries in beginning of +Diseases; we meet with few Cases of easie Cure, but are chiefly made +use of in dangerous Diseases, or those of short period, or such as are +accompanyed with great pains and torments, to our great and continual +anxiety. + +The Physicians experience hereby as 'tis surer, so 'twill be greater. + +He will make use of no Medicines but the choicest, and when they are +in their full vigour, and such as are durable, and after once or twice +Tryal of them, will seldom fail in his expected success; which cannot +be certainly had without some tryal. For though a man buy the choicest +ingredients, viz. Sena, which may appear to the Senses very good, yet +he cannot positively say, how well, nor yet what quantity of it will +work, till he hath made use of it. But afterwards he may confidently +apply the whole parcel he hath bought to his purpose. The like may be +instanced in a crop of Wheat or Barley, which the skillfullest +Husband-man cannot tell how they will yield for Bread, or Malt, till +he hath used them. Now how is it possible that a Physician can with +any certainty make use of several Shops, since there is so great +difference in the ingredients? and 'tis certain the same Medicine made +by several Apothecaries, shall differ much in colour, smell, and tast, +and consequently effect too; which cannot proceed from any other cause +then the difference of the ingredients themselves, or by omitting some +ingredients, or by substituting one thing for another; or by distinct +ways of preparing them. The same also may be said of Compositions, +much more of Chymical Medicines so much sophisticated, and of so much +danger and hazard, if not well prepared, which he cannot discover till +he hath seen the effect of them, unless it be such as he makes +himself, nor those neither till he hath made some tryal of them. + +He will much inlarge Materia Medica, Chymistry and Pharmacy, and +discover the grounds of them, and wherein the efficacy of remedies +lyes, and thereby lay open a whole Ocean for new discoveries, and by +the by observe many useful products and Phenomena of Nature, to the +great improvement of his Art, and sound Natural Philosophy, which are +not taken notice of by Apothecaries, and their Servants; for all which +they have neither will nor skill. + +As to the improvement of Medicines, this may be added, by the +experimenting Physician, that in distill'd waters he will consider and +find which of them will afford any virtue, which only phlegm +equivalent but to Conduit-water, which of them will keep long, and in +perfection, which soon or in what time decay, and spend them +accordingly, and in compound distill'd waters, will find cause to lay +aside many simples as nothing conducing, or rather weakning the +efficacy of the Medicine designed; whereby much charge and trouble +will be spared, and better compositions be made. + +He will gain and keep to himself Patients, who have diseases they are +unwilling should be known by Apothecaries and their Boys, and all such +as have a mind to turn over their File. + +The Patient will have better opinion of the Medicines, and confidence +in the use or them, and the Physician more satisfied in his +Conscience, and better assured of the success. + +He will gain reputation to his Art, by restoring it to its first +institution and practice, by the Founders and Heroes of Physic. + +By constantly practised Medicines he will find out a better method of +Cure, and may hereby arrive at the true causes of diseases. + +He will observe what Medicines by precipitation or other ways, alter, +destroy, or weaken one another, whereby of good ingredients singly +used, a bad Composition may be made, and therefore fail in the success +expected. Many more things might be here added, which a skillful +observer, and versed in the way to make experiments (no easie matter) +will daily find, and at present I do not so much as give hints of +them, but shall hereafter, as occasion and opportunity require. + +He will have more scope to be charitable to the poor, and more civil +and obliging to his friends, by curing them gratis, or at small +charges. + +He need not trouble himself with ways of concealing the use of his +Medicines, by setting down no directions in his Bill, but giving them +to the Patient, which the Apothecary soon learns; nor with giving some +of his own Medicines at a pinch, which if they succeed not, to be sure +the Apothecaries will cry down in all places, but will conceal all +eminently good successes, as disadvantageous to themselves; nor by +placing their Arcana's in the Shops of those Apothecaries they +commonly make use of; nor by recommending their Patients to such +Apothecaries they intrust their secrets with. For then great +complaints are made that the Physicians carry away their Customers, +and take away their livelyhood, affirming they are willing to fetch +them from the prescribing Doctors Apothecaries. To which I answer, +that they do fetch them, but perhaps not always; since I have heard +them often say, these secrets were but the Medicines of the London +Dispensatory disguised under new names, to the discredit of the +Physicians that prescribed them. And I well remember some of them have +neglected to fetch from my house, not far from their own, some of my +preparations, though they had them gratis, for the fetching; whereby +the Patients have suffered, and thought I neglected them, 'till they +were rectified by another Visit. Nay one of them told me, he had +rather dy with his own Shop-Medicines, then be cured with my +Magistrals: much more would he have said of Patients, manifestly +preferring his own profit before their lives; a most Unchristian +saying! + +One singular advantage such a Physician will have, that the slanders +of the Apothecaries will appear to be malicious, as being raised +against such as act contrary to their profit. + +By this means Physicians will unite against the common Enemy, will +contribute mutual assistance, and communicate more freely to one +another their practice and remedies; and also the frauds and unlawful +practices of the Apothecaries, will conceal the counsels, and act +whatsoever may tend to the advance of their Art; and Patients also +will discover the Apothecaries censures, and practices against the +Physicians and their prescriptions. + +Hereby that great interest will decay Apothecaries have in Families +for their petty officiousnesses (which Physicians not to displease +them have put them upon) these will be taught Nurses, and the +assistants, and which are by some of these as well, certainly more +diligently performed then by the Apothecaries. + +Hereby the filii Artis, or younger Physicians, will sooner come into a +better and more setled practice, and not be beholden to Apothecaries +to bring them Patients wherewith they often upbraid them, and glory +amongst themselves and to other persons, that they introduced such and +such a Physician. + +Hereby Chirurgeons will be restored to some of their employment now +usurped by