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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, With Botha in the Field, by Eric Moore Ritchie
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: With Botha in the Field
+
+
+Author: Eric Moore Ritchie
+
+Release Date: May 9, 2005  [eBook #15802]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH BOTHA IN THE FIELD***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Carol David, Debra Storr, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
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+
+
+
+
+
+WITH BOTHA IN THE FIELD
+
+by
+
+MOORE RITCHIE
+
+With Five Diagrams and Eighty-two Illustrations mostly by the Author
+
+Longmans, Green and Co.
+39 Paternoster Row, London
+Fourth Avenue and 30th Street, New York
+Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
+
+1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: The Author]
+
+
+
+
+J.B.
+
+LIEUTENANT, HIS MAJESTY'S IMPERIAL FORCES,
+
+IF THIS SHOULD CATCH THE EYE OF:
+
+CHER AMI,--TO YOU:
+
+IN MEMORY OF DAYS.
+
+YOURS,
+
+M.R.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: The only photo of the meeting of General Botha and
+General Smuts in the field just before Windhuk was taken]
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+The ungentle reader (upon whom a malediction) will discover that this
+little book is not by any means exhaustive. But the gentle reader may
+find it to be what I hope it is. For him I wrote it.
+
+Europe at the present time is lacerated in the greatest war of which
+man has knowledge. Compared with the doings in the Eastern and Western
+Fronts, in the Austro-Italian Theatre, or in the Dardanelles, the
+campaign of South Africa must take a modest place.
+
+My idea is simply to make clear to the public (for example, all names I
+mention will be easily found on my diagrams, drawn from a German fully
+detailed map, the best of the South-West African Protectorate in
+existence) of gentle and patriotic readers something of the latter-day
+work of a gentleman and a patriot, justly famed amongst peoples with
+whom integrity and honour are still esteemed sovereign virtues.
+
+"The Nonggai,"
+Pretoria, S. Africa,
+August 1915.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: General Botha's Bodyguard leaving for the Front]
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+PART I
+
+CHASING THE REBELS
+
+I KEMP AND BEYERS II DE WET III KEMP'S ESCAPE IV FOURIE
+
+PART II
+
+THE CAMPAIGN OF SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
+
+I THE PRELIMINARY CANTER II THE FIRST TREK INTO THE NAMIB DESERT III
+THE RECORD TREK TO WINDHUK IV THE LAST PHASE
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+The Author
+
+The only photo of the meeting of General Botha and General Smuts in the
+field just before Windhuk was taken
+
+General Botha's Bodyguard leaving for the Front
+
+Diagram of Campaign
+
+Group of Rebel Leaders
+
+Rebels rounded up after the capture of De Wet
+
+The last pursuit of Kemp. Flying column crossing the Orange River after
+him
+
+Troops returning to Pretoria after Nooitgedacht. December 16, 1914
+
+Diagram of Nooitgedacht
+
+General Botha's train leaves the Orange Free State after the crushing
+of the Rebellion
+
+Exhausted Troops after defeating De Wet in the Orange Free State
+
+Leaving Pretoria. General Botha's Bodyguard departing
+
+Kits aboard. The Troops departing for the Front
+
+Camp of the Bodyguard at Groote Schuur
+
+Brothers in Arms. The British Navy and Botha's Bodyguard fraternised
+aboard. Many of the latter are, of course, pure South African
+
+Boxing aboard. En route to German South-West Africa
+
+Awaiting landing from the Transport
+
+Trekking over the terrible Sand Dunes near the Coast, German South-West
+Africa
+
+Some of the first Burghers to land at Walvis
+
+Before the Advance. General Botha photographed with the Red Cross
+Sisters
+
+General Botha and Staff alighting for an Inspection. (The famous
+Brigadier-General Brits, who trekked to Namutoni, is the fourth figure
+from the right.)
+
+Awaiting the Advance. The Commander-in-Chief at tea with the Red Cross
+Sisters
+
+Awaiting the Advance. Garrison Sports at Swakopmund. Start for 100
+yards race
+
+Awaiting the Advance. Garrison Sports. Winner
+
+Swakopmund from the Lighthouse: Extreme Right
+
+Swakopmund: Centre
+
+Swakopmund: Extreme Left
+
+Man and Beast in the Desert: both absolutely spent
+
+Looking for Water in the River Bed
+
+A Halt in a River Bed: General Botha has lunch
+
+Main Guard aboard--en route to hunt the Huns
+
+On the Great Trek--the Chief of the Staff has a hair-cut
+
+Action at Riet
+
+An unique picture of General Botha, the Commander-in-Chief and his
+Staff reconnoitring
+
+After Riet water in blessed profusion
+
+A Typical Parade of the Germans in South-West Africa
+
+Typical captured German Infantry
+
+The Great Trek. Otjimbingwe: its Palms and Wells
+
+The Great Trek. Otjimbingwe: the Commander-in-Chief at the old German
+capital
+
+The Great Trek. Getting Milk from a Goat. Milk was priced beyond Silver
+
+The Great Trek. An extempore bath towards the end of the Trek
+
+A Beauty Spot passed during the last Trek
+
+The Last Phase. Conference at Omaruru. German Staff lunching
+
+The General receives his Bodyguard at a Garden Party after return
+
+German prisoners of war, imprisoned at Karibib
+
+Karibib
+
+Towards Windhuk. The first troops in Waldau
+
+The first South African Engineer Corps Staff at Windhuk
+
+Towards Windhuk. A quick railway repair after the Germans' usual
+practice of blowing up railway bridges
+
+Towards Windhuk. The first train to Windhuk. The South African Engineer
+Corps Construction Party aboard
+
+At Windhuk. How we treat the German women. Ten minutes after occupation
+
+At Windhuk. The Commander-in-Chief addresses his massed troops from the
+Rathaus
+
+At the Gate of Windhuk. Headquarters Staff Motors awaiting entry
+
+At the Gate of Windhuk. General Botha discusses matters with the
+Governor of Windhuk
+
+At the Gate of Windhuk. The Interpreter
+
+At the Gate of Windhuk. General Botha emphasises
+
+The great Wireless Station at Windhuk
+
+Conference at Omaruru. General Staff lunching
+
+The Last Phase. The BE2 tuning up in shed before flight over German
+positions
+
+At the Provost Marshal's office at Windhuk--all in Law and order
+
+The Union Jack just hoisted at the Governor's office, Windhuk
+
+The Great Military Barracks at Windhuk
+
+Panorama of Windhuk
+
+Picturesque Windhuk
+
+Windhuk. Basking in the sun: from the great Wireless Station
+
+How the Germans started to try trading with us ten minutes after we
+entered the Capital. Note the spelling
+
+The Last Phase. Difficulties with General Botha's car through the thick
+sand
+
+The Last Phase. The Germans had a hobby of blowing up bridges. Here is
+a fine specimen
+
+General Frank's house, Windhuk. Photo of the two first men there taken
+under the flag hauled down by us
+
+Windhuk. The first British station-master and one of his staff
+
+The Fork that Caught the Germans
+
+The Last Phase. Opposite the very spot where surrender was made. A vast
+ant-hill at 500 Kilometres
+
+South-West Africa. Position of enemy before surrender
+
+The Last Phase. The German white flag train just arriving
+
+The Last Phase. General Botha meets Von Franke at 500 Kilometres
+
+The Last Phase. Troops entraining to return home
+
+The Last Phase. The famous Rhodesian Regiment that did so much in the
+final brilliant movement
+
+The Last Phase. Isumeh. British prisoners released
+
+The German Staff before surrender
+
+General Botha and his brilliant Chief of Staff, Colonel J.F. Collier,
+meet Von Franke at 500 Kilometres
+
+The Last Phase. The Commander-in-Chief, General Botha, receives an
+ovation from his Bodyguard after disbanding them
+
+Generals Botha and Smuts, the Great South Africans, receive a
+tremendous ovation from the crowd at the Capital on the successful
+conclusion of the Rebellion and the Campaign
+
+Homeward bound! General Botha and Staff returning on the _Ebari_
+
+The Great Man and the Chips of the Old Block returning to the Union
+after Conquest
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of Campaign]
+
+
+WITH BOTHA IN THE FIELD
+
+
+
+PART I
+
+
+
+
+CHASING THE REBELS
+
+
+
+SECTION I
+
+
+KEMP AND BEYERS
+
+Six weeks after the war-cloud smashed over Europe a man called on me.
+He was an old friend; but the point about him is that at that
+particular time I fancied him on his farm at least a thousand miles
+away.
+
+"Hello!" I said in surprise. "Why this sudden appearance?"
+
+"This is going to be a big thing, my boy. I am off 'Home.' They will
+need us all."
+
+It impressed me. He was a person calm and methodical minded, and, like
+so many good men, he has been dead now many months. His words, which
+have proved true, were the first to turn my mind definitely to
+war-thoughts. Besides, the man whose trade is writing has always, when
+events are stirring, the itch to go, look and note.
+
+In the branch of the Union Service to which I belong--the South African
+Police--none but Reservists could then proceed to Europe; but when
+General Botha announced that he himself would take command of the
+Expeditionary Force to German South-West Africa, a Bodyguard from the
+South African Police was decided upon, volunteers came forward, and on
+this unit I had the honour to serve.
+
+The intention of the Union Authorities was to push forward with the
+German West Campaign as quickly as possible. The Rebellion delayed
+operations roughly some three months--a period during which some
+exceedingly severe marchings and stiff rifle actions took place. I
+mention this deliberately, for in the stir of well-won applause
+following the victorious end of the Campaign proper, the preliminary
+canter of the Rebellion is perhaps somewhat forgotten.
+
+It does not seem, in the light of later information, strictly true to
+say that the Rebellion of 1914 broke upon the Union of South Africa in
+a manner wholly unexpected. But its ultimate development and extent did
+cause both surprise and great uneasiness. The details of its various
+activities over the country are by this time stale history. Leaving
+comment of a political nature alone, I confine myself briefly to the
+movements which, performed by General Botha and the loyalist troops,
+were so swift and accurate in their workings that they broke the back
+of the main risings before more than local disorganisation and the
+least possible amount of bloodshed had been achieved.
+
+On the 12th of October the Bodyguard for the German South-West Campaign
+assembled for field practices, etc., at Pretoria. On the 20th we heard
+that we should be leaving at an hour's notice, presumably for the
+South-West. The following day wild and disquieting rumours began to
+circulate from early morning. Maritz had gone into rebellion.
+Motor-cars sped all forenoon between General Botha's house close to us
+and the Union Defence Headquarters. Our camp was full of alarms. The
+police of Pretoria became suddenly twice as many about the streets.
+Towards evening it was positively stated that plots were afoot aiming at
+nothing less than the life of General Botha; and the Main Guard, which
+had been mounted at the General's house from the day of the Bodyguard's
+formation, was doubled. Not a soul was allowed within or around the
+modest grounds of the house without challenge at the point of the bayonet
+and presentment of the countersign. It will be long before memory loses
+the picture of those evenings, when through the lighted windows of the
+left wing of the house the Main Guard first and second reliefs got a view
+of a familiar ample figure in anxious consultations at a table upon which
+the electric light cast a mellow glow.
+
+The next day, the 22nd of October, rumour gave way to fact. Rebellion
+had definitely broken out in the Transvaal and the Free State; Beyers,
+the ex-Commandant General, Kemp and others were leading in the
+Transvaal; the names of De Wet and Wessel Wessels were coupled with the
+Free State. For the second time within a year unhappy South Africa
+heard rumours of imminent Martial Law proclamations.
