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diff --git a/15910-h/15910-h.htm b/15910-h/15910-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33d753a --- /dev/null +++ b/15910-h/15910-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3641 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-gb" xml:lang="en-gb"> +<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries by Christopher Merrett</title> +<style type="text/css"> + +/* <![CDATA[ XML Blockout */ +<!-- + body { + font-family: serif; + margin: 0 6em; + text-align: center; /* Hack for IE to get centered <div> */ + } + + p { + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1em; + margin: 0em; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; + font-size: 100%; + } + + .trailer { + margin: 2em; + text-align: center; + font-size: 140%; + } + + .transcriber { margin: 1em 0 5em 0; background-color: #ccf; color: black; border: dotted black 1px;} + + ul { text-align: left;} + li { margin-bottom: 1em;} + + /* ------------ Letters ------------ */ + + .signed {text-align: left; margin: 1em;} + + /* ------------ Corrections ------------ */ + + ins.corr { + text-decoration: none; + background-color: #eee; + border-bottom: 1px dashed gray; + } + + /* ------------ Page numbers ------------ */ + + .pb { + position: absolute; + right: 1em; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal + } + .pb:after {content: "( " attr(name) " )"; } + + + /* ------------ Section arguments ------------ */ + + .argument p {margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-indent: -1em; font-style: italic} + .argument em {font-style: normal;} + + + /* ------------ Quote ------------ */ + + blockquote {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0;} + + + /* ------------ Text styles ------------ */ + + .sc {font-variant: small-caps;} + .gothic { font-weight: bold; } + + em {font-style: italic} + em em {font-style: normal;} + + + /* ------------ Front matter ------------ */ + + .front * { + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0; + } + + .front {margin: 0 auto 4em; width: 30em;} + + .byline, + .epigraph, .subtitlePart, + .docEdition, + .docImprint{ + padding: 0.5em 0; + border-bottom: thin solid silver; + } + + .epigraph {font-style: italic} + .epigraph em {font-style: normal} + + + /* ------------ Decorative rule ------------ */ + + .rule {margin: 0 auto 1em; text-align: center;} + .rule img {width: 24em; text-align: center; } +--> +/* ]]> */ + </style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses +Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries + As well in Relation to Patients, as Physicians: And Of the + only Remedy thereof by Physicians making their own + Medicines. + +Author: Christopher Merrett + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15910] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES *** + + + + +Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from +images generously made available by the Bibliothèque +nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="transcriber"> + <p> + Transcriber's Note: + </p> + <ul> + <li> + Hyphens splitting words across lines have been removed. + </li> + <li> + Original spellings have generally been retained, but + the Errata from the Second Edition (at the end), and + a mistake in the Errata (!) have been + marked <ins class="corr" title="2nd Edition: Original has 'lke ths'">like this</ins>. + </li> + <li> + The Latin epigraph translates as: “They all represent + themselves as Doctors—The Uneducated, The Priest, + The Nurse, and The Barber, The <em>Apothecary</em>, The Old Woman.” + </li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + + + +<div class="front"> + +<a class="empty-pb" id="png001"></a> + +<div class="docImprint"> +<span style="font-size: 220%;">Imprimatur,</span><br /> +<i>Novemb.</i> 13.<br /> +1669.<br /> +<span style="font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.5em; font-size: 140%;">SAM. PARKER</span>. +</div> + +<a class="empty-pb" id="png002"></a> + +<div class="titlepage"> +<div class="doctitle"> +<h1 class="titlePart"><span style="font-size: 200%;"> +A<br /> +<span style="font-size: 180%;">SHORT VIEW</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 80%;">OF THE</span><br /> +<i>FRAUDS</i>, and <i>ABUSES</i><br /> +<span style="font-size: 80%;">Committed by</span><br /> +APOTHECARIES;<br /> +</span></h1> +<p class="subtitlePart"> +<span style="font-size: 200%;"> +<span style="font-size: 80%;">As well in Relation to<br /> +PATIENTS, as PHYSICIANS:<br /> +AND<br /> +Of the only Remedy thereof by PHYSICIANS<br /> +making their own<br /></span> +<span style="font-size: 180%;">MEDICINES.</span></span> +</p> +</div> +<p class="byline"> +BY<br /> +<i>CHRISTOPHER MERRETT Dr.</i> in <i>Physic</i>, Fellow of the +College of <i>Physicians</i>, and of the <i>Royal Society</i>. +</p> + + + +<div class="epigraph"><p>——Fingunt se Medicos omnes, Idiota, Sacerdos, +Nutrix, & Tonsor, <em>Pharmacopæus</em>, Anus. +</p></div> + +<div class="docEdition"> +<span class="gothic">The Second Edition more correct.</span> +</div> + +<div class="docImprint"> +<span style="font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.5em;">LONDON</span>,<br /> +Printed for <i>James Allestry</i>, Printer to the <i>Royal +Society</i>, at the <i>Rose</i> and <i>Crown</i> in St. +<i>Paul's Church-Yard</i>, <span class="docDate">1670</span>. +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<div class="body"> + +<a class="pb" name="5" id="png003"></a> + +<div class="rule"> + <img src="images/rule.png" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="argument"><p> +A <em>Short View</em> of the <em>Frauds</em> and <em>Abuses</em> committed +by <em>Apothecaries</em>, as well in Relation to +<em>Patients</em>, as <em>Physicians</em>; and of the only remedy +thereof by <em>Physicians</em> making their own +Medicines. +</p></div> + +<p> +Doubtless it will seem strange to most men, +that after 30 years not unsuccessful practice +in this great City, I should now at +last forbear sending my Bills to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, +knowing that hereby a whole +Company of men interested in the World (who by +their number, noise, and tricks, may be able to decry +any <i>Physician</i>) will become my implacable adversaries, +and by their private whispers of untrue tales, will endeavour +to their utmost, either to keep me from any +new, or shuffle me out of my fixed imployment. But +not fearing the utmost their malice can invent, or proclaim; +I shall publickly assert what I privately practice, +preferring the publick good, and the honour of +my profession before my own private profit. And although +I have had some experience what their +groundless anger can do, when they some years since +proclaimed me in their publick Hall their Enemy, for + +<a class="pb" name="6" id="png004"></a> + +acting the <i>College</i> Interest, and of late for saving my +Patients lives and purses, by dispencing <i>gratis</i> my Medicines. +Yet I hope no indifferent person, when he +knows that I have thus long slighted their weak endeavours, +will believe I can now at length have so poor an +end as revenge; especially when they shall consider +on the one hand, the universal and daily complaints +of both <i>Patient</i> and <i>Physician</i>, the great cause they +have to do so, and the little hope of a remedy, and +on the other, besides that general obligation all men +have of doing their Country-men good, and the particular +necessity I have of justifying my actions, by +leaving the World their judg upon the account I +shall here deliver of them. And lastly, that which will +leave my Enemies not any objection, I take upon me +not only a great trouble, but charge, without any +other design then doing mankind good, by endeavouring +to restore my profession to its ancient and deserved +honours. And had I none of these inducements, I am +sure the vulgar excuse of friends importunities may be +satisfactory to all persons for my publishing what I here +do, when I must acknowledge that many of my Collegues +and other Practisers in several parts, upon reading +these papers furnished me not only with some bad +practices of their own experience, but thereupon enjoyed +the publishing of them. So that in these papers +I do but speak the common language of all <i>Physicians</i>, +and of very many <i>Patients</i>. Neither are all their frauds +and abuses here inserted, the rest (perhaps more in +number) being reserved to another opportunity. I +shall only add by way of preface; that the last year a +Book was printed on the same argument, by an inquisitive + +<a class="pb" name="7" id="png005"></a> + +person, now <i>Dr.</i> in <i>Physic</i>, which might have +spared me this labour, but that it was too large for every +ones reading, and in some things short. It was his +fate to be called by them <i>Fool</i>, <i>Ass</i>, and <i>Simple Fellow</i>, +and much worse language, bragging that some of their +<i>Boys</i> should answer him. But upon more serious +thoughts, the whole Company have suffered it to find +the credit it well deserves, without the least reply but +that of revilings. +</p> + +<p> +In these ensuing papers, I hope to prove, that these +abuses complain'd of by all sorts of persons, arise from +this only cause, that <i>Physicians</i> dispence not themselves +such Medicines, they use for the relief of their <i>Patients</i>, +but commit this work to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, or rather +their Servants. +</p> + +<p> +Now the <i>Apothecaries</i> abuses generally relate either +to the <i>Medicines</i>, <i>Patients</i>, or <i>Physicians</i>; which three +do comprehend all I shall say on this subject. +</p> + +<p> +But the Reader is to take notice, that all here +charged on the <i>Apothecaries</i>, is not meant of every single +one, but of some, or more of them, and may in a +short time in all probability be verified of them all, +according as their number, cajoling the ignorant, and +bold daring in <i>Physic</i> increase. +</p> + +<p> +But before I descend to particulars, I shall first lay +down this <i>Proposition</i>, their own confession, and in their +own Language, viz. <i>That they may be the veriest Knaves +in England</i>. Because they may put in bad ingredients, +and more or less then the composition requires, they +may substitute one thing for another; and all this without +being detected, and consequently not be punished +for such misdemeanors; but more especially in Medicines + +<a class="pb" name="8" id="png006"></a> + +for private mens uses, wherein they may do what +they please without the least discovery of the <i>Patient</i>, +and from this general confession of theirs, it clearly +follows, that whatsoever deceit, covetous wits can +invent, may at least be suspected to be used by them, +and whatsoever is here alledged may find easier +belief. +</p> + +<p> +<i>And Secondly</i>, Most men wonder, that this <i>Corporation</i>, +being but of few years standing, and to the +setting up of whose Trade so small a Stock is necessary; +should live so high, spend so freely, gain so great Estates, +by their return of so little money yearly, which how +'tis done every man may conceive to be effected by the +following Artifices. +</p> + +<p> +More particularly, the Frauds by them committed +relate either to their falsifying of <i>Medicines</i>, or secondly, +to the number of their Bills, and prescriptions, +or thirdly, to the prices of them. +</p> + +<p> +<i>First</i>, They use <i>Medicines</i> quite contrary to the +prescription, <i>Myrtle-leafs</i> shewed the <i>Censors</i> for <i>Sena</i>, +a Binder for a Purger. <i>Mushroms</i> of the Oak, <i>&c.</i> +rub'd over with Chalk for <i>Agaric</i>, which Mr. <i>Evelyn</i> in +his late publisht Book of <i>Forest Trees</i>, pag. 27. observes, +to the great scandal of <i>Physic</i> as he adds; <i>Hemlock-Dropwort</i> +Roots for <i>Pæony</i> Roots, Poysons for wholesome remedies; +<i>Privet</i> by some, by others <i>Dog-berries</i>, for those +of <i>Spina Cervina</i>, no Purgers for a strong one. <i>Sheeps +Lungs</i> for <i>Fox Lungs</i>, the <i>Bone</i> of an <i>Oxe Heart</i> for that +of a <i>Stags Heart</i>, <i>Damsons</i> for <i>Damasc Prunes</i>, Syrup +of <i>Limons</i>, for that of <i>Citrons</i>, <i>Bryony</i> Roots for <i>Mechoacan</i>, +&c. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, They falsify the grand Compositions of + +<a class="pb" name="9" id="png007"></a> + +the <i>London Dispensatory</i>. It being a common trade +with them to buy unsound, and decayed Simples of +some <i>Druggists</i>, and to return them back so much of the +composition as will pay for the Simples. Secondly, +whereas <i>Apothecaries</i> are bound to shew publickly to +the <i>Censors</i> of the <i>College</i>, and the <i>Master</i> and <i>Wardens</i> +of their Company, <i>Mithridate</i>, <i>Diascordium</i>, <i>Alkermes</i>, +&c. Yet for all this some of them privately make a +great deal more of the Composition then is shewed, of +unsound Drugs, and some without any view at all; +others put in the Scrapings that ought to be thrown +away; and by these Arts they under-sell, and ruine one +another, selling the Composition at a lower rate then +good Ingredients cost them; and with these complaints +they daily mutiny amongst themselves. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, 'Tis very common for them to load Medicines +with Honey, and other cheaper ingredients, and +to leave out in whole or in part, those of greater value; +<i>viz. Saffron</i> in <i>Ruffus</i> Pills, and in <i>Oxycroceum</i> Plaster, +which latter, they colour of a <i>saffron</i> colour with <i>Turmeric</i>, +<i>Sanders</i> &c. <i>Ambergrise in Alkermes</i>, <i>Diascordium</i> +was found by the <i>Censors</i> in their search made only of +<i>Honey</i>, and <i>Bole-Armeniac</i>. Which false composition +was taken away by the then Master of the Company. +</p> + +<p> +Such <i>Chymists</i> which sell preparations honestly made +complain, that few <i>Apothecaries</i> will go to the prices +of them. Whence it comes to pass, that most of the preparations +found in the Shops are sophisticated, to the +great abuse of City and Country. These abuses daily +increase since the <i>Censors</i>, discouraged by the multitude +of <i>Empirics</i> swarming in every Corner, have +omitted their wonted searches, being to their loss of + +<a class="pb" name="10" id="png008"></a> + +time, and expences out of their own Purses for the +publick good only. Now since the <i>Chymical</i> Oyls, by +reason of their great prices are most of them adulterated, +and very few of them right good, and that nothing +hath been published on this matter, and to leave +the buyers of them unexcusable, I shall here add +briefly, yet sufficiently the ways to discover these +Cheats. First for sweet-scented <i>Chymical</i> Oyls, <i>viz.</i> +those of <i>Cloves</i>, <i>Cinnamon</i> and <i>Sassaphras</i>. Only drop +a little of them into fair water, and that part which is +true good will sink under the water, but the adulterated +part will swim on the top of it. Some others draw +deep tinctures from the said Spices with Spirit of Wine +highly rectified, and sell them for the Oyls; but these +mix with the water throughout, neither swimming, nor +sinking. Others more craftily digest with the said tinctures +some of the true Oyls, which compound being +put into water, will for a time render it white. Another +way of sophisticating is with Oyl of <i>Turpentine</i> +mixed in great quantity with that which is adulterated; +You may easily discover the Oyl of <i>Turpentine</i>, +by setting it on fire, for it yields abundance of ill-scented +smoak, with very little savour of the Herb, +Flour, or Seed, <i>&c.</i> and soon takes fire. To correct +the ill smell of the <i>Turpentine</i>, they digest it with, and +distil it off with <i>Spirit of Wine</i>. Those sophisticated +with <i>Turpentine</i>, fired in a Silver Spoon colour it, and +quickly diffuse themselves upon a Knife, or Paper. The +best way to try by firing, is to put a drop or two of +these Oyls on the end of a broad pointed Knife, which +being first heated, and then thrust into a lighted Candle, +presently take fire, and break out into a flame + +<a class="pb" name="11" id="png009"></a> + +with much dark smoak; but if you will try them in a +Spoon, heat it first over a Candle, and then blow the +flame of lighted paper, or of a Wax Candle on them. +To try the scent, blow out the flame of the good Oyls, +and your smell will soon discover the ill scent of the +<i>Turpentine</i> from that of the good Oyl. But on the contrary, +all Oyls drawn from Plants by distillation +hardly flame, and the flame soon goes out, and the +smoak gives a full flavour of the Plant it self, whereas +those sophisticated as before, differ from the true in +both. The same Oyls are also sophisticated with cheap +ones drawn from decayed <i>Oringes</i>, and <i>Limons</i>; Your +smell on firing will soon discover these mixtures. A +third way of sophisticating <i>Chymical</i> Oyls is, by mixing +with them such Oyls as are made by expression, +which are easily discovered by rubbing them on white +paper, which being held and dryed at the fire, the <i>Chymical</i> +part soon flyes away, and leaves the paper transparent, +looking no otherwise then oyled paper; but +pure <i>Chymical</i> Oyls totally fly away, leaving the paper +white as 'twas before, and not transparent, and in +this way Oyl of sweet Almonds and Spike have a great +share. As for Oyls drawn by <i>Retort</i>, they all of them +smell so strong of the fire, that neither smell nor tast +can well discover any fraud in them. Now for the +<i>fixed Salts</i>, most of them are made of the Ashes of +<i>Tobacco-stalks</i>, &c. More might be said for the discovery +of the Cheats of other <i>Chymical</i> preparations, +which shall be reserved to another opportunity, and +had <i>Physicians</i> just encouragement, they would spend +both their time and moneys on the like discoveries for +the publick Utility. