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diff --git a/15784.txt b/15784.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..336e2cf --- /dev/null +++ b/15784.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9260 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended +by Isaac Newton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended + To which is Prefix'd, A Short Chronicle from the First + Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by + Alexander the Great + +Author: Isaac Newton + +Release Date: May 7, 2005 [EBook #15784] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT *** + + + + +Produced by Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +THE +CHRONOLOGY +OF +ANCIENT KINGDOMS +AMENDED. + +To which is Prefix'd, +_A _SHORT CHRONICLE_ from the First +Memory of Things in _Europe_, to the Conquest +of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great._ + + * * * * * + +By Sir _ISAAC NEWTON_. + + * * * * * + +_LONDON_: + +Printed for J. TONSON in the _Strand_, and J. OSBORN +and T. LONGMAN in _Pater-noster Row_. + +MDCCXXVIII. + + * * * * * + +TO THE + +QUEEN. + +MADAM, + +_As I could never hope to write any thing my self, worthy to be laid before +YOUR MAJESTY; I think it a very great happiness, that it should be my lot +to usher into the world, under Your Sacred Name, the last work of as great +a Genius as any Age ever produced: an Offering of such value in its self, +as to be in no danger of suffering from the meanness of the hand that +presents it._ + +_The impartial and universal encouragement which YOUR MAJESTY has always +given to Arts and Sciences, entitles You to the best returns the learned +world is able to make: And the many extraordinary Honours YOUR MAJESTY +vouchsafed the Author of the following sheets, give You a just right to his +Productions. These, above the rest, lay the most particular claim to Your +Royal Protection; For the _Chronology_ had never appeared in its present +Form without YOUR MAJESTY's Influence; and the _Short Chronicle_, which +precedes it, is entirely owing to the Commands with which You were pleased +to honour him, out of your singular Care for the education of the Royal +Issue, and earnest desire to form their minds betimes, and lead them early +into the knowledge of Truth._ + +_The Author has himself acquainted the Publick, that the following Treatise +was the fruit of his vacant hours, and the relief he sometimes had recourse +to, when tired with his other studies. What an Idea does it raise of His +abilities, to find that a Work of such labour and learning, as would have +been a sufficient employment and glory for the whole life of another, was +to him diversion only, and amusement! The Subject is in its nature +incapable of that demonstration upon which his other writings are founded, +but his usual accuracy and judiciousness are here no less observable; And +at the same time that he supports his suggestions, with all the authorities +and proofs that the whole compass of Science can furnish, he offers them +with the greatest caution; And by a Modesty, that was natural to Him and +always accompanies such superior talents, sets a becoming example to +others, not to be too presumptuous in matters so remote and dark. Tho' the +Subject be only _Chronology_, yet, as the mind of the Author abounded with +the most extensive variety of Knowledge, he frequently intersperses +Observations of a different kind; and occasionally instills principles of +Virtue and Humanity, which seem to have been always uppermost in his heart, +and, as they were the Constant Rule of his actions, appear Remarkably in +all his writings._ + +_Here YOUR MAJESTY will see _Astronomy_, and a just Observation on the +course of Nature, assisting other parts of Learning to illustrate +Antiquity; and a Penetration and Sagacity peculiar to the great Author, +dispelling that Mist, with which Fable and Error had darkened it; and will +with pleasure contemplate the first dawnings of Your favourite Arts and +Sciences, the noblest and most beneficial of which He alone carried farther +in a few years, than all the most Learned who went before him, had been +able to do in many Ages. Here too, MADAM, You will observe, that an +Abhorrence of Idolatry and Persecution (the very essence and foundation of +that Religion, which makes so bright a part of YOUR MAJESTY's character) +was one of the _earliest Laws_ of the Divine Legislator, the _Morality of +the first Ages, and the primitive Religion of both Jews and