the Apothecaries, as leting of blood, applying Leeches, +Plasters, Cupping-Glasses, Syringing and Salivation, wraping up bodies +in Cere-Cloaths, &c. which indeed do more properly belong to them then +to the Apothecaries; hereby also haply many occasions of quarrel +betwixt Physicians and the Apothecaries will cease, each party acting +according to his own way. + +By this means Pseudochymists, and other Mountebanks mouths and +revilings will be stopped, only exclaiming for this, that Physicians +make not their own Medicines. But since the publication of these +papers I am informed that the said Pseudochymists and Mountebanks rail +against me, this Book, and the way propounded, as much as the +Apothecaries, though before equal Enemies each to others. So that they +have fulfilled the Proverb, of like to like. And no wonder since +hereby their Kingdom of darkness is brought to light, and they are +obliged to oppose it, as the Copper-Smiths were to revile St. Paul for +speaking against the Idol of Diana of the Ephesians, whereby their +trade was lost. + +And as for the reasonableness of it, that the Physician ought to +support himself by all lawful ways and means, and to have praeeminence +above those ignorant persons that incroach upon his profession, 'tis +confessed by all that have considered the great charge, study, and +labour, before he can arrive at any benefit from it; for he must take +the chargeable degrees of Batchellor, and Master of Arts, Batchellor +of Physic, and after 14 years standing, the degree of Doctor; besides +his bare expences for his maintenance in the University, Charges in +Anatomies, knowledg of natural things; Travels abroad, Chymistry, and +Experiments; his Library, Habit, his more free way of living in a +suitable house, and Attendants, greater Taxes, &c. insomuch that a +Doctor of Physic spends more before he comes to practise, then will +set up perhaps a dozen Apothecaries in a way of livelihood; and +besides, great sums of money before he can put himself in a fitting +Equipage: whereas on the contrary, many young men before their time of +Apprenticeship is out, provide well for themselves by Quacking; and +certainly the Study of Physic, and consequently the knowledge of +Nature, must bid farewel to the Universities, if Shops be permitted to +make practisers, for such the people will soon create Doctors, which +title the Apothecary takes upon him, though he understand not the +reason of the name, to the great shame of the Universities, and +Faculty, when ignorant people shall give, and they challenge the same +title for nothing, attained by the Physician at a great rate and long +study, the vulgar taking Practiser and Doctor to signifie the same +thing. And which no persons of knowledg and education do, and perhaps +most other persons give them in way of Jeering. + +From the handsom support of Physicians these benefits will accrue to +the publick, that thereby the honour all Nations yield to the English +Physicians will be kept up, who in the late times, when the reputation +of the Nation was well neer forfeited abroad, the Physicians then in +being, most whereof are now living, and Members of the College, +maintained the credit, for learning and value, of this Kingdom, and +since his Majesties happy return, some of them have kept up the honour +of the Faculty; which manifestly appears by the great esteem +Foreigners have of their Books, by often printing them, and +translating into Latin what hath been published in English, though +they are no where so depressed as in England. + +A second benefit to the publick is, that men of competent Estates will +breed up their Sons in the Art of Physic, giving them such education +as is necessary, and will not vouchsafe to place them out to +Apothecaries, though now adays want of learning and degrees are +adjudged as needful a qualification for the exercise of Physic, as +formerly 'twas for Preaching, and the Shops fit to supply both. + +I will conclude this part of my discourse with this observation; that +the Laws of England in all their Acts of Parliament, have granted the +practice of Physic to Physicians and them alone, and in no clause +thereof put in any restraint at all upon them, but every where, either +new priviledges, or a confirmation of the old, have been granted, by +the said powers. Whereas on the contrary, the Law supposeth cheats in +the Apothecaries Shops, and therefore impowers our Censors to destroy +and burn what they find bad and corrupt. + +The next thing to be treated of, shall be the ways of Apothecaries +creeping into practice, and their unfitness thereunto. As to the +first, heretofore when they were Members of the Company of Grocers, +and dispersed in place, as well as in counsel, they then were wholy +subordinate to the Physicians, only keeping in their Shops, and +faithfully making the prescriptions they received from the Physicians, +and when made, sending them to the Patient by their men (as they still +continue to do in Foreign Countries) and not committing the +preparation to raw Boys, or Apprentices, which is the true interest of +the Patient they should do here likewise. But in process of time, +Physicians in acute diseases having taught them somewhat, sent them to +visit their Patients, to give them the best account they could of the +estate of their health, and effect of their Medicines. And of later +years some Physicians took them along with them in their Visits, +whereby they acquired a little smattering of diseases, by which means, +and their continual officiousness, they insinuated themselves into +Families, and by applying (right or wrong) the terms of Art they had +learned from the Physicians, they made people believe they had +acquired some skill in the Art, and afterwards began to venture a +little at practice, and but until these 10 years last past kept +themselves within some bounds and limits; but since that time have +daily more and more incroached upon our Profession, being assisted by +a greater familiarity of conversation with younger Physicians. And in +the Plague time they took upon them the whole Practice of Physic, +which ever since they have continued, being much helped also therein +by the dispersing of Physicians into places unknown to their Patients, +by the Fire, but above all by the burning of the College, by means +whereof their Government and view of their Shops have been omitted, +insomuch that now they are past all restraint, having insinuated and +(as they think) rooted themselves by the aforesaid Artifices, so that +there remains now no other real remedy but that proposed. + +Now here I shall take occasion in a short digression, to discourse +briefly the reason, why in all Ages there have been so many pretenders +to Physic, and why some of them have got reputation in the World. One +hath been mentioned before, viz. the great charges sick men are put +to, caused by the separation of the Physician from the Apothecary. But +the principal reason is, the want of knowledge in most persons, both +of