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="12" id="png010"></a> + +<p> +<i>Fifthly</i>, Add to the former (though perhaps 'tis an +error of ignorance only) that if such Simples are prescribed +they know not, they fetch from the Herb-women +what they give them, true or false; for many of +these Women give to very many Plants false names; +Now if the <i>Apothecary</i> be so careful to consult an Herbal, +which few have, and fewer know how to make use +of, yet they too frequently mistake the thing by reason +of several names given to the same thing, or of one name +to several things, and many of them consult the common +<i>Dictionaries</i> only, which are most erroneous in +the names of natural things; insomuch that in my first +practice (being curious of these particulars) I have +found two or three mistakes in one prescription, a Catalogue +of which mistakes, and names ill given, I had +collected, but the late fire consumed it, though many +of them my memory hath reserved. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sixthly</i>, Many of the <i>London</i>, and most of the <i>Country-Apothecaries</i>, +buy of the whole-sale men, who +affirm of one another, especially of such who gain +great Estates in short time, that they cannot sell their +Medicines honestly made at so low a rate as they +do. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seventhly</i>, I shall need to say little of such <i>distilled +waters</i>, as discover themselves neither to smell, nor +tast, but shall only recite a known Story of an <i>Apothecary</i>, +who chid his man for sending away a Customer +that came for <i>Plantan</i> water, telling him there was +enough at the Pump. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Eighthly</i>, As for <i>Ointments</i>, and <i>Plasters</i>, they are sold +by some at so low a price, <i>viz. 3 d. per</i> l. for <i>Ointments</i>, +as I have been informed, that 'tis not possible to make + +<a class="pb" name="13" id="png011"></a> + +them at, and yet such however falsifyed maintain a +trade amongst Country, and low-priced City-<i>Apothecaries</i>, +and the <i>Chirurgeons</i> profess they cannot effect +their Cures with the Shop-Medicines, and that this is +the reason why they make their own <i>Oyls</i>, <i>Oyntments</i>, +&c. as the <i>Apothecaries</i> Charter allows them to do; +and why may not <i>Physicians</i> think this to be the cause +why they sometimes fail in their Cures, as well as <i>Chirurgeons?</i> +and also make their own Medicines as well +as they, especially since the <i>Apothecary</i> may as easily +falsify, and to greater profit in the one, then in the +other? +</p> + +<p> +<i>Ninthly</i>, As to their use of bad or decayed <i>Drugs</i>, +'tis so common a practice that I shall need to give but +one notorious instance of it, and 'tis this, I having occasion +to use some Seeds, sent for them to a Seeds-man, +the Messenger desiring to have those of the same +Year. The Tradesman knowing him to live with me, +asked, if they were for Physical use, he replyed in the +affirmative, whereat he presently shewed him others, +which were of 6 or 7 years old (as he confessed) affirming +them to be as good for that use as the newest, +which he sold only for sowing, and that he kept the +others, though never so old, for the <i>Apothecaries</i> only, +who still asked for them, buying them though 20 years +old, not regarding if they were decayed and wholy +effete (for no Seed will preserve its vegetative faculty +above 7 years much less its Physical) so they could but +have them cheap. Besides their pretty knacks (as +they call them) of making their Compounds fair to +the eye, more vendible, but worse for use, by restoring +them to their colour and consistence, that + +<a class="pb" name="14" id="png012"></a> + +they may pass for good, which perhaps 'tis better +to pass over in silence, lest by confuting I should +teach the younger Fry, who may better be honestly +ignorant of them. Now for their substituting one +thing for another, and detracting where they please, +I shall add but one Story of an <i>Apothecary</i>, who commanded +his man (who told him they had no good +<i>Rhabarb</i> in the house) that he should put in double +quantity of what they had. Nay I have known +one simple of a quite different nature used for a whole +composition. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Tenthly</i>, I shall conclude this ungrateful Discourse, +with saying that by reason more frauds may be committed +by the <i>Apothecaries</i>, then by any other Trade, +and by supposition that gain will tempt most men to +dishonest actions, especially where they may act undiscovered; +I say; that this seems to be the cause why +they have two Supervisors set over them more then +any Company that I know of, <i>viz.</i> the <i>Censors</i> of the +<i>College</i> of <i>Physicians</i>, and the <i>Master</i> and <i>Wardens</i> of +their own Company. +</p> + +<p> +The next thing is the inlarging and multiplying +their Bills and Medicines. +</p> + +<p> +<i>First</i>, When in Chronical Diseases a <i>Physician</i> is +consulted, they go on of their own heads with the +same prescription, frequently enough to the Patients +great disadvantage, both of health and purse. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, By giving and intermixing Medicines of +their own Phancy, with the <i>Physicians</i> prescriptions, +<i>viz.</i> some pleasing Medicine, whereby too often the +<i>Physicians</i> intention is quite crost, and the effect made +uncertain, and hazardous. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="15" id="png013"></a> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, By giving Medicines themselves on small +accounts, and such as require only a good ordering, +and no more. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fourthly</i>, By repeating long courses of <i>Physic</i> unadvisedly, +and needlesly, when either nothing, or very +little is needful to be done. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fifthly</i>, By creating diseases in easie mens Phansies, +and so decoying them into courses of <i>Physic</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sixthly</i>, Some of them get private and worthless +receipts, and sell them at what rate they please; Mr. +<i>Delaune</i> by one Pill alone, though not a very safe one, +got some thousands of pounds. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seventhly</i>, If one of them get a private receipt from +a <i>Physician</i> called by the inventor his <i>Nostrum</i>, if another +<i>Apothecary</i> have occasion to use it, he shall be sure +to pay sawce for it. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Eighthly</i>, Another trick is when the <i>Patient</i> is cured, +and the <i>Physician</i> therefore hath given over his Visits, +then comes the <i>Apothecary</i> and insinuates by his words +and passions, either some danger of relapse, or some +other present distemper, and repairs to the <i>Physician</i> +for a Bill to cure the imaginary disease. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Ninthly</i>, But their principal Art of all is, to cry up, +and bring in to <i>Patients</i> such <i>Physicians</i>, who through +design must comply with the <i>Apothecaries</i> Interest, and +such Practisers they extol and cry up for good <i>Physicians</i>, +which some of them call more expresly good +<i>Apothecaries Physicians</i>, and such without doubt, the +whole Company will endeavour to raise unto a fame +and practice. But such as write only for the good of the +<i>Patient</i>, and not at all for the benefit of the <i>Apothecary</i> +(as all honest men ought to do) they will endeavour + +<a class="pb" name="16" id="png014"></a> + +to prevent their calling in, or to shuffle them +out. +</p> + +<p> +Now this good <i>Apothecaries Physician</i>, they describe +by his frequent though needless visits, but especially by +the multitude of his Bills, by his visiting twice a day, +or oftner (a very careful and painful <i>Doctor</i>) and by +still writing new Medicines, when half the former, or +perhaps none of them have been taken, making an +<i>Apothecaries</i> Shop in the <i>Patients</i> House, planting the +Cupboards and Windows with Glasses and Gally-Pots, +and not a quarter of the whole made use of. +He prescribes a Medicine for every slight complaint, +and never goes away from the <i>Patient</i> or the <i>Patient</i> +from him, without a Bill, for fear of the <i>Apothecaries</i> +grumbling. +</p> + +<p> +And from this burdening the sick with multiplicity +of Medicines, too often contrary to, and destructive +one of another, it proceeds that in the <i>Small Pox</i>, and +<i>Measles</i>, many are afraid to use <i>Physicians</i>, and commit +the care of the sick to <i>Nurses</i>, and <i>Old Women</i>, and +perhaps sometimes not without cause, for by continual +multiplication of Medicines, the humours of the +body may be made, or kept in too great a state of fluidity, +whence the <i>Flox</i> followeth. Whereas a Medicine +or two duly administred, may suffice to bring +them well forth, and then there needs no more but +good ordering, unless perhaps some accident arise, +which may require further care. And here as well as +in other Cases, the <i>Patient</i> is to be rectified, who requires +the <i>Physicians</i> Visits, and yet dismisseth him +without a reward, unless he writes a Bill, whereas it +might have been better if nothing at all had been prescribed; + +<a class="pb" name="17" id="png015"></a> + +and the <i>Physician</i> left to his own judgment; +and hence it is that many enlarge their Bills, that the +Patient may think he hath enough for his money, +whereby the <i>Apothecary</i> is gratified, who ought to +commend the Medicines as necessary for the sick person, +and singular in themselves, whereas in truth this +great farcy proves ungrateful to the tast and stomach; +inconvenient to health, by curing one disease, but +creating more; and by this means keeping them continually +in a way of <i>Physic</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>A third</i> abuse of the <i>Apothecaries</i> relates to the prices +of their Medicines; first they put what rates they +please on their Simples, Compounds, and Receipts, +and none are judges of them, but those of their own +Trade; insomuch that they gain a 11 <i>d.</i> in the Shilling, +if they say true of themselves. Whereas the <i>Colleges +of Physicians</i> beyond Sea, yearly set a tax upon the +<i>Simples</i>, and <i>Compounds</i> of the Shops. So that the +Customer can tell the price of what he hath occasion +to use, and not stand at the mercy of the +<i>Apothecary</i> to rate them as he lists, and to this purpose +they put in print the prices of them every +year. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, Suppose a <i>Physician</i> hath prescribed a +Pint of <i>Juleb</i>, &c. to be taken at four several times, +some <i>Apothecaries</i> carry not the whole pint at once, +but divide it into four parts, and carry but one at a +time, and so of other Medicines, and then will charge +their Bill for every single <i>Potion</i>, or Draught, as they +ought the whole Pint; so that by this Art they gain +four times as much for the whole Medicine as in Conscience +they ought; and a <i>Juleb</i>, which cost them six + +<a class="pb" name="18" id="png016"></a> + +pence, will be rated at 10, 12, or more Shillings. But +perhaps 'tis fit they should be paid for their created +Visits; and for this unnecessary officiousness, persons +of great estates may be contented to pay roundly, if +they please. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, When a <i>Physician</i> hath prescribed 20 +Pills, some of the <i>Apothecaries</i> will make 30 of them, +under pretence the <i>Patient</i> cannot swallow them else; +now reckoning each Pill at a certain rate (as they +usually do) they gain a third part more then they +ought. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fourthly</i>, To advance the prices, you shall hardly +ever see a Bill without <i>Bezoar</i>, or <i>Pearls</i> in it, to make +people think them very chargeable; whereas sometimes +there is not above a grain or two of these dear +ingredients in the prescription, and a few grains of +these or <i>Ambergrise</i> doubles or trebles the prices of the +Medicines, and are sure never to be omitted in their +Bills, besides the guilding of the Pills, and covering +their <i>Bolusses</i>, and <i>Electuaries</i> with <i>Gold</i> (which have +only an imaginary and no real use in Medicines so +used) much inhanseth their prices, and a rich <i>Cordial</i> +inserted exceedingly advanceth most of their Bills; +or if China or any other dear ingredient be in the receipt +'tis not omitted. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fifthly</i>, Some <i>Apothecaries</i> offer, and perhaps some +<i>Physicians</i> have taken presents to help them to Customers, +which must necessarily be squeazed out of +their higher-rated Medicines. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sixthly</i>, I have heard some prudent persons complain +of their bringing in their Bills but once in a year, +or two; supposing they made them pay <i>Lombards</i> + +<a class="pb" name="19" id="png017"></a> + +Usury for their forbearance. And through this neglect +they sometimes lose their money, and whether they +raise other Mens Bills to make up these losses, I affirm +not. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seventhly</i>, Another cause of raising their prices is a +necessity of keeping in their Shops such Medicines as +are seldom used, or such as must upon necessity decay, +and grow useless. Now suppose they throw such away, +this reason is good, but you will find a remedy for +this hereafter. +</p> + +<p> +To conclude this second Complaint. By reason of +the dear Bills of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, many are deterred +from going to the <i>Physician</i>, and run to common <i>Mountebanks</i>, +and I think this to be the reason (as some +disabused persons have confessed to me) why they have +so much cryed up the abilities of <i>Apothecaries</i> for practice, +because they would save their credit in taking +<i>Physic</i> of them. St. <i>Augustine</i> candidly in his Book of +Confessions declares, that through covetousness he +repeated a course of <i>Physic</i>, without consulting the +<i>Physician</i> (who had before cured him of the same disease) +to his greater charge, danger of his life, and +offence against God. +</p> + +<p> +Having done with the <i>Apothecaries</i> abuses relating +chiefly to the <i>Patients</i> Health and Purse, and +such as are willfully committed (though all of +them reflect on the <i>Physician</i>) I shall now touch on +a few neglects, and mistakes proving often very +mischievous. +</p> + +<p> +<i>First</i>, They frequently mistake the <i>Physicians</i> directions, +which of what dangerous consequence it is, +every one can tell. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="20" id="png018"></a> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, They carry a Medicine appointed for +one sick person to another. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, They often neglect the sending of Medicines +in due time, especially such as have no Servants, +or but raw ones, when the Master is out of Town, or +upon long visits. +</p> + +<p> +Having now done with the <i>Apothecaries</i> as they relate +principally to the sick, I shall in the next place +speak of them, as they relate to <i>Physicians</i>, and that +either to the profession in general, or to the particular +practisers of it. +</p> + +<p> +As to the <i>Physicians</i> in general, they endeavour to +extirpate them, and some have been so bold to say, +they hope in few years to see never a <i>Physician</i> in <i>London</i>, +and to profess they will scramble with them for +practice. And that this hath been and is their intention, +the following particulars will clearly demonstrate. +</p> + +<p> +<i>First</i>, They have always endeavoured and aimed +at the depression and ruine of the <i>College</i> of <i>Physicians</i>, +the only <i>Corporation</i> of that Art in <i>England</i>, considering +rightly, that the depression of the <i>College</i> is +their interest and rise, and that the total subversion of +it will make them absolute Masters in <i>Physic</i> and <i>Physicians</i> +their Servants. In Order hereunto they have +constantly, both publickly and privately opposed the +<i>College</i> in whatsoever hath been offered to setle the +liberty of practice on them, their only priviledg and +subsistence, though they have been offered all they +could desire for the security of their Trade, and legal +employment, and far beyond whatsoever any Corporation +of <i>Apothecaries</i> in all, or in any forreign part + +<a class="pb" name="21" id="png019"></a> + +enjoy, yet nothing would ever content them, but an +unlawful, unreasonable, dangerous, and destructive +Usurpation of liberty to some pretended practice, that +thereby they might gain the whole. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, They have continually traduced the <i>College</i>, +and troubled them in <i>Parliaments</i>, at the <i>Council</i>-Board, +<i>&c.</i> to their great charge and molestation. +And for such their great demerits against the <i>College</i>, +the <i>King</i> and his <i>Council</i>, <i>Anno</i> 1639. granted a <i>Quo +Warranto</i> to the <i>Attorney General</i> (the <i>Judges</i> having +first heard the whole matter) to take away their +<i>Charter</i>, which doubtless had been effected, had not +the troubles, and long civil War immediately +ensued. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, And in this present <i>Parliament</i>, how did +they endeavour to prepossess the Members of the +House of Commons with strange, and false prejudices +and assertions drawn from irrational, and groundless +suppositions, making us the greatest Tyrants in the +World, inferring ridiculously that a <i>Lady</i>, or Charitable +<i>Gentlewoman</i> (for in that believing Sex they have +gain'd a great deal of ground by their falsities) might +not give the Poor a <i>Cordial</i>, &c. without being questioned +by the <i>College</i>; whereas they know in their +Consciences, that the <i>College</i> hath power enough by +their first Charter to act as much in this kind against +themselves, and all other persons, as they desired of this +present <i>Parliament</i>; And yet neither <i>Apothecary</i>, or +any other who practised charitably, were ever troubled +for so doing. They pretended also they were +abridged wholy from their Trade, and might not sell +a penny-worth of <i>Mithridate</i>, &c. without a <i>Doctors</i> + +<a class="pb" name="22" id="png020"></a> + +Bill. Whereas there's not a word in the Charter to +that purpose; the sole intent whereof was to keep +them as well as other <i>Mountebanks</i>, from prescribing +(which they call selling) the <i>Physicians</i> only livelyhood. +And as to the bill itself so much railed on by +them in <i>Westminster-Hall</i>, <i>Coffee-Houses</i>, <i>Ale-Houses</i>, +&c. 'tis easie to make it out, that this Charter as proposed +gives the <i>Apothecaries</i> more liberty and freedom +of exercising their lawful Trade, then is enjoyed in +any other Nation, where both Corporations are +erected, and that it doth in nothing infringe, or diminish +their freedom as <i>Citizens</i>, or their Charter as <i>Apothecaries</i>; +and that our Charter was compiled by some, +and perused and approved by others the most eminent +<i>Lawyers</i> in <i>England</i> for Worth and Place; and yet +none of these could find any thing in it either Illegal, +Tyrannical, or unfit to be desired of the <i>Parliament</i>. +Nay many mis-informed Members being rightly instructed +in the true state of the matter, have acknowledged +the justice of it; And was no more then +King <i>James</i> by his Letters Patents, dated the 18th of +<i>October</i>, in the 15th year of his Reign, granted to the +said <i>College</i>; near about the same time the <i>Apothecaries</i> +Charter was granted; and being almost nothing +else but a supply of what was short in their former +Grants, <i>viz.</i> That whereas their Charter granted by +King <i>Henry</i> the Eighth, gave power to punish offenders +in the practice of Physic; and because there was +no power given to summon, nor penalty imposed for +the non-appearance of such offenders; therefore by +their non-appearance, the said power of the <i>Censors</i> +was eluded; for no such offenders would appear before + +<a class="pb" name="23" id="png021"></a> + +them, and consequently no punishment could be +inflicted on them, according to the true meaning of the +said Act. Now this Charter so much declaimed against, +prayed only a supply of this defect, and also better +and more necessary ways and means, without which, +such and all other offenders against the lives and +healths of his Majesties Subjects could not be discovered; +and they had reason not to doubt a grant of +the said power, since by the said Charter a power +was granted them to imprison offenders, whom the +Keepers of the Prisons would not receive, because no +command, nor penalty was imposed on them, for not +receiving such offenders sent by the <i>Censors</i> (a thing +ridiculous to our present Lawyers) however this defect +was supplyed by an Act in the first of Queen <i>Mary</i>. +Now whereas since the making of the said Acts and +Powers, granted to the <i>College</i>, several other Trades, +besides the <i>Apothecaries</i>, relating to Physic (being +then all Members of the Grocers Company) <i>viz.</i> +Druggists, Chymists, Sellers of Strong-Waters and +Oyls, have arose distinct from each others, and many +abuses have been and are committed in each of them, +as they all confess. The said Charter prays for the +publick good only (there being the same reason of all) +they might have the same power of Surveying them +also, as they have of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, which most of +the Judicious, and sober of the said Companies, as +well in relation to their own private profit, and also +the publick, by having all Medicines good, did not +oppose, but liked well of. Nay there was nothing in +the said Charter, but what was judged good by all or +most of the Judges of <i>England</i>, several times convened + +<a class="pb" name="24" id="png022"></a> + +by Order of the King and his Council, to deliver +their opinions concerning some Quæries, which comprised +the main of what was desired and petitioned +for by the <i>College</i>, of this present Parliament. But before +the <i>Committee</i> could make report to the House, +the <i>Parliament</i> was adjourned, whereupon <i>Apothecaries</i> +falsly gave out, and made people believe our Charter +was taken from us. And in this transaction before the +<i>Committee</i>, one <i>Cocket</i> an <i>Apothecary</i> exhibited in the +name of the <i>Chymists</i> such a Scandalous Libel, as the +<i>Committee</i> would not suffer to be read; drawn as some +conceive by the assistance, and countenance, if not +contrivance of his Company. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Lastly</i>, The Company of the <i>Apothecaries</i> are bound +by their Charter to bring their Servants (before they +make them Free) to be examined by the <i>Censors</i> of our +<i>College</i>, and to have their approbation of their fitness +to exercise their Art, and set up their Trade. Now +that they have herein neglected their duty, and consequently +may be dis-franchised and lose their Freedoms +for this omission, 'tis manifest not only by the +vapours of some of them to some members of our +Body, that they never underwent this examination; +but also by comparing of our Register (wherein are +recorded the names of all such as have been examined) +with theirs, if they keep any for this purpose. +Sure I am, that in two years together, when I was +<i>Censor</i>, very few, if any, did appear to their examination, +whereas yearly a very great number set up their +Trades. Nay since the firing of <i>London</i> not one <i>Apothecaries</i> +Servant hath been examined by the <i>Censors</i>, +for more then these three Years last past, in which time + +<a class="pb" name="25" id="png023"></a> + +perhaps no less then 100 have been made free by the +Company. +</p> + +<p> +Before our presenting this Charter to the <i>Parliament</i>, +they would admit no Arbitrators betwixt our Corporation, +and Theirs, not contenting themselves with +their Charter lately granted in <i>King James's Reign</i>, and +that by the procurement of some of our <i>College</i> for +these unthankful persons. For they would not refer +themselves (as the <i>Chirurgeons</i> without many words or +dispute did) to the most upright, and most knowing +Sir <i>Orlando Bridgeman</i> then <i>Lord Chief Justice</i>, and now +<i>Lord Keeper</i>, for a clause to be by him drawn, in order +to preserve their immunities and Charter; which they +refused, fearing belike he would exclude them from +the Practice of <i>Physic</i>, which the Law hath already +done, and which is all they could doubt of; but +the Corporation of <i>Chirurgeons</i> did acquiesce in the +clause drawn by the said <i>Lord Chief Justice</i>, and +never appeared before the Committee against the said +Charter. +</p> + +<p> +Their increasing dis-respect, and undervaluing the +<i>College</i>, appears in this, that of late years they place +our <i>Censors</i> invited to their new Masters Dinner, at +their second Tables whereas always heretofore they +were seated at the first Table, next to the Master of +the Company. +</p> + +<p> +And to hinder the building of a New <i>College</i>, and +the Contribution of the Honorary Fellows thereunto, +they tell them that we deceived them in their admission, +and never intend the building of a New <i>College</i>, +though a large contribution hath been made, and + +<a class="pb" name="26" id="png024"></a> + +ground purchased in order thereunto by the Members +of their Corporation. +</p> + +<p> +And their further design appears in their great triumphing, +and rejoycing when any illiterate person hath +gained any reputation for a Cure performed, especially +where <i>Physicians</i> have been concerned, though the +<i>Patients</i> neglect or obstinateness, have been the sole +cause of this non-performance, and by their continued +detraction from <i>Physicians</i>, and applauding themselves, +hoping by the former, that people will think +such <i>Mountebanks</i> able to do better Cures then learned +<i>Physicians</i>, and then they can easily insinuate themselves +superior to such <i>Mountebanks</i>, and consequently +to <i>Physicians</i>. By the latter, they seek to depress, +and level us to themselves, being conscious they can +never rise to that worth and ability, required in a +<i>Physician</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Another manifest sign of their endeavour to usurp +our Practice is, their absurd calling the sick their <i>Patients</i>, +for 'tis most certain that in all reason and language +the <i>Physician</i> and <i>Patient</i> only have relation to +each other, but not to the <i>Apothecary</i>, who is but a +Tradesman, and manual Operator. Now a Tradesman +and his Customer, or Chapman, are Relatives +each to other, but those <i>Apothecaries</i> who intrude +themselves and usurp on our profession, may call their +Customers <i>Patients</i>, and that in a true literal sence, +when by their ignorance they make them really sufferers +under them; and if they deny <i>Apothecary</i> and +<i>Patient</i> to be non-sence, they shew themselves pitifully +ignorant in the Laws, and Rules of Reason, or else + +<a class="pb" name="27" id="png025"></a> + +profess themselves <i>Physicians</i>. And the like non-sence +they commonly utter by calling <i>Physicians</i> that make +their own Medicines, <i>Mountebanks</i> and <i>Quacks</i>, +whereas none can be such but those who practise +without Lawful Authority, as the <i>Apothecaries</i>, &c. +do; and they are not ignorant in this their malice, that +the Law of <i>England</i> would punish them roundly for +so saying. And were I troublesome or vindicative, I +could make some of them examples, but I freely remit +the slanders in this kind that are past. +</p> + +<p> +Having done with the main part of the Disease, next +follows the Remedy; and the only firm and proper +one will appear to be, that <i>Physicians</i> make their own +Medicines; the benefit whereof to the publick, the +reasonableness of the thing it self, the necessity in relation +to the <i>Physician</i>, will be manifest by that which +follows. +</p> + +<p> +And <i>First</i>, All that hath been said demonstrates this +last proportion. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, The desire of most persons, and the censure +of all wise men, who say we are wanting to our +own interest, if we make not use of the remedy in +our own hands, performing our Art in all its +members, whereof making of Medicines is a chief +one. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, The common practice, and constant usage +of all former and antient <i>Physicians</i> in all other Nations, +and in <i>England</i> also (for 'tis easie to say when there +was not one <i>Apothecary</i> in this Kingdom) the Laws of +our Nation, nay even the <i>Apothecaries</i> Charter allow +it, the Language of all <i>Physicians</i>, our <i>College</i> voting it +honourable so to do, nay <i>Apothecaries</i> themselves commending + +<a class="pb" name="28" id="png026"></a> + +it in such <i>Physicians</i> as buy their Medicines of +them. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fourthly</i>, The Kings <i>Physicians</i> have formerly +made the Kings Medicines, as 'tis manifest by my +Lord <i>Coke</i>, in his 4<i>th.</i> Book of the Institutes, <i>part</i> 4. +<i>pag.</i> 251. where he comments on <i>Rot. Pat.</i> 32 <i>H</i> 6. +m. 17. He there first recites the Roll it self, wherein +are appointed (the King being then sick) 3 <i>Physicians</i> +and 2 <i>Chirurgeons</i>, to freely minister and execute +Physic about the Kings Person, and there are also recited +in general, Medicines external, and internal. +And on this Roll <i>Coke</i> among other things infers, that +the <i>Physicians</i> may use the aid of those <i>Chirurgeons</i> +named in the Warrant, but of no <i>Apothecary</i>, but to +prepare and do all things themselves, <i>&c.</i> And the +reason of all this is, the precious regard had of the +health and safety of the King, who is the head of the +Common-wealth. And I am told by one of his present +Majesties <i>Physicians</i>, that the King himself affirmed +heretofore we are unwise in neglecting our duty +herein, and lately of these papers, that 'twas the publick +interest so to do. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fifthly</i>, <i>Chirurgeons</i> (as before) will not trust them +to make external Remedies; and the King, and <i>East-India</i> +Company commit the making of their Chests +for their Fleets to the <i>Chirurgeons</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sixthly</i>, Have not Ladies and Charitable Gentlewomen +their Closets well furnished with various Medicines +for the Poors use, and for their own also, when +<i>Physicians</i> are called to their houses in the Country? +Distillers of Strong-waters, Makers of Plaisters, Confectioners +make Medicines bought by the <i>Apothecaries</i>, + +<a class="pb" name="29" id="png027"></a> + +Ale-Houses sell purging Drinks, and Book-sellers sell +Chymical Medicines, and all this without much regret +of the <i>Apothecaries</i>. But if a <i>Physician</i> intermix a Medicine +with theirs, though the <i>Patients</i> life be saved +thereby, what noise, and murmuring, and proclaiming +of it the next Market-day to the rest of their Company? +to what purpose any one may judg. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seventhly</i>, Why should not <i>Physicians</i>, being lawfully +authorized thereunto, practise with their own +Medicines, as well as the <i>Apothecaries</i> with theirs, +though against Law, and incurring thereby the penalty +of 5<i>l. per</i> Month, which the <i>College</i> never troubled +them for, or exacted of them? +</p> + +<p> +<i>Eighthly</i>, Physicians will be necessitated to it for +their subsistence and honour, and to preserve their Art +from being prostituted to illiterate persons, the <i>Apothecaries</i> +becoming now their Competitors. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Ninthly</i>, By this means <i>Physicians</i> will avoid multitudes +of inconveniencies, proceeding from writing of +Bills, and the <i>Apothecaries</i> Visits. +</p> + +<p> +<i>First</i> The mistakes, and frauds in the Ingredients, +especially committed by the great practising <i>Apothecaries</i>, +who may, as appears by the following story, be +suspected to send, instead of what was prescribed, the +remains of his own practice, or else some cast-by Medicines; +for else how could it be when a Medicine was +prescribed to stand in Infusion or steep a whole night, +that it should be brought two hours after the Bill was +written, even the very same Evening? Which by accident +the <i>Patient</i> confessed, wanting the expected success. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i> By this course <i>Physicians</i> avoid the many +opprobrious terms cast upon them by <i>Apothecaries</i>: +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="30" id="png028"></a> + +<p> +As <i>First</i>, In saying that if he had not omitted or +added something, the <i>Patient</i> might have miscarried; +which he may say at pleasure without any contradiction, +though doubtless many have been killed by this +means. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Secondly</i>, By saying the Bill could never have been +made without some alteration of the <i>Apothecary</i>, +thereby insinuating the <i>Doctors</i> ignorance in compounding. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, In saying the <i>Doctor</i> is not versed in Medicines, +because forsooth he varieth not at every +Visit, and multiplieth not new Bills for the <i>Apothecaries</i> +profit. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fourthly</i>, In saying they teach <i>Physicians</i>, and help +them to, and in their practice. The first and last are +vile and foolish Scandals; as to the Second, 'tis true +indeed, that younger <i>Apothecaries</i> recommend <i>Physicians</i> +to their acquaintance; but 'tis no longer then +they have learned enough (as they think) to set up for +themselves. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fifthly</i>, In saying, they knew before-hand what +such a <i>Doctor</i> would prescribe, and hence it is they have +nick-named some <i>Physicians</i> of no mean practice, by +the Medicines they frequently use, which names in +respect to the persons, I shall conceal; and of such +<i>Physicians</i>, they brag they can prescribe as well as they. +But if a <i>Physician</i> advise things unknown to them, or +out of the common tract, then they say the <i>Doctor</i> +intends to puzzle them. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sixthly</i>, He will avoid the censure of his Bills, which +every pitiful fellow, nay their very Boys will absolve +or condemn at pleasure, and that openly too, nay sometimes + +<a class="pb" name="31" id="png029"></a> + +to the <i>Patient</i> himself, and thereby call in his +good <i>Apothecaries Physician</i>. Now what a shame is it, +that a <i>Physicians</i> credit and livelihood, should stand at +the mercy of such pitiful ignorant, and self-ended +Souls? I have heard one of them say of the now most +Eminent Practiser in <i>London</i>, that his Boy could write +as good a Method as he, and that he understood the +practice of <i>Physic</i> as well as any <i>Physician</i> in <i>London</i> +except 2, or 3, though the same person was soon made +to confess, he neither knew the Disease, Cause, nor +Cure of a Pleurisy, pretended to be throughly understood by +him. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Thirdly</i>, He will avoid the trouble put upon him +after he hath writ his Bill, by the <i>Apothecaries</i> ignorance +in not understanding it, who to be informed +came to the <i>Doctor</i> heretofore, with their Hats +off, but now send their Boys, who soon put theirs +on. Such respect do they give <i>Physicians</i>, when +they come to them as to their Masters to teach +them. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fourthly</i>, He will avoid the impertinent Visits of +the <i>Apothecaries</i>, and non-sensical, troublesome, and +discouraging, frightful discourses to the <i>Patient</i>, of +whom no man can expect more then the Common +Proverb gives to Praters, and impertinent Speakers, +<i>That they talk like Apothecaries</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Fifthly</i> He will avoid the mischiefs from their Visits, +who by their shrugs, signs, or words, may diminish +the <i>Physicians</i> reputation, and good opinion, whether +in his skill, or Medicines, whereby good Medicines +are neglected and the expectation of a good success +upon the use of them taken away, or at least causing an + +<a class="pb" name="32" id="png030"></a> + +averseness to them; which actings do exceedingly prejudice +the <i>Patient</i>, in reference to his Cure. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sixthly</i>, He will avoid this inconvenience, that +some <i>Apothecaries</i> have attributed the Cure to some +of their intermixed Medicines, or alteration of the +<i>Doctors</i> Bill. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seventhly</i>, He will avoid that incivility of such of +them, who in the <i>Physicians</i> presence, will feel the +Pulse, judg of the Urine, discourse the Cause, Nature, +what the Disease is, and what will be the issue of +it, propose Medicines, nay sometimes endeavour to +advise with the <i>Physician</i>, to contradict and dispute +with him, to compare and set himself above the <i>Physician</i>; +and to say truth, these odious and intolerable +Comparisons and intrusions daily complained of by +my <i>Collegues</i>, were a great cause of my departing from +them. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Eighthly</i>, He will avoid those Scandals they have +opportunity to raise, that such a <i>Physician</i> is Covetous, +Proud, Negligent, and minds not his practice, +and the like without the least ground, and are frequently +by such Artifices, the Cause of introducing +another <i>Physician</i>, knowing that thereby more Bills +will come to their File, and many times the former +Medicines be layed aside, and in this shuffling in +and out of <i>Physicians</i>, they have commonly a great +share. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Ninthly</i>, <i>Apothecaries</i> being now Competitors with +<i>Physicians</i> for practice, and down-right Enemies to +such as make their own Medicines; why should not +we suspect them of this false Play, by telling the +<i>Patient</i> the <i>Doctors</i> Medicine will not work (which + +<a class="pb" name="33" id="png031"></a> + +he knows well enough how to effect) and then to tell +him he will prepare him one of his own that will work, +when perhaps that he calls his own preparation, was +nothing but what the <i>Doctor</i> had prescribed before; +and by this Artifice to advance himself above the +<i>Physician</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Another mischief in sending Bills to the <i>Apothecaries</i> +is, that though the <i>Apothecaries</i> be honest (and who +can tell which of them is so?) yet the Servants neglect, +or ignorance (to whom they commit the whole +care of dispensing, and are intruth the <i>Apothecaries</i> +(and not their Masters) may mar all in their Masters +absence, who is visiting abroad, or at his recreations. +</p> + +<p> +And now I have done with the unpleasant talk of +raking into the faults of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, and with +discoursing how <i>Physicians</i> may save themselves from +their devices, I shall next shew the advantages that will +come to the <i>Patient</i>, the <i>Physician</i>, and people, by this +way of remedy proposed. +</p> + +<p> +As for the <i>Patients</i>, they may hereby save most of +the great charges of <i>Apothecaries</i> Bills, which in long +Cases amount to very great sums in a year, although +the <i>Physician</i> hath received very few Fees; the <i>Physician</i> +may so order his business as to take his Fee for +his Visits only, and at home such competent Fees for +his advice alone, as are usually given, and in both Cases +take nothing for his Medicines, and so save the +<i>Patient</i> the whole charge of the <i>Apothecaries</i> Bill, +which very seldom comes short, and for the most part +manifoldly exceeds the <i>Physicians</i> Fees. And this he +may very well do by making fewer, less chargable, + +<a class="pb" name="34" id="png032"></a> + +more effectual, and durable Medicines then the Shops +afford, and suffer nothing in the non-use, or decay of +his Medicines; because he need make no more then +will serve his own practice: and I must here profess, +that which I intended not to have published, that this +is the course I have generally taken, for the four +Months last past, since I made my own Medicines, but +that some <i>Apothecaries</i> have given out most falsly, that +I have sent in Bills to <i>Patients</i> for money; but to convince +such of their wonted lying, I do hereby oblige +my self to give 100 <i>pound</i> to any of them that shall +produce such a Bill. <i>Secondly</i>, This way will not +clog the <i>Patient</i> with more Medicines then are needful, +nor will omit anything may conduce to his recovery, +for if he fails in either, 'tis to his prejudice, either +in spending more Medicines which cost him money, +or in not performing his Cure, which loseth his +practice. +</p> + +<p> +But I do not propose this course of mine as a general +rule to all <i>Physicians</i>, but leave this to every mans private +judgment; Neither do I hereby bind my self to +the same practice, because some few Cases may fall out +(though to an equal advantage to the <i>Patient</i>) may +perswade me to the contrary. For I find some persons +of that perswasion, as to think they have not given +satisfaction, unless they have payed for the Medicines; +but to such persons, I have always allowed them to +give me what they pleased themselves, for the cure +only, to the full satisfaction of both parties. Though +I will not deny but some persons out of gratitude for +their Cure, have rewarded me beyond this proposal. +Some of my acquaintance have desired me to be more + +<a class="pb" name="35" id="png033"></a> + +plain in this last Paragraph, especially in that part of +it where I say I do not bind my self to the said practice; +and to declare more fully the Cases that may +perswade me to the contrary; which are these and +such as these. <i>First</i> Where <i>Patients</i> of their own free +offers will contract with the <i><ins class="corr" title="2nd edition: Original has 'Physicians'">Physician</ins></i>, or have formerly +too meanly rewarded him for his Cure, in both +which the Statutes of our <i>College</i> allow a contract to +be made with <i>Patients</i>. Another case is, if a <i>Physician</i> +be consulted once, and for his Fee hath given Medicines +<i>gratis</i>, if the <i>Patient</i> frequently send for his Medicines +without the least reward at all. Or if the <i>Patient</i> +living far in the Country, having (as before) once +consulted the <i>Physician</i>, as in the last case, and shall for +weeks, nay months, send for the same Medicines. Or +if the <i>Patients</i> friend shall recommend a Medicine to +another friend of his unknown to the <i>Physician</i>; and +where he gives no Counsel, if a <i>Physician</i> in the Country +shall desire some of his Medicines, which are all the +cases that occur at present; I say in some of these, the +<i>Physician</i> must needs be payed for his Medicines; but +in other, 'tis rational he should be payed for his advice, +as he desireth new Medicines, which charge will be +far short also of the <i>Apothecaries</i> Medicines, whether +repeated or prescribed upon new advice. +</p> + +<p> +Now the great charge of <i>Apothecaries</i> Bills, and +nauseousness of their Medicines, appears to be the +cause why long habitual diseases, as the Kings Evil, +Falling-Sickness, Convulsions, Melancholies, and +Winds in the Bowels, Gouts, <i>&c.</i> become seldom relieved, +though they may with a constant, facile way, +be perfectly cured, where neither the great charge, + +<a class="pb" name="36" id="png034"></a> + +nor unpleasantness of Medicines, deterr them from a +continued necessary use of Remedies. And for the +same reasons many will be kept from relapses, who +being tired out with taking variety of Medicines, give +over before the tone and strength of their parts is +restored, which is necessary to be done in all long Diseases. +</p> + +<p> +He may so contrive his Medicines, first, That they +may be taken in small quantity, and be made more +grateful to the tast, and stomach, and perform more +then those of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, commonly slovenly +made, and of themselves Fulsom, Nauseous, and Sluggish. +Secondly, His Medicines made for particular +persons, may last Weeks, Months, nay Years, whereas +the <i>Apothecaries</i> Drinks, especially in the Summer time, +must be renewed once, or twice every day, to the excessive +charge of the <i>Patient</i>. +</p> + +<p> +That his Medicines may be fewer, is evident in <i>Physicians</i> +that practise in the Country, who ride far to <i>Patients</i>, +and carry in their Mans Cloak-bag, Medicines +enough, not only for the person he is sent to, but also +for most other persons, and Cases he meets with in his +Travels, and therefore his Closet needs contain but +few, yet noble and generous Medicines, and such as may +serve him upon all occasions, supplying what's defective +from the Fields or Gardens. He may avoid all pompous, +useless, chargable Medicines of the Shops, and +substitute in their place, cheaper, and more conducible +to health; He may very well lay aside the precious +Stones, Saphir, Emerals, <i>&c.</i> the high priced Magistrals +of Coral, and Pearl, made worse by their preparations, +or rather destroyed thereby in their Virtue, + +<a class="pb" name="37" id="png035"></a> + +as also Unicorns Horn; and Bezoar, all which are now +rarely used alone, but in the received Compositions; +He may also spare the charges of leaf-gold, for guilding +Pots, Glasses, Pills, Electuaries, Boles, &c. which +serves only to raise the Bill. +</p> + +<p> +He may teach the <i>Patients</i> facile and easie Remedies, +as to make a Clyster, apply Blisters, or Medicines +to the feet, where they are needful, &c. and in many +Cases may cure by well ordering his <i>Patient</i> only, +without any Remedies at all, or but very few; being +free to act for the <i>Patients</i> Health, without the grumbling +of the <i>Apothecary</i>; and many other ways he +may daily meet with, very advantageous to the +<i>Patient.</i> +</p> + +<p> +He will have little use of Conserves, Syrups, Lohocks, +&c. a greater part whereof Sugar makes up, +which doth more hurt to most persons, then the other +ingredients do good. +</p> + +<p> +As for Infusions and Decoctions, he will find by experiment, +how much liquor, or <i>Menstruum</i> will suffice +to extract the full vertue of the ingredients, and +what are helps, or hinderances thereunto, and +thereby neither suffer loss in the quantity, or quality of +them. +</p> + +<p> +He will discover the inefficacy of many of the Syrups +and other Medicines in the Shops, made of such +ingredients, the qualities whereof, what with boiling, +what with the great quantity of Sugar necessary to +keep them, are either made useless or opposite to the +ends they are proposed for. Especially in such Plants, +Seeds, and Flowers, which consist of fine volatil +parts, and even in drying and pounding, or the + +<a class="pb" name="38" id="png036"></a> + +least boiling exhale and evaporate, and therefore in the +common way of ordering them, lose their whole vertue +or most of their efficacy, and alter in their properties. +From which by several methods known to some +<i>Physicians</i>, very generous and singular Medicines may +be produced. +</p> + +<p> +He need not use so large Compositions consisting of +such confused and contrary ingredients, and will find +good reason to lay aside those unintelligible and unreasonable +Compositions of Mithridate, and Treacle, and +the so much magnified Treacle-water, and will substitute +better in their places, of smaller charge, and less +trouble; and this all <i>Physicians</i> I have conversed with, +and the <i>College</i> it self, by their Book published for +the common good, in the year before the Plague, +and all those <i>Physicians</i> in this City, who make +or intend to make their own Medicines, do confess. +</p> + +<p> +But here <i>Apothecaries</i> open wide, and cry out that +the <i>Physicians</i> are great Cheats, and envious persons, +for continuing such flat Medicines, and not recommending +to the World, or rather their Shops, our greater +secrets. The answer is easie, that the Medicines in our +<i>Pharmacopæa</i>, are the best of any other <i>Pharmacopæa</i> +in the World, both for their goodness, and well preparing +of them, whether they be Chymical, or Galenical; +and therefore the same scandal will ly on all +<i>Pharmacopæa's</i> whatsoever. <i>Secondly</i>, I say that within +these few last experimental years, the practical part +of Physic hath been much improved (as well as Anatomy) +especially by such as have put their hands to +work; and therefore till such improvement, this could + +<a class="pb" name="39" id="png037"></a> + +not be well amended. Furthermore, in making new +Dispensatories, a full content must be had, and 'twere +not fit to move where the motion were not like to +take place, for though private men invent new ways +of compounding and preparing, and using their own +invented Medicines, yet 'twill require a long time to +make them publickly known, and brought into common +use, and till that be done 'tis not possible to have +them brought into a common Dispensatory; besides, +no man would make a motion for such a reformation, +unless he were well furnished with specificks, and then +'twill be required of him to expose them to the whole +World, which how incongruous it will be, every man +may easily conceive; hereto add, that the <i>Apothecaries</i> +think themselves able enough by this present Dispensatory, +to out-beard <i>Physicians</i>, and do publickly +profess (as hath been said) that they understand the +practice of Physic well as they; how much more +would they have said so, if they had been made Masters +of these secrets? And here I shall admonish those +of my own Faculty, who have devoted their Studies, +Labours, and Purses, for the improvement of their +Art, to consider, that as natural things have their +bounds and limits, and that there is no new Creation +of them, and besides, that these things have their +bounds also of improvement, beyond which 'tis impossible +for man to go; and that by a good method +and industry, that end may be attained; (though at +present I must confess, no Art is more capable of enlargement +then ours:) I say let all consider, and they +will find, what a vast encouragement they have to improve +their knowledg so far, that they shall not only be + +<a class="pb" name="40" id="png038"></a> + +able to leave mankind destitute of no remedy Nature +did ever produce; but also restore and setle those +Honours ignorant men would usurp, upon the Learned +Professors of this Science, and I see no reason why +<i>Physicians</i> should communicate their secrets to such +persons, who will make use of them, to the ruine of +the Inventors, which is indeed a failer of trust, for +when a <i>Physician</i> writes his Bill, he trusts the <i>Apothecary</i> +only with making the Medicine for a particular +occasion, and not to make use of it as his own when be +pleaseth for his own profit, and the Inventor have no +further benefit by it, then perhaps one single advantage. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Lastly</i>, When Dispensatories were first made, the +<i>Apothecaries</i> were really <i>Physicians</i> Servants, and +wholy at their command, not in the least intrenching +on their business, and the rates of Medicines were reasonable; +which superiority over them still continues +only in their prescriptions, the forms whereof are always +commanding to take this and that, and to mix +them, <i>&c.</i> but within these few last years they have +set up for themselves, and advanced the rates beyond +all reason; and to be sure, the more we teach them +by our Books, the more they will trangress in +both. +</p> + +<p> +He may receive encouragement from what he discovers, +that is more then ordinarily useful, whereas by +writing Bills, he soon communicates to the ignorant +and lazy, who will neither spend time nor money to +advance the Art, but while the one is at work to his +great charge, lots of time, much pains and trouble, +the others seek by petty tricks and Arts to gain a name, + +<a class="pb" name="41" id="png039"></a> + +and profit from the industrious. Nay some <i>Mountebanks</i> +have been set up by purchasing receipts of the +<i>Apothecary</i> or his Servants. And one of them told +me, he set up a <i>Quack</i> by selling and commending to +him a Medicine he had long kept in his Shop and could +not otherwise put off, and that by degrees he made +him a famous practiser among the ignorant and poor +people. An Act quite contrary to the interest of the +Company. +</p> + +<p> +Hence also will arise an emulation amongst <i>Physicians</i>, +who shall exceed each other in noble remedies, +and from thence a full and happy improvement of +whatsoever God hath created for the recovery of mans +health impaired; for from the <i>Physician</i> alone the advancement +of Physic is to be expected. How many +simples of unknown properties have been brought into +use, to the great comfort of the sick? and many +more may be, as also many preparations, both simple +and compound, both in the Galenical, and Chymical +practice, and by this means the Art will be advanced +to its just dignity, now much diminished, dishonoured, +and near to be lost by the intrusion of ignorant +persons. +</p> + +<p> +Greater respect will be given to such <i>Physicians</i>, as +being the immediate instruments of life and health, +who will derive unto themselves that which is now +given to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, which proceeds chiefly +from fear lest they should do the <i>Patient</i> hurt; and so +their honour will be doubled, which every <i>Physician</i> +looks principally at; but the <i>Apothecary</i> being not so +far concerned, looks chiefly at his own profit, and regards +not the <i>Patients</i> charge. For the greater the <i>Patients</i> + +<a class="pb" name="42" id="png040"></a> + +charge, the greater must needs be the <i>Apothecaries</i> +gain; whereas on the contrary, 'tis the <i>Physicians</i> +Interest to cure the <i>Patient</i> with the greatest +ease. +</p> + +<p> +He may proceed on safely and securely in his well +experienced Medicines, having before him not only +what he hath prescribed for the same <i>Patient</i>, but for +all others in the like Case, and thereby keep in memory +what he would have forgot, if his Bill had remained +on the <i>Apothecaries</i> File; <i>viz.</i> the Medicines +and their success. By means whereof <i>Physicians</i> do +not advance their knowledg so far as they might; for +how is it possible they should remember the particulars +of their Bills writ some days before? and therefore +know not how to proceed so well. But the <i>Apothecaries</i> +having before them the whole series of Medicines, +brag they can do more then the <i>Physicians</i>, +and by this means insinuate the same opinion into +people. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>Physician</i> will be consulted in the beginning of +Diseases, to the safety and little expence of the <i>Patient</i>, +who will not go first to the <i>Apothecary</i>, who practiseth +on him till the Case is desperate, and then calls in a +<i>Physician</i> when 'tis too late; and if he dyes, the <i>Physician</i> +must carry away the disgrace alone; but if he +recover, the <i>Apothecary</i> if he be so minded, by some +trick will share with him in the honour: and by this +resort of people to the <i>Apothecaries</i> in beginning of Diseases; +we meet with few Cases of easie Cure, but are +chiefly made use of in dangerous Diseases, or those of +short period, or such as are accompanyed with great +pains and torments, to our great and continual anxiety. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="43" id="png041"></a> + +<p> +The <i>Physicians</i> experience hereby as 'tis surer, so +'twill be greater. +</p> + +<p> +He will make use of no Medicines but the choicest, +and when they are in their full vigour, and such as are +durable, and after once or twice Tryal of them, will +seldom fail in his expected success; which cannot be +certainly had without some tryal. For though a man +buy the choicest ingredients, <i>viz. Sena</i>, which may appear +to the Senses very good, yet he cannot positively +say, how well, nor yet what quantity of it will work, +till he hath made use of it. But afterwards he may +confidently apply the whole parcel he hath bought to +his purpose. The like may be instanced in a crop of +Wheat or Barley, which the skillfullest Husband-man +cannot tell how they will yield for Bread, or Malt, till +he hath used them. Now how is it possible that a <i>Physician</i> +can with any certainty make use of several +Shops, since there is so great difference in the ingredients? +and 'tis certain the same Medicine made by several +<i>Apothecaries</i>, shall differ much in colour, smell, +and tast, and consequently effect too; which cannot +proceed from any other cause then the difference of +the ingredients themselves, or by omitting some ingredients, +or by substituting one thing for another; +or by distinct ways of preparing them. The same also +may be said of Compositions, much more of Chymical +Medicines so much sophisticated, and of so much +danger and hazard, if not well prepared, which he +cannot discover till he hath seen the effect of them, +unless it be such as he makes himself, nor those neither +till he hath made some tryal of them. +</p> + +<p> +He will much inlarge <i>Materia Medica</i>, Chymistry + +<a class="pb" name="44" id="png042"></a> + +and Pharmacy, and discover the grounds of them, and +wherein the efficacy of remedies lyes, and thereby lay +open a whole Ocean for new discoveries, and by the +by observe many useful products and Phenomena of +Nature, to the great improvement of his Art, and +sound Natural Philosophy, which are not taken notice +of by <i>Apothecaries</i>, and their Servants; for all which +they have neither will nor skill. +</p> + +<p> +As to the improvement of Medicines, this may be +added, by the experimenting <i>Physician</i>, that in distill'd +waters he will consider and find which of them +will afford any virtue, which only phlegm equivalent +but to Conduit-water, which of them will keep long, +and in perfection, which soon or in what time decay, +and spend them accordingly, and in compound distill'd +waters, will find cause to lay aside many simples +as nothing conducing, or rather weakning the efficacy +of the Medicine designed; whereby much charge +and trouble will be spared, and better compositions +be made. +</p> + +<p> +He will gain and keep to himself <i>Patients</i>, who have +diseases they are unwilling should be known by <i>Apothecaries</i> +and their Boys, and all such as have a mind +to turn over their File. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>Patient</i> will have better opinion of the Medicines, +and confidence in the use or them, and the <i>Physician</i> +more satisfied in his Conscience, and better +assured of the success. +</p> + +<p> +He will gain reputation to his Art, by restoring it to +its first institution and practice, by the Founders and +Heroes of Physic. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="45" id="png043"></a> + +<p> +'Tis convenient to adjoin here the old way of educating +young men into the practice of Physic, and surely +the safer for the Patients health; and I could wish 'twere +restored to its former usage, which was this. The Senior +<i>Physician</i> carried his Son, or such as he intended +to succeed him in his practice, along with him when he +visited his Patients, discovering, and discoursing with +them the disease, cause, method of cure, and what remedies +were fit to be applied to the present Case, and +to try them what they would do in that or the like +Case. And when his occasions would not permit him +to visit himself, he then sent one of his Scholars to inform +him of the condition of the sick person, and the +effect of his Medicines; and also when the said Scholars +had leisure, they were employ'd to help to gather, +prepare, and make, or oversee the compounding of +Medicines. And such Scholars they call'd <i>filii Artis</i>, +sons of Art. Some of the Professors in Foreign parts +practise the most of this to this very day, with such +Gentlemen as travel thither to study Physic, confirming +their reading with experience. +</p> + +<p> +By constantly practised Medicines he will find out a +better method of Cure, and may hereby arrive at the +true causes of diseases. +</p> + +<p> +He will observe what Medicines by precipitation +or other ways, alter, destroy, or weaken one another, +whereby of good ingredients singly used, a bad +Composition may be made, and therefore fail in the +success expected. Many more things might be here +added, which a skillful observer, and versed in the way +to make experiments (no easie matter) will daily find, +and at present I do not so much as give hints of them, + +<a class="pb" name="46" id="png044"></a> + +but shall hereafter, as occasion and opportunity require. +</p> + +<p> +He will have more scope to be charitable to the poor, +and more civil and obliging to his friends, by curing +them <i>gratis</i>, or at small charges. +</p> + +<p> +He need not trouble himself with ways of concealing +the use of his Medicines, by setting down no directions +in his Bill, but giving them to the <i>Patient</i>, +which the <i>Apothecary</i> soon learns; nor with giving +some of his own Medicines at a pinch, which if they +succeed not, to be sure the <i>Apothecaries</i> will cry down +in all places, but will conceal all eminently good successes, +as disadvantageous to themselves; nor by +placing their <i>Arcana's</i> in the Shops of those <i>Apothecaries</i> +they commonly make use of; nor by recommending +their <i>Patients</i> to such <i>Apothecaries</i> they +intrust their secrets with. For then great complaints +are made that the <i>Physicians</i> carry away their Customers, +and take away their livelyhood, affirming they are +willing to fetch them from the prescribing <i>Doctors Apothecaries</i>. +To which I answer, that they do fetch them, +but perhaps not always; since I have heard them often +say, these secrets were but the Medicines of the <i>London</i> +Dispensatory disguised under new names, to the +discredit of the <i>Physicians</i> that prescribed them. And +I well remember some of them have neglected to +fetch from my house, not far from their own, some of +my preparations, though they had them <i>gratis</i>, for the +fetching; whereby the <i>Patients</i> have suffered, and +thought I neglected them, 'till they were rectified by +another Visit. Nay one of them told me, he had rather +dy with his own Shop-Medicines, then be cured + +<a class="pb" name="47" id="png045"></a> + +with my Magistrals: much more would he have said of +<i>Patients</i>, manifestly preferring his own profit before +their lives; a most Unchristian saying! +</p> + +<p> +One singular advantage such a <i>Physician</i> will have, +that the slanders of the <i>Apothecaries</i> will appear to be +malicious, as being raised against such as act contrary +to their profit. +</p> + +<p> +By this means <i>Physicians</i> will unite against the common +Enemy, will contribute mutual assistance, and +communicate more freely to one another their practice +and remedies; and also the frauds and unlawful practices +of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, will conceal the counsels, +and act whatsoever may tend to the advance of their +Art; and <i>Patients</i> also will discover the <i>Apothecaries</i> +censures, and practices against the <i>Physicians</i> and their +prescriptions. +</p> + +<p> +Hereby that great interest will decay <i>Apothecaries</i> +have in Families for their petty officiousnesses +(which <i>Physicians</i> not to displease them have put +them upon) these will be taught Nurses, and the +assistants, and which are by some of these as well, +certainly more diligently performed then by the <i>Apothecaries</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Hereby the <i>filii Artis</i>, or younger <i>Physicians</i>, will +sooner come into a better and more setled practice, +and not be beholden to <i>Apothecaries</i> to bring them <i>Patients</i> +wherewith they often upbraid them, and glory +amongst themselves and to other persons, that they introduced +such and such a <i>Physician</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Hereby <i>Chirurgeons</i> will be restored to some of their +employment now usurped by the <i>Apothecaries</i>, as leting +of blood, applying Leeches, Plasters, Cupping-Glasses, + +<a class="pb" name="48" id="png046"></a> + +Syringing and Salivation, wraping up bodies +in Cere-Cloaths, <i>&c.</i> which indeed do more properly +belong to them then to the <i>Apothecaries</i>; hereby +also haply many occasions of quarrel betwixt <i>Physicians</i> +and the <i>Apothecaries</i> will cease, each party acting +according to his own way. +</p> + +<p> +By this means Pseudochymists, and other <i>Mountebanks</i> +mouths and revilings will be stopped, only exclaiming +for this, that <i>Physicians</i> make not their own +Medicines. But since the publication of these papers +I am informed that the said Pseudochymists and <i>Mountebanks</i> +rail against me, this Book, and the way propounded, +as much as the <i>Apothecaries</i>, though before equal +Enemies each to others. So that they have fulfilled +the Proverb, of <i>like to like</i>. And no wonder since +hereby their Kingdom of darkness is brought to light, +and they are obliged to oppose it, as the Copper-Smiths +were to revile St. <i>Paul</i> for speaking against the Idol +of <i>Diana</i> of the <i>Ephesians</i>, whereby their trade was +lost. +</p> + +<p> +And as for the reasonableness of it, that the <i>Physician</i> +ought to support himself by all lawful ways and means, +and to have præeminence above those ignorant persons +that incroach upon his profession, 'tis confessed by all +that have considered the great charge, study, and labour, +before he can arrive at any benefit from it; for +he must take the chargeable degrees of Batchellor, and +Master of Arts, Batchellor of Physic, and after 14 +years standing, the degree of <i>Doctor</i>; besides his bare +expences for his maintenance in the University, +Charges in Anatomies, knowledg of natural things; +Travels abroad, Chymistry, and Experiments; his + +<a class="pb" name="49" id="png047"></a> + +Library, Habit, his more free way of living in a suitable +house, and Attendants, greater Taxes, <i>&c.