Christians_; +and, as the Author adds, _ought to be the standing Religion of all Nations; +it being for the honour of God, and good of Mankind_. Nor will YOUR MAJESTY +be displeased to find his sentiments so agreeable to Your own, whilst he +condemns _all oppression_; and every kind of _cruelty, even to brute +beasts_; and, with so much warmth, inculcates _Mercy_, _Charity_, and the +indispensable duty of _doing good_, and promoting the general _welfare of +mankind_: Those great ends, for which Government was first instituted, and +to which alone it is administred in this happy Nation, under a KING, who +distinguished himself early in opposition to the Tyranny which threatned +_Europe_, and chuses to reign in the hearts of his subjects; Who, by his +innate Benevolence, and Paternal Affection to his People, establishes and +confirms all their Liberties; and, by his Valour and Magnanimity, guards +and defends them._ + +_That Sincerity and Openness of mind, which is the darling quality of this +Nation, is become more conspicuous, by being placed upon the Throne; And we +see, with Pride, OUR SOVEREIGN the most eminent for a Virtue, by which our +country is so desirous to be distinguished. A Prince, whose views and heart +are above all the mean arts of Disguise, is far out of the reach of any +temptation to Introduce Blindness and Ignorance. And, as HIS MAJESTY is, by +his incessant personal cares, dispensing Happiness at home, and Peace +abroad; You, MADAM, lead us on by Your great Example to the most noble use +of that Quiet and Ease, which we enjoy under His Administration, whilst all +Your hours of leisure are employed in cultivating in Your Self That +Learning, which You so warmly patronize in Others._ + +_YOUR MAJESTY does not think the instructive Pursuit, an entertainment +below Your exalted Station; and are Your Self a proof, that the abstruser +parts of it are not beyond the reach of Your Sex. Nor does this Study end +in barren speculation; It discovers itself in a steady attachment to true +Religion; in Liberality, Beneficence, and all those amiable Virtues, which +increase and heighten the Felicities of a Throne, at the same time that +they bless All around it. Thus, MADAM, to enjoy, together with the highest +state of publick Splendor and Dignity all the retired Pleasures and +domestick Blessings of private life; is the perfection of human Wisdom, as +well as Happiness._ + +_The good Effects of this Love of knowledge, will not stop with the present +Age; It will diffuse its Influence with advantage to late Posterity: And +what may we not anticipate in our minds for the Generations to come under a +Royal Progeny, so descended, so educated, and formed by such Patterns!_ + +_The glorious Prospect gives us abundant reason to hope, that Liberty and +Learning will be perpetuated together; and that the bright Examples of +Virtue and Wisdom, set in this Reign by the Royal Patrons of Both, will be +transmitted with the Scepter to their Posterity, till this and the other +Works of Sir ISAAC NEWTON shall be forgot, and Time it self be no more: +Which is the most sincere and ardent wish of_ + +_MADAM,_ + +May it please YOUR MAJESTY, + +YOUR MAJESTY's most obedient and most dutiful subject and servant, + +_John Conduitt_. + + * * * * * + +THE CONTENTS. + +_A Short Chronicle from the first Memory of Things in page 1 +_Europe_, to the Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the +Great._ + +The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended. + +Chap. I. _Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the_ p. 43 +Greeks_._ + +Chap. II. _Of the Empire of_ Egypt_._ p. 191 + +Chap. III. _Of the_ Assyrian _Empire._ p. 265 + +Chap. IV. _Of the two Contemporary Empires of the p. 294 +_Babylonians_ and _Medes_._ + +Chap. V. _A Description of the Temple of _Solomon_._ p. 332 + +Chap. VI. _Of the Empire of the _Persians_._ p. 347 + + * * * * * + +Advertisement. + +_Tho' _The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended_, was writ by the Author +many years since; yet he lately revis'd it, and was actually preparing it +for the Press at the time of his death. But _The Short Chronicle_ was never +intended to be made public, and therefore was not so lately corrected by +him. To this the Reader must impute it, if he shall find any places where +_the Short Chronicle_ does not accurately agree with the Dates assigned in +the larger Piece. The Sixth Chapter was not copied out with the other Five, +which makes it doubtful whether he intended to print it: but