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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses
+Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries
+       As well in Relation to Patients, as Physicians: And Of the
+       only Remedy thereof by Physicians making their own
+       Medicines.
+
+Author: Christopher Merrett
+
+Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15910]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the Bibliothèque
+nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
++ Hyphens splitting words across lines have been removed.
+
++ Original spellings have generally been retained, but
+  the Errata from the Second Edition (at the end), and
+  a mistake in the Errata (!) have been corrected
+  silently. The original text can be found in the HTML
+  version.
+
++ The Latin epigraph translates as: "They all represent
+  themselves as Doctors--The Uneducated, The Priest,
+  The Nurse, and The Barber, The _Apothecary_, The Old Woman."
+]
+
+
+
+Imprimatur,
+Novemb. 13.
+1669.
+SAM. PARKER.
+
+
+
+A
+SHORT VIEW
+OF THE
+FRAUDS, and ABUSES
+Committed by
+APOTHECARIES;
+
+
+As well in Relation to
+PATIENTS, as PHYSICIANS:
+AND
+Of the only Remedy thereof by PHYSICIANS
+making their own
+MEDICINES.
+
+
+BY
+CHRISTOPHER MERRETT Dr. in Physic, Fellow of the College of
+Physicians, and of the Royal Society.
+
+             ----Fingunt se Medicos omnes, Idiota, Sacerdos, Nutrix, &
+                                         Tonsor, _Pharmacopæus_, Anus.
+
+
+The Second Edition more correct.
+
+LONDON,
+Printed for James Allestry, Printer to the Royal Society, at the Rose
+and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard, 1670
+
+
+
+
+  A _Short View_ of the _Frauds_ and _Abuses_ committed by
+  _Apothecaries_, as well in Relation to _Patients_, as _Physicians_;
+  and of the only remedy thereof by _Physicians_ making their own
+  Medicines.
+
+
+Doubtless it will seem strange to most men, that after 30 years not
+unsuccessful practice in this great City, I should now at last forbear
+sending my Bills to the Apothecaries, knowing that hereby a whole
+Company of men interested in the World (who by their number, noise,
+and tricks, may be able to decry any Physician) will become my
+implacable adversaries, and by their private whispers of untrue tales,
+will endeavour to their utmost, either to keep me from any new, or
+shuffle me out of my fixed imployment. But not fearing the utmost
+their malice can invent, or proclaim; I shall publickly assert what I
+privately practice, preferring the publick good, and the honour of my
+profession before my own private profit. And although I have had some
+experience what their groundless anger can do, when they some years
+since proclaimed me in their publick Hall their Enemy, for acting the
+College Interest, and of late for saving my Patients lives and purses,
+by dispencing gratis my Medicines. Yet I hope no indifferent person,
+when he knows that I have thus long slighted their weak endeavours,
+will believe I can now at length have so poor an end as revenge;
+especially when they shall consider on the one hand, the universal and
+daily complaints of both Patient and Physician, the great cause they
+have to do so, and the little hope of a remedy, and on the other,
+besides that general obligation all men have of doing their
+Country-men good, and the particular necessity I have of justifying my
+actions, by leaving the World their judg upon the account I shall here
+deliver of them. And lastly, that which will leave my Enemies not any
+objection, I take upon me not only a great trouble, but charge,
+without any other design then doing mankind good, by endeavouring to
+restore my profession to its ancient and deserved honours. And had I
+none of these inducements, I am sure the vulgar excuse of friends
+importunities may be satisfactory to all persons for my publishing
+what I here do, when I must acknowledge that many of my Collegues and
+other Practisers in several parts, upon reading these papers furnished
+me not only with some bad practices of their own experience, but
+thereupon enjoyed the publishing of them. So that in these papers I do
+but speak the common language of all Physicians, and of very many
+Patients. Neither are all their frauds and abuses here inserted, the
+rest (perhaps more in number) being reserved to another opportunity. I
+shall only add by way of preface; that the last year a Book was
+printed on the same argument, by an inquisitive person, now Dr. in
+Physic, which might have spared me this labour, but that it was too
+large for every ones reading, and in some things short. It was his
+fate to be called by them Fool, Ass, and Simple Fellow, and much worse
+language, bragging that some of their Boys should answer him. But upon
+more serious thoughts, the whole Company have suffered it to find the
+credit it well deserves, without the least reply but that of
+revilings.
+
+In these ensuing papers, I hope to prove, that these abuses complain'd
+of by all sorts of persons, arise from this only cause, that
+Physicians dispence not themselves such Medicines, they use for the
+relief of their Patients, but commit this work to the Apothecaries, or
+rather their Servants.
+
+Now the Apothecaries abuses generally relate either to the Medicines,
+Patients, or Physicians; which three do comprehend all I shall say on
+this subject.
+
+But the Reader is to take notice, that all here charged on the
+Apothecaries, is not meant of every single one, but of some, or more
+of them, and may in a short time in all probability be verified of
+them all, according as their number, cajoling the ignorant, and bold
+daring in Physic increase.
+
+But before I descend to particulars, I shall first lay down this
+Proposition, their own confession, and in their own Language, viz.
+That they may be the veriest Knaves in England. Because they may put
+in bad ingredients, and more or less then the composition requires,
+they may substitute one thing for another; and all this without being
+detected, and consequently not be punished for such misdemeanors; but
+more especially in Medicines for private mens uses, wherein they may
+do what they please without the least discovery of the Patient, and
+from this general confession of theirs, it clearly follows, that
+whatsoever deceit, covetous wits can invent, may at least be suspected
+to be used by them, and whatsoever is here alledged may find easier
+belief.
+
+And Secondly, Most men wonder, that this Corporation, being but of few
+years standing, and to the setting up of whose Trade so small a Stock
+is necessary; should live so high, spend so freely, gain so great
+Estates, by their return of so little money yearly, which how 'tis
+done every man may conceive to be effected by the following Artifices.
+
+More particularly, the Frauds by them committed relate either to their
+falsifying of Medicines, or secondly, to the number of their Bills,
+and prescriptions, or thirdly, to the prices of them.
+
+First, They use Medicines quite contrary to the prescription,
+Myrtle-leafs shewed the Censors for Sena, a Binder for a Purger.
+Mushroms of the Oak, &c. rub'd over with Chalk for Agaric, which Mr.
+Evelyn in his late publisht Book of Forest Trees, pag. 27. observes,
+to the great scandal of Physic as he adds; Hemlock-Dropwort Roots for
+Pæony Roots, Poysons for wholesome remedies; Privet by some, by others
+Dog-berries, for those of Spina Cervina, no Purgers for a strong one.
+Sheeps Lungs for Fox Lungs, the Bone of an Oxe Heart for that of a
+Stags Heart, Damsons for Damasc Prunes, Syrup of Limons, for that of
+Citrons, Bryony Roots for Mechoacan, &c.
+
+Secondly, They falsify the grand Compositions of the London
+Dispensatory. It being a common trade with them to buy unsound, and
+decayed Simples of some Druggists, and to return them back so much of
+the composition as will pay for the Simples. Secondly, whereas
+Apothecaries are bound to shew publickly to the Censors of the
+College, and the Master and Wardens of their Company, Mithridate,
+Diascordium, Alkermes, &c. Yet for all this some of them privately
+make a great deal more of the Composition then is shewed, of unsound
+Drugs, and some without any view at all; others put in the Scrapings
+that ought to be thrown away; and by these Arts they under-sell, and
+ruine one another, selling the Composition at a lower rate then good
+Ingredients cost them; and with these complaints they daily mutiny
+amongst themselves.
+
+Thirdly, 'Tis very common for them to load Medicines with Honey, and
+other cheaper ingredients, and to leave out in whole or in part, those
+of greater value; viz. Saffron in Ruffus Pills, and in Oxycroceum
+Plaster, which latter, they colour of a saffron colour with Turmeric,
+Sanders &c. Ambergrise in Alkermes, Diascordium was found by the
+Censors in their search made only of Honey, and Bole-Armeniac. Which
+false composition was taken away by the then Master of the Company.
+
+Such Chymists which sell preparations honestly made complain, that few
+Apothecaries will go to the prices of them. Whence it comes to pass,
+that most of the preparations found in the Shops are sophisticated, to
+the great abuse of City and Country. These abuses daily increase since
+the Censors, discouraged by the multitude of Empirics swarming in
+every Corner, have omitted their wonted searches, being to their loss
+of time, and expences out of their own Purses for the publick good
+only. Now since the Chymical Oyls, by reason of their great prices are
+most of them adulterated, and very few of them right good, and that
+nothing hath been published on this matter, and to leave the buyers of
+them unexcusable, I shall here add briefly, yet sufficiently the ways
+to discover these Cheats. First for sweet-scented Chymical Oyls, viz.
+those of Cloves, Cinnamon and Sassaphras. Only drop a little of them
+into fair water, and that part which is true good will sink under the
+water, but the adulterated part will swim on the top of it. Some
+others draw deep tinctures from the said Spices with Spirit of Wine
+highly rectified, and sell them for the Oyls; but these mix with the
+water throughout, neither swimming, nor sinking. Others more craftily
+digest with the said tinctures some of the true Oyls, which compound
+being put into water, will for a time render it white. Another way of
+sophisticating is with Oyl of Turpentine mixed in great quantity with
+that which is adulterated; You may easily discover the Oyl of
+Turpentine, by setting it on fire, for it yields abundance of
+ill-scented smoak, with very little savour of the Herb, Flour, or
+Seed, &c. and soon takes fire. To correct the ill smell of the
+Turpentine, they digest it with, and distil it off with Spirit of
+Wine. Those sophisticated with Turpentine, fired in a Silver Spoon
+colour it, and quickly diffuse themselves upon a Knife, or Paper. The
+best way to try by firing, is to put a drop or two of these Oyls on
+the end of a broad pointed Knife, which being first heated, and then
+thrust into a lighted Candle, presently take fire, and break out into
+a flame with much dark smoak; but if you will try them in a Spoon,
+heat it first over a Candle, and then blow the flame of lighted paper,
+or of a Wax Candle on them. To try the scent, blow out the flame of
+the good Oyls, and your smell will soon discover the ill scent of the
+Turpentine from that of the good Oyl. But on the contrary, all Oyls
+drawn from Plants by distillation hardly flame, and the flame soon
+goes out, and the smoak gives a full flavour of the Plant it self,
+whereas those sophisticated as before, differ from the true in both.
+The same Oyls are also sophisticated with cheap ones drawn from
+decayed Oringes, and Limons; Your smell on firing will soon discover
+these mixtures. A third way of sophisticating Chymical Oyls is, by
+mixing with them such Oyls as are made by expression, which are easily
+discovered by rubbing them on white paper, which being held and dryed
+at the fire, the Chymical part soon flyes away, and leaves the paper
+transparent, looking no otherwise then oyled paper; but pure Chymical
+Oyls totally fly away, leaving the paper white as 'twas before, and
+not transparent, and in this way Oyl of sweet Almonds and Spike have a
+great share. As for Oyls drawn by Retort, they all of them smell so
+strong of the fire, that neither smell nor tast can well discover any
+fraud in them. Now for the fixed Salts, most of them are made of the
+Ashes of Tobacco-stalks, &c. More might be said for the discovery of
+the Cheats of other Chymical preparations, which shall be reserved to
+another opportunity, and had Physicians just encouragement, they would
+spend both their time and moneys on the like discoveries for the
+publick Utility.
+
+Fifthly, Add to the former (though perhaps 'tis an error of ignorance
+only) that if such Simples are prescribed they know not, they fetch
+from the Herb-women what they give them, true or false; for many of
+these Women give to very many Plants false names; Now if the
+Apothecary be so careful to consult an Herbal, which few have, and
+fewer know how to make use of, yet they too frequently mistake the
+thing by reason of several names given to the same thing, or of one
+name to several things, and many of them consult the common
+Dictionaries only, which are most erroneous in the names of natural
+things; insomuch that in my first practice (being curious of these
+particulars) I have found two or three mistakes in one prescription, a
+Catalogue of which mistakes, and names ill given, I had collected, but
+the late fire consumed it, though many of them my memory hath
+reserved.
+
+Sixthly, Many of the London, and most of the Country-Apothecaries, buy
+of the whole-sale men, who affirm of one another, especially of such
+who gain great Estates in short time, that they cannot sell their
+Medicines honestly made at so low a rate as they do.
+
+Seventhly, I shall need to say little of such distilled waters, as
+discover themselves neither to smell, nor tast, but shall only recite
+a known Story of an Apothecary, who chid his man for sending away a
+Customer that came for Plantan water, telling him there was enough at
+the Pump.
+
+Eighthly, As for Ointments, and Plasters, they are sold by some at so
+low a price, viz. 3 d. per l. for Ointments, as I have been informed,
+that 'tis not possible to make them at, and yet such however falsifyed
+maintain a trade amongst Country, and low-priced City-Apothecaries,
+and the Chirurgeons profess they cannot effect their Cures with the
+Shop-Medicines, and that this is the reason why they make their own
+Oyls, Oyntments, &c. as the Apothecaries Charter allows them to do;
+and why may not Physicians think this to be the cause why they
+sometimes fail in their Cures, as well as Chirurgeons? and also make
+their own Medicines as well as they, especially since the Apothecary
+may as easily falsify, and to greater profit in the one, then in the
+other?
+
+Ninthly, As to their use of bad or decayed Drugs, 'tis so common a
+practice that I shall need to give but one notorious instance of it,
+and 'tis this, I having occasion to use some Seeds, sent for them to a
+Seeds-man, the Messenger desiring to have those of the same Year. The
+Tradesman knowing him to live with me, asked, if they were for
+Physical use, he replyed in the affirmative, whereat he presently
+shewed him others, which were of 6 or 7 years old (as he confessed)
+affirming them to be as good for that use as the newest, which he sold
+only for sowing, and that he kept the others, though never so old, for
+the Apothecaries only, who still asked for them, buying them though 20
+years old, not regarding if they were decayed and wholy effete (for no
+Seed will preserve its vegetative faculty above 7 years much less its
+Physical) so they could but have them cheap. Besides their pretty
+knacks (as they call them) of making their Compounds fair to the eye,
+more vendible, but worse for use, by restoring them to their colour
+and consistence, that they may pass for good, which perhaps 'tis
+better to pass over in silence, lest by confuting I should teach the
+younger Fry, who may better be honestly ignorant of them. Now for
+their substituting one thing for another, and detracting where they
+please, I shall add but one Story of an Apothecary, who commanded his
+man (who told him they had no good Rhabarb in the house) that he
+should put in double quantity of what they had. Nay I have known one
+simple of a quite different nature used for a whole composition.
+
+Tenthly, I shall conclude this ungrateful Discourse, with saying that
+by reason more frauds may be committed by the Apothecaries, then by
+any other Trade, and by supposition that gain will tempt most men to
+dishonest actions, especially where they may act undiscovered; I say;
+that this seems to be the cause why they have two Supervisors set over
+them more then any Company that I know of, viz. the Censors of the
+College of Physicians, and the Master and Wardens of their own
+Company.
+
+The next thing is the inlarging and multiplying their Bills and
+Medicines.
+
+First, When in Chronical Diseases a Physician is consulted, they go on
+of their own heads with the same prescription, frequently enough to
+the Patients great disadvantage, both of health and purse.
+
+Secondly, By giving and intermixing Medicines of their own Phancy,
+with the Physicians prescriptions, viz. some pleasing Medicine,
+whereby too often the Physicians intention is quite crost, and the
+effect made uncertain, and hazardous.
+
+Thirdly, By giving Medicines themselves on small accounts, and such as
+require only a good ordering, and no more.
+
+Fourthly, By repeating long courses of Physic unadvisedly, and
+needlesly, when either nothing, or very little is needful to be done.
+
+Fifthly, By creating diseases in easie mens Phansies, and so decoying
+them into courses of Physic.
+
+Sixthly, Some of them get private and worthless receipts, and sell
+them at what rate they please; Mr. Delaune by one Pill alone, though
+not a very safe one, got some thousands of pounds.
+
+Seventhly, If one of them get a private receipt from a Physician
+called by the inventor his Nostrum, if another Apothecary have
+occasion to use it, he shall be sure to pay sawce for it.
+
+Eighthly, Another trick is when the Patient is cured, and the
+Physician therefore hath given over his Visits, then comes the
+Apothecary and insinuates by his words and passions, either some
+danger of relapse, or some other present distemper, and repairs to the
+Physician for a Bill to cure the imaginary disease.
+
+Ninthly, But their principal Art of all is, to cry up, and bring in to
+Patients such Physicians, who through design must comply with the
+Apothecaries Interest, and such Practisers they extol and cry up for
+good Physicians, which some of them call more expresly good
+Apothecaries Physicians, and such without doubt, the whole Company
+will endeavour to raise unto a fame and practice. But such as write
+only for the good of the Patient, and not at all for the benefit of
+the Apothecary (as all honest men ought to do) they will endeavour to
+prevent their calling in, or to shuffle them out.
+
+Now this good Apothecaries Physician, they describe by his frequent
+though needless visits, but especially by the multitude of his Bills,
+by his visiting twice a day, or oftner (a very careful and painful
+Doctor) and by still writing new Medicines, when half the former, or
+perhaps none of them have been taken, making an Apothecaries Shop in
+the Patients House, planting the Cupboards and Windows with Glasses
+and Gally-Pots, and not a quarter of the whole made use of. He
+prescribes a Medicine for every slight complaint, and never goes away
+from the Patient or the Patient from him, without a Bill, for fear of
+the Apothecaries grumbling.
+
+And from this burdening the sick with multiplicity of Medicines, too
+often contrary to, and destructive one of another, it proceeds that in
+the Small Pox, and Measles, many are afraid to use Physicians, and
+commit the care of the sick to Nurses, and Old Women, and perhaps
+sometimes not without cause, for by continual multiplication of
+Medicines, the humours of the body may be made, or kept in too great a
+state of fluidity, whence the Flox followeth. Whereas a Medicine or
+two duly administred, may suffice to bring them well forth, and then
+there needs no more but good ordering, unless perhaps some accident
+arise, which may require further care. And here as well as in other
+Cases, the Patient is to be rectified, who requires the Physicians
+Visits, and yet dismisseth him without a reward, unless he writes a
+Bill, whereas it might have been better if nothing at all had been
+prescribed; and the Physician left to his own judgment; and hence it
+is that many enlarge their Bills, that the Patient may think he hath
+enough for his money, whereby the Apothecary is gratified, who ought
+to commend the Medicines as necessary for the sick person, and
+singular in themselves, whereas in truth this great farcy proves
+ungrateful to the tast and stomach; inconvenient to health, by curing
+one disease, but creating more; and by this means keeping them
+continually in a way of Physic.
+
+A third abuse of the Apothecaries relates to the prices of their
+Medicines; first they put what rates they please on their Simples,
+Compounds, and Receipts, and none are judges of them, but those of
+their own Trade; insomuch that they gain a 11 d. in the Shilling, if
+they say true of themselves. Whereas the Colleges of Physicians beyond
+Sea, yearly set a tax upon the Simples, and Compounds of the Shops. So
+that the Customer can tell the price of what he hath occasion to use,
+and not stand at the mercy of the Apothecary to rate them as he lists,
+and to this purpose they put in print the prices of them every year.
+
+Secondly, Suppose a Physician hath prescribed a Pint of Juleb, &c. to
+be taken at four several times, some Apothecaries carry not the whole
+pint at once, but divide it into four parts, and carry but one at a
+time, and so of other Medicines, and then will charge their Bill for
+every single Potion, or Draught, as they ought the whole Pint; so that
+by this Art they gain four times as much for the whole Medicine as in
+Conscience they ought; and a Juleb, which cost them six pence, will be
+rated at 10, 12, or more Shillings. But perhaps 'tis fit they should
+be paid for their created Visits; and for this unnecessary
+officiousness, persons of great estates may be contented to pay
+roundly, if they please.
+
+Thirdly, When a Physician hath prescribed 20 Pills, some of the
+Apothecaries will make 30 of them, under pretence the Patient cannot
+swallow them else; now reckoning each Pill at a certain rate (as they
+usually do) they gain a third part more then they ought.
+
+Fourthly, To advance the prices, you shall hardly ever see a Bill
+without Bezoar, or Pearls in it, to make people think them very
+chargeable; whereas sometimes there is not above a grain or two of
+these dear ingredients in the prescription, and a few grains of these
+or Ambergrise doubles or trebles the prices of the Medicines, and are
+sure never to be omitted in their Bills, besides the guilding of the
+Pills, and covering their Bolusses, and Electuaries with Gold (which
+have only an imaginary and no real use in Medicines so used) much
+inhanseth their prices, and a rich Cordial inserted exceedingly
+advanceth most of their Bills; or if China or any other dear
+ingredient be in the receipt 'tis not omitted.
+
+Fifthly, Some Apothecaries offer, and perhaps some Physicians have
+taken presents to help them to Customers, which must necessarily be
+squeazed out of their higher-rated Medicines.
+
+Sixthly, I have heard some prudent persons complain of their bringing
+in their Bills but once in a year, or two; supposing they made them
+pay Lombards Usury for their forbearance. And through this neglect
+they sometimes lose their money, and whether they raise other Mens
+Bills to make up these losses, I affirm not.
+
+Seventhly, Another cause of raising their prices is a necessity of
+keeping in their Shops such Medicines as are seldom used, or such as
+must upon necessity decay, and grow useless. Now suppose they throw
+such away, this reason is good, but you will find a remedy for this
+hereafter.
+
+To conclude this second Complaint. By reason of the dear Bills of the
+Apothecaries, many are deterred from going to the Physician, and run
+to common Mountebanks, and I think this to be the reason (as some
+disabused persons have confessed to me) why they have so much cryed up
+the abilities of Apothecaries for practice, because they would save
+their credit in taking Physic of them. St. Augustine candidly in his
+Book of Confessions declares, that through covetousness he repeated a
+course of Physic, without consulting the Physician (who had before
+cured him of the same disease) to his greater charge, danger of his
+life, and offence against God.
+
+Having done with the Apothecaries abuses relating chiefly to the
+Patients Health and Purse, and such as are willfully committed (though
+all of them reflect on the Physician) I shall now touch on a few
+neglects, and mistakes proving often very mischievous.
+
+First, They frequently mistake the Physicians directions, which of
+what dangerous consequence it is, every one can tell.
+
+Secondly, They carry a Medicine appointed for one sick person to
+another.
+
+Thirdly, They often neglect the sending of Medicines in due time,
+especially such as have no Servants, or but raw ones, when the Master
+is out of Town, or upon long visits.
+
+Having now done with the Apothecaries as they relate principally to
+the sick, I shall in the next place speak of them, as they relate to
+Physicians, and that either to the profession in general, or to the
+particular practisers of it.
+
+As to the Physicians in general, they endeavour to extirpate them, and
+some have been so bold to say, they hope in few years to see never a
+Physician in London, and to profess they will scramble with them for
+practice. And that this hath been and is their intention, the
+following particulars will clearly demonstrate.
+
+First, They have always endeavoured and aimed at the depression and
+ruine of the College of Physicians, the only Corporation of that Art
+in England, considering rightly, that the depression of the College is
+their interest and rise, and that the total subversion of it will make
+them absolute Masters in Physic and Physicians their Servants. In
+Order hereunto they have constantly, both publickly and privately
+opposed the College in whatsoever hath been offered to setle the
+liberty of practice on them, their only priviledg and subsistence,
+though they have been offered all they could desire for the security
+of their Trade, and legal employment, and far beyond whatsoever any
+Corporation of Apothecaries in all, or in any forreign part enjoy, yet
+nothing would ever content them, but an unlawful, unreasonable,
+dangerous, and destructive Usurpation of liberty to some pretended
+practice, that thereby they might gain the whole.
+
+Secondly, They have continually traduced the College, and troubled
+them in Parliaments, at the Council-Board, &c. to their great charge
+and molestation. And for such their great demerits against the
+College, the King and his Council, Anno 1639. granted a Quo Warranto
+to the Attorney General (the Judges having first heard the whole
+matter) to take away their Charter, which doubtless had been effected,
+had not the troubles, and long civil War immediately ensued.
+
+Thirdly, And in this present Parliament, how did they endeavour to
+prepossess the Members of the House of Commons with strange, and false
+prejudices and assertions drawn from irrational, and groundless
+suppositions, making us the greatest Tyrants in the World, inferring
+ridiculously that a Lady, or Charitable Gentlewoman (for in that
+believing Sex they have gain'd a great deal of ground by their
+falsities) might not give the Poor a Cordial, &c. without being
+questioned by the College; whereas they know in their Consciences,
+that the College hath power enough by their first Charter to act as
+much in this kind against themselves, and all other persons, as they
+desired of this present Parliament; And yet neither Apothecary, or any
+other who practised charitably, were ever troubled for so doing. They
+pretended also they were abridged wholy from their Trade, and might
+not sell a penny-worth of Mithridate, &c. without a Doctors Bill.
+Whereas there's not a word in the Charter to that purpose; the sole
+intent whereof was to keep them as well as other Mountebanks, from
+prescribing (which they call selling) the Physicians only livelyhood.
+And as to the bill itself so much railed on by them in
+Westminster-Hall, Coffee-Houses, Ale-Houses, &c. 'tis easie to make it
+out, that this Charter as proposed gives the Apothecaries more liberty
+and freedom of exercising their lawful Trade, then is enjoyed in any
+other Nation, where both Corporations are erected, and that it doth in
+nothing infringe, or diminish their freedom as Citizens, or their
+Charter as Apothecaries; and that our Charter was compiled by some,
+and perused and approved by others the most eminent Lawyers in England
+for Worth and Place; and yet none of these could find any thing in it
+either Illegal, Tyrannical, or unfit to be desired of the Parliament.
+Nay many mis-informed Members being rightly instructed in the true
+state of the matter, have acknowledged the justice of it; And was no
+more then King James by his Letters Patents, dated the 18th of
+October, in the 15th year of his Reign, granted to the said College;
+near about the same time the Apothecaries Charter was granted; and
+being almost nothing else but a supply of what was short in their
+former Grants, viz. That whereas their Charter granted by King Henry
+the Eighth, gave power to punish offenders in the practice of Physic;
+and because there was no power given to summon, nor penalty imposed
+for the non-appearance of such offenders; therefore by their
+non-appearance, the said power of the Censors was eluded; for no such
+offenders would appear before them, and consequently no punishment
+could be inflicted on them, according to the true meaning of the said
+Act. Now this Charter so much declaimed against, prayed only a supply
+of this defect, and also better and more necessary ways and means,
+without which, such and all other offenders against the lives and
+healths of his Majesties Subjects could not be discovered; and they
+had reason not to doubt a grant of the said power, since by the said
+Charter a power was granted them to imprison offenders, whom the
+Keepers of the Prisons would not receive, because no command, nor
+penalty was imposed on them, for not receiving such offenders sent by
+the Censors (a thing ridiculous to our present Lawyers) however this
+defect was supplyed by an Act in the first of Queen Mary. Now whereas
+since the making of the said Acts and Powers, granted to the College,
+several other Trades, besides the Apothecaries, relating to Physic
+(being then all Members of the Grocers Company) viz. Druggists,
+Chymists, Sellers of Strong-Waters and Oyls, have arose distinct from
+each others, and many abuses have been and are committed in each of
+them, as they all confess. The said Charter prays for the publick good
+only (there being the same reason of all) they might have the same
+power of Surveying them also, as they have of the Apothecaries, which
+most of the Judicious, and sober of the said Companies, as well in
+relation to their own private profit, and also the publick, by having
+all Medicines good, did not oppose, but liked well of. Nay there was
+nothing in the said Charter, but what was judged good by all or most
+of the Judges of England, several times convened by Order of the King
+and his Council, to deliver their opinions concerning some Quæries,
+which comprised the main of what was desired and petitioned for by the
+College, of this present Parliament. But before the Committee could
+make report to the House, the Parliament was adjourned, whereupon
+Apothecaries falsly gave out, and made people believe our Charter was
+taken from us. And in this transaction before the Committee, one
+Cocket an Apothecary exhibited in the name of the Chymists such a
+Scandalous Libel, as the Committee would not suffer to be read; drawn
+as some conceive by the assistance, and countenance, if not
+contrivance of his Company.
+
+Lastly, The Company of the Apothecaries are bound by their Charter to
+bring their Servants (before they make them Free) to be examined by
+the Censors of our College, and to have their approbation of their
+fitness to exercise their Art, and set up their Trade. Now that they
+have herein neglected their duty, and consequently may be
+dis-franchised and lose their Freedoms for this omission, 'tis
+manifest not only by the vapours of some of them to some members of
+our Body, that they never underwent this examination; but also by
+comparing of our Register (wherein are recorded the names of all such
+as have been examined) with theirs, if they keep any for this purpose.
+Sure I am, that in two years together, when I was Censor, very few, if
+any, did appear to their examination, whereas yearly a very great
+number set up their Trades. Nay since the firing of London not one
+Apothecaries Servant hath been examined by the Censors, for more then
+these three Years last past, in which time perhaps no less then 100
+have been made free by the Company.
+
+Before our presenting this Charter to the Parliament, they would admit
+no Arbitrators betwixt our Corporation, and Theirs, not contenting
+themselves with their Charter lately granted in King James's Reign,
+and that by the procurement of some of our College for these
+unthankful persons. For they would not refer themselves (as the
+Chirurgeons without many words or dispute did) to the most upright,
+and most knowing Sir Orlando Bridgeman then Lord Chief Justice, and
+now Lord Keeper, for a clause to be by him drawn, in order to preserve
+their immunities and Charter; which they refused, fearing belike he
+would exclude them from the Practice of Physic, which the Law hath
+already done, and which is all they could doubt of; but the
+Corporation of Chirurgeons did acquiesce in the clause drawn by the
+said Lord Chief Justice, and never appeared before the Committee
+against the said Charter.
+
+Their increasing dis-respect, and undervaluing the College, appears in
+this, that of late years they place our Censors invited to their new
+Masters Dinner, at their second Tables whereas always heretofore they
+were seated at the first Table, next to the Master of the Company.
+
+And to hinder the building of a New College, and the Contribution of
+the Honorary Fellows thereunto, they tell them that we deceived them
+in their admission, and never intend the building of a New College,
+though a large contribution hath been made, and ground purchased in
+order thereunto by the Members of their Corporation.
+
+And their further design appears in their great triumphing, and
+rejoycing when any illiterate person hath gained any reputation for a
+Cure performed, especially where Physicians have been concerned,
+though the Patients neglect or obstinateness, have been the sole cause
+of this non-performance, and by their continued detraction from
+Physicians, and applauding themselves, hoping by the former, that
+people will think such Mountebanks able to do better Cures then
+learned Physicians, and then they can easily insinuate themselves
+superior to such Mountebanks, and consequently to Physicians. By the
+latter, they seek to depress, and level us to themselves, being
+conscious they can never rise to that worth and ability, required in a
+Physician.
+
+Another manifest sign of their endeavour to usurp our Practice is,
+their absurd calling the sick their Patients, for 'tis most certain
+that in all reason and language the Physician and Patient only have
+relation to each other, but not to the Apothecary, who is but a
+Tradesman, and manual Operator. Now a Tradesman and his Customer, or
+Chapman, are Relatives each to other, but those Apothecaries who
+intrude themselves and usurp on our profession, may call their
+Customers Patients, and that in a true literal sence, when by their
+ignorance they make them really sufferers under them; and if they deny
+Apothecary and Patient to be non-sence, they shew themselves pitifully
+ignorant in the Laws, and Rules of Reason, or else profess themselves
+Physicians. And the like non-sence they commonly utter by calling
+Physicians that make their own Medicines, Mountebanks and Quacks,
+whereas none can be such but those who practise without Lawful
+Authority, as the Apothecaries, &c. do; and they are not ignorant in
+this their malice, that the Law of England would punish them roundly
+for so saying. And were I troublesome or vindicative, I could make
+some of them examples, but I freely remit the slanders in this kind
+that are past.
+
+Having done with the main part of the Disease, next follows the
+Remedy; and the only firm and proper one will appear to be, that
+Physicians make their own Medicines; the benefit whereof to the
+publick, the reasonableness of the thing it self, the necessity in
+relation to the Physician, will be manifest by that which follows.
+
+And First, All that hath been said demonstrates this last proportion.
+
+Secondly, The desire of most persons, and the censure of all wise men,
+who say we are wanting to our own interest, if we make not use of the
+remedy in our own hands, performing our Art in all its members,
+whereof making of Medicines is a chief one.
+
+Thirdly, The common practice, and constant usage of all former and
+antient Physicians in all other Nations, and in England also (for 'tis
+easie to say when there was not one Apothecary in this Kingdom) the
+Laws of our Nation, nay even the Apothecaries Charter allow it, the
+Language of all Physicians, our College voting it honourable so to do,
+nay Apothecaries themselves commending it in such Physicians as buy
+their Medicines of them.
+
+Fourthly, The Kings Physicians have formerly made the Kings Medicines,
+as 'tis manifest by my Lord Coke, in his 4th. Book of the Institutes,
+part 4. pag. 251. where he comments on Rot. Pat. 32 H 6. m. 17. He
+there first recites the Roll it self, wherein are appointed (the King
+being then sick) 3 Physicians and 2 Chirurgeons, to freely minister
+and execute Physic about the Kings Person, and there are also recited
+in general, Medicines external, and internal. And on this Roll Coke
+among other things infers, that the Physicians may use the aid of
+those Chirurgeons named in the Warrant, but of no Apothecary, but to
+prepare and do all things themselves, &c. And the reason of all this
+is, the precious regard had of the health and safety of the King, who
+is the head of the Common-wealth. And I am told by one of his present
+Majesties Physicians, that the King himself affirmed heretofore we are
+unwise in neglecting our duty herein, and lately of these papers, that
+'twas the publick interest so to do.
+
+Fifthly, Chirurgeons (as before) will not trust them to make external
+Remedies; and the King, and East-India Company commit the making of
+their Chests for their Fleets to the Chirurgeons.
+
+Sixthly, Have not Ladies and Charitable Gentlewomen their Closets well
+furnished with various Medicines for the Poors use, and for their own
+also, when Physicians are called to their houses in the Country?
+Distillers of Strong-waters, Makers of Plaisters, Confectioners make
+Medicines bought by the Apothecaries, Ale-Houses sell purging Drinks,
+and Book-sellers sell Chymical Medicines, and all this without much
+regret of the Apothecaries. But if a Physician intermix a Medicine
+with theirs, though the Patients life be saved thereby, what noise,
+and murmuring, and proclaiming of it the next Market-day to the rest
+of their Company? to what purpose any one may judg.
+
+Seventhly, Why should not Physicians, being lawfully authorized
+thereunto, practise with their own Medicines, as well as the
+Apothecaries with theirs, though against Law, and incurring thereby
+the penalty of 5l. per Month, which the College never troubled them
+for, or exacted of them?
+
+Eighthly, Physicians will be necessitated to it for their subsistence
+and honour, and to preserve their Art from being prostituted to
+illiterate persons, the Apothecaries becoming now their Competitors.
+
+Ninthly, By this means Physicians will avoid multitudes of
+inconveniencies, proceeding from writing of Bills, and the
+Apothecaries Visits.
+
+First The mistakes, and frauds in the Ingredients, especially
+committed by the great practising Apothecaries, who may, as appears by
+the following story, be suspected to send, instead of what was
+prescribed, the remains of his own practice, or else some cast-by
+Medicines; for else how could it be when a Medicine was prescribed to
+stand in Infusion or steep a whole night, that it should be brought
+two hours after the Bill was written, even the very same Evening?
+Which by accident the Patient confessed, wanting the expected success.
+
+Secondly By this course Physicians avoid the many opprobrious terms
+cast upon them by Apothecaries:
+
+As First, In saying that if he had not omitted or added something, the
+Patient might have miscarried; which he may say at pleasure without
+any contradiction, though doubtless many have been killed by this
+means.
+
+Secondly, By saying the Bill could never have been made without some
+alteration of the Apothecary, thereby insinuating the Doctors
+ignorance in compounding.
+
+Thirdly, In saying the Doctor is not versed in Medicines, because
+forsooth he varieth not at every Visit, and multiplieth not new Bills
+for the Apothecaries profit.
+
+Fourthly, In saying they teach Physicians, and help them to, and in
+their practice. The first and last are vile and foolish Scandals; as
+to the Second, 'tis true indeed, that younger Apothecaries recommend
+Physicians to their acquaintance; but 'tis no longer then they have
+learned enough (as they think) to set up for themselves.
+
+Fifthly, In saying, they knew before-hand what such a Doctor would
+prescribe, and hence it is they have nick-named some Physicians of no
+mean practice, by the Medicines they frequently use, which names in
+respect to the persons, I shall conceal; and of such Physicians, they
+brag they can prescribe as well as they. But if a Physician advise
+things unknown to them, or out of the common tract, then they say the
+Doctor intends to puzzle them.
+
+Sixthly, He will avoid the censure of his Bills, which every pitiful
+fellow, nay their very Boys will absolve or condemn at pleasure, and
+that openly too, nay sometimes to the Patient himself, and thereby
+call in his good Apothecaries Physician. Now what a shame is it, that
+a Physicians credit and livelihood, should stand at the mercy of such
+pitiful ignorant, and self-ended Souls? I have heard one of them say
+of the now most Eminent Practiser in London, that his Boy could write
+as good a Method as he, and that he understood the practice of Physic
+as well as any Physician in London except 2, or 3, though the same
+person was soon made to confess, he neither knew the Disease, Cause,
+nor Cure of a Pleurisy, pretended to be throughly understood by him.
+
+Thirdly, He will avoid the trouble put upon him after he hath writ his
+Bill, by the Apothecaries ignorance in not understanding it, who to be
+informed came to the Doctor heretofore, with their Hats off, but now
+send their Boys, who soon put theirs on. Such respect do they give
+Physicians, when they come to them as to their Masters to teach them.
+
+Fourthly, He will avoid the impertinent Visits of the Apothecaries,
+and non-sensical, troublesome, and discouraging, frightful discourses
+to the Patient, of whom no man can expect more then the Common Proverb
+gives to Praters, and impertinent Speakers, That they talk like
+Apothecaries.
+
+Fifthly He will avoid the mischiefs from their Visits, who by their
+shrugs, signs, or words, may diminish the Physicians reputation, and
+good opinion, whether in his skill, or Medicines, whereby good
+Medicines are neglected and the expectation of a good success upon the
+use of them taken away, or at least causing an averseness to them;
+which actings do exceedingly prejudice the Patient, in reference to
+his Cure.
+
+Sixthly, He will avoid this inconvenience, that some Apothecaries have
+attributed the Cure to some of their intermixed Medicines, or
+alteration of the Doctors Bill.
+
+Seventhly, He will avoid that incivility of such of them, who in the
+Physicians presence, will feel the Pulse, judg of the Urine, discourse
+the Cause, Nature, what the Disease is, and what will be the issue of
+it, propose Medicines, nay sometimes endeavour to advise with the
+Physician, to contradict and dispute with him, to compare and set
+himself above the Physician; and to say truth, these odious and
+intolerable Comparisons and intrusions daily complained of by my
+Collegues, were a great cause of my departing from them.
+
+Eighthly, He will avoid those Scandals they have opportunity to raise,
+that such a Physician is Covetous, Proud, Negligent, and minds not his
+practice, and the like without the least ground, and are frequently by
+such Artifices, the Cause of introducing another Physician, knowing
+that thereby more Bills will come to their File, and many times the
+former Medicines be layed aside, and in this shuffling in and out of
+Physicians, they have commonly a great share.
+
+Ninthly, Apothecaries being now Competitors with Physicians for
+practice, and down-right Enemies to such as make their own Medicines;
+why should not we suspect them of this false Play, by telling the
+Patient the Doctors Medicine will not work (which he knows well enough
+how to effect) and then to tell him he will prepare him one of his own
+that will work, when perhaps that he calls his own preparation, was
+nothing but what the Doctor had prescribed before; and by this
+Artifice to advance himself above the Physician.
+
+Another mischief in sending Bills to the Apothecaries is, that though
+the Apothecaries be honest (and who can tell which of them is so?) yet
+the Servants neglect, or ignorance (to whom they commit the whole care
+of dispensing, and are intruth the Apothecaries (and not their
+Masters) may mar all in their Masters absence, who is visiting abroad,
+or at his recreations.