the materials used, and the grounds for which they are applyed. +Insomuch that there are but few that can judg, and distinguish rightly +of either, and no wonder therefore that in their reasonings they +commit more absurd mistakes, or Paralogisms then in any other Art +whatsoever, and censure Physicians by the success alone. Which my Lord +Verulam accounts the great unhappiness both of the States-man and the +Physician, both being alike censured by those that know not the bottom +and rise of their Actions and Counsels. For how can any man in either +make a sound Judgment without a full knowledge of the business it +self; and of all the circumstances thereunto belonging; nor in Physic +without the concurrent knowledg of the sick mans habit, disease, +cause, remedies, and many other particulars necessary to make a clear +judgment upon the success? Yet notwithstanding, many will censure and +grumble at the actions of the States-men, though their proceedings +have been never so wise, and prudent, and oft-times from muttering and +whispering, fall to down-right distast, and mutiny against their +Superiors. So that the good success, in State-affairs, of rash and +imprudent undertakers, have been extolled and preferred before the +wary, and prudent management, and guidance of the soberest and wisest +States-men. The same likewise happens between the bold Empiric, and +learnedst Physician. But in this way of censuring, the States-man hath +this advantage above the Physician, that 'tis possible he may meet +with a series of Business so circumstantiated, as seldom or never to +miscarry, especially having a greater power over subordinate persons +then Physicians have. But the irreversible statute of Heaven forbids +us to expect a constant recovery of our Patients, for 'tis appointed, +that all men must die. 'Tis sufficient therefore for us, to employ +those remedies God hath given to the Sons of men, to the utmost vertue +the Creator hath endowed them withal: since his eternal decree hath +limited their efficacy from making man immortal. Now since (if men +judg by the success alone) it cannot be otherwise, but that the most +learned Physician, and most sottish Empiric must be thought equal in +skill, by those that are not able to make a right judgment and +difference betwixt them on other principles. Hence it comes to pass, +that where some ignorant person hath cured accidentally a slight +disease, and a Physician hath a Patient dye of an irrecoverable Case, +here the Empiric shall be applauded, and the Physician decryed. Nay +many will say the disease is the same in both, whereas we daily see +most gross mistakes in such opinions, when the Cases differ totally in +their Nature, agreeing in one sign only common to both the Cases +proposed, nay to many other also. Furthermore, if a Patient dy under +an Empirics hand, the friends willingly conceal their Names, lest some +discredit should befal them for using such worthless practisers; but +if under the hands of a known Physician he shall be sure to be named, +and sometimes his attendance falsly fathered on him, when Mountebanks +only have been employed: but to besure if an Empiric hath first been +made use of, and afterwards an able Physician called in (when all +opportunity of doing good was past) and the Patient dy, the Mountebank +hath never been mentioned, but the Physician perhaps condemned though +he hath done whatsoever could have been thought on, rational in that +Case. + +Add to the former reasons, the bold and confident brags, and promises +of Empirics, that they have cured worse diseases, and will in few +hours free them from their maladies, especially where sober Physicians +have pronounced doubtfully of the event. No wonder that these pleasing +promises to persons in danger and distress bring them into employment +even with a rejection of the former sober Physician. + +Besides, a foolish opinion prevails with some ignorant persons, that +they will deal only with such as will undertake the Cure, (that is) +contract with them for a sum of money, one half whereof to be payed in +hand, and the other the Cure being done, and so are usually cheated of +one half of their money; and such people will have nothing to do with +such Physicians as will not undertake them in this sence. + +Another Stratagem is, to give strange and hard names to their +Medicines, such as are Pilulae radiis Solis extractae, and in English is +no more then Pills dryed to that consistence by the Sun-Beams, which +ignorant people have thought were made of the Sun Beams. Others +commend their Extract of the Soul of the Heathen Gods. One sets up +with a receipt received from Van Helmonts own hands; Another hath +received from a Jew the shining of Moses Face; nay I have heard a +Pseudochymist blasphemously brag, he saw in the making of a grand +Elixir, the Quintessence of the Trinity in Unity, and infinite other +pitiful captivations of silly people, to be seen on every Gate and +Post of this City; such as are the Spirit of the Salt of the World, +Panchymagogon, and other ten-footed Greek names, and some other +Mongrel non-sensical ones compounded of several Languages; promising +certain, speedy, and concealed Cure of incurable Diseases. + +And no less ridiculous and absurd to considering persons are, their +cantings of themselves, wherewith they no less befool, amuse, and +beguile the people; as that by long prayer, and seeking of God, they +have had many secrets revealed to them from Heaven. Another by long +Travels through Hungary, Poland, &c. hath attained great secrets from +Kings and Emperours. Another a Gentleman lately come from Oxford, or +Cambridg, Cures the Pox, Running of the Reins, &c. in Capital Letters, +at all which what sober man cannot but laugh? Yet such as these are +inducements to many to resort to them; moreover some of them are +Astrologers, Physiognomers, Fortunetellers, Professors of Palmistry +and such other vain Arts; much applauded by the weaker sort of people. + +Besides, the former they have their Emissaries, Scouts, and Setters up +and down, to cry up the skill And feigned Cures done by them, Nurses, +Good-fellows, Midwives, &c. to make up the cry and full noise. + +Now it being natural to most people to admire what they understand +not, and for Admiration to infer Love, and Love Praise, and Praise the +use especially of such things as are set off with high and lofty +expressions, it necessarily follows that such persons will cry up, and +make use of, those that by these means captivate their understandings, +especially their credits being ingaged also; but above all, if they +proceed from meaner persons, of whom they are most credulous, having +in suspition wiser men, believing the former are not able, and that +the wiser are able; and therefore will deceive them. All which appears +in some with us cryed up above any Physician that ever was in England, +though for pitiful, dangerous, nay sometimes mortal Medicines, whereby +great sums of money have been gained in a short time; I shall instance +first in Lockyers Pills made of Antimony, discovered to be so by some +of my Collegues, and my self, at the first selling of them. A Medicine +as ill made as any of that Mineral, and no Physician though meanly +versed in Chymistry, but could have excelled it. Yet so great a Vogue +this Pill had for some time, that infinite people resorted to him, and +purchased them for their lives, both for themselves, and Families, and +(as I have heard) for their posterities too. Though a common Chimney +in a little time would have made enough of it to have served the whole +Nation for some years to come, and that at very small charges. But +Experience, the Tutor of too many, hath in a short time brought these +Pills into a dis-use, if not a total Oblivion, even amongst the +vulgar. + +A second cryed up Medicine was Mathews's Pills, made of Opium (to +which the virtue of the whole Composition must be attributed) of white +Hellebor Roots, and Oyl of Turpentine, whereto some add Salt of +Tartar, which will puzzle the most knowing Naturalist to declare why +these should be thus jumbled together; unless to obscure the Opium. +'Tis indeed a very cunning Composition, for by giving rest and ease it +may easily decoy people into the use of them, though by long taking of +them, diseases become far more uncurable then they are in their own +Nature. + +A third Universal Medicine was Hughes's Powder, sold by him at 10 s. +the Grain, and 3 l. 10 s. the Dose, made doubtless of Gold and +Quicksilver. The tast and weight of it manifestly discover the former +to be an ingredient into it, and the effect, viz. Salivation proves +the latter to be part of the compound. Besides I have made of these +two dissolved, and digested in their peculiar Menstruums, in no long +space of time, a Medicine that had the same effect with his, and in +the same Dose, and having a View of his Cabinet left after his Death, +containing a large quantity of the said Powder (being all he left +behind him) there was found crude Gold, and Quicksilver in the same +Cabinet. Now these three Notorious Universal Medicines were put to +sale by most ignorant persons. Add hereunto the forementioned Mr. +De-laun's Pill, whereof I shall say nothing, being mentioned under the +Name of the Pilule ex duobus, in the London Dispensitory, though some +make them of the Extract of Coloquintida. The last of any Fame with +us, were Dr. Goddard's Drops, a good Medicine, but not so universal, +and superlative as he would have made the World believe, and was +nothing else but what some Physicians many years since enjoyed. I well +remember that in the late troubles, a Person then in great Authority, +having cryed up this above all the Medicines in the World, a round +wager was offered, that the Doctor should not distinguish his own from +two others that should be brought him, both which were but Spirit of +Harts-horn. But the wager would not be accepted of. Furthermore, that +this Medicine of his was Spirit of Harts-horn, some relations plainly +argue; One whereof was the following. + +A certain person in Norfolk having sent for as much as came to a 11 l. +and dying upon the 2d. dose of it, and by accident most part of the +remainder being spilt; there comes in a friend to the House, of some +skill, who supposing it to be Spirit of Harts-horn, told the Widow he +would endeavour to gain back the money for her. And thereupon went to +a Chymist, and bought as much of the said Spirit, as would make up the +quantity purchased of Dr. Goddard, who after Tryal of it by smell, and +tast, acknowledged it to be his, and honestly payed back the sum 'twas +first sold for; which I think few of the Mountebanks do. Sure I am +that a Quack sold 21 Pills for 20 l. whereof the Patient took 4 at two +doses, to the great hazard of his life, who then repairing to me for +my advice, I by Tryal of one of them found them to be Mercurial, and +wished him to return them back, but the Quack would not give him 10 s. +for the 16 remaining. + +The inference and sum of what hath been said, is to shew briefly by +what Artifices people are deceived in their Healths, and Purses, and +how easily the ignorant are couzened, and such practices used, that +Physicians, men of honesty and repute, would be ashamed to own, and +must by using them in a short time be ruined and discredited. And such +Cheats as these, the College of Physicians are bound by the Laws of +the Land to decry, and punish (though by so doing it hath often +incurred the censure and clamor of the vulgar) Besides the Statute of +the 14th. and 15th. of Henry the Eighth injoyns us to it, declaring +that 'tis good for the Common-wealth of this Realm, and therefore +expedient, and necessary to provide that no person of the College of +Physicians (for all practisers then were of the said body) be suffered +to exercise, and practise Physic, but only those persons that be +profound, sad, and discreet, groundly learned, and deeply studyed in +Physic. Now certain it is, that none of the said body did or dare use +any of the forementioned frauds and deceits, but will constantly +indeavour (since 'tis impossible but there will be Cheatees; +(according to the old Proverb, Populus vult decipi, The People will be +deceived) to abridge the number of the Cheaters, who answer to the +former part of the Proverb, Decipiatur, Let them be couzened. + +I shall end this discourse by returning from my digression to the +Apothecaries, who may and do use some of the tricks before-mentioned, +and shall here briefly recite some great advantages they have, and +make use of above Physicians. One is, that they live in this City 7 or +8 years as Apprentices, as also by their retail Trade, and by living +in open Shops, by frequent converse with their fellow Citizens, +whether in Commerce or Offices, by many friendly and Neighbourly +mutual kindnesses and actions, wherein they spend their whole lives, +and are never diverted by studies, and ingenuity from their proposed +way of gain, by all which means they get into a fixed familiarity and +good opinion with their Neighbours, and a large acquaintance in the +World. Now for their skill, besides what hath been before-mentioned, +and common to them with the Mountebank, viz. Vapouring and braging of +their skill, and decrying Physicians, by talking above the Capacity of +those they converse with, who therefore take all they say to be +authentick, though never so absurd, and trivial, and many times to set +off themselves they will venture to speak Latine commonly as false as +the matter, although some of them at Coffee-Houses, and in other mixt +Companies, by venturing so boldly have been met with and baffled, and +made to depart thence with shame and discredit enough, which their +friends and acquaintance take little notice of. Add hereunto their +exposing to view their Compositions of Treacle, Mithridate, +Diascordium and Alkermes, which all their friends, and neighbours one +time or another must see; (being set off by some very curiously) and +seeing cannot but admire