diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15901-8.txt | 1272 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15901-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 25439 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15901-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 28341 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15901-h/15901-h.htm | 1627 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15901.txt | 1272 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15901.zip | bin | 0 -> 25415 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
9 files changed, 4187 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15901-8.txt b/15901-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..900cfe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/15901-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1272 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, by James Elphinston + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy + +Author: James Elphinston + +Release Date: May 25, 2005 [EBook #15901] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +A +MINNIATURE +OV +_INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY_. + + * * * * * + + +TO' +DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES, +DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES +_OV WALES_; +DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES +_OV YORK_: +ONNORED AZ UNDOUTED +PATRONS AND PATTERNS +OV EVVERY PROPRIETY: +DHIS MINNIATURE + +Ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, + +_UMBLY HOPES UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE;_ +FROM DHE BENIGN PERMISSION +OV BEING SO INSCRIBED, +BY DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES +DEVOTED SERVANT, +_James Elphinston_. + + * * * * * + +A +MINNIATURE +OV + +Inglish Orthoggraphy: + +DEDDICATED TO' +_DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES OF WALES_, +DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES OV YORK: + + * * * * * + +BY JAMES ELPHINSTON. + + * * * * * + +_LONDON_: + +SOLD (Price 1 Shilling and 6 Pence) BY +W. RITCHARDSON, ROYAL EXCHAINGE; T. BOOSEY, N. 4, +BRAUD-STREET, DHARE; F. AND C. RIVVINGTON, +N. 62; ST. PAULS CHURCHYARD; J. DEIGHTON, +N. 325, HOLBORN; W. CLARK, +N. 38, BOND-STREET. + + * * * * * + +1795. + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS. + + 1. _Introduccion_ + 2. _Orthoggraphy ascertained in dhe vowels, and dheir serviles_ + 3. _Vocal substitucion, licenced and licencious_ + 4. _Ov open and shut vowels_ + 5. _Ov dhe aspirates and dheir insertives_ + 6. _Ov redundant serviles_ + 7. _Ov impracticabel articulacion_ + 8. _Ov false aspiracion_ + 9. _Dhe guttural aspirate lost, or transmuted by moddern organs_ + 10. _Old _R_ aspirate_ + 11. _Oddher antiquated idellers_ + 12. _Final fantoms, or dubblers ov final forms_ + 13. _Oddher falsifiers, medial or final; licquids or sibbilants; + particcularly _TI_ for a sibbilacion_ + 14. _Dhe orthoggraphy ov propper names_ + 15. _Dhe fundamental principel ov orthoggraphy_ + 16. _The orthographic riddle_ + + * * * * * + +A +MINNIATURE +OV +_INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY._ + +1. INTRODUCTION. + +Hwen evvery oddher language, and at last our own, haz been reduced to' +science; rendered accountabel to' natives, and accessibel to' straingers; +hwence iz it, dhat our practice, growing daily more a contrast dhan an +exemplificacion ov our theory, tempts ignorance to' speak, az blind habbit +spels; raddher dhan to' dream ov spelling, az propriety exhibbits her +unremitted harmony, hweddher in word or writing? For propriety, hwarevver +herd, can be seen onely in her picture: nor can dhis be duly drawn, but +from dhe oridginal; or dhe likenes long prezerved, in dhe coppies ov +vulgarrity. + +Scarce creddibel doz it seem, to' dhe anallogists ov oddher diccions, dhat +hiddherto', in Inglish exhibiscion, evvery vowel and evvery consonant ar +almoast az often falsifiers az immages ov dhe truith. Hetteroggraphy +indeed, or false litterary picture, can arize onely from won, or a +combinacion, ov foar cauzes: redundance, defiscience; mischoice, or +misarraingement. + + * * * * * + +2. ORTHOGGRAPHY ASCERTAINED IN DHE VOWELS, AND DHEIR SERVILES. + +It iz not now new, dhat evvery Inglish vowel haz, not onely a longuer and +shorter, but even a different sound, az open or shut by a consonant; dho _A +braud_, open and shut, differ but in quantity. Nor iz it yet a secret, dhat +certain mutes, or silent letters, (espescially vocal quiescents,) ar named +_serviles_; rendering essencial az vizzibel service, boath to' vowels and +consonants. Hware such gards ar wanted, dhey doutles wil attend; and, hwen +dhey proov superfluous, az reddily widhdraw. Dhus dhe open vowel ov dhe +simpel shuts, and dhe serviles vannish, in dhe penultimate ov dhe compound: +_shake_, _Shakspear_; _chear_, _cherfool_; _vine_, _vinyard_, and dhe like. +So formatives: _stare_ and _stair_, _starling_; _steer_, _sterling_; +_shere_, _sherrif_; _child_, _children_; _kind_, _kindred_; _know_, +_knollege_; and dhe rest. + +Evvery open ear must allow dhe aspiracion (_h_) to' articculate iniscially +dhe braud vocal licquid (_w_); nor longuer imadgine dhat _wh_, apparent, +can becom _hw_ real; or dhat _what_, _whale_, _wheels_, can rascionally +paint dhe power ov _hwat_, _hwale_, _hweels_. Dhe braud licquid (_w_) haz +no place in _hoal_, total; or in _hore_, prostitute; distinct alike, to' +dhe eye, from _hole_ and _hoar_. But _wh_, iniscial, may wel prommise _hw_; +if _le_ and _re_, boath final, may picture _el_ and _er_: az we admire, not +onely on dhe _little theatre_, but in dhe _centre_ ov dhe _battle_! Dho a +tutch ov Rezons wand wil restore dhe buty ov truith; at wonce to' dhe +_littel theater_, and to' dhe _center_ ov dhe _battel_; az such buty beamed +in dhe former century. + +Dhe French _table_, _chambre_, _ancien_, _danger_, ar dhe unexcepcionabel +parents ov dhe Inglilh _tabel_, _chaimber_, _aincient_, _dainger_; hoo ar +too apt scollars, not to' lern from parental exampel, to' show dhemselvs +hwat dhey ar; widhout wondering, dhat won tung iz not anoddher, or dhat +each must hav her own essence and semblance; and dhat in ours, az in oddher +picturage, _an open vowel must not appear a shut won_. Indispensabel dhen +az dhe servile (_i_) in dhe three last exampels, iz it in _aingel_, dho +inadmissibel in _angellic_; in evvery _ainge_ and _ainger_, like _rainge_ +and _rainger_; az wel az in _caimbric_ and _Caimbridge_; dho nedher in +_Cam_ nor _Cambray_. + +If _a_ slender, open, must hav in such case its gardian; _a_ slender, even +shut, hwen protracted, requires its protracting aspiracion (_h_): az in +_ah! Mahlah_; so in _Pahtric_, _fahdher_, _pappah_, _mammah_, and _ahnt_; +so distinct (dho safe enuf ungarded) from _ant_ dhe emmet. But _gahp_, +herd, iz dhus no longuer seen _gape_. _Hant_, _hanch_, and dheir fellows, +admit not dhe braudener; hwich iz indispensabel to' _wrauth, wauter_, and +_vauz_; nor need dhe protracting aspirer, more dhan doo _chant_ and +_branch_. + +_O_ must hav its own medial servant, to' ascertain its opennes; in _poark_, +_poart_, _spoart_, _foart_, _foard_, _goard_, _soard_, (wonce _sword_), +_foarth_, _foarce_, _foarge_; _boast_, _coast_, _goast_, _moast_, _poast_, +and _boath_; justly az in dhe annimal _boar_, in _board_, _boast_, and +dheir fellows; dho _slow_ gender _slowth_, reggularly, az _grow, growth_. +Widh _poart_ and _poast_, _poartal_, _poarter_; _poastage_, and dhe like. + +Better no attendant, dhan a false won. _O_ direct (dhe common _o_) can +nedher assume _o_, dhe servile ov _o_ depressive (_oo_); nor _u_, hwich +wood seem its partner in a dipthong. _Doar_, _floar_, and _moar_, ar dhus +reggular and safe; _dore_, _flore_, and _more_, widh equivvalent servile, +leve _more_ coincident; yet compounds prefer dhe final servile: az +_batteldore_,[1] _Blacmore_, _Hwitmore_; and _Strathmore_, scottishly +strong on dhe latter syllabel. + +_Soll_, spirrit, avoids occular union widh _sole_, alike, and _soal_: by +adopting dhe servile ov _poll_, _boll_, _toll_, _roll_ (widh _controll_,) +_scroll_, and _droll_. Like dipthongal dainger precludes _u_ from dhe +servile funccion, duly undertaken by _a_ in _soar_, _moarn_, _boarn_, +distinct from _boren_ or _bor'n_, dhe compannion ov _woren_ or _wor'n_, +_sworen_ or _swor'n_, _toren_ or _tor'n_, _shoren_ or _shor'n_, and clear, +az open and shut, ov _born_; in _coart_, _goard_, _coarse_, and _soarce_. +_Coarce_, dhe ded _boddy_, dies no more in _corpse_; hwen dhus _boren_ +decently to' interment. Dhis precaution suffers _o_ open, to' understand or +omit, dhe servile before _l_ and anny oddher consonant: az in _old colt_, +wonce seen and herd _ould coult_. If _old colt_ now suffice, _oald coalt_ +iz understood. For dhis rezon, _goald_ must no longuer be robbed ov its +depressive servile, wonce legally seen in _gould_. _Au_, widh les plea, +suppresses its servile in like sittuacion; az _salt_ and _alder_; except in +dhe singuel _assault_! _saut_ and _vaut_ being, now, duly out ov dhe +question. + +If _ou_ cannot now paint _o_ direct, much les can it picture _o_ depressive +(_oo_); in _you_, _youth_, _uncouth_; _should_, _would_, or _could_: for +_yoo_, _yooth_, _uncooth_; _shood_, _wood_, or _cood_. Hwen _ou_ Inglish +transferred its equivvalence from dhe French _ou_ to' dhe German _au_, +hwich compounds _a_ braud, widh _o_ depressive (_au_ widh _oo_); az itself +cood no more be frenchly interchaingeabel widh _oo_; nedher ov its parts +waz more likely to' becom so. _Do_ or _who_ can no more dhan _doe_ or +_hoe_, (boath better employed!) or dhan _shoe_, _canoe_, _lose_, _move_, +_prove_, _behove_; _Rome_, _Coke_, _Pole_, or simmilar; prezent dhe +prezzent _doo_, _hoo_, _shoo_, _canoo_, _looz_, _moov_, _proov_, _behoov_, +_Room_, _Cook_, _Pool_, or dhe like: for truith fears notthing from +coincidence ov sound, and falsehood always leads astray. _B_ may +distinctively open dhe vowel, in _climb_ and _comb_; but cannot render it +also depressive in _comb_, _tomb_, _bomb_, and _womb_; for _coomb_, +_toomb_, _boomb_, and _woomb_. Hwatevver _u_ may hav been in Lattin +vocallity, dhat figgure cannot guiv _oo_, even open, in Inglish; far les +_oo_ shut, in _pull_, _bull_, _full_; _butcher_, _put_, _pudding_, _puss_, +_push_, _bush_; _bushel_, _cushion_; for _pool_, _bool_, _fool_, +_bootcher_, _poot_, _poodding_, _poose_, _poosh_, _boosh_, _booshel_, and +_coossion_: in all ov hwich, dhe _oo_ iz doutles short az shut; and +distinct az _foolling_ and _fooling_. If _u_ cannot prommise _oo_ shut, no +more can _oo_ proxy _u_ shut, in dhe singuel _foot_ for _fut_. No servile +can attend a shut vowel; and _truith_ must hav her own, like _suit_ and +_fruit_: in dhe French _bruit_ it iz also distinctive. Alreddy hav we seen +_o_ direct disguized, no les dhan _o_ depressive; and can we longuer bair +dhe Gallic _beau_, for dhe Brittish _boe_; more dhan dhe dubble falsifier +_beauty_, for dhe Inglish _buty_, dhe sweet compannion ov _duty_? + +_Sew_, _shew_, and _strew_, wer dhe preddecessors, so cannot be dhe +identities, ov _soe_, _show_, and _strow_: dhe first dhus occularly clear +ov _sow_, so different verb and noun! dhe latter, distinct to' dhe ear by +dhe dipthong, hwich also distinguishes _slough_, no more swallowing _sluf_: +_toe_ and _tow_ (no more jostling widh _tough_, now _tuf_), _doe_ and +_dough_, _floe_ and _flow_, being respective coincidents; clear indeed to' +dhe eye, boath ov boddy and mind. _Ow_ final iz dipthongal in _how_, _now_! +_bow_ bend; _cow_, noun or verb; _sow_, the noun; in _vow_, verb or noun; +and in _allow_, _endow_. Dhe dipthong distinguishes also _slough_, +_plough_, and _bough_ branch. _O_ remains merely simpel in _dough_, az if +_dow_. _Bo!_ or _boh!_ interjeccion, coincides widh _boe_ and _bow_, boath +nouns: dhe latter leving dhe dipthong to' dhe verb, or its accion, hwence +dhe ball derives it in _bowl_; dhe open vowel distinguishing dhe _bowl_ or +bason, coincident widh _boll_ and _bole_. + + * * * * * + +3. VOCAL SUBSTITUCION. + +Dho won semblance may exhibbit, not onely two' senses, but two' sounds; won +symbol must not pretend to' paint anoddher, unles by distinctive +substitution. _E_ proovs dhus dhe lawfool substitute ov _a_, in _heigh-ho!_ +moddernized _hey-ho!_ in _heighday_, now _hey-day!_ _weigh_, _wey_, _hwey_, +_prey_, _bey_, _dey_; _dhey_, _dheir_, _eir_, _eight_, and _freight_; widh +_obey_, _inveigh_, _convey_, _survey_, and _purvey_; az wel az hwen febel, +in _parley_, _barley_, _Harley_, _Chudleigh_, and dheir fellows. + +But _e_ cannot be _a_, widh dhe servile dhat distinguishes _e_: _tear_ +cannot be clas-mate, at wonce to' _fear_ and _fair_. If dherfor _e_ cannot +be _a_, widh _a_ servile; and _a_ need no substitute in dhe verbs _tair_, +_wair_, _swair_, and _bair_; _peir_, dhe fruit, and _beir_, dhe beast, +claim dhe substitute vowel, widh due servile; _pair_, _pare_, _bair_ and +_bare_, being engaged. For like rezon, _braik_ and _grait_ admit no vocal +substitute. _Where_ and _there_ no more puzzel dhan bely, in dheir own +shape, ov _hware_ and _dhare_. + +_E_ fairly substituting dhe forrain _i_, in _pier_, _bier_, _mien_, _lief_, +widh _belief_, _believ_; _relief_, _reliev_; and dhe rest; so distinct from +_peer_, _beer_; _mean_, _leaf_; or so connected by alliance, forrain or +domestic; dhe substitucion simmilarly prevails in _shriek_, _fiend_, +_fief_, _brief_, _chief_, _atchiev_; _thief_, _thiev_; _repriev_, +_retriev_; _pierce_, _fierce_, and _tierce_: ettymollogy howevver, scorning +alike substitucion and superfluity, in _receiv_, _receit_, and dheir +collaterals. + +Forrain semblance belied dhe adoptives, _oblige_, _marine_, _machine_, +_magazine_, _fatigue_, _intrigue_, _antique_, and _shire_; til Londoners +began to' treat dhem az natives ov Ingland; not dreaming dhat dheir essence +cood not here be prezerved, but in dhe guize ov _oblege_, _marene_, +_mashene_, _maggazene_, _fategue_, _intregue_, _anteke_ (or _anteek_, +_mareen_, and dhe rest,) joined by _legue_, _twegue_, and _shere_: hwich +last, dho dhus sevvered from _sheer_ and _shear_, boath coincident in +sound, waz beguinning, in dhe false shape ov _shire_, (like _oblege_, in +dhat ov _oblige_,) to' violate Inglish harmony in evvery British nacion. +Dhe same propriety, dhat dhus gards dhe Inglish vowel (_e_), prezervs, no +les _piously_, dhe parental equivvalent (_i_), in _obligacion_, _marriner_, +_mackinate_, _mackinacion_, _indefattigabel_, _anticquity_, az wel az +_antiquary_; and evvery forrain buty, consistent widh domestic truith. + +If dhe prezzent century hav made manny improovments, in orthoggraphy and +elsehware; it haz certainly made manny alteracions, dhat wer dhe verry +reverse ov improovment. Som eying truith, onely in her parents, wood +_allege_ dhat _virtue_ alone cood _persuade_; havving lernedly perfwaded +dhemselvs, dhat _vertue_ might hav _sweetnes_, widhout partaking _suavity_, +by hwich dhey pictured _swavvity_. It seems howevver high time dhat a +certain kingdom, at length panting after evvery propriety, shood know and +confes, dhat her name iz no more _England_, dhan _Engelonde_ or _Angland_; +or dhan her sovverain iz _king ov France_! + +Since won symbol must no more usurp dhe office ov anoddher, _o_ wil no +longuer pretend to' paint _A braud_ open (_au_); in _ought_, _nought_, +_brought_, _thought_, _sought_, _fought_, _bought_; for _aught_ (now indeed +_aut_), and dhe rest: nor wil _groat_ and _broad_ expect anny more, to' be +acknolleged _graut_ and _braud_. + +Nedher _tongue_ nor _tong_ (alreddy won ov a pair) can picture _tung_; dho +_u_ stil employ dhe distinctive substitucion ov _o_ in _son_, male issue; +nor les propperly dhe ettymolodgic in _yong_, _mong_, _mongrel_, _monk_, +(widh _monkey_,) and _Monday_; in _monney_, _bonney_, _conney_, _condit_, +_constabel_; az in _yolk_, so in _covver_, _hovver_, _plovver_; in _lovver_ +and _glovver_, from _lov_ and _glov_. _Cullor_ (nevver _colour_) avoids +coincidence equally widh _collar_ and _coller_; dhe latter greekly, not +frenchly, affected _choler_. + +But surely a vocal groop cannot shrink into' an Inglish shut vowel: nor +cood dhe following French, or almoast French, be suppozed Inglish words: +_souple_, _couple_; _double_, _trouble_; _nourish_, _flourish_; _courage_, +_courteous_, _country_, _cousin_; _journey_, _journal_; _sojourn_, +_adjourn_, and _touch_; more dhan such oddities claim continnuance, az +_young_, _rough_, or _tough_: for _suppel_ (alreddy almoast Inglish in +_supple_,) _cuppel_; _dubbel_, _trubbel_; _nurrish_, _flurrish_; _currage_, +_curteous_; _contry_ (ettymolodgical substitute ov _cuntry_; like _yong_, +ov _yung_;) _cozzen_ az _dozzen_, no more _dozen_! _jurney_, _jurnal_; +_sodjurn_, _adjurn_, widh _tutch_; _tuf_ and _ruf_: not to' reprezent dhe +so duly exploded, az _authour_, _succour_, _superiour_ for _author_, +_succor_, _superior_; hweddher agent, accion, or adjective. + + * * * * * + +4. OV OPEN AND SHUT VOWELS. + +Az vocallity must often depend on articulacion; consonants, like vowels, +must nedher be too manny, too few, nor oddher dhan dhemselvs. If sounds +open must not seem shut, sounds shut must not appear open. No servile can +attend a shut vowel; hwich, on dhe contrary, must show dhe consonant dhat +shuts it. Hwen a consonant concludes dhe syllabel, after an open vowel; a +servile must gard dhe vowel from dhe consonant, hwich else wood shut it. A +shut vowel dhen must show dhe shutter, or be left apparently open. + +Dhe first vowel (_a_), slender or braud, may doutles be more or les so, by +dhe prezzence or absence ov dhe _stres_, or vocal exercion. _A_ slender, +self or substitute, iz open az garded, in _fain_, _fein_, and _fane_; +_wail_, and _wale_; open az unshut, in _paper_, _favor_, _braver_, +_bravest_, _braving_, _braved_: so in _fainer_, _feiner_; az wel az +_faining_, _feined_; _wailing_, _wailed_; _waling_, _waled_; articculated +_pa-per_, _fa-vor_, _bra-ver_, _bra-vest_; _fai-ner_, _fei-ner_, and so on: +for _a singuel consonant_, natturally (dhence nescessarily) _articculates +dhe following, _not dhe preceding_ vowel_. _A_, slender, iz shut in _fan_, +_fanning_; and the like. _A braud (au)_ haz its own distinctive servile in +_faun_ and _fawn_, in _all_ and _awl_, _ball_ and _bawl_. Dho _l_ remain +dhe servile in _balling_, az wel az dhe _w_ in _bawling_; it iz no servile, +but dhe effective shutter, in _ballot_, _bal-lot_, or dhe like. + +_A braud_, shut, plays its own part, hwen articculated by _w_ or _qu_ +(vertually _cw_,) in dhe propper _Waller_, az