+
+And now I have done with the unpleasant talk of raking into the faults
+of the Apothecaries, and with discoursing how Physicians may save
+themselves from their devices, I shall next shew the advantages that
+will come to the Patient, the Physician, and people, by this way of
+remedy proposed.
+
+As for the Patients, they may hereby save most of the great charges of
+Apothecaries Bills, which in long Cases amount to very great sums in a
+year, although the Physician hath received very few Fees; the
+Physician may so order his business as to take his Fee for his Visits
+only, and at home such competent Fees for his advice alone, as are
+usually given, and in both Cases take nothing for his Medicines, and
+so save the Patient the whole charge of the Apothecaries Bill, which
+very seldom comes short, and for the most part manifoldly exceeds the
+Physicians Fees. And this he may very well do by making fewer, less
+chargable, more effectual, and durable Medicines then the Shops
+afford, and suffer nothing in the non-use, or decay of his Medicines;
+because he need make no more then will serve his own practice: and I
+must here profess, that which I intended not to have published, that
+this is the course I have generally taken, for the four Months last
+past, since I made my own Medicines, but that some Apothecaries have
+given out most falsly, that I have sent in Bills to Patients for
+money; but to convince such of their wonted lying, I do hereby oblige
+my self to give 100 pound to any of them that shall produce such a
+Bill. Secondly, This way will not clog the Patient with more Medicines
+then are needful, nor will omit anything may conduce to his recovery,
+for if he fails in either, 'tis to his prejudice, either in spending
+more Medicines which cost him money, or in not performing his Cure,
+which loseth his practice.
+
+But I do not propose this course of mine as a general rule to all
+Physicians, but leave this to every mans private judgment; Neither do
+I hereby bind my self to the same practice, because some few Cases may
+fall out (though to an equal advantage to the Patient) may perswade me
+to the contrary. For I find some persons of that perswasion, as to
+think they have not given satisfaction, unless they have payed for the
+Medicines; but to such persons, I have always allowed them to give me
+what they pleased themselves, for the cure only, to the full
+satisfaction of both parties. Though I will not deny but some persons
+out of gratitude for their Cure, have rewarded me beyond this
+proposal. Some of my acquaintance have desired me to be more plain in
+this last Paragraph, especially in that part of it where I say I do
+not bind my self to the said practice; and to declare more fully the
+Cases that may perswade me to the contrary; which are these and such
+as these. First Where Patients of their own free offers will contract
+with the Physician, or have formerly too meanly rewarded him for his
+Cure, in both which the Statutes of our College allow a contract to be
+made with Patients. Another case is, if a Physician be consulted once,
+and for his Fee hath given Medicines gratis, if the Patient frequently
+send for his Medicines without the least reward at all. Or if the
+Patient living far in the Country, having (as before) once consulted
+the Physician, as in the last case, and shall for weeks, nay months,
+send for the same Medicines. Or if the Patients friend shall recommend
+a Medicine to another friend of his unknown to the Physician; and
+where he gives no Counsel, if a Physician in the Country shall desire
+some of his Medicines, which are all the cases that occur at present;
+I say in some of these, the Physician must needs be payed for his
+Medicines; but in other, 'tis rational he should be payed for his
+advice, as he desireth new Medicines, which charge will be far short
+also of the Apothecaries Medicines, whether repeated or prescribed
+upon new advice.
+
+Now the great charge of Apothecaries Bills, and nauseousness of their
+Medicines, appears to be the cause why long habitual diseases, as the
+Kings Evil, Falling-Sickness, Convulsions, Melancholies, and Winds in
+the Bowels, Gouts, &c. become seldom relieved, though they may with a
+constant, facile way, be perfectly cured, where neither the great
+charge, nor unpleasantness of Medicines, deterr them from a continued
+necessary use of Remedies. And for the same reasons many will be kept
+from relapses, who being tired out with taking variety of Medicines,
+give over before the tone and strength of their parts is restored,
+which is necessary to be done in all long Diseases.
+
+He may so contrive his Medicines, first, That they may be taken in
+small quantity, and be made more grateful to the tast, and stomach,
+and perform more then those of the Apothecaries, commonly slovenly
+made, and of themselves Fulsom, Nauseous, and Sluggish. Secondly, His
+Medicines made for particular persons, may last Weeks, Months, nay
+Years, whereas the Apothecaries Drinks, especially in the Summer time,
+must be renewed once, or twice every day, to the excessive charge of
+the Patient.
+
+That his Medicines may be fewer, is evident in Physicians that
+practise in the Country, who ride far to Patients, and carry in their
+Mans Cloak-bag, Medicines enough, not only for the person he is sent
+to, but also for most other persons, and Cases he meets with in his
+Travels, and therefore his Closet needs contain but few, yet noble and
+generous Medicines, and such as may serve him upon all occasions,
+supplying what's defective from the Fields or Gardens. He may avoid
+all pompous, useless, chargable Medicines of the Shops, and substitute
+in their place, cheaper, and more conducible to health; He may very
+well lay aside the precious Stones, Saphir, Emerals, &c. the high
+priced Magistrals of Coral, and Pearl, made worse by their
+preparations, or rather destroyed thereby in their Virtue, as also
+Unicorns Horn; and Bezoar, all which are now rarely used alone, but in
+the received Compositions; He may also spare the charges of leaf-gold,
+for guilding Pots, Glasses, Pills, Electuaries, Boles, &c. which
+serves only to raise the Bill.
+
+He may teach the Patients facile and easie Remedies, as to make a
+Clyster, apply Blisters, or Medicines to the feet, where they are
+needful, &c. and in many Cases may cure by well ordering his Patient
+only, without any Remedies at all, or but very few; being free to act
+for the Patients Health, without the grumbling of the Apothecary; and
+many other ways he may daily meet with, very advantageous to the
+Patient.
+
+He will have little use of Conserves, Syrups, Lohocks, &c. a greater
+part whereof Sugar makes up, which doth more hurt to most persons,
+then the other ingredients do good.
+
+As for Infusions and Decoctions, he will find by experiment, how much
+liquor, or Menstruum will suffice to extract the full vertue of the
+ingredients, and what are helps, or hinderances thereunto, and thereby
+neither suffer loss in the quantity, or quality of them.
+
+He will discover the inefficacy of many of the Syrups and other
+Medicines in the Shops, made of such ingredients, the qualities
+whereof, what with boiling, what with the great quantity of Sugar
+necessary to keep them, are either made useless or opposite to the
+ends they are proposed for. Especially in such Plants, Seeds, and
+Flowers, which consist of fine volatil parts, and even in drying and
+pounding, or the least boiling exhale and evaporate, and therefore in
+the common way of ordering them, lose their whole vertue or most of
+their efficacy, and alter in their properties. From which by several
+methods known to some Physicians, very generous and singular Medicines
+may be produced.
+
+He need not use so large Compositions consisting of such confused and
+contrary ingredients, and will find good reason to lay aside those
+unintelligible and unreasonable Compositions of Mithridate, and
+Treacle, and the so much magnified Treacle-water, and will substitute
+better in their places, of smaller charge, and less trouble; and this
+all Physicians I have conversed with, and the College it self, by
+their Book published for the common good, in the year before the
+Plague, and all those Physicians in this City, who make or intend to
+make their own Medicines, do confess.
+
+But here Apothecaries open wide, and cry out that the Physicians are
+great Cheats, and envious persons, for continuing such flat Medicines,
+and not recommending to the World, or rather their Shops, our greater
+secrets. The answer is easie, that the Medicines in our Pharmacopæa,
+are the best of any other Pharmacopæa in the World, both for their
+goodness, and well preparing of them, whether they be Chymical, or
+Galenical; and therefore the same scandal will ly on all Pharmacopæa's
+whatsoever. Secondly, I say that within these few last experimental
+years, the practical part of Physic hath been much improved (as well
+as Anatomy) especially by such as have put their hands to work; and
+therefore till such improvement, this could not be well amended.
+Furthermore, in making new Dispensatories, a full content must be had,
+and 'twere not fit to move where the motion were not like to take
+place, for though private men invent new ways of compounding and
+preparing, and using their own invented Medicines, yet 'twill require
+a long time to make them publickly known, and brought into common use,
+and till that be done 'tis not possible to have them brought into a
+common Dispensatory; besides, no man would make a motion for such a
+reformation, unless he were well furnished with specificks, and then
+'twill be required of him to expose them to the whole World, which how
+incongruous it will be, every man may easily conceive; hereto add,
+that the Apothecaries think themselves able enough by this present
+Dispensatory, to out-beard Physicians, and do publickly profess (as
+hath been said) that they understand the practice of Physic well as
+they; how much more would they have said so, if they had been made
+Masters of these secrets? And here I shall admonish those of my own
+Faculty, who have devoted their Studies, Labours, and Purses, for the
+improvement of their Art, to consider, that as natural things have
+their bounds and limits, and that there is no new Creation of them,
+and besides, that these things have their bounds also of improvement,
+beyond which 'tis impossible for man to go; and that by a good method
+and industry, that end may be attained; (though at present I must
+confess, no Art is more capable of enlargement then ours:) I say let
+all consider, and they will find, what a vast encouragement they have
+to improve their knowledg so far, that they shall not only be able to
+leave mankind destitute of no remedy Nature did ever produce; but also
+restore and setle those Honours ignorant men would usurp, upon the
+Learned Professors of this Science, and I see no reason why Physicians
+should communicate their secrets to such persons, who will make use of
+them, to the ruine of the Inventors, which is indeed a failer of
+trust, for when a Physician writes his Bill, he trusts the Apothecary
+only with making the Medicine for a particular occasion, and not to
+make use of it as his own when be pleaseth for his own profit, and the
+Inventor have no further benefit by it, then perhaps one single
+advantage.
+
+Lastly, When Dispensatories were first made, the Apothecaries were
+really Physicians Servants, and wholy at their command, not in the
+least intrenching on their business, and the rates of Medicines were
+reasonable; which superiority over them still continues only in their
+prescriptions, the forms whereof are always commanding to take this
+and that, and to mix them, &c. but within these few last years they
+have set up for themselves, and advanced the rates beyond all reason;
+and to be sure, the more we teach them by our Books, the more they
+will trangress in both.
+
+He may receive encouragement from what he discovers, that is more then
+ordinarily useful, whereas by writing Bills, he soon communicates to
+the ignorant and lazy, who will neither spend time nor money to
+advance the Art, but while the one is at work to his great charge,
+lots of time, much pains and trouble, the others seek by petty tricks
+and Arts to gain a name, and profit from the industrious. Nay some
+Mountebanks have been set up by purchasing receipts of the Apothecary
+or his Servants. And one of them told me, he set up a Quack by selling
+and commending to him a Medicine he had long kept in his Shop and
+could not otherwise put off, and that by degrees he made him a famous
+practiser among the ignorant and poor people. An Act quite contrary to
+the interest of the Company.
+
+Hence also will arise an emulation amongst Physicians, who shall
+exceed each other in noble remedies, and from thence a full and happy
+improvement of whatsoever God hath created for the recovery of mans
+health impaired; for from the Physician alone the advancement of
+Physic is to be expected. How many simples of unknown properties have
+been brought into use, to the great comfort of the sick? and many more
+may be, as also many preparations, both simple and compound, both in
+the Galenical, and Chymical practice, and by this means the Art will
+be advanced to its just dignity, now much diminished, dishonoured, and
+near to be lost by the intrusion of ignorant persons.
+
+Greater respect will be given to such Physicians, as being the
+immediate instruments of life and health, who will derive unto
+themselves that which is now given to the Apothecaries, which proceeds
+chiefly from fear lest they should do the Patient hurt; and so their
+honour will be doubled, which every Physician looks principally at;
+but the Apothecary being not so far concerned, looks chiefly at his
+own profit, and regards not the Patients charge. For the greater the
+Patients charge, the greater must needs be the Apothecaries gain;
+whereas on the contrary, 'tis the Physicians Interest to cure the
+Patient with the greatest ease.
+
+He may proceed on safely and securely in his well experienced
+Medicines, having before him not only what he hath prescribed for the
+same Patient, but for all others in the like Case, and thereby keep in
+memory what he would have forgot, if his Bill had remained on the
+Apothecaries File; viz. the Medicines and their success. By means
+whereof Physicians do not advance their knowledg so far as they might;
+for how is it possible they should remember the particulars of their
+Bills writ some days before? and therefore know not how to proceed so
+well. But the Apothecaries having before them the whole series of
+Medicines, brag they can do more then the Physicians, and by this
+means insinuate the same opinion into people.
+
+The Physician will be consulted in the beginning of Diseases, to the
+safety and little expence of the Patient, who will not go first to the
+Apothecary, who practiseth on him till the Case is desperate, and then
+calls in a Physician when 'tis too late; and if he dyes, the Physician
+must carry away the disgrace alone; but if he recover, the Apothecary
+if he be so minded, by some trick will share with him in the honour:
+and by this resort of people to the Apothecaries in beginning of
+Diseases; we meet with few Cases of easie Cure, but are chiefly made
+use of in dangerous Diseases, or those of short period, or such as are
+accompanyed with great pains and torments, to our great and continual
+anxiety.
+
+The Physicians experience hereby as 'tis surer, so 'twill be greater.
+
+He will make use of no Medicines but the choicest, and when they are
+in their full vigour, and such as are durable, and after once or twice
+Tryal of them, will seldom fail in his expected success; which cannot
+be certainly had without some tryal. For though a man buy the choicest
+ingredients, viz. Sena, which may appear to the Senses very good, yet
+he cannot positively say, how well, nor yet what quantity of it will
+work, till he hath made use of it. But afterwards he may confidently
+apply the whole parcel he hath bought to his purpose. The like may be
+instanced in a crop of Wheat or Barley, which the skillfullest
+Husband-man cannot tell how they will yield for Bread, or Malt, till
+he hath used them. Now how is it possible that a Physician can with
+any certainty make use of several Shops, since there is so great
+difference in the ingredients? and 'tis certain the same Medicine made
+by several Apothecaries, shall differ much in colour, smell, and tast,
+and consequently effect too; which cannot proceed from any other cause
+then the difference of the ingredients themselves, or by omitting some
+ingredients, or by substituting one thing for another; or by distinct
+ways of preparing them. The same also may be said of Compositions,
+much more of Chymical Medicines so much sophisticated, and of so much
+danger and hazard, if not well prepared, which he cannot discover till
+he hath seen the effect of them, unless it be such as he makes
+himself, nor those neither till he hath made some tryal of them.
+
+He will much inlarge Materia Medica, Chymistry and Pharmacy, and
+discover the grounds of them, and wherein the efficacy of remedies
+lyes, and thereby lay open a whole Ocean for new discoveries, and by
+the by observe many useful products and Phenomena of Nature, to the
+great improvement of his Art, and sound Natural Philosophy, which are
+not taken notice of by Apothecaries, and their Servants; for all which
+they have neither will nor skill.
+
+As to the improvement of Medicines, this may be added, by the
+experimenting Physician, that in distill'd waters he will consider and
+find which of them will afford any virtue, which only phlegm
+equivalent but to Conduit-water, which of them will keep long, and in
+perfection, which soon or in what time decay, and spend them
+accordingly, and in compound distill'd waters, will find cause to lay
+aside many simples as nothing conducing, or rather weakning the
+efficacy of the Medicine designed; whereby much charge and trouble
+will be spared, and better compositions be made.
+
+He will gain and keep to himself Patients, who have diseases they are
+unwilling should be known by Apothecaries and their Boys, and all such
+as have a mind to turn over their File.
+
+The Patient will have better opinion of the Medicines, and confidence
+in the use or them, and the Physician more satisfied in his
+Conscience, and better assured of the success.
+
+He will gain reputation to his Art, by restoring it to its first
+institution and practice, by the Founders and Heroes of Physic.
+
+By constantly practised Medicines he will find out a better method of
+Cure, and may hereby arrive at the true causes of diseases.
+
+He will observe what Medicines by precipitation or other ways, alter,
+destroy, or weaken one another, whereby of good ingredients singly
+used, a bad Composition may be made, and therefore fail in the success
+expected. Many more things might be here added, which a skillful
+observer, and versed in the way to make experiments (no easie matter)
+will daily find, and at present I do not so much as give hints of
+them, but shall hereafter, as occasion and opportunity require.
+
+He will have more scope to be charitable to the poor, and more civil
+and obliging to his friends, by curing them gratis, or at small
+charges.
+
+He need not trouble himself with ways of concealing the use of his
+Medicines, by setting down no directions in his Bill, but giving them
+to the Patient, which the Apothecary soon learns; nor with giving some
+of his own Medicines at a pinch, which if they succeed not, to be sure
+the Apothecaries will cry down in all places, but will conceal all
+eminently good successes, as disadvantageous to themselves; nor by
+placing their Arcana's in the Shops of those Apothecaries they
+commonly make use of; nor by recommending their Patients to such
+Apothecaries they intrust their secrets with. For then great
+complaints are made that the Physicians carry away their Customers,
+and take away their livelyhood, affirming they are willing to fetch
+them from the prescribing Doctors Apothecaries. To which I answer,
+that they do fetch them, but perhaps not always; since I have heard
+them often say, these secrets were but the Medicines of the London
+Dispensatory disguised under new names, to the discredit of the
+Physicians that prescribed them. And I well remember some of them have
+neglected to fetch from my house, not far from their own, some of my
+preparations, though they had them gratis, for the fetching; whereby
+the Patients have suffered, and thought I neglected them, 'till they
+were rectified by another Visit. Nay one of them told me, he had
+rather dy with his own Shop-Medicines, then be cured with my
+Magistrals: much more would he have said of Patients, manifestly
+preferring his own profit before their lives; a most Unchristian
+saying!
+
+One singular advantage such a Physician will have, that the slanders
+of the Apothecaries will appear to be malicious, as being raised
+against such as act contrary to their profit.
+
+By this means Physicians will unite against the common Enemy, will
+contribute mutual assistance, and communicate more freely to one
+another their practice and remedies; and also the frauds and unlawful
+practices of the Apothecaries, will conceal the counsels, and act
+whatsoever may tend to the advance of their Art; and Patients also
+will discover the Apothecaries censures, and practices against the
+Physicians and their prescriptions.
+
+Hereby that great interest will decay Apothecaries have in Families
+for their petty officiousnesses (which Physicians not to displease
+them have put them upon) these will be taught Nurses, and the
+assistants, and which are by some of these as well, certainly more
+diligently performed then by the Apothecaries.
+
+Hereby the filii Artis, or younger Physicians, will sooner come into a
+better and more setled practice, and not be beholden to Apothecaries
+to bring them Patients wherewith they often upbraid them, and glory
+amongst themselves and to other persons, that they introduced such and
+such a Physician.
+
+Hereby Chirurgeons will be restored to some of their employment now
+usurped by the Apothecaries, as leting of blood, applying Leeches,
+Plasters, Cupping-Glasses, Syringing and Salivation, wraping up bodies
+in Cere-Cloaths, &c. which indeed do more properly belong to them then
+to the Apothecaries; hereby also haply many occasions of quarrel
+betwixt Physicians and the Apothecaries will cease, each party acting
+according to his own way.
+
+By this means Pseudochymists, and other Mountebanks mouths and
+revilings will be stopped, only exclaiming for this, that Physicians
+make not their own Medicines. But since the publication of these
+papers I am informed that the said Pseudochymists and Mountebanks rail
+against me, this Book, and the way propounded, as much as the
+Apothecaries, though before equal Enemies each to others. So that they
+have fulfilled the Proverb, of like to like. And no wonder since
+hereby their Kingdom of darkness is brought to light, and they are
+obliged to oppose it, as the Copper-Smiths were to revile St. Paul for
+speaking against the Idol of Diana of the Ephesians, whereby their
+trade was lost.
+
+And as for the reasonableness of it, that the Physician ought to
+support himself by all lawful ways and means, and to have præeminence
+above those ignorant persons that incroach upon his profession, 'tis
+confessed by all that have considered the great charge, study, and
+labour, before he can arrive at any benefit from it; for he must take
+the chargeable degrees of Batchellor, and Master of Arts, Batchellor
+of Physic, and after 14 years standing, the degree of Doctor; besides
+his bare expences for his maintenance in the University, Charges in
+Anatomies, knowledg of natural things; Travels abroad, Chymistry, and
+Experiments; his Library, Habit, his more free way of living in a
+suitable house, and Attendants, greater Taxes, &c. insomuch that a
+Doctor of Physic spends more before he comes to practise, then will
+set up perhaps a dozen Apothecaries in a way of livelihood; and
+besides, great sums of money before he can put himself in a fitting
+Equipage: whereas on the contrary, many young men before their time of
+Apprenticeship is out, provide well for themselves by Quacking; and
+certainly the Study of Physic, and consequently the knowledge of
+Nature, must bid farewel to the Universities, if Shops be permitted to
+make practisers, for such the people will soon create Doctors, which
+title the Apothecary takes upon him, though he understand not the
+reason of the name, to the great shame of the Universities, and
+Faculty, when ignorant people shall give, and they challenge the same
+title for nothing, attained by the Physician at a great rate and long
+study, the vulgar taking Practiser and Doctor to signifie the same
+thing. And which no persons of knowledg and education do, and perhaps
+most other persons give them in way of Jeering.
+
+From the handsom support of Physicians these benefits will accrue to
+the publick, that thereby the honour all Nations yield to the English
+Physicians will be kept up, who in the late times, when the reputation
+of the Nation was well neer forfeited abroad, the Physicians then in
+being, most whereof are now living, and Members of the College,
+maintained the credit, for learning and value, of this Kingdom, and
+since his Majesties happy return, some of them have kept up the honour
+of the Faculty; which manifestly appears by the great esteem
+Foreigners have of their Books, by often printing them, and
+translating into Latin what hath been published in English, though
+they are no where so depressed as in England.
+
+A second benefit to the publick is, that men of competent Estates will
+breed up their Sons in the Art of Physic, giving them such education
+as is necessary, and will not vouchsafe to place them out to
+Apothecaries, though now adays want of learning and degrees are
+adjudged as needful a qualification for the exercise of Physic, as
+formerly 'twas for Preaching, and the Shops fit to supply both.
+
+I will conclude this part of my discourse with this observation; that
+the Laws of England in all their Acts of Parliament, have granted the
+practice of Physic to Physicians and them alone, and in no clause
+thereof put in any restraint at all upon them, but every where, either
+new priviledges, or a confirmation of the old, have been granted, by
+the said powers. Whereas on the contrary, the Law supposeth cheats in
+the Apothecaries Shops, and therefore impowers our Censors to destroy
+and burn what they find bad and corrupt.
+
+The next thing to be treated of, shall be the ways of Apothecaries
+creeping into practice, and their unfitness thereunto. As to the
+first, heretofore when they were Members of the Company of Grocers,
+and dispersed in place, as well as in counsel, they then were wholy
+subordinate to the Physicians, only keeping in their Shops, and
+faithfully making the prescriptions they received from the Physicians,
+and when made, sending them to the Patient by their men (as they still
+continue to do in Foreign Countries) and not committing the
+preparation to raw Boys, or Apprentices, which is the true interest of
+the Patient they should do here likewise. But in process of time,
+Physicians in acute diseases having taught them somewhat, sent them to
+visit their Patients, to give them the best account they could of the
+estate of their health, and effect of their Medicines. And of later
+years some Physicians took them along with them in their Visits,
+whereby they acquired a little smattering of diseases, by which means,
+and their continual officiousness, they insinuated themselves into
+Families, and by applying (right or wrong) the terms of Art they had
+learned from the Physicians, they made people believe they had
+acquired some skill in the Art, and afterwards began to venture a
+little at practice, and but until these 10 years last past kept
+themselves within some bounds and limits; but since that time have
+daily more and more incroached upon our Profession, being assisted by
+a greater familiarity of conversation with younger Physicians. And in
+the Plague time they took upon them the whole Practice of Physic,
+which ever since they have continued, being much helped also therein
+by the dispersing of Physicians into places unknown to their Patients,
+by the Fire, but above all by the burning of the College, by means
+whereof their Government and view of their Shops have been omitted,
+insomuch that now they are past all restraint, having insinuated and
+(as they think) rooted themselves by the aforesaid Artifices, so that
+there remains now no other real remedy but that proposed.
+
+Now here I shall take occasion in a short digression, to discourse
+briefly the reason, why in all Ages there have been so many pretenders
+to Physic, and why some of them have got reputation in the World. One
+hath been mentioned before, viz. the great charges sick men are put
+to, caused by the separation of the Physician from the Apothecary. But
+the principal reason is, the want of knowledge in most persons, both
+of the materials used, and the grounds for which they are applyed.
+Insomuch that there are but few that can judg, and distinguish rightly
+of either, and no wonder therefore that in their reasonings they
+commit more absurd mistakes, or Paralogisms then in any other Art
+whatsoever, and censure Physicians by the success alone. Which my Lord
+Verulam accounts the great unhappiness both of the States-man and the
+Physician, both being alike censured by those that know not the bottom
+and rise of their Actions and Counsels. For how can any man in either
+make a sound Judgment without a full knowledge of the business it
+self; and of all the circumstances thereunto belonging; nor in Physic
+without the concurrent knowledg of the sick mans habit, disease,
+cause, remedies, and many other particulars necessary to make a clear
+judgment upon the success? Yet notwithstanding, many will censure and
+grumble at the actions of the States-men, though their proceedings
+have been never so wise, and prudent, and oft-times from muttering and
+whispering, fall to down-right distast, and mutiny against their
+Superiors. So that the good success, in State-affairs, of rash and
+imprudent undertakers, have been extolled and preferred before the
+wary, and prudent management, and guidance of the soberest and wisest
+States-men. The same likewise happens between the bold Empiric, and
+learnedst Physician. But in this way of censuring, the States-man hath
+this advantage above the Physician, that 'tis possible he may meet
+with a series of Business so circumstantiated, as seldom or never to
+miscarry, especially having a greater power over subordinate persons
+then Physicians have. But the irreversible statute of Heaven forbids
+us to expect a constant recovery of our Patients, for 'tis appointed,
+that all men must die. 'Tis sufficient therefore for us, to employ
+those remedies God hath given to the Sons of men, to the utmost vertue
+the Creator hath endowed them withal: since his eternal decree hath
+limited their efficacy from making man immortal. Now since (if men
+judg by the success alone) it cannot be otherwise, but that the most
+learned Physician, and most sottish Empiric must be thought equal in
+skill, by those that are not able to make a right judgment and
+difference betwixt them on other principles. Hence it comes to pass,
+that where some ignorant person hath cured accidentally a slight
+disease, and a Physician hath a Patient dye of an irrecoverable Case,
+here the Empiric shall be applauded, and the Physician decryed. Nay
+many will say the disease is the same in both, whereas we daily see
+most gross mistakes in such opinions, when the Cases differ totally in
+their Nature, agreeing in one sign only common to both the Cases
+proposed, nay to many other also. Furthermore, if a Patient dy under
+an Empirics hand, the friends willingly conceal their Names, lest some
+discredit should befal them for using such worthless practisers; but
+if under the hands of a known Physician he shall be sure to be named,
+and sometimes his attendance falsly fathered on him, when Mountebanks
+only have been employed: but to besure if an Empiric hath first been
+made use of, and afterwards an able Physician called in (when all
+opportunity of doing good was past) and the Patient dy, the Mountebank
+hath never been mentioned, but the Physician perhaps condemned though
+he hath done whatsoever could have been thought on, rational in that
+Case.
+
+Add to the former reasons, the bold and confident brags, and promises
+of Empirics, that they have cured worse diseases, and will in few
+hours free them from their maladies, especially where sober Physicians
+have pronounced doubtfully of the event. No wonder that these pleasing
+promises to persons in danger and distress bring them into employment
+even with a rejection of the former sober Physician.
+
+Besides, a foolish opinion prevails with some ignorant persons, that
+they will deal only with such as will undertake the Cure, (that is)
+contract with them for a sum of money, one half whereof to be payed in
+hand, and the other the Cure being done, and so are usually cheated of
+one half of their money; and such people will have nothing to do with
+such Physicians as will not undertake them in this sence.
+
+Another Stratagem is, to give strange and hard names to their
+Medicines, such as are Pilulæ radiis Solis extractæ, and in English is
+no more then Pills dryed to that consistence by the Sun-Beams, which
+ignorant people have thought were made of the Sun Beams. Others
+commend their Extract of the Soul of the Heathen Gods. One sets up
+with a receipt received from Van Helmonts own hands; Another hath
+received from a Jew the shining of Moses Face; nay I have heard a
+Pseudochymist blasphemously brag, he saw in the making of a grand
+Elixir, the Quintessence of the Trinity in Unity, and infinite other
+pitiful captivations of silly people, to be seen on every Gate and
+Post of this City; such as are the Spirit of the Salt of the World,
+Panchymagogon, and other ten-footed Greek names, and some other
+Mongrel non-sensical ones compounded of several Languages; promising
+certain, speedy, and concealed Cure of incurable Diseases.
+
+And no less ridiculous and absurd to considering persons are, their
+cantings of themselves, wherewith they no less befool, amuse, and
+beguile the people; as that by long prayer, and seeking of God, they
+have had many secrets revealed to them from Heaven. Another by long
+Travels through Hungary, Poland, &c. hath attained great secrets from
+Kings and Emperours. Another a Gentleman lately come from Oxford, or
+Cambridg, Cures the Pox, Running of the Reins, &c. in Capital Letters,
+at all which what sober man cannot but laugh? Yet such as these are
+inducements to many to resort to them; moreover some of them are
+Astrologers, Physiognomers, Fortunetellers, Professors of Palmistry
+and such other vain Arts; much applauded by the weaker sort of people.
+
+Besides, the former they have their Emissaries, Scouts, and Setters up
+and down, to cry up the skill And feigned Cures done by them, Nurses,
+Good-fellows, Midwives, &c. to make up the cry and full noise.
+
+Now it being natural to most people to admire what they understand
+not, and for Admiration to infer Love, and Love Praise, and Praise the
+use especially of such things as are set off with high and lofty
+expressions, it necessarily follows that such persons will cry up, and
+make use of, those that by these means captivate their understandings,
+especially their credits being ingaged also; but above all, if they
+proceed from meaner persons, of whom they are most credulous, having
+in suspition wiser men, believing the former are not able, and that
+the wiser are able; and therefore will deceive them. All which appears
+in some with us cryed up above any Physician that ever was in England,
+though for pitiful, dangerous, nay sometimes mortal Medicines, whereby
+great sums of money have been gained in a short time; I shall instance
+first in Lockyers Pills made of Antimony, discovered to be so by some
+of my Collegues, and my self, at the first selling of them. A Medicine
+as ill made as any of that Mineral, and no Physician though meanly
+versed in Chymistry, but could have excelled it. Yet so great a Vogue
+this Pill had for some time, that infinite people resorted to him, and
+purchased them for their lives, both for themselves, and Families, and
+(as I have heard) for their posterities too. Though a common Chimney
+in a little time would have made enough of it to have served the whole
+Nation for some years to come, and that at very small charges. But
+Experience, the Tutor of too many, hath in a short time brought these
+Pills into a dis-use, if not a total Oblivion, even amongst the
+vulgar.
+
+A second cryed up Medicine was Mathews's Pills, made of Opium (to
+which the virtue of the whole Composition must be attributed) of white
+Hellebor Roots, and Oyl of Turpentine, whereto some add Salt of
+Tartar, which will puzzle the most knowing Naturalist to declare why
+these should be thus jumbled together; unless to obscure the Opium.
+'Tis indeed a very cunning Composition, for by giving rest and ease it
+may easily decoy people into the use of them, though by long taking of
+them, diseases become far more uncurable then they are in their own
+Nature.
+
+A third Universal Medicine was Hughes's Powder, sold by him at 10 s.
+the Grain, and 3 l. 10 s. the Dose, made doubtless of Gold and
+Quicksilver. The tast and weight of it manifestly discover the former
+to be an ingredient into it, and the effect, viz. Salivation proves
+the latter to be part of the compound. Besides I have made of these
+two dissolved, and digested in their peculiar Menstruums, in no long
+space of time, a Medicine that had the same effect with his, and in
+the same Dose, and having a View of his Cabinet left after his Death,
+containing a large quantity of the said Powder (being all he left
+behind him) there was found crude Gold, and Quicksilver in the same
+Cabinet. Now these three Notorious Universal Medicines were put to
+sale by most ignorant persons. Add hereunto the forementioned Mr.
+De-laun's Pill, whereof I shall say nothing, being mentioned under the
+Name of the Pilule ex duobus, in the London Dispensitory, though some
+make them of the Extract of Coloquintida. The last of any Fame with
+us, were Dr. Goddard's Drops, a good Medicine, but not so universal,
+and superlative as he would have made the World believe, and was
+nothing else but what some Physicians many years since enjoyed. I well
+remember that in the late troubles, a Person then in great Authority,
+having cryed up this above all the Medicines in the World, a round
+wager was offered, that the Doctor should not distinguish his own from
+two others that should be brought him, both which were but Spirit of
+Harts-horn. But the wager would not be accepted of. Furthermore, that
+this Medicine of his was Spirit of Harts-horn, some relations plainly
+argue; One whereof was the following.
+
+A certain person in Norfolk having sent for as much as came to a 11 l.
+and dying upon the 2d. dose of it, and by accident most part of the
+remainder being spilt; there comes in a friend to the House, of some
+skill, who supposing it to be Spirit of Harts-horn, told the Widow he
+would endeavour to gain back the money for her. And thereupon went to
+a Chymist, and bought as much of the said Spirit, as would make up the
+quantity purchased of Dr. Goddard, who after Tryal of it by smell, and
+tast, acknowledged it to be his, and honestly payed back the sum 'twas
+first sold for; which I think few of the Mountebanks do. Sure I am
+that a Quack sold 21 Pills for 20 l. whereof the Patient took 4 at two
+doses, to the great hazard of his life, who then repairing to me for
+my advice, I by Tryal of one of them found them to be Mercurial, and
+wished him to return them back, but the Quack would not give him 10 s.
+for the 16 remaining.
+
+The inference and sum of what hath been said, is to shew briefly by
+what Artifices people are deceived in their Healths, and Purses, and
+how easily the ignorant are couzened, and such practices used, that
+Physicians, men of honesty and repute, would be ashamed to own, and
+must by using them in a short time be ruined and discredited. And such
+Cheats as these, the College of Physicians are bound by the Laws of
+the Land to decry, and punish (though by so doing it hath often
+incurred the censure and clamor of the vulgar) Besides the Statute of
+the 14th. and 15th. of Henry the Eighth injoyns us to it, declaring
+that 'tis good for the Common-wealth of this Realm, and therefore
+expedient, and necessary to provide that no person of the College of
+Physicians (for all practisers then were of the said body) be suffered
+to exercise, and practise Physic, but only those persons that be
+profound, sad, and discreet, groundly learned, and deeply studyed in
+Physic. Now certain it is, that none of the said body did or dare use
+any of the forementioned frauds and deceits, but will constantly
+indeavour (since 'tis impossible but there will be Cheatees;
+(according to the old Proverb, Populus vult decipi, The People will be
+deceived) to abridge the number of the Cheaters, who answer to the
+former part of the Proverb, Decipiatur, Let them be couzened.
+
+I shall end this discourse by returning from my digression to the
+Apothecaries, who may and do use some of the tricks before-mentioned,
+and shall here briefly recite some great advantages they have, and
+make use of above Physicians. One is, that they live in this City 7 or
+8 years as Apprentices, as also by their retail Trade, and by living
+in open Shops, by frequent converse with their fellow Citizens,
+whether in Commerce or Offices, by many friendly and Neighbourly
+mutual kindnesses and actions, wherein they spend their whole lives,
+and are never diverted by studies, and ingenuity from their proposed
+way of gain, by all which means they get into a fixed familiarity and
+good opinion with their Neighbours, and a large acquaintance in the
+World. Now for their skill, besides what hath been before-mentioned,
+and common to them with the Mountebank, viz. Vapouring and braging of
+their skill, and decrying Physicians, by talking above the Capacity of
+those they converse with, who therefore take all they say to be
+authentick, though never so absurd, and trivial, and many times to set
+off themselves they will venture to speak Latine commonly as false as
+the matter, although some of them at Coffee-Houses, and in other mixt
+Companies, by venturing so boldly have been met with and baffled, and
+made to depart thence with shame and discredit enough, which their
+friends and acquaintance take little notice of. Add hereunto their
+exposing to view their Compositions of Treacle, Mithridate,
+Diascordium and Alkermes, which all their friends, and neighbours one
+time or another must see; (being set off by some very curiously) and
+seeing cannot but admire the great charge, art, and labour of the
+Apothecary, and perhaps hear his learned Lecture upon them, whereby
+they imply their great skill, knowledg in the virtues of these
+ingredients, and consequently an ability to practise with them; all
+which are below the dignity of a Physician; and therefore a long time
+is necessary for him to gain acquaintance, wanting the fore-mentioned
+opportunities the Apothecaries enjoy. Lastly, Their painted Pots and
+Glasses, with false Titles on them, more win the vulgar then a
+Physicians Library of far greater value.
+
+As to their incapacity for Practice, 'tis manifest by their education,
+and ignorance of all those things which are required in an able
+Physician, viz. the knowledg of Arts and Languages; by the former
+whereof men learn the way and rules of observing, and improvements to
+be made thereon; by the latter, what the learned searchers of Nature
+have in all Ages taken notice of, necessary, and little enough in an
+Art so difficult as that of Physic. They are wholy ignorant also of
+all Philosophy, and the very Elements of the Art, and therefore
+unskillful in knowing diseases; and more surely their causes, whereto
+respect is to be had, as well as to the diseases, to which, fit
+remedies are to be applyed. For want of Anatomy know neither the part
+affected, nor how 'tis affected; much lets any thing of Chirurgical
+directions. And through their ignorance in Philosophy, and Arts, they
+have not skill enough to advise a diet sutable to diseases; a thing
+most necessary, as well in curing diseases as in preserving of health,
+and which requires a great insight into the nature of things; nor the
+true grounds and reasons of compounding, practising their way rather
+by rote then by rule; with better reason may a Brick-layer or
+Carpenter pretend to be a Mathematical, or a Common Fidler to be a
+Musick Reader in the Universities, or Gresham-College, since both
+these have the practical part of those Sciences, which Apothecaries
+have not in Physic, in the least measure.
+
+And to conceal their mis-actings, they generally do all by word of
+mouth, and not enter their prescriptions into their Books, being haply
+ashamed any knowing men should discover their sins of omission, as
+dangerous many times in point of life and health, as those of their
+commission. Whereas Physicians Bills are on the File, or registred in
+Order in their own Books, which is their justification from all
+misrepresentations.
+
+Again, they sufficiently confess their ignorance, by calling in
+Physicians when their own, or any of their relations healths are
+concerned, and the same all people acknowledge, when they are in
+distress and danger. And very few understanding persons, and none that
+are learned and knowing, will trust them at all. But I shall refer the
+Reader to the forementioned Writer against the Apothecaries, viz. Dr.
+Daniel Coxe, who permitted me to name him here; by whom this and many
+other things here but briefly touched, are judiciously handled, and
+more largely.
+
+And as for their skill in practice, we daily see their gross errours
+and omissions, being called where they have given Medicines. I shall
+instance only in one that hapned at the writing hereof; viz. that an
+Apothecary gave strong Purging Pills on the Fit day of a gentle
+Quartan Ague, which turned it into a violent Fever, to the great
+hazard of the Patients life.
+
+And at how easie rate they practise, many of their Bills brought and
+complained of to our College, (in some whereof I have seen Fees set
+down for Visits) witness, wherein upon a slight disease 5 l. hath been
+demanded for four days practice. And I have heard one of them brag,
+that he commonly had from 20 to 100 l. besides presents, for cure of a
+Clap (as they call it) which might have been more speedily and
+securely performed for a manifold lesser sum.