+
+Monday morning, the 26th, arrived and found us still waiting; then the
+Bodyguard got twenty minutes' notice and entrained, horses, kits and
+everything for Rustenburg. We arrived there at five o'clock the
+following morning, and started at once in pursuit of rebel commandos
+which were led by Kemp and Beyers. Before starting, General Botha over
+a cup of coffee had an anxious consultation with his loyal commandants
+who had arrived to meet him. Throughout the day we trekked, with one
+brief halt only, and "outspanned" that night near Oliphant's Nek.
+During the day the loyal commandos located the rebels without much
+difficulty; they were routed in all directions, and some eighty were
+captured. At two o'clock in the morning we continued the trek, stopped
+in the forenoon on the railway line at Derby (close to Drakfontein, the
+scene of the British disaster to Benson's Horse during the South
+African War), and pushing on in the evening to Koster, learnt from
+incoming scouts that Kemp had escaped capture by minutes only. The
+direction of his flight was questionable at the time.
+
+Returning to Pretoria, we remained there for a few days. The whole town
+was in a state of remarkable tension. The police were armed. Armed
+volunteers were called for. Loyalists were training after working hours
+in batches on various open spaces. It was freely whispered that the
+German South-West Campaign would be given up, so formidable was the
+threatened opposition to it.... I am writing this much less than a year
+later: and Windhuk has fallen, the Germans have surrendered their
+territory, and thousands of burghers and volunteers are returning to
+their homes.
+
+On the 2nd of November we left Pretoria again. More trouble was brewing
+at Brits, close to Pretoria. We trekked straightway to Zoutpan's Drift,
+the commandos again pursuing a body of rebels who, cutting through the
+railway line, had caused damage at De Wilts or Greyling's Post, twenty
+miles or so outside the Union capital. Quite unwilling to make a stand,
+the insurgents were again put to flight, and General Botha returned to
+Pretoria the following day. In the meantime other loyalist columns in
+the Transvaal had taken to the field, and the rebellion seemed well in
+hand.
+
+
+
+SECTION II
+
+
+DE WET
+
+Compared with the Free State insurrection, the Transvaal affair
+appeared in many ways to be a small business from our point of view. In
+actuality it was nothing of the kind. It was, if anything, much more
+ugly in spirit. The genius of the Free State section of insurgents
+displayed itself chiefly in a highly finished exposition of lying,
+looting and "legging it."
+
+De Wet's delirious harangue had not exhausted its nine-days' life as a
+masterpiece of unconscious humour when General Botha left Pretoria for
+the Free State on November 9. Again, I am not concerned with the highly
+complex motives which prompted the veteran Dutch General to make his
+delightful "Five Bob Outrage" speech and other things at Vrede.
+Flogging dead horses is a useless job, anyway.
+
+During the journey to the Free State, our guard en the train was
+extremely strict. Though every possible precaution of secrecy had been
+taken, we were positively told to be prepared to find the train fired
+upon. But, if during such journeys preparedness was doubtless essential
+in the circumstances, it always seemed to me that we, or any one so
+placed, were pretty powerless to avert disaster should a properly
+directed shot from the darkness find its mark.
+
+On November 11 we detrained at Theunissen, in the Free State. It was
+speedily clear that this part of the world was in the grip of
+disturbance. Telegraph poles all along the line had been wrecked; an
+amount of mild pillaging had been going on. The people of Theunissen
+were almost in panic. The two fights--one against Conroy, at Allaman's
+Kraal, the other and larger, against De Wet, at Doornberg--had been
+enormously magnified. General Botha was welcomed in genuine relief. We
+remained at arms in the train during the first part of the night. At 2
+a.m. we were roused, and in less than half an hour were on the way
+across country to Winburg.
+
+The arrival at the little railhead dorp of Winburg was remarkable.
+Scarcely were we halted and hand put to loosen girth before the
+loyalist leaders came running out in the morning sunshine to meet us.
+De Wet had left the place two hours before, disappearing with his
+following over the first kopje. He had caused absolute panic. His
+forces had cut the inhabitants off from all touch with the outer world.
+De Wet had commandeered all food supplies worth having. Houses had been
+looted and speeches were made in the marketplace. His followers had
+assured the people that the Empire was tottering, Germany had defeated
+Britain on land and sea, a hundred thousand were marching on Pretoria,
+and that Botha and his Government were defeated and disgraced. And
+these statements were to a large extent believed.
+
+It was but natural. Cut off the wire and rail communication of a South
+African veld town and you have isolation in the most thorough sense. In
+such a place at such a time mere statement may seem quite possibly the
+truth.
+
+Towards evening we got news of the rebels, and a night-march was
+ordered. As we left the town the loyal people lined the streets, the
+fellows in the columns whistled "Tipperary," and we got a rousing
+farewell.
+
+[Illustration: Group of Rebel Leaders]
+[Illustration: Rebels rounded up after the capture of De Wet]
+
+General Botha is celebrated amongst fighting men for many things, and
+his night-marching is one of them. He appears to believe to the fullest
+extent in night-marching. He had located De Wet at a place called
+Mushroom Valley, and parts of the Commander-in-Chief's forces had been
+sent to make a surrounding movement. During the all-night trek from
+Winburg to Mushroom Valley I had a first thorough experience of the
+true horrors of sleep-fighting. It was bitterly cold--cold as the Free
+State night on the veld knows how to be. And we could not smoke, could
+not talk above a faint murmur, and nodded in our saddles. The clear
+stars danced fantastically in the sky ahead of us, and the ground
+seemed to be falling away from us into vast hollows, then rising to our
+horses' noses ready to smash into us like an impalpable wall. After
+midnight, outspanning in a piercing wind, we formed square; main guard
+was posted over the General's car, and those lucky enough to escape
+turn of duty huddled together under cloaks and dozed fitfully until
+two-thirty. From two-thirty till sunrise we trekked on. Suddenly, just
+after good daylight, the Staff halted the column, glasses were put up,
+and away we swung half right into the veld. Up came the artillery and
+opened fire on a cluster of ant-sized figures four thousand yards ahead
+beneath the shoulder of a kopje. Had the thing not contained the very
+germ of tragedy it would have been laughable to see the way those
+figures scattered over the red veld. It was De Wet's commandos caught
+napping. Just before the shell fire our burghers had gone out ahead
+hell-for-leather on either flank. The whole column then advanced. After
+two hours' pretty hot work the action was over. We lost six killed
+against the rebels' twenty-two, and with twenty wounded on our side the
+rebel losses were proportionate. We took upwards of three hundred
+prisoners, De Wet himself escaping by the merest fluke. He lost all his
+transport, and generally ceased after the action to be a serious
+menace.
+
+During the operations against De Wet I watched, when possible, the
+demeanour of the quiet South African patriot with whom fate had placed
+me in the field. I had last seen him many years before, gravely bowing
+from under a silk hat to a crowd that swayed and cheered as he drove
+through the streets of Manchester. And now duty found him in the field
+against an old comrade-in-arms. There was a sadness, there was a
+profound pathos about it. No wonder if to me it seemed that General
+Botha looked downcast indeed, if stern as well, during the Rebellion.
+Life, surely, was not dealing too fairly by him.
+
+Following Mushroom Valley, we trekked, with two brief outspans only, to
+Clocolan, all the time scattering De Wet's followers. At Clocolan we
+paused for one day, entrained men and horses and reached Kimberley, via
+Bloemfontein, on the 18th of November. The following day rebel
+activities were reported in the direction of Bloemhof; but after an
+eventless journey we returned to Kimberley on the 21st.
+
+
+
+SECTION III
+
+
+KEMP'S ESCAPE
+
+It was at Kimberley that news came through that Kemp was making a
+desperate cross-country trek to get into German territory in the
+Upington neighbourhood. A reference to a map will show that Upington,
+on the Orange River, is on the extreme western borders of the Union;
+and it must be said that the trek which Kemp and the remnant of his
+moderate force, poorly mounted and equipped, had made since being
+routed by General Botha on the 27th of October (a month before) stands
+as a remarkable piece of work. We pushed on to Prieska, via De Aar, and
+reached Upington, on the scarcely completed new line from Prieska, on
+the 25th of November. The journey over the desert stretch from Prieska
+to Upington was full of alarms; during the night the train halted in
+the lonely veld owing to a washaway, and we stood to arms, throwing out
+cossack-posts around the train wherein the Commander-in-Chief slept. It
+was tremendously exciting work.
+
+The old town of Upington was transformed in those days. Around the
+Dutch Reformed Church, standing peaceful and dazzling white in the
+torrid sun, were tents, wagons, horses, motor-cars, signalling-parties,
+despatch-riders and infantry. Away over the hard red sand dunes to the
+north was the action zone, and from that direction every five minutes
+came sweating motor despatch-riders, who tore along to Headquarters.
+The following day news came through that the Imperial Light Horse and
+the Natal Carbineers had been engaging Kemp before and since dawn;
+almost cornered, he was making a final dash for the border to get into
+German South-West. It was an anxious time; each minute brought a fresh
+rumour as to the fighting and the thousands of men Kemp had got
+together for his desperate move. Our staff returned before dark,
+reporting an eventless day, with intermittent fighting. On the 28th the
+Staff went out in motors as far as Rooidam. They returned with bad news
+in the early afternoon. After a prolonged rearguard action Kemp had
+succeeded, taking over to the Germans with him a force which was said
+to be far greater than had been supposed. (Need I add that after events
+showed there had been gross exaggeration?)
+
+I offer, with reserve, the following ingenious explanation of Kemp's
+escape; it was told me later by several who saw the action. Near the
+end of his terrific trek through from the North-Western Transvaal to
+the German outpost for which he was making, Kemp was hotly pursued by
+the loyalist troops. His men were exhausted. Half of them were
+dismounted. All his horses were spent. In these conditions he was
+forced to the most trying form of fight--the rearguard and flank
+action. With his goal practically right ahead, he reached three of the
+parallel large sand dunes with which the veld around Upington is
+scattered. They were on his left flank. He swerved into them. Hotly
+pursued, he crossed two, and under the lee of the second left a party
+of good shots. Then, cantering away over the third, he doubled round on
+his tracks and with his exhausted followers made for the German
+outpost. When the Union troops came up they were ambushed at short
+range, and the check they got just served the fleeing rebel. In the
+pursuit afterwards our parties found traces of buried rations for
+horses and men. These had been provided with German thoroughness.
+
+The second phase of the Free State Rebellion was a pantomime more than
+anything else; a week's pantomime acted in the open veld in rain that
+never stopped. It was the most miserable week I have known. We left
+Upington on the 29th of November, reaching Kroonstad, Orange Free
+State, late next evening. Here the Commander-in-Chief was met by
+General Smuts, Minister for Defence; a consultation took place, and as
+a result we left by train for Bethlehem in the evening. Our arrival
+was timely, too. The place was in a perfect uproar. Nobody knew what
+was going to happen next. All the loyalistcivilians were under arms.
+The large mill of the Kaffrarian Steam Flour Company had been converted
+into a fort which was, in case of necessity, impregnable to rifle-fire.