in _wallet_ or _quallity_; in +_war_, _quarrel_; _wart_, _quart_; _wan_, _want_, _quantity_, and such. _A +braud_, shut, not so articculated, substitutes _o_ shut: dhus dhe _o_ ov +_cord_ iz perfetly coincident, or unison, widh dhe _a_ in _ward_. Hware _a_ +performs its own braud-shut part, _o_ becoms dhe substitute ov _u_ shut, az +in _won word_; _quoth_ and _quod_. + +_E_ iz dhus open in _mean_ and _mien_, _tiend_ and _fiend_, _siev_ and +_seiz_; widh _grief_, _griev_; _relief_, _reliev_; _receiv_, _receit_, and +dheir fellows. Open iz _e_ likewize in _meat_, _meet_, and _mete_; (three +coincident!) _meeting_, _meting_, and _meter_; shut in _men_, _pen_, _fen_; +_met_, _set_; _penny_, _fennel_; _penning_, _setting_: and so foarth. + +_I_ iz open in _fine_, _finer_, _finish_; _dine_, _dining_, and _diner_; +_rime_, _riming_, and _rimer_; _fi-ner_, _fi-nish_, and so on: shut in +_fin_, _finnish_; _din_, _dinner_; _brim_, _brimmer_; _fin-nish,_ and +simmilar. + +_O_ iz open in _Po_, _pole_, _polar_, and _polish_; _mode_, _modish_; +_soal_, _sole_, and _soll_; shut in _sollace_, _pollish_, and _moddest_; +_po-lish_, _pol-lish_, and dhe like. + +_U_ iz open in _unit_, _unite_; _tune_, _tunic_, _punic_, _studious_; shut +in _studdy_, _unabated_: _u-nit_, _stu-dent_, _stud-dy_, _un-a-ba-ted_; +such compounds being licenced to' take in dhe singuel consonant ov dhe +prepoziscion. + +So hear we, and so see we, + +_a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_, open; _ar_, _er_, _il_, _on_, _us_, shut; _may_, +_me_, _my_, _mow_[2], _mew_; _mas_, _mes_, _mis_, _mos_, _must_. So _Mary_, +_marry_; _even_, _sevven_; _ivy_, _Livvy_; _odor_, _odder_; _student_, +_studdy._ + +If dhen open vowels must appear open, shut vowels must appear shut. +Forrain, even parental, diccions cannot rule dhe picture ov dhe native: for +picture can hav but won oridginal. Widh parrity ov rezon may (and must +often) dhe parental vowel be open, and dhe descendant shut. To' edher iz +_Popes_ laconnic line applicabel: + + _Dhis dhey, dhat know me, know; dhat lov me, tel._ + +To' keep Inglish, dhus like French and Lattin, or spelling dhe contrast ov +speech; our litterature haz hiddherto' no likenes ov our language; and haz +continnued inaccessibel to' evvery native, az much az to' evvery strainger. +For, hwile we lernedly lov to' see + + Aloe, melon, lily, solemn, + carol, very, spirit, coral, borough, + manor, tenant, minute, honor, punish, + clamor, blemish, limit, comet, pumice, + chapel, leper, triple, copy, + habit, rebel, tribute, probate, + heifer, profit, + cavil, revel, drivel, novel, hovel, + city, pity, british, critic, + madam, credit, idiom, body, study, + tacit, licit, + hazard, ezad, lizard, closet, bosom, + vicar, + liquor, + liquid, + rigor, + rigid: + +We shrewdly hope to' hear, + + Alloe, mellon, lilly, sollemn, + carrol, verry, spirrit, corral, burrow, + mannor, tennant, minnute, onnor, punnish, + clammor, blemmish, limmit, commet, pummice, + chappel, lepper, trippel, coppy, + habbit, rebbel, tribbute, probbate, + heffer, proffit, + cavvil, revvel, drivvel, novvel, hovvel, + citty, pitty, brittish, crittic, + maddam, creddit, iddiom, boddy, studdy, + tascit, liscit, + hazzard, ezzad, lizzard, clozzet, buzzom, + viccar, + liccor, + licquid, + riggor, + ridgid. + +Hwile dhus notthing but _s_ can dubbel soft _c_, or sibbilantly shut dhe +preceding vowel; and render _precious_, or _vicious_, hwat dhey ar; but +_prescious_, or _viscious_; dhe sibbilants direct simpel figgure may not +onely becom, in dhe ostensibel _physic_, _visit_, and _vision_, a dubbel +depressive; in dhe real _phyzzic_, _vizzit_, and _vizzion_; but work equal +wonders, in _polysyllables_ ov anny extension; pretending, in dhe verry +name, to' paint _pollysyllabels_. And dhus dhe trokees grow innumerabel, +dhat shut and sharpen, shortening dhe former vowel; hwich dhey hav +hiddherto' pretended to' exhibbit slowly and smoodhly open: so leving +singuel dhe intermediate articulacion, hwich must be audibly dubbel, (must +shut az wel az articculate,) and continnue dhe equal impossibillity, ov +reading and writing our language. + +For, _hwen_ our _diccion_ attains, like _oddhers_, _dhe_ happy _habbit_ +_ov_ appearing hwat it iz; alternate strength and febelnes must prezent +_mallice_ and _maliscious_, _sollemn_ and _solemnity_, _morral_ and +_morallity_, _mannor_ and _manorial_, _limmit_ and _limmitacion_, _habbit_ +and _habittual_, _spirrit_, _spirritual_, and _spirrituallity_. So evvery +consequencial, hweddher ov trocaic or dactyllian stres: _orrigin_, +_oridginal_, _oridginality_, or _originallity_, _reallity_, _quallity_, +_equallity_, _verrity_, _verrily_, _ennemy_, _ammity_, _appathy_, +_probbity_; so, widh _propphet_, _propphesy_, and _propphecy_; but, by +penultimate or antepenultimate ennergy, (dhe stres on last but won, or last +but two',) _prophettic_, or _prophettical_: widh _philossophy_, +_philossopher_, and _philosopphic_; widh _avvarice_, _avvariscious_; +_lodgic_, _logiscian_; _phyzzic_, _phyziscian_; _immage_, _imadgine_; +_madjesty_, _majestic_. Az _alliment_, _saccrament_; az _orrifice_, +_saccrifice_, and _orrator_, widhout violacion ov aught _sacred_, or +chainge ov _oracion_. + + * * * * * + +5. OV DHE ASPIRATES, AND DHEIR INSERTIVES. + +_Oracion_ indeed iz dhus kept _sacred_ az _orrator_: for _t_ cood nevver +sibbilate (or play _s_) in _orthoggraphy_, aincient or moddern; nor a +dubbel articulacion pretend to' look singuel, more dhan a singuel a dubbel +won. Dhe dactyl _orthodox_ admits littel chainge in dhe dubbel trokee +_orthodoxy_; like _mellancolly_, vulgarly _melancholy_: but _orthoggraphy_ +and _orthograpphical_ ar, widh equal harmony, subject to' antepenultimate +power. Like Propriety dherfor inserts dhe shutter we hear, in dhe +duplication, az ov evvery simpel, so ov evvery aspirate, duly dubbled by +dhe simpel insertive. Dhus _p_ dubbels _ph_, and even _f_, _f_; in +_propphet_, and _proffit_. But, az _ph_ became _f_; so _bh_, universally +_v_, nescessarily dubbelled in _provverb_. Az _s_ or _z_ dubbels dhe soft +sibbilant aspirate, (_sh_ or _zh_) in _prescious_, _decizzion_, _t_ or _d_, +respectively, dubbled dhat dhey rendered equal to' _tsh_ or _dzh_: az +_tutching_ dhe _madjesty_ ov _relidgion_. + +But dhe Inglish tung, (raddher teeth,) enjoying dhe _dental aspirate_, +direct and depressive (_th_ and _dh_), beyond perhaps anny oddher language, +aincient or moddern; can no longuer be denied dhe appearance, hware it so +peculiarly pozesses dhe reallity, ov dubbling az wel az depressing its +power. No more dhen can be confounded dhe aspirates ov _oath_, _oadhs_; ov +_bath_, _badhs_, and _badhe_; ov _Otho_ and _oddher_, _Clotho_ and +_clodhier_, _dhis thing_ and _dhat thing_; _dheze things_ and _dhoze +things_: misaspiracion wil no more embarras, dhan misarraingement, _Dhe +Theater_. + + * * * * * + +6. OV REDUNDANT SERVILES. + +If _defiscience_ ov symbols hav been so ezily and so amply exampelled; a +ballance may be proffered in _redundance_; ov consonants, no les dhan ov +serviles. Hwen evvery mute minnister waz supplied to' vocallity; dhe +hardening gard ov _g_, at least, shood not hav been forgotten. If _i_ waz +indispensabel in _aingel_ and _dainger, u_ iz az recquizite in _anguel_ and +_anguer_, az in _guerdon_. _Guet_ and _guiv_ demand dhe (_u_) hardener, az +boldly az _gues_ and _guilt_. So redundance alreddy recalls, in order to' +explode, _guess_ and _give!_ Widh dhis not onely _seeing_ (for _seing_) and +dhe like; but dhe falsifying final ov _are_, _were_; _awe_, _owe_; _some_, +_come_; _above_, _dove_, _love_, _glove_; _throve_, _drove_, _shrove_, +_shove_, _hove_; for _ar_, _wer_; _aw_, _ow_; _som_, _com_; _abov_, _dov_, +_lov_, _glov_; _throv_, _drov_, _shrov_, _shov_, _hov_: hwere _o_ for _u_ +guivs to' the ear, _sum_ distinctive, widh _cum_, _abuv_, and dhe rest. + +Superfluous, dhence obstructive, (distractive indeed!) dhe _i_ ov _either_, +_neither_; _heifer_ and _friend_; dhe _o_ ov _people_ and _yeoman_; +_leopard_ and _jeopard_; dhe _u_ ov _eulogy_, az ov _eulogium_; ov +_conduit_, vertually _cundit_: _a_, obviously useles, after an oddherwize +open vowel, in _season_, _reason_, _treason_, _treacle_, _creature_; in +_eave_, _heave_, _weave_, _leave_, _cleave_, _reave_, _greave_; _cease_, +_lease_, _crease_, _grease_; _teaze_, _ease_, _please_; like dhe _e_ final +to' _sieve_, _grieve_, _relieve_, _receive;_ dhe second _e_ in _sleeve_, +_geese_, _fleece_, _freeze_, _breeze_, _squeeze_, _cheese_: for _edher_, +_nedher_; _heffer_, _frend_; _pepel_ and _yeman_, _leppard_, and _jeppard_; +_ellogy_, az _elogium_; widh _condit_: so _sezon_, _rezon_, _trezon_, +_trekel_, _creture_; _eve_, _heve_, _weve_, _leve_, _cleve_, _reve_, +_greve_; _cese_, _lese_, _crese_, _grese_; _teze_, _eze_, _pleze_: _siev_, +_griev_, _reliev_, _receiv_; _sleve_, _guese_, _flece_, _freze_, _breze_, +_squeze_, _cheze_. But, like dhe _i_ ov _heifer_ and _friend_, dhe _o_ ov +_leopard_ and _jeopard_; dhe _u_ ov _eulogy_; iz dhe _a_ ov _leap_-year and +ov _neap_-tide; for _lep_-year and _nep_-tide; nay, shamefoolly, like dhe +superfluity in all dheze, haz dhe _a_ hiddherto' remained in _health_, +_wealth_, and _stealth_; becauz it stil iz nescessary in _heal_, _weal_, +and _steal_! and doutles, for som simmilarly cogent rezon, doz kind _a_ +continnue to' gard dhe same _shut vowel_! in _realm_, _earl_, _pearl_; +_earn_, _learn_; _early_, _earnest_; _earth_, _dearth_, _hearth_, _heard_, +_hearse_, _rehearse_, _searce_, _search_, _threat_, _deaf_, _dead_, _head_, +_bread_, _tread_, _dread_, _thread_, _stead_, _lead_, _read_; _ready_, +_steady_, _heady_, _meadow_; _zealous_, _jealous_, _weapon_, _leaven_, +_heaven_, _endeavour_; _pleasure_, _measure_, _treasure_, _leasure_ or +_leisure_! for _helth_, _welth_, _stelth_; _relm_, _erl_, _perl_; _ern_, +_lern_; _erly_, _ernest_; _erth_, _derth_, _herth_, _herd_, _herse_, +_reherse_, _serce_, _serch_; _thret_, _def_, _ded_, _hed_, _bred_, _tred_, +_dred_, _thred_, _sted_, _led_, _red_; _reddy_, _steddy_, _heddy_, +_meddow_; _zellous_, _jellous_; _weppon_, _levven_, _hevven_, _endevvor_, +_plezzure_, _mezzure_, _trezzure_, _lezzure_. + +How (alas!) wil BRITTISH LIBBERTY moarn her novvel chains, hwen she must +not onely speak az she thinks, but write as she speaks; hwen _rove_, _lov_, +and _moov_, can chime no more togueddher; hwen _lead_ and _led_, _read_ and +_red_, _live_ and _liv_, _tear_ and _tair_, ar found oppozite, az _East_ +and _West_; nay, az open and shut vowels! + + * * * * * + +7. OV IMPRACTICABEL ARTICULACION. + +No les embarrassing iz dhe redundance ov impracticabel articulacion, +iniscial, medial, or final, (in dhe beguinning, middel, or end, ov words:) +dhe first indeed chiefly in forrain names, titels, or terms, hware a +consonant, uncombinabel (mediately or immediately) widh a vowel, remains a +ded rellic: az dhe _c_ ov _czar_ (dho contracted from _Cezar_), dhe _p_ ov +_Ptollemy_ (mere _Tollemy_), or _ptisic_ (for _tizzic_), dhe _b_ ov +_bdellium_, herd onely _dellium_; and even dhe _p_ ov psalm, herd but +_sahm_, dho dhe _l_ be stil audibel in _psalmist_ and _psalmody_, all +effective beside dhe labial (_p_). + + * * * * * + +8. OV FALSE ASPIRACION. + +But no exampel can warrant dhe aspiring ideller, dhat pretends to' lead +_heir_, _heritage_, _heritable_, _heritor_; _herb_, _herbage_, _herbalist_; +_honour_, _honorary_, _honourable_; and even dhe _humble humour_ ov dhe +_passing hour_; insted ov _eir_, _erritage_, _erritabel_, _erritor_; _erb_, +_erbage_, _erbalist_; _onnor_, _onnorary_, _onnorabel_; widh dhe _umbel +umor_ ov dhe prezzent _our_; hwich doutles can alone be called _our our_. +Yet aspiracion cannot be denied to' _inherrit_, _inherritance_, +_inherritor_, _heredditary_. + + * * * * * + +9. DHE GUTTURAL ASPIRATE LOST, OR TRANSMUTED BY MODDERN ORGANS. + +Dhe consonants dhat subjoin aspiracion (_h_), ar dhe labial, dental, +lingual, and guttural; or dhe articculants from dhe lips, teeth, tung, and +throat: _p_, _t_, _s_, and _k_; by dhe Lattins turned into _c_: az in +_Philadelphus_ and _Philadelphia_, _Thales_ and _Thalia_, _Sharon_ and +_Sheba_, _Charon_ and _Chilo_, hoom dhe Inglish, havving smoodhed away dhe +aspiracion, ar fain to' call _Caron_ and _Kilo_. + +Aincient organs, howevver, dubbelled occazionally dhe guttural, az wel az +dhe labial aspirate; dooing equal justice to' _Bacchus_ and to' _Sappho_: +moddern also, (peculiarly the Inglish,) dhe oddher two'; dhe simpel always +sufficing to' dubbel dhe aspirate. New dialects softening, lost dhe +guttural aspirate; til dhe Spannish probbably recovvered it from dhe +Morish. The Itallian and Spannish, and from dhem dhe Inglish, endevvored +to' make up dhe los, by prefixing dhe simpel dental to' dhe lingual or +sibbilant aspirate, hwich dhe Gallic ear preferred widhout dhe dental; +preferring dherfor dhe vertual _sh_ and _zh_ to' _tsh_ and _dzh_. Inglish +organs loozing, like French, dhe guttural aspirate, edher dropt dhe +aspiracion, az in _carracter_ and _kemmist_ or _kymmist_; from _character_ +and _chemist_ or _chymist_; or turned dhe hoal ruf guttural into' dhe +smoodh labial aspirate. So softening _cough_, _hough_, _trough_, _through_, +_though_; _rough_, _tough_, _slough_, _chough_, widh dhe proppers _Hough_, +_Brough_, and _Loughborough_; into' _cof_, _hof_, _trof_; _throo_ or +_thro'_, and _dho_: _ruf_, _tuf_, _sluf_, _chuf_; _Huf_, _Bruf_, and +_Lufburrough_ or _Lufburrow_. But _Gough_ perhaps Orrigin recalled into' +_Goffe_ or _Gof_; hwile _Lough_ became Inglishly _Luf_, and dhe guttural +graddually melted in _burrow_, ov hwatevver kind. + +Aincient ellocucion depressed no aspirate; sattisfied widh _ph_ or _f_, +_th_, _sh_, and _kh_ or _ch_; widhout _bh_ or _v_, _dh_, _zh_ or _gh_. Dhe +labial aspirate gennerated dhe Eollic digamma F (howevver turned), hwich by +and by gave birth to' dhe Lattin V. If primmitive tungs gain dhus at length +won depressive aspirate; succeding expression, particcularly dhe Inglish, +came to' dubbel dhe depressive _v_ az wel az dhe direct _ph_ or _f_. French +articculacion havving no more occazion for such dubbling dhan her parent +Lattin, dhe Inglish acute or sharp accent askt it _evvery_ moment; but +seing no _prescedent_ in oddher picturage, forbore to' _exhibbit_ it, even +until dhe _prezzent our_, dhat Inglish anallogy, matured at last, rezolved +to' be _seen_, az wel az _herd_; to' reggulate practice by theory, and +realize theory in practice. + + * * * * * + +10. DHE OLD ASPIRATE OV R. + +Som Greeks, followed by som Lattins, fancied to' ad rufnes to' dhe licquid +_R_, or to' paint its innate rufnes more foarcibly, by subjoining +aspiracion. Hence rushed dhe _Rhine_ and dhe _Rhone_, dhe _Rhemi_ and +_Rheims_, _Rhoda_ and _Rhodes_; _rhomb_, _rhumb_, _rheum_, and _rhubarb_. +Dhe _Rhine_ brought _Rhenish_; az _rhythmus_ _rhythm_, _rhyme_ and _rhime_; +til at length harmonious _rezon_ introduced _rime_, boath into' French and +Inglish; hwence dhe regennerated _Rine_, pouring purified _Rennish_, rouzed +dhe rappid _Rone_ to' rezistles emmulacion; brought _Roda_ to' _Rodes_, and +_rubarb_ to' _reumatism_. Dhe verry _rinosceros_ disdains now alike to' +ruffen hiz horn widh adscitiscious snorting, and to' stifel even hiz +moddern sibbilacion. + +Hwen dhe guttural aspirate lost dhe aspiracion, dhe simpel guttural alone +cood remain: az in _Caron_, _Kiron_, _Akilles_, _Cloe_, _Cronus_; widh +_carracter_, _corus_, and _coral_, stil quite clear ov _corral_: wonce +seen, because wonce herd, _Charon_, _Chiron_, _Achilles_, _Chloe_, +_Chronus_, _character_, _chorus_, and _choral_. + + * * * * * + +11. ODDHER ANTIQUATED IDELLERS. + +Among medial idellers, hiddherto', not onely suffered, but sanccioned, even +after parental ejeccion, ar[3] dhe _s_ ov _isle_; _l_ ov _fault_ and +_vault_, _p_ ov _receipt_, _b_ ov _debt_ and _doubt; c_ ov _perfect_ and +_verdict_[3]; here at last fairly seen _ile_, _faut_, _vaut_, _receit_, +_det_, _dout_, _perfet_, _verdit_. Alike idel iz dhe raddical _g_ ov +_feign_ and _deign_, for _fein_ and _dain_; and, werse (if possibel) dhan +idel, dhe _g_ ov _foreign_ and _sovereign_, for _forrain_ and _sovverain_, +from _forain_ and _souverain_; az dheze from _foraneus_ and _supraneus_. + + * * * * * + +12. FINAL FANTOMS, OR DUBBLERS OV FINAL FORMS. + +How manny final fantoms, in articculating shape, must Truiths torch beam +away! how manny dubblers ov a singuel clozer, espescially _l_, _f_, _s_, +and _c_! az _ill_, _off_, _ass_, _back_; so _err_, _inn_, _ebb_, _add_, +_odd_, _egg_: really no more, nor capabel ov being more, dhan _il_, _of_, +_as_, _bac_; _er_, _in_, _eb_, _ad_, _od_, _eg_. _Shall_, for _shal_, doz +addiscional mischief, by inviting ignorance to' brauden dhe vowel. + + * * * * * + +13. ODDHER FALSIFIERS, MEDIAL OR FINAL, OV LICQUIDS OR SIBBILANTS; +PARTICCULARLY, _TI_ FOR A SIBBILACION. + +Our misrepprezented consonants seem reducibel to' dheze. 