being found +among his Papers, and evidently appearing to be a Continuation of the same +Work, and (as such) abridg'd in _the Short Chronicle_; it was thought +proper to be added._ + +_Had the _Great Author_ himself liv'd to publish this Work, there would +have been no occasion for this Advertisement; But as it is, the Reader is +desired to allow for such imperfections as are inseparable from Posthumous +Pieces; and, in so great a number of proper names, to excuse some errors of +the Press that have escaped._ + + * * * * * + +A SHORT + +CHRONICLE + +FROM THE +First Memory of Things in _Europe_, +TO THE +Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great. + + * * * * * + +The INTRODUCTION. + +The _Greek_ Antiquities are full of Poetical Fictions, because the _Greeks_ +wrote nothing in Prose, before the Conquest of _Asia_ by _Cyrus_ the +_Persian_. Then _Pherecydes Scyrius_ and _Cadmus Milesius_ introduced the +writing in Prose. _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, about the end of the Reign of +_Darius Hystaspis_, wrote of Antiquities, and digested his work by +Genealogies, and was reckoned one of the best Genealogers. _Epimenides_ the +Historian proceeded also by Genealogies; and _Hellanicus_, who was twelve +years older than _Herodotus_, digested his History by the Ages or +Successions of the Priestesses of _Juno Argiva_. Others digested theirs by +the Kings of the _Lacedaemonians_, or Archons of _Athens_. _Hippias_ the +_Elean_, about thirty years before the fall of the _Persian_ Empire, +published a breviary or list of the Olympic Victors; and about ten years +before the fall thereof, _Ephorus_ the disciple of _Isocrates_ formed a +Chronological History of _Greece_, beginning with the return of the +_Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and ending with the siege of _Perinthus_, +in the twentieth year of _Philip_ the father of _Alexander_ the great: But +he digested things by Generations, and the reckoning by Olympiads was not +yet in use, nor doth it appear that the Reigns of Kings were yet set down +by numbers of years. The _Arundelian_ marbles were composed sixty years +after the death of _Alexander_ the great (_An._ 4. _Olymp._ 128.) and yet +mention not the Olympiads: But in the next Olympiad, _Timaeus Siculus_ +published an history in several books down to his own times, according to +the Olympiads, comparing the Ephori, the Kings of _Sparta_, the Archons of +_Athens_, and the Priestesses of _Argos_, with the Olympic Victors, so as +to make the Olympiads, and the Genealogies and Successions of Kings, +Archons, and Priestesses, and poetical histories suit with one another, +according to the best of his judgment. And where he left off, _Polybius_ +began and carried on the history. + +So then a little after the death of _Alexander_ the great, they began to +set down the Generations, Reigns and Successions, in numbers of years, and +by putting Reigns and Successions equipollent to Generations, and three +Generations to an hundred or an hundred and twenty years (as appears by +their Chronology) they have made the Antiquities of _Greece_ three or four +hundred years older than the truth. And this was the original of the +Technical Chronology of the _Greeks_. _Eratosthenes_ wrote about an hundred +years after the death of _Alexander_ the great: He was followed by +_Apollodorus_, and these two have been followed ever since by Chronologers. + +But how uncertain their Chronology is, and how doubtful it was reputed by +the _Greeks_ of those times, may be understood by these passages of +_Plutarch_. _Some reckon_, saith he, [1] Lycurgus _contemporary to +_Iphitus_, and to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic +festivals: amongst whom was _Aristotle_ the Philosopher, arguing from the +Olympic Disc, which had the name of _Lycurgus_ upon it. Others supputing +the times by the succession of the Kings of the _Lacedaemonians_, as +_Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_, affirm that he was not a few years older +than the first Olympiad._ First _Aristotle_ and some others made him as old +as the first Olympiad; then _Eratosthenes_, _Apollodorus_, and some others +made him above an hundred years older: and in another place _Plutarch_ [2] +tells us: _The congress of _Solon_ with _Croesus_, some think they can +confute by Chronology. But an history so illustrious, and verified by so +many witnesses, and (which is more) so agreeable to the manners of _Solon_, +and so worthy of the greatness of his mind