+The rebels in the field had declared the New Republic practically
+established, with temporary capital at Reitz. Just before we saddled up
+to track them the news came of De Wet's capture on the Malopi River,
+near Mafeking. The news put everyone in fresher spirits. The charm
+around the famous guerilla fighter had broken. That the Rebellion was
+doomed we all knew. But most of us were weary, nevertheless. It
+furnished a refresher.
+
+We left a happier Bethlehem at a rainy dawn the next day. Half way to
+Reitz we outspanned in the rain. It rained all night. The following
+morning came back to mind a talk an old soldier and I had once while
+freezing one early morning awaiting the Channel boat at Greenock.
+Alluding to cold and misery, he said: "You don't know what it is, my
+son, till you've been held up for three nights by rain in war-time in
+the South African veld, and spent the time standing in water. I did it
+outside Mafeking." Well, I understand a little now.
+
+The next day our scouts entered Reitz; the rebels had fled. For two
+days we operated against them. A day later General Botha returned to
+Reitz. Nothing was said at the time. The fact was that before we
+entrained at Reitz, on the 7th of December, Wessel Wessels and
+Serfontein were surrounded. A day later they surrendered: the Orange
+Free State Rebellion, in all its futility, was over.
+
+[Illustration: The last pursuit of Kemp. Flying column crossing the
+Orange River after him]
+
+[Illustration: Troops returning to Pretoria after Nooitgedacht.
+December 16, 1914]
+
+
+
+SECTION IV
+
+
+FOURIE
+
+Just before and during the Commander-in-Chief's long trek, other bodies
+of loyalist troops had been engaging the rebels. The most notable of
+these actions were against Muller at Bronkhorst Spruit (5th November,
+1914; casualties, one killed and three wounded), and against Fourie at
+Hamanskraal (22nd November, 1914; casualties, three killed and ten
+wounded). Both these actions took place in the neighbourhood of
+Pretoria. As a result of them and the death of Beyers in the Vaal
+River, the Rebellion in the Transvaal was virtually smashed. There
+remained only Fourie to be dealt with.
+
+Fourie, late Major in the South African Defence Force, possibly the
+most fanatical of all the rebels, appears to have been a man of
+character and proved courage. Having got away at the action at
+Hamanskraal, he and his younger brother were moving about in the veld
+with ex-Major Pienaar and a moderate force. Their fantastic purpose was
+said to be the taking of Pretoria itself on Dingaan's Day, the 16th of
+December. As all the South African world knows, this date marks the
+anniversary of the famous fight of the Voortrekkers at Blood River in
+1838. The day before a force of South African Police, Defence Force,
+and South African Mounted Riflemen left Pretoria, detrained at
+Greyling's Post, on the Pietersburg Line, and started in pursuit of the
+last big rebel commando at large. In this move we of the Bodyguard
+found ourselves acting; General Botha, who had returned to Pretoria
+after his severe field work, had gone to his farm for a few days' rest
+before the South-West campaign.
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of Nooitgedacht]
+
+We trekked at dawn and during the whole of the following day, with one
+rain-sodden halt, till four in the afternoon. The rebels had doubled in
+their tracks after reaching a large dam at Blaaubank. Late in the
+afternoon our scouts returned to the column and reported having located
+the enemy three miles ahead, entrenched in a donga, or dried-up stony
+river course, on the farm Nooitgedacht No. 4. We prepared for action,
+and encountered the rebels in the next half hour. This, the first true
+action I had been in, was an extremely dirty affair; a man who had gone
+through some of the worst fights in the South African War afterwards
+assured me it was the hottest corner he had ever been in. Bush-country
+fighting is detestable chiefly because you cannot see your enemy until
+you are on top of him. Our centre cantered in extended order up an
+avenue flanked by dense bush. We were laughing and asking where the
+deuce the rebels were, when a hail of rifle fire at short range greeted
+us. Our fellows were out of their saddles in a second, and advanced to
+the attack through the bush. Meantime, the South African Police extreme
+left had swept round to the head of the spruit on both sides of which
+the donga was formed, the South African Mounted Riflemen and more South
+African Police closed in, the Defence Force unit getting in rear and in
+flank of the rebels to cut them off. The attacking party had to work
+their way through open veld before they could charge the enemy; they
+made a mark as good as standing game. It was two and a half hours
+before the "Cease-fire" whistle sounded.
+
+[Illustration: General Botha's train leaves the Orange Free State after
+the crushing of the Rebellion]
+
+[Illustration: Exhausted Troops after defeating De Wet in the Orange
+Free State]
+
+
+It fell to me to be a horse-holder (one man in each section is, of
+course, a horse-holder when mounted infantry are in action) in this
+fight. In nightmare I have passed that evening since--and wakened
+quickly, too. The worst of rifle fire is that you can hear bullets
+whizzing and spitting in trees, but it takes an experienced hand to
+divine direction. It was only afterwards I found out that a party of
+rebels were firing on our horses in rear. The horses knew it, though,
+and shewed it in their eyes. The sun came watery through the clouds
+just before sunset; I remember during the lulls in the wicked coughs of
+rifle fire hearing doves cooing gently in the sun-pierced trees.
+
+[Illustration: Leaving Pretoria. General Botha's Bodyguard departing]
+[Illustration: Kits aboard. The Troops departing for the Front]
+[Illustration: Camp of the Bodyguard at Groote Schuur]
+
+When darkness fell we had captured Fourie, his brother and all his
+following, except nine men who made their escape at the beginning of
+the fight. The loyalist casualties in this action were twelve killed
+and twenty-four wounded. I saw a man who had shared a last cigarette
+with me as we rode into the action that afternoon lying dead on a
+blanket three hours later. In that instant I learnt something of the
+true meaning of war.
+
+There are hundreds of brave deeds that must go unrecognised in these
+days. But from what I know of this particular action there was an
+amount of gallantry and quiet heroism displayed amongst the fellows
+that deserved more than casual comment. I could speak of things I saw,
+and would like to, moreover. But as for my pains a punched head from
+outraged modesty would be the reward I shall say no more.
+
+A few days later Fourie was tried by court-martial, convicted, and shot
+at dawn. In the last days of December the few remaining rebels at large
+either surrendered or were captured. As the last days of the Old Year
+slipped by, rebellion within the Union of South Africa died out, and
+General Botha spent the holidays in peace on his farm at Rusthof--in
+the haven where he fain would be.
+
+
+
+
+PART II
+
+
+
+
+THE CAMPAIGN OF SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
+
+
+
+SECTION I
+
+
+THE PRELIMINARY CANTER
+
+At the stroke of seven on the evening of January 13, 1915, a train
+steamed out of Pretoria station to the accompaniment of roars of
+cheering. And few in the imposing string of carriages that made the
+train were sober within the meaning of the act. But everyone was in the
+highest spirits. The Rebellion was over. The New Year was with us.
+After weary days our real business was on hand. We were off to German
+West at last.
+
+We reached Cape Town on the 15th. I am particular about the date, not
+entirely as a result of a desire for meticulous accuracy. All who
+started on the South-West Campaign will remember their Cape Peninsula
+experience after the heat and burden of the Rebellion. The authorities
+might have chosen most of our camping grounds about Cape Town with the
+genial purpose of providing a kind of military holiday as a preliminary
+canter to the campaign proper. The unit to which I was attached had its
+temporary resting place on the slopes of Table Mountain at Groote
+Schuur, on the Rhodes Estate. And I fancy the world has on its vast
+surface few spots more alluring and more bracing to the spirit.
+
+Up till that time South Africa itself had never put an expeditionary
+army, to be shipped by sea, on a war footing, and at Cape Town the work
+of equipping the South-West African Expeditionary Force was carried on
+and finished during the four weeks we were there. The quiet pine and
+fir lined roads on the Rondebosch side of Table Mountain complained
+daily under the traffic of wagons and motors, horses, mules and guns;
+it ruined the roads and begot unceasing clouds of dust.
+
+And from breakfast-time till late afternoon every street leading to
+Cape Town and to the great Supply and Ordnance Stores at Maitland and
+at Portswood Road was filled with grey and khaki carts and wagons
+roaring steadily along in golden dust. In the whole Peninsula the
+normal interests of life were for the time being completely
+side-tracked.
+
+Being associated directly with the Commander-in-Chief and Headquarters,
+we were fortunate in having our camp on the finest piece of ground on
+the estate; our tents stretched down a strip of sloping sward,
+sheltered from the wind by the wonderful trees that luxuriate on the
+lower falls of Table Mountain; from one's tent entrance the eye was
+caught by a panorama sweeping a radius of twenty miles inland. I shall
+never forget those days when in the morning wind and sun I helped to
+make out requisitions for shirts and breeches and saddlery to the notes
+of wood music; nor those nights when we lay in our blankets on the
+grass, stars swinging above, the town-lights winking away below us. It
+is not often in life that one slips into dreamless slumber on soft
+grass, lullabied by the night-song of a south-wester in pine trees
+centuries old.
+
+If we had our discipline and our work at Cape Town, we had our
+compensations, too. At that time khaki was completely the fashion
+there. On the long promenade down Adderley Street to the pier-head you
+could have counted a dozen men in khaki to one in mufti. It reminded
+one of the days of the South African War fifteen years ago. There was
+naturally a tendency to make much of the soldier-visitor. It did not
+spoil him, though. A more orderly lot could not have been found. And
+this with the people whose guests we were in indulgent mood, and the
+civic authorities throwing open to us every amusement at their
+disposal.
+
+Though there was work ahead we were all sorry to leave Cape Town.
+
+[Illustration: Brothers in Arms. The British Navy and Botha's Bodyguard
+fraternised aboard. Many of the latter are, of course, pure South
+African]
+
+[Illustration: Boxing aboard. En route to German South-West Africa]
+
+On Friday, the 5th of February, we struck camp at sunrise. All our
+horses had been shipped the day before; we proceeded to the Docks by
+train and on foot. As showing the kindness with which the troops were
+treated I must mention that after the heavy work of embarking horses a
+body of one of the Ladies' War Organisations arranged refreshments for
+us at the railway station.
+
+The journey by train from Groote Schuur to the City takes about fifteen
+minutes; by motor about a quarter of that time. But war-work is a
+trifle different; we were three hours on the heavily laden transport
+wagons before we got to the transport _Galway Castle_.
+
+Many of us who have moved about a good deal and are fond of the sea
+were looking forward to that voyage. It was a four days' trip to Walvis
+Bay; we thought we would have rather a jolly time. Disillusion is
+hateful. And that trip was disillusionment itself. I suppose we
+inexperienced ones overlooked automatically the fact that we were in
+the ranks and travelling to war by transport. It wasn't a high-browed,
+superior outlook that caused our undoing, I fancy. The thing is, you
+must rough it soldiering by ship before you grasp the idea. There were
+other points, too.
+
+[Illustration: Awaiting landing from the Transport]
+
+[Illustration: Trekking over the terrible Sand Dunes near the Coast,
+German South-West Africa]
+
+[Illustration: Some of the first Burghers to land at Walvis]
+
+When we got safely aboard the _Galway Castle_ many of us fancied, in
+expressive phrase, that we were "well away"; that we had struck a good
+thing. Our officers were accommodated in befitting state in the first
+class; our warrants and staff non-commissioned dignitaries were also
+fixed up in correct style; the rest of us had plenty of room and
+quietness to ourselves in the third class. All this by 2.30 in the
+afternoon.