the great charge, art, and labour of the +Apothecary, and perhaps hear his learned Lecture upon them, whereby +they imply their great skill, knowledg in the virtues of these +ingredients, and consequently an ability to practise with them; all +which are below the dignity of a Physician; and therefore a long time +is necessary for him to gain acquaintance, wanting the fore-mentioned +opportunities the Apothecaries enjoy. Lastly, Their painted Pots and +Glasses, with false Titles on them, more win the vulgar then a +Physicians Library of far greater value. + +As to their incapacity for Practice, 'tis manifest by their education, +and ignorance of all those things which are required in an able +Physician, viz. the knowledg of Arts and Languages; by the former +whereof men learn the way and rules of observing, and improvements to +be made thereon; by the latter, what the learned searchers of Nature +have in all Ages taken notice of, necessary, and little enough in an +Art so difficult as that of Physic. They are wholy ignorant also of +all Philosophy, and the very Elements of the Art, and therefore +unskillful in knowing diseases; and more surely their causes, whereto +respect is to be had, as well as to the diseases, to which, fit +remedies are to be applyed. For want of Anatomy know neither the part +affected, nor how 'tis affected; much lets any thing of Chirurgical +directions. And through their ignorance in Philosophy, and Arts, they +have not skill enough to advise a diet sutable to diseases; a thing +most necessary, as well in curing diseases as in preserving of health, +and which requires a great insight into the nature of things; nor the +true grounds and reasons of compounding, practising their way rather +by rote then by rule; with better reason may a Brick-layer or +Carpenter pretend to be a Mathematical, or a Common Fidler to be a +Musick Reader in the Universities, or Gresham-College, since both +these have the practical part of those Sciences, which Apothecaries +have not in Physic, in the least measure. + +And to conceal their mis-actings, they generally do all by word of +mouth, and not enter their prescriptions into their Books, being haply +ashamed any knowing men should discover their sins of omission, as +dangerous many times in point of life and health, as those of their +commission. Whereas Physicians Bills are on the File, or registred in +Order in their own Books, which is their justification from all +misrepresentations. + +Again, they sufficiently confess their ignorance, by calling in +Physicians when their own, or any of their relations healths are +concerned, and the same all people acknowledge, when they are in +distress and danger. And very few understanding persons, and none that +are learned and knowing, will trust them at all. But I shall refer the +Reader to the forementioned Writer against the Apothecaries, viz. Dr. +Daniel Coxe, who permitted me to name him here; by whom this and many +other things here but briefly touched, are judiciously handled, and +more largely. + +And as for their skill in practice, we daily see their gross errours +and omissions, being called where they have given Medicines. I shall +instance only in one that hapned at the writing hereof; viz. that an +Apothecary gave strong Purging Pills on the Fit day of a gentle +Quartan Ague, which turned it into a violent Fever, to the great +hazard of the Patients life. + +And at how easie rate they practise, many of their Bills brought and +complained of to our College, (in some whereof I have seen Fees set +down for Visits) witness, wherein upon a slight disease 5 l. hath been +demanded for four days practice. And I have heard one of them brag, +that he commonly had from 20 to 100 l. besides presents, for cure of a +Clap (as they call it) which might have been more speedily and +securely performed for a manifold lesser sum. + +I now come to answer some slight objections; as first, that Physicians +are unskillful in the Art of making Medicines; but sure those that +thus object cannot deny them that ability which Ladies, and almost all +ordinary women have; viz. of distilling of waters of all sorts, making +of Syrups, Conserves, Preserves, Powders, Trochiscs, Electuaries (and +what not) and as many think, more cleanly and neatly then the +Apothecaries; and some of them Ointments, and Plasters, in which two +lyes their main skill. Some whereof, to those that understand not the +way of dissolution of bodies, and the nature of their mixture may be +difficult. Yet this defect they may supply by lessening the number of +ingredients, and may perform more with 2, or 3 Simples, then with the +larger Compositions, as 'tis manifest in the use of Galbanum alone, +now used and found better then Emplastrum Hystericum, consisting of 21 +ingredients. + +And though as matters now stand, Physicians have not the honour to be +counted superiour to Apothecaries in their Art, yet every one knows +that they alone are the prescribers and directors of the Apothecaries +in what they know; and are able to puzzle them in infinite things that +concern their Trade, besides in Chymical preparations, whereof most of +them are totally ignorant; and should Physicians withdraw themselves +from their conversation, few pretenders to Physic would appear more +unskillful then they, neither knowing how to deal with a new Simple, +nor a new disease. And for all their pretences of skill in Drugs, 'tis +most certain that the State makes Physicians not Apothecaries, Judges +of them; and the Statute of Henry the VIII. appoints the College +Censors upon Oath, not the Apothecaries to judg, and condemn false and +sophisticated Medicines. + +A second objection wherewith they flatter themselves, is, that the +great expence of time in preparing Medicines will keep Physicians from +this course. I answer, that the Physician needs not spend much more +then half an hour in a day, one with another, on this work, and may +faster dispense them then the Apothecaries to Hospitals, who in an +afternoon can provide for 100, nay sometimes 200 sick men, and carry +them to the Hospital, and dispose them to each single person, which +takes up much time, which the Physicians Servants need not be put to. + +A third objection is, that this course, which before 'twas put in +practice they derided, now used is railed at, will undo them. I answer +that if needs, one or the other must be ruined, 'tis more reasonable +that the Apothecary should suffer then the Physician, because the one +acts but his duty, and for the publick good, but the other are +transgressors of the Law, and act above the Sphere of their skill, and +do many prejudices to the precious lives, and healths of men; and the +rather, because 'tis in their own power to prevent this mischief, by +stinting the number of their Servants (as 'tis in foreign parts, and +in England also, in very many if not most other Trades. Nay our State +allows but a set number of Printers) for they acknowledg themselves, +that the exceeding increase of their number