1. Licquid for +licquid: _l_ for _r_, in dhe French _colonel_ for dhe Inglish _curnel_; _n_ +for _m_, in dhe unutterabel _Banff_, for dhe good town ov _Bamf_. Here too +may enter for explozion, dhe _n_ ov dhe indeffinite artikel, hweddher +before a licquefaccion or an aspiracion; nedher ov hwich iz a vowel: so can +we no more say _an unicorn_ dhan _an horse_, for _a unicorn_ or _a horse_. +2. Direct for depressive; _f_ for _v_, in _of_ for _ov_; _s_ for _z_, in +_as_, _has_, _was_, _is_, _his_; for _az_, _haz_, _waz_, _iz_, _hiz_: in +dhe verbs, _house_, _use_, _peruse_, _abuse_, _excuse_, _amuse_, like +_muse_, noun or verb; _chuse_ or _choose_, widh dhe _dubbly_ fallacious +_lose_ and _vase_: for _houz_ (like _brouz_), _uze_, _peruze_, _abuze_, +_excuze_, _amuze_, _muze_, _chuze_ or _chooz_, _looz_, and _vauz_. Dhe +verbs dhus, duly sevvered from dhe nouns, lead to' distinguish dhe verb +_refuze_ from dhe adjective _refuse_, az wel az from dhe substantive +_reffuse_. _Profuze_ and _profuse_, _diffuze_ and _diffuse_, ar simmilarly +distinguishabel. Az we saw _s_ play _dubbel z_ in _visit_ and _vision_, for +_vizzit_ and _vizzion_; so see we dubbel _s_ for _z_ in dhe middel, and for +won _s_ in dhe end ov _possess_, for _pozes_; hwich hwile oppozite stres +secures to' dhe ear from dhe formative ov _poze_, az _cares_ from dhat ov +_care_, dhe context may wel guide dhe eye ov attension to' dhe undouted +meaning. No wonder if dhe direct figgure ov dhe sibbilant frenchly _rose_, +and _occasionally rises_, for dhe depressive reallity; _s_ for _z_ in +_rose_ and _rises_, _occasionally_ between vowels; for _occazionally roze_ +and _rizes_; nay for dhe dubbel depressive in _risen_, for _rizzen_. Dhis +rivals indeed _Stephen_ for _Steven_, and even _nephew_ for _nevvew_. If +_Stephanus_ pretended to' pattronize dhe won, _neveu_ (not _nepos_) must +command dhe oddher. + +But dhe French acaddemy, so exemplary in evvery exhibiscion ov its +language, set nohwere so fatal or so followed an exampel, az in pretending +to' conjure _ti_ into' _si_ before a vowel: a combinacion indeed! hwich +Inglish picturage ventured onely to' constitute, raddher substitute, a +sibbilant aspirate; dhe same groop _condition_ prezenting in won picturage +_condicion_; and dhence in dhe oddher _condiscion_. Yet French led not +Inglish into' dhe dissolucion ov _x_ into' _ct_, in _flexion_, _reflexion_; +hwich dhe former nevver violated into' _flection_, _reflection_, or dhe +like. + + * * * * * + +14. DHE ORTHOGGRAPHY OV PROPPER NAMES. + +Innocent howevver wer oddher tungs ov mispainting, az ov mispronouncing dhe +dental aspirate; hwich not attempting to' substanciate even direct, far les +depressive, dhey aught not, at least need not, to' paint at all: az dhe +French _Tomas_, if les like hiz parent dhan _Thomas_, wood be so much liker +himself; hwile _Tommas_ alone can tel Inglish truith. + +But dhat _Tommas_, dho a gennerous confessor ov conviccion, iz not dhe +alone Brittish truith-teller; dhat he iz rivalled indeed by evvery oddher +propper aincient and moddern, can be no novvelty to' anny crittic ov +litterary natturalizement; hoo must onnor at wonce dhe, hware possibel, +prezerved ennergy ov orrigin; and dhe inviolate prezzervacion ov Inglish +anallogy; in dhe unchainged compannions ov _Euphrates_, _Darius_, +_Heraclitus_, _Berea_, _Thalia_, and dhe rest; az wel az in dhe +irreffragabel buties ov _Horrace_, _Terrence_, _Cezar_, _Ciscero_, +_Senneca_, _Soccrates_, _Democcritus_, _Empeddocles_, _Heroddotus_, no les +dhan ov _Jon_, _Phillip_, _Robbert_, _Parris_, widh _Hellen_, _Elizzabeth_, +and dheir oddher Anglicized frends. + + * * * * * + +15. DHE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPEL OV ORTHOGGRAPHY. + +Such iz dhe system ov INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY, braught widhin dhe compas ov a +few pages, on dhe unfailing principel, hwich aught to' govvern evvery plan +ov litterary improovment: first, to' make no chainge dhat can rascionally +be avoided; and dhen to' make precisely evvery variacion, from vulgar +practice, dhat can be demonstrated indispensabel. Nor iz dhis aught else +dhan a completed minniature ov INGLISH PROPRIETY _ascertained in her +picture_: two quarto-vollumes graciously received by hiz prezzent Brittish +Madjesty, from dhe same umbel hands; at St. Jameses, in 1786. + +DHE END. + + * * * * * + +THE ORTHOGRAPHIC RIDDLE. + +PREFACE. + + These emanations of the British Muse, + Where English thoughts could English dress refuse, + Were once presented to another press, + Though thence borne back, as hopeless of success. + What honest critic e'er could credit eligible, + Riddles to his researches unintelligible? + When ready caution guards the lit'rate realm, + Never shall foreign floods these isles o'erwhelm: + Orthography the mother-tongue shall give, + Ever, as every where, with Truth to live; + Truth, Reason, Beauty shall o'erspread the nation; + Shall solve the RIDDLE, with one contemplation. + + The public monitor of truth, + Sworn enemy to what's uncouth, + With blockheads similarly spells, + (Orthography with pleasure tells) + That thus the force of ridicule + Should laugh the learned back to school. + What then should cause that laughter strange? + What should occasion gen'ral change? + + Orthography the answer gives, + To satisfy whoever lives. + The honest will confess the pity, + Court, country, citadel with city; + That ancients, with the giddy young, + Should study still the Latin tongue; + Should leave to levity, to dolour, + The unproficient English scholar; + Should give the very stranger dread, + Of gibberish, that ne'er was read; + That ne'er was heard, without derision, + Eschewing ocular revision. + + This one example well will prove, + Will lib'ral laughter doubtless move: + When Pedantry shall cease to swell, + Honour'd Humility will spell. + The beauty then, of British truth, + Resistless shall enamour youth; + Shall evidence th' asseveration, + Throughout th' etymologic nation; + That one poetic exhibition + Could, without lit'ral intuition, + Fill ev'ry literary article, + Though never spell one single particle: + Could faithfully the whole present, + Without[5] once shad'wing what were meant. + + * * * * * + +DHE SOLUCION OV DHE ORTHOGRAPPHIC RIDDEL. + +PREFFACE. + + Dheze emmanacions ov dhe Brittish Muze, + Hware Inglish thaughts cood Inglish dres refuze, + Wer wonce prezented to' anoddher pres, + Dho dhence bor'n bac az hopeles ov succes. + Hwat onnest crittic ehr cood creddit elligibel, + Riddels to' hiz reserches unintelligibel? + Hwen steddy caucion gards dhe litt'rate relm, + Nevver shal forrain fluds dheze iles o'rhwelm: + Orthoggraphy dhe moddher-tung shal guiv, + Evver, az evv'rihware, widh Truith to' liv; + Truith, Rezon, Buty shal o'rspred dhe nacion; + Shal solv dhe RIDDEL, widh won contemplacion. + + Dhe pubblic monnitor ov truith, + Swor'n ennemy to' hwat'z uncooth, + Widh blockheds simmilarly spels, + (Orthoggraphy widh plezzure tels) + Dhat dhus dhe foarce ov riddicule + Shood laf dhe lerned bac to' scool. + Hwat dhen shood cauz dhat lafter strainge? + Hwat shood occazion genn'ral chainge? + + Orthoggraphy dhe anser guivs, + To' sattisfy hooevver livs. + Dhe onnest wil confes dhe pitty, + Coart, contry, cittadel widh citty; + Dhat aincients, widh dhe guiddy yong, + Shood studdy stil dhe Lattin tung; + Shood leve to' levvity, to' dollor, + Dhe unprofiscient Inglish scollar; + Shood guiv dhe verry strainger dred, + Ov guibberish, dhat nehr waz red; + Dhat nehr waz herd widhout derizzion, + Eskewing occular revizzion. + + Dhis won exampel wel wil proov, + Wil libb'ral lafter doutles moov: + Hwen Peddantry shal cese to' swel, + Onnor'd Humillity wil spel. + Dhe buty dhen, ov Brittish truith, + Rezistles shal enammor yooth; + Shal evvidence dh' assevveracion, + Thro'out dh' etymmolodgic nacion; + Dhat won poettic exhibiscion + Cood, widhout litt'ral intuiscion, + Fil evv'ry litterary artikel, + Dho nevver spel won singuel partikel: + Cood faithfoolly dhe hoal prezent, + Widhout[6] wonce shadd'wing hwat wer ment. + + * * * * * + +NOTES + +[1] If not vulgarized from _batteller_. + +[2] Ov _mow_ dhe vowel and servile coalesce, (az in _sow_,) into' a +dipthong, in dhe compound noun _barley-mow_. + +[3] From dhe old barbarous French _isle_[4], _faulte_, _voulte_, _recepte_, +_debte_, _doubte_; _parfaict_, _vraidict_: now duly _île_, _faute_, +_voute_, _recette_, _dette_, _doute_, _parfait_, and _vraidit_ from _verè +dictum_. + +[4] Inglish propriety, and indeed common-sense, must also protest against +two' late _misnomers: Th'isleworth_ for _Thistelworth_; and dhe forrain +affectacion ov _St. Mary la bonne_ (or even _borne_) for _Marribone_. + +[5] Without one particle, representing what is read. + +[6] Widhout won partikel, repprezenting hwat iz red. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy +by James Elphinston + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 15901-8.txt or 15901-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/0/15901/ + +Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15901-8.zip b/15901-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0b3d69 --- /dev/null +++ b/15901-8.zip diff --git a/15901-h.zip b/15901-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..42e34ab --- /dev/null +++ b/15901-h.zip diff --git a/15901-h/15901-h.htm b/15901-h/15901-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99023c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/15901-h/15901-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= + "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + } + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + body { margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + td.tbar { border-left : thin solid black; vertical-align: top; } + td.tc { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; } + td.mbar { border-left : thin solid black; vertical-align: middle; } + table.allb { border : thin solid black; border-collapse: collapse } + td.allb { border : thin solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + .single p {margin: 0;} + + .contents + {margin-left:30%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .contents .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .contents p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + p.z8 {margin-left: 4em; font-style: italic;} + p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + p.z10 {margin-left: 5em; font-style: italic;} + p.i12 {margin-left: 6em;} + p.i16 {margin-left: 8em;} + p.i20 {margin-left: 10em;} + + a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} + + .noflo + {margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .noflo .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .noflo p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .noflo p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .noflo p.i16 {margin-left: 8em;} + + .author {text-align: right; margin-top: -1em; margin-right: 5%;} + .center {text-align: center; } + .right {text-align: right; } + .t {vertical-align: top; } + .tr {vertical-align: top;} + .tc {vertical-align: top;} + .tr p {text-align: right;} + .tc p {text-align: center;} + .m {vertical-align: middle; } + .mr {vertical-align: middle;} + .mc {vertical-align: middle;} + .mr p {text-align: right;} + .mc p {text-align: center;} + .b {vertical-align: bottom; } + .vol {/*font-weight: bold;*/ font-size: small;} + /* .grk {font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } */ + .grk {font-style: normal; } + pre {font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin-left: 1em; } + .sc {font-variant: small-caps; } + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 60%;} /* poetry number */ + blockquote {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; } + blockquote.small {font-size: small; } + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: left;} /* sidenotes */ + .note {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; + font-size: small; } /* footnote */ + + .nobo {border: thin;} + .red {color: red;} + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figure p.in, .figcenter p.in, .figright p.in, .figleft p.in + {margin: 0; text-indent: 8em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + // --> + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, by James Elphinston + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy + +Author: James Elphinston + +Release Date: May 25, 2005 [EBook #15901] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h3>A<br /> +MINNIATURE<br /> +OV<br /> +<i>INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY</i>.</h3> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3> +TO'<br /> +DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES,<br /> +DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES<br /> +<i>OV WALES</i>;<br /> +DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES<br /> +<i>OV YORK</i>:<br /> +ONNORED AZ UNDOUTED<br /> +PATRONS AND PATTERNS<br /> +OV EVVERY PROPRIETY:<br /> +DHIS MINNIATURE</h3> + +<h2>Ov Inglish Orthoggraphy,</h2> + +<h3><i>UMBLY HOPES UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE;</i><br /> +FROM DHE BENIGN PERMISSION<br /> +OV BEING SO INSCRIBED,<br /> +BY DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES<br /> +DEVOTED SERVANT,<br /> +<i>James Elphinston</i>.</h3> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3>A<br /> +MINNIATURE<br /> +OV</h3> + +<h2>Inglish Orthoggraphy:</h2> + +<h3>DEDDICATED TO'<br /> +<i>DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES OF WALES</i>,<br /> +DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES OV YORK:</h3> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3>BY JAMES ELPHINSTON.</h3> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3><i>LONDON</i>:</h3> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;"><font class="sc">Sold</font> (Price 1 Shilling and 6 Pence) <font class="sc">by</font><br /> +<font class="sc">w. ritchardson, royal exchainge; t. boosey, n. 4,</font><br /> +<font class="sc">braud-street, dhare; f. and c. rivvington,</font><br /> +<font class="sc">n. 62; st. pauls churchyard; j. deighton,</font><br /> +<font class="sc">n. 325, holborn; w. clark,</font><br /> +<font class="sc">n. 38, bond-street.</font></p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3>1795.</h3> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1. <a href="#s1"><i>Introduccion</i></a></p> + <p>2. <a href="#s2"><i>Orthoggraphy ascertained in dhe vowels, and dheir serviles</i></a></p> + <p>3. <a href="#s3"><i>Vocal substitucion, licenced and licencious</i></a></p> + <p>4. <a href="#s4"><i>Ov open and shut vowels</i></a></p> + <p>5. <a href="#s5"><i>Ov dhe aspirates and dheir insertives</i></a></p> + <p>6. <a href="#s6"><i>Ov redundant serviles</i></a></p> + <p>7. <a href="#s7"><i>Ov impracticabel articulacion</i></a></p> + <p>8. <a href="#s8"><i>Ov false aspiracion</i></a></p> + <p>9. <a href="#s9"><i>Dhe guttural aspirate lost, or transmuted by moddern organs</i></a></p> + <p>10. <a href="#s10"><i>Old </i>R<i> aspirate</i></a></p> + <p>11. <a href="#s11"><i>Oddher antiquated idellers</i></a></p> + <p>12. <a href="#s12"><i>Final fantoms, or dubblers ov final forms</i></a></p> + <p>13. <a href="#s13"><i>Oddher falsifiers, medial or final; licquids or sibbilants; particcularly </i><font class="sc">ti</font><i> for a sibbilacion</i></a></p> + <p>14. <a href="#s14"><i>Dhe orthoggraphy ov propper names</i></a></p> + <p>15. <a href="#s15"><i>Dhe fundamental principel ov orthoggraphy</i></a></p> + <p>16. <a href="#s16"><i>The orthographic riddle</i></a></p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h2>A<br /> +MINNIATURE<br /> +OV<br /> +<i>INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY.</i></h2> + + <p><a name="s1"></a></p> + +<h3>1. INTRODUCTION.</h3> + + <p>Hwen evvery oddher language, and at last our own, haz been reduced to' + science; rendered accountabel to' natives, and accessibel to' straingers; + hwence iz it, dhat our practice, growing daily more a contrast dhan an + exemplificacion ov our theory, tempts ignorance to' speak, az blind + habbit spels; raddher dhan to' dream ov spelling, az propriety exhibbits + her unremitted harmony, hweddher in word or writing? For propriety, + hwarevver herd, can be seen onely in her picture: nor can dhis be duly + drawn, but from dhe oridginal; or dhe likenes long prezerved, in dhe + coppies ov vulgarrity.</p> + + <p>Scarce creddibel doz it seem, to' dhe anallogists ov oddher diccions, + dhat hiddherto', in Inglish exhibiscion, evvery vowel and evvery + consonant ar almoast az often falsifiers az immages ov dhe truith. + Hetteroggraphy indeed, or false litterary picture, can arize onely from + won, or a combinacion, ov foar cauzes: redundance, defiscience; + mischoice, or misarraingement.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s2"></a></p> + +<h3>2. ORTHOGGRAPHY ASCERTAINED IN DHE VOWELS, AND DHEIR SERVILES.</h3> + + <p>It iz not now new, dhat evvery Inglish vowel haz, not onely a longuer + and shorter, but even a different sound, az open or shut by a consonant; + dho <i>A braud</i>, open and shut, differ but in quantity. Nor iz it yet + a secret, dhat certain mutes, or silent letters, (espescially vocal + quiescents,) ar named <i>serviles</i>; rendering essencial az vizzibel + service, boath to' vowels and consonants. Hware such gards ar wanted, + dhey doutles wil attend; and, hwen dhey proov superfluous, az reddily + widhdraw. Dhus dhe open vowel ov dhe simpel shuts, and dhe serviles + vannish, in dhe penultimate ov dhe compound: <i>shake</i>, + <i>Shakspear</i>; <i>chear</i>, <i>cherfool</i>; <i>vine</i>, + <i>vinyard</i>, and dhe like. So formatives: <i>stare</i> and + <i>stair</i>, <i>starling</i>; <i>steer</i>, <i>sterling</i>; + <i>shere</i>, <i>sherrif</i>; <i>child</i>, <i>children</i>; <i>kind</i>, + <i>kindred</i>; <i>know</i>, <i>knollege</i>; and dhe rest.</p> + + <p>Evvery open ear must allow dhe aspiracion (<i>h</i>) to' articculate + iniscially dhe braud vocal licquid (<i>w</i>); nor longuer imadgine dhat + <i>wh</i>, apparent, can becom <i>hw</i> real; or dhat <i>what</i>, + <i>whale</i>, <i>wheels</i>, can rascionally paint dhe power ov + <i>hwat</i>, <i>hwale</i>, <i>hweels</i>. Dhe braud licquid (<i>w</i>) + haz no place in <i>hoal</i>, total; or in <i>hore</i>, prostitute; + distinct alike, to' dhe eye, from <i>hole</i> and <i>hoar</i>. But + <i>wh</i>, iniscial, may wel prommise <i>hw</i>; if <i>le</i> and + <i>re</i>, boath final, may picture <i>el</i> and <i>er</i>: az we + admire, not onely on dhe <i>little theatre</i>, but in dhe <i>centre</i> + ov dhe <i>battle</i>! Dho a tutch ov Rezons wand wil restore dhe buty ov + truith; at wonce to' dhe <i>littel theater</i>, and to' dhe <i>center</i> + ov dhe <i>battel</i>; az such buty beamed in dhe former century.</p> + + <p>Dhe French <i>table</i>, <i>chambre</i>, <i>ancien</i>, <i>danger</i>, + ar dhe unexcepcionabel parents ov dhe Inglilh <i>tabel</i>, + <i>chaimber</i>, <i>aincient</i>, <i>dainger</i>; hoo ar too apt + scollars, not to' lern from parental exampel, to' show dhemselvs hwat + dhey ar; widhout wondering, dhat won tung iz not anoddher, or dhat each + must hav her own essence and semblance; and dhat in ours, az in oddher + picturage, <i>an open vowel must not appear a shut won</i>. Indispensabel + dhen az dhe servile (<i>i</i>) in dhe three last exampels, iz it in + <i>aingel</i>, dho inadmissibel in <i>angellic</i>; in evvery + <i>ainge</i> and <i>ainger</i>, like <i>rainge</i> and <i>rainger</i>; az + wel az in <i>caimbric</i> and <i>Caimbridge</i>; dho nedher in <i>Cam</i> + nor <i>Cambray</i>.</p> + + <p>If <i>a</i> slender, open, must hav in such case its gardian; <i>a</i> + slender, even shut, hwen protracted, requires its protracting aspiracion + (<i>h</i>): az in <i>ah! Mahlah</i>; so in <i>Pahtric</i>, + <i>fahdher</i>, <i>pappah</i>, <i>mammah</i>, and <i>ahnt</i>; so + distinct (dho safe enuf ungarded) from <i>ant</i> dhe emmet. But + <i>gahp</i>, herd, iz dhus no longuer seen <i>gape</i>. <i>Hant</i>, + <i>hanch</i>, and dheir fellows, admit not dhe braudener; hwich iz + indispensabel to' <i>wrauth, wauter</i>, and <i>vauz</i>; nor need dhe + protracting aspirer, more dhan doo <i>chant</i> and <i>branch</i>.