+
+And then eighteen hundred more warriors filed down the quays and, like
+Mr. Jim Hawkins, came aboard, sir. Now most of these were as good
+fellows as you could wish for; but they were landsmen, such as never go
+down to the sea in ships. A large proportion, indeed, had never seen
+the sea before viewing it at Cape Town. (South Africa is a fair-sized
+territory.) Very few of them were good sailors. It is not a man's fault
+that he is not a good sailor; nor is he to blame for knowing little of
+the ways that make for cleanliness and comfort under even the most
+trying conditions on shipboard. But on the whole we did not enjoy that
+four days' voyage to Walvis Bay. It was a case of bedlam as to noise,
+and "muck in" and take what you can get.
+
+Though my knowledge of organisation for a campaign is not great, I
+would suggest that for campaign work the only kind of ship used should
+be a vessel absolutely and completely fitted up as a troopship. If the
+ships the Government used for the South-West campaign transport had all
+been fitted up uncompromisingly as "troopers" I fancy we should have
+fared better.
+
+At 8 a.m. on the 9th we arrived at Walvis Bay. General Botha, who, with
+his Chief of Staff, A.D.C.'s, etc., had embarked at the Cape on the
+auxiliary cruiser _Armadale Castle,_ arrived at Walvis later in the
+morning. We spent the day on board the _Galway Castle_ awaiting orders
+and the disembarkation of horses.
+
+Since the beginning of the operations in South-West Africa the world
+has been flooded with descriptions of Walvis Bay; at least I have seen
+two books with long descriptions of the place, and more than a dozen
+articles on the subject. I shall not add to this list by any long (and
+assuredly unconvincing) attempt at a new picture. When you have left
+the green-covered kopjes of the Cape a few days before and come to
+anchor in Walvis Bay on a cold morning you think you have reached
+No-man's-land after a fast voyage. It is a first impression only. The
+place is desolate enough; it suggests the Sahara run straight into the
+sea, or the discomforting dreariness of Punta Arenas, in Patagonia.
+
+But first impressions are not everything. Walvis Bay is desolate; a
+study in yellow ochre sands, burnt sienna duns, tin shanties veiled in
+hot desert winds, and a sea that seldom knows anything more than a
+ripple. But that is the point. Walvis Bay is nothing now--but it is a
+bay. As a fact, it looks to be one of the finest natural harbours in
+the world. With the South-West interior developing in the future,
+Walvis Bay should have something to look forward to.
+
+[Illustration: Before the Advance. General Botha photographed with the
+Red Cross Sisters]
+
+[Illustration: General Botha and Staff alighting for an Inspection.
+(The famous Brigadier-General Brits, who trekked to Namutoni, is the
+fourth figure from the right.)]
+
+We left the _Galway Castle_ on the 11th, disembarking into lighters, to
+be towed up the coast to the occupied German port of Swakopmund. Down
+to the tender, on to the lighter, kits and equipment, and farewell to
+the quietened steamer. For a while we stood away from her, and rose and
+fell under no way on the still grey waters. Then we saw a tender from
+the _Armadale Castle_ steaming towards us. She came up on our starboard
+quarter and made fast. A figure well known to us all crossed the
+gangway and climbed to the boat-deck of our steam tender. We had not
+seen the Commander-in-Chief in personal command since the past bitter
+days of the Rebellion. A great cheer hit the morning silence and echoed
+over the bay to each transport at anchor. With a smile of genuine
+pleasure, General Botha brought his hand to the salute. And away we
+went, the tender steaming full speed ahead, blunt-nosed barges surging
+in her wake, for Swakopmund.
+
+Swakopmund was the first Headquarters of the Northern Force, Union
+Expeditionary Army; we made two sojourns at this German port. First we
+were there for a period of some five weeks, from February 11 till March
+18, whilst awaiting the first advance into the Namib Desert; then we
+were there for a further month, from the 27th of March till the 25th of
+April, whilst awaiting the general advance to Windhuk and Karibib.
+
+[Illustration: Awaiting the Advance. The Commander-in-Chief at tea with
+the Red Cross Sisters]
+
+[Illustration: Awaiting the Advance. Garrison Sports at Swakopmund.
+Start for 100 yards race]
+
+[Illustration: Awaiting the Advance. Garrison Sports. Winner]
+
+It is difficult to write about Swakopmund. As a town it is the most
+extraordinary place I have seen. I use the superlative deliberately.
+But I do not wish to live there. It is purely artificial, and
+artificial to a ghastly degree too. There is not a spot of vegetation.
+There is not a genuine tree to be seen. The water has a detestable,
+unsatisfying blurred taste, to which the adjective "brackish" is
+applied. It is probable that a town occupied by enemy troops does not
+look at its best; but the fact that it was under such conditions when I
+first knew Swakopmund makes no important difference. The place in its
+essentials must always be the same. If ever there was a work of bluff
+Swakopmund is that thing. One fancies the German commercial expert, a
+Government official, or, maybe, a representative of the ubiquitous
+Woermann, Brock & Co., looking along this ferocious and awful coast for
+a spot to found a town that should appear on the maps and be esteemed a
+seaport. The Swakop River? Very well. Was there water there? But
+certainly so; water obviously of the worst quality--yet water. Besides,
+were there not always refrigerators and condensing machinery? Upon
+which Swakopmund was forced into existence--planked down there bit by
+bit in the face of circumstance. Walk a trifle over a thousand yards
+from the edge of the changeful Atlantic through Swakopmund's deep sandy
+streets and you get the key to the town. For it ceases utterly,
+abruptly; from the door of its last villa, fitted with perfect
+furnishings from Hamburg, the bitter desolation that is the Namib
+Desert stretches away from your, very feet. Marvelling at this place, I
+was particularly struck by the size of its cemetery. But I was not long
+puzzled. If you strike Swakopmund on a fine sunshiny day you will be
+pretty favourably impressed with the climate; it seems warm and
+temperate, and the sun sparkles on the sea.
+
+In a week or so you will learn to modify that judgment. More than half
+the days we were at Swakopmund a heavy pall of dampness hung over the
+place, and after a day or two of it one's system seemed to be badly
+affected. Maybe we were not acclimatised, but the fact remains that a
+very large proportion of us were down with a kind of dysentery,
+attended by vomiting and violent pains in the stomach. Then there are
+days when the winds blow from the desert--an indescribable experience.
+They bring moths and flies with them, and great clouds of sand; it is a
+genuine labour to breathe, and at noon and for two hours after the
+temperature in the sun runs up into the "hundred-and-sixties."
+Swakopmund is not a health resort; or perhaps we dwelt there in the
+wrong season. But it is a monument to Teutonic determination. The
+Germans willed this town there, planted it on the edge of the
+wilderness; fitted it out, from bioscope theatre to church with organ
+and electric organola; and they lived in it, with the climate of
+perdition and all the accessories of a suburb of Berlin, and called it
+a seaport. It is not a seaport; in a fair gale you can't land a barrel
+of corks at the pier. But given time and they would have built in the
+face of nature a two million pounds breakwater and everything complete.
+Yes, they are a thorough people; they are human ants as regards work.
+Nevertheless, it is not colonising. The Germans are not colonists.
+
+Army Headquarters were fixed at the Damaraland Building close to the
+shore--a splendidly equipped edifice, with a tower commanding a
+fifteen-mile-radius view of the desert and the sea. General Botha made
+the private quarters of the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief at the
+Woermann Line House close by.
+
+When we arrived at the northern seaport it had been in our possession
+many weeks, but our troops were occupying the trenches just outside the
+town, and from the Damaralands Building Tower our look-out and
+signallers could see through the heat-haze the enemy's patrols moving
+to and fro in the glistening sands beyond.
+
+Whilst awaiting orders for an advance, life at Swakopmund was in some
+ways quite good. There were two attractions: regimental concerts, when
+sanctioned, and the shore. South Africa at war differs in great degree
+from other parts of the world. The country has the germ in its blood.
+Men who have campaigned before felt the stirring in them when the
+South-West campaign started. The call for volunteers acted like a
+magnet. All sorts and conditions of men were found with the Forces in
+the South-West. Patriotism called them; but there called them also that
+deep-seated spirit of unrest which prompts so powerfully when war drums
+sound once again. I used to think Kipling exaggerated a trifle; now I
+know the truth. At the concerts on the South-West front the most
+astonishing array of talent was to be found. One such function in
+particular stands out in mind. The stage was made up of army biscuit
+boxes supporting rough planking outside a builder's yard in the deep
+sand. At a borrowed piano belonging to some vanished resident a trooper
+officiated; he was clothed in a grey back shirt and ammunition boots--
+and displayed the daedal methods of a Fragson. Singers of every type
+with every kind of voice, and perfectly trained, performed. Only later
+did I learn that amongst the artists were half a dozen of the best
+performers in Johannesburg. And at the foreshore, between fatigues,
+drills, and spells of duty the fellows used to gather, to enjoy the one
+luxury of Swakopmund--the surf-bathing. Here you would meet men upon
+whom you never expected again to set eyes assembled literally from all
+over South Africa from the Cape to the Zambesi. Belonging to one
+regiment I met, in privates and corporals, six well-to-do farmers, a
+handful of solicitors, bank clerks, a sub-native commissioner or two,
+and the no longer youthful private secretary to one of the most eminent
+semi-public companies in Africa. And there we all were cut off from the
+outside world. Each evening we got an issue of the official Bulletin--
+six square inches of paper thankfully received. For the rest we had no
+change from the perpetual sound of the sea and the mournful note of the
+bell-buoy that marks the inshore shoal. Its "dong-dong, dong-dong-dong"
+created a perfect illusion of the call to a tiny church through the
+country lanes of England. Everyone who was there can still hear the old
+bell-buoy at Swakopmund.
+
+[Illustration: Swakopmund from the Lighthouse: Extreme Right]
+[Illustration: Swakopmund: Centre]
+[Illustration: Swakopmund: Extreme Left]
+
+[Illustration: Man and Beast in the Desert: both absolutely spent]
+[Illustration: Looking for Water in the River Bed]
+[Illustration: A Halt in a River Bed: General Botha has lunch]
+
+
+
+SECTION II
+
+
+THE FIRST TREK INTO THE NAMIB DESERT
+
+There were some skirmishes outside Swakopmund early in February. On the
+23rd the Commander-in-Chief took the field; leaving the base shortly
+after dawn, he carried out a driving movement which pushed the enemy
+back from the outspan at Nonidas to his posts much further into the
+desert. In the course of this successful operation we first heard
+rumours that the Germans as a whole were not anxious to fight. The
+Union patrols captured several prisoners, amongst whom was an officer
+with whom I had several chats when I got the opportunity. As was the
+case with many of the prisoners afterwards taken, for a while he
+feigned total ignorance of English. It was not long before it became
+perfectly clear that he of course understood it well.
+
+Following the operations on the 23rd of February, the mounted troops
+pushed steadily into the desert, occupying with merely nominal
+resistance Goanikontes, the water-hole and police post at Haigamkhab,
+and the water-hole at Husab.
+
+On the 18th of March the Commander-in-Chief and Staff, with all forces
+except those detailed to the base and infantry already holding the line
+and stores depots, etc., trekked out from Swakopmund on what was
+officially described as a "reconnaissance." It was really the first big
+push into the Namib Desert. The enemy had taken up an extremely strong
+position on the edge of the desert proper, on the front indicated on
+the general diagram of the campaign marked Pforte-Jakalswater-Riet.