must necessarily in a +short time bring them all to shifting and beggery, and a greater want +of skill then what they now pretend to. But to answer this Objection +more fully, I affirm Apothecaries have made and do make use of several +other ways of subsistence; besides their bare trades (none of which +Physicians can use) viz. some of them in this City as well as in the +Country, sell Grocery-wares, and by both together, gain Estates. +Secondly, They barter in Drugs and other Commodities, selling them +amongst themselves, and to other Tradesmen. Furthermore, they are now +building a Laboratory to make all sorts of Chymical Medicines, +intending to supply the whole Nation with them, which must necessarily +undo all the Chymists in London; and whether in time they will not +distil Strong-waters, &c. (an easie thing for them to undertake) and +by this means to ruine the Corporation of Distillers of Strong-waters, +I leave to the said Company to conceive as they please. However, this +I have heard several of them say, that they resolve to buy all sorts +of Drugs, and make a Magazine of them, as well as of the greater +Compositions, at their own Hall; and to sell them to the Members of +their Company, whereby the Trade of the Druggist, must be much +lessened, if not totally over-thrown. So little regard have they of +any other employment but of their own, yet all these things they may +do without any offence against the Laws of the Land. Why then should +they, who have so many ways of subsistence, envy, and usurp unlawfully +over the single and lawful way granted Physicians for their +livelihood? Or why would they repine, and revile them for advancing +their Art, the publick health and profit, and for maintaining their +profession by their Pens, and actings against themselves, who are the +first aggressors in this division? Which I profess to be the sole end +of these present papers, and heartily wish they may thrive and prosper +as long as they conform themselves to the Laws of Honesty, Reason, and +of the Land. Besides, why may not the Plaisterer more reasonably +pretend the same to the Painter, and many other Trades against one +another, as the Brick-layer to the Stone-Cutter, &c. that they +understand the Trade, and that truly too, and that they cannot subsist +without this incroachment? And why should not Chirurgeons keep open +Apothecaries Shops? but that the same Law limits those Tradesmen, as +well as prohibits the Apothecary from the practice of Physic. And +surely the Law and State have no consideration of those persons +subsistence, who conform not to them; and why should we have of those, +subordinate to us, who against all good Conscience take away from us +all that is our due, and continually traduce and slander us very +untruly and designingly? + +The last objection (and a strange one) is, that in this private way of +giving Medicines, Physicians may poyson their Patients. But this is +easily retorted upon the Apothecaries, who may themselves or their +Servants do the like, as 'tis known in the poysoning of Sir Thomas +Overbury; besides, since it cannot be otherwise, but that the Patient +must trust somebody, 'tis better to trust one then many; and if one, +better him whose education will teach him better Morality, (and who +hath given his Faith (equivalent to an Oath) twice to the Body of the +College; viz. once at his admission as Candidate, and a second time at +his admission as Fellow; whereby he promiseth in these words, That he +shall give nothing to cause miscarriage, or to destroy, or hinder +Conception, nor Poysons (for of such, good Medicines may be made) to +an evil purpose, nay that he shall not even teach them where there is +any suspicion of ill using of them. Which promise is nothing else but +the Oath proposed by Hippoc. to Physicians, in the entrance to his +Books) then to trust such as want these qualifications; and this seems +to be the reason why our Common Law makes it Felony, for any person to +have any one dy under his hand, unless he were a lawful Physician. +More noble and generous was the opinion of Alexander the Great, +concerning his Physician, who confidently drank off that Medicine +which cured him, though he was before informed by some friend that +'twas poysoned. Neither can History it self to my knowledg produce any +example, that ever any such foolish Villany was acted; Though +doubtless many lives might have been saved if the Apothecaries would +have complyed with the College, in their proposed Orders for selling +Rats-bane. + +In the next place I shall recite some few of their devices against +those Physicians in particular that make their own Medicines, as to +tell the Patient that is averse to Chymical Medicines, that the Doctor +is Chymical, and that because forsooth he makes his own Medicines; but +to those that affect Chymical, that the Doctor is but a Galenist, and +useth only dull and ineffectual remedies, as best suits to the sick +mans Palat. A second is, that if this Physician be called in to a +Patient, the Apothecary will pretend present danger, and in his +absence call in another, or pretend he is abroad when he is not, or +else that the Case requires the counsel of two Physicians; and what +other devices they use, I have not well learned. + +Now briefly follow some small Scandals they cast upon the said +Physicians, as first that they do it for want of practice; the falsity +whereof is known by those few that do act this way already, and +shortly 'twill be more apparent, when many more of good practice, +singular parts and honesty will do the like, and certainly nothing but +lazyness, ignorance, or want of will to do the utmost good they are +able for the sick, can hinder them from so doing, except age, +infirmity of body, or want of convenience. But suppose 'tis so as they +alledg, doubtless every man may and ought to use all lawful means for +his own subsistence; and do not our adversaries say they are inforced +to it, affirming that unless they give Medicines of themselves, their +acquaintance will go to another Apothecary who will do it, though one +of their Company told me, they had power by their Charter to restrain +practice? Whence (if true) it clearly follows that the whole Company +allows it. + +But those Physicians, that for the reasons above, cannot nor will not +take this course, are to be admonished, to do here as the Physicians +did in France, for the good of people, viz. to tell their Patients the +prices of Medicines, and to write their Bills in English, that thereby +the Patients may not pay too unreasonable for them. + +I now conclude, having performed this ungrateful task, with as much +brevity, mildness of Spirit, and language, as the business would +permit (and what the prudent Statutes of our College require of each +of their members, that we shall by all honest and lawful ways and +means prosecute all illiterate Mountebanks and Impostors, &c. and is +no more then the Laws and Charters granted to us allow, and what we +twice faithfully promise (as