+
+I now come to answer some slight objections; as first, that Physicians
+are unskillful in the Art of making Medicines; but sure those that
+thus object cannot deny them that ability which Ladies, and almost all
+ordinary women have; viz. of distilling of waters of all sorts, making
+of Syrups, Conserves, Preserves, Powders, Trochiscs, Electuaries (and
+what not) and as many think, more cleanly and neatly then the
+Apothecaries; and some of them Ointments, and Plasters, in which two
+lyes their main skill. Some whereof, to those that understand not the
+way of dissolution of bodies, and the nature of their mixture may be
+difficult. Yet this defect they may supply by lessening the number of
+ingredients, and may perform more with 2, or 3 Simples, then with the
+larger Compositions, as 'tis manifest in the use of Galbanum alone,
+now used and found better then Emplastrum Hystericum, consisting of 21
+ingredients.
+
+And though as matters now stand, Physicians have not the honour to be
+counted superiour to Apothecaries in their Art, yet every one knows
+that they alone are the prescribers and directors of the Apothecaries
+in what they know; and are able to puzzle them in infinite things that
+concern their Trade, besides in Chymical preparations, whereof most of
+them are totally ignorant; and should Physicians withdraw themselves
+from their conversation, few pretenders to Physic would appear more
+unskillful then they, neither knowing how to deal with a new Simple,
+nor a new disease. And for all their pretences of skill in Drugs, 'tis
+most certain that the State makes Physicians not Apothecaries, Judges
+of them; and the Statute of Henry the VIII. appoints the College
+Censors upon Oath, not the Apothecaries to judg, and condemn false and
+sophisticated Medicines.
+
+A second objection wherewith they flatter themselves, is, that the
+great expence of time in preparing Medicines will keep Physicians from
+this course. I answer, that the Physician needs not spend much more
+then half an hour in a day, one with another, on this work, and may
+faster dispense them then the Apothecaries to Hospitals, who in an
+afternoon can provide for 100, nay sometimes 200 sick men, and carry
+them to the Hospital, and dispose them to each single person, which
+takes up much time, which the Physicians Servants need not be put to.
+
+A third objection is, that this course, which before 'twas put in
+practice they derided, now used is railed at, will undo them. I answer
+that if needs, one or the other must be ruined, 'tis more reasonable
+that the Apothecary should suffer then the Physician, because the one
+acts but his duty, and for the publick good, but the other are
+transgressors of the Law, and act above the Sphere of their skill, and
+do many prejudices to the precious lives, and healths of men; and the
+rather, because 'tis in their own power to prevent this mischief, by
+stinting the number of their Servants (as 'tis in foreign parts, and
+in England also, in very many if not most other Trades. Nay our State
+allows but a set number of Printers) for they acknowledg themselves,
+that the exceeding increase of their number must necessarily in a
+short time bring them all to shifting and beggery, and a greater want
+of skill then what they now pretend to. But to answer this Objection
+more fully, I affirm Apothecaries have made and do make use of several
+other ways of subsistence; besides their bare trades (none of which
+Physicians can use) viz. some of them in this City as well as in the
+Country, sell Grocery-wares, and by both together, gain Estates.
+Secondly, They barter in Drugs and other Commodities, selling them
+amongst themselves, and to other Tradesmen. Furthermore, they are now
+building a Laboratory to make all sorts of Chymical Medicines,
+intending to supply the whole Nation with them, which must necessarily
+undo all the Chymists in London; and whether in time they will not
+distil Strong-waters, &c. (an easie thing for them to undertake) and
+by this means to ruine the Corporation of Distillers of Strong-waters,
+I leave to the said Company to conceive as they please. However, this
+I have heard several of them say, that they resolve to buy all sorts
+of Drugs, and make a Magazine of them, as well as of the greater
+Compositions, at their own Hall; and to sell them to the Members of
+their Company, whereby the Trade of the Druggist, must be much
+lessened, if not totally over-thrown. So little regard have they of
+any other employment but of their own, yet all these things they may
+do without any offence against the Laws of the Land. Why then should
+they, who have so many ways of subsistence, envy, and usurp unlawfully
+over the single and lawful way granted Physicians for their
+livelihood? Or why would they repine, and revile them for advancing
+their Art, the publick health and profit, and for maintaining their
+profession by their Pens, and actings against themselves, who are the
+first aggressors in this division? Which I profess to be the sole end
+of these present papers, and heartily wish they may thrive and prosper
+as long as they conform themselves to the Laws of Honesty, Reason, and
+of the Land. Besides, why may not the Plaisterer more reasonably
+pretend the same to the Painter, and many other Trades against one
+another, as the Brick-layer to the Stone-Cutter, &c. that they
+understand the Trade, and that truly too, and that they cannot subsist
+without this incroachment? And why should not Chirurgeons keep open
+Apothecaries Shops? but that the same Law limits those Tradesmen, as
+well as prohibits the Apothecary from the practice of Physic. And
+surely the Law and State have no consideration of those persons
+subsistence, who conform not to them; and why should we have of those,
+subordinate to us, who against all good Conscience take away from us
+all that is our due, and continually traduce and slander us very
+untruly and designingly?
+
+The last objection (and a strange one) is, that in this private way of
+giving Medicines, Physicians may poyson their Patients. But this is
+easily retorted upon the Apothecaries, who may themselves or their
+Servants do the like, as 'tis known in the poysoning of Sir Thomas
+Overbury; besides, since it cannot be otherwise, but that the Patient
+must trust somebody, 'tis better to trust one then many; and if one,
+better him whose education will teach him better Morality, (and who
+hath given his Faith (equivalent to an Oath) twice to the Body of the
+College; viz. once at his admission as Candidate, and a second time at
+his admission as Fellow; whereby he promiseth in these words, That he
+shall give nothing to cause miscarriage, or to destroy, or hinder
+Conception, nor Poysons (for of such, good Medicines may be made) to
+an evil purpose, nay that he shall not even teach them where there is
+any suspicion of ill using of them. Which promise is nothing else but
+the Oath proposed by Hippoc. to Physicians, in the entrance to his
+Books) then to trust such as want these qualifications; and this seems
+to be the reason why our Common Law makes it Felony, for any person to
+have any one dy under his hand, unless he were a lawful Physician.
+More noble and generous was the opinion of Alexander the Great,
+concerning his Physician, who confidently drank off that Medicine
+which cured him, though he was before informed by some friend that
+'twas poysoned. Neither can History it self to my knowledg produce any
+example, that ever any such foolish Villany was acted; Though
+doubtless many lives might have been saved if the Apothecaries would
+have complyed with the College, in their proposed Orders for selling
+Rats-bane.
+
+In the next place I shall recite some few of their devices against
+those Physicians in particular that make their own Medicines, as to
+tell the Patient that is averse to Chymical Medicines, that the Doctor
+is Chymical, and that because forsooth he makes his own Medicines; but
+to those that affect Chymical, that the Doctor is but a Galenist, and
+useth only dull and ineffectual remedies, as best suits to the sick
+mans Palat. A second is, that if this Physician be called in to a
+Patient, the Apothecary will pretend present danger, and in his
+absence call in another, or pretend he is abroad when he is not, or
+else that the Case requires the counsel of two Physicians; and what
+other devices they use, I have not well learned.
+
+Now briefly follow some small Scandals they cast upon the said
+Physicians, as first that they do it for want of practice; the falsity
+whereof is known by those few that do act this way already, and
+shortly 'twill be more apparent, when many more of good practice,
+singular parts and honesty will do the like, and certainly nothing but
+lazyness, ignorance, or want of will to do the utmost good they are
+able for the sick, can hinder them from so doing, except age,
+infirmity of body, or want of convenience. But suppose 'tis so as they
+alledg, doubtless every man may and ought to use all lawful means for
+his own subsistence; and do not our adversaries say they are inforced
+to it, affirming that unless they give Medicines of themselves, their
+acquaintance will go to another Apothecary who will do it, though one
+of their Company told me, they had power by their Charter to restrain
+practice? Whence (if true) it clearly follows that the whole Company
+allows it.
+
+But those Physicians, that for the reasons above, cannot nor will not
+take this course, are to be admonished, to do here as the Physicians
+did in France, for the good of people, viz. to tell their Patients the
+prices of Medicines, and to write their Bills in English, that thereby
+the Patients may not pay too unreasonable for them.
+
+I now conclude, having performed this ungrateful task, with as much
+brevity, mildness of Spirit, and language, as the business would
+permit (and what the prudent Statutes of our College require of each
+of their members, that we shall by all honest and lawful ways and
+means prosecute all illiterate Mountebanks and Impostors, &c. and is
+no more then the Laws and Charters granted to us allow, and what we
+twice faithfully promise (as much an Oath as we can give) viz. at our
+admission as Candidate and as Fellow) being obliged to another work of
+greater difficulty, and concern, long since promised, having been too
+long diverted with fitting my self for my intended practice, and
+several other unavoidable Occasions.
+
+
+Postscript.
+
+Reader, There intervening so small a space from the publication of the
+first Edition of these Papers to this second; I thought to have added
+nothing to it, but to have put it out only more correct, as the Title
+intimates; but since some Sheets were printed off, I have had the
+opportunity to be informed of some exceptions taken to them, which
+being but few, I shall give the Objectors full satisfaction in. Though
+one answer might serve for all; viz. that an Apothecary in the
+presence of two Physicians, said, that he had told me of all these
+Cheats, and indeed they are so common, that whosoever shall be
+conversant with them, may observe most of these to be a great part of
+their discourse. The First exception against Myrtle-leafs, that they
+were not shewed the Censors for Sena, a Binder for a Purger; the time
+I have forgot; the Censors then were, Sir George Ent, Dr. Goddard, Dr.
+King, and my Self; the places, Tut-hill-street, and some Shops in
+King-street; Mr. Shellberry being then Master of the Company.
+Secondly, As for Mushrooms rubbed over with Chalk for Agaric; this was
+found by the Censors in the Old-Baily, at the Shop of one now dead,
+and therefore I shall say no further of it, it being taken notice of
+by Mr. Evelyn, as is intimated before. p.8. A Third is Diascordium
+made of Honey and Bole-Armeniac, this was discovered in a Shop at the
+end of Drury-lane near Holborn, concluded to be so by Sir George Ent,
+My Self, and Mr. Richardson then Master of the Company, and the rest
+of the Censors and Wardens, easily to be remembred, and was by them
+taken away to their Hall; a pound whereof I had, and by dissolution
+found it to be no otherwise; what the Apothecaries did with the large
+Pot of the remainder I know not. Besides these, I have heard no
+exception to the whole concerning frauds.
+
+Now since the Cheaters with the Cheatees, most insist on the objection
+of Poyson; I add to what hath been formerly said; that Poysons are not
+necessarily to be given in Medicines alone, but may be given in
+Broaths, Beer, or any other thing taken into the Body, and that
+without the consultation or knowledg of any Physician, and surely if
+any one had a mind to Poyson his Relations (an Action abominable to
+the English Nation) he would rather Act privately himself, having many
+opportunities offered to him, rather then by communicating it to
+others, make himself obnoxious to their discovery. But if he should
+communicate to others, 'tis more probable he would communicate it to
+meaner, and more Mercenary persons, as Apothecaries and Nurses, at a
+smaller rate and with more security, then reveal such secrets to
+Physicians, Men of Honour, and Honesty. Furthermore, if any mans life
+be suspected to be taken away with Poyson, and by opening the body it
+should appear so (and without which it cannot well appear) the
+Physician is doubtless as lyable to the Law as any other person
+whatsoever. So that the Patient hath as much moral security from this
+mischief, as possibly can be had, or wished in humane affairs. Nay
+suppose the Physician might be so corrupted (as to take away his
+Patients life) he might effect it without the least suspition; either
+by neglecting, or omitting what was necessary, or by giving him
+unproper Medicines, for which he could be accused of ignorance or
+errour only; besides, if he had a mind to poyson, he as well as
+others, assistants of Visitors, might do it securely enough, by
+conveying into a singular Cordial, or any Medicine made by the Shops,
+and often taken by the Patient before with good success, a mortal dose
+without any knowledg or surmise of any such horrid practice. Add
+hereunto what an able Chirurgeon suggested, that Apothecaries taking
+upon them the wrapping up, and Embalming of Bodies (whereby they gain
+more money then by several years practice upon them; for their
+embalming amounts to very great sums) may upon better reason be
+suspected of poysoning then any other persons whatsoever conversant
+among the sick, since both a particular interest and convenience of
+concealing may induce them to it. Lastly, did this Objection carry any
+weight in it, then neither Physicians, Chirurgeons, Apothecaries,
+Nurses, nor Friends, might administer to the sick; because all these,
+as well as Physicians, may clandestinely poyson their Relations. And
+therefore that an Objection should be raised by such persons that have
+more opportunities and advantage (in a thing never proved to be done,
+because 'tis possible only) to hinder so manifest and publick a profit
+as hath been proved; appears to be very weak and absurd.
+
+And having done with the Objections made to others, and to my self
+also by some of the Company, with whom I have conversed, who huff'd
+exceedingly at my first discourse with them, but departed (seemingly
+at least) well satisfied, I am sure fully and without reply answered,
+and with addition of many other Cheats besides, which I shall not here
+mention for the reasons above specified: I shall here transcribe one
+gratulatory Letter amongst many sent me by a Divine well known in
+Physic, being very comprehensive of most I have said, to the end the
+Universities and all learned men may see what is like to become of one
+of the three of their noble professions: The words of the Letter are
+these.
+
+  "Your design all ingenious persons approve highly, to whom I have
+  communicated it. 'Tis frequent with a Master Apothecary that hath
+  served but 2, or 3 years, nay some scarce one, to take Apprentices
+  for as little, or less time, with a little more money then
+  ordinarily; and presently they assume the Title of Doctors, though
+  they understand no more then only to write to a whole-sale
+  Apothecary in your City. And truly their couzenages here in the
+  Country do exceed those in the City. For I have known 2s. 6d.
+  taken for a little Plaster of Galbanum, and it is usual to make
+  one pectoral Syrup serve for all; as having occasion to enquire
+  for Syrup of Jujubs, one of them ingenuously confessed (not
+  knowing what Jujubs were) that he used one pectoral Syrup for all,
+  a little varying the colour sometimes, and this a peculiar receipt
+  of his own, something differing from any in the Dispensatory."
+
+As for their opposition also in the Country, take this one Example. An
+eminent Physician of Gloucester by reason of the Apothecaries Frauds,
+&c. betook himself to make his own Medicines, taking for his Servant
+one that was not a Freeman of the said City. Who in his Masters
+absence, and contrary to his command, sold to an Apothecary a Medicine
+not to be had, or at least pretended not to be had in the Town, for a
+most urgent and necessary use; whereupon the Apothecaries conspiring
+together, exhibited a complaint to the Mayor and Court of Aldermen,
+requiring of them, that the said Physician (who was a Freeman, and had
+lately born the Office of Mayor) might be dis-franchised. Which being
+not granted them, they set the whole City into such disorder, that
+they refused to attend the Mayor on a Solemn day (as their Custom is,
+and are bound to do) with their Flags from their Town-Hall to the
+Church, which the prudence of the Magistrates for the present
+qualified. This relation I had from the then Mayor my Kinsman, in the
+presence of a London Apothecary.
+
+Next as to the Lyes and Scandals of my self, I shall take notice only
+of those that concern practice (the rest being but generally false and
+non-sensical revilings.) One is, that they most untruly entitle me to
+have been Physician to the Lady Anderson, and many others which I
+never saw or heard of; and that I soon dispatched them. Another
+wherewith they make great noise, is, of one Mr. Staples in
+Covent-Garden, whom they say also I dispatched in few days. The true
+relation whereof was this. An able Physician of the College had him in
+hand for the Jaundice, about two Months before I was called, whereupon
+we consulted and writ a note to the Apothecary; a week after the
+consultation I was sent for, and desired to take care of him alone; he
+was then, besides the Jaundice, troubled with continual Torments in
+his Bowels, which were as hard as a Board (as they say) his Stomach
+gone, his nights restless, a vehement Cough joyned with a Hectick
+Fever, having long before had an ill Habit of Body. In this Case I
+found him, and in a Months time or thereabouts, I cured his Jaundice,
+relieved his Torments, removed the hardness of his Bowels, mitigated
+his Cough, but the Hectick Fever continuing he declined; at length
+another Physician was called in, who can witness the truth of what was
+done, and upon the whole we had good reason to think his Liver to be
+Apostemated. After which consultation he had no more of me, telling me
+he would rely on Kitchin Physic, and after that I never saw him. Now
+this being the only relation I have heard in this kind, I have been
+the larger to recite it, that thereby the Reader may take an estimate
+of their dealing with me in the like reports. The like or worse, some
+of them have said of other Physicians, which perhaps hereafter shall
+be more fully related with all the Circumstances.
+
+As for their malicious anger, and disadvantageous to themselves, take
+this one example; I having prescribed a Plaster for the Head, an
+Apothecary would not make it, because prescribed by me; and I have
+been informed that many of them agreed they would make nothing for
+such Physicians as made their own Medicines; a poor and pitiful
+revenge, to their own loss and discredit.
+
+Another Scandal is, the fewness of my Medicines. 'Tis true my Closet
+is not open to every bodies Eye, nor have I so many and large Pots and
+Glasses, or fill'd with as good as nothing, or the same Medicine, in
+several with different Titles, neither are any of mine guilded to make
+a shew with; yet I dare offer to view with the best of their Shops,
+for number of good and really useful Medicines fit to answer presently
+any Physicians intentions, for internal remedies. And this will be
+attested by some of my learned Collegues, who have seen and perused
+them. Whereas the Shops contain only some general Medicines, whereof
+few single Physicians make use of one quarter in their practice, and
+upon most particular cases are compell'd to prescribe what is not
+readily dispensed in the Shops. Others insinuate my seldom change of
+Medicines. To which I answer, that where all circumstances are the
+same, and a good success follows, I neither do, nor will much vary,
+the easiest thing in the World to be done, both to colour and tast.
+For such changes (necessary to be used in Shop-practice) without
+manifest reason, clog a Patients Purse and Stomach, may not suit with
+the Patients Disease nor Constitution. And doubtless every Physician
+writes at first what he conceives most fit, and proper in the Case
+proposed; and if this agrees fully to his expectation, runs some
+hazard in the alteration, which he is necessitated to do in the
+Shop-way, for many reasons before-mentioned. Besides, who scruples to
+take the Medicinal Waters of Epsom, Barnet, and Tunbridge, many weeks
+together? or who refuseth a constant unalter'd Diet-Drink for some
+Months, or Years together? And do not Apothecaries in all Diseases of
+the Lungs, fly to their pectoral decoction for all persons, and for
+the same person at all times, unless perhaps with the addition of a
+little China to it?
+
+Some Patients of the middle rank have by these and such like Artifices
+been drawn from me, but have soon returned, being undeceived by the
+fulsomness, charge, and the non-success of the Shops.
+
+Now these things I have here published to this end alone, that both
+Physician and Patient may take notice of them; the former to neglect
+and slight such poor Calumnies, and the other to avoid the
+inconveniencies thence arising.
+
+The care I had not to injure any particular person, by naming him in
+my first Edition, or this (although I had so many witnesses of credit,
+as appears by the Postscript, to justifie any thing they can object
+against) makes me hope they will leave off their personal animosities,
+or redress their Crimes, their Vanity of threatning me with 20000 l.
+Actions, and affrighting my publishing this, together with my further
+proceedings, by their intended assaults and batteries; which make them
+appear so ridiculous, that I smile at the first, and pardon the last;
+wishing them to consider seriously how the expectation some have of
+what they can say for themselves, together with the necessity that
+obliges them to it (if possible) were enough one would think, besides
+their many large brags of a speedy and full answer (which they have a
+long time buzzed about the Town as a present remedy in this exigence)
+this I say were enough to make any man conclude them guilty, but 'tis
+hoped this Edition will either work in them an amendment, or bury
+their confident presumptions, leaving no man a belief of their
+innocency. If their promised answer be any thing else but Libelling,
+or a Ballad without rhime or reason, stuft with falsities and
+revilings, such as was only given to Dr. Coxe's Book; I shall return
+it a speedy and full answer, and with an addition of far greater
+Frauds and Abuses, if they therein desire it.
+
+                                                               Feb. 20
+                                                        Hatton-Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pag. 35. l. 6 read Physician, pag. 67. l. 13. read then to trust.
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses
+Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses
+Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries
+       As well in Relation to Patients, as Physicians: And Of the
+              only Remedy thereof by Physicians making their own
+              Medicines.
+
+Author: Christopher Merrett
+
+Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15910]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the Bibliothèque
+nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="transcriber">
+  <p>
+    Transcriber's Note:
+  </p>
+  <ul>
+    <li>
+      Hyphens splitting words across lines have been removed.
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      Original spellings have generally been retained, but
+      the Errata from the Second Edition (at the end), and
+      a mistake in the Errata (!) have been
+      marked <ins class="corr" title="2nd Edition: Original has 'lke ths'">like this</ins>.
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      The Latin epigraph translates as: &ldquo;They all represent
+      themselves as Doctors&mdash;The Uneducated, The Priest,
+      The Nurse, and The Barber, The <em>Apothecary</em>, The Old Woman.&rdquo;
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="front">
+
+<a class="empty-pb" id="png001"></a>
+
+<div class="docImprint">
+<span style="font-size: 220%;">Imprimatur,</span><br />
+<i>Novemb.</i> 13.<br />
+1669.<br />
+<span style="font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.5em; font-size: 140%;">SAM. PARKER</span>.
+</div>
+
+<a class="empty-pb" id="png002"></a>
+
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div class="doctitle">
+<h1 class="titlePart"><span style="font-size: 200%;">
+A<br />
+<span style="font-size: 180%;">SHORT VIEW</span><br />
+<span style="font-size: 80%;">OF THE</span><br />
+<i>FRAUDS</i>, and <i>ABUSES</i><br />
+<span style="font-size: 80%;">Committed by</span><br />
+APOTHECARIES;<br />
+</span></h1>
+<p class="subtitlePart">
+<span style="font-size: 200%;">
+<span style="font-size: 80%;">As well in Relation to<br />
+PATIENTS, as PHYSICIANS:<br />
+AND<br />
+Of the only Remedy thereof by PHYSICIANS<br />
+making their own<br /></span>
+<span style="font-size: 180%;">MEDICINES.</span></span>
+</p>
+</div>
+<p class="byline">
+BY<br />
+<i>CHRISTOPHER MERRETT Dr.</i> in <i>Physic</i>, Fellow of the
+College of <i>Physicians</i>, and of the <i>Royal Society</i>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="epigraph"><p>&mdash;&mdash;Fingunt se Medicos omnes, Idiota, Sacerdos,
+Nutrix, &amp; Tonsor, <em>Pharmacopæus</em>, Anus.
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="docEdition">
+<span class="gothic">The Second Edition more correct.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="docImprint">
+<span style="font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.5em;">LONDON</span>,<br />
+Printed for <i>James Allestry</i>, Printer to the <i>Royal
+Society</i>, at the <i>Rose</i> and <i>Crown</i> in St.
+<i>Paul's Church-Yard</i>, <span class="docDate">1670</span>.
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="body">
+
+<a class="pb" name="5" id="png003"></a>
+
+<div class="rule">
+  <img src="images/rule.png" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="argument"><p>
+A <em>Short View</em> of the <em>Frauds</em> and <em>Abuses</em> committed
+by <em>Apothecaries</em>, as well in Relation to
+<em>Patients</em>, as <em>Physicians</em>; and of the only remedy
+thereof by <em>Physicians</em> making their own
+Medicines.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>
+Doubtless it will seem strange to most men,
+that after 30 years not unsuccessful practice
+in this great City, I should now at
+last forbear sending my Bills to the <i>Apothecaries</i>,
+knowing that hereby a whole
+Company of men interested in the World (who by
+their number, noise, and tricks, may be able to decry
+any <i>Physician</i>) will become my implacable adversaries,
+and by their private whispers of untrue tales, will endeavour
+to their utmost, either to keep me from any
+new, or shuffle me out of my fixed imployment. But
+not fearing the utmost their malice can invent, or proclaim;
+I shall publickly assert what I privately practice,
+preferring the publick good, and the honour of
+my profession before my own private profit. And although
+I have had some experience what their
+groundless anger can do, when they some years since
+proclaimed me in their publick Hall their Enemy, for
+
+<a class="pb" name="6" id="png004"></a>
+
+acting the <i>College</i> Interest, and of late for saving my
+Patients lives and purses, by dispencing <i>gratis</i> my Medicines.
+Yet I hope no indifferent person, when he
+knows that I have thus long slighted their weak endeavours,
+will believe I can now at length have so poor an
+end as revenge; especially when they shall consider
+on the one hand, the universal and daily complaints
+of both <i>Patient</i> and <i>Physician</i>, the great cause they
+have to do so, and the little hope of a remedy, and
+on the other, besides that general obligation all men
+have of doing their Country-men good, and the particular
+necessity I have of justifying my actions, by
+leaving the World their judg upon the account I
+shall here deliver of them. And lastly, that which will
+leave my Enemies not any objection, I take upon me
+not only a great trouble, but charge, without any
+other design then doing mankind good, by endeavouring
+to restore my profession to its ancient and deserved
+honours. And had I none of these inducements, I am
+sure the vulgar excuse of friends importunities may be
+satisfactory to all persons for my publishing what I here
+do, when I must acknowledge that many of my Collegues
+and other Practisers in several parts, upon reading
+these papers furnished me not only with some bad
+practices of their own experience, but thereupon enjoyed
+the publishing of them. So that in these papers
+I do but speak the common language of all <i>Physicians</i>,
+and of very many <i>Patients</i>. Neither are all their frauds
+and abuses here inserted, the rest (perhaps more in
+number) being reserved to another opportunity.  I
+shall only add by way of preface; that the last year a
+Book was printed on the same argument, by an inquisitive
+
+<a class="pb" name="7" id="png005"></a>
+
+person, now <i>Dr.</i> in <i>Physic</i>, which might have
+spared me this labour, but that it was too large for every
+ones reading, and in some things short. It was his
+fate to be called by them <i>Fool</i>, <i>Ass</i>, and <i>Simple Fellow</i>,
+and much worse language, bragging that some of their
+<i>Boys</i> should answer him. But upon more serious
+thoughts, the whole Company have suffered it to find
+the credit it well deserves, without the least reply but
+that of revilings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In these ensuing papers, I hope to prove, that these
+abuses complain'd of by all sorts of persons, arise from
+this only cause, that <i>Physicians</i> dispence not themselves
+such Medicines, they use for the relief of their <i>Patients</i>,
+but commit this work to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, or rather
+their Servants.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now the <i>Apothecaries</i> abuses generally relate either
+to the <i>Medicines</i>, <i>Patients</i>, or <i>Physicians</i>; which three
+do comprehend all I shall say on this subject.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the Reader is to take notice, that all here
+charged on the <i>Apothecaries</i>, is not meant of every single
+one, but of some, or more of them, and may in a
+short time in all probability be verified of them all,
+according as their number, cajoling the ignorant, and
+bold daring in <i>Physic</i> increase.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But before I descend to particulars, I shall first lay
+down this <i>Proposition</i>, their own confession, and in their
+own Language, viz. <i>That they may be the veriest Knaves
+in England</i>. Because they may put in bad ingredients,
+and more or less then the composition requires, they
+may substitute one thing for another; and all this without
+being detected, and consequently not be punished
+for such misdemeanors; but more especially in Medicines
+
+<a class="pb" name="8" id="png006"></a>
+
+for private mens uses, wherein they may do what
+they please without the least discovery of the <i>Patient</i>,
+and from this general confession of theirs, it clearly
+follows, that whatsoever deceit, covetous wits can
+invent, may at least be suspected to be used by them,
+and whatsoever is here alledged may find easier
+belief.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>And Secondly</i>, Most men wonder, that this <i>Corporation</i>,
+being but of few years standing, and to the
+setting up of whose Trade so small a Stock is necessary;
+should live so high, spend so freely, gain so great Estates,
+by their return of so little money yearly, which how
+'tis done every man may conceive to be effected by the
+following Artifices.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More particularly, the Frauds by them committed
+relate either to their falsifying of <i>Medicines</i>, or secondly,
+to the number of their Bills, and prescriptions,
+or thirdly, to the prices of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>First</i>, They use <i>Medicines</i> quite contrary to the
+prescription, <i>Myrtle-leafs</i> shewed the <i>Censors</i> for <i>Sena</i>,
+a Binder for a Purger.   <i>Mushroms</i> of the Oak, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+rub'd over with Chalk for <i>Agaric</i>, which Mr. <i>Evelyn</i> in
+his late publisht Book of <i>Forest Trees</i>, pag. 27. observes,
+to the great scandal of <i>Physic</i> as he adds; <i>Hemlock-Dropwort</i>
+Roots for <i>Pæony</i> Roots, Poysons for wholesome remedies;
+<i>Privet</i> by some, by others <i>Dog-berries</i>, for those
+of <i>Spina Cervina</i>, no Purgers for a strong one.  <i>Sheeps
+Lungs</i> for <i>Fox Lungs</i>, the <i>Bone</i> of an <i>Oxe Heart</i> for that
+of a <i>Stags Heart</i>, <i>Damsons</i> for <i>Damasc Prunes</i>, Syrup
+of <i>Limons</i>, for that of <i>Citrons</i>, <i>Bryony</i> Roots for <i>Mechoacan</i>,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, They falsify the grand Compositions of
+
+<a class="pb" name="9" id="png007"></a>
+
+the <i>London Dispensatory</i>. It being a common trade
+with them to buy unsound, and decayed Simples of
+some <i>Druggists</i>, and to return them back so much of the
+composition as will pay for the Simples. Secondly,
+whereas <i>Apothecaries</i> are bound to shew publickly to
+the <i>Censors</i> of the <i>College</i>, and the <i>Master</i> and <i>Wardens</i>
+of their Company, <i>Mithridate</i>, <i>Diascordium</i>, <i>Alkermes</i>,
+&amp;c. Yet for all this some of them privately make a
+great deal more of the Composition then is shewed, of
+unsound Drugs, and some without any view at all;
+others put in the Scrapings that ought to be thrown
+away; and by these Arts they under-sell, and ruine one
+another, selling the Composition at a lower rate then
+good Ingredients cost them; and with these complaints
+they daily mutiny amongst themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, 'Tis very common for them to load Medicines
+with Honey, and other cheaper ingredients, and
+to leave out in whole or in part, those of greater value;
+<i>viz. Saffron</i> in <i>Ruffus</i> Pills, and in <i>Oxycroceum</i> Plaster,
+which latter, they colour of a <i>saffron</i> colour with <i>Turmeric</i>,
+<i>Sanders</i> &amp;c. <i>Ambergrise in Alkermes</i>, <i>Diascordium</i>
+was found by the <i>Censors</i> in their search made only of
+<i>Honey</i>, and <i>Bole-Armeniac</i>. Which false composition
+was taken away by the then Master of the Company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such <i>Chymists</i> which sell preparations honestly made
+complain, that few <i>Apothecaries</i> will go to the prices
+of them. Whence it comes to pass, that most of the preparations
+found in the Shops are sophisticated, to the
+great abuse of City and Country. These abuses daily
+increase since the <i>Censors</i>, discouraged by the multitude
+of <i>Empirics</i> swarming in every Corner, have
+omitted their wonted searches, being to their loss of
+
+<a class="pb" name="10" id="png008"></a>
+
+time, and expences out of their own Purses for the
+publick good only. Now since the <i>Chymical</i> Oyls, by
+reason of their great prices are most of them adulterated,
+and very few of them right good, and that nothing
+hath been published on this matter, and to leave
+the buyers of them unexcusable, I shall here add
+briefly, yet sufficiently the ways to discover these
+Cheats. First for sweet-scented <i>Chymical</i> Oyls, <i>viz.</i>
+those of <i>Cloves</i>, <i>Cinnamon</i> and <i>Sassaphras</i>. Only drop
+a little of them into fair water, and that part which is
+true good will sink under the water, but the adulterated
+part will swim on the top of it. Some others draw
+deep tinctures from the said Spices with Spirit of Wine
+highly rectified, and sell them for the Oyls; but these
+mix with the water throughout, neither swimming, nor
+sinking. Others more craftily digest with the said tinctures
+some of the true Oyls, which compound being
+put into water, will for a time render it white. Another
+way of sophisticating is with Oyl of <i>Turpentine</i>
+mixed in great quantity with that which is adulterated;
+You may easily discover the Oyl of <i>Turpentine</i>,
+by setting it on fire, for it yields abundance of ill-scented
+smoak, with very little savour of the Herb,
+Flour, or Seed, <i>&amp;c.</i> and soon takes fire. To correct
+the ill smell of the <i>Turpentine</i>, they digest it with, and
+distil it off with <i>Spirit of Wine</i>. Those sophisticated
+with <i>Turpentine</i>, fired in a Silver Spoon colour it, and
+quickly diffuse themselves upon a Knife, or Paper. The
+best way to try by firing, is to put a drop or two of
+these Oyls on the end of a broad pointed Knife, which
+being first heated, and then thrust into a lighted Candle,
+presently take fire, and break out into a flame
+
+<a class="pb" name="11" id="png009"></a>
+
+with much dark smoak; but if you will try them in a
+Spoon, heat it first over a Candle, and then blow the
+flame of lighted paper, or of a Wax Candle on them.
+To try the scent, blow out the flame of the good Oyls,
+and your smell will soon discover the ill scent of the
+<i>Turpentine</i> from that of the good Oyl. But on the contrary,
+all Oyls drawn from Plants by distillation
+hardly flame, and the flame soon goes out, and the
+smoak gives a full flavour of the Plant it self, whereas
+those sophisticated as before, differ from the true in
+both. The same Oyls are also sophisticated with cheap
+ones drawn from decayed <i>Oringes</i>, and <i>Limons</i>; Your
+smell on firing will soon discover these mixtures. A
+third way of sophisticating <i>Chymical</i> Oyls is, by mixing
+with them such Oyls as are made by expression,
+which are easily discovered by rubbing them on white
+paper, which being held and dryed at the fire, the <i>Chymical</i>
+part soon flyes away, and leaves the paper transparent,
+looking no otherwise then oyled paper; but
+pure <i>Chymical</i> Oyls totally fly away, leaving the paper
+white as 'twas before, and not transparent, and in
+this way Oyl of sweet Almonds and Spike have a great
+share. As for Oyls drawn by <i>Retort</i>, they all of them
+smell so strong of the fire, that neither smell nor tast
+can well discover any fraud in them. Now for the
+<i>fixed Salts</i>, most of them are made of the Ashes of
+<i>Tobacco-stalks</i>, &amp;c. More might be said for the discovery
+of the Cheats of other <i>Chymical</i> preparations,
+which shall be reserved to another opportunity, and
+had <i>Physicians</i> just encouragement, they would spend
+both their time and moneys on the like discoveries for
+the publick Utility.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="12" id="png010"></a>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fifthly</i>, Add to the former (though perhaps 'tis an
+error of ignorance only) that if such Simples are prescribed
+they know not, they fetch from the Herb-women
+what they give them, true or false; for many of
+these Women give to very many Plants false names;
+Now if the <i>Apothecary</i> be so careful to consult an Herbal,
+which few have, and fewer know how to make use
+of, yet they too frequently mistake the thing by reason
+of several names given to the same thing, or of one name
+to several things, and many of them consult the common
+<i>Dictionaries</i> only, which are most erroneous in
+the names of natural things; insomuch that in my first
+practice (being curious of these particulars) I have
+found two or three mistakes in one prescription, a Catalogue
+of which mistakes, and names ill given, I had
+collected, but the late fire consumed it, though many
+of them my memory hath reserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Sixthly</i>, Many of the <i>London</i>, and most of the <i>Country-Apothecaries</i>,
+buy of the whole-sale men, who
+affirm of one another, especially of such who gain
+great Estates in short time, that they cannot sell their
+Medicines honestly made at so low a rate as they
+do.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Seventhly</i>, I shall need to say little of such <i>distilled
+waters</i>, as discover themselves neither to smell, nor
+tast, but shall only recite a known Story of an <i>Apothecary</i>,
+who chid his man for sending away a Customer
+that came for <i>Plantan</i> water, telling him there was
+enough at the Pump.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Eighthly</i>, As for <i>Ointments</i>, and <i>Plasters</i>, they are sold
+by some at so low a price, <i>viz. 3 d. per</i> l. for <i>Ointments</i>,
+as I have been informed, that 'tis not possible to make
+
+<a class="pb" name="13" id="png011"></a>
+
+them at, and yet such however falsifyed maintain a
+trade amongst Country, and low-priced City-<i>Apothecaries</i>,
+and the <i>Chirurgeons</i> profess they cannot effect
+their Cures with the Shop-Medicines, and that this is
+the reason why they make their own <i>Oyls</i>, <i>Oyntments</i>,
+&amp;c. as the <i>Apothecaries</i> Charter allows them to do;
+and why may not <i>Physicians</i> think this to be the cause
+why they sometimes fail in their Cures, as well as <i>Chirurgeons?</i>
+and also make their own Medicines as well
+as they, especially since the <i>Apothecary</i> may as easily
+falsify, and to greater profit in the one, then in the
+other?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Ninthly</i>, As to their use of bad or decayed <i>Drugs</i>,
+'tis so common a practice that I shall need to give but
+one notorious instance of it, and 'tis this, I having occasion
+to use some Seeds, sent for them to a Seeds-man,
+the Messenger desiring to have those of the same
+Year. The Tradesman knowing him to live with me,
+asked, if they were for Physical use, he replyed in the
+affirmative, whereat he presently shewed him others,
+which were of 6 or 7 years old (as he confessed) affirming
+them to be as good for that use as the newest,
+which he sold only for sowing, and that he kept the
+others, though never so old, for the <i>Apothecaries</i> only,
+who still asked for them, buying them though 20 years
+old, not regarding if they were decayed and wholy
+effete (for no Seed will preserve its vegetative faculty
+above 7 years much less its Physical) so they could but
+have them cheap. Besides their pretty knacks (as
+they call them) of making their Compounds fair to
+the eye, more vendible, but worse for use, by restoring
+them to their colour and consistence, that
+
+<a class="pb" name="14" id="png012"></a>
+
+they may pass for good, which perhaps 'tis better
+to pass over in silence, lest by confuting I should
+teach the younger Fry, who may better be honestly
+ignorant of them. Now for their substituting one
+thing for another, and detracting where they please,
+I shall add but one Story of an <i>Apothecary</i>, who commanded
+his man (who told him they had no good
+<i>Rhabarb</i> in the house) that he should put in double
+quantity of what they had. Nay I have known
+one simple of a quite different nature used for a whole
+composition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Tenthly</i>, I shall conclude this ungrateful Discourse,
+with saying that by reason more frauds may be committed
+by the <i>Apothecaries</i>, then by any other Trade,
+and by supposition that gain will tempt most men to
+dishonest actions, especially where they may act undiscovered;
+I say; that this seems to be the cause why
+they have two Supervisors set over them more then
+any Company that I know of, <i>viz.</i> the <i>Censors</i> of the
+<i>College</i> of <i>Physicians</i>, and the <i>Master</i> and <i>Wardens</i> of
+their own Company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The next thing is the inlarging and multiplying
+their Bills and Medicines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>First</i>, When in Chronical Diseases a <i>Physician</i> is
+consulted, they go on of their own heads with the
+same prescription, frequently enough to the Patients
+great disadvantage, both of health and purse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, By giving and intermixing Medicines of
+their own Phancy, with the <i>Physicians</i> prescriptions,
+<i>viz.</i> some pleasing Medicine, whereby too often the
+<i>Physicians</i> intention is quite crost, and the effect made
+uncertain, and hazardous.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="15" id="png013"></a>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, By giving Medicines themselves on small
+accounts, and such as require only a good ordering,
+and no more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fourthly</i>, By repeating long courses of <i>Physic</i> unadvisedly,
+and needlesly, when either nothing, or very
+little is needful to be done.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fifthly</i>, By creating diseases in easie mens Phansies,
+and so decoying them into courses of <i>Physic</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Sixthly</i>, Some of them get private and worthless
+receipts, and sell them at what rate they please; Mr.