+
+I have little official knowledge on the tactics of the campaign; it is
+necessary, however, here to allude to the plan of proceeding known to
+every one who took any part in it. The vital consideration to the
+advance of any army across the Namib Desert is to secure the
+water-holes on the Swakop River. The Swakop is by no means the usual
+prepossessing kind of stream that flows efficiently between wide banks.
+It flowed actually for a day just after General Botha landed at
+Swakopmund--the first and last time, apparently, within the memory of
+man. But it has water in it nevertheless; and at fixed and charted
+spots are to be found bore-holes and wells for the convenience of
+dwellers in the profitless wilderness. The principal wells and holes
+are at the places marked on the diagram. General Botha's principal task
+was to take an army right across the Namib Desert, and to do that he
+had to capture every water-hole and keep it. It is true that at certain
+points in the Swakop and other of the large rivers of South-West Africa
+you can find water by digging very near the surface--perhaps. But when
+you have a parched army at your back you must deal as little as
+possible in speculation. At Riet and Jakalswater the enemy had
+determined to hold the valuable water-holes at any cost, but especially
+at Riet.
+
+When General Botha treks he treks at express speed. With him the
+intention is that the essence of strategy shall be surprise. The
+Commander-in-Chief left Swakopmund at 2.30 a.m. on the 18th of March.
+We outspanned at Goanikontes, thirty-four kilos, at 10.30 that night.
+Goanikontes was left at 6.30 a.m., and the Husab Outspan was made at
+10.20 that morning. The rest of the day was spent at Husab; at 6.30 in
+the evening the Commander-in-Chief, and with him General Brits, left
+for Riet, outspanned for a few hours and attacked the German position
+at Riet at dawn on the 20th. The general action which was fought on the
+Pforte-Jakalswater-Riet front on this day was conceivably the most
+important move of the campaign. It was essential that the water-holes
+should be secured.
+
+[Illustration: Main Guard aboard--en route to hunt the Huns]
+[Illustration: On the Great Trek--the Chief of the Staff has a
+hair-cut]
+
+[Illustration: Action at Riet]
+
+
+Around Riet, the principal point of attack and defence, the disposition
+of the Germans was as strong as it is possible to imagine. My sketch of
+the place should give a fair idea of things. In the technical sense it
+is not a true plan; but accuracy is not sacrificed to clearness. The
+veld around the Riet water-holes is just a mass of small kopjes and
+rocks; it narrows to a small defile that opens suddenly on to the
+coverless Husab Road. This defile is the only main approach to the Riet
+wells, and it is commanded close up on both flanks--on the right by the
+great bare kopje, Langer Heinreich, on the other by small kopjes and a
+line of ridges.
+
+In attacking this position General Botha had to consider not only the
+enemy's strength of position, but also the fact that his troops had to
+go into action after a waterless twenty-odd mile trek over the desert.
+As the Commander-in-Chief got up to his front on the 20th the big guns
+had started. The artillery duel continued well into the afternoon.
+Every credit is due to the other units, but it was our artillery that
+cracked the nut at Riet. The range was 2,700 yards; but the Germans
+never got it. Why it is difficult to say; they had every advantage, and
+one understands that the Germans are nothing if not artillerists. But
+they were a wash-out at Riet; they were over-firing the whole time. On
+the other hand, the Union gunners got the range at once and were all
+over the enemy. They put an ammunition wagon out of action after three
+shots, and did further deadly work. That afternoon General Botha sent a
+detachment out to attempt an enveloping movement. But they came back
+later, reporting that the slopes of Langer Heinreich on the right and
+the sharp kopjes on the left made the thing impossible.
+
+As the afternoon came on I may say I don't think we knew too much about
+the state of affairs with the enemy, and when he ceased artillery fire
+about 3.30 p.m. everyone seemed pleased enough. Few knew then that the
+German Commander had begun to evacuate the position; his supply of
+shells was said to have run short. On account of our numbers, also, he
+feared an enfilading movement on his left flank should our mounted
+infantry advance to the defile Q.
+
+In the meantime the authorities had decided we must find water in the
+rear; for that purpose a party was at once despatched to Gawieb, in the
+Swakop River bed. It was found by a party from the Commander-in-Chief's
+Bodyguard, and at the Gawieb Hole the greater part of the forces
+watered that night. And they took seven hours to do it.
+
+Before sundown General Botha, with Staff and Bodyguard, fell back two
+miles on the Husab-Riet Road and camped there for the night. Scarcely
+had the Headquarters party arrived before news came that the enemy was
+in precipitate flight, had evacuated Riet and had blown up his small
+ammunition and railway water-tanks at the Riet terminus of the narrow
+gauge railway line to Jakalswater. Bodies of the Union troops had
+occupied Riet on the evening of the 20th.
+
+The actions at the Jakalswater and Pforte fronts, to fight which the
+columns had swept away to our left the night before, were equally
+successful.
+
+That is the general story of the fight of the 20th March on the inland
+edge of the Namib Desert. But how to picture vividly the scene before
+Riet that day? At dawn in those parts conditions are bearable enough;
+the sun has little strength; the night wind refreshes. From 6.30 till
+10 o'clock the desert is endurable. Then comes the change. All along
+the front the stark yellow sand is taking on a different hue under the
+climbing sun rays. It turns almost to glaring whiteness all around--to
+where it stops short at the foot of those scorched and smothered rocks
+on the left flank. To our right the members of the Headquarters Staff
+are standing--sitting--resting. An officer brings his glasses down
+slowly, blinks, feels for a pipe, lights it. Another moves head and
+extended arm to the right and makes a remark to a colleague. Along the
+ridge we occupy the Bodyguard are standing-to and watching the action;
+you see that fellow wearily ease a heavy bandolier; further down
+another brings an army biscuit from his haversack and breaks it on his
+boot.
+
+And now look at that little group almost straight ahead of us; as the
+tall Chief-of-Staff moves aside you see a figure on a little camp
+stool. The left hand is just under the hip, binoculars are in the
+right; up go both hands with the glasses; down they come. He speaks to
+the Chief-of-Staff; there is the favourite gesture--the arm is jerked
+out horizontally, the hand pointing loosely, and dropped again. The
+face is powdered with fine sand and dust; during the day he has been
+allowed a small beaker of water from the artillery. A favour indeed.
+That is Botha--Louis Botha, Commander-in-Chief, the man who leads us.
+And on either flank, well screened, little knots of men are grouped
+round the guns--and "Hampang-ky-yao!" they go in our ears, their report
+carrying ten miles back into the desert where our transport hears them
+in muffled thunder. And look up as you hear that screeching whistle.
+The enemy's shells burst in the depression behind us on both flanks--
+"Pa-ha-ha." They look like slabs of cotton wool against the brazen blue
+sky. And all afternoon the heat strikes up at you overpowering, like
+the breath of a wild animal. Then the wind rises, and the sand shifts
+in eddies. Veils and goggles are useless. They can't keep out that
+spinning curtain of grit. The horses rattle the hard, dry bits in their
+mouths, trying to get some moisture.
+
+On the 21st Headquarters moved into Riet. Here we found two water-holes
+in the bed of the river; one was a splendid Persian well, with chain
+buckets. Riet was no paradise; it was a luxury though, even if the
+river sand was blinding, to lie under a wagon and hear the water
+running.
+
+[Illustration: An unique picture of General Botha, the
+Commander-in-Chief and his Staff reconnoitring]
+
+[Illustration: After Riet water in blessed profusion]
+
+Our casualties in the actions on the Pforte-Jakalswater-Riet front were
+fifteen killed, thirty-nine wounded and forty-two missing. On the 21st
+our commandos occupied Salem, eight miles further up the Swakop River.
+
+The Commander-in-Chief and his party remained at Riet till the 24th. It
+was then decided that a supply depot must be established at Riet before
+further advance was made. On the evening of the 24th Headquarters
+returned to Swakopmund, reaching the coast at 9.30 on the morning of
+the 26th--an extremely fast trek.
+
+Looking out of my window in the heart of civilisation at the evening
+sun that glorifies the Pretoria green kopjes, the scene dissolves. In
+its place comes the picture of the first gaunt daylight on the 26th of
+March last at fifteen kilometres, just going into Swakopmund. The mist
+from the coast had rolled inland; through it after dawn came miles of
+horsemen and wagons, guns, limbers, lorries, ambulances. Every human
+unit in that column was covered in white dust, and every horse was
+weary. And except for the staccato "click-click" of bits and an
+occasional deep hum from a passing motor the army moved in perfect
+silence through the sand.
+
+The official history of the South-West campaign remains to be written,
+of course; in the meantime I am convinced that the actions on the
+twenty-one mile Pforte-Jakalswater-Riet front were practically the
+deciding factors of the campaign.
+
+[Illustration: A Typical Parade of the Germans in South-West Africa]
+
+
+
+SECTION III
+
+
+THE RECORD TREK TO WINDHUK
+
+On the 27th of March General Botha left Northern Force Headquarters at
+Swakopmund for Luderitzbucht, the landing-place of the Central Force
+under the commands of Brigadier-General Mackenzie.
+
+The whole plan of campaign was very much this. The Protectorate was to
+be invaded from several angles, the route of these various forces being
+quite clear, I hope, in the diagram given. Roughly speaking there were
+three forces: the Northern (General Botha, Commander-in-Chief), working
+inland from Swakopmund; the Central (Brigadier-General Mackenzie)
+working inland from Luderitzbucht; and the Southern and South-Eastern
+converging on Keetmanshoop from Raman's Drift-Warmbad-Kalkfontein
+(Hartigan's Horse), from Upington (Brigadier-General van Deventer and
+Colonel Celliers) and from Kimberley-Hasuur (Colonel Berrange's
+column). As a result of this great concentration on Keetmanshoop and
+northwards from all sides, the Germans would be forced to decisive
+action, to retreat northwards, or be cut off. Upon these forces
+reaching a certain distance inland a general move would be made in the
+direction of Windhuk--and again the enemy would have to fight or
+retreat to the limits of his railway system.
+
+[Illustration: Typical captured German Infantry]
+
+[Illustration: The Great Trek. Otjimbingwe: its Palms and Wells]
+[Illustration: The Great Trek. Otjimbingwe: the Commander-in-Chief at
+the old German capital]
+[Illustration: The Great Trek. Getting Milk from a Goat. Milk was
+priced beyond Silver]
+
+On the 30th of March the Commander-in-Chief returned to Swakopmund, and
+the same day news came of the occupation of Aus by the Central Force.
+It was now that we heard definitely that General Smuts was in the field
+with the forces south of us.
+
+With the Central and Southern advances, General Mackenzie, from
+Luderitzbucht, occupied Garub on the 22nd of February, and Aus on March
+31. Colonel Berrange's column, having left Hasuur on the 3rd of March,
+reached Kabus, by Keetmanshoop, on the 19th. Leaving Raman's Drift on
+the 2nd of April, Colonel Hartigan's column occupied Kalkfontein on the
+14th of April, and reached Keetmanshoop on the 20th of April. Seeheim
+was occupied on the 18th of April. The advance to these towns was
+achieved by a series of fast treks in which frightful conditions of
+thirst and fatigue were encountered. General Mackenzie's troops in
+their advance north occupied Bethany on the 13th of April, and
+continued northward to Berseba, Gibeon, etc., on the way to Windhuk.