</i> insomuch +that a <i>Doctor</i> of Physic spends more before he +comes to practise, then will set up perhaps a dozen <i>Apothecaries</i> +in a way of livelihood; and besides, great +sums of money before he can put himself in a fitting +Equipage: whereas on the contrary, many young +men before their time of Apprenticeship is out, provide +well for themselves by Quacking; and certainly +the Study of Physic, and consequently the knowledge +of Nature, must bid farewel to the Universities, if +Shops be permitted to make practisers, for such the people +will soon create <i>Doctors</i>, which title the <i>Apothecary</i> +takes upon him, though he understand not the reason +of the name, to the great shame of the Universities, +and Faculty, when ignorant people shall give, and they +challenge the same title for nothing, attained by the +<i>Physician</i> at a great rate and long study, the vulgar taking +Practiser and <i>Doctor</i> to signifie the same thing. +And which no persons of knowledg and education do, +and perhaps most other persons give them in way of +Jeering. +</p> + +<p> +From the handsom support of <i>Physicians</i> these benefits +will accrue to the publick, that thereby the honour +all Nations yield to the English <i>Physicians</i> will be kept +up, who in the late times, when the reputation of the +Nation was well neer forfeited abroad, the <i>Physicians</i> +then in being, most whereof are now living, and +Members of the <i>College</i>, maintained the credit, for +learning and value, of this Kingdom, and since his +Majesties happy return, some of them have kept up +the honour of the Faculty; which manifestly appears + +<a class="pb" name="50" id="png048"></a> + +by the great esteem Foreigners have of their Books, +by often printing them, and translating into Latin what +hath been published in English, though they are no +where so depressed as in <i>England</i>. +</p> + +<p> +A second benefit to the publick is, that men of competent +Estates will breed up their Sons in the Art of +Physic, giving them such education as is necessary, and +will not vouchsafe to place them out to <i>Apothecaries</i>, +though now adays want of learning and degrees are +adjudged as needful a qualification for the exercise of +Physic, as formerly 'twas for Preaching, and the Shops +fit to supply both. +</p> + +<p> +I will conclude this part of my discourse with this +observation; that the Laws of <i>England</i> in all their Acts +of Parliament, have granted the practice of Physic +to <i>Physicians</i> and them alone, and in no clause thereof +put in any restraint at all upon them, but every where, +either new priviledges, or a confirmation of the old, +have been granted, by the said powers. Whereas on +the contrary, the Law supposeth cheats in the <i>Apothecaries</i> +Shops, and therefore impowers our <i>Censors</i> to +destroy and burn what they find bad and corrupt. +</p> + +<p> +The next thing to be treated of, shall be the ways of +<i>Apothecaries</i> creeping into practice, and their unfitness +thereunto. As to the first, heretofore when they were +Members of the Company of Grocers, and dispersed +in place, as well as in counsel, they then were wholy +subordinate to the <i>Physicians</i>, only keeping in their +Shops, and faithfully making the prescriptions they +received from the <i>Physicians</i>, and when made, sending +them to the <i>Patient</i> by their men (as they still continue +to do in Foreign Countries) and not committing the + +<a class="pb" name="51" id="png049"></a> + +preparation to raw Boys, or Apprentices, which is the +true interest of the <i>Patient</i> they should do here likewise. +But in process of time, <i>Physicians</i> in acute diseases +having taught them somewhat, sent them to visit +their <i>Patients</i>, to give them the best account they +could of the estate of their health, and effect of their +Medicines. And of later years some <i>Physicians</i> took +them along with them in their Visits, whereby they +acquired a little smattering of diseases, by which +means, and their continual officiousness, they insinuated +themselves into Families, and by applying (right +or wrong) the terms of Art they had learned from +the <i>Physicians</i>, they made people believe they had acquired +some skill in the Art, and afterwards began to +venture a little at practice, and but until these 10 years +last past kept themselves within some bounds and limits; +but since that time have daily more and more +incroached upon our Profession, being assisted by a +greater familiarity of conversation with younger <i>Physicians</i>. +And in the Plague time they took upon them +the whole Practice of Physic, which ever since they +have continued, being much helped also therein by the +dispersing of <i>Physicians</i> into places unknown to their +<i>Patients</i>, by the Fire, but above all by the burning of +the <i>College</i>, by means whereof their Government and +view of their Shops have been omitted, insomuch that +now they are past all restraint, having insinuated and +(as they think) rooted themselves by the aforesaid +Artifices, so that there remains now no other real remedy +but that proposed. +</p> + +<p> +Now here I shall take occasion in a short digression, +to discourse briefly the reason, why in all Ages there + +<a class="pb" name="52" id="png050"></a> + +have been so many pretenders to Physic, and why +some of them have got reputation in the World. One +hath been mentioned before, <i>viz.</i> the great charges +sick men are put to, caused by the separation of the +<i>Physician</i> from the <i>Apothecary</i>. But the principal reason +is, the want of knowledge in most persons, both of the +materials used, and the grounds for which they are +applyed. Insomuch that there are but few that can +judg, and distinguish rightly of either, and no wonder +therefore that in their reasonings they commit +more absurd mistakes, or Paralogisms then in any +other Art whatsoever, and censure <i>Physicians</i> by the +success alone. Which my Lord <i>Verulam</i> accounts +the great unhappiness both of the States-man and the +<i>Physician</i>, both being alike censured by those that +know not the bottom and rise of their Actions and +Counsels. For how can any man in either make a +sound Judgment without a full knowledge of the business +it self; and of all the circumstances thereunto +belonging; nor in Physic without the concurrent +knowledg of the sick mans habit, disease, cause, remedies, +and many other particulars necessary to make +a clear judgment upon the success? Yet notwithstanding, +many will censure and grumble at the actions of +the States-men, though their proceedings have been +never so wise, and prudent, and oft-times from muttering +and whispering, fall to down-right distast, and mutiny +against their Superiors. So that the good success, +in State-affairs, of rash and imprudent undertakers, +have been extolled and preferred before the wary, +and prudent management, and guidance of the soberest +and wisest States-men. The same likewise + +<a class="pb" name="53" id="png051"></a> + +happens between the bold <i>Empiric</i>, and learnedst <i>Physician</i>. +But in this way of censuring, the States-man +hath this advantage above the <i>Physician</i>, that 'tis +possible he may meet with a series of Business so circumstantiated, +as seldom or never to miscarry, especially +having a greater power over subordinate persons +then <i>Physicians</i> have. But the irreversible statute +of Heaven forbids us to expect a constant recovery of +our <i>Patients</i>, for 'tis appointed, that all men must die. 'Tis +sufficient therefore for us, to employ those remedies +God hath given to the Sons of men, to the utmost +vertue the Creator hath endowed them withal: since +his eternal decree hath limited their efficacy from making +man immortal. Now since (if men judg by the +success alone) it cannot be otherwise, but that the most +learned <i>Physician</i>, and most sottish <i>Empiric</i> must be +thought equal in skill, by those that are not able to +make a right judgment and difference betwixt them +on other principles. Hence it comes to pass, that +where some ignorant person hath cured accidentally +a slight disease, and a <i>Physician</i> hath a <i>Patient</i> dye of an +irrecoverable Case, here the <i>Empiric</i> shall be applauded, +and the <i>Physician</i> decryed. Nay many will say +the disease is the same in both, whereas we daily see +most gross mistakes in such opinions, when the Cases +differ totally in their Nature, agreeing in one sign only +common to both the Cases proposed, nay to many +other also. Furthermore, if a <i>Patient</i> dy under an +<i>Empirics</i> hand, the friends willingly conceal their +Names, lest some discredit should befal them for using +such worthless practisers; but if under the hands of +a known <i>Physician</i> he shall be sure to be named, and + +<a class="pb" name="54" id="png052"></a> + +sometimes his attendance falsly fathered on him, when +<i>Mountebanks</i> only have been employed: but to besure +if an <i>Empiric</i> hath first been made use of, and afterwards +an able <i>Physician</i> called in (when all opportunity +of doing good was past) and the <i>Patient</i> dy, the +<i>Mountebank</i> hath never been mentioned, but the <i>Physician</i> +perhaps condemned though he hath done whatsoever +could have been thought on, rational in that Case. +</p> + +<p> +Add to the former reasons, the bold and confident +brags, and promises of <i>Empirics</i>, that they have cured +worse diseases, and will in few hours free them from +their maladies, especially where sober <i>Physicians</i> have +pronounced doubtfully of the event. No wonder +that these pleasing promises to persons in danger and +distress bring them into employment even with a rejection +of the former sober <i>Physician</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Besides, a foolish opinion prevails with some ignorant +persons, that they will deal only with such as will +undertake the Cure, (that is) contract with them for +a sum of money, one half whereof to be payed in hand, +and the other the Cure being done, and so are usually +cheated of one half of their money; and such people +will have nothing to do with such <i>Physicians</i> as +will not undertake them in this sence. +</p> + +<p> +Another Stratagem is, to give strange and hard +names to their Medicines, such as are <i>Pilulæ radiis +Solis extractæ</i>, and in English is no more then Pills +dryed to that consistence by the Sun-Beams, which +ignorant people have thought were made of the Sun +Beams. Others commend their Extract of the Soul +of the Heathen Gods. One sets up with a receipt received +from <i>Van Helmonts</i> own hands; Another hath + +<a class="pb" name="55" id="png053"></a> + +received from a Jew the shining of <i>Moses</i> Face; nay I +have heard a Pseudochymist blasphemously brag, he +saw in the making of a grand <i>Elixir</i>, the Quintessence +of the Trinity in Unity, and infinite other pitiful captivations +of silly people, to be seen on every Gate and +Post of this City; such as are the Spirit of the Salt of +the World, <i>Panchymagogon</i>, and other ten-footed +Greek names, and some other Mongrel non-sensical +ones compounded of several Languages; promising +certain, speedy, and concealed Cure of incurable Diseases. +</p> + +<p> +And no less ridiculous and absurd to considering +persons are, their cantings of themselves, wherewith +they no less befool, amuse, and beguile the people; +as that by long prayer, and seeking of God, they have +had many secrets revealed to them from Heaven. +Another by long Travels through <i>Hungary</i>, <i>Poland</i>, +&c. hath attained great secrets from Kings and Emperours. +Another a Gentleman lately come from <i>Oxford</i>, +or <i>Cambridg</i>, Cures the Pox, Running of the +Reins, &c. in Capital Letters, at all which what +sober man cannot but laugh? Yet such as these are inducements +to many to resort to them; moreover some +of them are Astrologers, Physiognomers, Fortunetellers, +Professors of Palmistry and such other vain +Arts; much applauded by the weaker sort of people. +</p> + +<p> +Besides, the former they have their Emissaries, +Scouts, and Setters up and down, to cry up the skill +And feigned Cures done by them, Nurses, Good-fellows, +Midwives, <i>&c.</i> to make up the cry and full +noise. +</p> + +<p> +Now it being natural to most people to admire what + +<a class="pb" name="56" id="png054"></a> + +they understand not, and for Admiration to infer Love, +and Love Praise, and Praise the use especially of such +things as are set off with high and lofty expressions, it +necessarily follows that such persons will cry up, and +make use of, those that by these means captivate their +understandings, especially their credits being ingaged +also; but above all, if they proceed from meaner +persons, of whom they are most credulous, having in +suspition wiser men, believing the former are not able, +and that the wiser are able; and therefore will deceive +them. All which appears in some with us cryed +up above any <i>Physician</i> that ever was in <i>England</i>, +though for pitiful, dangerous, nay sometimes mortal +Medicines, whereby great sums of money have been +gained in a short time; I shall instance first in <i>Lockyers</i> +Pills made of <i>Antimony</i>, discovered to be so by some of +my <i>Collegues</i>, and my self, at the first selling of them. +A Medicine as ill made as any of that Mineral, and no +<i>Physician</i> though meanly versed in Chymistry, but +could have excelled it. Yet so great a Vogue this Pill +had for some time, that infinite people resorted to him, +and purchased them for their lives, both for themselves, +and Families, and (as I have heard) for their +posterities too. Though a common Chimney in a +little time would have made enough of it to have +served the whole Nation for some years to come, and +that at very small charges. But Experience, the Tutor +of too many, hath in a short time brought these Pills +into a dis-use, if not a total Oblivion, even amongst +the vulgar. +</p> + +<p> +A second cryed up Medicine was <i>Mathews</i>'s Pills, +made of <i>Opium</i> (to which the virtue of the whole + +<a class="pb" name="57" id="png055"></a> + +Composition must be attributed) of white <i>Hellebor</i> +Roots, and Oyl of <i>Turpentine</i>, whereto some add Salt of +<i>Tartar</i>, which will puzzle the most knowing Naturalist +to declare why these should be thus jumbled together; +unless to obscure the <i>Opium</i>. 'Tis indeed a very cunning +Composition, for by giving rest and ease it may easily +decoy people into the use of them, though by long +taking of them, diseases become far more uncurable +then they are in their own Nature. +</p> + +<p> +A third Universal Medicine was <i>Hughes's</i> Powder, +sold by him at 10 <i>s.</i> the Grain, and 3 <i>l.</i> 10 <i>s.</i> the Dose, +made doubtless of Gold and Quicksilver. The tast +and weight of it manifestly discover the former to be +an ingredient into it, and the effect, <i>viz.</i> Salivation +proves the latter to be part of the compound. Besides +I have made of these two dissolved, and digested in +their peculiar Menstruums, in no long space of time, a +Medicine that had the same effect with his, and in the +same Dose, and having a View of his Cabinet left +after his Death, containing a large quantity of the said +Powder (being all he left behind him) there was found +crude Gold, and Quicksilver in the same Cabinet. +Now these three Notorious Universal Medicines +were put to sale by most ignorant persons. Add hereunto +the forementioned <i>Mr. De-laun's</i> Pill, whereof I +shall say nothing, being mentioned under the Name of +the <i>Pilule ex duobus</i>, in the <i>London Dispensitory</i>, though +some make them of the Extract of <i>Coloquintida</i>. The +last of any Fame with us, were Dr. <i>Goddard's</i> Drops, +a good Medicine, but not so universal, and superlative +as he would have made the World believe, and +was nothing else but what some <i>Physicians</i> many years + +<a class="pb" name="58" id="png056"></a> + +since enjoyed. I well remember that in the late +troubles, a Person then in great Authority, having +cryed up this above all the Medicines in the World, +a round wager was offered, that the <i>Doctor</i> should not +distinguish his own from two others that should be +brought him, both which were but Spirit of <i>Harts-horn</i>. +But the wager would not be accepted of. +Furthermore, that this Medicine of his was Spirit of +<i>Harts-horn</i>, some relations plainly argue; One whereof +was the following. +</p> + +<p> +A certain person in <i>Norfolk</i> having sent for as much +as came to a 11 <i>l.</i> and dying upon the 2d. dose of it, +and by accident most part of the remainder being +spilt; there comes in a friend to the House, of some +skill, who supposing it to be Spirit of <i>Harts-horn</i>, told +the Widow he would endeavour to gain back the +money for her. And thereupon went to a Chymist, +and bought as much of the said Spirit, as would make +up the quantity purchased of Dr. <i>Goddard</i>, who after +Tryal of it by smell, and tast, acknowledged it to be +his, and honestly payed back the sum 'twas first sold +for; which I think few of the <i>Mountebanks</i> do. Sure +I am that a Quack sold 21 Pills for 20 <i>l.</i> whereof the +<i>Patient</i> took 4 at two doses, to the great hazard of +his life, who then repairing to me for my advice, I by +Tryal of one of them found them to be Mercurial, and +wished him to return them back, but the Quack would +not give him 10 <i>s.