+<i>Delaune</i> by one Pill alone, though not a very safe one,
+got some thousands of pounds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Seventhly</i>, If one of them get a private receipt from
+a <i>Physician</i> called by the inventor his <i>Nostrum</i>, if another
+<i>Apothecary</i> have occasion to use it, he shall be sure
+to pay sawce for it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Eighthly</i>, Another trick is when the <i>Patient</i> is cured,
+and the <i>Physician</i> therefore hath given over his Visits,
+then comes the <i>Apothecary</i> and insinuates by his words
+and passions, either some danger of relapse, or some
+other present distemper, and repairs to the <i>Physician</i>
+for a Bill to cure the imaginary disease.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Ninthly</i>, But their principal Art of all is, to cry up,
+and bring in to <i>Patients</i> such <i>Physicians</i>, who through
+design must comply with the <i>Apothecaries</i> Interest, and
+such Practisers they extol and cry up for good <i>Physicians</i>,
+which some of them call more expresly good
+<i>Apothecaries Physicians</i>, and such without doubt, the
+whole Company will endeavour to raise unto a fame
+and practice. But such as write only for the good of the
+<i>Patient</i>, and not at all for the benefit of the <i>Apothecary</i>
+(as all honest men ought to do) they will endeavour
+
+<a class="pb" name="16" id="png014"></a>
+
+to prevent their calling in, or to shuffle them
+out.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now this good <i>Apothecaries Physician</i>, they describe
+by his frequent though needless visits, but especially by
+the multitude of his Bills, by his visiting twice a day,
+or oftner (a very careful and painful <i>Doctor</i>) and by
+still writing new Medicines, when half the former, or
+perhaps none of them have been taken, making an
+<i>Apothecaries</i> Shop in the <i>Patients</i> House, planting the
+Cupboards and Windows with Glasses and Gally-Pots,
+and not a quarter of the whole made use of.
+He prescribes a Medicine for every slight complaint,
+and never goes away from the <i>Patient</i> or the <i>Patient</i>
+from him, without a Bill, for fear of the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+grumbling.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And from this burdening the sick with multiplicity
+of Medicines, too often contrary to, and destructive
+one of another, it proceeds that in the <i>Small Pox</i>, and
+<i>Measles</i>, many are afraid to use <i>Physicians</i>, and commit
+the care of the sick to <i>Nurses</i>, and <i>Old Women</i>, and
+perhaps sometimes not without cause, for by continual
+multiplication of Medicines, the humours of the
+body may be made, or kept in too great a state of fluidity,
+whence the <i>Flox</i> followeth. Whereas a Medicine
+or two duly administred, may suffice to bring
+them well forth, and then there needs no more but
+good ordering, unless perhaps some accident arise,
+which may require further care. And here as well as
+in other Cases, the <i>Patient</i> is to be rectified, who requires
+the <i>Physicians</i> Visits, and yet dismisseth him
+without a reward, unless he writes a Bill, whereas it
+might have been better if nothing at all had been prescribed;
+
+<a class="pb" name="17" id="png015"></a>
+
+and the <i>Physician</i> left to his own judgment;
+and hence it is that many enlarge their Bills, that the
+Patient may think he hath enough for his money,
+whereby the <i>Apothecary</i> is gratified, who ought to
+commend the Medicines as necessary for the sick person,
+and singular in themselves, whereas in truth this
+great farcy proves ungrateful to the tast and stomach;
+inconvenient to health, by curing one disease, but
+creating more; and by this means keeping them continually
+in a way of <i>Physic</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>A third</i> abuse of the <i>Apothecaries</i> relates to the prices
+of their Medicines; first they put what rates they
+please on their Simples, Compounds, and Receipts,
+and none are judges of them, but those of their own
+Trade; insomuch that they gain a 11 <i>d.</i> in the Shilling,
+if they say true of themselves. Whereas the <i>Colleges
+of Physicians</i> beyond Sea, yearly set a tax upon the
+<i>Simples</i>, and <i>Compounds</i> of the Shops. So that the
+Customer can tell the price of what he hath occasion
+to use, and not stand at the mercy of the
+<i>Apothecary</i> to rate them as he lists, and to this purpose
+they put in print the prices of them every
+year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, Suppose a <i>Physician</i> hath prescribed a
+Pint of <i>Juleb</i>, &amp;c. to be taken at four several times,
+some <i>Apothecaries</i> carry not the whole pint at once,
+but divide it into four parts, and carry but one at a
+time, and so of other Medicines, and then will charge
+their Bill for every single <i>Potion</i>, or Draught, as they
+ought the whole Pint; so that by this Art they gain
+four times as much for the whole Medicine as in Conscience
+they ought; and a <i>Juleb</i>, which cost them six
+
+<a class="pb" name="18" id="png016"></a>
+
+pence, will be rated at 10, 12, or more Shillings. But
+perhaps 'tis fit they should be paid for their created
+Visits; and for this unnecessary officiousness, persons
+of great estates may be contented to pay roundly, if
+they please.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, When a <i>Physician</i> hath prescribed 20
+Pills, some of the <i>Apothecaries</i> will make 30 of them,
+under pretence the <i>Patient</i> cannot swallow them else;
+now reckoning each Pill at a certain rate (as they
+usually do) they gain a third part more then they
+ought.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fourthly</i>, To advance the prices, you shall hardly
+ever see a Bill without <i>Bezoar</i>, or <i>Pearls</i> in it, to make
+people think them very chargeable; whereas sometimes
+there is not above a grain or two of these dear
+ingredients in the prescription, and a few grains of
+these or <i>Ambergrise</i> doubles or trebles the prices of the
+Medicines, and are sure never to be omitted in their
+Bills, besides the guilding of the Pills, and covering
+their <i>Bolusses</i>, and <i>Electuaries</i> with <i>Gold</i> (which have
+only an imaginary and no real use in Medicines so
+used) much inhanseth their prices, and a rich <i>Cordial</i>
+inserted exceedingly advanceth most of their Bills;
+or if China or any other dear ingredient be in the receipt
+'tis not omitted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fifthly</i>, Some <i>Apothecaries</i> offer, and perhaps some
+<i>Physicians</i> have taken presents to help them to Customers,
+which must necessarily be squeazed out of
+their higher-rated Medicines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Sixthly</i>, I have heard some prudent persons complain
+of their bringing in their Bills but once in a year,
+or two; supposing they made them pay <i>Lombards</i>
+
+<a class="pb" name="19" id="png017"></a>
+
+Usury for their forbearance. And through this neglect
+they sometimes lose their money, and whether they
+raise other Mens Bills to make up these losses, I affirm
+not.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Seventhly</i>, Another cause of raising their prices is a
+necessity of keeping in their Shops such Medicines as
+are seldom used, or such as must upon necessity decay,
+and grow useless. Now suppose they throw such away,
+this reason is good, but you will find a remedy for
+this hereafter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To conclude this second Complaint. By reason of
+the dear Bills of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, many are deterred
+from going to the <i>Physician</i>, and run to common <i>Mountebanks</i>,
+and I think this to be the reason (as some
+disabused persons have confessed to me) why they have
+so much cryed up the abilities of <i>Apothecaries</i> for practice,
+because they would save their credit in taking
+<i>Physic</i> of them. St. <i>Augustine</i> candidly in his Book of
+Confessions declares, that through covetousness he
+repeated a course of <i>Physic</i>, without consulting the
+<i>Physician</i> (who had before cured him of the same disease)
+to his greater charge, danger of his life, and
+offence against God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having done with the <i>Apothecaries</i> abuses relating
+chiefly to the <i>Patients</i> Health and Purse, and
+such as are willfully committed (though all of
+them reflect on the <i>Physician</i>) I shall now touch on
+a few neglects, and mistakes proving often very
+mischievous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>First</i>, They frequently mistake the <i>Physicians</i> directions,
+which of what dangerous consequence it is,
+every one can tell.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="20" id="png018"></a>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, They carry a Medicine appointed for
+one sick person to another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, They often neglect the sending of Medicines
+in due time, especially such as have no Servants,
+or but raw ones, when the Master is out of Town, or
+upon long visits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having now done with the <i>Apothecaries</i> as they relate
+principally to the sick, I shall in the next place
+speak of them, as they relate to <i>Physicians</i>, and that
+either to the profession in general, or to the particular
+practisers of it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As to the <i>Physicians</i> in general, they endeavour to
+extirpate them, and some have been so bold to say,
+they hope in few years to see never a <i>Physician</i> in <i>London</i>,
+and to profess they will scramble with them for
+practice. And that this hath been and is their intention,
+the following particulars will clearly demonstrate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>First</i>, They have always endeavoured and aimed
+at the depression and ruine of the <i>College</i> of <i>Physicians</i>,
+the only <i>Corporation</i> of that Art in <i>England</i>, considering
+rightly, that the depression of the <i>College</i> is
+their interest and rise, and that the total subversion of
+it will make them absolute Masters in <i>Physic</i> and <i>Physicians</i>
+their Servants. In Order hereunto they have
+constantly, both publickly and privately opposed the
+<i>College</i> in whatsoever hath been offered to setle the
+liberty of practice on them, their only priviledg and
+subsistence, though they have been offered all they
+could desire for the security of their Trade, and legal
+employment, and far beyond whatsoever any Corporation
+of <i>Apothecaries</i> in all, or in any forreign part
+
+<a class="pb" name="21" id="png019"></a>
+
+enjoy, yet nothing would ever content them, but an
+unlawful, unreasonable, dangerous, and destructive
+Usurpation of liberty to some pretended practice, that
+thereby they might gain the whole.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, They have continually traduced the <i>College</i>,
+and troubled them in <i>Parliaments</i>, at the <i>Council</i>-Board,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> to their great charge and molestation.
+And for such their great demerits against the <i>College</i>,
+the <i>King</i> and his <i>Council</i>, <i>Anno</i> 1639. granted a <i>Quo
+Warranto</i> to the <i>Attorney General</i> (the <i>Judges</i> having
+first heard the whole matter) to take away their
+<i>Charter</i>, which doubtless had been effected, had not
+the troubles, and long civil War immediately
+ensued.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, And in this present <i>Parliament</i>, how did
+they endeavour to prepossess the Members of the
+House of Commons with strange, and false prejudices
+and assertions drawn from irrational, and groundless
+suppositions, making us the greatest Tyrants in the
+World, inferring ridiculously that a <i>Lady</i>, or Charitable
+<i>Gentlewoman</i> (for in that believing Sex they have
+gain'd a great deal of ground by their falsities) might
+not give the Poor a <i>Cordial</i>, &amp;c. without being questioned
+by the <i>College</i>; whereas they know in their
+Consciences, that the <i>College</i> hath power enough by
+their first Charter to act as much in this kind against
+themselves, and all other persons, as they desired of this
+present <i>Parliament</i>;  And yet neither <i>Apothecary</i>, or
+any other who practised charitably, were ever troubled
+for so doing. They pretended also they were
+abridged wholy from their Trade, and might not sell
+a penny-worth of <i>Mithridate</i>, &amp;c. without a <i>Doctors</i>
+
+<a class="pb" name="22" id="png020"></a>
+
+Bill. Whereas there's not a word in the Charter to
+that purpose; the sole intent whereof was to keep
+them as well as other <i>Mountebanks</i>, from prescribing
+(which they call selling) the <i>Physicians</i> only livelyhood.
+And as to the bill itself so much railed on by
+them in <i>Westminster-Hall</i>, <i>Coffee-Houses</i>, <i>Ale-Houses</i>,
+&amp;c. 'tis easie to make it out, that this Charter as proposed
+gives the <i>Apothecaries</i> more liberty and freedom
+of exercising their lawful Trade, then is enjoyed in
+any other Nation, where both Corporations are
+erected, and that it doth in nothing infringe, or diminish
+their freedom as <i>Citizens</i>, or their Charter as <i>Apothecaries</i>;
+and that our Charter was compiled by some,
+and perused and approved by others the most eminent
+<i>Lawyers</i> in <i>England</i> for Worth and Place; and yet
+none of these could find any thing in it either Illegal,
+Tyrannical, or unfit to be desired of the <i>Parliament</i>.
+Nay many mis-informed Members being rightly instructed
+in the true state of the matter, have acknowledged
+the justice of it; And was no more then
+King <i>James</i> by his Letters Patents, dated the 18th of
+<i>October</i>, in the 15th year of his Reign, granted to the
+said <i>College</i>; near about the same time the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+Charter was granted; and being almost nothing
+else but a supply of what was short in their former
+Grants, <i>viz.</i> That whereas their Charter granted by
+King <i>Henry</i> the Eighth, gave power to punish offenders
+in the practice of Physic; and because there was
+no power given to summon, nor penalty imposed for
+the non-appearance of such offenders; therefore by
+their non-appearance, the said power of the <i>Censors</i>
+was eluded; for no such offenders would appear before
+
+<a class="pb" name="23" id="png021"></a>
+
+them, and consequently no punishment could be
+inflicted on them, according to the true meaning of the
+said Act. Now this Charter so much declaimed against,
+prayed only a supply of this defect, and also better
+and more necessary ways and means, without which,
+such and all other offenders against the lives and
+healths of his Majesties Subjects could not be discovered;
+and they had reason not to doubt a grant of
+the said power, since by the said Charter a power
+was granted them to imprison offenders, whom the
+Keepers of the Prisons would not receive, because no
+command, nor penalty was imposed on them, for not
+receiving such offenders sent by the <i>Censors</i> (a thing
+ridiculous to our present Lawyers) however this defect
+was supplyed by an Act in the first of Queen <i>Mary</i>.
+Now whereas since the making of the said Acts and
+Powers, granted to the <i>College</i>, several other Trades,
+besides the <i>Apothecaries</i>, relating to Physic (being
+then all Members of the Grocers Company) <i>viz.</i>
+Druggists, Chymists, Sellers of Strong-Waters and
+Oyls, have arose distinct from each others, and many
+abuses have been and are committed in each of them,
+as they all confess. The said Charter prays for the
+publick good only (there being the same reason of all)
+they might have the same power of Surveying them
+also, as they have of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, which most of
+the Judicious, and sober of the said Companies, as
+well in relation to their own private profit, and also
+the publick, by having all Medicines good, did not
+oppose, but liked well of. Nay there was nothing in
+the said Charter, but what was judged good by all or
+most of the Judges of <i>England</i>, several times convened
+
+<a class="pb" name="24" id="png022"></a>
+
+by Order of the King and his Council, to deliver
+their opinions concerning some Quæries, which comprised
+the main of what was desired and petitioned
+for by the <i>College</i>, of this present Parliament. But before
+the <i>Committee</i> could make report to the House,
+the <i>Parliament</i> was adjourned, whereupon <i>Apothecaries</i>
+falsly gave out, and made people believe our Charter
+was taken from us. And in this transaction before the
+<i>Committee</i>, one <i>Cocket</i> an <i>Apothecary</i> exhibited in the
+name of the <i>Chymists</i> such a Scandalous Libel, as the
+<i>Committee</i> would not suffer to be read; drawn as some
+conceive by the assistance, and countenance, if not
+contrivance of his Company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Lastly</i>, The Company of the <i>Apothecaries</i> are bound
+by their Charter to bring their Servants (before they
+make them Free) to be examined by the <i>Censors</i> of our
+<i>College</i>, and to have their approbation of their fitness
+to exercise their Art, and set up their Trade. Now
+that they have herein neglected their duty, and consequently
+may be dis-franchised and lose their Freedoms
+for this omission, 'tis manifest not only by the
+vapours of some of them to some members of our
+Body, that they never underwent this examination;
+but also by comparing of our Register (wherein are
+recorded the names of all such as have been examined)
+with theirs, if they keep any for this purpose.
+Sure I am, that in two years together, when I was
+<i>Censor</i>, very few, if any, did appear to their examination,
+whereas yearly a very great number set up their
+Trades. Nay since the firing of <i>London</i> not one <i>Apothecaries</i>
+Servant hath been examined by the <i>Censors</i>,
+for more then these three Years last past, in which time
+
+<a class="pb" name="25" id="png023"></a>
+
+perhaps no less then 100 have been made free by the
+Company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before our presenting this Charter to the <i>Parliament</i>,
+they would admit no Arbitrators betwixt our Corporation,
+and Theirs, not contenting themselves with
+their Charter lately granted in <i>King James's Reign</i>, and
+that by the procurement of some of our <i>College</i> for
+these unthankful persons.   For they would not refer
+themselves (as the <i>Chirurgeons</i> without many words or
+dispute did) to the most upright, and most knowing
+Sir <i>Orlando Bridgeman</i> then <i>Lord Chief Justice</i>, and now
+<i>Lord Keeper</i>, for a clause to be by him drawn, in order
+to preserve their immunities and Charter; which they
+refused, fearing belike he would exclude them from
+the Practice of <i>Physic</i>, which the Law hath already
+done, and which is all they could doubt of; but
+the Corporation of <i>Chirurgeons</i> did acquiesce in the
+clause drawn by the said <i>Lord Chief Justice</i>, and
+never appeared before the Committee against the said
+Charter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their increasing dis-respect, and undervaluing the
+<i>College</i>, appears in this, that of late years they place
+our <i>Censors</i> invited to their new Masters Dinner, at
+their second Tables whereas always heretofore they
+were seated at the first Table, next to the Master of
+the Company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And to hinder the building of a New <i>College</i>, and
+the Contribution of the Honorary Fellows thereunto,
+they tell them that we deceived them in their admission,
+and never intend the building of a New <i>College</i>,
+though a large  contribution hath been made, and
+
+<a class="pb" name="26" id="png024"></a>
+
+ground purchased in order thereunto by the Members
+of their Corporation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And their further design appears in their great triumphing,
+and rejoycing when any illiterate person hath
+gained any reputation for a Cure performed, especially
+where <i>Physicians</i> have been concerned, though the
+<i>Patients</i> neglect or obstinateness, have been the sole
+cause of this non-performance, and by their continued
+detraction from <i>Physicians</i>, and applauding themselves,
+hoping by the former, that people will think
+such <i>Mountebanks</i> able to do better Cures then learned
+<i>Physicians</i>, and then they can easily insinuate themselves
+superior to such <i>Mountebanks</i>, and consequently
+to <i>Physicians</i>. By the latter, they seek to depress,
+and level us to themselves, being conscious they can
+never rise to that worth and ability, required in a
+<i>Physician</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another manifest sign of their endeavour to usurp
+our Practice is, their absurd calling the sick their <i>Patients</i>,
+for 'tis most certain that in all reason and language
+the <i>Physician</i> and <i>Patient</i> only have relation to
+each other, but not to the <i>Apothecary</i>, who is but a
+Tradesman, and manual Operator. Now a Tradesman
+and his Customer, or Chapman, are Relatives
+each to other, but those <i>Apothecaries</i> who intrude
+themselves and usurp on our profession, may call their
+Customers <i>Patients</i>, and that in a true literal sence,
+when by their ignorance they make them really sufferers
+under them; and if they deny <i>Apothecary</i> and
+<i>Patient</i> to be non-sence, they shew themselves pitifully
+ignorant in the Laws, and Rules of Reason, or else
+
+<a class="pb" name="27" id="png025"></a>
+
+profess themselves <i>Physicians</i>. And the like non-sence
+they commonly utter by calling <i>Physicians</i> that make
+their own Medicines, <i>Mountebanks</i> and <i>Quacks</i>,
+whereas none can be such but those who practise
+without Lawful Authority, as the <i>Apothecaries</i>, &amp;c.
+do; and they are not ignorant in this their malice, that
+the Law of <i>England</i> would punish them roundly for
+so saying. And were I troublesome or vindicative, I
+could make some of them examples, but I freely remit
+the slanders in this kind that are past.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having done with the main part of the Disease, next
+follows the Remedy; and the only firm and proper
+one will appear to be, that <i>Physicians</i> make their own
+Medicines; the benefit whereof to the publick, the
+reasonableness of the thing it self, the necessity in relation
+to the <i>Physician</i>, will be manifest by that which
+follows.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And <i>First</i>, All that hath been said demonstrates this
+last proportion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, The desire of most persons, and the censure
+of all wise men, who say we are wanting to our
+own interest, if we make not use of the remedy in
+our own hands, performing our Art in all its
+members, whereof making of Medicines is a chief
+one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, The common practice, and constant usage
+of all former and antient <i>Physicians</i> in all other Nations,
+and in <i>England</i> also (for 'tis easie to say when there
+was not one <i>Apothecary</i> in this Kingdom) the Laws of
+our Nation, nay even the <i>Apothecaries</i> Charter allow
+it, the Language of all <i>Physicians</i>, our <i>College</i> voting it
+honourable so to do, nay <i>Apothecaries</i> themselves commending
+
+<a class="pb" name="28" id="png026"></a>
+
+it in such <i>Physicians</i> as buy their Medicines of
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fourthly</i>, The Kings <i>Physicians</i> have formerly
+made the Kings Medicines, as 'tis manifest by my
+Lord <i>Coke</i>, in his 4<i>th.</i> Book of the Institutes, <i>part</i> 4.
+<i>pag.</i> 251. where he comments on <i>Rot. Pat.</i> 32 <i>H</i> 6.
+m. 17. He there first recites the Roll it self, wherein
+are appointed (the King being then sick) 3 <i>Physicians</i>
+and 2 <i>Chirurgeons</i>, to freely minister and execute
+Physic about the Kings Person, and there are also recited
+in general, Medicines external, and internal.
+And on this Roll <i>Coke</i> among other things infers, that
+the <i>Physicians</i> may use the aid of those <i>Chirurgeons</i>
+named in the Warrant, but of no <i>Apothecary</i>, but to
+prepare and do all things themselves, <i>&amp;c.</i> And the
+reason of all this is, the precious regard had of the
+health and safety of the King, who is the head of the
+Common-wealth. And I am told by one of his present
+Majesties <i>Physicians</i>, that the King himself affirmed
+heretofore we are unwise in neglecting our duty
+herein, and lately of these papers, that 'twas the publick
+interest so to do.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fifthly</i>, <i>Chirurgeons</i> (as before) will not trust them
+to make external Remedies; and the King, and <i>East-India</i>
+Company commit the making of their Chests
+for their Fleets to the <i>Chirurgeons</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Sixthly</i>, Have not Ladies and Charitable Gentlewomen
+their Closets well furnished with various Medicines
+for the Poors use, and for their own also, when
+<i>Physicians</i> are called to their houses in the Country?
+Distillers of Strong-waters, Makers of Plaisters, Confectioners
+make Medicines bought by the <i>Apothecaries</i>,
+
+<a class="pb" name="29" id="png027"></a>
+
+Ale-Houses sell purging Drinks, and Book-sellers sell
+Chymical Medicines, and all this without much regret
+of the <i>Apothecaries</i>. But if a <i>Physician</i> intermix a Medicine
+with theirs, though the <i>Patients</i> life be saved
+thereby, what noise, and murmuring, and proclaiming
+of it the next Market-day to the rest of their Company?
+to what purpose any one may judg.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Seventhly</i>, Why should not <i>Physicians</i>, being lawfully
+authorized thereunto, practise with their own
+Medicines, as well as the <i>Apothecaries</i> with theirs,
+though against Law, and incurring thereby the penalty
+of 5<i>l. per</i> Month, which the <i>College</i> never troubled
+them for, or exacted of them?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Eighthly</i>, Physicians will be necessitated to it for
+their subsistence and honour, and to preserve their Art
+from being prostituted to illiterate persons, the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+becoming now their Competitors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Ninthly</i>, By this means <i>Physicians</i> will avoid multitudes
+of inconveniencies, proceeding from writing of
+Bills, and the <i>Apothecaries</i> Visits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>First</i> The mistakes, and frauds in the Ingredients,
+especially committed by the great practising <i>Apothecaries</i>,
+who may, as appears by the following story, be
+suspected to send, instead of what was prescribed, the
+remains of his own practice, or else some cast-by Medicines;
+for else how could it be when a Medicine was
+prescribed to stand in Infusion or steep a whole night,
+that it should be brought two hours after the Bill was
+written, even the very same Evening? Which by accident
+the <i>Patient</i> confessed, wanting the expected success.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i> By this course <i>Physicians</i> avoid the many
+opprobrious terms cast upon them by <i>Apothecaries</i>:
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="30" id="png028"></a>
+
+<p>
+As <i>First</i>, In saying that if he had not omitted or
+added something, the <i>Patient</i> might have miscarried;
+which he may say at pleasure without any contradiction,
+though doubtless many have been killed by this
+means.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Secondly</i>, By saying the Bill could never have been
+made without some alteration of the <i>Apothecary</i>,
+thereby insinuating the <i>Doctors</i> ignorance in compounding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, In saying the <i>Doctor</i> is not versed in Medicines,
+because forsooth he varieth not at every
+Visit, and multiplieth not new Bills for the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+profit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fourthly</i>, In saying they teach <i>Physicians</i>, and help
+them to, and in their practice. The first and last are
+vile and foolish Scandals; as to the Second, 'tis true
+indeed, that younger <i>Apothecaries</i> recommend <i>Physicians</i>
+to their acquaintance; but 'tis no longer then
+they have learned enough (as they think) to set up for
+themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fifthly</i>, In saying, they knew before-hand what
+such a <i>Doctor</i> would prescribe, and hence it is they have
+nick-named some <i>Physicians</i> of no mean practice, by
+the Medicines they frequently use, which names in
+respect to the persons, I shall conceal; and of such
+<i>Physicians</i>, they brag they can prescribe as well as they.
+But if a <i>Physician</i> advise things unknown to them, or
+out of the common tract, then they say the <i>Doctor</i>
+intends to puzzle them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Sixthly</i>, He will avoid the censure of his Bills, which
+every pitiful fellow, nay their very Boys will absolve
+or condemn at pleasure, and that openly too, nay sometimes
+
+<a class="pb" name="31" id="png029"></a>
+
+to the <i>Patient</i> himself, and thereby call in his
+good <i>Apothecaries Physician</i>. Now what a shame is it,
+that a <i>Physicians</i> credit and livelihood, should stand at
+the mercy of such pitiful ignorant, and self-ended
+Souls? I have heard one of them say of the now most
+Eminent Practiser in <i>London</i>, that his Boy could write
+as good a Method as he, and that he understood the
+practice of <i>Physic</i> as well as any <i>Physician</i> in <i>London</i>
+except 2, or 3, though the same person was soon made
+to confess, he neither knew the Disease, Cause, nor
+Cure of a Pleurisy, pretended to be throughly understood by
+him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Thirdly</i>, He will avoid the trouble put upon him
+after he hath writ his Bill, by the <i>Apothecaries</i> ignorance
+in not understanding it, who to be informed
+came to the <i>Doctor</i> heretofore, with their Hats
+off, but now send their Boys, who soon put theirs
+on. Such respect do they give <i>Physicians</i>, when
+they come to them as to their Masters to teach
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fourthly</i>, He will avoid the impertinent Visits of
+the <i>Apothecaries</i>, and non-sensical, troublesome, and
+discouraging, frightful discourses to the <i>Patient</i>, of
+whom no man can expect more then the Common
+Proverb gives to Praters, and impertinent Speakers,
+<i>That they talk like Apothecaries</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fifthly</i> He will avoid the mischiefs from their Visits,
+who by their shrugs, signs, or words, may diminish
+the <i>Physicians</i> reputation, and good opinion, whether
+in his skill, or Medicines, whereby good Medicines
+are neglected and the expectation of a good success
+upon the use of them taken away, or at least causing an
+
+<a class="pb" name="32" id="png030"></a>
+
+averseness to them; which actings do exceedingly prejudice
+the <i>Patient</i>, in reference to his Cure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Sixthly</i>, He will avoid this inconvenience, that
+some <i>Apothecaries</i> have attributed the Cure to some
+of their intermixed Medicines, or alteration of the
+<i>Doctors</i> Bill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Seventhly</i>, He will avoid that incivility of such of
+them, who in the <i>Physicians</i> presence, will feel the
+Pulse, judg of the Urine, discourse the Cause, Nature,
+what the Disease is, and what will be the issue of
+it, propose Medicines, nay sometimes endeavour to
+advise with the <i>Physician</i>, to contradict and dispute
+with him, to compare and set himself above the <i>Physician</i>;
+and to say truth, these odious and intolerable
+Comparisons and intrusions daily complained of by
+my <i>Collegues</i>, were a great cause of my departing from
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Eighthly</i>, He will avoid those Scandals they have
+opportunity to raise, that such a <i>Physician</i> is Covetous,
+Proud, Negligent, and minds not his practice,
+and the like without the least ground, and are frequently
+by such Artifices, the Cause of introducing
+another <i>Physician</i>, knowing that thereby more Bills
+will come to their File, and many times the former
+Medicines be layed aside, and in this shuffling in
+and out of <i>Physicians</i>, they have commonly a great
+share.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Ninthly</i>, <i>Apothecaries</i> being now Competitors with
+<i>Physicians</i> for practice, and down-right Enemies to
+such as make their own Medicines; why should not
+we suspect them of this false Play, by telling the
+<i>Patient</i> the <i>Doctors</i> Medicine will not work (which
+
+<a class="pb" name="33" id="png031"></a>
+
+he knows well enough how to effect) and then to tell
+him he will prepare him one of his own that will work,
+when perhaps that he calls his own preparation, was
+nothing but what the <i>Doctor</i> had prescribed before;
+and by this Artifice to advance himself above the
+<i>Physician</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another mischief in sending Bills to the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+is, that though the <i>Apothecaries</i> be honest (and who
+can tell which of them is so?) yet the Servants neglect,
+or ignorance (to whom they commit the whole
+care of dispensing, and are intruth the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+(and not their Masters) may mar all in their Masters
+absence, who is visiting abroad, or at his recreations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And now I have done with the unpleasant talk of
+raking into the faults of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, and with
+discoursing how <i>Physicians</i> may save themselves from
+their devices, I shall next shew the advantages that will
+come to the <i>Patient</i>, the <i>Physician</i>, and people, by this
+way of remedy proposed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As for the <i>Patients</i>, they may hereby save most of
+the great charges of <i>Apothecaries</i> Bills, which in long
+Cases amount to very great sums in a year, although
+the <i>Physician</i> hath received very few Fees; the <i>Physician</i>
+may so order his business as to take his Fee for
+his Visits only, and at home such competent Fees for
+his advice alone, as are usually given, and in both Cases
+take nothing for his Medicines, and so save the
+<i>Patient</i> the whole charge of the <i>Apothecaries</i> Bill,
+which very seldom comes short, and for the most part
+manifoldly exceeds the <i>Physicians</i> Fees. And this he
+may very well do by making fewer, less chargable,
+
+<a class="pb" name="34" id="png032"></a>
+
+more effectual, and durable Medicines then the Shops
+afford, and suffer nothing in the non-use, or decay of
+his Medicines; because he need make no more then
+will serve his own practice: and I must here profess,
+that which I intended not to have published, that this
+is the course I have generally taken, for the four
+Months last past, since I made my own Medicines, but
+that some <i>Apothecaries</i> have given out most falsly, that
+I have sent in Bills to <i>Patients</i> for money; but to convince
+such of their wonted lying, I do hereby oblige
+my self to give 100 <i>pound</i> to any of them that shall
+produce such a Bill. <i>Secondly</i>, This way will not
+clog the <i>Patient</i> with more Medicines then are needful,
+nor will omit anything may conduce to his recovery,
+for if he fails in either, 'tis to his prejudice, either
+in spending more Medicines which cost him money,
+or in not performing his Cure, which loseth his
+practice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But I do not propose this course of mine as a general
+rule to all <i>Physicians</i>, but leave this to every mans private
+judgment; Neither do I hereby bind my self to
+the same practice, because some few Cases may fall out
+(though to an equal advantage to the <i>Patient</i>) may
+perswade me to the contrary. For I find some persons
+of that perswasion, as to think they have not given
+satisfaction, unless they have payed for the Medicines;
+but to such persons, I have always allowed them to
+give me what they pleased themselves, for the cure
+only, to the full satisfaction of both parties. Though
+I will not deny but some persons out of gratitude for
+their Cure, have rewarded me beyond this proposal.
+Some of my acquaintance have desired me to be more
+
+<a class="pb" name="35" id="png033"></a>
+
+plain in this last Paragraph, especially in that part of
+it where I say I do not bind my self to the said practice;
+and to declare more fully the Cases that may
+perswade me to the contrary; which are these and
+such as these. <i>First</i> Where <i>Patients</i> of their own free
+offers will contract with the <i><ins class="corr" title="2nd edition: Original has 'Physicians'">Physician</ins></i>, or have formerly
+too meanly rewarded him for his Cure, in both
+which the Statutes of our <i>College</i> allow a contract to
+be made with <i>Patients</i>. Another case is, if a <i>Physician</i>
+be consulted once, and for his Fee hath given Medicines
+<i>gratis</i>, if the <i>Patient</i> frequently send for his Medicines
+without the least reward at all. Or if the <i>Patient</i>
+living far in the Country, having (as before) once
+consulted the <i>Physician</i>, as in the last case, and shall for
+weeks, nay months, send for the same Medicines. Or
+if the <i>Patients</i> friend shall recommend a Medicine to
+another friend of his unknown to the <i>Physician</i>; and
+where he gives no Counsel, if a <i>Physician</i> in the Country
+shall desire some of his Medicines, which are all the
+cases that occur at present; I say in some of these, the
+<i>Physician</i> must needs be payed for his Medicines; but
+in other, 'tis rational he should be payed for his advice,
+as he desireth new Medicines, which charge will be
+far short also of the <i>Apothecaries</i> Medicines, whether
+repeated or prescribed upon new advice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now the great charge of <i>Apothecaries</i> Bills, and
+nauseousness of their Medicines, appears to be the
+cause why long habitual diseases, as the Kings Evil,
+Falling-Sickness, Convulsions, Melancholies, and
+Winds in the Bowels, Gouts, <i>&amp;c.</i> become seldom relieved,
+though they may with a constant, facile way,
+be perfectly cured, where neither the great charge,
+
+<a class="pb" name="36" id="png034"></a>
+
+nor unpleasantness of Medicines, deterr them from a
+continued necessary use of Remedies. And for the
+same reasons many will be kept from relapses, who
+being tired out with taking variety of Medicines, give
+over before the tone and strength of their parts is
+restored, which is necessary to be done in all long Diseases.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He may so contrive his Medicines, first, That they
+may be taken in small quantity, and be made more
+grateful to the tast, and stomach, and perform more
+then those of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, commonly slovenly
+made, and of themselves Fulsom, Nauseous, and Sluggish.
+Secondly, His Medicines made for particular
+persons, may last Weeks, Months, nay Years, whereas
+the <i>Apothecaries</i> Drinks, especially in the Summer time,
+must be renewed once, or twice every day, to the excessive
+charge of the <i>Patient</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That his Medicines may be fewer, is evident in <i>Physicians</i>
+that practise in the Country, who ride far to <i>Patients</i>,
+and carry in their Mans Cloak-bag, Medicines
+enough, not only for the person he is sent to, but also
+for most other persons, and Cases he meets with in his
+Travels, and therefore his Closet needs contain but
+few, yet noble and generous Medicines, and such as may
+serve him upon all occasions, supplying what's defective
+from the Fields or Gardens. He may avoid all pompous,
+useless, chargable Medicines of the Shops, and
+substitute in their place, cheaper, and more conducible
+to health; He may very well lay aside the precious
+Stones, Saphir, Emerals, <i>&amp;c.</i> the high priced Magistrals
+of Coral, and Pearl, made worse by their preparations,
+or rather destroyed thereby in their Virtue,
+
+<a class="pb" name="37" id="png035"></a>
+
+as also Unicorns Horn; and Bezoar, all which are now
+rarely used alone, but in the received Compositions;
+He may also spare the charges of leaf-gold, for guilding
+Pots, Glasses, Pills, Electuaries, Boles, &amp;c. which
+serves only to raise the Bill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He may teach the <i>Patients</i> facile and easie Remedies,
+as to make a Clyster, apply Blisters, or Medicines
+to the feet, where they are needful, &amp;c. and in many
+Cases may cure by well ordering his <i>Patient</i> only,
+without any Remedies at all, or but very few; being
+free to act for the <i>Patients</i> Health, without the grumbling
+of the <i>Apothecary</i>; and many other ways he
+may daily meet with, very advantageous to the
+<i>Patient.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will have little use of Conserves, Syrups, Lohocks,
+&amp;c. a greater part whereof Sugar makes up,
+which doth more hurt to most persons, then the other
+ingredients do good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As for Infusions and Decoctions, he will find by experiment,
+how much liquor, or <i>Menstruum</i> will suffice
+to extract the full vertue of the ingredients, and
+what are helps, or hinderances thereunto, and
+thereby neither suffer loss in the quantity, or quality of
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will discover the inefficacy of many of the Syrups
+and other Medicines in the Shops, made of such
+ingredients, the qualities whereof, what with boiling,
+what with the great quantity of Sugar necessary to
+keep them, are either made useless or opposite to the
+ends they are proposed for. Especially in such Plants,
+Seeds, and Flowers, which consist of fine volatil
+parts, and even in drying and pounding, or the
+
+<a class="pb" name="38" id="png036"></a>
+
+least boiling exhale and evaporate, and therefore in the
+common way of ordering them, lose their whole vertue
+or most of their efficacy, and alter in their properties.