+
+We now come to the feat that broke all known marching records and
+caused two hemispheres to talk. On Sunday and Monday, the 25th and 26th
+of April, General Botha's forces left the coast: on the 5th of May they
+were outside Windhuk. Striking right across the desert through every
+kind of country, General Botha's army marched night and day, and in
+five of those days covered a minimum distance of a hundred and ninety
+miles. Many units did much more than two hundred miles--over forty
+miles per day.
+
+It was some trekking.
+
+Swakopmund was left on the 26th of April at dawn. Haigkamchab was
+reached by I on the same afternoon, and Husab supply base at 6.30 p.m.
+Next day Husab was left at 2.15 p.m.; the column halted for a few
+minutes at 5 p.m., and pushed right through to Riet, which was made at
+10.20 that evening. Headquarters rested all day on the 28th at Riet,
+left it at 8 p.m., trekked by moonlight along the Swakop River for
+three hours, outspanned till an hour before dawn, and made Salem at
+6.45 a.m. on March 29. At 9.30 that morning the column moved on again,
+reached outspan at twenty miles by 1.35 in the afternoon, rested for an
+hour and a half and pushed on again till a quarter before midnight,
+when it rode into Wilhelmsfeste. But the water was at Kaltenhausen,
+some miles further ahead of this military post. We reached it at 1.15
+on the morning of the 30th. Animals took two hours to water in the
+bitterly cold morning air. The guards had not taken two steps on their
+beat before the sand was littered with sleepers that looked like dead
+men. These sleeping columns, some ninety to a hundred miles from the
+coast, were now half way to Windhuk.
+
+[Illustration: The Great Trek. An extempore bath towards the end of the
+Trek]
+
+Two hours after daylight General Headquarters moved to a camping ground
+two miles back towards Wilhelmsfeste (Tsaobis), and rested during the
+day in the shade of the scant trees with which the veld was covered as
+the desert was left behind. The rest of the Northern Army had trekked on
+with scarcely any pause. Shortly before sunset, the Commander-in-Chief
+set out on a night march of twenty odd miles to Otjimbingwe. The trek
+was done at a fierce pace till midnight, when an outspan was ordered;
+the party slept for four hours, and made Otjimbingwe just as the dawn of
+the 1st of May was breaking. As General Botha rode into this old mission
+settlement the rear of the German forces, closely pursued, was galloping
+in retreat over the kopjes to the east. Many prisoners were taken here.
+General Botha spent the day at Otjimbingwe, left at dawn on the 2nd, and
+trekked north-west seventeen miles to Pot Mine, which he reached at 12.45
+p.m. Here the Commander-in-Chief awaited the arrival of General Smuts,
+had a conference with him, and moved in force on Karibib at 2 a.m. on the
+5th of May. He trekked the whole of that day, with two halts of an hour
+each, and entered Karibib on the heels of the enemy at five o'clock in
+the afternoon. At the same time the rest of the Northern Force had
+entered Okasise, Okahandja, Waldau, and other stations on the railway,
+had captured the whole system practically up to Omaruru, and were at the
+gates of Windhuk. The German forces were in full retreat to the north and
+north-east. Their civilian populations, left behind in the towns, seemed
+dumfoundered at the appearance of the Union troops. Meantime the Southern
+and Central Armies had approached the German capital on the southern
+flank.
+
+This account of the advance through the desert of General Botha's
+Northern Force is purposely bald. The process of a vast flooding of
+water over a country is in essence bald and direct. And that is as near
+as I can get for comparison. General Botha's advance was like a
+well-ordered flood: which, I take it, was exactly the idea. At a fixed
+time organised bodies of men, mounted, dismounted and with artillery,
+were systematically poured over the German territory. I am sure most of
+the fellows who took part in that advance and recall it in detail will in
+the future look back and wonder. For it is a subject for wonder, even
+if history does contain some marches more eventful. It has been stated
+since that all transport was left behind. But that is not strictly
+true: a large quantity of transport was brought on by the Union Forces;
+passed through the deepest sand in waterless desert, between gorges,
+over big kopjes, into almost trackless bushveld--and was never more
+than a day and a half behind. At one place out of a convoy of
+twenty-seven wagons, seventeen capsized.
+
+It is hackneyed, I know, but there is only one way to describe the
+great trek to Windhuk. It was absolutely "a chequer-board of nights and
+days." Looking at my diary just now, that I have had ten years'
+practice at keeping, I see a confusion got into the dates. You didn't
+know anything about the date or the day of the week. Existence was just
+a dateless alternation of light and darkness, of saddle-up and
+off-saddle, of cossack-post, of thinking about water--and of yearning
+with every fibre of one's being for the ineffable boon of a long sleep.
+
+It will be seen that the key to the advance over the Namib Desert was
+the Swakop River. The water-holes of the Swakop River are very
+singular; they form the nucleus of a kind of settlement (even if it be
+only a couple of small huts) right in the dry river bed. At
+Kaltenhausen, to take but one example, there is a splendid
+shooting-lodge slapbang in the centre of the river; it has a fine
+courtyard walled and railed in. It seemed extraordinary. At these
+water-holes you suddenly leave the stony sand of the desert and come on
+to finest soft sand. It is quite pleasant at night, but day tells another
+story. Just after sunrise a wind starts blowing down the river valley and
+raises this superfine, mineralised sand. To lie exposed to this for a day
+is an awful experience; the fine dust will penetrate anywhere. I am sure
+it must lead to positive blindness in time.
+
+I mentioned the water-holes of the Swakop River for the particular
+reason that their situation in most cases adds immensely to the merit
+of the Northern Army's great trek. The trek-road from Swakopmund
+follows the river only in a broad sense; the Haigamkhab, Husab and
+Gawieb water-holes are really three to four and five miles from the
+road and the camping grounds. That is to say, the columns, after a
+twenty mile trek in the sand and sun had another quarter of the
+distance to go--_to water_. And to water usually means across the yard
+to the troughs, so to speak. We shall remember the water-holes of
+South-West Africa. There is many a fellow now back in civilisation who
+can recall vividly the tramp over stony, loose gravel through those
+great echoing rocks down to the water-holes at Haigamkhab, Husab and
+Gawieb. Hour after hour the processions of weary riders passed each
+other in a cloud of dust that rose five hundred yards and filled the
+choking canyon. The invariable question from him going wearily to water
+to him coming refreshed and smothered in water-bottles and with a
+livelier horse from it: "Is it far, boy?" And the stereotyped answer of
+encouragement was as always: "No, no; just round the corner." All these
+water-holes are almost duplicates of each other. I suppose not the echo
+of a bird now hurts their pristine and awful quietude.
+
+[Illustration: A Beauty Spot passed during the last Trek]
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. Conference at Omaruru. German Staff
+lunching]
+[Illustration: The General receives his Bodyguard at a Garden Party
+after return]
+
+The marvellous series of changes as one advances constitutes the most
+striking feature of the advance to Windhuk from the coast. By rail it
+is not so striking; but taking the marching route via the Swakop River
+water-holes--Swakopmund, Nonidas, Haigamkhab, Husab, Riet, Salem,
+Wilhelmsfeste (Tsaobis), Otjimbingwe, Windhuk--the changes in the
+country and the stages that show them are as palpable as if marked by a
+system of parallel walls. I have never seen this feature of the veld so
+marked elsewhere in South Africa.
+
+Swakopmund is the limit in the down-grade--deep sand; brak water; a
+treacherous, dreary climate, with visitations of furnace-heat desert
+winds; a huge cemetery; moths and flies. From Nonidas to Haigamkhab and
+Husab the sand lightens and hardens, the atmosphere improves, rocks,
+barren kopjes begin to appear; the little water you get is fairly good.
+Riet comes; the barren kopjes are more frequent; the atmosphere, hot in
+the day, is beautiful by night; the water is perfect. Salem is a
+duplicate Riet; a small settlement in the river bed; but the water is
+more plentiful, the vegetation more profuse. Then comes the great trek
+to Tsaobis.
+
+It does not look far on the map; it is a huge stretch nevertheless. For
+the first three hours it was Riet-Salem country with extensions and
+additions. Vast gorges, black and brown kopjes, boulders, sand
+stretches, clumps of bush, minute trees. And then, on Thursday the 29th
+of April (memory holds the date like a vice), we saw grass. It was
+grass. It was undoubtedly grass--the kind of grass that gave one the
+feeling that this particular veld, like a man prematurely bald through
+worry or riotous living, had been trying some hair restorer with
+ludicrous results--grass whitish, feeble, attenuated, that to be seen
+at all wanted an eye levelled along the ground.
+
+Each half hour brought its surprise as we moved along, General Botha on
+his white horse at the head of the column, just visible to the eye
+through the thick curtain of white dust our horses' feet flung up into
+the sun glare. We rode in great gorges between kopjes. We crossed dry
+river courses. We clattered over the hard bosoms of rocks, switchbacked
+up and down each hour working out of the desert. Trees began to
+appear--caricatures of trees. Then game spoor was reported. And suddenly,
+just after noon, rain fell--out of one cloud in a sky otherwise brazenly
+clear five drops fell. I counted five on my bridle hand.
+
+Rain on the edge of the Namib Desert. It was ludicrous, too bizarre; it
+was the last straw. We gasped. A deep roar of ironical cheering went
+up. The Commander-in-Chief looked round and laughed. When we outspanned
+later the horses made a show of grazing for the first time for five
+months. The sagacious animals showed plain amazement in their eyes. At
+Wilhelmsfeste (Tsaobis) the bushveld begins. The water supply of
+Otjimbingwe is the feature of that rather quaint settlement. One must
+ever associate it with its fine aeromotor pumping the precious fluid
+for parched man and beast to drink their full after the desert passage
+in the shade of cool palms many years old.
+
+[Illustration: German prisoners of war, imprisoned at Karibib]
+[Illustration: Karibib]
+[Illustration: Towards Windhuk. The first troops in Waldau]
+
+[Illustration: The first South African Engineer Corps Staff at Windhuk]
+
+During the great trek alarms regarding mines were most frequent. There
+were many wonderful escapes. It seems a marvel that the enemy were not
+more successful than they were with these deadly machines. Suffer
+casualties we did; but if all the mines that were laid had blown up our
+casualties would have been formidable indeed. But somehow those mines
+seemed foreordained not to act. They were discovered by the merest
+chance; or they failed to go off; or they exploded at the wrong time.
+
+Making for Karibib in the forenoon of the 5th of May, the authorities
+naturally showed the greatest caution for the safety of General Botha--
+though a large body of Union mounted troops had passed over the same
+ground before the Commander-in-Chief, Staff and Bodyguard traversed the
+road.
+
+In view of the fact that the South African Army was operating against
+the forces of the same nation that has ravaged and despoiled Belgium, a
+point should be made here. It must be remembered that the armed forces
+of the Protectorate simply cleared bag and baggage out of all the
+important inland towns in the face of Botha's overwhelming advances.
+They left wife and child, the old and infirm, every stick of property
+they could not carry, at our mercy. When we entered Karibib at five in
+the evening the non-combatant population were moving about the streets,
+or standing in best bib and tucker at their doors, calmly gazing at the
+trek-stained horsemen that sought the nearest water tanks. They had not
+the slightest fear of us. I spoke to a comrade who has seen war
+aforetime. He said he had never seen a more orderly occupation of a
+town.