</i> for the 16 remaining. +</p> + +<p> +The inference and sum of what hath been said, is to +shew briefly by what Artifices people are deceived in +their Healths, and Purses, and how easily the ignorant +are couzened, and such practices used, that <i>Physicians</i>, + +<a class="pb" name="59" id="png057"></a> + +men of honesty and repute, would be ashamed to own, +and must by using them in a short time be ruined and +discredited. And such Cheats as these, the <i>College</i> of +<i>Physicians</i> are bound by the Laws of the Land to decry, +and punish (though by so doing it hath often incurred +the censure and clamor of the vulgar) Besides the Statute +of the 14<i>th.</i> and 15<i>th.</i> of <i>Henry</i> the Eighth injoyns +us to it, declaring that 'tis good for the Common-wealth +of this Realm, and therefore expedient, +and necessary to provide that no person of the <i>College</i> +of <i>Physicians</i> (for all practisers then were of the said +body) be suffered to exercise, and practise Physic, +but only those persons that be profound, sad, and discreet, +groundly learned, and deeply studyed in Physic. +Now certain it is, that none of the said body did +or dare use any of the forementioned frauds and deceits, +but will constantly indeavour (since 'tis impossible +but there will be Cheatees; (according to the old +Proverb, <i>Populus vult decipi</i>, <i>The People will be deceived</i>) +to abridge the number of the Cheaters, +who answer to the former part of the Proverb, <i>Decipiatur</i>, +<i>Let them be couzened</i>. +</p> + +<p> +I shall end this discourse by returning from my digression +to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, who may and do use some +of the tricks before-mentioned, and shall here briefly +recite some great advantages they have, and +make use of above <i>Physicians</i>. One is, that they live +in this City 7 or 8 years as <i>Apprentices</i>, as also by +their retail Trade, and by living in open Shops, by +frequent converse with their fellow Citizens, whether +in Commerce or Offices, by many friendly and Neighbourly +mutual kindnesses and actions, wherein they + +<a class="pb" name="60" id="png058"></a> + +spend their whole lives, and are never diverted by studies, +and ingenuity from their proposed way of gain, +by all which means they get into a fixed familiarity +and good opinion with their Neighbours, and a large +acquaintance in the World. Now for their skill, besides +what hath been before-mentioned, and common +to them with the <i>Mountebank</i>, <i>viz.</i> Vapouring and +braging of their skill, and decrying <i>Physicians</i>, by talking +above the Capacity of those they converse with, +who therefore take all they say to be authentick, +though never so absurd, and trivial, and many times to +set off themselves they will venture to speak Latine +commonly as false as the matter, although some of +them at <i>Coffee-Houses</i>, and in other mixt Companies, by +venturing so boldly have been met with and baffled, +and made to depart thence with shame and discredit +enough, which their friends and acquaintance take +little notice of. Add hereunto their exposing to view +their Compositions of <i>Treacle</i>, <i>Mithridate</i>, <i>Diascordium</i> +and <i>Alkermes</i>, which all their friends, and neighbours +one time or another must see; (being set off by +some very curiously) and seeing cannot but admire the +great charge, art, and labour of the <i>Apothecary</i>, and +perhaps hear his learned Lecture upon them, whereby +they imply their great skill, knowledg in the virtues of +these ingredients, and consequently an ability to practise +with them; all which are below the dignity +of a <i>Physician</i>; and therefore a long time is necessary +for him to gain acquaintance, wanting the +fore-mentioned opportunities the <i>Apothecaries</i> enjoy. +<i>Lastly</i>, Their painted Pots and Glasses, with false + +<a class="pb" name="61" id="png059"></a> + +Titles on them, more win the vulgar then a <i>Physicians</i> +Library of far greater value. +</p> + +<p> +As to their incapacity for Practice, 'tis manifest by +their education, and ignorance of all those things +which are required in an able <i>Physician</i>, <i>viz.</i> the knowledg +of Arts and Languages; by the former whereof +men learn the way and rules of observing, and improvements +to be made thereon; by the latter, what +the learned searchers of Nature have in all Ages taken +notice of, necessary, and little enough in an Art +so difficult as that of Physic. They are wholy ignorant +also of all Philosophy, and the very Elements of +the Art, and therefore unskillful in knowing diseases; +and more surely their causes, whereto respect is +to be had, as well as to the diseases, to which, fit +remedies are to be applyed. For want of Anatomy +know neither the part affected, nor how 'tis affected; +much lets any thing of Chirurgical directions. And +through their ignorance in Philosophy, and Arts, they +have not skill enough to advise a diet sutable to diseases; +a thing most necessary, as well in curing diseases +as in preserving of health, and which requires a great +insight into the nature of things; nor the true grounds +and reasons of compounding, practising their way rather +by rote then by rule; with better reason may a +Brick-layer or Carpenter pretend to be a Mathematical, +or a Common Fidler to be a Musick Reader in +the Universities, or <i>Gresham-College</i>, since both these +have the practical part of those Sciences, which +<i>Apothecaries</i> have not in Physic, in the least measure. +</p> + +<p> +And to conceal their mis-actings, they generally do + +<a class="pb" name="62" id="png060"></a> + +all by word of mouth, and not enter their prescriptions +into their Books, being haply ashamed +any knowing men should discover their sins of omission, +as dangerous many times in point of life and +health, as those of their commission. Whereas <i>Physicians</i> +Bills are on the File, or registred in Order in their +own Books, which is their justification from all +misrepresentations. +</p> + +<p> +Again, they sufficiently confess their ignorance, by +calling in <i>Physicians</i> when their own, or any of their +relations healths are concerned, and the same all people +acknowledge, when they are in distress and danger. +And very few understanding persons, and none +that are learned and knowing, will trust them at all. +But I shall refer the Reader to the forementioned +Writer against the <i>Apothecaries</i>, <i>viz.</i> Dr. <i>Daniel Coxe</i>, +who permitted me to name him here; by whom this +and many other things here but briefly touched, are +judiciously handled, and more largely. +</p> + +<p> +And as for their skill in practice, we daily see their +gross errours and omissions, being called where they +have given Medicines. I shall instance only in one +that hapned at the writing hereof; <i>viz.</i> that an +<i>Apothecary</i> gave strong Purging Pills on the Fit day +of a gentle Quartan Ague, which turned it into a +violent Fever, to the great hazard of the <i>Patients</i> +life. +</p> + +<p> +And at how easie rate they practise, many of their +Bills brought and complained of to our <i>College</i>, (in +some whereof I have seen Fees set down for Visits) +witness, wherein upon a slight disease 5 <i>l.</i> hath +been demanded for four days practice. And I have + +<a class="pb" name="63" id="png061"></a> + +heard one of them brag, that he commonly had from +20 to 100 <i>l.</i> besides presents, for cure of a Clap +(as they call it) which might have been more +speedily and securely performed for a manifold lesser +sum. +</p> + +<p> +I now come to answer some slight objections; as +first, that <i>Physicians</i> are unskillful in the Art of making +Medicines; but sure those that thus object cannot +deny them that ability which Ladies, and almost +all ordinary women have; <i>viz.</i> of distilling of waters +of all sorts, making of Syrups, Conserves, Preserves, +Powders, Trochiscs, Electuaries (and what not) and +as many think, more cleanly and neatly then the <i>Apothecaries</i>; +and some of them Ointments, and Plasters, +in which two lyes their main skill. Some whereof, +to those that understand not the way of dissolution +of bodies, and the nature of their mixture may +be difficult. Yet this defect they may supply by +lessening the number of ingredients, and may +perform more with 2, or 3 Simples, then with the +larger Compositions, as 'tis manifest in the use of +<i>Galbanum</i> alone, now used and found better then +<i>Emplastrum Hystericum</i>, consisting of 21 ingredients. +</p> + +<p> +And though as matters now stand, <i>Physicians</i> have +not the honour to be counted superiour to <i>Apothecaries</i> +in their Art, yet every one knows that they alone are +the prescribers and directors of the <i>Apothecaries</i> in +what they know; and are able to puzzle them in infinite +things that concern their Trade, besides in Chymical +preparations, whereof most of them are totally +ignorant; and should <i>Physicians</i> withdraw themselves + +<a class="pb" name="64" id="png062"></a> + +from their conversation, few pretenders to Physic +would appear more unskillful then they, neither knowing +how to deal with a new Simple, nor a new disease. +And for all their pretences of skill in Drugs, 'tis most +certain that the State makes <i>Physicians</i> not <i>Apothecaries</i>, +Judges of them; and the Statute of <i>Henry</i> the +VIII. appoints the <i>College</i> Censors upon Oath, not the +<i>Apothecaries</i> to judg, and condemn false and sophisticated +Medicines. +</p> + +<p> +A second objection wherewith they flatter themselves, +is, that the great expence of time in preparing +Medicines will keep <i>Physicians</i> from this course. I +answer, that the <i>Physician</i> needs not spend much more +then half an hour in a day, one with another, on this +work, and may faster dispense them then the <i>Apothecaries</i> +to Hospitals, who in an afternoon can provide for +100, nay sometimes 200 sick men, and carry them to +the Hospital, and dispose them to each single person, +which takes up much time, which the <i>Physicians</i> Servants +need not be put to. +</p> + +<p> +A third objection is, that this course, which before +'twas put in practice they derided, now used is railed +at, will undo them. I answer that if needs, one or +the other must be ruined, 'tis more reasonable that the +<i>Apothecary</i> should suffer then the <i>Physician</i>, because the +one acts but his duty, and for the publick good, but +the other are transgressors of the Law, and act above +the Sphere of their skill, and do many prejudices to +the precious lives, and healths of men; and the rather, +because 'tis in their own power to prevent this mischief, +by stinting the number of their Servants (as 'tis +in foreign parts, and in <i>England</i> also, in very many if + +<a class="pb" name="65" id="png063"></a> + +not most other Trades. Nay our State allows but +a set number of Printers) for they acknowledg themselves, +that the exceeding increase of their number +must necessarily in a short time bring them all to shifting +and beggery, and a greater want of skill then what +they now pretend to. But to answer this Objection +more fully, I affirm <i>Apothecaries</i> have made and do +make use of several other ways of subsistence; besides +their bare trades (none of which <i>Physicians</i> can +use) <i>viz.</i> some of them in this City as well as in the +Country, sell Grocery-wares, and by both together, +gain Estates. <i>Secondly</i>, They barter in Drugs and +other Commodities, selling them amongst themselves, +and to other Tradesmen. Furthermore, they are now +building a Laboratory to make all sorts of Chymical +Medicines, intending to supply the whole Nation with +them, which must necessarily undo all the Chymists in +<i>London</i>; and whether in time they will not distil +Strong-waters, <i>&c.</i> (an easie thing for them to undertake) +and by this means to ruine the Corporation +of Distillers of Strong-waters, I leave to the said Company +to conceive as they please. However, this I have +heard several of them say, that they resolve to buy +all sorts of Drugs, and make a Magazine of them, as +well as of the greater Compositions, at their own Hall; +and to sell them to the Members of their Company, +whereby the Trade of the Druggist, must be much +lessened, if not totally over-thrown. So little regard +have they of any other employment but of their own, +yet all these things they may do without any offence +against the Laws of the Land. Why then should they, +who have so many ways of subsistence, envy, and + +<a class="pb" name="66" id="png064"></a> + +usurp unlawfully over the single and lawful way granted +<i>Physicians</i> for their livelihood? Or why would +they repine, and revile them for advancing their Art, +the publick health and profit, and for maintaining their +profession by their Pens, and actings against themselves, +who are the first aggressors in this division? Which I +profess to be the sole end of these present papers, and +heartily wish they may thrive and prosper as long as +they conform themselves to the Laws of Honesty, +Reason, and of the Land. Besides, why may not the +Plaisterer more reasonably pretend the same to the +Painter, and many other Trades against one another, +as the Brick-layer to the Stone-Cutter, <i>&c.</i> that they +understand the Trade, and that truly too, and that +they cannot subsist without this incroachment? And +why should not <i>Chirurgeons</i> keep open <i>Apothecaries</i> +Shops? but that the same Law limits those Tradesmen, +as well as prohibits the <i>Apothecary</i> from the practice +of Physic. And surely the Law and State have +no consideration of those persons subsistence, who +conform not to them; and why should we have of +those, subordinate to us, who against all good Conscience +take away from us all that is our due, and +continually traduce and slander us very untruly and +designingly? +</p> + +<p> +The last objection (and a strange one) is, that in this +private way of giving Medicines, <i>Physicians</i> may poyson +their <i>Patients</i>. But this is easily retorted upon the +<i>Apothecaries</i>, who may themselves or their Servants +do the like, as 'tis known in the poysoning of Sir <i>Thomas +Overbury</i>; besides, since it cannot be otherwise, but that +the <i>Patient</i> must trust somebody, 'tis better to trust one + +<a class="pb" name="67" id="png065"></a> + +then many; and if one, better him whose education +will teach him better Morality, (and who hath given +his Faith (equivalent to an Oath) twice to the Body +of the <i>College; viz.</i> once at his admission as Candidate, +and a second time at his admission as Fellow; whereby +he promiseth in these words, That he shall give nothing +to cause miscarriage, or to destroy, or hinder +Conception, nor Poysons (for of such, good Medicines +may be made) to an evil purpose, nay that he shall +not even teach them where there is any suspicion of +ill using of them. Which promise is nothing else but +the Oath proposed by <i>Hippoc.</i> to <i>Physicians</i>, in the entrance +to his Books) <ins class="corr" title="2nd edition: Original has 'then'">then to trust</ins> such as want these qualifications; +and this seems to be the reason why our Common +Law makes it Felony, for any person to have any one +dy under his hand, unless he were a lawful <i>Physician</i>. +More noble and generous was the opinion of <i>Alexander</i> +the Great, concerning his <i>Physician</i>, who confidently +drank off that Medicine which cured him, +though he was before informed by some friend that +'twas poysoned. Neither can History it self to my +knowledg produce any example, that ever any such +foolish Villany was acted; Though doubtless many +lives might have been saved if the <i>Apothecaries</i> would +have complyed with the <i>College</i>, in their proposed Orders +for selling <i>Rats-bane</i>. +</p> + +<p> +In the next place I shall recite some few of their devices +against those <i>Physicians</i> in particular that make +their own Medicines, as to tell the <i>Patient</i> that is +averse to Chymical Medicines, that the <i>Doctor</i> is Chymical, +and that because forsooth he makes his own Medicines; +but to those that affect Chymical, that the + +<a class="pb" name="68" id="png066"></a> + +<i>Doctor</i> is but a Galenist, and useth only dull and ineffectual +remedies, as best suits to the sick mans Palat. +A second is, that if this <i>Physician</i> be called in to +a <i>Patient</i>, the <i>Apothecary</i> will pretend present danger, +and in his absence call in another, or pretend he is +abroad when he is not, or else that the Case requires +the counsel of two <i>Physicians</i>; and what other devices +they use, I have not well learned. +</p> + +<p> +Now briefly follow some small Scandals they cast +upon the said <i>Physicians</i>, as first that they do it for +want of practice; the falsity whereof is known by +those few that do act this way already, and shortly +'twill be more apparent, when many more of good +practice, singular parts and honesty will do the like, +and certainly nothing but lazyness, ignorance, or want +of will to do the utmost good they are able for the sick, +can hinder them from so doing, except age, infirmity +of body, or want of convenience. But suppose 'tis +so as they alledg, doubtless every man may and ought +to use all lawful means for his own subsistence; and do +not our adversaries say they are inforced to it, affirming +that unless they give Medicines of themselves, +their acquaintance will go to another <i>Apothecary</i> who +will do it, though one of their Company told me, +they had power by their Charter to restrain practice? +Whence (if true) it clearly follows that the whole +Company allows it. +</p> + +<p> +But those <i>Physicians</i>, that for the reasons above, +cannot nor will not take this course, are to be admonished, +to do here as the <i>Physicians</i> did in <i>France</i>, +for the good of people, <i>viz.