+From which by several methods known to some
+<i>Physicians</i>, very generous and singular Medicines may
+be produced.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He need not use so large Compositions consisting of
+such confused and contrary ingredients, and will find
+good reason to lay aside those unintelligible and unreasonable
+Compositions of Mithridate, and Treacle, and
+the so much magnified Treacle-water, and will substitute
+better in their places, of smaller charge, and less
+trouble; and this all <i>Physicians</i> I have conversed with,
+and the <i>College</i> it self, by their Book published for
+the common good, in the year before the Plague,
+and all those <i>Physicians</i> in this City, who make
+or intend to make their own Medicines, do confess.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But here <i>Apothecaries</i> open wide, and cry out that
+the <i>Physicians</i> are great Cheats, and envious persons,
+for continuing such flat Medicines, and not recommending
+to the World, or rather their Shops, our greater
+secrets. The answer is easie, that the Medicines in our
+<i>Pharmacopæa</i>, are the best of any other <i>Pharmacopæa</i>
+in the World, both for their goodness, and well preparing
+of them, whether they be Chymical, or Galenical;
+and therefore the same scandal will ly on all
+<i>Pharmacopæa's</i> whatsoever. <i>Secondly</i>, I say that within
+these few last experimental years, the practical part
+of Physic hath been much improved (as well as Anatomy)
+especially by such as have put their hands to
+work; and therefore till such improvement, this could
+
+<a class="pb" name="39" id="png037"></a>
+
+not be well amended. Furthermore, in making new
+Dispensatories, a full content must be had, and 'twere
+not fit to move where the motion were not like to
+take place, for though private men invent new ways
+of compounding and preparing, and using their own
+invented Medicines, yet 'twill require a long time to
+make them publickly known, and brought into common
+use, and till that be done 'tis not possible to have
+them brought into a common Dispensatory; besides,
+no man would make a motion for such a reformation,
+unless he were well furnished with specificks, and then
+'twill be required of him to expose them to the whole
+World, which how incongruous it will be, every man
+may easily conceive; hereto add, that the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+think themselves able enough by this present Dispensatory,
+to out-beard <i>Physicians</i>, and do publickly
+profess (as hath been said) that they understand the
+practice of Physic well as they; how much more
+would they have said so, if they had been made Masters
+of these secrets? And here I shall admonish those
+of my own Faculty, who have devoted their Studies,
+Labours, and Purses, for the improvement of their
+Art, to consider, that as natural things have their
+bounds and limits, and that there is no new Creation
+of them, and besides, that these things have their
+bounds also of improvement, beyond which 'tis impossible
+for man to go; and that by a good method
+and industry, that end may be attained; (though at
+present I must confess, no Art is more capable of enlargement
+then ours:) I say let all consider, and they
+will find, what a vast encouragement they have to improve
+their knowledg so far, that they shall not only be
+
+<a class="pb" name="40" id="png038"></a>
+
+able to leave mankind destitute of no remedy Nature
+did ever produce; but also restore and setle those
+Honours ignorant men would usurp, upon the Learned
+Professors of this Science, and I see no reason why
+<i>Physicians</i> should communicate their secrets to such
+persons, who will make use of them, to the ruine of
+the Inventors, which is indeed a failer of trust, for
+when a <i>Physician</i> writes his Bill, he trusts the <i>Apothecary</i>
+only with making the Medicine for a particular
+occasion, and not to make use of it as his own when be
+pleaseth for his own profit, and the Inventor have no
+further benefit by it, then perhaps one single advantage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Lastly</i>, When Dispensatories were first made, the
+<i>Apothecaries</i> were really <i>Physicians</i> Servants, and
+wholy at their command, not in the least intrenching
+on their business, and the rates of Medicines were reasonable;
+which superiority over them still continues
+only in their prescriptions, the forms whereof are always
+commanding to take this and that, and to mix
+them, <i>&amp;c.</i> but within these few last years they have
+set up for themselves, and advanced the rates beyond
+all reason; and to be sure, the more we teach them
+by our Books, the more they will trangress in
+both.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He may receive encouragement from what he discovers,
+that is more then ordinarily useful, whereas by
+writing Bills, he soon communicates to the ignorant
+and lazy, who will neither spend time nor money to
+advance the Art, but while the one is at work to his
+great charge, lots of time, much pains and trouble,
+the others seek by petty tricks and Arts to gain a name,
+
+<a class="pb" name="41" id="png039"></a>
+
+and profit from the industrious. Nay some <i>Mountebanks</i>
+have been set up by purchasing receipts of the
+<i>Apothecary</i> or his Servants. And one of them told
+me, he set up a <i>Quack</i> by selling and commending to
+him a Medicine he had long kept in his Shop and could
+not otherwise put off, and that by degrees he made
+him a famous practiser among the ignorant and poor
+people. An Act quite contrary to the interest of the
+Company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hence also will arise an emulation amongst <i>Physicians</i>,
+who shall exceed each other in noble remedies,
+and from thence a full and happy improvement of
+whatsoever God hath created for the recovery of mans
+health impaired; for from the <i>Physician</i> alone the advancement
+of Physic is to be expected. How many
+simples of unknown properties have been brought into
+use, to the great comfort of the sick? and many
+more may be, as also many preparations, both simple
+and compound, both in the Galenical, and Chymical
+practice, and by this means the Art will be advanced
+to its just dignity, now much diminished, dishonoured,
+and near to be lost by the intrusion of ignorant
+persons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Greater respect will be given to such <i>Physicians</i>, as
+being the immediate instruments of life and health,
+who will derive unto themselves that which is now
+given to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, which proceeds chiefly
+from fear lest they should do the <i>Patient</i> hurt; and so
+their honour will be doubled, which every <i>Physician</i>
+looks principally at; but the <i>Apothecary</i> being not so
+far concerned, looks chiefly at his own profit, and regards
+not the <i>Patients</i> charge. For the greater the <i>Patients</i>
+
+<a class="pb" name="42" id="png040"></a>
+
+charge, the greater must needs be the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+gain; whereas on the contrary, 'tis the <i>Physicians</i>
+Interest to cure the <i>Patient</i> with the greatest
+ease.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He may proceed on safely and securely in his well
+experienced Medicines, having before him not only
+what he hath prescribed for the same <i>Patient</i>, but for
+all others in the like Case, and thereby keep in memory
+what he would have forgot, if his Bill had remained
+on the <i>Apothecaries</i> File; <i>viz.</i> the Medicines
+and their success. By means whereof <i>Physicians</i> do
+not advance their knowledg so far as they might; for
+how is it possible they should remember the particulars
+of their Bills writ some days before? and therefore
+know not how to proceed so well. But the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+having before them the whole series of Medicines,
+brag they can do more then the <i>Physicians</i>,
+and by this means insinuate the same opinion into
+people.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <i>Physician</i> will be consulted in the beginning of
+Diseases, to the safety and little expence of the <i>Patient</i>,
+who will not go first to the <i>Apothecary</i>, who practiseth
+on him till the Case is desperate, and then calls in a
+<i>Physician</i> when 'tis too late; and if he dyes, the <i>Physician</i>
+must carry away the disgrace alone; but if he
+recover, the <i>Apothecary</i> if he be so minded, by some
+trick will share with him in the honour: and by this
+resort of people to the <i>Apothecaries</i> in beginning of Diseases;
+we meet with few Cases of easie Cure, but are
+chiefly made use of in dangerous Diseases, or those of
+short period, or such as are accompanyed with great
+pains and torments, to our great and continual anxiety.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="43" id="png041"></a>
+
+<p>
+The <i>Physicians</i> experience hereby as 'tis surer, so
+'twill be greater.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will make use of no Medicines but the choicest,
+and when they are in their full vigour, and such as are
+durable, and after once or twice Tryal of them, will
+seldom fail in his expected success; which cannot be
+certainly had without some tryal.   For though a man
+buy the choicest ingredients, <i>viz. Sena</i>, which may appear
+to the Senses very good, yet he cannot positively
+say, how well, nor yet what quantity of it will work,
+till he hath made use of it.   But afterwards he may
+confidently apply the whole parcel he hath bought to
+his purpose.   The like may be instanced in a crop of
+Wheat or Barley, which the skillfullest Husband-man
+cannot tell how they will yield for Bread, or Malt, till
+he hath used them.   Now how is it possible that a <i>Physician</i>
+can with any certainty make use of several
+Shops, since there is so great difference in the ingredients?
+and 'tis certain the same Medicine made by several
+<i>Apothecaries</i>, shall differ much in colour, smell,
+and tast, and consequently effect too; which cannot
+proceed from any other cause then the difference of
+the ingredients themselves, or by omitting some ingredients,
+or by substituting one thing for another;
+or by distinct ways of preparing them. The same also
+may be said of Compositions, much more of Chymical
+Medicines so much sophisticated, and of so much
+danger and hazard, if not well prepared, which he
+cannot discover till he hath seen the effect of them,
+unless it be such as he makes himself, nor those neither
+till he hath made some tryal of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will much inlarge <i>Materia Medica</i>, Chymistry
+
+<a class="pb" name="44" id="png042"></a>
+
+and Pharmacy, and discover the grounds of them, and
+wherein the efficacy of remedies lyes, and thereby lay
+open a whole Ocean for new discoveries, and by the
+by observe many useful products and Phenomena of
+Nature, to the great improvement of his Art, and
+sound Natural Philosophy, which are not taken notice
+of by <i>Apothecaries</i>, and their Servants; for all which
+they have neither will nor skill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As to the improvement of Medicines, this may be
+added, by the experimenting <i>Physician</i>, that in distill'd
+waters he will consider and find which of them
+will afford any virtue, which only phlegm equivalent
+but to Conduit-water, which of them will keep long,
+and in perfection, which soon or in what time decay,
+and spend them accordingly, and in compound distill'd
+waters, will find cause to lay aside many simples
+as nothing conducing, or rather weakning the efficacy
+of the Medicine designed; whereby much charge
+and trouble will be spared, and better compositions
+be made.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will gain and keep to himself <i>Patients</i>, who have
+diseases they are unwilling should be known by <i>Apothecaries</i>
+and their Boys, and all such as have a mind
+to turn over their File.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <i>Patient</i> will have better opinion of the Medicines,
+and confidence in the use or them, and the <i>Physician</i>
+more satisfied in his Conscience, and better
+assured of the success.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will gain reputation to his Art, by restoring it to
+its first institution and practice, by the Founders and
+Heroes of Physic.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="45" id="png043"></a>
+
+<p>
+'Tis convenient to adjoin here the old way of educating
+young men into the practice of Physic, and surely
+the safer for the Patients health; and I could wish 'twere
+restored to its former usage, which was this. The Senior
+<i>Physician</i> carried his Son, or such as he intended
+to succeed him in his practice, along with him when he
+visited his Patients, discovering, and discoursing with
+them the disease, cause, method of cure, and what remedies
+were fit to be applied to the present Case, and
+to try them what they would do in that or the like
+Case. And when his occasions would not permit him
+to visit himself, he then sent one of his Scholars to inform
+him of the condition of the sick person, and the
+effect of his Medicines; and also when the said Scholars
+had leisure, they were employ'd to help to gather,
+prepare, and make, or oversee the compounding of
+Medicines.  And such Scholars they call'd <i>filii Artis</i>,
+sons of Art.   Some of the Professors in Foreign parts
+practise the most of this to this very day, with such
+Gentlemen as travel thither to study Physic, confirming
+their reading with experience.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By constantly practised Medicines he will find out a
+better method of Cure, and may hereby arrive at the
+true causes of diseases.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will observe what Medicines by precipitation
+or other ways, alter, destroy, or weaken one another,
+whereby of good ingredients singly used, a bad
+Composition may be made, and therefore fail in the
+success expected. Many more things might be here
+added, which a skillful observer, and versed in the way
+to make experiments (no easie matter) will daily find,
+and at present I do not so much as give hints of them,
+
+<a class="pb" name="46" id="png044"></a>
+
+but shall hereafter, as occasion and opportunity require.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He will have more scope to be charitable to the poor,
+and more civil and obliging to his friends, by curing
+them <i>gratis</i>, or at small charges.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He need not trouble himself with ways of concealing
+the use of his Medicines, by setting down no directions
+in his Bill, but giving them to the <i>Patient</i>,
+which the <i>Apothecary</i> soon learns; nor with giving
+some of his own Medicines at a pinch, which if they
+succeed not, to be sure the <i>Apothecaries</i> will cry down
+in all places, but will conceal all eminently good successes,
+as disadvantageous to themselves; nor by
+placing their <i>Arcana's</i> in the Shops of those <i>Apothecaries</i>
+they commonly make use of; nor by recommending
+their <i>Patients</i> to such <i>Apothecaries</i> they
+intrust their secrets with. For then great complaints
+are made that the <i>Physicians</i> carry away their Customers,
+and take away their livelyhood, affirming they are
+willing to fetch them from the prescribing <i>Doctors Apothecaries</i>.
+To which I answer, that they do fetch them,
+but perhaps not always; since I have heard them often
+say, these secrets were but the Medicines of the <i>London</i>
+Dispensatory disguised under new names, to the
+discredit of the <i>Physicians</i> that prescribed them. And
+I well remember some of them have neglected to
+fetch from my house, not far from their own, some of
+my preparations, though they had them <i>gratis</i>, for the
+fetching; whereby the <i>Patients</i> have suffered, and
+thought I neglected them, 'till they were rectified by
+another Visit. Nay one of them told me, he had rather
+dy with his own Shop-Medicines, then be cured
+
+<a class="pb" name="47" id="png045"></a>
+
+with my Magistrals: much more would he have said of
+<i>Patients</i>, manifestly preferring his own profit before
+their lives; a most Unchristian saying!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One singular advantage such a <i>Physician</i> will have,
+that the slanders of the <i>Apothecaries</i> will appear to be
+malicious, as being raised against such as act contrary
+to their profit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By this means <i>Physicians</i> will unite against the common
+Enemy, will contribute mutual assistance, and
+communicate more freely to one another their practice
+and remedies; and also the frauds and unlawful practices
+of the <i>Apothecaries</i>, will conceal the counsels,
+and act whatsoever may tend to the advance of their
+Art; and <i>Patients</i> also will discover the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+censures, and practices against the <i>Physicians</i> and their
+prescriptions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hereby that great interest will decay <i>Apothecaries</i>
+have in Families for their petty officiousnesses
+(which <i>Physicians</i> not to displease them have put
+them upon) these will be taught Nurses, and the
+assistants, and which are by some of these as well,
+certainly more diligently performed then by the <i>Apothecaries</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hereby the <i>filii Artis</i>, or younger <i>Physicians</i>, will
+sooner come into a better and more setled practice,
+and not be beholden to <i>Apothecaries</i> to bring them <i>Patients</i>
+wherewith they often upbraid them, and glory
+amongst themselves and to other persons, that they introduced
+such and such a <i>Physician</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hereby <i>Chirurgeons</i> will be restored to some of their
+employment now usurped by the <i>Apothecaries</i>, as leting
+of blood, applying Leeches, Plasters, Cupping-Glasses,
+
+<a class="pb" name="48" id="png046"></a>
+
+Syringing and Salivation, wraping up bodies
+in Cere-Cloaths, <i>&amp;c.</i> which indeed do more properly
+belong to them then to the <i>Apothecaries</i>; hereby
+also haply many occasions of quarrel betwixt <i>Physicians</i>
+and the <i>Apothecaries</i> will cease, each party acting
+according to his own way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By this means Pseudochymists, and other <i>Mountebanks</i>
+mouths and revilings will be stopped, only exclaiming
+for this, that <i>Physicians</i> make not their own
+Medicines. But since the publication of these papers
+I am informed that the said Pseudochymists and <i>Mountebanks</i>
+rail against me, this Book, and the way propounded,
+as much as the <i>Apothecaries</i>, though before equal
+Enemies each to others. So that they have fulfilled
+the Proverb, of <i>like to like</i>. And no wonder since
+hereby their Kingdom of darkness is brought to light,
+and they are obliged to oppose it, as the Copper-Smiths
+were to revile St. <i>Paul</i> for speaking against the Idol
+of <i>Diana</i> of the <i>Ephesians</i>, whereby their trade was
+lost.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And as for the reasonableness of it, that the <i>Physician</i>
+ought to support himself by all lawful ways and means,
+and to have præeminence above those ignorant persons
+that incroach upon his profession, 'tis confessed by all
+that have considered the great charge, study, and labour,
+before he can arrive at any benefit from it; for
+he must take the chargeable degrees of Batchellor, and
+Master of Arts, Batchellor of Physic, and after 14
+years standing, the degree of <i>Doctor</i>; besides his bare
+expences for his maintenance in the University,
+Charges in Anatomies, knowledg of natural things;
+Travels abroad, Chymistry, and Experiments; his
+
+<a class="pb" name="49" id="png047"></a>
+
+Library, Habit, his more free way of living in a suitable
+house, and Attendants, greater Taxes, <i>&amp;c.</i> insomuch
+that a <i>Doctor</i> of Physic spends more before he
+comes to practise, then will set up perhaps a dozen <i>Apothecaries</i>
+in a way of livelihood; and besides, great
+sums of money before he can put himself in a fitting
+Equipage: whereas on the contrary, many young
+men before their time of Apprenticeship is out, provide
+well for themselves by Quacking; and certainly
+the Study of Physic, and consequently the knowledge
+of Nature, must bid farewel to the Universities, if
+Shops be permitted to make practisers, for such the people
+will soon create <i>Doctors</i>, which title the <i>Apothecary</i>
+takes upon him, though he understand not the reason
+of the name, to the great shame of the Universities,
+and Faculty, when ignorant people shall give, and they
+challenge the same title for nothing, attained by the
+<i>Physician</i> at a great rate and long study, the vulgar taking
+Practiser and <i>Doctor</i> to signifie the same thing.
+And which no persons of knowledg and education do,
+and perhaps most other persons give them in way of
+Jeering.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the handsom support of <i>Physicians</i> these benefits
+will accrue to the publick, that thereby the honour
+all Nations yield to the English <i>Physicians</i> will be kept
+up, who in the late times, when the reputation of the
+Nation was well neer forfeited abroad, the <i>Physicians</i>
+then in being, most whereof are now living, and
+Members of the <i>College</i>, maintained the credit, for
+learning and value, of this Kingdom, and since his
+Majesties happy return, some of them have kept up
+the honour of the Faculty; which manifestly appears
+
+<a class="pb" name="50" id="png048"></a>
+
+by the great esteem Foreigners have of their Books,
+by often printing them, and translating into Latin what
+hath been published in English, though they are no
+where so depressed as in <i>England</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A second benefit to the publick is, that men of competent
+Estates will breed up their Sons in the Art of
+Physic, giving them such education as is necessary, and
+will not vouchsafe to place them out to <i>Apothecaries</i>,
+though now adays want of learning and degrees are
+adjudged as needful a qualification for the exercise of
+Physic, as formerly 'twas for Preaching, and the Shops
+fit to supply both.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I will conclude this part of my discourse with this
+observation; that the Laws of <i>England</i> in all their Acts
+of Parliament, have granted the practice of Physic
+to <i>Physicians</i> and them alone, and in no clause thereof
+put in any restraint at all upon them, but every where,
+either new priviledges, or a confirmation of the old,
+have been granted, by the said powers. Whereas on
+the contrary, the Law supposeth cheats in the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+Shops, and therefore impowers our <i>Censors</i> to
+destroy and burn what they find bad and corrupt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The next thing to be treated of, shall be the ways of
+<i>Apothecaries</i> creeping into practice, and their unfitness
+thereunto. As to the first, heretofore when they were
+Members of the Company of Grocers, and dispersed
+in place, as well as in counsel, they then were wholy
+subordinate to the <i>Physicians</i>, only keeping in their
+Shops, and faithfully making the prescriptions they
+received from the <i>Physicians</i>, and when made, sending
+them to the <i>Patient</i> by their men (as they still continue
+to do in Foreign Countries) and not committing the
+
+<a class="pb" name="51" id="png049"></a>
+
+preparation to raw Boys, or Apprentices, which is the
+true interest of the <i>Patient</i> they should do here likewise.
+But in process of time, <i>Physicians</i> in acute diseases
+having taught them somewhat, sent them to visit
+their <i>Patients</i>, to give them the best account they
+could of the estate of their health, and effect of their
+Medicines. And of later years some <i>Physicians</i> took
+them along with them in their Visits, whereby they
+acquired a little smattering of diseases, by which
+means, and their continual officiousness, they insinuated
+themselves into Families, and by applying (right
+or wrong) the terms of Art they had learned from
+the <i>Physicians</i>, they made people believe they had acquired
+some skill in the Art, and afterwards began to
+venture a little at practice, and but until these 10 years
+last past kept themselves within some bounds and limits;
+but since that time have daily more and more
+incroached upon our Profession, being assisted by a
+greater familiarity of conversation with younger <i>Physicians</i>.
+And in the Plague time they took upon them
+the whole Practice of Physic, which ever since they
+have continued, being much helped also therein by the
+dispersing of <i>Physicians</i> into places unknown to their
+<i>Patients</i>, by the Fire, but above all by the burning of
+the <i>College</i>, by means whereof their Government and
+view of their Shops have been omitted, insomuch that
+now they are past all restraint, having insinuated and
+(as they think) rooted themselves by the aforesaid
+Artifices, so that there remains now no other real remedy
+but that proposed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now here I shall take occasion in a short digression,
+to discourse briefly the reason, why in all Ages there
+
+<a class="pb" name="52" id="png050"></a>
+
+have been so many pretenders to Physic, and why
+some of them have got reputation in the World. One
+hath been mentioned before, <i>viz.</i> the great charges
+sick men are put to, caused by the separation of the
+<i>Physician</i> from the <i>Apothecary</i>. But the principal reason
+is, the want of knowledge in most persons, both of the
+materials used, and the grounds for which they are
+applyed. Insomuch that there are but few that can
+judg, and distinguish rightly of either, and no wonder
+therefore that in their reasonings they commit
+more absurd mistakes, or Paralogisms then in any
+other Art whatsoever, and censure <i>Physicians</i> by the
+success alone. Which my Lord <i>Verulam</i> accounts
+the great unhappiness both of the States-man and the
+<i>Physician</i>, both being alike censured by those that
+know not the bottom and rise of their Actions and
+Counsels. For how can any man in either make a
+sound Judgment without a full knowledge of the business
+it self; and of all the circumstances thereunto
+belonging; nor in Physic without the concurrent
+knowledg of the sick mans habit, disease, cause, remedies,
+and many other particulars necessary to make
+a clear judgment upon the success? Yet notwithstanding,
+many will censure and grumble at the actions of
+the States-men, though their proceedings have been
+never so wise, and prudent, and oft-times from muttering
+and whispering, fall to down-right distast, and mutiny
+against their Superiors. So that the good success,
+in State-affairs, of rash and imprudent undertakers,
+have been extolled and preferred before the wary,
+and prudent management, and guidance of the soberest
+and wisest States-men. The same likewise
+
+<a class="pb" name="53" id="png051"></a>
+
+happens between the bold <i>Empiric</i>, and learnedst <i>Physician</i>.
+But in this way of censuring, the States-man
+hath this advantage above the <i>Physician</i>, that 'tis
+possible he may meet with a series of Business so circumstantiated,
+as seldom or never to miscarry, especially
+having a greater power over subordinate persons
+then <i>Physicians</i> have. But the irreversible statute
+of Heaven forbids us to expect a constant recovery of
+our <i>Patients</i>, for 'tis appointed, that all men must die. 'Tis
+sufficient therefore for us, to employ those remedies
+God hath given to the Sons of men, to the utmost
+vertue the Creator hath endowed them withal: since
+his eternal decree hath limited their efficacy from making
+man immortal. Now since (if men judg by the
+success alone) it cannot be otherwise, but that the most
+learned <i>Physician</i>, and most sottish <i>Empiric</i> must be
+thought equal in skill, by those that are not able to
+make a right judgment and difference betwixt them
+on other principles. Hence it comes to pass, that
+where some ignorant person hath cured accidentally
+a slight disease, and a <i>Physician</i> hath a <i>Patient</i> dye of an
+irrecoverable Case, here the <i>Empiric</i> shall be applauded,
+and the <i>Physician</i> decryed. Nay many will say
+the disease is the same in both, whereas we daily see
+most gross mistakes in such opinions, when the Cases
+differ totally in their Nature, agreeing in one sign only
+common to both the Cases proposed, nay to many
+other also. Furthermore, if a <i>Patient</i> dy under an
+<i>Empirics</i> hand, the friends willingly conceal their
+Names, lest some discredit should befal them for using
+such worthless practisers; but if under the hands of
+a known <i>Physician</i> he shall be sure to be named, and
+
+<a class="pb" name="54" id="png052"></a>
+
+sometimes his attendance falsly fathered on him, when
+<i>Mountebanks</i> only have been employed: but to besure
+if an <i>Empiric</i> hath first been made use of, and afterwards
+an able <i>Physician</i> called in (when all opportunity
+of doing good was past) and the <i>Patient</i> dy, the
+<i>Mountebank</i> hath never been mentioned, but the <i>Physician</i>
+perhaps condemned though he hath done whatsoever
+could have been thought on, rational in that Case.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Add to the former reasons, the bold and confident
+brags, and promises of <i>Empirics</i>, that they have cured
+worse diseases, and will in few hours free them from
+their maladies, especially where sober <i>Physicians</i> have
+pronounced doubtfully of the event. No wonder
+that these pleasing promises to persons in danger and
+distress bring them into employment even with a rejection
+of the former sober <i>Physician</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Besides, a foolish opinion prevails with some ignorant
+persons, that they will deal only with such as will
+undertake the Cure, (that is) contract with them for
+a sum of money, one half whereof to be payed in hand,
+and the other the Cure being done, and so are usually
+cheated of one half of their money; and such people
+will have nothing to do with such <i>Physicians</i> as
+will not undertake them in this sence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another Stratagem is, to give strange and hard
+names to their Medicines, such as are <i>Pilulæ radiis
+Solis extractæ</i>, and in English is no more then Pills
+dryed to that consistence by the Sun-Beams, which
+ignorant people have thought were made of the Sun
+Beams. Others commend their Extract of the Soul
+of the Heathen Gods. One sets up with a receipt received
+from <i>Van Helmonts</i> own hands; Another hath
+
+<a class="pb" name="55" id="png053"></a>
+
+received from a Jew the shining of <i>Moses</i> Face; nay I
+have heard a Pseudochymist blasphemously brag, he
+saw in the making of a grand <i>Elixir</i>, the Quintessence
+of the Trinity in Unity, and infinite other pitiful captivations
+of silly people, to be seen on every Gate and
+Post of this City; such as are the Spirit of the Salt of
+the World, <i>Panchymagogon</i>, and other ten-footed
+Greek names, and some other Mongrel non-sensical
+ones compounded of several Languages; promising
+certain, speedy, and concealed Cure of incurable Diseases.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And no less ridiculous and absurd to considering
+persons are, their cantings of themselves, wherewith
+they no less befool, amuse, and beguile the people;
+as that by long prayer, and seeking of God, they have
+had many secrets revealed to them from Heaven.
+Another by long Travels through <i>Hungary</i>, <i>Poland</i>,
+&amp;c. hath attained great secrets from Kings and Emperours.
+Another a Gentleman lately come from <i>Oxford</i>,
+or <i>Cambridg</i>, Cures the Pox, Running of the
+Reins, &amp;c. in Capital Letters, at all which what
+sober man cannot but laugh? Yet such as these are inducements
+to many to resort to them; moreover some
+of them are Astrologers, Physiognomers, Fortunetellers,
+Professors of Palmistry and such other vain
+Arts; much applauded by the weaker sort of people.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Besides, the former they have their Emissaries,
+Scouts, and Setters up and down, to cry up the skill
+And feigned Cures done by them, Nurses, Good-fellows,
+Midwives, <i>&amp;c.</i>  to make up the cry and full
+noise.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now it being natural to most people to admire what
+
+<a class="pb" name="56" id="png054"></a>
+
+they understand not, and for Admiration to infer Love,
+and Love Praise, and Praise the use especially of such
+things as are set off with high and lofty expressions, it
+necessarily follows that such persons will cry up, and
+make use of, those that by these means captivate their
+understandings, especially their credits being ingaged
+also; but above all, if they proceed from meaner
+persons, of whom they are most credulous, having in
+suspition wiser men, believing the former are not able,
+and that the wiser are able; and therefore will deceive
+them. All which appears in some with us cryed
+up above any <i>Physician</i> that ever was in <i>England</i>,
+though for pitiful, dangerous, nay sometimes mortal
+Medicines, whereby great sums of money have been
+gained in a short time; I shall instance first in <i>Lockyers</i>
+Pills made of <i>Antimony</i>, discovered to be so by some of
+my <i>Collegues</i>, and my self, at the first selling of them.
+A Medicine as ill made as any of that Mineral, and no
+<i>Physician</i> though meanly versed in Chymistry, but
+could have excelled it.   Yet so great a Vogue this Pill
+had for some time, that infinite people resorted to him,
+and purchased them for their lives, both for themselves,
+and Families, and (as I have heard) for their
+posterities too.   Though a common Chimney in a
+little time would have made enough of it to have
+served the whole Nation for some years to come, and
+that at very small charges. But Experience, the Tutor
+of too many, hath in a short time brought these Pills
+into a dis-use, if not a total Oblivion, even amongst
+the vulgar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A second cryed up Medicine was <i>Mathews</i>'s Pills,
+made of <i>Opium</i> (to which the virtue of the whole
+
+<a class="pb" name="57" id="png055"></a>
+
+Composition must be attributed) of white <i>Hellebor</i>
+Roots, and Oyl of <i>Turpentine</i>, whereto some add Salt of
+<i>Tartar</i>, which will puzzle the most knowing Naturalist
+to declare why these should be thus jumbled together;
+unless to obscure the <i>Opium</i>. 'Tis indeed a very cunning
+Composition, for by giving rest and ease it may easily
+decoy people into the use of them, though by long
+taking of them, diseases become far more uncurable
+then they are in their own Nature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A third Universal Medicine was <i>Hughes's</i> Powder,
+sold by him at 10 <i>s.</i> the Grain, and 3 <i>l.</i> 10 <i>s.</i> the Dose,
+made doubtless of Gold and Quicksilver. The tast
+and weight of it manifestly discover the former to be
+an ingredient into it, and the effect, <i>viz.</i> Salivation
+proves the latter to be part of the compound.   Besides
+I have made of these two dissolved, and digested in
+their peculiar Menstruums, in no long space of time, a
+Medicine that had the same effect with his, and in the
+same Dose, and having a View of his Cabinet left
+after his Death, containing a large quantity of the said
+Powder (being all he left behind him) there was found
+crude Gold, and Quicksilver in the same Cabinet.
+Now these three Notorious Universal Medicines
+were put to sale by most ignorant persons. Add hereunto
+the forementioned <i>Mr. De-laun's</i> Pill, whereof I
+shall say nothing, being mentioned under the Name of
+the <i>Pilule ex duobus</i>, in the <i>London Dispensitory</i>, though
+some make them of the Extract of <i>Coloquintida</i>. The
+last of any Fame with us, were Dr. <i>Goddard's</i> Drops,
+a good Medicine, but not so universal, and superlative
+as he would have made the World believe, and
+was nothing else but what some <i>Physicians</i> many years
+
+<a class="pb" name="58" id="png056"></a>
+
+since enjoyed. I well remember that in the late
+troubles, a Person then in great Authority, having
+cryed up this above all the Medicines in the World,
+a round wager was offered, that the <i>Doctor</i> should not
+distinguish his own from two others that should be
+brought him, both which were but Spirit of <i>Harts-horn</i>.
+But the wager would not be accepted of.
+Furthermore, that this Medicine of his was Spirit of
+<i>Harts-horn</i>, some relations plainly argue; One whereof
+was the following.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A certain person in <i>Norfolk</i> having sent for as much
+as came to a 11 <i>l.</i> and dying upon the 2d. dose of it,
+and by accident most part of the remainder being
+spilt; there comes in a friend to the House, of some
+skill, who supposing it to be Spirit of <i>Harts-horn</i>, told
+the Widow he would endeavour to gain back the
+money for her. And thereupon went to a Chymist,
+and bought as much of the said Spirit, as would make
+up the quantity purchased of Dr.&nbsp;<i>Goddard</i>, who after
+Tryal of it by smell, and tast, acknowledged it to be
+his, and honestly payed back the sum 'twas first sold
+for; which I think few of the <i>Mountebanks</i> do. Sure
+I am that a Quack sold 21 Pills for 20 <i>l.</i> whereof the
+<i>Patient</i> took 4 at two doses, to the great hazard of
+his life, who then repairing to me for my advice, I by
+Tryal of one of them found them to be Mercurial, and
+wished him to return them back, but the Quack would
+not give him 10 <i>s.</i> for the 16 remaining.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The inference and sum of what hath been said, is to
+shew briefly by what Artifices people are deceived in
+their Healths, and Purses, and how easily the ignorant
+are couzened, and such practices used, that <i>Physicians</i>,
+
+<a class="pb" name="59" id="png057"></a>
+
+men of honesty and repute, would be ashamed to own,
+and must by using them in a short time be ruined and
+discredited. And such Cheats as these, the <i>College</i> of
+<i>Physicians</i> are bound by the Laws of the Land to decry,
+and punish (though by so doing it hath often incurred
+the censure and clamor of the vulgar) Besides the Statute
+of the 14<i>th.</i> and 15<i>th.</i> of <i>Henry</i> the Eighth injoyns
+us to it, declaring that 'tis good for the Common-wealth
+of this Realm, and therefore expedient,
+and necessary to provide that no person of the <i>College</i>
+of <i>Physicians</i> (for all practisers then were of the said
+body) be suffered to exercise, and practise Physic,
+but only those persons that be profound, sad, and discreet,
+groundly learned, and deeply studyed in Physic.
+Now certain it is, that none of the said body did
+or dare use any of the forementioned frauds and deceits,
+but will constantly indeavour (since 'tis impossible
+but there will be Cheatees; (according to the old
+Proverb, <i>Populus vult decipi</i>, <i>The People will be deceived</i>)
+to abridge the number of the Cheaters,
+who answer to the former part of the Proverb, <i>Decipiatur</i>,
+<i>Let them be couzened</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I shall end this discourse by returning from my digression
+to the <i>Apothecaries</i>, who may and do use some
+of the tricks before-mentioned, and shall here briefly
+recite some great advantages they have, and
+make use of above <i>Physicians</i>. One is, that they live
+in this City 7 or 8 years as <i>Apprentices</i>, as also by
+their retail Trade, and by living in open Shops, by
+frequent converse with their fellow Citizens, whether
+in Commerce or Offices, by many friendly and Neighbourly
+mutual kindnesses and actions, wherein they
+
+<a class="pb" name="60" id="png058"></a>
+
+spend their whole lives, and are never diverted by studies,
+and ingenuity from their proposed way of gain,
+by all which means they get into a fixed familiarity
+and good opinion with their Neighbours, and a large
+acquaintance in the World. Now for their skill, besides
+what hath been before-mentioned, and common
+to them with the <i>Mountebank</i>, <i>viz.</i> Vapouring and
+braging of their skill, and decrying <i>Physicians</i>, by talking
+above the Capacity of those they converse with,
+who therefore take all they say to be authentick,
+though never so absurd, and trivial, and many times to
+set off themselves they will venture to speak Latine
+commonly as false as the matter, although some of
+them at <i>Coffee-Houses</i>, and in other mixt Companies, by
+venturing so boldly have been met with and baffled,
+and made to depart thence with shame and discredit
+enough, which their friends and acquaintance take
+little notice of. Add hereunto their exposing to view
+their Compositions of <i>Treacle</i>, <i>Mithridate</i>, <i>Diascordium</i>
+and <i>Alkermes</i>, which all their friends, and neighbours
+one time or another must see; (being set off by
+some very curiously) and seeing cannot but admire the
+great charge, art, and labour of the <i>Apothecary</i>, and
+perhaps hear his learned Lecture upon them, whereby
+they imply their great skill, knowledg in the virtues of
+these ingredients, and consequently an ability to practise
+with them; all which are below the dignity
+of a <i>Physician</i>; and therefore a long time is necessary
+for him to gain acquaintance, wanting the
+fore-mentioned opportunities the <i>Apothecaries</i> enjoy.
+<i>Lastly</i>, Their painted Pots and Glasses, with false
+
+<a class="pb" name="61" id="png059"></a>
+
+Titles on them, more win the vulgar then a <i>Physicians</i>
+Library of far greater value.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As to their incapacity for Practice, 'tis manifest by
+their education, and ignorance of all those things
+which are required in an able <i>Physician</i>, <i>viz.</i> the knowledg
+of Arts and Languages; by the former whereof
+men learn the way and rules of observing, and improvements
+to be made thereon; by the latter, what
+the learned searchers of Nature have in all Ages taken
+notice of, necessary, and little enough in an Art
+so difficult as that of Physic. They are wholy ignorant
+also of all Philosophy, and the very Elements of
+the Art, and therefore unskillful in knowing diseases;
+and more surely their causes, whereto respect is
+to be had, as well as to the diseases, to which, fit
+remedies are to be applyed. For want of Anatomy
+know neither the part affected, nor how 'tis affected;
+much lets any thing of Chirurgical directions. And
+through their ignorance in Philosophy, and Arts, they
+have not skill enough to advise a diet sutable to diseases;
+a thing most necessary, as well in curing diseases
+as in preserving of health, and which requires a great
+insight into the nature of things; nor the true grounds
+and reasons of compounding, practising their way rather
+by rote then by rule; with better reason may a
+Brick-layer or Carpenter pretend to be a Mathematical,
+or a Common Fidler to be a Musick Reader in
+the Universities, or <i>Gresham-College</i>, since both these
+have the practical part of those Sciences, which
+<i>Apothecaries</i> have not in Physic, in the least measure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And to conceal their mis-actings, they generally do
+
+<a class="pb" name="62" id="png060"></a>
+
+all by word of mouth, and not enter their prescriptions
+into their Books, being haply ashamed
+any knowing men should discover their sins of omission,
+as dangerous many times in point of life and
+health, as those of their commission. Whereas <i>Physicians</i>
+Bills are on the File, or registred in Order in their
+own Books, which is their justification from all
+misrepresentations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Again, they sufficiently confess their ignorance, by
+calling in <i>Physicians</i> when their own, or any of their
+relations healths are concerned, and the same all people
+acknowledge, when they are in distress and danger.
+And very few understanding persons, and none
+that are learned and knowing, will trust them at all.
+But I shall refer the Reader to the forementioned
+Writer against the <i>Apothecaries</i>, <i>viz.</i> Dr. <i>Daniel Coxe</i>,
+who permitted me to name him here; by whom this
+and many other things here but briefly touched, are
+judiciously handled, and more largely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And as for their skill in practice, we daily see their
+gross errours and omissions, being called where they
+have given Medicines. I shall instance only in one
+that hapned at the writing hereof; <i>viz.</i> that an
+<i>Apothecary</i> gave strong Purging Pills on the Fit day
+of a gentle Quartan Ague, which turned it into a
+violent Fever, to the great hazard of the <i>Patients</i>
+life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And at how easie rate they practise, many of their
+Bills brought and complained of to our <i>College</i>, (in
+some whereof I have seen Fees set down for Visits)
+witness, wherein upon a slight disease 5 <i>l.</i> hath
+been demanded for four days practice. And I have
+
+<a class="pb" name="63" id="png061"></a>
+
+heard one of them brag, that he commonly had from
+20 to 100 <i>l.</i> besides presents, for cure of a Clap
+(as they call it) which  might have been more
+speedily and securely performed for a manifold lesser
+sum.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I now come to answer some slight objections; as
+first, that <i>Physicians</i> are unskillful in the Art of making
+Medicines; but sure those that thus object cannot
+deny them that ability which Ladies, and almost
+all ordinary women have; <i>viz.</i> of distilling of waters
+of all sorts, making of Syrups, Conserves, Preserves,
+Powders, Trochiscs, Electuaries (and what not) and
+as many think, more cleanly and neatly then the <i>Apothecaries</i>;
+and some of them Ointments, and Plasters,
+in which two lyes their main skill. Some whereof,
+to those that understand not the way of dissolution
+of bodies, and the nature of their mixture may
+be difficult. Yet this defect they may supply by
+lessening the number of ingredients, and may
+perform more with 2, or 3 Simples, then with the
+larger Compositions, as 'tis manifest in the use of
+<i>Galbanum</i> alone, now used and found better then
+<i>Emplastrum Hystericum</i>, consisting of 21 ingredients.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And though as matters now stand, <i>Physicians</i> have
+not the honour to be counted superiour to <i>Apothecaries</i>
+in their Art, yet every one knows that they alone are
+the prescribers and directors of the <i>Apothecaries</i> in
+what they know; and are able to puzzle them in infinite
+things that concern their Trade, besides in Chymical
+preparations, whereof most of them are totally
+ignorant; and should <i>Physicians</i> withdraw themselves
+
+<a class="pb" name="64" id="png062"></a>
+
+from their conversation, few pretenders to Physic
+would appear more unskillful then they, neither knowing
+how to deal with a new Simple, nor a new disease.