much an Oath as we can give) viz. at our +admission as Candidate and as Fellow) being obliged to another work of +greater difficulty, and concern, long since promised, having been too +long diverted with fitting my self for my intended practice, and +several other unavoidable Occasions. + + +Postscript. + +Reader, There intervening so small a space from the publication of the +first Edition of these Papers to this second; I thought to have added +nothing to it, but to have put it out only more correct, as the Title +intimates; but since some Sheets were printed off, I have had the +opportunity to be informed of some exceptions taken to them, which +being but few, I shall give the Objectors full satisfaction in. Though +one answer might serve for all; viz. that an Apothecary in the +presence of two Physicians, said, that he had told me of all these +Cheats, and indeed they are so common, that whosoever shall be +conversant with them, may observe most of these to be a great part of +their discourse. The First exception against Myrtle-leafs, that they +were not shewed the Censors for Sena, a Binder for a Purger; the time +I have forgot; the Censors then were, Sir George Ent, Dr. Goddard, Dr. +King, and my Self; the places, Tut-hill-street, and some Shops in +King-street; Mr. Shellberry being then Master of the Company. +Secondly, As for Mushrooms rubbed over with Chalk for Agaric; this was +found by the Censors in the Old-Baily, at the Shop of one now dead, +and therefore I shall say no further of it, it being taken notice of +by Mr. Evelyn, as is intimated before. p.8. A Third is Diascordium +made of Honey and Bole-Armeniac, this was discovered in a Shop at the +end of Drury-lane near Holborn, concluded to be so by Sir George Ent, +My Self, and Mr. Richardson then Master of the Company, and the rest +of the Censors and Wardens, easily to be remembred, and was by them +taken away to their Hall; a pound whereof I had, and by dissolution +found it to be no otherwise; what the Apothecaries did with the large +Pot of the remainder I know not. Besides these, I have heard no +exception to the whole concerning frauds. + +Now since the Cheaters with the Cheatees, most insist on the objection +of Poyson; I add to what hath been formerly said; that Poysons are not +necessarily to be given in Medicines alone, but may be given in +Broaths, Beer, or any other thing taken into the Body, and that +without the consultation or knowledg of any Physician, and surely if +any one had a mind to Poyson his Relations (an Action abominable to +the English Nation) he would rather Act privately himself, having many +opportunities offered to him, rather then by communicating it to +others, make himself obnoxious to their discovery. But if he should +communicate to others, 'tis more probable he would communicate it to +meaner, and more Mercenary persons, as Apothecaries and Nurses, at a +smaller rate and with more security, then reveal such secrets to +Physicians, Men of Honour, and Honesty. Furthermore, if any mans life +be suspected to be taken away with Poyson, and by opening the body it +should appear so (and without which it cannot well appear) the +Physician is doubtless as lyable to the Law as any other person +whatsoever. So that the Patient hath as much moral security from this +mischief, as possibly can be had, or wished in humane affairs. Nay +suppose the Physician might be so corrupted (as to take away his +Patients life) he might effect it without the least suspition; either +by neglecting, or omitting what was necessary, or by giving him +unproper Medicines, for which he could be accused of ignorance or +errour only; besides, if he had a mind to poyson, he as well as +others, assistants of Visitors, might do it securely enough, by +conveying into a singular Cordial, or any Medicine made by the Shops, +and often taken by the Patient before with good success, a mortal dose +without any knowledg or surmise of any such horrid practice. Add +hereunto what an able Chirurgeon suggested, that Apothecaries taking +upon them the wrapping up, and Embalming of Bodies (whereby they gain +more money then by several years practice upon them; for their +embalming amounts to very great sums) may upon better reason be +suspected of poysoning then any other persons whatsoever conversant +among the sick, since both a particular interest and convenience of +concealing may induce them to it. Lastly, did this Objection carry any +weight in it, then neither Physicians, Chirurgeons, Apothecaries, +Nurses, nor Friends, might administer to the sick; because all these, +as well as Physicians, may clandestinely poyson their Relations. And +therefore that an Objection should be raised by such persons that have +more opportunities and advantage (in a thing never proved to be done, +because 'tis possible only) to hinder so manifest and publick a profit +as hath been proved; appears to be very weak and absurd. + +And having done with the Objections made to others, and to my self +also by some of the Company, with whom I have conversed, who huff'd +exceedingly at my first discourse with them, but departed (seemingly +at least) well satisfied, I am sure fully and without reply answered, +and with addition of many other Cheats besides, which I shall not here +mention for the reasons above specified: I shall here transcribe one +gratulatory Letter amongst many sent me by a Divine well known in +Physic, being very comprehensive of most I have said, to the end the +Universities and all learned men may see what is like to become of one +of the three of their noble professions: The words of the Letter are +these. + + "Your design all ingenious persons approve highly, to whom I have + communicated it. 'Tis frequent with a Master Apothecary that hath + served but 2, or 3 years, nay some scarce one, to take Apprentices + for as little, or less time, with a little more money then + ordinarily; and presently they assume the Title of Doctors, though + they understand no more then only to write to a whole-sale + Apothecary in your City. And truly their couzenages here in the + Country do exceed those in the City. For I have known 2s. 6d. + taken for a little Plaster of Galbanum, and it is usual to make + one pectoral Syrup serve for all; as having occasion to enquire + for Syrup of Jujubs, one of them ingenuously confessed (not + knowing what Jujubs were) that he used one pectoral Syrup for all, + a little varying the colour sometimes, and this a peculiar receipt + of his own, something differing from any in the Dispensatory." + +As for their opposition also in the Country, take this one Example. An +eminent Physician of Gloucester by reason of the Apothecaries Frauds, +&c. betook himself to make his own Medicines, taking for his Servant +one that was not a Freeman of the said City. Who in his Masters +absence, and contrary to his command, sold to an Apothecary a Medicine +not to be had, or at least pretended not to be had in the Town, for a +most urgent and necessary use; whereupon the Apothecaries