</p> + + <p><i>O</i> must hav its own medial servant, to' ascertain its opennes; + in <i>poark</i>, <i>poart</i>, <i>spoart</i>, <i>foart</i>, <i>foard</i>, + <i>goard</i>, <i>soard</i>, (wonce <i>sword</i>), <i>foarth</i>, + <i>foarce</i>, <i>foarge</i>; <i>boast</i>, <i>coast</i>, <i>goast</i>, + <i>moast</i>, <i>poast</i>, and <i>boath</i>; justly az in dhe annimal + <i>boar</i>, in <i>board</i>, <i>boast</i>, and dheir fellows; dho + <i>slow</i> gender <i>slowth</i>, reggularly, az <i>grow, growth</i>. + Widh <i>poart</i> and <i>poast</i>, <i>poartal</i>, <i>poarter</i>; + <i>poastage</i>, and dhe like.</p> + + <p>Better no attendant, dhan a false won. <i>O</i> direct (dhe common + <i>o</i>) can nedher assume <i>o</i>, dhe servile ov <i>o</i> depressive + (<i>oo</i>); nor <i>u</i>, hwich wood seem its partner in a dipthong. + <i>Doar</i>, <i>floar</i>, and <i>moar</i>, ar dhus reggular and safe; + <i>dore</i>, <i>flore</i>, and <i>more</i>, widh equivvalent servile, + leve <i>more</i> coincident; yet compounds prefer dhe final servile: az + <i>batteldore</i>,<a name="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> + <i>Blacmore</i>, <i>Hwitmore</i>; and <i>Strathmore</i>, scottishly + strong on dhe latter syllabel.</p> + + <p><i>Soll</i>, spirrit, avoids occular union widh <i>sole</i>, alike, + and <i>soal</i>: by adopting dhe servile ov <i>poll</i>, <i>boll</i>, + <i>toll</i>, <i>roll</i> (widh <i>controll</i>,) <i>scroll</i>, and + <i>droll</i>. Like dipthongal dainger precludes <i>u</i> from dhe servile + funccion, duly undertaken by <i>a</i> in <i>soar</i>, <i>moarn</i>, + <i>boarn</i>, distinct from <i>boren</i> or <i>bor'n</i>, dhe compannion + ov <i>woren</i> or <i>wor'n</i>, <i>sworen</i> or <i>swor'n</i>, + <i>toren</i> or <i>tor'n</i>, <i>shoren</i> or <i>shor'n</i>, and clear, + az open and shut, ov <i>born</i>; in <i>coart</i>, <i>goard</i>, + <i>coarse</i>, and <i>soarce</i>. <i>Coarce</i>, dhe ded <i>boddy</i>, + dies no more in <i>corpse</i>; hwen dhus <i>boren</i> decently to' + interment. Dhis precaution suffers <i>o</i> open, to' understand or omit, + dhe servile before <i>l</i> and anny oddher consonant: az in <i>old + colt</i>, wonce seen and herd <i>ould coult</i>. If <i>old colt</i> now + suffice, <i>oald coalt</i> iz understood. For dhis rezon, <i>goald</i> + must no longuer be robbed ov its depressive servile, wonce legally seen + in <i>gould</i>. <i>Au</i>, widh les plea, suppresses its servile in like + sittuacion; az <i>salt</i> and <i>alder</i>; except in dhe singuel + <i>assault</i>! <i>saut</i> and <i>vaut</i> being, now, duly out ov dhe + question.</p> + + <p>If <i>ou</i> cannot now paint <i>o</i> direct, much les can it picture + <i>o</i> depressive (<i>oo</i>); in <i>you</i>, <i>youth</i>, + <i>uncouth</i>; <i>should</i>, <i>would</i>, or <i>could</i>: for + <i>yoo</i>, <i>yooth</i>, <i>uncooth</i>; <i>shood</i>, <i>wood</i>, or + <i>cood</i>. Hwen <i>ou</i> Inglish transferred its equivvalence from dhe + French <i>ou</i> to' dhe German <i>au</i>, hwich compounds <i>a</i> + braud, widh <i>o</i> depressive (<i>au</i> widh <i>oo</i>); az itself + cood no more be frenchly interchaingeabel widh <i>oo</i>; nedher ov its + parts waz more likely to' becom so. <i>Do</i> or <i>who</i> can no more + dhan <i>doe</i> or <i>hoe</i>, (boath better employed!) or dhan + <i>shoe</i>, <i>canoe</i>, <i>lose</i>, <i>move</i>, <i>prove</i>, + <i>behove</i>; <i>Rome</i>, <i>Coke</i>, <i>Pole</i>, or simmilar; + prezent dhe prezzent <i>doo</i>, <i>hoo</i>, <i>shoo</i>, <i>canoo</i>, + <i>looz</i>, <i>moov</i>, <i>proov</i>, <i>behoov</i>, <i>Room</i>, + <i>Cook</i>, <i>Pool</i>, or dhe like: for truith fears notthing from + coincidence ov sound, and falsehood always leads astray. <i>B</i> may + distinctively open dhe vowel, in <i>climb</i> and <i>comb</i>; but cannot + render it also depressive in <i>comb</i>, <i>tomb</i>, <i>bomb</i>, and + <i>womb</i>; for <i>coomb</i>, <i>toomb</i>, <i>boomb</i>, and + <i>woomb</i>. Hwatevver <i>u</i> may hav been in Lattin vocallity, dhat + figgure cannot guiv <i>oo</i>, even open, in Inglish; far les <i>oo</i> + shut, in <i>pull</i>, <i>bull</i>, <i>full</i>; <i>butcher</i>, + <i>put</i>, <i>pudding</i>, <i>puss</i>, <i>push</i>, <i>bush</i>; + <i>bushel</i>, <i>cushion</i>; for <i>pool</i>, <i>bool</i>, <i>fool</i>, + <i>bootcher</i>, <i>poot</i>, <i>poodding</i>, <i>poose</i>, + <i>poosh</i>, <i>boosh</i>, <i>booshel</i>, and <i>coossion</i>: in all + ov hwich, dhe <i>oo</i> iz doutles short az shut; and distinct az + <i>foolling</i> and <i>fooling</i>. If <i>u</i> cannot prommise <i>oo</i> + shut, no more can <i>oo</i> proxy <i>u</i> shut, in dhe singuel + <i>foot</i> for <i>fut</i>. No servile can attend a shut vowel; and + <i>truith</i> must hav her own, like <i>suit</i> and <i>fruit</i>: in dhe + French <i>bruit</i> it iz also distinctive. Alreddy hav we seen <i>o</i> + direct disguized, no les dhan <i>o</i> depressive; and can we longuer + bair dhe Gallic <i>beau</i>, for dhe Brittish <i>boe</i>; more dhan dhe + dubble falsifier <i>beauty</i>, for dhe Inglish <i>buty</i>, dhe sweet + compannion ov <i>duty</i>?</p> + + <p><i>Sew</i>, <i>shew</i>, and <i>strew</i>, wer dhe preddecessors, so + cannot be dhe identities, ov <i>soe</i>, <i>show</i>, and <i>strow</i>: + dhe first dhus occularly clear ov <i>sow</i>, so different verb and noun! + dhe latter, distinct to' dhe ear by dhe dipthong, hwich also + distinguishes <i>slough</i>, no more swallowing <i>sluf</i>: <i>toe</i> + and <i>tow</i> (no more jostling widh <i>tough</i>, now <i>tuf</i>), + <i>doe</i> and <i>dough</i>, <i>floe</i> and <i>flow</i>, being + respective coincidents; clear indeed to' dhe eye, boath ov boddy and + mind. <i>Ow</i> final iz dipthongal in <i>how</i>, <i>now</i>! <i>bow</i> + bend; <i>cow</i>, noun or verb; <i>sow</i>, the noun; in <i>vow</i>, verb + or noun; and in <i>allow</i>, <i>endow</i>. Dhe dipthong distinguishes + also <i>slough</i>, <i>plough</i>, and <i>bough</i> branch. <i>O</i> + remains merely simpel in <i>dough</i>, az if <i>dow</i>. <i>Bo!</i> or + <i>boh!</i> interjeccion, coincides widh <i>boe</i> and <i>bow</i>, boath + nouns: dhe latter leving dhe dipthong to' dhe verb, or its accion, hwence + dhe ball derives it in <i>bowl</i>; dhe open vowel distinguishing dhe + <i>bowl</i> or bason, coincident widh <i>boll</i> and <i>bole</i>.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s3"></a></p> + +<h3>3. VOCAL SUBSTITUCION.</h3> + + <p>Dho won semblance may exhibbit, not onely two' senses, but two' + sounds; won symbol must not pretend to' paint anoddher, unles by + distinctive substitution. <i>E</i> proovs dhus dhe lawfool substitute ov + <i>a</i>, in <i>heigh-ho!</i> moddernized <i>hey-ho!</i> in + <i>heighday</i>, now <i>hey-day!</i> <i>weigh</i>, <i>wey</i>, + <i>hwey</i>, <i>prey</i>, <i>bey</i>, <i>dey</i>; <i>dhey</i>, + <i>dheir</i>, <i>eir</i>, <i>eight</i>, and <i>freight</i>; widh + <i>obey</i>, <i>inveigh</i>, <i>convey</i>, <i>survey</i>, and + <i>purvey</i>; az wel az hwen febel, in <i>parley</i>, <i>barley</i>, + <i>Harley</i>, <i>Chudleigh</i>, and dheir fellows.</p> + + <p>But <i>e</i> cannot be <i>a</i>, widh dhe servile dhat distinguishes + <i>e</i>: <i>tear</i> cannot be clas-mate, at wonce to' <i>fear</i> and + <i>fair</i>. If dherfor <i>e</i> cannot be <i>a</i>, widh <i>a</i> + servile; and <i>a</i> need no substitute in dhe verbs <i>tair</i>, + <i>wair</i>, <i>swair</i>, and <i>bair</i>; <i>peir</i>, dhe fruit, and + <i>beir</i>, dhe beast, claim dhe substitute vowel, widh due servile; + <i>pair</i>, <i>pare</i>, <i>bair</i> and <i>bare</i>, being engaged. For + like rezon, <i>braik</i> and <i>grait</i> admit no vocal substitute. + <i>Where</i> and <i>there</i> no more puzzel dhan bely, in dheir own + shape, ov <i>hware</i> and <i>dhare</i>.</p> + + <p><i>E</i> fairly substituting dhe forrain <i>i</i>, in <i>pier</i>, + <i>bier</i>, <i>mien</i>, <i>lief</i>, widh <i>belief</i>, <i>believ</i>; + <i>relief</i>, <i>reliev</i>; and dhe rest; so distinct from <i>peer</i>, + <i>beer</i>; <i>mean</i>, <i>leaf</i>; or so connected by alliance, + forrain or domestic; dhe substitucion simmilarly prevails in + <i>shriek</i>, <i>fiend</i>, <i>fief</i>, <i>brief</i>, <i>chief</i>, + <i>atchiev</i>; <i>thief</i>, <i>thiev</i>; <i>repriev</i>, + <i>retriev</i>; <i>pierce</i>, <i>fierce</i>, and <i>tierce</i>: + ettymollogy howevver, scorning alike substitucion and superfluity, in + <i>receiv</i>, <i>receit</i>, and dheir collaterals.</p> + + <p>Forrain semblance belied dhe adoptives, <i>oblige</i>, <i>marine</i>, + <i>machine</i>, <i>magazine</i>, <i>fatigue</i>, <i>intrigue</i>, + <i>antique</i>, and <i>shire</i>; til Londoners began to' treat dhem az + natives ov Ingland; not dreaming dhat dheir essence cood not here be + prezerved, but in dhe guize ov <i>oblege</i>, <i>marene</i>, + <i>mashene</i>, <i>maggazene</i>, <i>fategue</i>, <i>intregue</i>, + <i>anteke</i> (or <i>anteek</i>, <i>mareen</i>, and dhe rest,) joined by + <i>legue</i>, <i>twegue</i>, and <i>shere</i>: hwich last, dho dhus + sevvered from <i>sheer</i> and <i>shear</i>, boath coincident in sound, + waz beguinning, in dhe false shape ov <i>shire</i>, (like <i>oblege</i>, + in dhat ov <i>oblige</i>,) to' violate Inglish harmony in evvery British + nacion. Dhe same propriety, dhat dhus gards dhe Inglish vowel (<i>e</i>), + prezervs, no les <i>piously</i>, dhe parental equivvalent (<i>i</i>), in + <i>obligacion</i>, <i>marriner</i>, <i>mackinate</i>, <i>mackinacion</i>, + <i>indefattigabel</i>, <i>anticquity</i>, az wel az <i>antiquary</i>; and + evvery forrain buty, consistent widh domestic truith.</p> + + <p>If dhe prezzent century hav made manny improovments, in orthoggraphy + and elsehware; it haz certainly made manny alteracions, dhat wer dhe + verry reverse ov improovment. Som eying truith, onely in her parents, + wood <i>allege</i> dhat <i>virtue</i> alone cood <i>persuade</i>; havving + lernedly perfwaded dhemselvs, dhat <i>vertue</i> might hav + <i>sweetnes</i>, widhout partaking <i>suavity</i>, by hwich dhey pictured + <i>swavvity</i>. It seems howevver high time dhat a certain kingdom, at + length panting after evvery propriety, shood know and confes, dhat her + name iz no more <i>England</i>, dhan <i>Engelonde</i> or <i>Angland</i>; + or dhan her sovverain iz <i>king ov France</i>!</p> + + <p>Since won symbol must no more usurp dhe office ov anoddher, <i>o</i> + wil no longuer pretend to' paint <i>A braud</i> open (<i>au</i>); in + <i>ought</i>, <i>nought</i>, <i>brought</i>, <i>thought</i>, + <i>sought</i>, <i>fought</i>, <i>bought</i>; for <i>aught</i> (now indeed + <i>aut</i>), and dhe rest: nor wil <i>groat</i> and <i>broad</i> expect + anny more, to' be acknolleged <i>graut</i> and <i>braud</i>.</p> + + <p>Nedher <i>tongue</i> nor <i>tong</i> (alreddy won ov a pair) can + picture <i>tung</i>; dho <i>u</i> stil employ dhe distinctive + substitucion ov <i>o</i> in <i>son</i>, male issue; nor les propperly dhe + ettymolodgic in <i>yong</i>, <i>mong</i>, <i>mongrel</i>, <i>monk</i>, + (widh <i>monkey</i>,) and <i>Monday</i>; in <i>monney</i>, <i>bonney</i>, + <i>conney</i>, <i>condit</i>, <i>constabel</i>; az in <i>yolk</i>, so in + <i>covver</i>, <i>hovver</i>, <i>plovver</i>; in <i>lovver</i> and + <i>glovver</i>, from <i>lov</i> and <i>glov</i>. <i>Cullor</i> (nevver + <i>colour</i>) avoids coincidence equally widh <i>collar</i> and + <i>coller</i>; dhe latter greekly, not frenchly, affected + <i>choler</i>.</p> + + <p>But surely a vocal groop cannot shrink into' an Inglish shut vowel: + nor cood dhe following French, or almoast French, be suppozed Inglish + words: <i>souple</i>, <i>couple</i>; <i>double</i>, <i>trouble</i>; + <i>nourish</i>, <i>flourish</i>; <i>courage</i>, <i>courteous</i>, + <i>country</i>, <i>cousin</i>; <i>journey</i>, <i>journal</i>; + <i>sojourn</i>, <i>adjourn</i>, and <i>touch</i>; more dhan such oddities + claim continnuance, az <i>young</i>, <i>rough</i>, or <i>tough</i>: for + <i>suppel</i> (alreddy almoast Inglish in <i>supple</i>,) <i>cuppel</i>; + <i>dubbel</i>, <i>trubbel</i>; <i>nurrish</i>, <i>flurrish</i>; + <i>currage</i>, <i>curteous</i>; <i>contry</i> (ettymolodgical substitute + ov <i>cuntry</i>; like <i>yong</i>, ov <i>yung</i>;) <i>cozzen</i> az + <i>dozzen</i>, no more <i>dozen</i>! <i>jurney</i>, <i>jurnal</i>; + <i>sodjurn</i>, <i>adjurn</i>, widh <i>tutch</i>; <i>tuf</i> and + <i>ruf</i>: not to' reprezent dhe so duly exploded, az <i>authour</i>, + <i>succour</i>, <i>superiour</i> for <i>author</i>, <i>succor</i>, + <i>superior</i>; hweddher agent, accion, or adjective.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s4"></a></p> + +<h3>4. OV OPEN AND SHUT VOWELS.</h3> + + <p>Az vocallity must often depend on articulacion; consonants, like + vowels, must nedher be too manny, too few, nor oddher dhan dhemselvs. If + sounds open must not seem shut, sounds shut must not appear open. No + servile can attend a shut vowel; hwich, on dhe contrary, must show dhe + consonant dhat shuts it. Hwen a consonant concludes dhe syllabel, after + an open vowel; a servile must gard dhe vowel from dhe consonant, hwich + else wood shut it. A shut vowel dhen must show dhe shutter, or be left + apparently open.</p> + + <p>Dhe first vowel (<i>a</i>), slender or braud, may doutles be more or + les so, by dhe prezzence or absence ov dhe <i>stres</i>, or vocal + exercion. <i>A</i> slender, self or substitute, iz open az garded, in + <i>fain</i>, <i>fein</i>, and <i>fane</i>; <i>wail</i>, and <i>wale</i>; + open az unshut, in <i>paper</i>, <i>favor</i>, <i>braver</i>, + <i>bravest</i>, <i>braving</i>, <i>braved</i>: so in <i>fainer</i>, + <i>feiner</i>; az wel az <i>faining</i>, <i>feined</i>; <i>wailing</i>, + <i>wailed</i>; <i>waling</i>, <i>waled</i>; articculated <i>pa-per</i>, + <i>fa-vor</i>, <i>bra-ver</i>, <i>bra-vest</i>; <i>fai-ner</i>, + <i>fei-ner</i>, and so on: for <i>a singuel consonant</i>, natturally + (dhence nescessarily) <i>articculates dhe following, </i>not dhe + preceding<i> vowel</i>. <i>A</i>, slender, iz shut in <i>fan</i>, + <i>fanning</i>; and the like. <i>A braud (au)</i> haz its own distinctive + servile in <i>faun</i> and <i>fawn</i>, in <i>all</i> and <i>awl</i>, + <i>ball</i> and <i>bawl</i>. Dho <i>l</i> remain dhe servile in + <i>balling</i>, az wel az dhe <i>w</i> in <i>bawling</i>; it iz no + servile, but dhe effective shutter, in <i>ballot</i>, <i>bal-lot</i>, or + dhe like.</p> + + <p><i>A braud</i>, shut, plays its own part, hwen articculated by + <i>w</i> or <i>qu</i> (vertually <i>cw</i>,) in dhe propper + <i>Waller</i>, az in <i>wallet</i> or <i>quallity</i>; in <i>war</i>, + <i>quarrel</i>; <i>wart</i>, <i>quart</i>; <i>wan</i>, <i>want</i>, + <i>quantity</i>, and such. <i>A braud</i>, shut, not so articculated, + substitutes <i>o</i> shut: dhus dhe <i>o</i> ov <i>cord</i> iz perfetly + coincident, or unison, widh dhe <i>a</i> in <i>ward</i>. Hware <i>a</i> + performs its own braud-shut part, <i>o</i> becoms dhe substitute ov + <i>u</i> shut, az in <i>won word</i>; <i>quoth</i> and <i>quod</i>.</p> + + <p><i>E</i> iz dhus open in <i>mean</i> and <i>mien</i>, <i>tiend</i> and + <i>fiend</i>, <i>siev</i> and <i>seiz</i>; widh <i>grief</i>, + <i>griev</i>; <i>relief</i>, <i>reliev</i>; <i>receiv</i>, <i>receit</i>, + and dheir fellows. Open iz <i>e</i> likewize in <i>meat</i>, <i>meet</i>, + and <i>mete</i>; (three coincident!) <i>meeting</i>, <i>meting</i>, and + <i>meter</i>; shut in <i>men</i>, <i>pen</i>, <i>fen</i>; <i>met</i>, + <i>set</i>; <i>penny</i>, <i>fennel</i>; <i>penning</i>, <i>setting</i>: + and so foarth.</p> + + <p><i>I</i> iz open in <i>fine</i>, <i>finer</i>, <i>finish</i>; + <i>dine</i>, <i>dining</i>, and <i>diner</i>; <i>rime</i>, <i>riming</i>, + and <i>rimer</i>; <i>fi-ner</i>, <i>fi-nish</i>, and so on: shut in + <i>fin</i>, <i>finnish</i>; <i>din</i>, <i>dinner</i>; <i>brim</i>, + <i>brimmer</i>; <i>fin-nish,</i> and simmilar.</p> + + <p><i>O</i> iz open in <i>Po</i>, <i>pole</i>, <i>polar</i>, and + <i>polish</i>; <i>mode</i>, <i>modish</i>; <i>soal</i>, <i>sole</i>, and + <i>soll</i>; shut in <i>sollace</i>, <i>pollish</i>, and <i>moddest</i>; + <i>po-lish</i>, <i>pol-lish</i>, and dhe like.</p> + + <p><i>U</i> iz open in <i>unit</i>, <i>unite</i>; <i>tune</i>, + <i>tunic</i>, <i>punic</i>, <i>studious</i>; shut in <i>studdy</i>, + <i>unabated</i>: <i>u-nit</i>, <i>stu-dent</i>, <i>stud-dy</i>, + <i>un-a-ba-ted</i>; such compounds being licenced to' take in dhe singuel + consonant ov dhe prepoziscion.</p> + + <p>So hear we, and so see we,</p> + + <p><i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, open; <i>ar</i>, + <i>er</i>, <i>il</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>us</i>, shut; <i>may</i>, <i>me</i>, + <i>my</i>, <i>mow</i><a name="NtA_2" href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, + <i>mew</i>; <i>mas</i>, <i>mes</i>, <i>mis</i>, <i>mos</i>, <i>must</i>. + So <i>Mary</i>, <i>marry</i>; <i>even</i>, <i>sevven</i>; <i>ivy</i>, + <i>Livvy</i>; <i>odor</i>, <i>odder</i>; <i>student</i>, + <i>studdy.</i></p> + + <p>If dhen open vowels must appear open, shut vowels must appear shut. + Forrain, even parental, diccions cannot rule dhe picture ov dhe native: + for picture can hav but won oridginal. Widh parrity ov rezon may (and + must often) dhe parental vowel be open, and dhe descendant shut. To' + edher iz <i>Popes</i> laconnic line applicabel:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Dhis dhey, dhat know me, know; dhat lov me, tel.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + <p>To' keep Inglish, dhus like French and Lattin, or spelling dhe + contrast ov speech; our litterature haz hiddherto' no likenes ov our + language; and haz continnued inaccessibel to' evvery native, az much az + to' evvery strainger. For, hwile we lernedly lov to' see</p> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">Aloe, melon, lily, solemn,<br /> +carol, very, spirit, coral, borough,<br /> +manor, tenant, minute, honor, punish,<br /> +clamor, blemish, limit, comet, pumice,<br /> +chapel, leper, triple, copy,<br /> +habit, rebel, tribute, probate,<br /> +heifer, profit,<br /> +cavil, revel, drivel, novel, hovel,<br /> +city, pity, british, critic,<br /> +madam, credit, idiom, body, study,<br /> +tacit, licit,<br /> +hazard, ezad, lizard, closet, bosom,<br /> +vicar,<br /> +liquor,<br /> +liquid,<br /> +rigor,<br /> +rigid:</p> + + <p>We shrewdly hope to' hear,</p> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">Alloe, mellon, lilly, sollemn,<br /> +carrol, verry, spirrit, corral, burrow,<br /> +mannor, tennant, minnute, onnor, punnish,<br /> +clammor, blemmish, limmit, commet, pummice,<br /> +chappel, lepper, trippel, coppy,<br /> +habbit, rebbel, tribbute, probbate,<br /> +heffer, proffit,<br /> +cavvil, revvel, drivvel, novvel, hovvel,<br /> +citty, pitty, brittish, crittic,<br /> +maddam, creddit, iddiom, boddy, studdy,<br /> +tascit, liscit,<br /> +hazzard, ezzad, lizzard, clozzet, buzzom,<br /> +viccar,<br /> +liccor,<br /> +licquid,<br /> +riggor,<br /> +ridgid.