+And for all their pretences of skill in Drugs, 'tis most
+certain that the State makes <i>Physicians</i> not <i>Apothecaries</i>,
+Judges of them; and the Statute of <i>Henry</i> the
+VIII. appoints the <i>College</i> Censors upon Oath, not the
+<i>Apothecaries</i> to judg, and condemn false and sophisticated
+Medicines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A second objection wherewith they flatter themselves,
+is, that the great expence of time in preparing
+Medicines will keep <i>Physicians</i> from this course. I
+answer, that the <i>Physician</i> needs not spend much more
+then half an hour in a day, one with another, on this
+work, and may faster dispense them then the <i>Apothecaries</i>
+to Hospitals, who in an afternoon can provide for
+100, nay sometimes 200 sick men, and carry them to
+the Hospital, and dispose them to each single person,
+which takes up much time, which the <i>Physicians</i> Servants
+need not be put to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A third objection is, that this course, which before
+'twas put in practice they derided, now used is railed
+at, will undo them. I answer that if needs, one or
+the other must be ruined, 'tis more reasonable that the
+<i>Apothecary</i> should suffer then the <i>Physician</i>, because the
+one acts but his duty, and for the publick good, but
+the other are transgressors of the Law, and act above
+the Sphere of their skill, and do many prejudices to
+the precious lives, and healths of men; and the rather,
+because 'tis in their own power to prevent this mischief,
+by stinting the number of their Servants (as 'tis
+in foreign parts, and in <i>England</i> also, in very many if
+
+<a class="pb" name="65" id="png063"></a>
+
+not most other Trades. Nay our State allows but
+a set number of Printers) for they acknowledg themselves,
+that the exceeding increase of their number
+must necessarily in a short time bring them all to shifting
+and beggery, and a greater want of skill then what
+they now pretend to. But to answer this Objection
+more fully, I affirm <i>Apothecaries</i> have made and do
+make use of several other ways of subsistence; besides
+their bare trades (none of which <i>Physicians</i> can
+use) <i>viz.</i> some of them in this City as well as in the
+Country, sell Grocery-wares, and by both together,
+gain Estates. <i>Secondly</i>, They barter in Drugs and
+other Commodities, selling them amongst themselves,
+and to other Tradesmen. Furthermore, they are now
+building a Laboratory to make all sorts of Chymical
+Medicines, intending to supply the whole Nation with
+them, which must necessarily undo all the Chymists in
+<i>London</i>; and whether in time they will not distil
+Strong-waters, <i>&amp;c.</i> (an easie thing for them to undertake)
+and by this means to ruine the Corporation
+of Distillers of Strong-waters, I leave to the said Company
+to conceive as they please. However, this I have
+heard several of them say, that they resolve to buy
+all sorts of Drugs, and make a Magazine of them, as
+well as of the greater Compositions, at their own Hall;
+and to sell them to the Members of their Company,
+whereby the Trade of the Druggist, must be much
+lessened, if not totally over-thrown. So little regard
+have they of any other employment but of their own,
+yet all these things they may do without any offence
+against the Laws of the Land. Why then should they,
+who have so many ways of subsistence, envy, and
+
+<a class="pb" name="66" id="png064"></a>
+
+usurp unlawfully over the single and lawful way granted
+<i>Physicians</i> for their livelihood? Or why would
+they repine, and revile them for advancing their Art,
+the publick health and profit, and for maintaining their
+profession by their Pens, and actings against themselves,
+who are the first aggressors in this division? Which I
+profess to be the sole end of these present papers, and
+heartily wish they may thrive and prosper as long as
+they conform themselves to the Laws of Honesty,
+Reason, and of the Land. Besides, why may not the
+Plaisterer more reasonably pretend the same to the
+Painter, and many other Trades against one another,
+as the Brick-layer to the Stone-Cutter, <i>&amp;c.</i> that they
+understand the Trade, and that truly too, and that
+they cannot subsist without this incroachment? And
+why should not <i>Chirurgeons</i> keep open <i>Apothecaries</i>
+Shops? but that the same Law limits those Tradesmen,
+as well as prohibits the <i>Apothecary</i> from the practice
+of Physic. And surely the Law and State have
+no consideration of those persons subsistence, who
+conform not to them; and why should we have of
+those, subordinate to us, who against all good Conscience
+take away from us all that is our due, and
+continually traduce and slander us very untruly and
+designingly?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The last objection (and a strange one) is, that in this
+private way of giving Medicines, <i>Physicians</i> may poyson
+their <i>Patients</i>. But this is easily retorted upon the
+<i>Apothecaries</i>, who may themselves or their Servants
+do the like, as 'tis known in the poysoning of Sir <i>Thomas
+Overbury</i>; besides, since it cannot be otherwise, but that
+the <i>Patient</i> must trust somebody, 'tis better to trust one
+
+<a class="pb" name="67" id="png065"></a>
+
+then many; and if one, better him whose education
+will teach him better Morality, (and who hath given
+his Faith (equivalent to an Oath) twice to the Body
+of the <i>College; viz.</i> once at his admission as Candidate,
+and a second time at his admission as Fellow; whereby
+he promiseth in these words, That he shall give nothing
+to cause miscarriage, or to destroy, or hinder
+Conception, nor Poysons (for of such, good Medicines
+may be made) to an evil purpose, nay that he shall
+not even teach them where there is any suspicion of
+ill using of them. Which promise is nothing else but
+the Oath proposed by <i>Hippoc.</i> to <i>Physicians</i>, in the entrance
+to his Books) <ins class="corr" title="2nd edition: Original has 'then'">then to trust</ins> such as want these qualifications;
+and this seems to be the reason why our Common
+Law makes it Felony, for any person to have any one
+dy under his hand, unless he were a lawful <i>Physician</i>.
+More noble and generous was the opinion of <i>Alexander</i>
+the Great, concerning his <i>Physician</i>, who confidently
+drank off that Medicine which cured him,
+though he was before informed by some friend that
+'twas poysoned. Neither can History it self to my
+knowledg produce any example, that ever any such
+foolish Villany was acted; Though doubtless many
+lives might have been saved if the <i>Apothecaries</i> would
+have complyed with the <i>College</i>, in their proposed Orders
+for selling <i>Rats-bane</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the next place I shall recite some few of their devices
+against those <i>Physicians</i> in particular that make
+their own Medicines, as to tell the <i>Patient</i> that is
+averse to Chymical Medicines, that the <i>Doctor</i> is Chymical,
+and that because forsooth he makes his own Medicines;
+but to those that affect Chymical, that the
+
+<a class="pb" name="68" id="png066"></a>
+
+<i>Doctor</i> is but a Galenist, and useth only dull and ineffectual
+remedies, as best suits to the sick mans Palat.
+A second is, that if this <i>Physician</i> be called in to
+a <i>Patient</i>, the <i>Apothecary</i> will pretend present danger,
+and in his absence call in another, or pretend he is
+abroad when he is not, or else that the Case requires
+the counsel of two <i>Physicians</i>; and what other devices
+they use, I have not well learned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now briefly follow some small Scandals they cast
+upon the said <i>Physicians</i>, as first that they do it for
+want of practice; the falsity whereof is known by
+those few that do act this way already, and shortly
+'twill be more apparent, when many more of good
+practice, singular parts and honesty will do the like,
+and certainly nothing but lazyness, ignorance, or want
+of will to do the utmost good they are able for the sick,
+can hinder them from so doing, except age, infirmity
+of body, or want of convenience. But suppose 'tis
+so as they alledg, doubtless every man may and ought
+to use all lawful means for his own subsistence; and do
+not our adversaries say they are inforced to it, affirming
+that unless they give Medicines of themselves,
+their acquaintance will go to another <i>Apothecary</i> who
+will do it, though one of their Company told me,
+they had power by their Charter to restrain practice?
+Whence (if true) it clearly follows that the whole
+Company allows it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But those <i>Physicians</i>, that for the reasons above,
+cannot nor will not take this course, are to be admonished,
+to do here as the <i>Physicians</i> did in <i>France</i>,
+for the good of people, <i>viz.</i> to tell their <i>Patients</i> the
+prices of Medicines, and to write their Bills in English,
+
+<a class="pb" name="69" id="png067"></a>
+
+that thereby the <i>Patients</i> may not pay too unreasonable
+for them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I now conclude, having performed this ungrateful
+task, with as much brevity, mildness of Spirit, and language,
+as the business would permit (and what the
+prudent Statutes of our <i>College</i> require of each of their
+members, that we shall by all honest and lawful ways
+and means prosecute all illiterate <i>Mountebanks</i> and Impostors,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> and is no more then the Laws and Charters
+granted to us allow, and what we twice faithfully promise
+(as much an Oath as we can give) <i>viz.</i> at our admission
+as Candidate and as Fellow) being obliged to
+another work of greater difficulty, and concern, long
+since promised, having been too long diverted with fitting
+my self for my intended practice, and several other
+unavoidable Occasions.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="70" id="png068"></a>
+
+</div>
+<div class="back">
+<div class="postscript">
+<h2>Postscript.</h2>
+<p>
+<i>Reader</i>, There intervening so small a space from
+the publication of the first Edition of these
+Papers to this second; I thought to have added
+nothing to it, but to have put it out only more
+correct, as the Title intimates; but since some Sheets
+were printed off, I have had the opportunity to be informed
+of some exceptions taken to them, which being
+but few, I shall give the Objectors full satisfaction
+in. Though one answer might serve for all; <i>viz.</i> that
+an <i>Apothecary</i> in the presence of two <i>Physicians</i>, said,
+that he had told me of all these Cheats, and indeed they
+are so common, that whosoever shall be conversant
+with them, may observe most of these to be a great
+part of their discourse. The First exception against
+<i>Myrtle-leafs</i>, that they were not shewed the <i>Censors</i>
+for <i>Sena</i>, a Binder for a Purger; the time I have
+forgot; the <i>Censors</i> then were, Sir <i>George Ent</i>, Dr.
+<i>Goddard</i>, Dr. <i>King</i>, and my Self; the places, <i>Tut-hill-street</i>,
+and some Shops in <i>King-street</i>; Mr. <i>Shellberry</i>
+being then Master of the Company. Secondly, As
+for <i>Mushrooms</i> rubbed over with Chalk for <i>Agaric</i>;
+this was found by the <i>Censors</i> in the <i>Old-Baily</i>, at the
+Shop of one now dead, and therefore I shall say no
+further of it, it being taken notice of by Mr. <i>Evelyn</i>,
+as is intimated before. <i>p.</i>8. A Third is <i>Diascordium</i> made
+of <i>Honey</i> and <i>Bole-Armeniac</i>, this was discovered in a
+
+<a class="pb" name="71" id="png069"></a>
+
+Shop at the end of <i>Drury-lane</i> near <i>Holborn</i>, concluded
+to be so by Sir <i>George Ent</i>, <i>My Self</i>, and Mr. <i>Richardson</i>
+then Master of the Company, and the rest of
+the <i>Censors</i> and <i>Wardens</i>, easily to be remembred, and
+was by them taken away to their Hall; a pound
+whereof I had, and by dissolution found it to be no
+otherwise; what the <i>Apothecaries</i> did with the large
+Pot of the remainder I know not. Besides these, I
+have heard no exception to the whole concerning
+frauds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now since the Cheaters with the Cheatees, most
+insist on the objection of Poyson; I add to what hath
+been formerly said; that Poysons are not necessarily
+to be given in Medicines alone, but may be given in
+Broaths, Beer, or any other thing taken into the Body,
+and that without the consultation or knowledg of any
+<i>Physician</i>, and surely if any one had a mind to Poyson
+his Relations (an Action abominable to the English
+Nation) he would rather Act privately himself, having
+many opportunities offered to him, rather then
+by communicating it to others, make himself obnoxious
+to their discovery. But if he should communicate
+to others, 'tis more probable he would communicate
+it to meaner, and more Mercenary persons, as
+<i>Apothecaries</i> and Nurses, at a smaller rate and with
+more security, then reveal such secrets to <i>Physicians</i>,
+Men of Honour, and Honesty. Furthermore, if any
+mans life be suspected to be taken away with Poyson,
+and by opening the body it should appear so (and
+without which it cannot well appear) the <i>Physician</i> is
+doubtless as lyable to the Law as any other person
+whatsoever. So that the <i>Patient</i> hath as much moral
+
+<a class="pb" name="72" id="png070"></a>
+
+security from this mischief, as possibly can be had, or
+wished in humane affairs. Nay suppose the <i>Physician</i>
+might be so corrupted (as to take away his <i>Patients</i>
+life) he might effect it without the least suspition;
+either by neglecting, or omitting what was necessary,
+or by giving him unproper Medicines, for which he
+could be accused of ignorance or errour only; besides,
+if he had a mind to poyson, he as well as others,
+assistants of Visitors, might do it securely enough, by
+conveying into a singular Cordial, or any Medicine
+made by the Shops, and often taken by the <i>Patient</i>
+before with good success, a mortal dose without any
+knowledg or surmise of any such horrid practice.
+Add hereunto what an able <i>Chirurgeon</i> suggested,
+that <i>Apothecaries</i> taking upon them the wrapping up,
+and Embalming of Bodies (whereby they gain more
+money then by several years practice upon them; for
+their embalming amounts to very great sums) may
+upon better reason be suspected of poysoning then
+any other persons whatsoever conversant among the
+sick, since both a particular interest and convenience
+of concealing may induce them to it. Lastly, did
+this Objection carry any weight in it, then neither
+<i>Physicians</i>, <i>Chirurgeons</i>, <i>Apothecaries</i>, <i>Nurses</i>, nor
+Friends, might administer to the sick; because all
+these, as well as <i>Physicians</i>, may clandestinely poyson
+their Relations. And therefore that an Objection
+should be raised by such persons that have more opportunities
+and advantage (in a thing never proved
+to be done, because 'tis possible only) to hinder
+so manifest and publick a profit as hath been proved;
+appears to be very weak and absurd.
+</p>
+
+<a class="pb" name="73" id="png071"></a>
+
+<p>
+And having done with the Objections made to
+others, and to my self also by some of the Company,
+with whom I have conversed, who huff'd exceedingly
+at my first discourse with them, but departed (seemingly
+at least) well satisfied, I am sure fully and
+without reply answered, and with addition of many
+other Cheats besides, which I shall not here mention
+for the reasons above specified: I shall here transcribe
+one gratulatory Letter amongst many sent me by a
+Divine well known in Physic, being very comprehensive
+of most I have said, to the end the Universities
+and all learned men may see what is like to become
+of one of the three of their noble professions:
+The words of the Letter are these.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Your design all ingenious persons approve highly,
+to whom I have communicated it. 'Tis frequent
+with a Master <i>Apothecary</i> that hath served but 2, or
+3 years, nay some scarce one, to take Apprentices
+for as little, or less time, with a little more money
+then ordinarily; and presently they assume the
+Title of <i>Doctors</i>, though they understand no more
+then only to write to a whole-sale <i>Apothecary</i> in
+your City. And truly their couzenages here in the
+Country do exceed those in the City.   For I have
+known 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> taken for a little Plaster of <i>Galbanum</i>,
+and it is usual to make one pectoral Syrup serve
+for all; as having occasion to enquire for Syrup of
+Jujubs, one of them ingenuously confessed (not
+knowing what Jujubs were) that he used one pectoral
+Syrup for all, a little varying the colour sometimes,
+and this a peculiar receipt of his own, something
+differing from any in the Dispensatory.&rdquo;
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<a class="pb" name="74" id="png072"></a>
+
+<p>
+As for their opposition also in the Country, take
+this one Example. An eminent <i>Physician</i> of <i>Gloucester</i>
+by reason of the <i>Apothecaries</i> Frauds, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+betook himself to make his own Medicines, taking
+for his Servant one that was not a Freeman of the
+said City. Who in his Masters absence, and contrary
+to his command, sold to an <i>Apothecary</i> a Medicine
+not to be had, or at least pretended not to be had in
+the Town, for a most urgent and necessary use; whereupon
+the <i>Apothecaries</i> conspiring together, exhibited
+a complaint to the Mayor and Court of Aldermen, requiring
+of them, that the said <i>Physician</i> (who was a
+Freeman, and had lately born the Office of Mayor)
+might be dis-franchised. Which being not granted
+them, they set the whole City into such disorder, that
+they refused to attend the Mayor on a Solemn day (as
+their Custom is, and are bound to do) with their Flags
+from their Town-Hall to the Church, which the prudence
+of the Magistrates for the present qualified.
+This relation I had from the then Mayor
+my Kinsman, in the presence of a <i>London Apothecary</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Next as to the Lyes and Scandals of my self, I
+shall take notice only of those that concern practice
+(the rest being but generally false and non-sensical
+revilings.) One is, that they most untruly entitle
+me to have been <i>Physician</i> to the Lady <i>Anderson</i>, and
+many others which I never saw or heard of; and
+that I soon dispatched them. Another wherewith
+they make great noise, is, of one Mr. <i>Staples</i> in <i>Covent-Garden</i>,
+whom they say also I dispatched in few
+days. The true relation whereof was this. An able
+
+<a class="pb" name="75" id="png073"></a>
+
+<i>Physician</i> of the <i>College</i> had him in hand for the <i>Jaundice</i>,
+about two Months before I was called, whereupon
+we consulted and writ a note to the <i>Apothecary</i>;
+a week after the consultation I was sent for, and
+desired to take care of him alone; he was then, besides
+the <i>Jaundice</i>, troubled with continual Torments
+in his Bowels, which were as hard as a Board (as
+they say) his Stomach gone, his nights restless, a
+vehement Cough joyned with a Hectick Fever, having
+long before had an ill Habit of Body.
+In this Case I found him, and in a Months time or
+thereabouts, I cured his <i>Jaundice</i>, relieved his Torments,
+removed the hardness of his Bowels, mitigated
+his Cough, but the Hectick Fever continuing he
+declined; at length another <i>Physician</i> was called in,
+who can witness the truth of what was done, and upon
+the whole we had good reason to think his Liver
+to be Apostemated. After which consultation he
+had no more of me, telling me he would rely on
+Kitchin Physic, and after that I never saw him. Now
+this being the only relation I have heard in this kind,
+I have been the larger to recite it, that thereby the
+Reader may take an estimate of their dealing with
+me in the like reports. The like or worse, some of
+them have said of other <i>Physicians</i>, which perhaps
+hereafter shall be more fully related with all the Circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As for their malicious anger, and disadvantageous
+to themselves, take this one example; I having prescribed
+a Plaster for the Head, an <i>Apothecary</i> would
+not make it, because prescribed by me; and I have
+been informed that many of them agreed they would
+
+<a class="pb" name="76" id="png074"></a>
+
+make nothing for such <i>Physicians</i> as made their own
+Medicines; a poor and pitiful revenge, to their own
+loss and discredit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another Scandal is, the fewness of my Medicines.
+'Tis true my Closet is not open to every bodies Eye,
+nor have I so many and large Pots and Glasses, or fill'd
+with as good as nothing, or the same Medicine, in several
+with different Titles, neither are any of mine
+guilded to make a shew with; yet I dare offer to view
+with the best of their Shops, for number of good and
+really useful Medicines fit to answer presently any
+<i>Physicians</i> intentions, for internal remedies. And this
+will be attested by some of my learned <i>Collegues</i>, who
+have seen and perused them. Whereas the Shops
+contain only some general Medicines, whereof few
+single <i>Physicians</i> make use of one quarter in their
+practice, and upon most particular cases are compell'd
+to prescribe what is not readily dispensed in the Shops.
+Others insinuate my seldom change of Medicines. To
+which I answer, that where all circumstances are the
+same, and a good success follows, I neither do, nor
+will much vary, the easiest thing in the World to be
+done, both to colour and tast. For such changes (necessary
+to be used in Shop-practice) without manifest
+reason, clog a Patients Purse and Stomach, may not
+suit with the Patients Disease nor Constitution. And
+doubtless every <i>Physician</i> writes at first what he conceives
+most fit, and proper in the Case proposed; and
+if this agrees fully to his expectation, runs some hazard
+in the alteration, which he is necessitated to do
+in the Shop-way, for many reasons before-mentioned.
+Besides, who scruples to take the Medicinal Waters of
+
+<a class="pb" name="77" id="png075"></a>
+
+<i>Epsom</i>, <i>Barnet</i>, and <i>Tunbridge</i>, many weeks together?
+or who refuseth a constant unalter'd Diet-Drink for
+some Months, or Years together? And do not <i>Apothecaries</i>
+in all Diseases of the Lungs, fly to their
+pectoral decoction for all persons, and for the same person
+at all times, unless perhaps with the addition of a
+little <i>China</i> to it?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some Patients of the middle rank have by these
+and such like Artifices been drawn from me, but have
+soon returned, being undeceived by the fulsomness,
+charge, and the non-success of the Shops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now these things I have here published to this end
+alone, that both <i>Physician</i> and <i>Patient</i> may take notice
+of them; the former to neglect and slight such
+poor Calumnies, and the other to avoid the inconveniencies
+thence arising.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The care I had not to injure any particular person,
+by naming him in my first Edition, or this (although
+I had so many witnesses of credit, as appears by the
+Postscript, to justifie any thing they can object against)
+makes me hope they will leave off their personal animosities,
+or redress their Crimes, their Vanity of
+threatning me with 20000 <i>l.</i> Actions, and affrighting
+my publishing this, together with my further proceedings,
+by their intended assaults and batteries;
+which make them appear so ridiculous, that I smile
+at the first, and pardon the last; wishing them to consider
+seriously how the expectation some have of what
+they can say for themselves, together with the necessity
+that obliges them to it (if possible) were
+enough one would think, besides their many large
+brags of a speedy and full answer (which they have a
+
+<a class="pb" name="78" id="png076"></a>
+
+long time buzzed about the Town as a present remedy
+in this exigence) this I say were enough to make
+any man conclude them guilty, but 'tis hoped this
+Edition will either work in them an amendment, or
+bury their confident presumptions, leaving no man a
+belief of their innocency. If their promised answer
+be any thing else but Libelling, or a Ballad without
+rhime or reason, stuft with falsities and revilings, such
+as was only given to Dr. <i>Coxe</i>'s Book; I shall return it
+a speedy and full answer, and with an addition of
+far greater Frauds and Abuses, if they therein desire
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="signed">
+<i>Feb. 20<br />
+Hatton-Garden.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="errata">
+<p>
+Pag. 35. l. 6 read <i>Physician</i>, pag. 67. l. <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note: Original has '12'">13</ins>. read then
+to trust.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="trailer">
+  <span style="font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.5em;">FINIS</span>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses
+Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses
+Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries
+       As well in Relation to Patients, as Physicians: And Of the
+       only Remedy thereof by Physicians making their own
+       Medicines.
+
+Author: Christopher Merrett
+
+Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15910]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRAUDS BY APOTHECARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Richard Cohen and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the Bibliotheque
+nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
++ Hyphens splitting words across lines have been removed.
+
++ Original spellings have generally been retained, but
+  the Errata from the Second Edition (at the end), and
+  a mistake in the Errata (!) have been corrected
+  silently. The original text can be found in the HTML
+  version.
+
++ The Latin epigraph translates as: "They all represent
+  themselves as Doctors--The Uneducated, The Priest,
+  The Nurse, and The Barber, The _Apothecary_, The Old Woman."
+]
+
+
+
+Imprimatur,
+Novemb. 13.
+1669.
+SAM. PARKER.
+
+
+
+A
+SHORT VIEW
+OF THE
+FRAUDS, and ABUSES
+Committed by
+APOTHECARIES;
+
+
+As well in Relation to
+PATIENTS, as PHYSICIANS:
+AND
+Of the only Remedy thereof by PHYSICIANS
+making their own
+MEDICINES.
+
+
+BY
+CHRISTOPHER MERRETT Dr. in Physic, Fellow of the College of
+Physicians, and of the Royal Society.
+
+             ----Fingunt se Medicos omnes, Idiota, Sacerdos, Nutrix, &
+                                         Tonsor, _Pharmacopaeus_, Anus.
+
+
+The Second Edition more correct.
+
+LONDON,
+Printed for James Allestry, Printer to the Royal Society, at the Rose
+and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard, 1670
+
+
+
+
+  A _Short View_ of the _Frauds_ and _Abuses_ committed by
+  _Apothecaries_, as well in Relation to _Patients_, as _Physicians_;
+  and of the only remedy thereof by _Physicians_ making their own
+  Medicines.
+
+
+Doubtless it will seem strange to most men, that after 30 years not
+unsuccessful practice in this great City, I should now at last forbear
+sending my Bills to the Apothecaries, knowing that hereby a whole
+Company of men interested in the World (who by their number, noise,
+and tricks, may be able to decry any Physician) will become my
+implacable adversaries, and by their private whispers of untrue tales,
+will endeavour to their utmost, either to keep me from any new, or
+shuffle me out of my fixed imployment. But not fearing the utmost
+their malice can invent, or proclaim; I shall publickly assert what I
+privately practice, preferring the publick good, and the honour of my
+profession before my own private profit. And although I have had some
+experience what their groundless anger can do, when they some years
+since proclaimed me in their publick Hall their Enemy, for acting the
+College Interest, and of late for saving my Patients lives and purses,
+by dispencing gratis my Medicines. Yet I hope no indifferent person,
+when he knows that I have thus long slighted their weak endeavours,
+will believe I can now at length have so poor an end as revenge;
+especially when they shall consider on the one hand, the universal and
+daily complaints of both Patient and Physician, the great cause they
+have to do so, and the little hope of a remedy, and on the other,
+besides that general obligation all men have of doing their
+Country-men good, and the particular necessity I have of justifying my
+actions, by leaving the World their judg upon the account I shall here
+deliver of them. And lastly, that which will leave my Enemies not any
+objection, I take upon me not only a great trouble, but charge,
+without any other design then doing mankind good, by endeavouring to
+restore my profession to its ancient and deserved honours. And had I
+none of these inducements, I am sure the vulgar excuse of friends
+importunities may be satisfactory to all persons for my publishing
+what I here do, when I must acknowledge that many of my Collegues and
+other Practisers in several parts, upon reading these papers furnished
+me not only with some bad practices of their own experience, but
+thereupon enjoyed the publishing of them. So that in these papers I do
+but speak the common language of all Physicians, and of very many
+Patients. Neither are all their frauds and abuses here inserted, the
+rest (perhaps more in number) being reserved to another opportunity. I
+shall only add by way of preface; that the last year a Book was
+printed on the same argument, by an inquisitive person, now Dr. in
+Physic, which might have spared me this labour, but that it was too
+large for every ones reading, and in some things short. It was his
+fate to be called by them Fool, Ass, and Simple Fellow, and much worse
+language, bragging that some of their Boys should answer him. But upon
+more serious thoughts, the whole Company have suffered it to find the
+credit it well deserves, without the least reply but that of
+revilings.
+
+In these ensuing papers, I hope to prove, that these abuses complain'd
+of by all sorts of persons, arise from this only cause, that
+Physicians dispence not themselves such Medicines, they use for the
+relief of their Patients, but commit this work to the Apothecaries, or
+rather their Servants.
+
+Now the Apothecaries abuses generally relate either to the Medicines,
+Patients, or Physicians; which three do comprehend all I shall say on
+this subject.
+
+But the Reader is to take notice, that all here charged on the
+Apothecaries, is not meant of every single one, but of some, or more
+of them, and may in a short time in all probability be verified of
+them all, according as their number, cajoling the ignorant, and bold
+daring in Physic increase.
+
+But before I descend to particulars, I shall first lay down this
+Proposition, their own confession, and in their own Language, viz.
+That they may be the veriest Knaves in England. Because they may put
+in bad ingredients, and more or less then the composition requires,
+they may substitute one thing for another; and all this without being
+detected, and consequently not be punished for such misdemeanors; but
+more especially in Medicines for private mens uses, wherein they may
+do what they please without the least discovery of the Patient, and
+from this general confession of theirs, it clearly follows, that
+whatsoever deceit, covetous wits can invent, may at least be suspected
+to be used by them, and whatsoever is here alledged may find easier
+belief.
+
+And Secondly, Most men wonder, that this Corporation, being but of few
+years standing, and to the setting up of whose Trade so small a Stock
+is necessary; should live so high, spend so freely, gain so great
+Estates, by their return of so little money yearly, which how 'tis
+done every man may conceive to be effected by the following Artifices.
+
+More particularly, the Frauds by them committed relate either to their
+falsifying of Medicines, or secondly, to the number of their Bills,
+and prescriptions, or thirdly, to the prices of them.
+
+First, They use Medicines quite contrary to the prescription,
+Myrtle-leafs shewed the Censors for Sena, a Binder for a Purger.
+Mushroms of the Oak, &c. rub'd over with Chalk for Agaric, which Mr.
+Evelyn in his late publisht Book of Forest Trees, pag. 27. observes,
+to the great scandal of Physic as he adds; Hemlock-Dropwort Roots for
+Paeony Roots, Poysons for wholesome remedies; Privet by some, by others
+Dog-berries, for those of Spina Cervina, no Purgers for a strong one.
+Sheeps Lungs for Fox Lungs, the Bone of an Oxe Heart for that of a
+Stags Heart, Damsons for Damasc Prunes, Syrup of Limons, for that of
+Citrons, Bryony Roots for Mechoacan, &c.
+
+Secondly, They falsify the grand Compositions of the London
+Dispensatory. It being a common trade with them to buy unsound, and
+decayed Simples of some Druggists, and to return them back so much of
+the composition as will pay for the Simples. Secondly, whereas
+Apothecaries are bound to shew publickly to the Censors of the
+College, and the Master and Wardens of their Company, Mithridate,
+Diascordium, Alkermes, &c. Yet for all this some of them privately
+make a great deal more of the Composition then is shewed, of unsound
+Drugs, and some without any view at all; others put in the Scrapings
+that ought to be thrown away; and by these Arts they under-sell, and
+ruine one another, selling the Composition at a lower rate then good
+Ingredients cost them; and with these complaints they daily mutiny
+amongst themselves.
+
+Thirdly, 'Tis very common for them to load Medicines with Honey, and
+other cheaper ingredients, and to leave out in whole or in part, those
+of greater value; viz. Saffron in Ruffus Pills, and in Oxycroceum
+Plaster, which latter, they colour of a saffron colour with Turmeric,
+Sanders &c. Ambergrise in Alkermes, Diascordium was found by the
+Censors in their search made only of Honey, and Bole-Armeniac. Which
+false composition was taken away by the then Master of the Company.
+
+Such Chymists which sell preparations honestly made complain, that few
+Apothecaries will go to the prices of them. Whence it comes to pass,
+that most of the preparations found in the Shops are sophisticated, to
+the great abuse of City and Country. These abuses daily increase since
+the Censors, discouraged by the multitude of Empirics swarming in
+every Corner, have omitted their wonted searches, being to their loss
+of time, and expences out of their own Purses for the publick good
+only. Now since the Chymical Oyls, by reason of their great prices are
+most of them adulterated, and very few of them right good, and that
+nothing hath been published on this matter, and to leave the buyers of
+them unexcusable, I shall here add briefly, yet sufficiently the ways
+to discover these Cheats. First for sweet-scented Chymical Oyls, viz.
+those of Cloves, Cinnamon and Sassaphras. Only drop a little of them
+into fair water, and that part which is true good will sink under the
+water, but the adulterated part will swim on the top of it. Some
+others draw deep tinctures from the said Spices with Spirit of Wine
+highly rectified, and sell them for the Oyls; but these mix with the
+water throughout, neither swimming, nor sinking. Others more craftily
+digest with the said tinctures some of the true Oyls, which compound
+being put into water, will for a time render it white. Another way of
+sophisticating is with Oyl of Turpentine mixed in great quantity with
+that which is adulterated; You may easily discover the Oyl of
+Turpentine, by setting it on fire, for it yields abundance of
+ill-scented smoak, with very little savour of the Herb, Flour, or
+Seed, &c. and soon takes fire. To correct the ill smell of the
+Turpentine, they digest it with, and distil it off with Spirit of
+Wine. Those sophisticated with Turpentine, fired in a Silver Spoon
+colour it, and quickly diffuse themselves upon a Knife, or Paper. The
+best way to try by firing, is to put a drop or two of these Oyls on
+the end of a broad pointed Knife, which being first heated, and then
+thrust into a lighted Candle, presently take fire, and break out into
+a flame with much dark smoak; but if you will try them in a Spoon,
+heat it first over a Candle, and then blow the flame of lighted paper,
+or of a Wax Candle on them. To try the scent, blow out the flame of
+the good Oyls, and your smell will soon discover the ill scent of the
+Turpentine from that of the good Oyl. But on the contrary, all Oyls
+drawn from Plants by distillation hardly flame, and the flame soon
+goes out, and the smoak gives a full flavour of the Plant it self,
+whereas those sophisticated as before, differ from the true in both.
+The same Oyls are also sophisticated with cheap ones drawn from
+decayed Oringes, and Limons; Your smell on firing will soon discover
+these mixtures. A third way of sophisticating Chymical Oyls is, by
+mixing with them such Oyls as are made by expression, which are easily
+discovered by rubbing them on white paper, which being held and dryed
+at the fire, the Chymical part soon flyes away, and leaves the paper
+transparent, looking no otherwise then oyled paper; but pure Chymical
+Oyls totally fly away, leaving the paper white as 'twas before, and
+not transparent, and in this way Oyl of sweet Almonds and Spike have a
+great share. As for Oyls drawn by Retort, they all of them smell so
+strong of the fire, that neither smell nor tast can well discover any
+fraud in them. Now for the fixed Salts, most of them are made of the
+Ashes of Tobacco-stalks, &c. More might be said for the discovery of
+the Cheats of other Chymical preparations, which shall be reserved to
+another opportunity, and had Physicians just encouragement, they would
+spend both their time and moneys on the like discoveries for the
+publick Utility.
+
+Fifthly, Add to the former (though perhaps 'tis an error of ignorance
+only) that if such Simples are prescribed they know not, they fetch
+from the Herb-women what they give them, true or false; for many of
+these Women give to very many Plants false names; Now if the
+Apothecary be so careful to consult an Herbal, which few have, and
+fewer know how to make use of, yet they too frequently mistake the
+thing by reason of several names given to the same thing, or of one
+name to several things, and many of them consult the common
+Dictionaries only, which are most erroneous in the names of natural
+things; insomuch that in my first practice (being curious of these
+particulars) I have found two or three mistakes in one prescription, a
+Catalogue of which mistakes, and names ill given, I had collected, but
+the late fire consumed it, though many of them my memory hath
+reserved.
+
+Sixthly, Many of the London, and most of the Country-Apothecaries, buy
+of the whole-sale men, who affirm of one another, especially of such
+who gain great Estates in short time, that they cannot sell their
+Medicines honestly made at so low a rate as they do.
+
+Seventhly, I shall need to say little of such distilled waters, as
+discover themselves neither to smell, nor tast, but shall only recite
+a known Story of an Apothecary, who chid his man for sending away a
+Customer that came for Plantan water, telling him there was enough at
+the Pump.
+
+Eighthly, As for Ointments, and Plasters, they are sold by some at so
+low a price, viz. 3 d. per l. for Ointments, as I have been informed,
+that 'tis not possible to make them at, and yet such however falsifyed
+maintain a trade amongst Country, and low-priced City-Apothecaries,
+and the Chirurgeons profess they cannot effect their Cures with the
+Shop-Medicines, and that this is the reason why they make their own
+Oyls, Oyntments, &c. as the Apothecaries Charter allows them to do;
+and why may not Physicians think this to be the cause why they
+sometimes fail in their Cures, as well as Chirurgeons? and also make
+their own Medicines as well as they, especially since the Apothecary
+may as easily falsify, and to greater profit in the one, then in the
+other?
+
+Ninthly, As to their use of bad or decayed Drugs, 'tis so common a
+practice that I shall need to give but one notorious instance of it,
+and 'tis this, I having occasion to use some Seeds, sent for them to a
+Seeds-man, the Messenger desiring to have those of the same Year. The
+Tradesman knowing him to live with me, asked, if they were for
+Physical use, he replyed in the affirmative, whereat he presently
+shewed him others, which were of 6 or 7 years old (as he confessed)
+affirming them to be as good for that use as the newest, which he sold
+only for sowing, and that he kept the others, though never so old, for
+the Apothecaries only, who still asked for them, buying them though 20
+years old, not regarding if they were decayed and wholy effete (for no
+Seed will preserve its vegetative faculty above 7 years much less its
+Physical) so they could but have them cheap. Besides their pretty
+knacks (as they call them) of making their Compounds fair to the eye,
+more vendible, but worse for use, by restoring them to their colour
+and consistence, that they may pass for good, which perhaps 'tis
+better to pass over in silence, lest by confuting I should teach the
+younger Fry, who may better be honestly ignorant of them. Now for
+their substituting one thing for another, and detracting where they
+please, I shall add but one Story of an Apothecary, who commanded his
+man (who told him they had no good Rhabarb in the house) that he
+should put in double quantity of what they had. Nay I have known one
+simple of a quite different nature used for a whole composition.
+
+Tenthly, I shall conclude this ungrateful Discourse, with saying that
+by reason more frauds may be committed by the Apothecaries, then by
+any other Trade, and by supposition that gain will tempt most men to
+dishonest actions, especially where they may act undiscovered; I say;
+that this seems to be the cause why they have two Supervisors set over
+them more then any Company that I know of, viz. the Censors of the
+College of Physicians, and the Master and Wardens of their own
+Company.
+
+The next thing is the inlarging and multiplying their Bills and
+Medicines.
+
+First, When in Chronical Diseases a Physician is consulted, they go on
+of their own heads with the same prescription, frequently enough to
+the Patients great disadvantage, both of health and purse.
+
+Secondly, By giving and intermixing Medicines of their own Phancy,
+with the Physicians prescriptions, viz. some pleasing Medicine,
+whereby too often the Physicians intention is quite crost, and the
+effect made uncertain, and hazardous.
+
+Thirdly, By giving Medicines themselves on small accounts, and such as
+require only a good ordering, and no more.
+
+Fourthly, By repeating long courses of Physic unadvisedly, and
+needlesly, when either nothing, or very little is needful to be done.
+
+Fifthly, By creating diseases in easie mens Phansies, and so decoying
+them into courses of Physic.
+
+Sixthly, Some of them get private and worthless receipts, and sell
+them at what rate they please; Mr. Delaune by one Pill alone, though
+not a very safe one, got some thousands of pounds.
+
+Seventhly, If one of them get a private receipt from a Physician
+called by the inventor his Nostrum, if another Apothecary have
+occasion to use it, he shall be sure to pay sawce for it.
+
+Eighthly, Another trick is when the Patient is cured, and the
+Physician therefore hath given over his Visits, then comes the
+Apothecary and insinuates by his words and passions, either some
+danger of relapse, or some other present distemper, and repairs to the
+Physician for a Bill to cure the imaginary disease.
+
+Ninthly, But their principal Art of all is, to cry up, and bring in to
+Patients such Physicians, who through design must comply with the
+Apothecaries Interest, and such Practisers they extol and cry up for
+good Physicians, which some of them call more expresly good
+Apothecaries Physicians, and such without doubt, the whole Company
+will endeavour to raise unto a fame and practice. But such as write
+only for the good of the Patient, and not at all for the benefit of
+the Apothecary (as all honest men ought to do) they will endeavour to
+prevent their calling in, or to shuffle them out.
+
+Now this good Apothecaries Physician, they describe by his frequent
+though needless visits, but especially by the multitude of his Bills,
+by his visiting twice a day, or oftner (a very careful and painful
+Doctor) and by still writing new Medicines, when half the former, or
+perhaps none of them have been taken, making an Apothecaries Shop in
+the Patients House, planting the Cupboards and Windows with Glasses
+and Gally-Pots, and not a quarter of the whole made use of. He
+prescribes a Medicine for every slight complaint, and never goes away
+from the Patient or the Patient from him, without a Bill, for fear of
+the Apothecaries grumbling.
+
+And from this burdening the sick with multiplicity of Medicines, too
+often contrary to, and destructive one of another, it proceeds that in
+the Small Pox, and Measles, many are afraid to use Physicians, and
+commit the care of the sick to Nurses, and Old Women, and perhaps
+sometimes not without cause, for by continual multiplication of
+Medicines, the humours of the body may be made, or kept in too great a
+state of fluidity, whence the Flox followeth. Whereas a Medicine or
+two duly administred, may suffice to bring them well forth, and then
+there needs no more but good ordering, unless perhaps some accident
+arise, which may require further care. And here as well as in other
+Cases, the Patient is to be rectified, who requires the Physicians
+Visits, and yet dismisseth him without a reward, unless he writes a
+Bill, whereas it might have been better if nothing at all had been
+prescribed; and the Physician left to his own judgment; and hence it
+is that many enlarge their Bills, that the Patient may think he hath
+enough for his money, whereby the Apothecary is gratified, who ought
+to commend the Medicines as necessary for the sick person, and
+singular in themselves, whereas in truth this great farcy proves
+ungrateful to the tast and stomach; inconvenient to health, by curing
+one disease, but creating more; and by this means keeping them
+continually in a way of Physic.
+
+A third abuse of the Apothecaries relates to the prices of their
+Medicines; first they put what rates they please on their Simples,
+Compounds, and Receipts, and none are judges of them, but those of
+their own Trade; insomuch that they gain a 11 d. in the Shilling, if
+they say true of themselves. Whereas the Colleges of Physicians beyond
+Sea, yearly set a tax upon the Simples, and Compounds of the Shops. So
+that the Customer can tell the price of what he hath occasion to use,
+and not stand at the mercy of the Apothecary to rate them as he lists,
+and to this purpose they put in print the prices of them every year.
+
+Secondly, Suppose a Physician hath prescribed a Pint of Juleb, &c. to
+be taken at four several times, some Apothecaries carry not the whole
+pint at once, but divide it into four parts, and carry but one at a
+time, and so of other Medicines, and then will charge their Bill for
+every single Potion, or Draught, as they ought the whole Pint; so that
+by this Art they gain four times as much for the whole Medicine as in
+Conscience they ought; and a Juleb, which cost them six pence, will be
+rated at 10, 12, or more Shillings. But perhaps 'tis fit they should
+be paid for their created Visits; and for this unnecessary
+officiousness, persons of great estates may be contented to pay
+roundly, if they please.
+
+Thirdly, When a Physician hath prescribed 20 Pills, some of the
+Apothecaries will make 30 of them, under pretence the Patient cannot
+swallow them else; now reckoning each Pill at a certain rate (as they
+usually do) they gain a third part more then they ought.