and of his wisdom, I cannot +persuade my self to reject because of some Chronological Canons, as they +call them: which hundreds of authors correcting, have not yet been able to +constitute any thing certain, in which they could agree among themselves, +about repugnancies_. It seems the Chronologers had made the Legislature of +_Solon_ too ancient to consist with that Congress. + +For reconciling such repugnancies, Chronologers have sometimes doubled the +persons of men. So when the Poets had changed _Io_ the daughter of +_Inachus_ into the _Egyptian Isis_, Chronologers made her husband _Osiris_ +or _Bacchus_ and his mistress _Ariadne_ as old as _Io_, and so feigned that +there were two _Ariadnes_, one the mistress of _Bacchus_, and the other the +mistress of _Theseus_, and two _Minos's_ their fathers, and a younger _Io_ +the daughter of _Jasus_, writing _Jasus_ corruptly for _Inachus_. And so +they have made two _Pandions_, and two _Erechtheus's_, giving the name of +_Erechthonius_ to the first; _Homer_ calls the first, _Erechtheus_: and by +such corruptions they have exceedingly perplexed Ancient History. + +And as for the Chronology of the _Latines_, that is still more uncertain. +_Plutarch_ represents great uncertainties in the Originals of _Rome_: and +so doth _Servius_. The old records of the _Latines_ were burnt by the +_Gauls_, sixty and four years before the death of _Alexander_ the great; +and _Quintus Fabius Pictor_, the oldest historian of the _Latines_, lived +an hundred years later than that King. + +In Sacred History, the _Assyrian_ Empire began with _Pul_ and +_Tiglathpilaser_, and lasted about 170 years. And accordingly _Herodotus_ +hath made _Semiramis_ only five generations, or about 166 years older than +_Nitocris_, the mother of the last King of _Babylon_. But _Ctesias_ hath +made _Semiramis_ 1500 years older than _Nitocris_, and feigned a long +series of Kings of _Assyria_, whose names are not _Assyrian_, nor have any +affinity with the _Assyrian_ names in Scripture. + +The Priests of _Egypt_ told _Herodotus_, that _Menes_ built _Memphis_ and +the sumptuous temple of _Vulcan_, in that City: and that _Rhampsinitus_, +_Moeris_, _Asychis_ and _Psammiticus_ added magnificent porticos to that +temple. And it is not likely that _Memphis_ could be famous, before +_Homer_'s days who doth not mention it, or that a temple could be above two +or three hundred years in building. The Reign of _Psammiticus_ began about +655 years before Christ, and I place the founding of this temple by _Menes_ +about 257 years earlier: but the Priests of _Egypt_ had so magnified their +Antiquities before the days of _Herodotus_, as to tell him that from +_Menes_ to _Moeris_ (who reigned 200 years before _Psammiticus_) there were +330 Kings, whose Reigns took up as many Ages, that is eleven thousand +years, and had filled up the interval with feigned Kings, who had done +nothing. And before the days of _Diodorus Siculus_ they had raised their +Antiquities so much higher, as to place six, eight, or ten new Reigns of +Kings between those Kings, whom they had represented to _Herodotus_ to +succeed one another immediately. + +In the Kingdom of _Sicyon_, Chronologers have split _Apis Epaphus_ or +_Epopeus_ into two Kings, whom they call _Apis_ and _Epopeus_, and between +them have inserted eleven or twelve feigned names of Kings who did nothing, +and thereby they have made its Founder _AEgialeus_, three hundred years +older than his brother _Phoroneus_. Some have made the Kings of _Germany_ +as old as the Flood: and yet before the use of letters, the names and +actions of men could scarce be remembred above eighty or an hundred years +after their deaths: and therefore I admit no Chronology of things done in +_Europe_, above eighty years before _Cadmus_ brought letters into _Europe_; +none, of things done in _Germany_, before the rise of the _Roman_ Empire. + +Now since _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_ computed the times by the Reigns +of the Kings of _Sparta_, and (as appears by their Chronology still +followed) have made the seventeen Reigns of these Kings in both Races, +between the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the Battel +of _Thermopylae_, take up _622_ years, which is after the rate of 361/2 years +to a Reign, and yet a Race of seventeen Kings of that length is no where to +be met with in all true History, and Kings at a moderate reckoning Reign +but 18 or 20 years a-piece one with another: I have stated the time of the +return