+
+[Illustration: Towards Windhuk. A quick railway repair after the
+Germans' usual practice of blowing up railway bridges]
+[Illustration: Towards Windhuk. The first train to Windhuk. The South
+African Engineer Corps Construction Party aboard]
+[Illustration: At Windhuk. How we treat the German women. Ten minutes
+after occupation]
+
+[Illustration: At Windhuk. The Commander-in-Chief addresses his massed
+troops from the Rathaus ]
+
+The conduct of the South African troops should assuredly be noted. The
+very confidence of these German townspeople that they had nothing to
+fear from the hated troops of the British Union of South Africa was
+eloquent. The thing stood out, a piece of bitterest irony in connection
+with a people whose kindred across the seas were making civilisation
+shudder at their atrocities afloat and ashore. The news of the
+_Lusitania_ massacre on the high seas reached Karibib just after
+occupation. Did one Teuton in the place have to suffer as a consequence
+even the insult of a word? No. What would the Germans have done?
+General Botha's forces had crossed a desert through which it was the
+open boast of the enemy that it was strewn with mines and with every
+well poisoned. Was a single defenceless citizen of Windhuk or Karibib
+the worse for it after the occupation? Not one. The greater part of
+General Botha's forces were on a half--a quarter--an eighth rations
+when they made Karibib, Okahandja, Okasise, Waldau and the capital;
+they lived until all supplies could come up on less than one biscuit a
+day, a pinch or two of meal, and fresh meat.
+
+How much looting occurred in these towns?
+
+There was none worthy the name.
+
+Everyone was guarded. A few hours after the places were entered the
+orders were issued threatening severe and instant penalties should any
+looting be done by the hungry troops; officers, etc., were quietly
+billeted; and to the houses occupied by women and marged with a white
+cross no one unauthorised was allowed any approach whatsoever.
+
+It was magnanimous, it was magnificent. But I wonder if the chivalrous
+Teuton would call it war!
+
+Karibib, the practical junction of the railway running north to
+Grootfontein, the enemy's new "capital," was made Army Headquarters.
+General Botha hoisted the flag at Karibib and proclaimed it on the 6th
+of May, spent a few days settling matters at Karibib, and on the
+afternoon of the 11th set out for Windhuk by motor, formally to enter
+the capital. With him the Commander-in-Chief took his Chief of Staff
+(Colonel Collyer), Lieut.-Colonel de Waal (Provost Marshal), Major Bok
+(Military Secretary), Major Trew (Officer Commanding Bodyguard), Major
+Liepoldt (Chief Intelligence Officer), Major Esselen (Staff), an escort
+from the 4th Battery South African Mounted Riflemen and Bodyguard.
+Overnight the Headquarters party "outspanned" at Okasise on a beautiful
+camping-ground, and, meeting the Burgomaster of Windhuk under some
+trees outside the town, ran into the South-West capital towards noon.
+Later in the day the ceremony of formal taking over was performed
+before a big crowd at the Rathaus. It was in every way a historic
+scene. The mounted troops lined all about the square that fronts the
+Rathaus from the roadway, their weary horses and stained uniforms
+showing up in the background, with the throng of civilians crowded
+amongst the motor-cars and carts in the square itself. A
+warrant-officer of the Commander-in-Chief's Bodyguard had the honour of
+hoisting the Union Jack over the Rathaus at Windhuk, the capital of
+Germany's erstwhile colonial possessions.
+
+A cheer went up as the flag fluttered up in the noon sunlight. Windhuk
+was naturally regarded as the Mecca, so to speak, of the invading army.
+
+[Illustration: At the Gate of Windhuk. Headquarters Staff Motors
+awaiting entry]
+[Illustration: At the Gate of Windhuk. General Botha discusses matters
+with the Governor of Windhuk]
+
+[Illustration: At the Gate of Windhuk. The Interpreter]
+[Illustration: At the Gate of Windhuk. General Botha emphasises]
+
+
+With the interests of the civilised world fixed on the vast
+slaughter-grounds of Europe, I shall not spend much time describing
+Windhuk. It is a pretty, picturesque little town, built amongst brown and
+purple hills. In most ways it is highly finished; reflects the spirit of
+German thoroughness that is an admitted attribute of the race. As usual
+in South-West Africa, it has nothing of the _colonial_ town about it;
+it might be another suburb of Berlin. Many of the houses are thoroughly
+built into the sides of the surrounding kopjes--perched like great
+red-roofed cages on the hillsides. The place doesn't seem to have a
+single industry of its own; but then, as I said elsewhere, there is
+hardly an established industry in the Protectorate.
+
+There is one thing about Windhuk that grips your attention--and holds
+it in no uncertain manner, too. One of the great objectives of the
+South-West campaign was to secure the Windhuk wireless station. When
+you see this--catch a glimpse of it suddenly where it stands on the
+veld outside the town--you get a thrill of sheer astonishment. The
+thing seems monstrous there. It is foreign to our ideas--a wireless
+colossus in such a place. Had I seen this vast piece of work in a
+humming city that stands warden to the seas it would have fitted in.
+But where it is--well, it just surprised. Fancy a pretty bijou veld
+town, red roofs, neat church, pepper trees, aeromotors, sleepy people
+and everything--and across the veld, a mile and a half away, darkening
+the sky with great vertical lines, five terrific steel lattice pillars,
+nearly four hundred feet high, tied by cables with stay bolts as big as
+a man; their aerials sweep from pillar to pillar, answer to the wind
+the deepest note of a giant 'cello, and eavesdrop and conjure amongst
+the news markets of the world. Now there is no electric light in this
+village of Windhuk, or Windy Corner, yet. What was the idea with this
+stupendous thing? And there are not enough Germans in the place--or in
+the whole territory, if it comes to that--to populate a good-sized
+town. There is also the usual telegraphic communication to the coast,
+etc. Yet--the wireless.
+
+Its significance could be of one kind only: a military one.
+
+Leaving the town in the hands of Colonel Mentz, Military Governor, and
+Lieut.-Colonel de Waal, the Commander-in-Chief returned to Headquarters
+at Karibib on the 14th of May.
+
+[Illustration: The great Wireless Station at Windhuk]
+[Illustration: Conference at Omaruru. General Staff lunching]
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. The BE2 tuning up in shed before flight
+over German positions]
+
+[Illustration: At the Provost Marshal's office at Windhuk--all in Law
+and order]
+[Illustration: The Union Jack just hoisted at the Governor's office,
+Windhuk]
+[Illustration: The Great Military Barracks at Windhuk]
+
+
+
+SECTION IV
+
+
+THE LAST PHASE
+
+On the 19th of June Brigadier-General Brits, of the Northern Army,
+occupied Omaruru, on the Karibib-Grootfontein line. The enemy had
+retreated.
+
+Nearly five weeks had passed since the Commander-in-Chief had
+officially proclaimed the capital. During this time much had happened.
+An abortive conference had taken place at Omaruru itself, the Germans,
+we were informed afterwards, asking for terms that we were in no mind
+to give them. The railway line between Swakopmund and Karibib, broken
+up by dynamited bridges, had been to a great extent repaired. The
+poorly rationed troops were now replenished. The horses, badly knocked
+up after the rush through to Windhuk, had had opportunity to mend a
+bit. General Botha had proclaimed the country; with refreshed troops
+and horses, he was setting out to attempt to spring a final surprise on
+the Germans. He had now the Aviation Corps in full working order--had
+aerial eyes wherewith to be guided through a subtropical bush country
+very full of possible dangers. He had ahead of him an enemy astonished,
+yet, if what was rumoured was true, prepared to make a series of fights
+and a big stand in country of his own choice. He had with him an army
+that had crossed a desert and, arriving in bush country such as you
+find in the Rhodesia "low" veld, knew the nature of it as only the
+South African can.
+
+On June 24 Headquarters ran into Kalkfeld just after midnight. The
+enemy had retreated. It had been predicted with the utmost confidence
+that the Germans would here put up a fight. So confidently was this
+expected that the Commander-in-Chief would hardly believe it when the
+aeroplanes returned and reported that there were about half a dozen
+Germans left in the place. Yet that proved to be exactly the fact, and
+so greatly impressed was General Botha with the accuracy of the
+observations on this occasion that he emphasised that the skymen were
+to receive every possible assistance for the future.
+
+[Illustration: Panorama of Windhuk]
+
+[Illustration: Picturesque Windhuk]
+[Illustration: Windhuk. Basking in the sun: from the great Wireless
+Station]
+[Illustration: How the Germans started to try trading with us ten
+minutes after we entered the Capital. Note the spelling]
+
+
+On June 26 Headquarters arrived at Okanjande, and pushed through to
+Otjiwarongo, arriving there at 12 noon. The pace of the trekking was
+now becoming phenomenal, and though the country was quite good, water
+was as scarce as ever, the bush being intensely dense, with thick sweet
+grass as much as eight feet high in places. It was a country made for
+ambushes. In less than a week General Botha had trekked over one
+hundred and twenty miles, the distance from Karibib to Otjiwarongo.
+During this trek the army had had water only twice on the stretch from
+Omaruru. But delay of any kind was now highly undesirable: the columns
+could not afford to pause long owing to the consumption of rations. It
+was no part of the Commander-in-Chief's policy to make bases and await
+the arrival of large supplies; water was uncertain, and congestion of
+columns at the watering places had to be avoided as much as possible.
+
+Near Okanjande the first great development in General Botha's final
+strategy occurred. The northern advance was being conducted as follows.
+Brigadier-General Brits, on the left, remained at Otjitasu, leaving it
+on June 30. General Botha, with his command, in the centre, was holding
+to the narrow gauge Karibib-Otavi-Tsumeb-Grootfontein Railway, and
+General Myburgh's column to the right. Brigadier-General Brits now
+branched away to Otjitasu, making for Outjo, Okanknejo, and across the
+Etoscha Pan to Namutoni. The other columns moved on, trekking night and
+day, as in the great advance across the Namib Desert.
+
+Headquarters made Okaputa on June 29; paused the next day, and on July
+1 the Staff, leaving Okaputa at 8 o'clock in the morning, reached Otavi
+and Otaviafontein at 4.30 p.m., close on the heels of an engagement at
+Osib between the Germans and Brigadier-General Manie Botha, who had
+pushed on with the Orange Free State Brigade at 6.30 the previous
+evening, June 30. This engagement took place in the now intensely thick
+bush country. In defeating the enemy, at a cost of a dozen casualties,
+Brigadier-General Manie Botha succeeded in securing the finest water
+supply the Union Forces had yet seen, and so swift and resolute was the
+fighting of the burghers that the enemy fled to their last strong-hold
+northward towards Tsumeb. Before striking the enemy in this action the
+Free State Brigade, and their accompanying batteries from the 2nd South
+African Mounted Riflemen, had trekked forty-two miles in sixteen hours
+without halt for any kind of a rest. Behind them, in support, came the
+force, consisting of the 6th Mounted Brigade, with the 1st South
+African Mounted Riflemen Batteries, who did a similar trek, through
+thickest bush, covering almost fifty miles in twenty hours. And the
+animals had come through from Karibib--almost two and a half degrees of
+latitude south.