</p> + + <p>Hwile dhus notthing but <i>s</i> can dubbel soft <i>c</i>, or + sibbilantly shut dhe preceding vowel; and render <i>precious</i>, or + <i>vicious</i>, hwat dhey ar; but <i>prescious</i>, or <i>viscious</i>; + dhe sibbilants direct simpel figgure may not onely becom, in dhe + ostensibel <i>physic</i>, <i>visit</i>, and <i>vision</i>, a dubbel + depressive; in dhe real <i>phyzzic</i>, <i>vizzit</i>, and + <i>vizzion</i>; but work equal wonders, in <i>polysyllables</i> ov anny + extension; pretending, in dhe verry name, to' paint + <i>pollysyllabels</i>. And dhus dhe trokees grow innumerabel, dhat shut + and sharpen, shortening dhe former vowel; hwich dhey hav hiddherto' + pretended to' exhibbit slowly and smoodhly open: so leving singuel dhe + intermediate articulacion, hwich must be audibly dubbel, (must shut az + wel az articculate,) and continnue dhe equal impossibillity, ov reading + and writing our language.</p> + + <p>For, <i>hwen</i> our <i>diccion</i> attains, like <i>oddhers</i>, + <i>dhe</i> happy <i>habbit</i> <i>ov</i> appearing hwat it iz; alternate + strength and febelnes must prezent <i>mallice</i> and <i>maliscious</i>, + <i>sollemn</i> and <i>solemnity</i>, <i>morral</i> and <i>morallity</i>, + <i>mannor</i> and <i>manorial</i>, <i>limmit</i> and <i>limmitacion</i>, + <i>habbit</i> and <i>habittual</i>, <i>spirrit</i>, <i>spirritual</i>, + and <i>spirrituallity</i>. So evvery consequencial, hweddher ov trocaic + or dactyllian stres: <i>orrigin</i>, <i>oridginal</i>, + <i>oridginality</i>, or <i>originallity</i>, <i>reallity</i>, + <i>quallity</i>, <i>equallity</i>, <i>verrity</i>, <i>verrily</i>, + <i>ennemy</i>, <i>ammity</i>, <i>appathy</i>, <i>probbity</i>; so, widh + <i>propphet</i>, <i>propphesy</i>, and <i>propphecy</i>; but, by + penultimate or antepenultimate ennergy, (dhe stres on last but won, or + last but two',) <i>prophettic</i>, or <i>prophettical</i>: widh + <i>philossophy</i>, <i>philossopher</i>, and <i>philosopphic</i>; widh + <i>avvarice</i>, <i>avvariscious</i>; <i>lodgic</i>, <i>logiscian</i>; + <i>phyzzic</i>, <i>phyziscian</i>; <i>immage</i>, <i>imadgine</i>; + <i>madjesty</i>, <i>majestic</i>. Az <i>alliment</i>, <i>saccrament</i>; + az <i>orrifice</i>, <i>saccrifice</i>, and <i>orrator</i>, widhout + violacion ov aught <i>sacred</i>, or chainge ov <i>oracion</i>.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s5"></a></p> + +<h3>5. OV DHE ASPIRATES, AND DHEIR INSERTIVES.</h3> + + <p><i>Oracion</i> indeed iz dhus kept <i>sacred</i> az <i>orrator</i>: + for <i>t</i> cood nevver sibbilate (or play <i>s</i>) in + <i>orthoggraphy</i>, aincient or moddern; nor a dubbel articulacion + pretend to' look singuel, more dhan a singuel a dubbel won. Dhe dactyl + <i>orthodox</i> admits littel chainge in dhe dubbel trokee + <i>orthodoxy</i>; like <i>mellancolly</i>, vulgarly <i>melancholy</i>: + but <i>orthoggraphy</i> and <i>orthograpphical</i> ar, widh equal + harmony, subject to' antepenultimate power. Like Propriety dherfor + inserts dhe shutter we hear, in dhe duplication, az ov evvery simpel, so + ov evvery aspirate, duly dubbled by dhe simpel insertive. Dhus <i>p</i> + dubbels <i>ph</i>, and even <i>f</i>, <i>f</i>; in <i>propphet</i>, and + <i>proffit</i>. But, az <i>ph</i> became <i>f</i>; so <i>bh</i>, + universally <i>v</i>, nescessarily dubbelled in <i>provverb</i>. Az + <i>s</i> or <i>z</i> dubbels dhe soft sibbilant aspirate, (<i>sh</i> or + <i>zh</i>) in <i>prescious</i>, <i>decizzion</i>, <i>t</i> or <i>d</i>, + respectively, dubbled dhat dhey rendered equal to' <i>tsh</i> or + <i>dzh</i>: az <i>tutching</i> dhe <i>madjesty</i> ov + <i>relidgion</i>.</p> + + <p>But dhe Inglish tung, (raddher teeth,) enjoying dhe <i>dental + aspirate</i>, direct and depressive (<i>th</i> and <i>dh</i>), beyond + perhaps anny oddher language, aincient or moddern; can no longuer be + denied dhe appearance, hware it so peculiarly pozesses dhe reallity, ov + dubbling az wel az depressing its power. No more dhen can be confounded + dhe aspirates ov <i>oath</i>, <i>oadhs</i>; ov <i>bath</i>, <i>badhs</i>, + and <i>badhe</i>; ov <i>Otho</i> and <i>oddher</i>, <i>Clotho</i> and + <i>clodhier</i>, <i>dhis thing</i> and <i>dhat thing</i>; <i>dheze + things</i> and <i>dhoze things</i>: misaspiracion wil no more embarras, + dhan misarraingement, <i>Dhe Theater</i>.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s6"></a></p> + +<h3>6. OV REDUNDANT SERVILES.</h3> + + <p>If <i>defiscience</i> ov symbols hav been so ezily and so amply + exampelled; a ballance may be proffered in <i>redundance</i>; ov + consonants, no les dhan ov serviles. Hwen evvery mute minnister waz + supplied to' vocallity; dhe hardening gard ov <i>g</i>, at least, shood + not hav been forgotten. If <i>i</i> waz indispensabel in <i>aingel</i> + and <i>dainger, u</i> iz az recquizite in <i>anguel</i> and + <i>anguer</i>, az in <i>guerdon</i>. <i>Guet</i> and <i>guiv</i> demand + dhe (<i>u</i>) hardener, az boldly az <i>gues</i> and <i>guilt</i>. So + redundance alreddy recalls, in order to' explode, <i>guess</i> and + <i>give!</i> Widh dhis not onely <i>seeing</i> (for <i>seing</i>) and dhe + like; but dhe falsifying final ov <i>are</i>, <i>were</i>; <i>awe</i>, + <i>owe</i>; <i>some</i>, <i>come</i>; <i>above</i>, <i>dove</i>, + <i>love</i>, <i>glove</i>; <i>throve</i>, <i>drove</i>, <i>shrove</i>, + <i>shove</i>, <i>hove</i>; for <i>ar</i>, <i>wer</i>; <i>aw</i>, + <i>ow</i>; <i>som</i>, <i>com</i>; <i>abov</i>, <i>dov</i>, <i>lov</i>, + <i>glov</i>; <i>throv</i>, <i>drov</i>, <i>shrov</i>, <i>shov</i>, + <i>hov</i>: hwere <i>o</i> for <i>u</i> guivs to' the ear, <i>sum</i> + distinctive, widh <i>cum</i>, <i>abuv</i>, and dhe rest.</p> + + <p>Superfluous, dhence obstructive, (distractive indeed!) dhe <i>i</i> ov + <i>either</i>, <i>neither</i>; <i>heifer</i> and <i>friend</i>; dhe + <i>o</i> ov <i>people</i> and <i>yeoman</i>; <i>leopard</i> and + <i>jeopard</i>; dhe <i>u</i> ov <i>eulogy</i>, az ov <i>eulogium</i>; ov + <i>conduit</i>, vertually <i>cundit</i>: <i>a</i>, obviously useles, + after an oddherwize open vowel, in <i>season</i>, <i>reason</i>, + <i>treason</i>, <i>treacle</i>, <i>creature</i>; in <i>eave</i>, + <i>heave</i>, <i>weave</i>, <i>leave</i>, <i>cleave</i>, <i>reave</i>, + <i>greave</i>; <i>cease</i>, <i>lease</i>, <i>crease</i>, <i>grease</i>; + <i>teaze</i>, <i>ease</i>, <i>please</i>; like dhe <i>e</i> final to' + <i>sieve</i>, <i>grieve</i>, <i>relieve</i>, <i>receive;</i> dhe second + <i>e</i> in <i>sleeve</i>, <i>geese</i>, <i>fleece</i>, <i>freeze</i>, + <i>breeze</i>, <i>squeeze</i>, <i>cheese</i>: for <i>edher</i>, + <i>nedher</i>; <i>heffer</i>, <i>frend</i>; <i>pepel</i> and + <i>yeman</i>, <i>leppard</i>, and <i>jeppard</i>; <i>ellogy</i>, az + <i>elogium</i>; widh <i>condit</i>: so <i>sezon</i>, <i>rezon</i>, + <i>trezon</i>, <i>trekel</i>, <i>creture</i>; <i>eve</i>, <i>heve</i>, + <i>weve</i>, <i>leve</i>, <i>cleve</i>, <i>reve</i>, <i>greve</i>; + <i>cese</i>, <i>lese</i>, <i>crese</i>, <i>grese</i>; <i>teze</i>, + <i>eze</i>, <i>pleze</i>: <i>siev</i>, <i>griev</i>, <i>reliev</i>, + <i>receiv</i>; <i>sleve</i>, <i>guese</i>, <i>flece</i>, <i>freze</i>, + <i>breze</i>, <i>squeze</i>, <i>cheze</i>. But, like dhe <i>i</i> ov + <i>heifer</i> and <i>friend</i>, dhe <i>o</i> ov <i>leopard</i> and + <i>jeopard</i>; dhe <i>u</i> ov <i>eulogy</i>; iz dhe <i>a</i> ov + <i>leap</i>-year and ov <i>neap</i>-tide; for <i>lep</i>-year and + <i>nep</i>-tide; nay, shamefoolly, like dhe superfluity in all dheze, haz + dhe <i>a</i> hiddherto' remained in <i>health</i>, <i>wealth</i>, and + <i>stealth</i>; becauz it stil iz nescessary in <i>heal</i>, <i>weal</i>, + and <i>steal</i>! and doutles, for som simmilarly cogent rezon, doz kind + <i>a</i> continnue to' gard dhe same <i>shut vowel</i>! in <i>realm</i>, + <i>earl</i>, <i>pearl</i>; <i>earn</i>, <i>learn</i>; <i>early</i>, + <i>earnest</i>; <i>earth</i>, <i>dearth</i>, <i>hearth</i>, <i>heard</i>, + <i>hearse</i>, <i>rehearse</i>, <i>searce</i>, <i>search</i>, + <i>threat</i>, <i>deaf</i>, <i>dead</i>, <i>head</i>, <i>bread</i>, + <i>tread</i>, <i>dread</i>, <i>thread</i>, <i>stead</i>, <i>lead</i>, + <i>read</i>; <i>ready</i>, <i>steady</i>, <i>heady</i>, <i>meadow</i>; + <i>zealous</i>, <i>jealous</i>, <i>weapon</i>, <i>leaven</i>, + <i>heaven</i>, <i>endeavour</i>; <i>pleasure</i>, <i>measure</i>, + <i>treasure</i>, <i>leasure</i> or <i>leisure</i>! for <i>helth</i>, + <i>welth</i>, <i>stelth</i>; <i>relm</i>, <i>erl</i>, <i>perl</i>; + <i>ern</i>, <i>lern</i>; <i>erly</i>, <i>ernest</i>; <i>erth</i>, + <i>derth</i>, <i>herth</i>, <i>herd</i>, <i>herse</i>, <i>reherse</i>, + <i>serce</i>, <i>serch</i>; <i>thret</i>, <i>def</i>, <i>ded</i>, + <i>hed</i>, <i>bred</i>, <i>tred</i>, <i>dred</i>, <i>thred</i>, + <i>sted</i>, <i>led</i>, <i>red</i>; <i>reddy</i>, <i>steddy</i>, + <i>heddy</i>, <i>meddow</i>; <i>zellous</i>, <i>jellous</i>; + <i>weppon</i>, <i>levven</i>, <i>hevven</i>, <i>endevvor</i>, + <i>plezzure</i>, <i>mezzure</i>, <i>trezzure</i>, <i>lezzure</i>.</p> + + <p>How (alas!) wil <font class="sc">Brittish Libberty</font> moarn her + novvel chains, hwen she must not onely speak az she thinks, but write as + she speaks; hwen <i>rove</i>, <i>lov</i>, and <i>moov</i>, can chime no + more togueddher; hwen <i>lead</i> and <i>led</i>, <i>read</i> and + <i>red</i>, <i>live</i> and <i>liv</i>, <i>tear</i> and <i>tair</i>, ar + found oppozite, az <i>East</i> and <i>West</i>; nay, az open and shut + vowels!</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s7"></a></p> + +<h3>7. OV IMPRACTICABEL ARTICULACION.</h3> + + <p>No les embarrassing iz dhe redundance ov impracticabel articulacion, + iniscial, medial, or final, (in dhe beguinning, middel, or end, ov + words:) dhe first indeed chiefly in forrain names, titels, or terms, + hware a consonant, uncombinabel (mediately or immediately) widh a vowel, + remains a ded rellic: az dhe <i>c</i> ov <i>czar</i> (dho contracted from + <i>Cezar</i>), dhe <i>p</i> ov <i>Ptollemy</i> (mere <i>Tollemy</i>), or + <i>ptisic</i> (for <i>tizzic</i>), dhe <i>b</i> ov <i>bdellium</i>, herd + onely <i>dellium</i>; and even dhe <i>p</i> ov psalm, herd but + <i>sahm</i>, dho dhe <i>l</i> be stil audibel in <i>psalmist</i> and + <i>psalmody</i>, all effective beside dhe labial (<i>p</i>).</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s8"></a></p> + +<h3>8. OV FALSE ASPIRACION.</h3> + + <p>But no exampel can warrant dhe aspiring ideller, dhat pretends to' + lead <i>heir</i>, <i>heritage</i>, <i>heritable</i>, <i>heritor</i>; + <i>herb</i>, <i>herbage</i>, <i>herbalist</i>; <i>honour</i>, + <i>honorary</i>, <i>honourable</i>; and even dhe <i>humble humour</i> ov + dhe <i>passing hour</i>; insted ov <i>eir</i>, <i>erritage</i>, + <i>erritabel</i>, <i>erritor</i>; <i>erb</i>, <i>erbage</i>, + <i>erbalist</i>; <i>onnor</i>, <i>onnorary</i>, <i>onnorabel</i>; widh + dhe <i>umbel umor</i> ov dhe prezzent <i>our</i>; hwich doutles can alone + be called <i>our our</i>. Yet aspiracion cannot be denied to' + <i>inherrit</i>, <i>inherritance</i>, <i>inherritor</i>, + <i>heredditary</i>.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s9"></a></p> + +<h3>9. DHE GUTTURAL ASPIRATE LOST, OR TRANSMUTED BY MODDERN ORGANS.</h3> + + <p>Dhe consonants dhat subjoin aspiracion (<i>h</i>), ar dhe labial, + dental, lingual, and guttural; or dhe articculants from dhe lips, teeth, + tung, and throat: <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>s</i>, and <i>k</i>; by dhe + Lattins turned into <i>c</i>: az in <i>Philadelphus</i> and + <i>Philadelphia</i>, <i>Thales</i> and <i>Thalia</i>, <i>Sharon</i> and + <i>Sheba</i>, <i>Charon</i> and <i>Chilo</i>, hoom dhe Inglish, havving + smoodhed away dhe aspiracion, ar fain to' call <i>Caron</i> and + <i>Kilo</i>.</p> + + <p>Aincient organs, howevver, dubbelled occazionally dhe guttural, az wel + az dhe labial aspirate; dooing equal justice to' <i>Bacchus</i> and to' + <i>Sappho</i>: moddern also, (peculiarly the Inglish,) dhe oddher two'; + dhe simpel always sufficing to' dubbel dhe aspirate. New dialects + softening, lost dhe guttural aspirate; til dhe Spannish probbably + recovvered it from dhe Morish. The Itallian and Spannish, and from dhem + dhe Inglish, endevvored to' make up dhe los, by prefixing dhe simpel + dental to' dhe lingual or sibbilant aspirate, hwich dhe Gallic ear + preferred widhout dhe dental; preferring dherfor dhe vertual <i>sh</i> + and <i>zh</i> to' <i>tsh</i> and <i>dzh</i>. Inglish organs loozing, like + French, dhe guttural aspirate, edher dropt dhe aspiracion, az in + <i>carracter</i> and <i>kemmist</i> or <i>kymmist</i>; from + <i>character</i> and <i>chemist</i> or <i>chymist</i>; or turned dhe hoal + ruf guttural into' dhe smoodh labial aspirate. So softening <i>cough</i>, + <i>hough</i>, <i>trough</i>, <i>through</i>, <i>though</i>; <i>rough</i>, + <i>tough</i>, <i>slough</i>, <i>chough</i>, widh dhe proppers + <i>Hough</i>, <i>Brough</i>, and <i>Loughborough</i>; into' <i>cof</i>, + <i>hof</i>, <i>trof</i>; <i>throo</i> or <i>thro'</i>, and <i>dho</i>: + <i>ruf</i>, <i>tuf</i>, <i>sluf</i>, <i>chuf</i>; <i>Huf</i>, + <i>Bruf</i>, and <i>Lufburrough</i> or <i>Lufburrow</i>. But <i>Gough</i> + perhaps Orrigin recalled into' <i>Goffe</i> or <i>Gof</i>; hwile + <i>Lough</i> became Inglishly <i>Luf</i>, and dhe guttural graddually + melted in <i>burrow</i>, ov hwatevver kind.</p> + + <p>Aincient ellocucion depressed no aspirate; sattisfied widh <i>ph</i> + or <i>f</i>, <i>th</i>, <i>sh</i>, and <i>kh</i> or <i>ch</i>; widhout + <i>bh</i> or <i>v</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>zh</i> or <i>gh</i>. Dhe labial + aspirate gennerated dhe Eollic digamma F (howevver turned), hwich by and + by gave birth to' dhe Lattin V. If primmitive tungs gain dhus at length + won depressive aspirate; succeding expression, particcularly dhe Inglish, + came to' dubbel dhe depressive <i>v</i> az wel az dhe direct <i>ph</i> or + <i>f</i>. French articculacion havving no more occazion for such dubbling + dhan her parent Lattin, dhe Inglish acute or sharp accent askt it + <i>evvery</i> moment; but seing no <i>prescedent</i> in oddher picturage, + forbore to' <i>exhibbit</i> it, even until dhe <i>prezzent our</i>, dhat + Inglish anallogy, matured at last, rezolved to' be <i>seen</i>, az wel az + <i>herd</i>; to' reggulate practice by theory, and realize theory in + practice.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s10"></a></p> + +<h3>10. DHE OLD ASPIRATE OV R.</h3> + + <p>Som Greeks, followed by som Lattins, fancied to' ad rufnes to' dhe + licquid <i>R</i>, or to' paint its innate rufnes more foarcibly, by + subjoining aspiracion. Hence rushed dhe <i>Rhine</i> and dhe + <i>Rhone</i>, dhe <i>Rhemi</i> and <i>Rheims</i>, <i>Rhoda</i> and + <i>Rhodes</i>; <i>rhomb</i>, <i>rhumb</i>, <i>rheum</i>, and + <i>rhubarb</i>. Dhe <i>Rhine</i> brought <i>Rhenish</i>; az + <i>rhythmus</i> <i>rhythm</i>, <i>rhyme</i> and <i>rhime</i>; til at + length harmonious <i>rezon</i> introduced <i>rime</i>, boath into' French + and Inglish; hwence dhe regennerated <i>Rine</i>, pouring purified + <i>Rennish</i>, rouzed dhe rappid <i>Rone</i> to' rezistles emmulacion; + brought <i>Roda</i> to' <i>Rodes</i>, and <i>rubarb</i> to' + <i>reumatism</i>. Dhe verry <i>rinosceros</i> disdains now alike to' + ruffen hiz horn widh adscitiscious snorting, and to' stifel even hiz + moddern sibbilacion.</p> + + <p>Hwen dhe guttural aspirate lost dhe aspiracion, dhe simpel guttural + alone cood remain: az in <i>Caron</i>, <i>Kiron</i>, <i>Akilles</i>, + <i>Cloe</i>, <i>Cronus</i>; widh <i>carracter</i>, <i>corus</i>, and + <i>coral</i>, stil quite clear ov <i>corral</i>: wonce seen, because + wonce herd, <i>Charon</i>, <i>Chiron</i>, <i>Achilles</i>, <i>Chloe</i>, + <i>Chronus</i>, <i>character</i>, <i>chorus</i>, and <i>choral</i>.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s11"></a></p> + +<h3>11. ODDHER ANTIQUATED IDELLERS.</h3> + + <p>Among medial idellers, hiddherto', not onely suffered, but sanccioned, + even after parental ejeccion, ar<a name="NtA_3" + href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> dhe <i>s</i> ov <i>isle</i>; <i>l</i> ov + <i>fault</i> and <i>vault</i>, <i>p</i> ov <i>receipt</i>, <i>b</i> ov + <i>debt</i> and <i>doubt; c</i> ov <i>perfect</i> and <i>verdict</i><a + href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>; here at last fairly seen <i>ile</i>, + <i>faut</i>, <i>vaut</i>, <i>receit</i>, <i>det</i>, <i>dout</i>, + <i>perfet</i>, <i>verdit</i>. Alike idel iz dhe raddical <i>g</i> ov + <i>feign</i> and <i>deign</i>, for <i>fein</i> and <i>dain</i>; and, + werse (if possibel) dhan idel, dhe <i>g</i> ov <i>foreign</i> and + <i>sovereign</i>, for <i>forrain</i> and <i>sovverain</i>, from + <i>forain</i> and <i>souverain</i>; az dheze from <i>foraneus</i> and + <i>supraneus</i>.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s12"></a></p> + +<h3>12. FINAL FANTOMS, OR DUBBLERS OV FINAL FORMS.</h3> + + <p>How manny final fantoms, in articculating shape, must Truiths torch + beam away! how manny dubblers ov a singuel clozer, espescially <i>l</i>, + <i>f</i>, <i>s</i>, and <i>c</i>! az <i>ill</i>, <i>off</i>, <i>ass</i>, + <i>back</i>; so <i>err</i>, <i>inn</i>, <i>ebb</i>, <i>add</i>, + <i>odd</i>, <i>egg</i>: really no more, nor capabel ov being more, dhan + <i>il</i>, <i>of</i>, <i>as</i>, <i>bac</i>; <i>er</i>, <i>in</i>, + <i>eb</i>, <i>ad</i>, <i>od</i>, <i>eg</i>. <i>Shall</i>, for + <i>shal</i>, doz addiscional mischief, by inviting ignorance to' brauden + dhe vowel.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s13"></a></p> + +<h3>13. ODDHER FALSIFIERS, MEDIAL OR FINAL, OV LICQUIDS OR SIBBILANTS; +PARTICCULARLY, <i>TI</i> FOR A SIBBILACION.</h3> + + <p>Our misrepprezented consonants seem reducibel to' dheze. 1. Licquid + for licquid: <i>l</i> for <i>r</i>, in dhe French <i>colonel</i> for dhe + Inglish <i>curnel</i>; <i>n</i> for <i>m</i>, in dhe unutterabel + <i>Banff</i>, for dhe good town ov <i>Bamf</i>. Here too may enter for + explozion, dhe <i>n</i> ov dhe indeffinite artikel, hweddher before a + licquefaccion or an aspiracion; nedher ov hwich iz a vowel: so can we no + more say <i>an unicorn</i> dhan <i>an horse</i>, for <i>a unicorn</i> or + <i>a horse</i>. 