of the _Heraclides_ by the last way of reckoning, placing it about +340 years before the Battel of _Thermopylae_. And making the Taking of +_Troy_ eighty years older than that Return, according to _Thucydides_, and +the _Argonautic_ Expedition a Generation older than the _Trojan_ War, and +the Wars of _Sesostris_ in _Thrace_ and death of _Ino_ the daughter of +_Cadmus_ a Generation older than that Expedition: I have drawn up the +following Chronological Table, so as to make Chronology suit with the +Course of Nature, with Astronomy, with Sacred History, with _Herodotus_ the +Father of History, and with it self; without the many repugnancies +complained of by _Plutarch_. I do not pretend to be exact to a year: there +may be Errors of five or ten years, and sometimes twenty, and not much +above. + + * * * * * + +A SHORT + +CHRONICLE + +FROM THE +_First Memory of things in _Europe_ to +the Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ +the great._ + +_The Times are set down in years before Christ._ + +The _Canaanites_ who fled from _Joshua_, retired in great numbers into +_Egypt_, and there conquered _Timaus_, _Thamus_, or _Thammuz_ King of the +lower _Egypt_, and reigned there under their Kings _Salatis_, _Boeon_, +_Apachnas_, _Apophis_, _Janias_, _Assis_, &c. untill the days of _Eli_ and +_Samuel_. They fed on flesh, and sacrificed men after the manner of the +_Phoenicians_, and were called Shepherds by the _Egyptians_, who lived only +on the fruits of the earth, and abominated flesh-eaters. The upper parts of +_Egypt_ were in those days under many Kings, Reigning at _Coptos_, +_Thebes_, _This_, _Elephantis_, and other Places, which by conquering one +another grew by degrees into one Kingdom, over which _Misphragmuthosis_ +Reigned in the days of _Eli_. + +In the year before Christ 1125 _Mephres_ Reigned over the upper _Egypt_ +from _Syene_ to _Heliopolis_, and his Successor _Misphragmuthosis_ made a +lasting war upon the Shepherds soon after, and caused many of them to fly +into _Palestine_, _Idumaea_, _Syria_, and _Libya_; and under _Lelex_, +_AEzeus_, _Inachus_, _Pelasgus_, _AEolus_ the first, _Cecrops_, and other +Captains, into _Greece_. Before those days _Greece_ and all _Europe_ was +peopled by wandring _Cimmerians_, and _Scythians_ from the backside of the +_Euxine Sea_, who lived a rambling wild sort of life, like the _Tartars_ in +the northern parts of _Asia_. Of their Race was _Ogyges_, in whose days +these _Egyptian_ strangers came into _Greece_. The rest of the Shepherds +were shut up by _Misphragmuthosis_, in a part of the lower _Egypt_ called +_Abaris_ or _Pelusium_. + +In the year 1100 the _Philistims_, strengthned by the access of the +Shepherds, conquer _Israel_, and take the Ark. _Samuel_ judges _Israel_. + +1085. _Haemon_ the son of _Pelasgus_ Reigns in _Thessaly_. + +1080. _Lycaon_ the son of _Pelasgus_ builds _Lycosura_; _Phoroneus_ the son +of _Inachus_, _Phoronicum_, afterwards called _Argos_; _AEgialeus_ the +brother of _Phoroneus_ and son of _Inachus_, _AEgialeum_, afterwards called +_Sicyon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_. 'Till then +they built only single houses scattered up and down in the fields. About +the same time _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_ in _Attica_, afterwards called +_Athens_; and _Eleusine_, the son of _Ogyges_, built _Eleusis_. And these +towns gave a beginning to the Kingdoms of the _Arcadians_, _Argives_, +_Sicyons_, _Athenians_, _Eleusinians_, &c. _Deucalion_ flourishes. + +1070. _Amosis_, or _Tethmosis_, the successor of _Misphragmuthosis_, +abolishes the _Phoenician_ custom in _Heliopolis_ of sacrificing men, and +drives the Shepherds out of _Abaris_. By their access the _Philistims_ +become so numerous, as to bring into the field against _Saul_ 30000 +chariots, 6000 horsemen, and people as the sand on the sea shore for +multitude. _Abas_, the father of _Acrisius_ and _Proetus_, comes from +_Egypt_. + +1069. _Saul_ is made King of _Israel_, and by the hand of _Jonathan_ gets a +great victory over the _Philistims_. _Eurotas_ the son of _Lelex_, and +_Lacedaemon_ who married _Sparta_ the daughter of _Eurotas_, Reign in +_Laconia_, and build _Sparta_. + +1060. _Samuel_ dies. + +1059. _David_ made King. + +1048. The _Edomites_ are conquered and dispersed by _David_, and some of +them fly into _Egypt_ with their young King _Hadad_. Others fly to the +_Persian Gulph_ with their Commander _Oannes_; and others from the _Red +Sea_ to the coast of the _Mediterranean_, and