+
+At the same time as Brigadier-General Manie Botha had left Okaputa,
+Brigadier-General Lukin, with the 6th Mounted S.A.M.R. Brigade, had
+left Omarasa. We had therefore a perfect network of highly mobile
+forces advancing on the German position somewhere north. Away on the
+right, from Windhuk and Okahandja through the Waterberg,
+was Brigadier-General Albert's column. On his left was Brigadier-General
+Myburgh. Nearer the railway was Brigadier-General Manie Botha. Next came
+the Commander-in-Chief with Headquarters Staff and Bodyguard; and,
+further, General Lukin. For the time being Brigadier-General Brits, on
+the extreme left, had disappeared.
+
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. Difficulties with General Botha's car
+through the thick sand]
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. The Germans had a hobby of blowing up
+bridges. Here is a fine specimen]
+
+[Illustration: General Frank's house, Windhuk. Photo of the two first
+men there taken under the flag hauled down by us]
+[Illustration: Windhuk. The first British station-master and one of his
+staff]
+
+Brigadier-General Manie Botha now advanced right into the bush,
+supported by Brigadier-General Lukin, who occupied Eisenberg Nek, on
+the right flank. Brigadier-General Myburgh, trekking by forced marches,
+in the course of his flanking movement on the right cut the line
+between Otavi and Grootfontein, and, swerving north, encountered the
+enemy at Asis and Gaub. This column, having captured seventy Germans,
+marched straight on to Tsumeb, the extreme northerly limit of the
+railway, forty miles north of Otavi. Here the enemy was attacked so
+resolutely that they surrendered with all arms and four field guns, and
+the Union prisoners of war were released. And great was their
+rejoicing, too. Other columns marching north had now reached
+Rietfontein and Grootfontein.
+
+It so arose now that General Myburgh, having got for a brief space out
+of touch with the Commander-in-Chief, was not aware that the Germans
+had opened, on July 5, negotiations with General Botha. General Myburgh
+was at once communicated with. As a fact, at the time he entered
+Tsumeb, a conference was on hand farther south.
+
+Why did the German forces in the Protectorate surrender without making
+the big stand they threatened? If any proof be needed that they did
+intend to make a stand it is necessary only to glance at the plan of
+their final dispositions. And that is just where General Botha and his
+forces had done their work. There is not the least doubt, not the very
+least, that von Franke might have made a stand. It would have been
+nothing more than a quixotically honourable waste of life ending in one
+only possible way.
+
+_He was surrounded before he knew it._
+
+So neat and swift had been the scheme prepared by the
+Commander-in-Chief that the German was incredulous--until his scouts kept
+coming in and telling him what the real state of affairs was. For Brits,
+after a two hundred mile detour through the wildest country had swept
+right north to Namutoni on the Great Etoscha Pan, had released more
+prisoners and was swerving further out. Myburgh was in Tsumeb. Both these
+generals were behind the Germans, ready to strike out forthwith; and
+von Franke was cut off from all his supplies. He had simply been
+caught--caught by remorseless forced marches and strategy as neat as a
+trivet--in a great fork with bent prongs. On the sketches in this
+little book, to which I have sacrificed everything possible for
+clearness, the general simple scheme of the campaign may be apparent.
+The final position on July 5 was something like the diagram on page 61
+[A].
+
+Even guerilla warfare is an unattainable luxury when you are
+surrounded.
+
+[Illustration: [A] The Fork that Caught the Germans]
+
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. Opposite the very spot where surrender
+was made. A vast ant-hill at 500 Kilometres]
+
+[Illustration: South-West Africa. Position of enemy before surrender]
+
+
+At kilometre 500 on the line between Otavi and Korab, at 2 a.m. on the
+9th of July 1915, von Franke, the German Commander, and Dr. Seitz, the
+Imperial Governor of South-West Africa, discreetly surrendered to Louis
+Botha, Commander-in-Chief and Prime Minister of the Union of South
+Africa.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. The German white flag train just
+arriving]
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. General Botha meets Von Franke at 500
+Kilometres]
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. Troops entraining to return home]
+
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. The famous Rhodesian Regiment that did
+so much in the final brilliant movement]
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. Isumeh. British prisoners released]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+THE TERMS OF SURRENDER
+
+
+
+PRETORIA, _July_ 10.
+
+The terms of surrender of the military forces of the Protectorate of
+German South-West Africa, as agreed to by the Government of the Union
+of South Africa, and accepted by his Excellency Dr. Seitz, the Imperial
+Governor of the Protectorate of German South-West Africa, the commander
+of the military forces, which was signed on the 9th of July, 1915, are
+that--
+
+(1) The military forces of the Protectorate of German South-West Africa
+(hereinafter referred to as the Protectorate) remaining in the field
+under arms and at the disposal and the command of the commander of the
+said Protectorate forces, are hereby surrendered to General the Right
+Hon. Louis Botha, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces of the Union of
+South Africa in the field. Brigadier-General H. T. Lukin, C.M.G.,
+D.S.O., acting on behalf of General Botha, shall be the officer in
+charge with arranging details of the surrender and giving effect to it.
+
+(2) The active troops of the said forces of the said Protectorate
+surrendered in terms of paragraph (1) shall, in the case of officers,
+retain their arms and may give parole, being allowed to live each under
+that parole at such places as he may select. If for any reason the
+Government of the Union is unable to meet the wish of any officer as
+regards choice of abode, the officer concerned will choose some place
+in respect of which no difficulty exists. In the case of other ranks of
+the active troops of the said forces of the Protectorate, such other
+ranks shall be interned under proper guard at such place in the
+Protectorate as the Union Government shall decide upon.
+
+(3) Each non-commissioned officer and man of the ranks last referred to
+shall be allowed to retain their rifles, but no ammunition. One officer
+shall be permitted to be interned with the other ranks of artillery,
+and one with the other ranks of the remainder of the active troops, and
+one with the other ranks of the police.
+
+(4) All reservists (Landwehr) of all ranks of the said forces of the
+Protectorate now remaining under arms in the field shall, except to the
+extent as is provided for in paragraph (6) below, give up their arms
+upon being surrendered, in such formations as may be found most
+convenient, and after signing the annexed form of parole shall be
+allowed to return to their homes and resume civil occupation.
+
+(5) All reservists (Landwehr and Landsturm) of all ranks of the said
+forces of the Protectorate who are now held by the Union Government as
+prisoners of war taken from the forces of the Protectorate, upon
+signing the form of parole above mentioned in paragraph (4), shall be
+allowed to resume civil occupation in the Protectorate.
+
+(6) Officers of the Reserve (Landwehr and Landsturm) of the said forces
+of the Protectorate who surrender in terms of paragraph (1) above shall
+be allowed to retain their arms, provided they sign the parole above
+mentioned in paragraph (4).
+
+(7) All the officers of the said forces of the Protectorate who sign
+the form of parole above mentioned in paragraph (4) shall be allowed to
+retain their horses, which are nominally allotted to them in the
+military establishment.
+
+(8) The Police of the Protectorate shall be treated, as far as have
+been mobilised, as active troops. Those members of the Police who are
+on duty on distant stations shall remain at their posts until relieved
+by the Union troops, in order that the lives and property of
+non-combatants may be protected.
+
+(9) Civil officials in the employment of the German Government of the
+Protectorate shall be allowed to remain in their homes provided they
+sign the parole above mentioned in paragraph (4). Nothing, however, in
+this statement to be construed as entitling any such official to
+exercise the functions of the appointment which he holds in the service
+of either of the Governments aforesaid, or to claim from the Union
+Government the emoluments of such appointment.
+
+(10)With the exception of the arms retained by the officers of the
+Protectorate forces and by other ranks of the active troops, as
+provided in paragraph (2), all war material (including all field guns,
+mountain guns, small arms and guns, and small arm ammunition), and the
+whole of the property of the Government of the Protectorate, shall be
+placed at the disposal of the Union Government.
+
+[Illustration: The German Staff before surrender]
+
+[Illustration: General Botha and his brilliant Chief of Staff, Colonel
+J.F. Collier, meet Von Franke at 500 Kilometres]
+
+
+(11) His Excellency the Imperial Governor shall appoint a civil
+official of the Protectorate Service who shall hand over and keep a
+record of all Government property of the Civil Departments, including
+records which are handed over to the Union Government in terms of
+paragraph (10), and the Commander of the said forces of the
+Protectorate shall appoint military officers, who shall hand over and
+keep a similar record of all Government Property of the Military
+Department of the Protectorate.
+
+Given under our hand this 19th day of July 1915.
+
+(Signed) Louis BOTHA,
+
+General Commanding-in-Chief of the Union Forces in the Field.
+
+SEITZ,
+
+Imperial Governor of German South-West Africa.
+
+FRANKE,
+
+Lieut.-Colonel, Commander of the Protectorate Forces of German
+South-West Africa.
+
+The form of parole, shown as an annexure, begins--
+
+"I, the undersigned, hereby place myself on my honour not to re-engage
+in hostilities in the present war between Great Britain and Germany."
+
+[Illustration: The Last Phase. The Commander-in-Chief, General Botha,
+receives an ovation from his Bodyguard after disbanding them]
+[Illustration: Generals Botha and Smuts, the Great South Africans,
+receive a tremendous ovation from the crowd at the Capital on the
+successful conclusion of the Rebellion and the Campaign]
+
+[Illustration: Homeward bound! General Botha and Staff returning on the
+_Ebari_]
+[Illustration: The Great Man and the Chips of the Old Block returning
+to the Union after Conquest]
+
+
+
+TOTAL UNION CASUALTIES.
+
+
+The official report shows that the total casualties of the operations
+in South-West Africa in connection with the Union Forces are
+approximately as follows--
+
+Killed in action                                 88
+Died of wounds                                   25
+Wounded in action                               263
+Wounded and taken prisoners                      48
+Unwounded prisoners in hands of enemy           612
+Total                                         1,036
+
+
+Died of disease                                  97
+Died through accidents and by mis-adventure      56
+Total                                           153
+
+
+
+TOTAL ENEMY SURRENDERS
+
+
+Immediately after the capitulation of the enemy, Brigadier-General
+Lukin reported that he had satisfactorily completed the work of
+accepting surrenders. The total number of surrenders amounted to
+4,410, made up as follows--
+
+Officers of the Active Troops and Police         110
+Officers of the Reserve                          177
+Rank and File of Active Troops and Police      1,548
+Rank and File of Reserve                       2,575
+
+
+The Union Forces when at greatest strength numbered 50,000 men.
+
+The Germans when at full strength numbered 9,000, but a proportion of
+these consisted of civilians, who eventually refused to serve.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT
+
+
+In an official _communiqué_ issued at the end of July, figures were
+given of the total number of the enemy included in the general
+surrender. The total then given was 4,410, and included the
+surrender of the main body at Korab, and also troops captured by
+Brigadier-General Myburgh at Tsumeb on July 6, the surrenders at
+Grootfontein, Otavifontein, Otavi and Tsumeb, and those who surrendered
+at Otjiwarongo.
+
+The additional numbers captured or surrendered at various points since
+General Botha made his advance northwards after occupation of Windhuk
+are--
+
+To Brigadier-General Myburgh's force,
+mostly at Gaub                                 105
+
+To Brigadier-General Manie Botha's
+force between Okaputa and Otavifontein          50
+
+To Brigadier-General Lukin's force              12
+
+To Brigadier-General Brits' force,
+mostly at Namutoni                             163
+
+Total                                          330
+
+Thus the total number of prisoners taken during the last stage of the
+campaign, viz. from June 18 to July 9, was 4,740.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH BOTHA IN THE FIELD***
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