2. Direct for depressive; <i>f</i> for <i>v</i>, in + <i>of</i> for <i>ov</i>; <i>s</i> for <i>z</i>, in <i>as</i>, <i>has</i>, + <i>was</i>, <i>is</i>, <i>his</i>; for <i>az</i>, <i>haz</i>, <i>waz</i>, + <i>iz</i>, <i>hiz</i>: in dhe verbs, <i>house</i>, <i>use</i>, + <i>peruse</i>, <i>abuse</i>, <i>excuse</i>, <i>amuse</i>, like + <i>muse</i>, noun or verb; <i>chuse</i> or <i>choose</i>, widh dhe + <i>dubbly</i> fallacious <i>lose</i> and <i>vase</i>: for <i>houz</i> + (like <i>brouz</i>), <i>uze</i>, <i>peruze</i>, <i>abuze</i>, + <i>excuze</i>, <i>amuze</i>, <i>muze</i>, <i>chuze</i> or <i>chooz</i>, + <i>looz</i>, and <i>vauz</i>. Dhe verbs dhus, duly sevvered from dhe + nouns, lead to' distinguish dhe verb <i>refuze</i> from dhe adjective + <i>refuse</i>, az wel az from dhe substantive <i>reffuse</i>. + <i>Profuze</i> and <i>profuse</i>, <i>diffuze</i> and <i>diffuse</i>, ar + simmilarly distinguishabel. Az we saw <i>s</i> play <i>dubbel z</i> in + <i>visit</i> and <i>vision</i>, for <i>vizzit</i> and <i>vizzion</i>; so + see we dubbel <i>s</i> for <i>z</i> in dhe middel, and for won <i>s</i> + in dhe end ov <i>possess</i>, for <i>pozes</i>; hwich hwile oppozite + stres secures to' dhe ear from dhe formative ov <i>poze</i>, az + <i>cares</i> from dhat ov <i>care</i>, dhe context may wel guide dhe eye + ov attension to' dhe undouted meaning. No wonder if dhe direct figgure ov + dhe sibbilant frenchly <i>rose</i>, and <i>occasionally rises</i>, for + dhe depressive reallity; <i>s</i> for <i>z</i> in <i>rose</i> and + <i>rises</i>, <i>occasionally</i> between vowels; for <i>occazionally + roze</i> and <i>rizes</i>; nay for dhe dubbel depressive in <i>risen</i>, + for <i>rizzen</i>. Dhis rivals indeed <i>Stephen</i> for <i>Steven</i>, + and even <i>nephew</i> for <i>nevvew</i>. If <i>Stephanus</i> pretended + to' pattronize dhe won, <i>neveu</i> (not <i>nepos</i>) must command dhe + oddher.</p> + + <p>But dhe French acaddemy, so exemplary in evvery exhibiscion ov its + language, set nohwere so fatal or so followed an exampel, az in + pretending to' conjure <i>ti</i> into' <i>si</i> before a vowel: a + combinacion indeed! hwich Inglish picturage ventured onely to' + constitute, raddher substitute, a sibbilant aspirate; dhe same groop + <i>condition</i> prezenting in won picturage <i>condicion</i>; and dhence + in dhe oddher <i>condiscion</i>. Yet French led not Inglish into' dhe + dissolucion ov <i>x</i> into' <i>ct</i>, in <i>flexion</i>, + <i>reflexion</i>; hwich dhe former nevver violated into' <i>flection</i>, + <i>reflection</i>, or dhe like.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s14"></a></p> + +<h3>14. DHE ORTHOGGRAPHY OV PROPPER NAMES.</h3> + + <p>Innocent howevver wer oddher tungs ov mispainting, az ov + mispronouncing dhe dental aspirate; hwich not attempting to' substanciate + even direct, far les depressive, dhey aught not, at least need not, to' + paint at all: az dhe French <i>Tomas</i>, if les like hiz parent dhan + <i>Thomas</i>, wood be so much liker himself; hwile <i>Tommas</i> alone + can tel Inglish truith.</p> + + <p>But dhat <i>Tommas</i>, dho a gennerous confessor ov conviccion, iz + not dhe alone Brittish truith-teller; dhat he iz rivalled indeed by + evvery oddher propper aincient and moddern, can be no novvelty to' anny + crittic ov litterary natturalizement; hoo must onnor at wonce dhe, hware + possibel, prezerved ennergy ov orrigin; and dhe inviolate prezzervacion + ov Inglish anallogy; in dhe unchainged compannions ov <i>Euphrates</i>, + <i>Darius</i>, <i>Heraclitus</i>, <i>Berea</i>, <i>Thalia</i>, and dhe + rest; az wel az in dhe irreffragabel buties ov <i>Horrace</i>, + <i>Terrence</i>, <i>Cezar</i>, <i>Ciscero</i>, <i>Senneca</i>, + <i>Soccrates</i>, <i>Democcritus</i>, <i>Empeddocles</i>, + <i>Heroddotus</i>, no les dhan ov <i>Jon</i>, <i>Phillip</i>, + <i>Robbert</i>, <i>Parris</i>, widh <i>Hellen</i>, <i>Elizzabeth</i>, and + dheir oddher Anglicized frends.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p><a name="s15"></a></p> + +<h3>15. DHE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPEL OV ORTHOGGRAPHY.</h3> + + <p>Such iz dhe system ov <font class="sc">Inglish Orthoggraphy</font>, + braught widhin dhe compas ov a few pages, on dhe unfailing principel, + hwich aught to' govvern evvery plan ov litterary improovment: first, to' + make no chainge dhat can rascionally be avoided; and dhen to' make + precisely evvery variacion, from vulgar practice, dhat can be + demonstrated indispensabel. Nor iz dhis aught else dhan a completed + minniature ov <font class="sc">Inglish Propriety</font> <i>ascertained in + her picture</i>: two quarto-vollumes graciously received by hiz prezzent + Brittish Madjesty, from dhe same umbel hands; at St. Jameses, in + 1786.</p> + +<h2>DHE END.</h2> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + + <p><a name="s16"></a></p> + +<h2>THE ORTHOGRAPHIC RIDDLE.</h2> + +<h3>PREFACE.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>These emanations of the British Muse,</p> + <p>Where English thoughts could English dress refuse,</p> + <p>Were once presented to another press,</p> + <p>Though thence borne back, as hopeless of success.</p> + <p>What honest critic e'er could credit eligible,</p> + <p>Riddles to his researches unintelligible?</p> + <p>When ready caution guards the lit'rate realm,</p> + <p>Never shall foreign floods these isles o'erwhelm:</p> + <p>Orthography the mother-tongue shall give,</p> + <p>Ever, as every where, with Truth to live;</p> + <p>Truth, Reason, Beauty shall o'erspread the nation;</p> + <p>Shall solve the <font class="sc">Riddle</font>, with one contemplation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">The public monitor of truth,</p> + <p class="i4">Sworn enemy to what's uncouth,</p> + <p class="i4">With blockheads similarly spells,</p> + <p class="i4">(Orthography with pleasure tells)</p> + <p class="i4">That thus the force of ridicule</p> + <p class="i4">Should laugh the learned back to school.</p> + <p class="i4">What then should cause that laughter strange?</p> + <p class="i4">What should occasion gen'ral change?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orthography the answer gives,</p> + <p>To satisfy whoever lives.</p> + <p>The honest will confess the pity,</p> + <p>Court, country, citadel with city;</p> + <p>That ancients, with the giddy young,</p> + <p>Should study still the Latin tongue;</p> + <p>Should leave to levity, to dolour,</p> + <p>The unproficient English scholar;</p> + <p>Should give the very stranger dread,</p> + <p>Of gibberish, that ne'er was read;</p> + <p>That ne'er was heard, without derision,</p> + <p>Eschewing ocular revision.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>This one example well will prove,</p> + <p>Will lib'ral laughter doubtless move:</p> + <p>When Pedantry shall cease to swell,</p> + <p>Honour'd Humility will spell.</p> + <p>The beauty then, of British truth,</p> + <p>Resistless shall enamour youth;</p> + <p>Shall evidence th' asseveration,</p> + <p>Throughout th' etymologic nation;</p> + <p>That one poetic exhibition</p> + <p>Could, without lit'ral intuition,</p> + <p>Fill ev'ry literary article,</p> + <p>Though never spell one single particle:</p> + <p>Could faithfully the whole present,</p> + <p>Without<a name="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> once shad'wing what were meant.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>DHE SOLUCION OV DHE ORTHOGRAPPHIC RIDDEL.</h2> + +<h3>PREFFACE.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dheze emmanacions ov dhe Brittish Muze,</p> + <p>Hware Inglish thaughts cood Inglish dres refuze,</p> + <p>Wer wonce prezented to' anoddher pres,</p> + <p>Dho dhence bor'n bac az hopeles ov succes.</p> + <p>Hwat onnest crittic ehr cood creddit elligibel,</p> + <p>Riddels to' hiz reserches unintelligibel?</p> + <p>Hwen steddy caucion gards dhe litt'rate relm,</p> + <p>Nevver shal forrain fluds dheze iles o'rhwelm:</p> + <p>Orthoggraphy dhe moddher-tung shal guiv,</p> + <p>Evver, az evv'rihware, widh Truith to' liv;</p> + <p>Truith, Rezon, Buty shal o'rspred dhe nacion;</p> + <p>Shal solv dhe <font class="sc">Riddel</font>, widh won contemplacion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Dhe pubblic monnitor ov truith,</p> + <p class="i4">Swor'n ennemy to' hwat'z uncooth,</p> + <p class="i4">Widh blockheds simmilarly spels,</p> + <p class="i4">(Orthoggraphy widh plezzure tels)</p> + <p class="i4">Dhat dhus dhe foarce ov riddicule</p> + <p class="i4">Shood laf dhe lerned bac to' scool.</p> + <p class="i4">Hwat dhen shood cauz dhat lafter strainge?</p> + <p class="i4">Hwat shood occazion genn'ral chainge?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orthoggraphy dhe anser guivs,</p> + <p>To' sattisfy hooevver livs.</p> + <p>Dhe onnest wil confes dhe pitty,</p> + <p>Coart, contry, cittadel widh citty;</p> + <p>Dhat aincients, widh dhe guiddy yong,</p> + <p>Shood studdy stil dhe Lattin tung;</p> + <p>Shood leve to' levvity, to' dollor,</p> + <p>Dhe unprofiscient Inglish scollar;</p> + <p>Shood guiv dhe verry strainger dred,</p> + <p>Ov guibberish, dhat nehr waz red;</p> + <p>Dhat nehr waz herd widhout derizzion,</p> + <p>Eskewing occular revizzion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dhis won exampel wel wil proov,</p> + <p>Wil libb'ral lafter doutles moov:</p> + <p>Hwen Peddantry shal cese to' swel,</p> + <p>Onnor'd Humillity wil spel.</p> + <p>Dhe buty dhen, ov Brittish truith,</p> + <p>Rezistles shal enammor yooth;</p> + <p>Shal evvidence dh' assevveracion,</p> + <p>Thro'out dh' etymmolodgic nacion;</p> + <p>Dhat won poettic exhibiscion</p> + <p>Cood, widhout litt'ral intuiscion,</p> + <p>Fil evv'ry litterary artikel,</p> + <p>Dho nevver spel won singuel partikel:</p> + <p>Cood faithfoolly dhe hoal prezent,</p> + <p>Widhout<a name="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> wonce shadd'wing hwat wer ment.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3>NOTES</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> If not vulgarized from + <i>batteller</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> Ov <i>mow</i> dhe vowel and + servile coalesce, (az in <i>sow</i>,) into' a dipthong, in dhe compound + noun <i>barley-mow</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> From dhe old barbarous French + <i>isle</i><a name="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>, + <i>faulte</i>, <i>voulte</i>, <i>recepte</i>, <i>debte</i>, + <i>doubte</i>; <i>parfaict</i>, <i>vraidict</i>: now duly <i>île</i>, + <i>faute</i>, <i>voute</i>, <i>recette</i>, <i>dette</i>, <i>doute</i>, + <i>parfait</i>, and <i>vraidit</i> from <i>verè dictum</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> Inglish propriety, and indeed + common-sense, must also protest against two' late <i>misnomers: + Th'isleworth</i> for <i>Thistelworth</i>; and dhe forrain affectacion ov + <i>St. Mary la bonne</i> (or even <i>borne</i>) for <i>Marribone</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> Without one particle, + representing what is read.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> Widhout won partikel, + repprezenting hwat iz red.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy +by James Elphinston + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 15901-h.htm or 15901-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/0/15901/ + +Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/15901.txt b/15901.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eaaa5f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/15901.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1272 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, by James Elphinston + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy + +Author: James Elphinston + +Release Date: May 25, 2005 [EBook #15901] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +A +MINNIATURE +OV +_INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY_. + + * * * * * + + +TO' +DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES, +DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES +_OV WALES_; +DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES +_OV YORK_: +ONNORED AZ UNDOUTED +PATRONS AND PATTERNS +OV EVVERY PROPRIETY: +DHIS MINNIATURE + +Ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, + +_UMBLY HOPES UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE;_ +FROM DHE BENIGN PERMISSION +OV BEING SO INSCRIBED, +BY DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES +DEVOTED SERVANT, +_James Elphinston_. + + * * * * * + +A +MINNIATURE +OV + +Inglish Orthoggraphy: + +DEDDICATED TO' +_DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES OF WALES_, +DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES OV YORK: + + * * * * * + +BY JAMES ELPHINSTON. + + * * * * * + +_LONDON_: + +SOLD (Price 1 Shilling and 6 Pence) BY +W. RITCHARDSON, ROYAL EXCHAINGE; T. BOOSEY, N. 4, +BRAUD-STREET, DHARE; F. AND C. RIVVINGTON, +N. 62; ST. PAULS CHURCHYARD; J. DEIGHTON, +N. 325, HOLBORN; W. CLARK, +N. 38, BOND-STREET. + + * * * * * + +1795. + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS. + + 1. _Introduccion_ + 2. _Orthoggraphy ascertained in dhe vowels, and dheir serviles_ + 3. _Vocal substitucion, licenced and licencious_ + 4. _Ov open and shut vowels_ + 5. _Ov dhe aspirates and dheir insertives_ + 6. _Ov redundant serviles_ + 7. _Ov impracticabel articulacion_ + 8. _Ov false aspiracion_ + 9. _Dhe guttural aspirate lost, or transmuted by moddern organs_ + 10. _Old _R_ aspirate_ + 11. _Oddher antiquated idellers_ + 12. _Final fantoms, or dubblers ov final forms_ + 13. _Oddher falsifiers, medial or final; licquids or sibbilants; + particcularly _TI_ for a sibbilacion_ + 14. _Dhe orthoggraphy ov propper names_ + 15. _Dhe fundamental principel ov orthoggraphy_ + 16. _The orthographic riddle_ + + * * * * * + +A +MINNIATURE +OV +_INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY._ + +1. INTRODUCTION. + +Hwen evvery oddher language, and at last our own, haz been reduced to' +science; rendered accountabel to' natives, and accessibel to' straingers; +hwence iz it, dhat our practice, growing daily more a contrast dhan an +exemplificacion ov our theory, tempts ignorance to' speak, az blind habbit +spels; raddher dhan to' dream ov spelling, az propriety exhibbits her +unremitted harmony, hweddher in word or writing? For propriety, hwarevver +herd, can be seen onely in her picture: nor can dhis be duly drawn, but +from dhe oridginal; or dhe likenes long prezerved, in dhe coppies ov +vulgarrity. + +Scarce creddibel doz it seem, to' dhe anallogists ov oddher diccions, dhat +hiddherto', in Inglish exhibiscion, evvery vowel and evvery consonant ar +almoast az often falsifiers az immages ov dhe truith. Hetteroggraphy +indeed, or false litterary picture, can arize onely from won, or a +combinacion, ov foar cauzes: redundance, defiscience; mischoice, or +misarraingement. + + * * * * * + +2. ORTHOGGRAPHY ASCERTAINED IN DHE VOWELS, AND DHEIR SERVILES. + +It iz not now new, dhat evvery Inglish vowel haz, not onely a longuer and +shorter, but even a different sound, az open or shut by a consonant; dho _A +braud_, open and shut, differ but in quantity. Nor iz it yet a secret, dhat +certain mutes, or silent letters, (espescially vocal quiescents,) ar named +_serviles_; rendering essencial az vizzibel service, boath to' vowels and +consonants. Hware such gards ar wanted, dhey doutles wil attend; and, hwen +dhey proov superfluous, az reddily widhdraw. Dhus dhe open vowel ov dhe +simpel shuts, and dhe serviles vannish, in dhe penultimate ov dhe compound: +_shake_, _Shakspear_; _chear_, _cherfool_; _vine_, _vinyard_, and dhe like. +So formatives: _stare_ and _stair_, _starling_; _steer_, _sterling_; +_shere_, _sherrif_; _child_, _children_; _kind_, _kindred_; _know_, +_knollege_; and dhe rest. + +Evvery open ear must allow dhe aspiracion (_h_) to' articculate iniscially +dhe braud vocal licquid (_w_); nor longuer imadgine dhat _wh_, apparent, +can becom _hw_ real; or dhat _what_, _whale_, _wheels_, can rascionally +paint dhe power ov _hwat_, _hwale_, _hweels_. Dhe braud licquid (_w_) haz +no place in _hoal_, total; or in _hore_, prostitute; distinct alike, to' +dhe eye, from _hole_ and _hoar_. But _wh_, iniscial, may wel prommise _hw_; +if _le_ and _re_, boath final, may picture _el_ and _er_: az we admire, not +onely on dhe _little theatre_, but in dhe _centre_ ov dhe _battle_! Dho a +tutch ov Rezons wand wil restore dhe buty ov truith; at wonce to' dhe +_littel theater_, and to' dhe _center_ ov dhe _battel_; az such buty beamed +in dhe former century. + +Dhe French _table_, _chambre_, _ancien_, _danger_, ar dhe unexcepcionabel +parents ov dhe Inglilh _tabel_, _chaimber_, _aincient_, _dainger_; hoo ar +too apt scollars, not to' lern from parental exampel, to' show dhemselvs +hwat dhey ar; widhout wondering, dhat won tung iz not anoddher, or dhat +each must hav her own essence and semblance; and dhat in ours, az in oddher +picturage, _an open vowel must not appear a shut won_. Indispensabel dhen +az dhe servile (_i_) in dhe three last exampels, iz it in _aingel_, dho +inadmissibel in _angellic_; in evvery _ainge_ and _ainger_, like _rainge_ +and _rainger_; az wel az in _caimbric_ and _Caimbridge_; dho nedher in +_Cam_ nor _Cambray_. + +If _a_ slender, open, must hav in such case its gardian; _a_ slender, even +shut, hwen protracted, requires its protracting aspiracion (_h_): az in +_ah! Mahlah_; so in _Pahtric_, _fahdher_, _pappah_, _mammah_, and _ahnt_; +so distinct (dho safe enuf ungarded) from _ant_ dhe emmet. But _gahp_, +herd, iz dhus no longuer seen _gape_. _Hant_, _hanch_, and dheir fellows, +admit not dhe braudener; hwich iz indispensabel to' _wrauth, wauter_, and +_vauz_; nor need dhe protracting aspirer, more dhan doo _chant_ and +_branch_. + +_O_ must hav its own medial servant, to' ascertain its opennes; in _poark_, +_poart_, _spoart_, _foart_, _foard_, _goard_, _soard_, (wonce _sword_), +_foarth_, _foarce_, _foarge_; _boast_, _coast_, _goast_, _moast_, _poast_, +and _boath_; justly az in dhe annimal _boar_, in _board_, _boast_, and +dheir fellows; dho _slow_ gender _slowth_, reggularly, az _grow, growth_. +Widh _poart_ and _poast_, _poartal_, _poarter_; _poastage_, and dhe like. + +Better no attendant, dhan a false won. _O_ direct (dhe common _o_) can +nedher assume _o_, dhe servile ov _o_ depressive (_oo_); nor _u_, hwich +wood seem its partner in a