conspiring +together, exhibited a complaint to the Mayor and Court of Aldermen, +requiring of them, that the said Physician (who was a Freeman, and had +lately born the Office of Mayor) might be dis-franchised. Which being +not granted them, they set the whole City into such disorder, that +they refused to attend the Mayor on a Solemn day (as their Custom is, +and are bound to do) with their Flags from their Town-Hall to the +Church, which the prudence of the Magistrates for the present +qualified. This relation I had from the then Mayor my Kinsman, in the +presence of a London Apothecary. + +Next as to the Lyes and Scandals of my self, I shall take notice only +of those that concern practice (the rest being but generally false and +non-sensical revilings.) One is, that they most untruly entitle me to +have been Physician to the Lady Anderson, and many others which I +never saw or heard of; and that I soon dispatched them. Another +wherewith they make great noise, is, of one Mr. Staples in +Covent-Garden, whom they say also I dispatched in few days. The true +relation whereof was this. An able Physician of the College had him in +hand for the Jaundice, about two Months before I was called, whereupon +we consulted and writ a note to the Apothecary; a week after the +consultation I was sent for, and desired to take care of him alone; he +was then, besides the Jaundice, troubled with continual Torments in +his Bowels, which were as hard as a Board (as they say) his Stomach +gone, his nights restless, a vehement Cough joyned with a Hectick +Fever, having long before had an ill Habit of Body. In this Case I +found him, and in a Months time or thereabouts, I cured his Jaundice, +relieved his Torments, removed the hardness of his Bowels, mitigated +his Cough, but the Hectick Fever continuing he declined; at length +another Physician was called in, who can witness the truth of what was +done, and upon the whole we had good reason to think his Liver to be +Apostemated. After which consultation he had no more of me, telling me +he would rely on Kitchin Physic, and after that I never saw him. Now +this being the only relation I have heard in this kind, I have been +the larger to recite it, that thereby the Reader may take an estimate +of their dealing with me in the like reports. The like or worse, some +of them have said of other Physicians, which perhaps hereafter shall +be more fully related with all the Circumstances. + +As for their malicious anger, and disadvantageous to themselves, take +this one example; I having prescribed a Plaster for the Head, an +Apothecary would not make it, because prescribed by me; and I have +been informed that many of them agreed they would make nothing for +such Physicians as made their own Medicines; a poor and pitiful +revenge, to their own loss and discredit. + +Another Scandal is, the fewness of my Medicines. 'Tis true my Closet +is not open to every bodies Eye, nor have I so many and large Pots and +Glasses, or fill'd with as good as nothing, or the same Medicine, in +several with different Titles, neither are any of mine guilded to make +a shew with; yet I dare offer to view with the best of their Shops, +for number of good and really useful Medicines fit to answer presently +any Physicians intentions, for internal remedies. And this will be +attested by some of my learned Collegues, who have seen and perused +them. Whereas the Shops contain only some general Medicines, whereof +few single Physicians make use of one quarter in their practice, and +upon most particular cases are compell'd to prescribe what is not +readily dispensed in the Shops. Others insinuate my seldom change of +Medicines. To which I answer, that where all circumstances are the +same, and a good success follows, I neither do, nor will much vary, +the easiest thing in the World to be done, both to colour and tast. +For such changes (necessary to be used in Shop-practice) without +manifest reason, clog a Patients Purse and Stomach, may not suit with +the Patients Disease nor Constitution. And doubtless every Physician +writes at first what he conceives most fit, and proper in the Case +proposed; and if this agrees fully to his expectation, runs some +hazard in the alteration, which he is necessitated to do in the +Shop-way, for many reasons before-mentioned. Besides, who scruples to +take the Medicinal Waters of Epsom, Barnet, and Tunbridge, many weeks +together? or who refuseth a constant unalter'd Diet-Drink for some +Months, or Years together? And do not Apothecaries in all Diseases of +the Lungs, fly to their pectoral decoction for all persons, and for +the same person at all times, unless perhaps with the addition of a +little China to it? + +Some Patients of the middle rank have by these and such like Artifices +been drawn from me, but have soon returned, being undeceived by the +fulsomness, charge, and the non-success of the Shops. + +Now these things I have here published to this end alone, that both +Physician and Patient may take notice of them; the former to neglect +and slight such poor Calumnies, and the other to avoid the +inconveniencies thence arising. + +The care I had not to injure any particular person, by naming him in +my first Edition, or this (although I had so many witnesses of credit, +as appears by the Postscript, to justifie any thing they can object +against) makes me hope they will leave off their personal animosities, +or redress their Crimes, their Vanity of threatning me with 20000 l. +Actions, and affrighting my publishing this, together with my further +proceedings, by their intended assaults and batteries; which make them +appear so ridiculous, that I smile at the first, and pardon the last; +wishing them to consider seriously how the expectation some have of +what they can say for themselves, together with the necessity that +obliges them to it (if possible) were enough one would think, besides +their many large brags of a speedy and full answer (which they have a +long time buzzed about the Town as a present remedy in this exigence) +this I say were enough to make any man conclude them guilty, but 'tis +hoped this Edition will either work in them an amendment, or bury +their confident presumptions, leaving no man a belief of their +innocency. If their promised answer be any thing else but Libelling, +or a Ballad without rhime or reason, stuft with falsities and +revilings, such as was only given to Dr. Coxe's Book; I shall return +it a speedy and full answer, and with an addition of far greater +Frauds and Abuses, if they therein desire it. + + Feb. 20 + Hatton-Garden. + + * * * * * + + +Pag. 35. l. 6 read Physician, pag. 67. l. 13. read then to trust. + +FINIS. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses +Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES *** + +***** This file should be named 15910.txt or 15910.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15910/ + +Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. 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