+
+Fourthly, To advance the prices, you shall hardly ever see a Bill
+without Bezoar, or Pearls in it, to make people think them very
+chargeable; whereas sometimes there is not above a grain or two of
+these dear ingredients in the prescription, and a few grains of these
+or Ambergrise doubles or trebles the prices of the Medicines, and are
+sure never to be omitted in their Bills, besides the guilding of the
+Pills, and covering their Bolusses, and Electuaries with Gold (which
+have only an imaginary and no real use in Medicines so used) much
+inhanseth their prices, and a rich Cordial inserted exceedingly
+advanceth most of their Bills; or if China or any other dear
+ingredient be in the receipt 'tis not omitted.
+
+Fifthly, Some Apothecaries offer, and perhaps some Physicians have
+taken presents to help them to Customers, which must necessarily be
+squeazed out of their higher-rated Medicines.
+
+Sixthly, I have heard some prudent persons complain of their bringing
+in their Bills but once in a year, or two; supposing they made them
+pay Lombards Usury for their forbearance. And through this neglect
+they sometimes lose their money, and whether they raise other Mens
+Bills to make up these losses, I affirm not.
+
+Seventhly, Another cause of raising their prices is a necessity of
+keeping in their Shops such Medicines as are seldom used, or such as
+must upon necessity decay, and grow useless. Now suppose they throw
+such away, this reason is good, but you will find a remedy for this
+hereafter.
+
+To conclude this second Complaint. By reason of the dear Bills of the
+Apothecaries, many are deterred from going to the Physician, and run
+to common Mountebanks, and I think this to be the reason (as some
+disabused persons have confessed to me) why they have so much cryed up
+the abilities of Apothecaries for practice, because they would save
+their credit in taking Physic of them. St. Augustine candidly in his
+Book of Confessions declares, that through covetousness he repeated a
+course of Physic, without consulting the Physician (who had before
+cured him of the same disease) to his greater charge, danger of his
+life, and offence against God.
+
+Having done with the Apothecaries abuses relating chiefly to the
+Patients Health and Purse, and such as are willfully committed (though
+all of them reflect on the Physician) I shall now touch on a few
+neglects, and mistakes proving often very mischievous.
+
+First, They frequently mistake the Physicians directions, which of
+what dangerous consequence it is, every one can tell.
+
+Secondly, They carry a Medicine appointed for one sick person to
+another.
+
+Thirdly, They often neglect the sending of Medicines in due time,
+especially such as have no Servants, or but raw ones, when the Master
+is out of Town, or upon long visits.
+
+Having now done with the Apothecaries as they relate principally to
+the sick, I shall in the next place speak of them, as they relate to
+Physicians, and that either to the profession in general, or to the
+particular practisers of it.
+
+As to the Physicians in general, they endeavour to extirpate them, and
+some have been so bold to say, they hope in few years to see never a
+Physician in London, and to profess they will scramble with them for
+practice. And that this hath been and is their intention, the
+following particulars will clearly demonstrate.
+
+First, They have always endeavoured and aimed at the depression and
+ruine of the College of Physicians, the only Corporation of that Art
+in England, considering rightly, that the depression of the College is
+their interest and rise, and that the total subversion of it will make
+them absolute Masters in Physic and Physicians their Servants. In
+Order hereunto they have constantly, both publickly and privately
+opposed the College in whatsoever hath been offered to setle the
+liberty of practice on them, their only priviledg and subsistence,
+though they have been offered all they could desire for the security
+of their Trade, and legal employment, and far beyond whatsoever any
+Corporation of Apothecaries in all, or in any forreign part enjoy, yet
+nothing would ever content them, but an unlawful, unreasonable,
+dangerous, and destructive Usurpation of liberty to some pretended
+practice, that thereby they might gain the whole.
+
+Secondly, They have continually traduced the College, and troubled
+them in Parliaments, at the Council-Board, &c. to their great charge
+and molestation. And for such their great demerits against the
+College, the King and his Council, Anno 1639. granted a Quo Warranto
+to the Attorney General (the Judges having first heard the whole
+matter) to take away their Charter, which doubtless had been effected,
+had not the troubles, and long civil War immediately ensued.
+
+Thirdly, And in this present Parliament, how did they endeavour to
+prepossess the Members of the House of Commons with strange, and false
+prejudices and assertions drawn from irrational, and groundless
+suppositions, making us the greatest Tyrants in the World, inferring
+ridiculously that a Lady, or Charitable Gentlewoman (for in that
+believing Sex they have gain'd a great deal of ground by their
+falsities) might not give the Poor a Cordial, &c. without being
+questioned by the College; whereas they know in their Consciences,
+that the College hath power enough by their first Charter to act as
+much in this kind against themselves, and all other persons, as they
+desired of this present Parliament; And yet neither Apothecary, or any
+other who practised charitably, were ever troubled for so doing. They
+pretended also they were abridged wholy from their Trade, and might
+not sell a penny-worth of Mithridate, &c. without a Doctors Bill.
+Whereas there's not a word in the Charter to that purpose; the sole
+intent whereof was to keep them as well as other Mountebanks, from
+prescribing (which they call selling) the Physicians only livelyhood.
+And as to the bill itself so much railed on by them in
+Westminster-Hall, Coffee-Houses, Ale-Houses, &c. 'tis easie to make it
+out, that this Charter as proposed gives the Apothecaries more liberty
+and freedom of exercising their lawful Trade, then is enjoyed in any
+other Nation, where both Corporations are erected, and that it doth in
+nothing infringe, or diminish their freedom as Citizens, or their
+Charter as Apothecaries; and that our Charter was compiled by some,
+and perused and approved by others the most eminent Lawyers in England
+for Worth and Place; and yet none of these could find any thing in it
+either Illegal, Tyrannical, or unfit to be desired of the Parliament.
+Nay many mis-informed Members being rightly instructed in the true
+state of the matter, have acknowledged the justice of it; And was no
+more then King James by his Letters Patents, dated the 18th of
+October, in the 15th year of his Reign, granted to the said College;
+near about the same time the Apothecaries Charter was granted; and
+being almost nothing else but a supply of what was short in their
+former Grants, viz. That whereas their Charter granted by King Henry
+the Eighth, gave power to punish offenders in the practice of Physic;
+and because there was no power given to summon, nor penalty imposed
+for the non-appearance of such offenders; therefore by their
+non-appearance, the said power of the Censors was eluded; for no such
+offenders would appear before them, and consequently no punishment
+could be inflicted on them, according to the true meaning of the said
+Act. Now this Charter so much declaimed against, prayed only a supply
+of this defect, and also better and more necessary ways and means,
+without which, such and all other offenders against the lives and
+healths of his Majesties Subjects could not be discovered; and they
+had reason not to doubt a grant of the said power, since by the said
+Charter a power was granted them to imprison offenders, whom the
+Keepers of the Prisons would not receive, because no command, nor
+penalty was imposed on them, for not receiving such offenders sent by
+the Censors (a thing ridiculous to our present Lawyers) however this
+defect was supplyed by an Act in the first of Queen Mary. Now whereas
+since the making of the said Acts and Powers, granted to the College,
+several other Trades, besides the Apothecaries, relating to Physic
+(being then all Members of the Grocers Company) viz. Druggists,
+Chymists, Sellers of Strong-Waters and Oyls, have arose distinct from
+each others, and many abuses have been and are committed in each of
+them, as they all confess. The said Charter prays for the publick good
+only (there being the same reason of all) they might have the same
+power of Surveying them also, as they have of the Apothecaries, which
+most of the Judicious, and sober of the said Companies, as well in
+relation to their own private profit, and also the publick, by having
+all Medicines good, did not oppose, but liked well of. Nay there was
+nothing in the said Charter, but what was judged good by all or most
+of the Judges of England, several times convened by Order of the King
+and his Council, to deliver their opinions concerning some Quaeries,
+which comprised the main of what was desired and petitioned for by the
+College, of this present Parliament. But before the Committee could
+make report to the House, the Parliament was adjourned, whereupon
+Apothecaries falsly gave out, and made people believe our Charter was
+taken from us. And in this transaction before the Committee, one
+Cocket an Apothecary exhibited in the name of the Chymists such a
+Scandalous Libel, as the Committee would not suffer to be read; drawn
+as some conceive by the assistance, and countenance, if not
+contrivance of his Company.
+
+Lastly, The Company of the Apothecaries are bound by their Charter to
+bring their Servants (before they make them Free) to be examined by
+the Censors of our College, and to have their approbation of their
+fitness to exercise their Art, and set up their Trade. Now that they
+have herein neglected their duty, and consequently may be
+dis-franchised and lose their Freedoms for this omission, 'tis
+manifest not only by the vapours of some of them to some members of
+our Body, that they never underwent this examination; but also by
+comparing of our Register (wherein are recorded the names of all such
+as have been examined) with theirs, if they keep any for this purpose.
+Sure I am, that in two years together, when I was Censor, very few, if
+any, did appear to their examination, whereas yearly a very great
+number set up their Trades. Nay since the firing of London not one
+Apothecaries Servant hath been examined by the Censors, for more then
+these three Years last past, in which time perhaps no less then 100
+have been made free by the Company.
+
+Before our presenting this Charter to the Parliament, they would admit
+no Arbitrators betwixt our Corporation, and Theirs, not contenting
+themselves with their Charter lately granted in King James's Reign,
+and that by the procurement of some of our College for these
+unthankful persons. For they would not refer themselves (as the
+Chirurgeons without many words or dispute did) to the most upright,
+and most knowing Sir Orlando Bridgeman then Lord Chief Justice, and
+now Lord Keeper, for a clause to be by him drawn, in order to preserve
+their immunities and Charter; which they refused, fearing belike he
+would exclude them from the Practice of Physic, which the Law hath
+already done, and which is all they could doubt of; but the
+Corporation of Chirurgeons did acquiesce in the clause drawn by the
+said Lord Chief Justice, and never appeared before the Committee
+against the said Charter.
+
+Their increasing dis-respect, and undervaluing the College, appears in
+this, that of late years they place our Censors invited to their new
+Masters Dinner, at their second Tables whereas always heretofore they
+were seated at the first Table, next to the Master of the Company.
+
+And to hinder the building of a New College, and the Contribution of
+the Honorary Fellows thereunto, they tell them that we deceived them
+in their admission, and never intend the building of a New College,
+though a large contribution hath been made, and ground purchased in
+order thereunto by the Members of their Corporation.
+
+And their further design appears in their great triumphing, and
+rejoycing when any illiterate person hath gained any reputation for a
+Cure performed, especially where Physicians have been concerned,
+though the Patients neglect or obstinateness, have been the sole cause
+of this non-performance, and by their continued detraction from
+Physicians, and applauding themselves, hoping by the former, that
+people will think such Mountebanks able to do better Cures then
+learned Physicians, and then they can easily insinuate themselves
+superior to such Mountebanks, and consequently to Physicians. By the
+latter, they seek to depress, and level us to themselves, being
+conscious they can never rise to that worth and ability, required in a
+Physician.
+
+Another manifest sign of their endeavour to usurp our Practice is,
+their absurd calling the sick their Patients, for 'tis most certain
+that in all reason and language the Physician and Patient only have
+relation to each other, but not to the Apothecary, who is but a
+Tradesman, and manual Operator. Now a Tradesman and his Customer, or
+Chapman, are Relatives each to other, but those Apothecaries who
+intrude themselves and usurp on our profession, may call their
+Customers Patients, and that in a true literal sence, when by their
+ignorance they make them really sufferers under them; and if they deny
+Apothecary and Patient to be non-sence, they shew themselves pitifully
+ignorant in the Laws, and Rules of Reason, or else profess themselves
+Physicians. And the like non-sence they commonly utter by calling
+Physicians that make their own Medicines, Mountebanks and Quacks,
+whereas none can be such but those who practise without Lawful
+Authority, as the Apothecaries, &c. do; and they are not ignorant in
+this their malice, that the Law of England would punish them roundly
+for so saying. And were I troublesome or vindicative, I could make
+some of them examples, but I freely remit the slanders in this kind
+that are past.
+
+Having done with the main part of the Disease, next follows the
+Remedy; and the only firm and proper one will appear to be, that
+Physicians make their own Medicines; the benefit whereof to the
+publick, the reasonableness of the thing it self, the necessity in
+relation to the Physician, will be manifest by that which follows.
+
+And First, All that hath been said demonstrates this last proportion.
+
+Secondly, The desire of most persons, and the censure of all wise men,
+who say we are wanting to our own interest, if we make not use of the
+remedy in our own hands, performing our Art in all its members,
+whereof making of Medicines is a chief one.
+
+Thirdly, The common practice, and constant usage of all former and
+antient Physicians in all other Nations, and in England also (for 'tis
+easie to say when there was not one Apothecary in this Kingdom) the
+Laws of our Nation, nay even the Apothecaries Charter allow it, the
+Language of all Physicians, our College voting it honourable so to do,
+nay Apothecaries themselves commending it in such Physicians as buy
+their Medicines of them.
+
+Fourthly, The Kings Physicians have formerly made the Kings Medicines,
+as 'tis manifest by my Lord Coke, in his 4th. Book of the Institutes,
+part 4. pag. 251. where he comments on Rot. Pat. 32 H 6. m. 17. He
+there first recites the Roll it self, wherein are appointed (the King
+being then sick) 3 Physicians and 2 Chirurgeons, to freely minister
+and execute Physic about the Kings Person, and there are also recited
+in general, Medicines external, and internal. And on this Roll Coke
+among other things infers, that the Physicians may use the aid of
+those Chirurgeons named in the Warrant, but of no Apothecary, but to
+prepare and do all things themselves, &c. And the reason of all this
+is, the precious regard had of the health and safety of the King, who
+is the head of the Common-wealth. And I am told by one of his present
+Majesties Physicians, that the King himself affirmed heretofore we are
+unwise in neglecting our duty herein, and lately of these papers, that
+'twas the publick interest so to do.
+
+Fifthly, Chirurgeons (as before) will not trust them to make external
+Remedies; and the King, and East-India Company commit the making of
+their Chests for their Fleets to the Chirurgeons.
+
+Sixthly, Have not Ladies and Charitable Gentlewomen their Closets well
+furnished with various Medicines for the Poors use, and for their own
+also, when Physicians are called to their houses in the Country?
+Distillers of Strong-waters, Makers of Plaisters, Confectioners make
+Medicines bought by the Apothecaries, Ale-Houses sell purging Drinks,
+and Book-sellers sell Chymical Medicines, and all this without much
+regret of the Apothecaries. But if a Physician intermix a Medicine
+with theirs, though the Patients life be saved thereby, what noise,
+and murmuring, and proclaiming of it the next Market-day to the rest
+of their Company? to what purpose any one may judg.
+
+Seventhly, Why should not Physicians, being lawfully authorized
+thereunto, practise with their own Medicines, as well as the
+Apothecaries with theirs, though against Law, and incurring thereby
+the penalty of 5l. per Month, which the College never troubled them
+for, or exacted of them?
+
+Eighthly, Physicians will be necessitated to it for their subsistence
+and honour, and to preserve their Art from being prostituted to
+illiterate persons, the Apothecaries becoming now their Competitors.
+
+Ninthly, By this means Physicians will avoid multitudes of
+inconveniencies, proceeding from writing of Bills, and the
+Apothecaries Visits.
+
+First The mistakes, and frauds in the Ingredients, especially
+committed by the great practising Apothecaries, who may, as appears by
+the following story, be suspected to send, instead of what was
+prescribed, the remains of his own practice, or else some cast-by
+Medicines; for else how could it be when a Medicine was prescribed to
+stand in Infusion or steep a whole night, that it should be brought
+two hours after the Bill was written, even the very same Evening?
+Which by accident the Patient confessed, wanting the expected success.
+
+Secondly By this course Physicians avoid the many opprobrious terms
+cast upon them by Apothecaries:
+
+As First, In saying that if he had not omitted or added something, the
+Patient might have miscarried; which he may say at pleasure without
+any contradiction, though doubtless many have been killed by this
+means.
+
+Secondly, By saying the Bill could never have been made without some
+alteration of the Apothecary, thereby insinuating the Doctors
+ignorance in compounding.
+
+Thirdly, In saying the Doctor is not versed in Medicines, because
+forsooth he varieth not at every Visit, and multiplieth not new Bills
+for the Apothecaries profit.
+
+Fourthly, In saying they teach Physicians, and help them to, and in
+their practice. The first and last are vile and foolish Scandals; as
+to the Second, 'tis true indeed, that younger Apothecaries recommend
+Physicians to their acquaintance; but 'tis no longer then they have
+learned enough (as they think) to set up for themselves.
+
+Fifthly, In saying, they knew before-hand what such a Doctor would
+prescribe, and hence it is they have nick-named some Physicians of no
+mean practice, by the Medicines they frequently use, which names in
+respect to the persons, I shall conceal; and of such Physicians, they
+brag they can prescribe as well as they. But if a Physician advise
+things unknown to them, or out of the common tract, then they say the
+Doctor intends to puzzle them.
+
+Sixthly, He will avoid the censure of his Bills, which every pitiful
+fellow, nay their very Boys will absolve or condemn at pleasure, and
+that openly too, nay sometimes to the Patient himself, and thereby
+call in his good Apothecaries Physician. Now what a shame is it, that
+a Physicians credit and livelihood, should stand at the mercy of such
+pitiful ignorant, and self-ended Souls? I have heard one of them say
+of the now most Eminent Practiser in London, that his Boy could write
+as good a Method as he, and that he understood the practice of Physic
+as well as any Physician in London except 2, or 3, though the same
+person was soon made to confess, he neither knew the Disease, Cause,
+nor Cure of a Pleurisy, pretended to be throughly understood by him.
+
+Thirdly, He will avoid the trouble put upon him after he hath writ his
+Bill, by the Apothecaries ignorance in not understanding it, who to be
+informed came to the Doctor heretofore, with their Hats off, but now
+send their Boys, who soon put theirs on. Such respect do they give
+Physicians, when they come to them as to their Masters to teach them.
+
+Fourthly, He will avoid the impertinent Visits of the Apothecaries,
+and non-sensical, troublesome, and discouraging, frightful discourses
+to the Patient, of whom no man can expect more then the Common Proverb
+gives to Praters, and impertinent Speakers, That they talk like
+Apothecaries.
+
+Fifthly He will avoid the mischiefs from their Visits, who by their
+shrugs, signs, or words, may diminish the Physicians reputation, and
+good opinion, whether in his skill, or Medicines, whereby good
+Medicines are neglected and the expectation of a good success upon the
+use of them taken away, or at least causing an averseness to them;
+which actings do exceedingly prejudice the Patient, in reference to
+his Cure.
+
+Sixthly, He will avoid this inconvenience, that some Apothecaries have
+attributed the Cure to some of their intermixed Medicines, or
+alteration of the Doctors Bill.
+
+Seventhly, He will avoid that incivility of such of them, who in the
+Physicians presence, will feel the Pulse, judg of the Urine, discourse
+the Cause, Nature, what the Disease is, and what will be the issue of
+it, propose Medicines, nay sometimes endeavour to advise with the
+Physician, to contradict and dispute with him, to compare and set
+himself above the Physician; and to say truth, these odious and
+intolerable Comparisons and intrusions daily complained of by my
+Collegues, were a great cause of my departing from them.
+
+Eighthly, He will avoid those Scandals they have opportunity to raise,
+that such a Physician is Covetous, Proud, Negligent, and minds not his
+practice, and the like without the least ground, and are frequently by
+such Artifices, the Cause of introducing another Physician, knowing
+that thereby more Bills will come to their File, and many times the
+former Medicines be layed aside, and in this shuffling in and out of
+Physicians, they have commonly a great share.
+
+Ninthly, Apothecaries being now Competitors with Physicians for
+practice, and down-right Enemies to such as make their own Medicines;
+why should not we suspect them of this false Play, by telling the
+Patient the Doctors Medicine will not work (which he knows well enough
+how to effect) and then to tell him he will prepare him one of his own
+that will work, when perhaps that he calls his own preparation, was
+nothing but what the Doctor had prescribed before; and by this
+Artifice to advance himself above the Physician.
+
+Another mischief in sending Bills to the Apothecaries is, that though
+the Apothecaries be honest (and who can tell which of them is so?) yet
+the Servants neglect, or ignorance (to whom they commit the whole care
+of dispensing, and are intruth the Apothecaries (and not their
+Masters) may mar all in their Masters absence, who is visiting abroad,
+or at his recreations.
+
+And now I have done with the unpleasant talk of raking into the faults
+of the Apothecaries, and with discoursing how Physicians may save
+themselves from their devices, I shall next shew the advantages that
+will come to the Patient, the Physician, and people, by this way of
+remedy proposed.
+
+As for the Patients, they may hereby save most of the great charges of
+Apothecaries Bills, which in long Cases amount to very great sums in a
+year, although the Physician hath received very few Fees; the
+Physician may so order his business as to take his Fee for his Visits
+only, and at home such competent Fees for his advice alone, as are
+usually given, and in both Cases take nothing for his Medicines, and
+so save the Patient the whole charge of the Apothecaries Bill, which
+very seldom comes short, and for the most part manifoldly exceeds the
+Physicians Fees. And this he may very well do by making fewer, less
+chargable, more effectual, and durable Medicines then the Shops
+afford, and suffer nothing in the non-use, or decay of his Medicines;
+because he need make no more then will serve his own practice: and I
+must here profess, that which I intended not to have published, that
+this is the course I have generally taken, for the four Months last
+past, since I made my own Medicines, but that some Apothecaries have
+given out most falsly, that I have sent in Bills to Patients for
+money; but to convince such of their wonted lying, I do hereby oblige
+my self to give 100 pound to any of them that shall produce such a
+Bill. Secondly, This way will not clog the Patient with more Medicines
+then are needful, nor will omit anything may conduce to his recovery,
+for if he fails in either, 'tis to his prejudice, either in spending
+more Medicines which cost him money, or in not performing his Cure,
+which loseth his practice.
+
+But I do not propose this course of mine as a general rule to all
+Physicians, but leave this to every mans private judgment; Neither do
+I hereby bind my self to the same practice, because some few Cases may
+fall out (though to an equal advantage to the Patient) may perswade me
+to the contrary. For I find some persons of that perswasion, as to
+think they have not given satisfaction, unless they have payed for the
+Medicines; but to such persons, I have always allowed them to give me
+what they pleased themselves, for the cure only, to the full
+satisfaction of both parties. Though I will not deny but some persons
+out of gratitude for their Cure, have rewarded me beyond this
+proposal. Some of my acquaintance have desired me to be more plain in
+this last Paragraph, especially in that part of it where I say I do
+not bind my self to the said practice; and to declare more fully the
+Cases that may perswade me to the contrary; which are these and such
+as these. First Where Patients of their own free offers will contract
+with the Physician, or have formerly too meanly rewarded him for his
+Cure, in both which the Statutes of our College allow a contract to be
+made with Patients. Another case is, if a Physician be consulted once,
+and for his Fee hath given Medicines gratis, if the Patient frequently
+send for his Medicines without the least reward at all. Or if the
+Patient living far in the Country, having (as before) once consulted
+the Physician, as in the last case, and shall for weeks, nay months,
+send for the same Medicines. Or if the Patients friend shall recommend
+a Medicine to another friend of his unknown to the Physician; and
+where he gives no Counsel, if a Physician in the Country shall desire
+some of his Medicines, which are all the cases that occur at present;
+I say in some of these, the Physician must needs be payed for his
+Medicines; but in other, 'tis rational he should be payed for his
+advice, as he desireth new Medicines, which charge will be far short
+also of the Apothecaries Medicines, whether repeated or prescribed
+upon new advice.
+
+Now the great charge of Apothecaries Bills, and nauseousness of their
+Medicines, appears to be the cause why long habitual diseases, as the
+Kings Evil, Falling-Sickness, Convulsions, Melancholies, and Winds in
+the Bowels, Gouts, &c. become seldom relieved, though they may with a
+constant, facile way, be perfectly cured, where neither the great
+charge, nor unpleasantness of Medicines, deterr them from a continued
+necessary use of Remedies. And for the same reasons many will be kept
+from relapses, who being tired out with taking variety of Medicines,
+give over before the tone and strength of their parts is restored,
+which is necessary to be done in all long Diseases.
+
+He may so contrive his Medicines, first, That they may be taken in
+small quantity, and be made more grateful to the tast, and stomach,
+and perform more then those of the Apothecaries, commonly slovenly
+made, and of themselves Fulsom, Nauseous, and Sluggish. Secondly, His
+Medicines made for particular persons, may last Weeks, Months, nay
+Years, whereas the Apothecaries Drinks, especially in the Summer time,
+must be renewed once, or twice every day, to the excessive charge of
+the Patient.
+
+That his Medicines may be fewer, is evident in Physicians that
+practise in the Country, who ride far to Patients, and carry in their
+Mans Cloak-bag, Medicines enough, not only for the person he is sent
+to, but also for most other persons, and Cases he meets with in his
+Travels, and therefore his Closet needs contain but few, yet noble and
+generous Medicines, and such as may serve him upon all occasions,
+supplying what's defective from the Fields or Gardens. He may avoid
+all pompous, useless, chargable Medicines of the Shops, and substitute
+in their place, cheaper, and more conducible to health; He may very
+well lay aside the precious Stones, Saphir, Emerals, &c. the high
+priced Magistrals of Coral, and Pearl, made worse by their
+preparations, or rather destroyed thereby in their Virtue, as also
+Unicorns Horn; and Bezoar, all which are now rarely used alone, but in
+the received Compositions; He may also spare the charges of leaf-gold,
+for guilding Pots, Glasses, Pills, Electuaries, Boles, &c. which
+serves only to raise the Bill.
+
+He may teach the Patients facile and easie Remedies, as to make a
+Clyster, apply Blisters, or Medicines to the feet, where they are
+needful, &c. and in many Cases may cure by well ordering his Patient
+only, without any Remedies at all, or but very few; being free to act
+for the Patients Health, without the grumbling of the Apothecary; and
+many other ways he may daily meet with, very advantageous to the
+Patient.
+
+He will have little use of Conserves, Syrups, Lohocks, &c. a greater
+part whereof Sugar makes up, which doth more hurt to most persons,
+then the other ingredients do good.
+
+As for Infusions and Decoctions, he will find by experiment, how much
+liquor, or Menstruum will suffice to extract the full vertue of the
+ingredients, and what are helps, or hinderances thereunto, and thereby
+neither suffer loss in the quantity, or quality of them.
+
+He will discover the inefficacy of many of the Syrups and other
+Medicines in the Shops, made of such ingredients, the qualities
+whereof, what with boiling, what with the great quantity of Sugar
+necessary to keep them, are either made useless or opposite to the
+ends they are proposed for. Especially in such Plants, Seeds, and
+Flowers, which consist of fine volatil parts, and even in drying and
+pounding, or the least boiling exhale and evaporate, and therefore in
+the common way of ordering them, lose their whole vertue or most of
+their efficacy, and alter in their properties. From which by several
+methods known to some Physicians, very generous and singular Medicines
+may be produced.
+
+He need not use so large Compositions consisting of such confused and
+contrary ingredients, and will find good reason to lay aside those
+unintelligible and unreasonable Compositions of Mithridate, and
+Treacle, and the so much magnified Treacle-water, and will substitute
+better in their places, of smaller charge, and less trouble; and this
+all Physicians I have conversed with, and the College it self, by
+their Book published for the common good, in the year before the
+Plague, and all those Physicians in this City, who make or intend to
+make their own Medicines, do confess.
+
+But here Apothecaries open wide, and cry out that the Physicians are
+great Cheats, and envious persons, for continuing such flat Medicines,
+and not recommending to the World, or rather their Shops, our greater
+secrets. The answer is easie, that the Medicines in our Pharmacopaea,
+are the best of any other Pharmacopaea in the World, both for their
+goodness, and well preparing of them, whether they be Chymical, or
+Galenical; and therefore the same scandal will ly on all Pharmacopaea's
+whatsoever. Secondly, I say that within these few last experimental
+years, the practical part of Physic hath been much improved (as well
+as Anatomy) especially by such as have put their hands to work; and
+therefore till such improvement, this could not be well amended.
+Furthermore, in making new Dispensatories, a full content must be had,
+and 'twere not fit to move where the motion were not like to take
+place, for though private men invent new ways of compounding and
+preparing, and using their own invented Medicines, yet 'twill require
+a long time to make them publickly known, and brought into common use,
+and till that be done 'tis not possible to have them brought into a
+common Dispensatory; besides, no man would make a motion for such a
+reformation, unless he were well furnished with specificks, and then
+'twill be required of him to expose them to the whole World, which how
+incongruous it will be, every man may easily conceive; hereto add,
+that the Apothecaries think themselves able enough by this present
+Dispensatory, to out-beard Physicians, and do publickly profess (as
+hath been said) that they understand the practice of Physic well as
+they; how much more would they have said so, if they had been made
+Masters of these secrets? And here I shall admonish those of my own
+Faculty, who have devoted their Studies, Labours, and Purses, for the
+improvement of their Art, to consider, that as natural things have
+their bounds and limits, and that there is no new Creation of them,
+and besides, that these things have their bounds also of improvement,
+beyond which 'tis impossible for man to go; and that by a good method
+and industry, that end may be attained; (though at present I must
+confess, no Art is more capable of enlargement then ours:) I say let
+all consider, and they will find, what a vast encouragement they have
+to improve their knowledg so far, that they shall not only be able to
+leave mankind destitute of no remedy Nature did ever produce; but also
+restore and setle those Honours ignorant men would usurp, upon the
+Learned Professors of this Science, and I see no reason why Physicians
+should communicate their secrets to such persons, who will make use of
+them, to the ruine of the Inventors, which is indeed a failer of
+trust, for when a Physician writes his Bill, he trusts the Apothecary
+only with making the Medicine for a particular occasion, and not to
+make use of it as his own when be pleaseth for his own profit, and the
+Inventor have no further benefit by it, then perhaps one single
+advantage.
+
+Lastly, When Dispensatories were first made, the Apothecaries were
+really Physicians Servants, and wholy at their command, not in the
+least intrenching on their business, and the rates of Medicines were
+reasonable; which superiority over them still continues only in their
+prescriptions, the forms whereof are always commanding to take this
+and that, and to mix them, &c. but within these few last years they
+have set up for themselves, and advanced the rates beyond all reason;
+and to be sure, the more we teach them by our Books, the more they
+will trangress in both.
+
+He may receive encouragement from what he discovers, that is more then
+ordinarily useful, whereas by writing Bills, he soon communicates to
+the ignorant and lazy, who will neither spend time nor money to
+advance the Art, but while the one is at work to his great charge,
+lots of time, much pains and trouble, the others seek by petty tricks
+and Arts to gain a name, and profit from the industrious. Nay some
+Mountebanks have been set up by purchasing receipts of the Apothecary
+or his Servants. And one of them told me, he set up a Quack by selling
+and commending to him a Medicine he had long kept in his Shop and
+could not otherwise put off, and that by degrees he made him a famous
+practiser among the ignorant and poor people. An Act quite contrary to
+the interest of the Company.
+
+Hence also will arise an emulation amongst Physicians, who shall
+exceed each other in noble remedies, and from thence a full and happy
+improvement of whatsoever God hath created for the recovery of mans
+health impaired; for from the Physician alone the advancement of
+Physic is to be expected. How many simples of unknown properties have
+been brought into use, to the great comfort of the sick? and many more
+may be, as also many preparations, both simple and compound, both in
+the Galenical, and Chymical practice, and by this means the Art will
+be advanced to its just dignity, now much diminished, dishonoured, and
+near to be lost by the intrusion of ignorant persons.
+
+Greater respect will be given to such Physicians, as being the
+immediate instruments of life and health, who will derive unto
+themselves that which is now given to the Apothecaries, which proceeds
+chiefly from fear lest they should do the Patient hurt; and so their
+honour will be doubled, which every Physician looks principally at;
+but the Apothecary being not so far concerned, looks chiefly at his
+own profit, and regards not the Patients charge. For the greater the
+Patients charge, the greater must needs be the Apothecaries gain;
+whereas on the contrary, 'tis the Physicians Interest to cure the
+Patient with the greatest ease.
+
+He may proceed on safely and securely in his well experienced
+Medicines, having before him not only what he hath prescribed for the
+same Patient, but for all others in the like Case, and thereby keep in
+memory what he would have forgot, if his Bill had remained on the
+Apothecaries File; viz. the Medicines and their success. By means
+whereof Physicians do not advance their knowledg so far as they might;
+for how is it possible they should remember the particulars of their
+Bills writ some days before? and therefore know not how to proceed so
+well. But the Apothecaries having before them the whole series of
+Medicines, brag they can do more then the Physicians, and by this
+means insinuate the same opinion into people.
+
+The Physician will be consulted in the beginning of Diseases, to the
+safety and little expence of the Patient, who will not go first to the
+Apothecary, who practiseth on him till the Case is desperate, and then
+calls in a Physician when 'tis too late; and if he dyes, the Physician
+must carry away the disgrace alone; but if he recover, the Apothecary
+if he be so minded, by some trick will share with him in the honour:
+and by this resort of people to the Apothecaries in beginning of
+Diseases; we meet with few Cases of easie Cure, but are chiefly made
+use of in dangerous Diseases, or those of short period, or such as are
+accompanyed with great pains and torments, to our great and continual
+anxiety.
+
+The Physicians experience hereby as 'tis surer, so 'twill be greater.
+
+He will make use of no Medicines but the choicest, and when they are
+in their full vigour, and such as are durable, and after once or twice
+Tryal of them, will seldom fail in his expected success; which cannot
+be certainly had without some tryal. For though a man buy the choicest
+ingredients, viz. Sena, which may appear to the Senses very good, yet
+he cannot positively say, how well, nor yet what quantity of it will
+work, till he hath made use of it. But afterwards he may confidently
+apply the whole parcel he hath bought to his purpose. The like may be
+instanced in a crop of Wheat or Barley, which the skillfullest
+Husband-man cannot tell how they will yield for Bread, or Malt, till
+he hath used them. Now how is it possible that a Physician can with
+any certainty make use of several Shops, since there is so great
+difference in the ingredients? and 'tis certain the same Medicine made
+by several Apothecaries, shall differ much in colour, smell, and tast,
+and consequently effect too; which cannot proceed from any other cause
+then the difference of the ingredients themselves, or by omitting some
+ingredients, or by substituting one thing for another; or by distinct
+ways of preparing them. The same also may be said of Compositions,
+much more of Chymical Medicines so much sophisticated, and of so much
+danger and hazard, if not well prepared, which he cannot discover till
+he hath seen the effect of them, unless it be such as he makes
+himself, nor those neither till he hath made some tryal of them.
+
+He will much inlarge Materia Medica, Chymistry and Pharmacy, and
+discover the grounds of them, and wherein the efficacy of remedies
+lyes, and thereby lay open a whole Ocean for new discoveries, and by
+the by observe many useful products and Phenomena of Nature, to the
+great improvement of his Art, and sound Natural Philosophy, which are
+not taken notice of by Apothecaries, and their Servants; for all which
+they have neither will nor skill.
+
+As to the improvement of Medicines, this may be added, by the
+experimenting Physician, that in distill'd waters he will consider and
+find which of them will afford any virtue, which only phlegm
+equivalent but to Conduit-water, which of them will keep long, and in
+perfection, which soon or in what time decay, and spend them
+accordingly, and in compound distill'd waters, will find cause to lay
+aside many simples as nothing conducing, or rather weakning the
+efficacy of the Medicine designed; whereby much charge and trouble
+will be spared, and better compositions be made.
+
+He will gain and keep to himself Patients, who have diseases they are
+unwilling should be known by Apothecaries and their Boys, and all such
+as have a mind to turn over their File.
+
+The Patient will have better opinion of the Medicines, and confidence
+in the use or them, and the Physician more satisfied in his
+Conscience, and better assured of the success.
+
+He will gain reputation to his Art, by restoring it to its first
+institution and practice, by the Founders and Heroes of Physic.
+
+By constantly practised Medicines he will find out a better method of
+Cure, and may hereby arrive at the true causes of diseases.
+
+He will observe what Medicines by precipitation or other ways, alter,
+destroy, or weaken one another, whereby of good ingredients singly
+used, a bad Composition may be made, and therefore fail in the success
+expected. Many more things might be here added, which a skillful
+observer, and versed in the way to make experiments (no easie matter)
+will daily find, and at present I do not so much as give hints of
+them, but shall hereafter, as occasion and opportunity require.
+
+He will have more scope to be charitable to the poor, and more civil
+and obliging to his friends, by curing them gratis, or at small
+charges.
+
+He need not trouble himself with ways of concealing the use of his
+Medicines, by setting down no directions in his Bill, but giving them
+to the Patient, which the Apothecary soon learns; nor with giving some
+of his own Medicines at a pinch, which if they succeed not, to be sure
+the Apothecaries will cry down in all places, but will conceal all
+eminently good successes, as disadvantageous to themselves; nor by
+placing their Arcana's in the Shops of those Apothecaries they
+commonly make use of; nor by recommending their Patients to such
+Apothecaries they intrust their secrets with. For then great
+complaints are made that the Physicians carry away their Customers,
+and take away their livelyhood, affirming they are willing to fetch
+them from the prescribing Doctors Apothecaries. To which I answer,
+that they do fetch them, but perhaps not always; since I have heard
+them often say, these secrets were but the Medicines of the London
+Dispensatory disguised under new names, to the discredit of the
+Physicians that prescribed them. And I well remember some of them have
+neglected to fetch from my house, not far from their own, some of my
+preparations, though they had them gratis, for the fetching; whereby
+the Patients have suffered, and thought I neglected them, 'till they
+were rectified by another Visit. Nay one of them told me, he had
+rather dy with his own Shop-Medicines, then be cured with my
+Magistrals: much more would he have said of Patients, manifestly
+preferring his own profit before their lives; a most Unchristian
+saying!
+
+One singular advantage such a Physician will have, that the slanders
+of the Apothecaries will appear to be malicious, as being raised
+against such as act contrary to their profit.
+
+By this means Physicians will unite against the common Enemy, will
+contribute mutual assistance, and communicate more freely to one
+another their practice and remedies; and also the frauds and unlawful
+practices of the Apothecaries, will conceal the counsels, and act
+whatsoever may tend to the advance of their Art; and Patients also
+will discover the Apothecaries censures, and practices against the
+Physicians and their prescriptions.
+
+Hereby that great interest will decay Apothecaries have in Families
+for their petty officiousnesses (which Physicians not to displease
+them have put them upon) these will be taught Nurses, and the
+assistants, and which are by some of these as well, certainly more
+diligently performed then by the Apothecaries.
+
+Hereby the filii Artis, or younger Physicians, will sooner come into a
+better and more setled practice, and not be beholden to Apothecaries
+to bring them Patients wherewith they often upbraid them, and glory
+amongst themselves and to other persons, that they introduced such and
+such a Physician.
+
+Hereby Chirurgeons will be restored to some of their employment now
+usurped by the Apothecaries, as leting of blood, applying Leeches,
+Plasters, Cupping-Glasses, Syringing and Salivation, wraping up bodies
+in Cere-Cloaths, &c. which indeed do more properly belong to them then
+to the Apothecaries; hereby also haply many occasions of quarrel
+betwixt Physicians and the Apothecaries will cease, each party acting
+according to his own way.
+
+By this means Pseudochymists, and other Mountebanks mouths and
+revilings will be stopped, only exclaiming for this, that Physicians
+make not their own Medicines. But since the publication of these
+papers I am informed that the said Pseudochymists and Mountebanks rail
+against me, this Book, and the way propounded, as much as the
+Apothecaries, though before equal Enemies each to others. So that they
+have fulfilled the Proverb, of like to like. And no wonder since
+hereby their Kingdom of darkness is brought to light, and they are
+obliged to oppose it, as the Copper-Smiths were to revile St. Paul for
+speaking against the Idol of Diana of the Ephesians, whereby their
+trade was lost.