</i> to tell their <i>Patients</i> the +prices of Medicines, and to write their Bills in English, + +<a class="pb" name="69" id="png067"></a> + +that thereby the <i>Patients</i> may not pay too unreasonable +for them. +</p> + +<p> +I now conclude, having performed this ungrateful +task, with as much brevity, mildness of Spirit, and language, +as the business would permit (and what the +prudent Statutes of our <i>College</i> require of each of their +members, that we shall by all honest and lawful ways +and means prosecute all illiterate <i>Mountebanks</i> and Impostors, +<i>&c.</i> and is no more then the Laws and Charters +granted to us allow, and what we twice faithfully promise +(as much an Oath as we can give) <i>viz.</i> at our admission +as Candidate and as Fellow) being obliged to +another work of greater difficulty, and concern, long +since promised, having been too long diverted with fitting +my self for my intended practice, and several other +unavoidable Occasions. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="70" id="png068"></a> + +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div class="postscript"> +<h2>Postscript.</h2> +<p> +<i>Reader</i>, There intervening so small a space from +the publication of the first Edition of these +Papers to this second; I thought to have added +nothing to it, but to have put it out only more +correct, as the Title intimates; but since some Sheets +were printed off, I have had the opportunity to be informed +of some exceptions taken to them, which being +but few, I shall give the Objectors full satisfaction +in. Though one answer might serve for all; <i>viz.</i> that +an <i>Apothecary</i> in the presence of two <i>Physicians</i>, said, +that he had told me of all these Cheats, and indeed they +are so common, that whosoever shall be conversant +with them, may observe most of these to be a great +part of their discourse. The First exception against +<i>Myrtle-leafs</i>, that they were not shewed the <i>Censors</i> +for <i>Sena</i>, a Binder for a Purger; the time I have +forgot; the <i>Censors</i> then were, Sir <i>George Ent</i>, Dr. +<i>Goddard</i>, Dr. <i>King</i>, and my Self; the places, <i>Tut-hill-street</i>, +and some Shops in <i>King-street</i>; Mr. <i>Shellberry</i> +being then Master of the Company. Secondly, As +for <i>Mushrooms</i> rubbed over with Chalk for <i>Agaric</i>; +this was found by the <i>Censors</i> in the <i>Old-Baily</i>, at the +Shop of one now dead, and therefore I shall say no +further of it, it being taken notice of by Mr. <i>Evelyn</i>, +as is intimated before. <i>p.</i>8. A Third is <i>Diascordium</i> made +of <i>Honey</i> and <i>Bole-Armeniac</i>, this was discovered in a + +<a class="pb" name="71" id="png069"></a> + +Shop at the end of <i>Drury-lane</i> near <i>Holborn</i>, concluded +to be so by Sir <i>George Ent</i>, <i>My Self</i>, and Mr. <i>Richardson</i> +then Master of the Company, and the rest of +the <i>Censors</i> and <i>Wardens</i>, easily to be remembred, and +was by them taken away to their Hall; a pound +whereof I had, and by dissolution found it to be no +otherwise; what the <i>Apothecaries</i> did with the large +Pot of the remainder I know not. Besides these, I +have heard no exception to the whole concerning +frauds. +</p> + +<p> +Now since the Cheaters with the Cheatees, most +insist on the objection of Poyson; I add to what hath +been formerly said; that Poysons are not necessarily +to be given in Medicines alone, but may be given in +Broaths, Beer, or any other thing taken into the Body, +and that without the consultation or knowledg of any +<i>Physician</i>, and surely if any one had a mind to Poyson +his Relations (an Action abominable to the English +Nation) he would rather Act privately himself, having +many opportunities offered to him, rather then +by communicating it to others, make himself obnoxious +to their discovery. But if he should communicate +to others, 'tis more probable he would communicate +it to meaner, and more Mercenary persons, as +<i>Apothecaries</i> and Nurses, at a smaller rate and with +more security, then reveal such secrets to <i>Physicians</i>, +Men of Honour, and Honesty. Furthermore, if any +mans life be suspected to be taken away with Poyson, +and by opening the body it should appear so (and +without which it cannot well appear) the <i>Physician</i> is +doubtless as lyable to the Law as any other person +whatsoever. So that the <i>Patient</i> hath as much moral + +<a class="pb" name="72" id="png070"></a> + +security from this mischief, as possibly can be had, or +wished in humane affairs. Nay suppose the <i>Physician</i> +might be so corrupted (as to take away his <i>Patients</i> +life) he might effect it without the least suspition; +either by neglecting, or omitting what was necessary, +or by giving him unproper Medicines, for which he +could be accused of ignorance or errour only; besides, +if he had a mind to poyson, he as well as others, +assistants of Visitors, might do it securely enough, by +conveying into a singular Cordial, or any Medicine +made by the Shops, and often taken by the <i>Patient</i> +before with good success, a mortal dose without any +knowledg or surmise of any such horrid practice. +Add hereunto what an able <i>Chirurgeon</i> suggested, +that <i>Apothecaries</i> taking upon them the wrapping up, +and Embalming of Bodies (whereby they gain more +money then by several years practice upon them; for +their embalming amounts to very great sums) may +upon better reason be suspected of poysoning then +any other persons whatsoever conversant among the +sick, since both a particular interest and convenience +of concealing may induce them to it. Lastly, did +this Objection carry any weight in it, then neither +<i>Physicians</i>, <i>Chirurgeons</i>, <i>Apothecaries</i>, <i>Nurses</i>, nor +Friends, might administer to the sick; because all +these, as well as <i>Physicians</i>, may clandestinely poyson +their Relations. And therefore that an Objection +should be raised by such persons that have more opportunities +and advantage (in a thing never proved +to be done, because 'tis possible only) to hinder +so manifest and publick a profit as hath been proved; +appears to be very weak and absurd. +</p> + +<a class="pb" name="73" id="png071"></a> + +<p> +And having done with the Objections made to +others, and to my self also by some of the Company, +with whom I have conversed, who huff'd exceedingly +at my first discourse with them, but departed (seemingly +at least) well satisfied, I am sure fully and +without reply answered, and with addition of many +other Cheats besides, which I shall not here mention +for the reasons above specified: I shall here transcribe +one gratulatory Letter amongst many sent me by a +Divine well known in Physic, being very comprehensive +of most I have said, to the end the Universities +and all learned men may see what is like to become +of one of the three of their noble professions: +The words of the Letter are these. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +“Your design all ingenious persons approve highly, +to whom I have communicated it. 'Tis frequent +with a Master <i>Apothecary</i> that hath served but 2, or +3 years, nay some scarce one, to take Apprentices +for as little, or less time, with a little more money +then ordinarily; and presently they assume the +Title of <i>Doctors</i>, though they understand no more +then only to write to a whole-sale <i>Apothecary</i> in +your City. And truly their couzenages here in the +Country do exceed those in the City. For I have +known 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> taken for a little Plaster of <i>Galbanum</i>, +and it is usual to make one pectoral Syrup serve +for all; as having occasion to enquire for Syrup of +Jujubs, one of them ingenuously confessed (not +knowing what Jujubs were) that he used one pectoral +Syrup for all, a little varying the colour sometimes, +and this a peculiar receipt of his own, something +differing from any in the Dispensatory.” +</p> +</blockquote> + +<a class="pb" name="74" id="png072"></a> + +<p> +As for their opposition also in the Country, take +this one Example. An eminent <i>Physician</i> of <i>Gloucester</i> +by reason of the <i>Apothecaries</i> Frauds, <i>&c.</i> +betook himself to make his own Medicines, taking +for his Servant one that was not a Freeman of the +said City. Who in his Masters absence, and contrary +to his command, sold to an <i>Apothecary</i> a Medicine +not to be had, or at least pretended not to be had in +the Town, for a most urgent and necessary use; whereupon +the <i>Apothecaries</i> conspiring together, exhibited +a complaint to the Mayor and Court of Aldermen, requiring +of them, that the said <i>Physician</i> (who was a +Freeman, and had lately born the Office of Mayor) +might be dis-franchised. Which being not granted +them, they set the whole City into such disorder, that +they refused to attend the Mayor on a Solemn day (as +their Custom is, and are bound to do) with their Flags +from their Town-Hall to the Church, which the prudence +of the Magistrates for the present qualified. +This relation I had from the then Mayor +my Kinsman, in the presence of a <i>London Apothecary</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Next as to the Lyes and Scandals of my self, I +shall take notice only of those that concern practice +(the rest being but generally false and non-sensical +revilings.) One is, that they most untruly entitle +me to have been <i>Physician</i> to the Lady <i>Anderson</i>, and +many others which I never saw or heard of; and +that I soon dispatched them. Another wherewith +they make great noise, is, of one Mr. <i>Staples</i> in <i>Covent-Garden</i>, +whom they say also I dispatched in few +days. The true relation whereof was this. An able + +<a class="pb" name="75" id="png073"></a> + +<i>Physician</i> of the <i>College</i> had him in hand for the <i>Jaundice</i>, +about two Months before I was called, whereupon +we consulted and writ a note to the <i>Apothecary</i>; +a week after the consultation I was sent for, and +desired to take care of him alone; he was then, besides +the <i>Jaundice</i>, troubled with continual Torments +in his Bowels, which were as hard as a Board (as +they say) his Stomach gone, his nights restless, a +vehement Cough joyned with a Hectick Fever, having +long before had an ill Habit of Body. +In this Case I found him, and in a Months time or +thereabouts, I cured his <i>Jaundice</i>, relieved his Torments, +removed the hardness of his Bowels, mitigated +his Cough, but the Hectick Fever continuing he +declined; at length another <i>Physician</i> was called in, +who can witness the truth of what was done, and upon +the whole we had good reason to think his Liver +to be Apostemated. After which consultation he +had no more of me, telling me he would rely on +Kitchin Physic, and after that I never saw him. Now +this being the only relation I have heard in this kind, +I have been the larger to recite it, that thereby the +Reader may take an estimate of their dealing with +me in the like reports. The like or worse, some of +them have said of other <i>Physicians</i>, which perhaps +hereafter shall be more fully related with all the Circumstances. +</p> + +<p> +As for their malicious anger, and disadvantageous +to themselves, take this one example; I having prescribed +a Plaster for the Head, an <i>Apothecary</i> would +not make it, because prescribed by me; and I have +been informed that many of them agreed they would + +<a class="pb" name="76" id="png074"></a> + +make nothing for such <i>Physicians</i> as made their own +Medicines; a poor and pitiful revenge, to their own +loss and discredit. +</p> + +<p> +Another Scandal is, the fewness of my Medicines. +'Tis true my Closet is not open to every bodies Eye, +nor have I so many and large Pots and Glasses, or fill'd +with as good as nothing, or the same Medicine, in several +with different Titles, neither are any of mine +guilded to make a shew with; yet I dare offer to view +with the best of their Shops, for number of good and +really useful Medicines fit to answer presently any +<i>Physicians</i> intentions, for internal remedies. And this +will be attested by some of my learned <i>Collegues</i>, who +have seen and perused them. Whereas the Shops +contain only some general Medicines, whereof few +single <i>Physicians</i> make use of one quarter in their +practice, and upon most particular cases are compell'd +to prescribe what is not readily dispensed in the Shops. +Others insinuate my seldom change of Medicines. To +which I answer, that where all circumstances are the +same, and a good success follows, I neither do, nor +will much vary, the easiest thing in the World to be +done, both to colour and tast. For such changes (necessary +to be used in Shop-practice) without manifest +reason, clog a Patients Purse and Stomach, may not +suit with the Patients Disease nor Constitution. And +doubtless every <i>Physician</i> writes at first what he conceives +most fit, and proper in the Case proposed; and +if this agrees fully to his expectation, runs some hazard +in the alteration, which he is necessitated to do +in the Shop-way, for many reasons before-mentioned. +Besides, who scruples to take the Medicinal Waters of + +<a class="pb" name="77" id="png075"></a> + +<i>Epsom</i>, <i>Barnet</i>, and <i>Tunbridge</i>, many weeks together? +or who refuseth a constant unalter'd Diet-Drink for +some Months, or Years together? And do not <i>Apothecaries</i> +in all Diseases of the Lungs, fly to their +pectoral decoction for all persons, and for the same person +at all times, unless perhaps with the addition of a +little <i>China</i> to it? +</p> + +<p> +Some Patients of the middle rank have by these +and such like Artifices been drawn from me, but have +soon returned, being undeceived by the fulsomness, +charge, and the non-success of the Shops. +</p> + +<p> +Now these things I have here published to this end +alone, that both <i>Physician</i> and <i>Patient</i> may take notice +of them; the former to neglect and slight such +poor Calumnies, and the other to avoid the inconveniencies +thence arising. +</p> + +<p> +The care I had not to injure any particular person, +by naming him in my first Edition, or this (although +I had so many witnesses of credit, as appears by the +Postscript, to justifie any thing they can object against) +makes me hope they will leave off their personal animosities, +or redress their Crimes, their Vanity of +threatning me with 20000 <i>l.</i> Actions, and affrighting +my publishing this, together with my further proceedings, +by their intended assaults and batteries; +which make them appear so ridiculous, that I smile +at the first, and pardon the last; wishing them to consider +seriously how the expectation some have of what +they can say for themselves, together with the necessity +that obliges them to it (if possible) were +enough one would think, besides their many large +brags of a speedy and full answer (which they have a + +<a class="pb" name="78" id="png076"></a> + +long time buzzed about the Town as a present remedy +in this exigence) this I say were enough to make +any man conclude them guilty, but 'tis hoped this +Edition will either work in them an amendment, or +bury their confident presumptions, leaving no man a +belief of their innocency. If their promised answer +be any thing else but Libelling, or a Ballad without +rhime or reason, stuft with falsities and revilings, such +as was only given to Dr. <i>Coxe</i>'s Book; I shall return it +a speedy and full answer, and with an addition of +far greater Frauds and Abuses, if they therein desire +it. +</p> + +<p class="signed"> +<i>Feb. 20<br /> +Hatton-Garden.</i> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="errata"> +<p> +Pag. 35. l. 6 read <i>Physician</i>, pag. 67. l. <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note: Original has '12'">13</ins>. read then +to trust. +</p> +</div> + +<p class="trailer"> + <span style="font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.5em;">FINIS</span>. +</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses +Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES *** + +***** This file should be named 15910-h.htm or 15910-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15910/ + +Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. 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