dipthong. _Doar_, _floar_, and _moar_, ar dhus +reggular and safe; _dore_, _flore_, and _more_, widh equivvalent servile, +leve _more_ coincident; yet compounds prefer dhe final servile: az +_batteldore_,[1] _Blacmore_, _Hwitmore_; and _Strathmore_, scottishly +strong on dhe latter syllabel. + +_Soll_, spirrit, avoids occular union widh _sole_, alike, and _soal_: by +adopting dhe servile ov _poll_, _boll_, _toll_, _roll_ (widh _controll_,) +_scroll_, and _droll_. Like dipthongal dainger precludes _u_ from dhe +servile funccion, duly undertaken by _a_ in _soar_, _moarn_, _boarn_, +distinct from _boren_ or _bor'n_, dhe compannion ov _woren_ or _wor'n_, +_sworen_ or _swor'n_, _toren_ or _tor'n_, _shoren_ or _shor'n_, and clear, +az open and shut, ov _born_; in _coart_, _goard_, _coarse_, and _soarce_. +_Coarce_, dhe ded _boddy_, dies no more in _corpse_; hwen dhus _boren_ +decently to' interment. Dhis precaution suffers _o_ open, to' understand or +omit, dhe servile before _l_ and anny oddher consonant: az in _old colt_, +wonce seen and herd _ould coult_. If _old colt_ now suffice, _oald coalt_ +iz understood. For dhis rezon, _goald_ must no longuer be robbed ov its +depressive servile, wonce legally seen in _gould_. _Au_, widh les plea, +suppresses its servile in like sittuacion; az _salt_ and _alder_; except in +dhe singuel _assault_! _saut_ and _vaut_ being, now, duly out ov dhe +question. + +If _ou_ cannot now paint _o_ direct, much les can it picture _o_ depressive +(_oo_); in _you_, _youth_, _uncouth_; _should_, _would_, or _could_: for +_yoo_, _yooth_, _uncooth_; _shood_, _wood_, or _cood_. Hwen _ou_ Inglish +transferred its equivvalence from dhe French _ou_ to' dhe German _au_, +hwich compounds _a_ braud, widh _o_ depressive (_au_ widh _oo_); az itself +cood no more be frenchly interchaingeabel widh _oo_; nedher ov its parts +waz more likely to' becom so. _Do_ or _who_ can no more dhan _doe_ or +_hoe_, (boath better employed!) or dhan _shoe_, _canoe_, _lose_, _move_, +_prove_, _behove_; _Rome_, _Coke_, _Pole_, or simmilar; prezent dhe +prezzent _doo_, _hoo_, _shoo_, _canoo_, _looz_, _moov_, _proov_, _behoov_, +_Room_, _Cook_, _Pool_, or dhe like: for truith fears notthing from +coincidence ov sound, and falsehood always leads astray. _B_ may +distinctively open dhe vowel, in _climb_ and _comb_; but cannot render it +also depressive in _comb_, _tomb_, _bomb_, and _womb_; for _coomb_, +_toomb_, _boomb_, and _woomb_. Hwatevver _u_ may hav been in Lattin +vocallity, dhat figgure cannot guiv _oo_, even open, in Inglish; far les +_oo_ shut, in _pull_, _bull_, _full_; _butcher_, _put_, _pudding_, _puss_, +_push_, _bush_; _bushel_, _cushion_; for _pool_, _bool_, _fool_, +_bootcher_, _poot_, _poodding_, _poose_, _poosh_, _boosh_, _booshel_, and +_coossion_: in all ov hwich, dhe _oo_ iz doutles short az shut; and +distinct az _foolling_ and _fooling_. If _u_ cannot prommise _oo_ shut, no +more can _oo_ proxy _u_ shut, in dhe singuel _foot_ for _fut_. No servile +can attend a shut vowel; and _truith_ must hav her own, like _suit_ and +_fruit_: in dhe French _bruit_ it iz also distinctive. Alreddy hav we seen +_o_ direct disguized, no les dhan _o_ depressive; and can we longuer bair +dhe Gallic _beau_, for dhe Brittish _boe_; more dhan dhe dubble falsifier +_beauty_, for dhe Inglish _buty_, dhe sweet compannion ov _duty_? + +_Sew_, _shew_, and _strew_, wer dhe preddecessors, so cannot be dhe +identities, ov _soe_, _show_, and _strow_: dhe first dhus occularly clear +ov _sow_, so different verb and noun! dhe latter, distinct to' dhe ear by +dhe dipthong, hwich also distinguishes _slough_, no more swallowing _sluf_: +_toe_ and _tow_ (no more jostling widh _tough_, now _tuf_), _doe_ and +_dough_, _floe_ and _flow_, being respective coincidents; clear indeed to' +dhe eye, boath ov boddy and mind. _Ow_ final iz dipthongal in _how_, _now_! +_bow_ bend; _cow_, noun or verb; _sow_, the noun; in _vow_, verb or noun; +and in _allow_, _endow_. Dhe dipthong distinguishes also _slough_, +_plough_, and _bough_ branch. _O_ remains merely simpel in _dough_, az if +_dow_. _Bo!_ or _boh!_ interjeccion, coincides widh _boe_ and _bow_, boath +nouns: dhe latter leving dhe dipthong to' dhe verb, or its accion, hwence +dhe ball derives it in _bowl_; dhe open vowel distinguishing dhe _bowl_ or +bason, coincident widh _boll_ and _bole_. + + * * * * * + +3. VOCAL SUBSTITUCION. + +Dho won semblance may exhibbit, not onely two' senses, but two' sounds; won +symbol must not pretend to' paint anoddher, unles by distinctive +substitution. _E_ proovs dhus dhe lawfool substitute ov _a_, in _heigh-ho!_ +moddernized _hey-ho!_ in _heighday_, now _hey-day!_ _weigh_, _wey_, _hwey_, +_prey_, _bey_, _dey_; _dhey_, _dheir_, _eir_, _eight_, and _freight_; widh +_obey_, _inveigh_, _convey_, _survey_, and _purvey_; az wel az hwen febel, +in _parley_, _barley_, _Harley_, _Chudleigh_, and dheir fellows. + +But _e_ cannot be _a_, widh dhe servile dhat distinguishes _e_: _tear_ +cannot be clas-mate, at wonce to' _fear_ and _fair_. If dherfor _e_ cannot +be _a_, widh _a_ servile; and _a_ need no substitute in dhe verbs _tair_, +_wair_, _swair_, and _bair_; _peir_, dhe fruit, and _beir_, dhe beast, +claim dhe substitute vowel, widh due servile; _pair_, _pare_, _bair_ and +_bare_, being engaged. For like rezon, _braik_ and _grait_ admit no vocal +substitute. _Where_ and _there_ no more puzzel dhan bely, in dheir own +shape, ov _hware_ and _dhare_. + +_E_ fairly substituting dhe forrain _i_, in _pier_, _bier_, _mien_, _lief_, +widh _belief_, _believ_; _relief_, _reliev_; and dhe rest; so distinct from +_peer_, _beer_; _mean_, _leaf_; or so connected by alliance, forrain or +domestic; dhe substitucion simmilarly prevails in _shriek_, _fiend_, +_fief_, _brief_, _chief_, _atchiev_; _thief_, _thiev_; _repriev_, +_retriev_; _pierce_, _fierce_, and _tierce_: ettymollogy howevver, scorning +alike substitucion and superfluity, in _receiv_, _receit_, and dheir +collaterals. + +Forrain semblance belied dhe adoptives, _oblige_, _marine_, _machine_, +_magazine_, _fatigue_, _intrigue_, _antique_, and _shire_; til Londoners +began to' treat dhem az natives ov Ingland; not dreaming dhat dheir essence +cood not here be prezerved, but in dhe guize ov _oblege_, _marene_, +_mashene_, _maggazene_, _fategue_, _intregue_, _anteke_ (or _anteek_, +_mareen_, and dhe rest,) joined by _legue_, _twegue_, and _shere_: hwich +last, dho dhus sevvered from _sheer_ and _shear_, boath coincident in +sound, waz beguinning, in dhe false shape ov _shire_, (like _oblege_, in +dhat ov _oblige_,) to' violate Inglish harmony in evvery British nacion. +Dhe same propriety, dhat dhus gards dhe Inglish vowel (_e_), prezervs, no +les _piously_, dhe parental equivvalent (_i_), in _obligacion_, _marriner_, +_mackinate_, _mackinacion_, _indefattigabel_, _anticquity_, az wel az +_antiquary_; and evvery forrain buty, consistent widh domestic truith. + +If dhe prezzent century hav made manny improovments, in orthoggraphy and +elsehware; it haz certainly made manny alteracions, dhat wer dhe verry +reverse ov improovment. Som eying truith, onely in her parents, wood +_allege_ dhat _virtue_ alone cood _persuade_; havving lernedly perfwaded +dhemselvs, dhat _vertue_ might hav _sweetnes_, widhout partaking _suavity_, +by hwich dhey pictured _swavvity_. It seems howevver high time dhat a +certain kingdom, at length panting after evvery propriety, shood know and +confes, dhat her name iz no more _England_, dhan _Engelonde_ or _Angland_; +or dhan her sovverain iz _king ov France_! + +Since won symbol must no more usurp dhe office ov anoddher, _o_ wil no +longuer pretend to' paint _A braud_ open (_au_); in _ought_, _nought_, +_brought_, _thought_, _sought_, _fought_, _bought_; for _aught_ (now indeed +_aut_), and dhe rest: nor wil _groat_ and _broad_ expect anny more, to' be +acknolleged _graut_ and _braud_. + +Nedher _tongue_ nor _tong_ (alreddy won ov a pair) can picture _tung_; dho +_u_ stil employ dhe distinctive substitucion ov _o_ in _son_, male issue; +nor les propperly dhe ettymolodgic in _yong_, _mong_, _mongrel_, _monk_, +(widh _monkey_,) and _Monday_; in _monney_, _bonney_, _conney_, _condit_, +_constabel_; az in _yolk_, so in _covver_, _hovver_, _plovver_; in _lovver_ +and _glovver_, from _lov_ and _glov_. _Cullor_ (nevver _colour_) avoids +coincidence equally widh _collar_ and _coller_; dhe latter greekly, not +frenchly, affected _choler_. + +But surely a vocal groop cannot shrink into' an Inglish shut vowel: nor +cood dhe following French, or almoast French, be suppozed Inglish words: +_souple_, _couple_; _double_, _trouble_; _nourish_, _flourish_; _courage_, +_courteous_, _country_, _cousin_; _journey_, _journal_; _sojourn_, +_adjourn_, and _touch_; more dhan such oddities claim continnuance, az +_young_, _rough_, or _tough_: for _suppel_ (alreddy almoast Inglish in +_supple_,) _cuppel_; _dubbel_, _trubbel_; _nurrish_, _flurrish_; _currage_, +_curteous_; _contry_ (ettymolodgical substitute ov _cuntry_; like _yong_, +ov _yung_;) _cozzen_ az _dozzen_, no more _dozen_! _jurney_, _jurnal_; +_sodjurn_, _adjurn_, widh _tutch_; _tuf_ and _ruf_: not to' reprezent dhe +so duly exploded, az _authour_, _succour_, _superiour_ for _author_, +_succor_, _superior_; hweddher agent, accion, or adjective. + + * * * * * + +4. OV OPEN AND SHUT VOWELS. + +Az vocallity must often depend on articulacion; consonants, like vowels, +must nedher be too manny, too few, nor oddher dhan dhemselvs. If sounds +open must not seem shut, sounds shut must not appear open. No servile can +attend a shut vowel; hwich, on dhe contrary, must show dhe consonant dhat +shuts it. Hwen a consonant concludes dhe syllabel, after an open vowel; a +servile must gard dhe vowel from dhe consonant, hwich else wood shut it. A +shut vowel dhen must show dhe shutter, or be left apparently open. + +Dhe first vowel (_a_), slender or braud, may doutles be more or les so, by +dhe prezzence or absence ov dhe _stres_, or vocal exercion. _A_ slender, +self or substitute, iz open az garded, in _fain_, _fein_, and _fane_; +_wail_, and _wale_; open az unshut, in _paper_, _favor_, _braver_, +_bravest_, _braving_, _braved_: so in _fainer_, _feiner_; az wel az +_faining_, _feined_; _wailing_, _wailed_; _waling_, _waled_; articculated +_pa-per_, _fa-vor_, _bra-ver_, _bra-vest_; _fai-ner_, _fei-ner_, and so on: +for _a singuel consonant_, natturally (dhence nescessarily) _articculates +dhe following, _not dhe preceding_ vowel_. _A_, slender, iz shut in _fan_, +_fanning_; and the like. _A braud (au)_ haz its own distinctive servile in +_faun_ and _fawn_, in _all_ and _awl_, _ball_ and _bawl_. Dho _l_ remain +dhe servile in _balling_, az wel az dhe _w_ in _bawling_; it iz no servile, +but dhe effective shutter, in _ballot_, _bal-lot_, or dhe like. + +_A braud_, shut, plays its own part, hwen articculated by _w_ or _qu_ +(vertually _cw_,) in dhe propper _Waller_, az in _wallet_ or _quallity_; in +_war_, _quarrel_; _wart_, _quart_; _wan_, _want_, _quantity_, and such. _A +braud_, shut, not so articculated, substitutes _o_ shut: dhus dhe _o_ ov +_cord_ iz perfetly coincident, or unison, widh dhe _a_ in _ward_. Hware _a_ +performs its own braud-shut part, _o_ becoms dhe substitute ov _u_ shut, az +in _won word_; _quoth_ and _quod_. + +_E_ iz dhus open in _mean_ and _mien_, _tiend_ and _fiend_, _siev_ and +_seiz_; widh _grief_, _griev_; _relief_, _reliev_; _receiv_, _receit_, and +dheir fellows. Open iz _e_ likewize in _meat_, _meet_, and _mete_; (three +coincident!) _meeting_, _meting_, and _meter_; shut in _men_, _pen_, _fen_; +_met_, _set_; _penny_, _fennel_; _penning_, _setting_: and so foarth. + +_I_ iz open in _fine_, _finer_, _finish_; _dine_, _dining_, and _diner_; +_rime_, _riming_, and _rimer_; _fi-ner_, _fi-nish_, and so on: shut in +_fin_, _finnish_; _din_, _dinner_; _brim_, _brimmer_; _fin-nish,_ and +simmilar. + +_O_ iz open in _Po_, _pole_, _polar_, and _polish_; _mode_, _modish_; +_soal_, _sole_, and _soll_; shut in _sollace_, _pollish_, and _moddest_; +_po-lish_, _pol-lish_, and dhe like. + +_U_ iz open in _unit_, _unite_; _tune_, _tunic_, _punic_, _studious_; shut +in _studdy_, _unabated_: _u-nit_, _stu-dent_, _stud-dy_, _un-a-ba-ted_; +such compounds being licenced to' take in dhe singuel consonant ov dhe +prepoziscion. + +So hear we, and so see we, + +_a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_, open; _ar_, _er_, _il_, _on_, _us_, shut; _may_, +_me_, _my_, _mow_[2], _mew_; _mas_, _mes_, _mis_, _mos_, _must_. So _Mary_, +_marry_; _even_, _sevven_; _ivy_, _Livvy_; _odor_, _odder_; _student_, +_studdy._ + +If dhen open vowels must appear open, shut vowels must appear shut. +Forrain, even parental, diccions cannot rule dhe picture ov dhe native: for +picture can hav but won oridginal. Widh parrity ov rezon may (and must +often) dhe parental vowel be open, and dhe descendant shut. To' edher iz +_Popes_ laconnic line applicabel: + + _Dhis dhey, dhat know me, know; dhat lov me, tel._ + +To' keep Inglish, dhus like French and Lattin, or spelling dhe contrast ov +speech; our litterature haz hiddherto' no likenes ov our language; and haz +continnued inaccessibel to' evvery native, az much az to' evvery strainger. +For, hwile we lernedly lov to' see + + Aloe, melon, lily, solemn, + carol, very, spirit, coral, borough, + manor, tenant, minute, honor, punish, + clamor, blemish, limit, comet, pumice, + chapel, leper, triple, copy, + habit, rebel, tribute, probate, + heifer, profit, + cavil, revel, drivel, novel, hovel, + city, pity, british, critic, + madam, credit, idiom, body, study, + tacit, licit, + hazard, ezad, lizard, closet, bosom, + vicar, + liquor, + liquid, + rigor, + rigid: + +We shrewdly hope to' hear, + + Alloe, mellon, lilly, sollemn, + carrol, verry, spirrit, corral, burrow, + mannor, tennant, minnute, onnor, punnish, + clammor, blemmish, limmit, commet, pummice, + chappel, lepper, trippel, coppy, + habbit, rebbel, tribbute, probbate, + heffer, proffit, + cavvil, revvel, drivvel, novvel, hovvel, + citty, pitty, brittish, crittic, + maddam, creddit, iddiom, boddy, studdy, + tascit, liscit, + hazzard, ezzad, lizzard, clozzet, buzzom, + viccar, + liccor, + licquid, + riggor, + ridgid. + +Hwile dhus notthing but _s_ can dubbel soft _c_, or sibbilantly shut dhe +preceding vowel; and render _precious_, or _vicious_, hwat dhey ar; but +_prescious_, or _viscious_; dhe sibbilants direct simpel figgure may not +onely becom, in dhe ostensibel _physic_, _visit_, and _vision_, a dubbel +depressive; in dhe real _phyzzic_, _vizzit_, and _vizzion_; but work equal +wonders, in _polysyllables_ ov anny extension; pretending, in dhe verry +name, to' paint _pollysyllabels_. And dhus dhe trokees grow innumerabel, +dhat shut and sharpen, shortening dhe former vowel; hwich dhey hav +hiddherto' pretended to' exhibbit slowly and smoodhly open: so leving +singuel dhe intermediate articulacion, hwich must be audibly dubbel, (must +shut az wel az articculate,) and continnue dhe equal impossibillity, ov +reading and writing our language. + +For, _hwen_ our _diccion_ attains, like _oddhers_, _dhe_ happy _habbit_ +_ov_ appearing hwat it iz; alternate strength and febelnes must prezent +_mallice_ and _maliscious_, _sollemn_ and _solemnity_, _morral_ and +_morallity_, _mannor_ and _manorial_, _limmit_ and _limmitacion_, _habbit_ +and _habittual_, _spirrit_, _spirritual_, and _spirrituallity_. So evvery +consequencial, hweddher ov trocaic or dactyllian stres: _orrigin_, +_oridginal_, _oridginality_, or _originallity_, _reallity_, _quallity_, +_equallity_, _verrity_, _verrily_, _ennemy_, _ammity_, _appathy_, +_probbity_; so, widh _propphet_, _propphesy_, and _propphecy_; but, by +penultimate or antepenultimate ennergy, (dhe stres on last but won, or last +but two',) _prophettic_, or _prophettical_: widh _philossophy_, +_philossopher_, and _philosopphic_; widh _avvarice_, _avvariscious_; +_lodgic_, _logiscian_; _phyzzic_, _phyziscian_; _immage_, _imadgine_; +_madjesty_, _majestic_. Az _alliment_, _saccrament_; az _orrifice_, +_saccrifice_, and _orrator_, widhout violacion ov aught _sacred_, or +chainge ov _oracion_. + + * * * * * + +5. OV DHE ASPIRATES, AND DHEIR INSERTIVES. + +_Oracion_ indeed iz dhus kept _sacred_ az _orrator_: for _t_ cood nevver +sibbilate (or play _s_) in _orthoggraphy_, aincient or moddern; nor a +dubbel articulacion pretend to' look singuel, more dhan a singuel a dubbel +won. Dhe dactyl _orthodox_ admits littel chainge in dhe dubbel trokee +_orthodoxy_; like _mellancolly_, vulgarly _melancholy_: but _orthoggraphy_ +and _orthograpphical_ ar, widh equal harmony, subject to' antepenultimate +power. Like Propriety dherfor inserts dhe shutter we hear, in dhe +duplication, az ov evvery simpel, so ov evvery aspirate, duly dubbled by +dhe simpel insertive. Dhus _p_ dubbels _ph_, and even _f_, _f_; in +_propphet_, and _proffit_. But, az _ph_ became _f_; so _bh_, universally +_v_, nescessarily dubbelled in _provverb_. Az _s_ or _z_ dubbels dhe soft +sibbilant aspirate, (_sh_ or _zh_) in _prescious_, _decizzion_, _t_ or _d_, +respectively, dubbled dhat dhey rendered equal to' _tsh_ or _dzh_: az +_tutching_ dhe _madjesty_ ov _relidgion_. + +But dhe Inglish tung, (raddher teeth,) enjoying dhe _dental aspirate_, +direct and depressive (_th_ and _dh_), beyond perhaps anny oddher language, +aincient or moddern; can no longuer be denied dhe appearance, hware it so +peculiarly pozesses dhe reallity, ov dubbling az wel az depressing its +power. No more dhen can be confounded dhe aspirates ov _oath_, _oadhs_; ov +_bath_, _badhs_, and _badhe_; ov _Otho_ and _oddher_, _Clotho_ and +_clodhier_, _dhis thing_ and _dhat thing_; _dheze things_ and _dhoze +things_: misaspiracion wil no more embarras, dhan misarraingement, _Dhe +Theater_. + + * * * * * + +6. OV REDUNDANT SERVILES. + +If _defiscience_ ov symbols hav been so ezily and so amply exampelled; a +ballance may be proffered in _redundance_; ov consonants, no les dhan ov +serviles. Hwen evvery mute minnister waz supplied to' vocallity; dhe +hardening gard ov _g_, at least, shood not hav been forgotten. If _i_ waz +indispensabel in _aingel_ and _dainger, u_ iz az recquizite in _anguel_ and +_anguer_, az in _guerdon_. _Guet_ and _guiv_ demand dhe (_u_) hardener, az +boldly az _gues_ and _guilt_. So redundance alreddy recalls, in order to' +explode, _guess_ and _give!