+
+And as for the reasonableness of it, that the Physician ought to
+support himself by all lawful ways and means, and to have praeeminence
+above those ignorant persons that incroach upon his profession, 'tis
+confessed by all that have considered the great charge, study, and
+labour, before he can arrive at any benefit from it; for he must take
+the chargeable degrees of Batchellor, and Master of Arts, Batchellor
+of Physic, and after 14 years standing, the degree of Doctor; besides
+his bare expences for his maintenance in the University, Charges in
+Anatomies, knowledg of natural things; Travels abroad, Chymistry, and
+Experiments; his Library, Habit, his more free way of living in a
+suitable house, and Attendants, greater Taxes, &c. insomuch that a
+Doctor of Physic spends more before he comes to practise, then will
+set up perhaps a dozen Apothecaries in a way of livelihood; and
+besides, great sums of money before he can put himself in a fitting
+Equipage: whereas on the contrary, many young men before their time of
+Apprenticeship is out, provide well for themselves by Quacking; and
+certainly the Study of Physic, and consequently the knowledge of
+Nature, must bid farewel to the Universities, if Shops be permitted to
+make practisers, for such the people will soon create Doctors, which
+title the Apothecary takes upon him, though he understand not the
+reason of the name, to the great shame of the Universities, and
+Faculty, when ignorant people shall give, and they challenge the same
+title for nothing, attained by the Physician at a great rate and long
+study, the vulgar taking Practiser and Doctor to signifie the same
+thing. And which no persons of knowledg and education do, and perhaps
+most other persons give them in way of Jeering.
+
+From the handsom support of Physicians these benefits will accrue to
+the publick, that thereby the honour all Nations yield to the English
+Physicians will be kept up, who in the late times, when the reputation
+of the Nation was well neer forfeited abroad, the Physicians then in
+being, most whereof are now living, and Members of the College,
+maintained the credit, for learning and value, of this Kingdom, and
+since his Majesties happy return, some of them have kept up the honour
+of the Faculty; which manifestly appears by the great esteem
+Foreigners have of their Books, by often printing them, and
+translating into Latin what hath been published in English, though
+they are no where so depressed as in England.
+
+A second benefit to the publick is, that men of competent Estates will
+breed up their Sons in the Art of Physic, giving them such education
+as is necessary, and will not vouchsafe to place them out to
+Apothecaries, though now adays want of learning and degrees are
+adjudged as needful a qualification for the exercise of Physic, as
+formerly 'twas for Preaching, and the Shops fit to supply both.
+
+I will conclude this part of my discourse with this observation; that
+the Laws of England in all their Acts of Parliament, have granted the
+practice of Physic to Physicians and them alone, and in no clause
+thereof put in any restraint at all upon them, but every where, either
+new priviledges, or a confirmation of the old, have been granted, by
+the said powers. Whereas on the contrary, the Law supposeth cheats in
+the Apothecaries Shops, and therefore impowers our Censors to destroy
+and burn what they find bad and corrupt.
+
+The next thing to be treated of, shall be the ways of Apothecaries
+creeping into practice, and their unfitness thereunto. As to the
+first, heretofore when they were Members of the Company of Grocers,
+and dispersed in place, as well as in counsel, they then were wholy
+subordinate to the Physicians, only keeping in their Shops, and
+faithfully making the prescriptions they received from the Physicians,
+and when made, sending them to the Patient by their men (as they still
+continue to do in Foreign Countries) and not committing the
+preparation to raw Boys, or Apprentices, which is the true interest of
+the Patient they should do here likewise. But in process of time,
+Physicians in acute diseases having taught them somewhat, sent them to
+visit their Patients, to give them the best account they could of the
+estate of their health, and effect of their Medicines. And of later
+years some Physicians took them along with them in their Visits,
+whereby they acquired a little smattering of diseases, by which means,
+and their continual officiousness, they insinuated themselves into
+Families, and by applying (right or wrong) the terms of Art they had
+learned from the Physicians, they made people believe they had
+acquired some skill in the Art, and afterwards began to venture a
+little at practice, and but until these 10 years last past kept
+themselves within some bounds and limits; but since that time have
+daily more and more incroached upon our Profession, being assisted by
+a greater familiarity of conversation with younger Physicians. And in
+the Plague time they took upon them the whole Practice of Physic,
+which ever since they have continued, being much helped also therein
+by the dispersing of Physicians into places unknown to their Patients,
+by the Fire, but above all by the burning of the College, by means
+whereof their Government and view of their Shops have been omitted,
+insomuch that now they are past all restraint, having insinuated and
+(as they think) rooted themselves by the aforesaid Artifices, so that
+there remains now no other real remedy but that proposed.
+
+Now here I shall take occasion in a short digression, to discourse
+briefly the reason, why in all Ages there have been so many pretenders
+to Physic, and why some of them have got reputation in the World. One
+hath been mentioned before, viz. the great charges sick men are put
+to, caused by the separation of the Physician from the Apothecary. But
+the principal reason is, the want of knowledge in most persons, both
+of the materials used, and the grounds for which they are applyed.
+Insomuch that there are but few that can judg, and distinguish rightly
+of either, and no wonder therefore that in their reasonings they
+commit more absurd mistakes, or Paralogisms then in any other Art
+whatsoever, and censure Physicians by the success alone. Which my Lord
+Verulam accounts the great unhappiness both of the States-man and the
+Physician, both being alike censured by those that know not the bottom
+and rise of their Actions and Counsels. For how can any man in either
+make a sound Judgment without a full knowledge of the business it
+self; and of all the circumstances thereunto belonging; nor in Physic
+without the concurrent knowledg of the sick mans habit, disease,
+cause, remedies, and many other particulars necessary to make a clear
+judgment upon the success? Yet notwithstanding, many will censure and
+grumble at the actions of the States-men, though their proceedings
+have been never so wise, and prudent, and oft-times from muttering and
+whispering, fall to down-right distast, and mutiny against their
+Superiors. So that the good success, in State-affairs, of rash and
+imprudent undertakers, have been extolled and preferred before the
+wary, and prudent management, and guidance of the soberest and wisest
+States-men. The same likewise happens between the bold Empiric, and
+learnedst Physician. But in this way of censuring, the States-man hath
+this advantage above the Physician, that 'tis possible he may meet
+with a series of Business so circumstantiated, as seldom or never to
+miscarry, especially having a greater power over subordinate persons
+then Physicians have. But the irreversible statute of Heaven forbids
+us to expect a constant recovery of our Patients, for 'tis appointed,
+that all men must die. 'Tis sufficient therefore for us, to employ
+those remedies God hath given to the Sons of men, to the utmost vertue
+the Creator hath endowed them withal: since his eternal decree hath
+limited their efficacy from making man immortal. Now since (if men
+judg by the success alone) it cannot be otherwise, but that the most
+learned Physician, and most sottish Empiric must be thought equal in
+skill, by those that are not able to make a right judgment and
+difference betwixt them on other principles. Hence it comes to pass,
+that where some ignorant person hath cured accidentally a slight
+disease, and a Physician hath a Patient dye of an irrecoverable Case,
+here the Empiric shall be applauded, and the Physician decryed. Nay
+many will say the disease is the same in both, whereas we daily see
+most gross mistakes in such opinions, when the Cases differ totally in
+their Nature, agreeing in one sign only common to both the Cases
+proposed, nay to many other also. Furthermore, if a Patient dy under
+an Empirics hand, the friends willingly conceal their Names, lest some
+discredit should befal them for using such worthless practisers; but
+if under the hands of a known Physician he shall be sure to be named,
+and sometimes his attendance falsly fathered on him, when Mountebanks
+only have been employed: but to besure if an Empiric hath first been
+made use of, and afterwards an able Physician called in (when all
+opportunity of doing good was past) and the Patient dy, the Mountebank
+hath never been mentioned, but the Physician perhaps condemned though
+he hath done whatsoever could have been thought on, rational in that
+Case.
+
+Add to the former reasons, the bold and confident brags, and promises
+of Empirics, that they have cured worse diseases, and will in few
+hours free them from their maladies, especially where sober Physicians
+have pronounced doubtfully of the event. No wonder that these pleasing
+promises to persons in danger and distress bring them into employment
+even with a rejection of the former sober Physician.
+
+Besides, a foolish opinion prevails with some ignorant persons, that
+they will deal only with such as will undertake the Cure, (that is)
+contract with them for a sum of money, one half whereof to be payed in
+hand, and the other the Cure being done, and so are usually cheated of
+one half of their money; and such people will have nothing to do with
+such Physicians as will not undertake them in this sence.
+
+Another Stratagem is, to give strange and hard names to their
+Medicines, such as are Pilulae radiis Solis extractae, and in English is
+no more then Pills dryed to that consistence by the Sun-Beams, which
+ignorant people have thought were made of the Sun Beams. Others
+commend their Extract of the Soul of the Heathen Gods. One sets up
+with a receipt received from Van Helmonts own hands; Another hath
+received from a Jew the shining of Moses Face; nay I have heard a
+Pseudochymist blasphemously brag, he saw in the making of a grand
+Elixir, the Quintessence of the Trinity in Unity, and infinite other
+pitiful captivations of silly people, to be seen on every Gate and
+Post of this City; such as are the Spirit of the Salt of the World,
+Panchymagogon, and other ten-footed Greek names, and some other
+Mongrel non-sensical ones compounded of several Languages; promising
+certain, speedy, and concealed Cure of incurable Diseases.
+
+And no less ridiculous and absurd to considering persons are, their
+cantings of themselves, wherewith they no less befool, amuse, and
+beguile the people; as that by long prayer, and seeking of God, they
+have had many secrets revealed to them from Heaven. Another by long
+Travels through Hungary, Poland, &c. hath attained great secrets from
+Kings and Emperours. Another a Gentleman lately come from Oxford, or
+Cambridg, Cures the Pox, Running of the Reins, &c. in Capital Letters,
+at all which what sober man cannot but laugh? Yet such as these are
+inducements to many to resort to them; moreover some of them are
+Astrologers, Physiognomers, Fortunetellers, Professors of Palmistry
+and such other vain Arts; much applauded by the weaker sort of people.
+
+Besides, the former they have their Emissaries, Scouts, and Setters up
+and down, to cry up the skill And feigned Cures done by them, Nurses,
+Good-fellows, Midwives, &c. to make up the cry and full noise.
+
+Now it being natural to most people to admire what they understand
+not, and for Admiration to infer Love, and Love Praise, and Praise the
+use especially of such things as are set off with high and lofty
+expressions, it necessarily follows that such persons will cry up, and
+make use of, those that by these means captivate their understandings,
+especially their credits being ingaged also; but above all, if they
+proceed from meaner persons, of whom they are most credulous, having
+in suspition wiser men, believing the former are not able, and that
+the wiser are able; and therefore will deceive them. All which appears
+in some with us cryed up above any Physician that ever was in England,
+though for pitiful, dangerous, nay sometimes mortal Medicines, whereby
+great sums of money have been gained in a short time; I shall instance
+first in Lockyers Pills made of Antimony, discovered to be so by some
+of my Collegues, and my self, at the first selling of them. A Medicine
+as ill made as any of that Mineral, and no Physician though meanly
+versed in Chymistry, but could have excelled it. Yet so great a Vogue
+this Pill had for some time, that infinite people resorted to him, and
+purchased them for their lives, both for themselves, and Families, and
+(as I have heard) for their posterities too. Though a common Chimney
+in a little time would have made enough of it to have served the whole
+Nation for some years to come, and that at very small charges. But
+Experience, the Tutor of too many, hath in a short time brought these
+Pills into a dis-use, if not a total Oblivion, even amongst the
+vulgar.
+
+A second cryed up Medicine was Mathews's Pills, made of Opium (to
+which the virtue of the whole Composition must be attributed) of white
+Hellebor Roots, and Oyl of Turpentine, whereto some add Salt of
+Tartar, which will puzzle the most knowing Naturalist to declare why
+these should be thus jumbled together; unless to obscure the Opium.
+'Tis indeed a very cunning Composition, for by giving rest and ease it
+may easily decoy people into the use of them, though by long taking of
+them, diseases become far more uncurable then they are in their own
+Nature.
+
+A third Universal Medicine was Hughes's Powder, sold by him at 10 s.
+the Grain, and 3 l. 10 s. the Dose, made doubtless of Gold and
+Quicksilver. The tast and weight of it manifestly discover the former
+to be an ingredient into it, and the effect, viz. Salivation proves
+the latter to be part of the compound. Besides I have made of these
+two dissolved, and digested in their peculiar Menstruums, in no long
+space of time, a Medicine that had the same effect with his, and in
+the same Dose, and having a View of his Cabinet left after his Death,
+containing a large quantity of the said Powder (being all he left
+behind him) there was found crude Gold, and Quicksilver in the same
+Cabinet. Now these three Notorious Universal Medicines were put to
+sale by most ignorant persons. Add hereunto the forementioned Mr.
+De-laun's Pill, whereof I shall say nothing, being mentioned under the
+Name of the Pilule ex duobus, in the London Dispensitory, though some
+make them of the Extract of Coloquintida. The last of any Fame with
+us, were Dr. Goddard's Drops, a good Medicine, but not so universal,
+and superlative as he would have made the World believe, and was
+nothing else but what some Physicians many years since enjoyed. I well
+remember that in the late troubles, a Person then in great Authority,
+having cryed up this above all the Medicines in the World, a round
+wager was offered, that the Doctor should not distinguish his own from
+two others that should be brought him, both which were but Spirit of
+Harts-horn. But the wager would not be accepted of. Furthermore, that
+this Medicine of his was Spirit of Harts-horn, some relations plainly
+argue; One whereof was the following.
+
+A certain person in Norfolk having sent for as much as came to a 11 l.
+and dying upon the 2d. dose of it, and by accident most part of the
+remainder being spilt; there comes in a friend to the House, of some
+skill, who supposing it to be Spirit of Harts-horn, told the Widow he
+would endeavour to gain back the money for her. And thereupon went to
+a Chymist, and bought as much of the said Spirit, as would make up the
+quantity purchased of Dr. Goddard, who after Tryal of it by smell, and
+tast, acknowledged it to be his, and honestly payed back the sum 'twas
+first sold for; which I think few of the Mountebanks do. Sure I am
+that a Quack sold 21 Pills for 20 l. whereof the Patient took 4 at two
+doses, to the great hazard of his life, who then repairing to me for
+my advice, I by Tryal of one of them found them to be Mercurial, and
+wished him to return them back, but the Quack would not give him 10 s.
+for the 16 remaining.
+
+The inference and sum of what hath been said, is to shew briefly by
+what Artifices people are deceived in their Healths, and Purses, and
+how easily the ignorant are couzened, and such practices used, that
+Physicians, men of honesty and repute, would be ashamed to own, and
+must by using them in a short time be ruined and discredited. And such
+Cheats as these, the College of Physicians are bound by the Laws of
+the Land to decry, and punish (though by so doing it hath often
+incurred the censure and clamor of the vulgar) Besides the Statute of
+the 14th. and 15th. of Henry the Eighth injoyns us to it, declaring
+that 'tis good for the Common-wealth of this Realm, and therefore
+expedient, and necessary to provide that no person of the College of
+Physicians (for all practisers then were of the said body) be suffered
+to exercise, and practise Physic, but only those persons that be
+profound, sad, and discreet, groundly learned, and deeply studyed in
+Physic. Now certain it is, that none of the said body did or dare use
+any of the forementioned frauds and deceits, but will constantly
+indeavour (since 'tis impossible but there will be Cheatees;
+(according to the old Proverb, Populus vult decipi, The People will be
+deceived) to abridge the number of the Cheaters, who answer to the
+former part of the Proverb, Decipiatur, Let them be couzened.
+
+I shall end this discourse by returning from my digression to the
+Apothecaries, who may and do use some of the tricks before-mentioned,
+and shall here briefly recite some great advantages they have, and
+make use of above Physicians. One is, that they live in this City 7 or
+8 years as Apprentices, as also by their retail Trade, and by living
+in open Shops, by frequent converse with their fellow Citizens,
+whether in Commerce or Offices, by many friendly and Neighbourly
+mutual kindnesses and actions, wherein they spend their whole lives,
+and are never diverted by studies, and ingenuity from their proposed
+way of gain, by all which means they get into a fixed familiarity and
+good opinion with their Neighbours, and a large acquaintance in the
+World. Now for their skill, besides what hath been before-mentioned,
+and common to them with the Mountebank, viz. Vapouring and braging of
+their skill, and decrying Physicians, by talking above the Capacity of
+those they converse with, who therefore take all they say to be
+authentick, though never so absurd, and trivial, and many times to set
+off themselves they will venture to speak Latine commonly as false as
+the matter, although some of them at Coffee-Houses, and in other mixt
+Companies, by venturing so boldly have been met with and baffled, and
+made to depart thence with shame and discredit enough, which their
+friends and acquaintance take little notice of. Add hereunto their
+exposing to view their Compositions of Treacle, Mithridate,
+Diascordium and Alkermes, which all their friends, and neighbours one
+time or another must see; (being set off by some very curiously) and
+seeing cannot but admire the great charge, art, and labour of the
+Apothecary, and perhaps hear his learned Lecture upon them, whereby
+they imply their great skill, knowledg in the virtues of these
+ingredients, and consequently an ability to practise with them; all
+which are below the dignity of a Physician; and therefore a long time
+is necessary for him to gain acquaintance, wanting the fore-mentioned
+opportunities the Apothecaries enjoy. Lastly, Their painted Pots and
+Glasses, with false Titles on them, more win the vulgar then a
+Physicians Library of far greater value.
+
+As to their incapacity for Practice, 'tis manifest by their education,
+and ignorance of all those things which are required in an able
+Physician, viz. the knowledg of Arts and Languages; by the former
+whereof men learn the way and rules of observing, and improvements to
+be made thereon; by the latter, what the learned searchers of Nature
+have in all Ages taken notice of, necessary, and little enough in an
+Art so difficult as that of Physic. They are wholy ignorant also of
+all Philosophy, and the very Elements of the Art, and therefore
+unskillful in knowing diseases; and more surely their causes, whereto
+respect is to be had, as well as to the diseases, to which, fit
+remedies are to be applyed. For want of Anatomy know neither the part
+affected, nor how 'tis affected; much lets any thing of Chirurgical
+directions. And through their ignorance in Philosophy, and Arts, they
+have not skill enough to advise a diet sutable to diseases; a thing
+most necessary, as well in curing diseases as in preserving of health,
+and which requires a great insight into the nature of things; nor the
+true grounds and reasons of compounding, practising their way rather
+by rote then by rule; with better reason may a Brick-layer or
+Carpenter pretend to be a Mathematical, or a Common Fidler to be a
+Musick Reader in the Universities, or Gresham-College, since both
+these have the practical part of those Sciences, which Apothecaries
+have not in Physic, in the least measure.
+
+And to conceal their mis-actings, they generally do all by word of
+mouth, and not enter their prescriptions into their Books, being haply
+ashamed any knowing men should discover their sins of omission, as
+dangerous many times in point of life and health, as those of their
+commission. Whereas Physicians Bills are on the File, or registred in
+Order in their own Books, which is their justification from all
+misrepresentations.
+
+Again, they sufficiently confess their ignorance, by calling in
+Physicians when their own, or any of their relations healths are
+concerned, and the same all people acknowledge, when they are in
+distress and danger. And very few understanding persons, and none that
+are learned and knowing, will trust them at all. But I shall refer the
+Reader to the forementioned Writer against the Apothecaries, viz. Dr.
+Daniel Coxe, who permitted me to name him here; by whom this and many
+other things here but briefly touched, are judiciously handled, and
+more largely.
+
+And as for their skill in practice, we daily see their gross errours
+and omissions, being called where they have given Medicines. I shall
+instance only in one that hapned at the writing hereof; viz. that an
+Apothecary gave strong Purging Pills on the Fit day of a gentle
+Quartan Ague, which turned it into a violent Fever, to the great
+hazard of the Patients life.
+
+And at how easie rate they practise, many of their Bills brought and
+complained of to our College, (in some whereof I have seen Fees set
+down for Visits) witness, wherein upon a slight disease 5 l. hath been
+demanded for four days practice. And I have heard one of them brag,
+that he commonly had from 20 to 100 l. besides presents, for cure of a
+Clap (as they call it) which might have been more speedily and
+securely performed for a manifold lesser sum.
+
+I now come to answer some slight objections; as first, that Physicians
+are unskillful in the Art of making Medicines; but sure those that
+thus object cannot deny them that ability which Ladies, and almost all
+ordinary women have; viz. of distilling of waters of all sorts, making
+of Syrups, Conserves, Preserves, Powders, Trochiscs, Electuaries (and
+what not) and as many think, more cleanly and neatly then the
+Apothecaries; and some of them Ointments, and Plasters, in which two
+lyes their main skill. Some whereof, to those that understand not the
+way of dissolution of bodies, and the nature of their mixture may be
+difficult. Yet this defect they may supply by lessening the number of
+ingredients, and may perform more with 2, or 3 Simples, then with the
+larger Compositions, as 'tis manifest in the use of Galbanum alone,
+now used and found better then Emplastrum Hystericum, consisting of 21
+ingredients.
+
+And though as matters now stand, Physicians have not the honour to be
+counted superiour to Apothecaries in their Art, yet every one knows
+that they alone are the prescribers and directors of the Apothecaries
+in what they know; and are able to puzzle them in infinite things that
+concern their Trade, besides in Chymical preparations, whereof most of
+them are totally ignorant; and should Physicians withdraw themselves
+from their conversation, few pretenders to Physic would appear more
+unskillful then they, neither knowing how to deal with a new Simple,
+nor a new disease. And for all their pretences of skill in Drugs, 'tis
+most certain that the State makes Physicians not Apothecaries, Judges
+of them; and the Statute of Henry the VIII. appoints the College
+Censors upon Oath, not the Apothecaries to judg, and condemn false and
+sophisticated Medicines.
+
+A second objection wherewith they flatter themselves, is, that the
+great expence of time in preparing Medicines will keep Physicians from
+this course. I answer, that the Physician needs not spend much more
+then half an hour in a day, one with another, on this work, and may
+faster dispense them then the Apothecaries to Hospitals, who in an
+afternoon can provide for 100, nay sometimes 200 sick men, and carry
+them to the Hospital, and dispose them to each single person, which
+takes up much time, which the Physicians Servants need not be put to.
+
+A third objection is, that this course, which before 'twas put in
+practice they derided, now used is railed at, will undo them. I answer
+that if needs, one or the other must be ruined, 'tis more reasonable
+that the Apothecary should suffer then the Physician, because the one
+acts but his duty, and for the publick good, but the other are
+transgressors of the Law, and act above the Sphere of their skill, and
+do many prejudices to the precious lives, and healths of men; and the
+rather, because 'tis in their own power to prevent this mischief, by
+stinting the number of their Servants (as 'tis in foreign parts, and
+in England also, in very many if not most other Trades. Nay our State
+allows but a set number of Printers) for they acknowledg themselves,
+that the exceeding increase of their number must necessarily in a
+short time bring them all to shifting and beggery, and a greater want
+of skill then what they now pretend to. But to answer this Objection
+more fully, I affirm Apothecaries have made and do make use of several
+other ways of subsistence; besides their bare trades (none of which
+Physicians can use) viz. some of them in this City as well as in the
+Country, sell Grocery-wares, and by both together, gain Estates.
+Secondly, They barter in Drugs and other Commodities, selling them
+amongst themselves, and to other Tradesmen. Furthermore, they are now
+building a Laboratory to make all sorts of Chymical Medicines,
+intending to supply the whole Nation with them, which must necessarily
+undo all the Chymists in London; and whether in time they will not
+distil Strong-waters, &c. (an easie thing for them to undertake) and
+by this means to ruine the Corporation of Distillers of Strong-waters,
+I leave to the said Company to conceive as they please. However, this
+I have heard several of them say, that they resolve to buy all sorts
+of Drugs, and make a Magazine of them, as well as of the greater
+Compositions, at their own Hall; and to sell them to the Members of
+their Company, whereby the Trade of the Druggist, must be much
+lessened, if not totally over-thrown. So little regard have they of
+any other employment but of their own, yet all these things they may
+do without any offence against the Laws of the Land. Why then should
+they, who have so many ways of subsistence, envy, and usurp unlawfully
+over the single and lawful way granted Physicians for their
+livelihood? Or why would they repine, and revile them for advancing
+their Art, the publick health and profit, and for maintaining their
+profession by their Pens, and actings against themselves, who are the
+first aggressors in this division? Which I profess to be the sole end
+of these present papers, and heartily wish they may thrive and prosper
+as long as they conform themselves to the Laws of Honesty, Reason, and
+of the Land. Besides, why may not the Plaisterer more reasonably
+pretend the same to the Painter, and many other Trades against one
+another, as the Brick-layer to the Stone-Cutter, &c. that they
+understand the Trade, and that truly too, and that they cannot subsist
+without this incroachment? And why should not Chirurgeons keep open
+Apothecaries Shops? but that the same Law limits those Tradesmen, as
+well as prohibits the Apothecary from the practice of Physic. And
+surely the Law and State have no consideration of those persons
+subsistence, who conform not to them; and why should we have of those,
+subordinate to us, who against all good Conscience take away from us
+all that is our due, and continually traduce and slander us very
+untruly and designingly?
+
+The last objection (and a strange one) is, that in this private way of
+giving Medicines, Physicians may poyson their Patients. But this is
+easily retorted upon the Apothecaries, who may themselves or their
+Servants do the like, as 'tis known in the poysoning of Sir Thomas
+Overbury; besides, since it cannot be otherwise, but that the Patient
+must trust somebody, 'tis better to trust one then many; and if one,
+better him whose education will teach him better Morality, (and who
+hath given his Faith (equivalent to an Oath) twice to the Body of the
+College; viz. once at his admission as Candidate, and a second time at
+his admission as Fellow; whereby he promiseth in these words, That he
+shall give nothing to cause miscarriage, or to destroy, or hinder
+Conception, nor Poysons (for of such, good Medicines may be made) to
+an evil purpose, nay that he shall not even teach them where there is
+any suspicion of ill using of them. Which promise is nothing else but
+the Oath proposed by Hippoc. to Physicians, in the entrance to his
+Books) then to trust such as want these qualifications; and this seems
+to be the reason why our Common Law makes it Felony, for any person to
+have any one dy under his hand, unless he were a lawful Physician.
+More noble and generous was the opinion of Alexander the Great,
+concerning his Physician, who confidently drank off that Medicine
+which cured him, though he was before informed by some friend that
+'twas poysoned. Neither can History it self to my knowledg produce any
+example, that ever any such foolish Villany was acted; Though
+doubtless many lives might have been saved if the Apothecaries would
+have complyed with the College, in their proposed Orders for selling
+Rats-bane.
+
+In the next place I shall recite some few of their devices against
+those Physicians in particular that make their own Medicines, as to
+tell the Patient that is averse to Chymical Medicines, that the Doctor
+is Chymical, and that because forsooth he makes his own Medicines; but
+to those that affect Chymical, that the Doctor is but a Galenist, and
+useth only dull and ineffectual remedies, as best suits to the sick
+mans Palat. A second is, that if this Physician be called in to a
+Patient, the Apothecary will pretend present danger, and in his
+absence call in another, or pretend he is abroad when he is not, or
+else that the Case requires the counsel of two Physicians; and what
+other devices they use, I have not well learned.
+
+Now briefly follow some small Scandals they cast upon the said
+Physicians, as first that they do it for want of practice; the falsity
+whereof is known by those few that do act this way already, and
+shortly 'twill be more apparent, when many more of good practice,
+singular parts and honesty will do the like, and certainly nothing but
+lazyness, ignorance, or want of will to do the utmost good they are
+able for the sick, can hinder them from so doing, except age,
+infirmity of body, or want of convenience. But suppose 'tis so as they
+alledg, doubtless every man may and ought to use all lawful means for
+his own subsistence; and do not our adversaries say they are inforced
+to it, affirming that unless they give Medicines of themselves, their
+acquaintance will go to another Apothecary who will do it, though one
+of their Company told me, they had power by their Charter to restrain
+practice? Whence (if true) it clearly follows that the whole Company
+allows it.
+
+But those Physicians, that for the reasons above, cannot nor will not
+take this course, are to be admonished, to do here as the Physicians
+did in France, for the good of people, viz. to tell their Patients the
+prices of Medicines, and to write their Bills in English, that thereby
+the Patients may not pay too unreasonable for them.
+
+I now conclude, having performed this ungrateful task, with as much
+brevity, mildness of Spirit, and language, as the business would
+permit (and what the prudent Statutes of our College require of each
+of their members, that we shall by all honest and lawful ways and
+means prosecute all illiterate Mountebanks and Impostors, &c. and is
+no more then the Laws and Charters granted to us allow, and what we
+twice faithfully promise (as much an Oath as we can give) viz. at our
+admission as Candidate and as Fellow) being obliged to another work of
+greater difficulty, and concern, long since promised, having been too
+long diverted with fitting my self for my intended practice, and
+several other unavoidable Occasions.
+
+
+Postscript.
+
+Reader, There intervening so small a space from the publication of the
+first Edition of these Papers to this second; I thought to have added
+nothing to it, but to have put it out only more correct, as the Title
+intimates; but since some Sheets were printed off, I have had the
+opportunity to be informed of some exceptions taken to them, which
+being but few, I shall give the Objectors full satisfaction in. Though
+one answer might serve for all; viz. that an Apothecary in the
+presence of two Physicians, said, that he had told me of all these
+Cheats, and indeed they are so common, that whosoever shall be
+conversant with them, may observe most of these to be a great part of
+their discourse. The First exception against Myrtle-leafs, that they
+were not shewed the Censors for Sena, a Binder for a Purger; the time
+I have forgot; the Censors then were, Sir George Ent, Dr. Goddard, Dr.
+King, and my Self; the places, Tut-hill-street, and some Shops in
+King-street; Mr. Shellberry being then Master of the Company.
+Secondly, As for Mushrooms rubbed over with Chalk for Agaric; this was
+found by the Censors in the Old-Baily, at the Shop of one now dead,
+and therefore I shall say no further of it, it being taken notice of
+by Mr. Evelyn, as is intimated before. p.8. A Third is Diascordium
+made of Honey and Bole-Armeniac, this was discovered in a Shop at the
+end of Drury-lane near Holborn, concluded to be so by Sir George Ent,
+My Self, and Mr. Richardson then Master of the Company, and the rest
+of the Censors and Wardens, easily to be remembred, and was by them
+taken away to their Hall; a pound whereof I had, and by dissolution
+found it to be no otherwise; what the Apothecaries did with the large
+Pot of the remainder I know not. Besides these, I have heard no
+exception to the whole concerning frauds.
+
+Now since the Cheaters with the Cheatees, most insist on the objection
+of Poyson; I add to what hath been formerly said; that Poysons are not
+necessarily to be given in Medicines alone, but may be given in
+Broaths, Beer, or any other thing taken into the Body, and that
+without the consultation or knowledg of any Physician, and surely if
+any one had a mind to Poyson his Relations (an Action abominable to
+the English Nation) he would rather Act privately himself, having many
+opportunities offered to him, rather then by communicating it to
+others, make himself obnoxious to their discovery. But if he should
+communicate to others, 'tis more probable he would communicate it to
+meaner, and more Mercenary persons, as Apothecaries and Nurses, at a
+smaller rate and with more security, then reveal such secrets to
+Physicians, Men of Honour, and Honesty. Furthermore, if any mans life
+be suspected to be taken away with Poyson, and by opening the body it
+should appear so (and without which it cannot well appear) the
+Physician is doubtless as lyable to the Law as any other person
+whatsoever. So that the Patient hath as much moral security from this
+mischief, as possibly can be had, or wished in humane affairs. Nay
+suppose the Physician might be so corrupted (as to take away his
+Patients life) he might effect it without the least suspition; either
+by neglecting, or omitting what was necessary, or by giving him
+unproper Medicines, for which he could be accused of ignorance or
+errour only; besides, if he had a mind to poyson, he as well as
+others, assistants of Visitors, might do it securely enough, by
+conveying into a singular Cordial, or any Medicine made by the Shops,
+and often taken by the Patient before with good success, a mortal dose
+without any knowledg or surmise of any such horrid practice. Add
+hereunto what an able Chirurgeon suggested, that Apothecaries taking
+upon them the wrapping up, and Embalming of Bodies (whereby they gain
+more money then by several years practice upon them; for their
+embalming amounts to very great sums) may upon better reason be
+suspected of poysoning then any other persons whatsoever conversant
+among the sick, since both a particular interest and convenience of
+concealing may induce them to it. Lastly, did this Objection carry any
+weight in it, then neither Physicians, Chirurgeons, Apothecaries,
+Nurses, nor Friends, might administer to the sick; because all these,
+as well as Physicians, may clandestinely poyson their Relations. And
+therefore that an Objection should be raised by such persons that have
+more opportunities and advantage (in a thing never proved to be done,
+because 'tis possible only) to hinder so manifest and publick a profit
+as hath been proved; appears to be very weak and absurd.
+
+And having done with the Objections made to others, and to my self
+also by some of the Company, with whom I have conversed, who huff'd
+exceedingly at my first discourse with them, but departed (seemingly
+at least) well satisfied, I am sure fully and without reply answered,
+and with addition of many other Cheats besides, which I shall not here
+mention for the reasons above specified: I shall here transcribe one
+gratulatory Letter amongst many sent me by a Divine well known in
+Physic, being very comprehensive of most I have said, to the end the
+Universities and all learned men may see what is like to become of one
+of the three of their noble professions: The words of the Letter are
+these.
+
+  "Your design all ingenious persons approve highly, to whom I have
+  communicated it. 'Tis frequent with a Master Apothecary that hath
+  served but 2, or 3 years, nay some scarce one, to take Apprentices
+  for as little, or less time, with a little more money then
+  ordinarily; and presently they assume the Title of Doctors, though
+  they understand no more then only to write to a whole-sale
+  Apothecary in your City. And truly their couzenages here in the
+  Country do exceed those in the City. For I have known 2s. 6d.
+  taken for a little Plaster of Galbanum, and it is usual to make
+  one pectoral Syrup serve for all; as having occasion to enquire
+  for Syrup of Jujubs, one of them ingenuously confessed (not
+  knowing what Jujubs were) that he used one pectoral Syrup for all,
+  a little varying the colour sometimes, and this a peculiar receipt
+  of his own, something differing from any in the Dispensatory."
+
+As for their opposition also in the Country, take this one Example. An
+eminent Physician of Gloucester by reason of the Apothecaries Frauds,
+&c. betook himself to make his own Medicines, taking for his Servant
+one that was not a Freeman of the said City. Who in his Masters
+absence, and contrary to his command, sold to an Apothecary a Medicine
+not to be had, or at least pretended not to be had in the Town, for a
+most urgent and necessary use; whereupon the Apothecaries conspiring
+together, exhibited a complaint to the Mayor and Court of Aldermen,
+requiring of them, that the said Physician (who was a Freeman, and had
+lately born the Office of Mayor) might be dis-franchised. Which being
+not granted them, they set the whole City into such disorder, that
+they refused to attend the Mayor on a Solemn day (as their Custom is,
+and are bound to do) with their Flags from their Town-Hall to the
+Church, which the prudence of the Magistrates for the present
+qualified. This relation I had from the then Mayor my Kinsman, in the
+presence of a London Apothecary.
+
+Next as to the Lyes and Scandals of my self, I shall take notice only
+of those that concern practice (the rest being but generally false and
+non-sensical revilings.) One is, that they most untruly entitle me to
+have been Physician to the Lady Anderson, and many others which I
+never saw or heard of; and that I soon dispatched them. Another
+wherewith they make great noise, is, of one Mr. Staples in
+Covent-Garden, whom they say also I dispatched in few days. The true
+relation whereof was this. An able Physician of the College had him in
+hand for the Jaundice, about two Months before I was called, whereupon
+we consulted and writ a note to the Apothecary; a week after the
+consultation I was sent for, and desired to take care of him alone; he
+was then, besides the Jaundice, troubled with continual Torments in
+his Bowels, which were as hard as a Board (as they say) his Stomach
+gone, his nights restless, a vehement Cough joyned with a Hectick
+Fever, having long before had an ill Habit of Body. In this Case I
+found him, and in a Months time or thereabouts, I cured his Jaundice,
+relieved his Torments, removed the hardness of his Bowels, mitigated
+his Cough, but the Hectick Fever continuing he declined; at length
+another Physician was called in, who can witness the truth of what was
+done, and upon the whole we had good reason to think his Liver to be
+Apostemated. After which consultation he had no more of me, telling me
+he would rely on Kitchin Physic, and after that I never saw him. Now
+this being the only relation I have heard in this kind, I have been
+the larger to recite it, that thereby the Reader may take an estimate
+of their dealing with me in the like reports. The like or worse, some
+of them have said of other Physicians, which perhaps hereafter shall
+be more fully related with all the Circumstances.
+
+As for their malicious anger, and disadvantageous to themselves, take
+this one example; I having prescribed a Plaster for the Head, an
+Apothecary would not make it, because prescribed by me; and I have
+been informed that many of them agreed they would make nothing for
+such Physicians as made their own Medicines; a poor and pitiful
+revenge, to their own loss and discredit.
+
+Another Scandal is, the fewness of my Medicines. 'Tis true my Closet
+is not open to every bodies Eye, nor have I so many and large Pots and
+Glasses, or fill'd with as good as nothing, or the same Medicine, in
+several with different Titles, neither are any of mine guilded to make
+a shew with; yet I dare offer to view with the best of their Shops,
+for number of good and really useful Medicines fit to answer presently
+any Physicians intentions, for internal remedies. And this will be
+attested by some of my learned Collegues, who have seen and perused
+them. Whereas the Shops contain only some general Medicines, whereof
+few single Physicians make use of one quarter in their practice, and
+upon most particular cases are compell'd to prescribe what is not
+readily dispensed in the Shops. Others insinuate my seldom change of
+Medicines. To which I answer, that where all circumstances are the
+same, and a good success follows, I neither do, nor will much vary,
+the easiest thing in the World to be done, both to colour and tast.
+For such changes (necessary to be used in Shop-practice) without
+manifest reason, clog a Patients Purse and Stomach, may not suit with
+the Patients Disease nor Constitution. And doubtless every Physician
+writes at first what he conceives most fit, and proper in the Case
+proposed; and if this agrees fully to his expectation, runs some
+hazard in the alteration, which he is necessitated to do in the
+Shop-way, for many reasons before-mentioned. Besides, who scruples to
+take the Medicinal Waters of Epsom, Barnet, and Tunbridge, many weeks
+together? or who refuseth a constant unalter'd Diet-Drink for some
+Months, or Years together? And do not Apothecaries in all Diseases of
+the Lungs, fly to their pectoral decoction for all persons, and for
+the same person at all times, unless perhaps with the addition of a
+little China to it?
+
+Some Patients of the middle rank have by these and such like Artifices
+been drawn from me, but have soon returned, being undeceived by the
+fulsomness, charge, and the non-success of the Shops.
+
+Now these things I have here published to this end alone, that both
+Physician and Patient may take notice of them; the former to neglect
+and slight such poor Calumnies, and the other to avoid the
+inconveniencies thence arising.
+
+The care I had not to injure any particular person, by naming him in
+my first Edition, or this (although I had so many witnesses of credit,
+as appears by the Postscript, to justifie any thing they can object
+against) makes me hope they will leave off their personal animosities,
+or redress their Crimes, their Vanity of threatning me with 20000 l.
+Actions, and affrighting my publishing this, together with my further
+proceedings, by their intended assaults and batteries; which make them
+appear so ridiculous, that I smile at the first, and pardon the last;
+wishing them to consider seriously how the expectation some have of
+what they can say for themselves, together with the necessity that
+obliges them to it (if possible) were enough one would think, besides
+their many large brags of a speedy and full answer (which they have a
+long time buzzed about the Town as a present remedy in this exigence)
+this I say were enough to make any man conclude them guilty, but 'tis
+hoped this Edition will either work in them an amendment, or bury
+their confident presumptions, leaving no man a belief of their
+innocency. If their promised answer be any thing else but Libelling,
+or a Ballad without rhime or reason, stuft with falsities and
+revilings, such as was only given to Dr. Coxe's Book; I shall return
+it a speedy and full answer, and with an addition of far greater
+Frauds and Abuses, if they therein desire it.
+
+                                                               Feb. 20
+                                                        Hatton-Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pag. 35. l. 6 read Physician, pag. 67. l. 13. read then to trust.
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses
+Committed by Apothecaries, by Christopher Merrett
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