_ Widh dhis not onely _seeing_ (for _seing_) and +dhe like; but dhe falsifying final ov _are_, _were_; _awe_, _owe_; _some_, +_come_; _above_, _dove_, _love_, _glove_; _throve_, _drove_, _shrove_, +_shove_, _hove_; for _ar_, _wer_; _aw_, _ow_; _som_, _com_; _abov_, _dov_, +_lov_, _glov_; _throv_, _drov_, _shrov_, _shov_, _hov_: hwere _o_ for _u_ +guivs to' the ear, _sum_ distinctive, widh _cum_, _abuv_, and dhe rest. + +Superfluous, dhence obstructive, (distractive indeed!) dhe _i_ ov _either_, +_neither_; _heifer_ and _friend_; dhe _o_ ov _people_ and _yeoman_; +_leopard_ and _jeopard_; dhe _u_ ov _eulogy_, az ov _eulogium_; ov +_conduit_, vertually _cundit_: _a_, obviously useles, after an oddherwize +open vowel, in _season_, _reason_, _treason_, _treacle_, _creature_; in +_eave_, _heave_, _weave_, _leave_, _cleave_, _reave_, _greave_; _cease_, +_lease_, _crease_, _grease_; _teaze_, _ease_, _please_; like dhe _e_ final +to' _sieve_, _grieve_, _relieve_, _receive;_ dhe second _e_ in _sleeve_, +_geese_, _fleece_, _freeze_, _breeze_, _squeeze_, _cheese_: for _edher_, +_nedher_; _heffer_, _frend_; _pepel_ and _yeman_, _leppard_, and _jeppard_; +_ellogy_, az _elogium_; widh _condit_: so _sezon_, _rezon_, _trezon_, +_trekel_, _creture_; _eve_, _heve_, _weve_, _leve_, _cleve_, _reve_, +_greve_; _cese_, _lese_, _crese_, _grese_; _teze_, _eze_, _pleze_: _siev_, +_griev_, _reliev_, _receiv_; _sleve_, _guese_, _flece_, _freze_, _breze_, +_squeze_, _cheze_. But, like dhe _i_ ov _heifer_ and _friend_, dhe _o_ ov +_leopard_ and _jeopard_; dhe _u_ ov _eulogy_; iz dhe _a_ ov _leap_-year and +ov _neap_-tide; for _lep_-year and _nep_-tide; nay, shamefoolly, like dhe +superfluity in all dheze, haz dhe _a_ hiddherto' remained in _health_, +_wealth_, and _stealth_; becauz it stil iz nescessary in _heal_, _weal_, +and _steal_! and doutles, for som simmilarly cogent rezon, doz kind _a_ +continnue to' gard dhe same _shut vowel_! in _realm_, _earl_, _pearl_; +_earn_, _learn_; _early_, _earnest_; _earth_, _dearth_, _hearth_, _heard_, +_hearse_, _rehearse_, _searce_, _search_, _threat_, _deaf_, _dead_, _head_, +_bread_, _tread_, _dread_, _thread_, _stead_, _lead_, _read_; _ready_, +_steady_, _heady_, _meadow_; _zealous_, _jealous_, _weapon_, _leaven_, +_heaven_, _endeavour_; _pleasure_, _measure_, _treasure_, _leasure_ or +_leisure_! for _helth_, _welth_, _stelth_; _relm_, _erl_, _perl_; _ern_, +_lern_; _erly_, _ernest_; _erth_, _derth_, _herth_, _herd_, _herse_, +_reherse_, _serce_, _serch_; _thret_, _def_, _ded_, _hed_, _bred_, _tred_, +_dred_, _thred_, _sted_, _led_, _red_; _reddy_, _steddy_, _heddy_, +_meddow_; _zellous_, _jellous_; _weppon_, _levven_, _hevven_, _endevvor_, +_plezzure_, _mezzure_, _trezzure_, _lezzure_. + +How (alas!) wil BRITTISH LIBBERTY moarn her novvel chains, hwen she must +not onely speak az she thinks, but write as she speaks; hwen _rove_, _lov_, +and _moov_, can chime no more togueddher; hwen _lead_ and _led_, _read_ and +_red_, _live_ and _liv_, _tear_ and _tair_, ar found oppozite, az _East_ +and _West_; nay, az open and shut vowels! + + * * * * * + +7. OV IMPRACTICABEL ARTICULACION. + +No les embarrassing iz dhe redundance ov impracticabel articulacion, +iniscial, medial, or final, (in dhe beguinning, middel, or end, ov words:) +dhe first indeed chiefly in forrain names, titels, or terms, hware a +consonant, uncombinabel (mediately or immediately) widh a vowel, remains a +ded rellic: az dhe _c_ ov _czar_ (dho contracted from _Cezar_), dhe _p_ ov +_Ptollemy_ (mere _Tollemy_), or _ptisic_ (for _tizzic_), dhe _b_ ov +_bdellium_, herd onely _dellium_; and even dhe _p_ ov psalm, herd but +_sahm_, dho dhe _l_ be stil audibel in _psalmist_ and _psalmody_, all +effective beside dhe labial (_p_). + + * * * * * + +8. OV FALSE ASPIRACION. + +But no exampel can warrant dhe aspiring ideller, dhat pretends to' lead +_heir_, _heritage_, _heritable_, _heritor_; _herb_, _herbage_, _herbalist_; +_honour_, _honorary_, _honourable_; and even dhe _humble humour_ ov dhe +_passing hour_; insted ov _eir_, _erritage_, _erritabel_, _erritor_; _erb_, +_erbage_, _erbalist_; _onnor_, _onnorary_, _onnorabel_; widh dhe _umbel +umor_ ov dhe prezzent _our_; hwich doutles can alone be called _our our_. +Yet aspiracion cannot be denied to' _inherrit_, _inherritance_, +_inherritor_, _heredditary_. + + * * * * * + +9. DHE GUTTURAL ASPIRATE LOST, OR TRANSMUTED BY MODDERN ORGANS. + +Dhe consonants dhat subjoin aspiracion (_h_), ar dhe labial, dental, +lingual, and guttural; or dhe articculants from dhe lips, teeth, tung, and +throat: _p_, _t_, _s_, and _k_; by dhe Lattins turned into _c_: az in +_Philadelphus_ and _Philadelphia_, _Thales_ and _Thalia_, _Sharon_ and +_Sheba_, _Charon_ and _Chilo_, hoom dhe Inglish, havving smoodhed away dhe +aspiracion, ar fain to' call _Caron_ and _Kilo_. + +Aincient organs, howevver, dubbelled occazionally dhe guttural, az wel az +dhe labial aspirate; dooing equal justice to' _Bacchus_ and to' _Sappho_: +moddern also, (peculiarly the Inglish,) dhe oddher two'; dhe simpel always +sufficing to' dubbel dhe aspirate. New dialects softening, lost dhe +guttural aspirate; til dhe Spannish probbably recovvered it from dhe +Morish. The Itallian and Spannish, and from dhem dhe Inglish, endevvored +to' make up dhe los, by prefixing dhe simpel dental to' dhe lingual or +sibbilant aspirate, hwich dhe Gallic ear preferred widhout dhe dental; +preferring dherfor dhe vertual _sh_ and _zh_ to' _tsh_ and _dzh_. Inglish +organs loozing, like French, dhe guttural aspirate, edher dropt dhe +aspiracion, az in _carracter_ and _kemmist_ or _kymmist_; from _character_ +and _chemist_ or _chymist_; or turned dhe hoal ruf guttural into' dhe +smoodh labial aspirate. So softening _cough_, _hough_, _trough_, _through_, +_though_; _rough_, _tough_, _slough_, _chough_, widh dhe proppers _Hough_, +_Brough_, and _Loughborough_; into' _cof_, _hof_, _trof_; _throo_ or +_thro'_, and _dho_: _ruf_, _tuf_, _sluf_, _chuf_; _Huf_, _Bruf_, and +_Lufburrough_ or _Lufburrow_. But _Gough_ perhaps Orrigin recalled into' +_Goffe_ or _Gof_; hwile _Lough_ became Inglishly _Luf_, and dhe guttural +graddually melted in _burrow_, ov hwatevver kind. + +Aincient ellocucion depressed no aspirate; sattisfied widh _ph_ or _f_, +_th_, _sh_, and _kh_ or _ch_; widhout _bh_ or _v_, _dh_, _zh_ or _gh_. Dhe +labial aspirate gennerated dhe Eollic digamma F (howevver turned), hwich by +and by gave birth to' dhe Lattin V. If primmitive tungs gain dhus at length +won depressive aspirate; succeding expression, particcularly dhe Inglish, +came to' dubbel dhe depressive _v_ az wel az dhe direct _ph_ or _f_. French +articculacion havving no more occazion for such dubbling dhan her parent +Lattin, dhe Inglish acute or sharp accent askt it _evvery_ moment; but +seing no _prescedent_ in oddher picturage, forbore to' _exhibbit_ it, even +until dhe _prezzent our_, dhat Inglish anallogy, matured at last, rezolved +to' be _seen_, az wel az _herd_; to' reggulate practice by theory, and +realize theory in practice. + + * * * * * + +10. DHE OLD ASPIRATE OV R. + +Som Greeks, followed by som Lattins, fancied to' ad rufnes to' dhe licquid +_R_, or to' paint its innate rufnes more foarcibly, by subjoining +aspiracion. Hence rushed dhe _Rhine_ and dhe _Rhone_, dhe _Rhemi_ and +_Rheims_, _Rhoda_ and _Rhodes_; _rhomb_, _rhumb_, _rheum_, and _rhubarb_. +Dhe _Rhine_ brought _Rhenish_; az _rhythmus_ _rhythm_, _rhyme_ and _rhime_; +til at length harmonious _rezon_ introduced _rime_, boath into' French and +Inglish; hwence dhe regennerated _Rine_, pouring purified _Rennish_, rouzed +dhe rappid _Rone_ to' rezistles emmulacion; brought _Roda_ to' _Rodes_, and +_rubarb_ to' _reumatism_. Dhe verry _rinosceros_ disdains now alike to' +ruffen hiz horn widh adscitiscious snorting, and to' stifel even hiz +moddern sibbilacion. + +Hwen dhe guttural aspirate lost dhe aspiracion, dhe simpel guttural alone +cood remain: az in _Caron_, _Kiron_, _Akilles_, _Cloe_, _Cronus_; widh +_carracter_, _corus_, and _coral_, stil quite clear ov _corral_: wonce +seen, because wonce herd, _Charon_, _Chiron_, _Achilles_, _Chloe_, +_Chronus_, _character_, _chorus_, and _choral_. + + * * * * * + +11. ODDHER ANTIQUATED IDELLERS. + +Among medial idellers, hiddherto', not onely suffered, but sanccioned, even +after parental ejeccion, ar[3] dhe _s_ ov _isle_; _l_ ov _fault_ and +_vault_, _p_ ov _receipt_, _b_ ov _debt_ and _doubt; c_ ov _perfect_ and +_verdict_[3]; here at last fairly seen _ile_, _faut_, _vaut_, _receit_, +_det_, _dout_, _perfet_, _verdit_. Alike idel iz dhe raddical _g_ ov +_feign_ and _deign_, for _fein_ and _dain_; and, werse (if possibel) dhan +idel, dhe _g_ ov _foreign_ and _sovereign_, for _forrain_ and _sovverain_, +from _forain_ and _souverain_; az dheze from _foraneus_ and _supraneus_. + + * * * * * + +12. FINAL FANTOMS, OR DUBBLERS OV FINAL FORMS. + +How manny final fantoms, in articculating shape, must Truiths torch beam +away! how manny dubblers ov a singuel clozer, espescially _l_, _f_, _s_, +and _c_! az _ill_, _off_, _ass_, _back_; so _err_, _inn_, _ebb_, _add_, +_odd_, _egg_: really no more, nor capabel ov being more, dhan _il_, _of_, +_as_, _bac_; _er_, _in_, _eb_, _ad_, _od_, _eg_. _Shall_, for _shal_, doz +addiscional mischief, by inviting ignorance to' brauden dhe vowel. + + * * * * * + +13. ODDHER FALSIFIERS, MEDIAL OR FINAL, OV LICQUIDS OR SIBBILANTS; +PARTICCULARLY, _TI_ FOR A SIBBILACION. + +Our misrepprezented consonants seem reducibel to' dheze. 1. Licquid for +licquid: _l_ for _r_, in dhe French _colonel_ for dhe Inglish _curnel_; _n_ +for _m_, in dhe unutterabel _Banff_, for dhe good town ov _Bamf_. Here too +may enter for explozion, dhe _n_ ov dhe indeffinite artikel, hweddher +before a licquefaccion or an aspiracion; nedher ov hwich iz a vowel: so can +we no more say _an unicorn_ dhan _an horse_, for _a unicorn_ or _a horse_. +2. Direct for depressive; _f_ for _v_, in _of_ for _ov_; _s_ for _z_, in +_as_, _has_, _was_, _is_, _his_; for _az_, _haz_, _waz_, _iz_, _hiz_: in +dhe verbs, _house_, _use_, _peruse_, _abuse_, _excuse_, _amuse_, like +_muse_, noun or verb; _chuse_ or _choose_, widh dhe _dubbly_ fallacious +_lose_ and _vase_: for _houz_ (like _brouz_), _uze_, _peruze_, _abuze_, +_excuze_, _amuze_, _muze_, _chuze_ or _chooz_, _looz_, and _vauz_. Dhe +verbs dhus, duly sevvered from dhe nouns, lead to' distinguish dhe verb +_refuze_ from dhe adjective _refuse_, az wel az from dhe substantive +_reffuse_. _Profuze_ and _profuse_, _diffuze_ and _diffuse_, ar simmilarly +distinguishabel. Az we saw _s_ play _dubbel z_ in _visit_ and _vision_, for +_vizzit_ and _vizzion_; so see we dubbel _s_ for _z_ in dhe middel, and for +won _s_ in dhe end ov _possess_, for _pozes_; hwich hwile oppozite stres +secures to' dhe ear from dhe formative ov _poze_, az _cares_ from dhat ov +_care_, dhe context may wel guide dhe eye ov attension to' dhe undouted +meaning. No wonder if dhe direct figgure ov dhe sibbilant frenchly _rose_, +and _occasionally rises_, for dhe depressive reallity; _s_ for _z_ in +_rose_ and _rises_, _occasionally_ between vowels; for _occazionally roze_ +and _rizes_; nay for dhe dubbel depressive in _risen_, for _rizzen_. Dhis +rivals indeed _Stephen_ for _Steven_, and even _nephew_ for _nevvew_. If +_Stephanus_ pretended to' pattronize dhe won, _neveu_ (not _nepos_) must +command dhe oddher. + +But dhe French acaddemy, so exemplary in evvery exhibiscion ov its +language, set nohwere so fatal or so followed an exampel, az in pretending +to' conjure _ti_ into' _si_ before a vowel: a combinacion indeed! hwich +Inglish picturage ventured onely to' constitute, raddher substitute, a +sibbilant aspirate; dhe same groop _condition_ prezenting in won picturage +_condicion_; and dhence in dhe oddher _condiscion_. Yet French led not +Inglish into' dhe dissolucion ov _x_ into' _ct_, in _flexion_, _reflexion_; +hwich dhe former nevver violated into' _flection_, _reflection_, or dhe +like. + + * * * * * + +14. DHE ORTHOGGRAPHY OV PROPPER NAMES. + +Innocent howevver wer oddher tungs ov mispainting, az ov mispronouncing dhe +dental aspirate; hwich not attempting to' substanciate even direct, far les +depressive, dhey aught not, at least need not, to' paint at all: az dhe +French _Tomas_, if les like hiz parent dhan _Thomas_, wood be so much liker +himself; hwile _Tommas_ alone can tel Inglish truith. + +But dhat _Tommas_, dho a gennerous confessor ov conviccion, iz not dhe +alone Brittish truith-teller; dhat he iz rivalled indeed by evvery oddher +propper aincient and moddern, can be no novvelty to' anny crittic ov +litterary natturalizement; hoo must onnor at wonce dhe, hware possibel, +prezerved ennergy ov orrigin; and dhe inviolate prezzervacion ov Inglish +anallogy; in dhe unchainged compannions ov _Euphrates_, _Darius_, +_Heraclitus_, _Berea_, _Thalia_, and dhe rest; az wel az in dhe +irreffragabel buties ov _Horrace_, _Terrence_, _Cezar_, _Ciscero_, +_Senneca_, _Soccrates_, _Democcritus_, _Empeddocles_, _Heroddotus_, no les +dhan ov _Jon_, _Phillip_, _Robbert_, _Parris_, widh _Hellen_, _Elizzabeth_, +and dheir oddher Anglicized frends. + + * * * * * + +15. DHE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPEL OV ORTHOGGRAPHY. + +Such iz dhe system ov INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY, braught widhin dhe compas ov a +few pages, on dhe unfailing principel, hwich aught to' govvern evvery plan +ov litterary improovment: first, to' make no chainge dhat can rascionally +be avoided; and dhen to' make precisely evvery variacion, from vulgar +practice, dhat can be demonstrated indispensabel. Nor iz dhis aught else +dhan a completed minniature ov INGLISH PROPRIETY _ascertained in her +picture_: two quarto-vollumes graciously received by hiz prezzent Brittish +Madjesty, from dhe same umbel hands; at St. Jameses, in 1786. + +DHE END. + + * * * * * + +THE ORTHOGRAPHIC RIDDLE. + +PREFACE. + + These emanations of the British Muse, + Where English thoughts could English dress refuse, + Were once presented to another press, + Though thence borne back, as hopeless of success. + What honest critic e'er could credit eligible, + Riddles to his researches unintelligible? + When ready caution guards the lit'rate realm, + Never shall foreign floods these isles o'erwhelm: + Orthography the mother-tongue shall give, + Ever, as every where, with Truth to live; + Truth, Reason, Beauty shall o'erspread the nation; + Shall solve the RIDDLE, with one contemplation. + + The public monitor of truth, + Sworn enemy to what's uncouth, + With blockheads similarly spells, + (Orthography with pleasure tells) + That thus the force of ridicule + Should laugh the learned back to school. + What then should cause that laughter strange? + What should occasion gen'ral change? + + Orthography the answer gives, + To satisfy whoever lives. + The honest will confess the pity, + Court, country, citadel with city; + That ancients, with the giddy young, + Should study still the Latin tongue; + Should leave to levity, to dolour, + The unproficient English scholar; + Should give the very stranger dread, + Of gibberish, that ne'er was read; + That ne'er was heard, without derision, + Eschewing ocular revision. + + This one example well will prove, + Will lib'ral laughter doubtless move: + When Pedantry shall cease to swell, + Honour'd Humility will spell. + The beauty then, of British truth, + Resistless shall enamour youth; + Shall evidence th' asseveration, + Throughout th' etymologic nation; + That one poetic exhibition + Could, without lit'ral intuition, + Fill ev'ry literary article, + Though never spell one single particle: + Could faithfully the whole present, + Without[5] once shad'wing what were meant. + + * * * * * + +DHE SOLUCION OV DHE ORTHOGRAPPHIC RIDDEL. + +PREFFACE. + + Dheze emmanacions ov dhe Brittish Muze, + Hware Inglish thaughts cood Inglish dres refuze, + Wer wonce prezented to' anoddher pres, + Dho dhence bor'n bac az hopeles ov succes. + Hwat onnest crittic ehr cood creddit elligibel, + Riddels to' hiz reserches unintelligibel? + Hwen steddy caucion gards dhe litt'rate relm, + Nevver shal forrain fluds dheze iles o'rhwelm: + Orthoggraphy dhe moddher-tung shal guiv, + Evver, az evv'rihware, widh Truith to' liv; + Truith, Rezon, Buty shal o'rspred dhe nacion; + Shal solv dhe RIDDEL, widh won contemplacion. + + Dhe pubblic monnitor ov truith, + Swor'n ennemy to' hwat'z uncooth, + Widh blockheds simmilarly spels, + (Orthoggraphy widh plezzure tels) + Dhat dhus dhe foarce ov riddicule + Shood laf dhe lerned bac to' scool. + Hwat dhen shood cauz dhat lafter strainge? + Hwat shood occazion genn'ral chainge? + + Orthoggraphy dhe anser guivs, + To' sattisfy hooevver livs. + Dhe onnest wil confes dhe pitty, + Coart, contry, cittadel widh citty; + Dhat aincients, widh dhe guiddy yong, + Shood studdy stil dhe Lattin tung; + Shood leve to' levvity, to' dollor, + Dhe unprofiscient Inglish scollar; + Shood guiv dhe verry strainger dred, + Ov guibberish, dhat nehr waz red; + Dhat nehr waz herd widhout derizzion, + Eskewing occular revizzion. + + Dhis won exampel wel wil proov, + Wil libb'ral lafter doutles moov: + Hwen Peddantry shal cese to' swel, + Onnor'd Humillity wil spel. + Dhe buty dhen, ov Brittish truith, + Rezistles shal enammor yooth; + Shal evvidence dh' assevveracion, + Thro'out dh' etymmolodgic nacion; + Dhat won poettic exhibiscion + Cood, widhout litt'ral intuiscion, + Fil evv'ry litterary artikel, + Dho nevver spel won singuel partikel: + Cood faithfoolly dhe hoal prezent, + Widhout[6] wonce shadd'wing hwat wer ment. + + * * * * * + +NOTES + +[1] If not vulgarized from _batteller_. + +[2] Ov _mow_ dhe vowel and servile coalesce, (az in _sow_,) into' a +dipthong, in dhe compound noun _barley-mow_. + +[3] From dhe old barbarous French _isle_[4], _faulte_, _voulte_, _recepte_, +_debte_, _doubte_; _parfaict_, _vraidict_: now duly _ile_, _faute_, +_voute_, _recette_, _dette_, _doute_, _parfait_, and _vraidit_ from _vere +dictum_. + +[4] Inglish propriety, and indeed common-sense, must also protest against +two' late _misnomers: Th'isleworth_ for _Thistelworth_; and dhe forrain +affectacion ov _St. Mary la bonne_ (or even _borne_) for _Marribone_. + +[5] Without one particle, representing what is read. + +[6] Widhout won partikel, repprezenting hwat iz red. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy +by James Elphinston + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 15901.txt or 15901.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/0/15901/ + +Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15901.zip b/15901.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8187b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/15901.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b3acb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #15901 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15901) |