fortify _Azoth_ against +_David_, and take _Zidon_; and the _Zidonians_ who fled from them build +_Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and make _Abibalus_ King of _Tyre_. These _Edomites_ +carry to all places their Arts and Sciences; amongst which were their +Navigation, Astronomy, and Letters; for in _Idumaea_ they had Constellations +and Letters before the days of _Job_, who mentions them: and there _Moses_ +learnt to write the Law in a book. These _Edomites_ who fled to the +_Mediterranean_, translating the word _Erythraea_ into that of _Phoenicia_, +give the name of _Phoenicians_ to themselves, and that of _Phoenicia_ to +all the sea-coasts of _Palestine_ from _Azoth_ to _Zidon_. And hence came +the tradition of the _Persians_, and of the _Phoenicians_ themselves, +mentioned by _Herodotus_, that the _Phoenicians_ came originally from the +_Red Sea_, and presently undertook long voyages on the _Mediterranean_. + +1047. _Acrisius_ marries _Eurydice_, the daughter of _Lacedaemon_ and +_Sparta_. The _Phoenician_ mariners who fled from the _Red Sea_, being used +to long voyages for the sake of traffic, begin the like voyages on the +_Mediterranean_ from _Zidon_; and sailing as far as _Greece_, carry away +_Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_, who with other _Grecian_ women came to +their ships to buy their merchandize. The _Greek Seas_ begin to be infested +with Pyrates. + +1046. The _Syrians_ of _Zobah_ and _Damascus_ are conquered by _David_. +_Nyctimus_, the son of _Lycaon_, reigns in _Arcadia_. _Deucalion_ still +alive. + +1045. Many of the _Phoenicians_ and _Syrians_ fleeing from _Zidon_ and from +_David_, come under the conduct of _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Phoenix_, +_Membliarius_, _Nycteus_, _Thasus_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, into +_Asia minor_, _Crete_, _Greece_, and _Libya_; and introduce Letters, Music, +Poetry, the _Octaeteris_, Metals and their Fabrication, and other Arts, +Sciences and Customs of the _Phoenicians_. At this time _Cranaus_ the +successor of _Cecrops_ Reigned in _Attica_, and in his Reign and the +beginning of the Reign of _Nyctimus_, the _Greeks_ place the flood of +_Deucalion_. This flood was succeeded by four Ages or Generations of men, +in the first of which _Chiron_ the son of _Saturn_ and _Philyra_ was born, +and the last of which according to _Hesiod_ ended with the _Trojan_ War; +and so places the Destruction of _Troy_ four Generations or about 140 years +later than that flood, and the coming of _Cadmus_, reckoning with the +ancients three Generations to an hundred years. With these _Phoenicians_ +came a sort of men skilled in the Religious Mysteries, Arts, and Sciences +of _Phoenicia_, and settled in several places under the names of _Curetes_, +_Corybantes_, _Telchines_, and _Idaei Dactyli_. + +1043. Hellen, the son of _Deucalion_, and father of _AEolus_, _Xuthus_, and +_Dorus_, flourishes. + +1035. _Erectheus_ Reigns in _Attica_. _AEthlius_, the grandson of +_Deucalion_ and father of _Endymion_, builds _Elis_. The _Idaei Dactyli_ +find out Iron in mount _Ida_ in _Crete_, and work it into armour and iron +tools, and thereby give a beginning to the trades of smiths and armourers +in _Europe_; and by singing and dancing in their armour, and keeping time +by striking upon one another's armour with their swords, they bring in +Music and Poetry; and at the same time they nurse up the _Cretan Jupiter_ +in a cave of the same mountain, dancing about him in their armour. + +1034. _Ammon_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He conquered _Libya_, and reduced that +people from a wandering savage life to a civil one, and taught them to lay +up the fruits of the earth; and from him _Libya_ and the desert above it +were anciently called _Ammonia_. He was the first that built long and tall +ships with sails, and had a fleet of such ships on the _Red Sea_, and +another on the _Mediterranean_ at _Irasa_ in _Libya_. 'Till then they used +small and round vessels of burden, invented on the _Red Sea_, and kept +within sight of the shore. For enabling them to cross the seas without +seeing the shore, the _Egyptians_ began in his days to observe the Stars: +and from this beginning Astronomy and Sailing had their rise. Hitherto the +Lunisolar year had been in use: but this year being of an uncertain length, +and so, unfit for Astronomy, in his days and in the days of his sons and +grandsons, by observing the Heliacal Risings and Setting of the Stars, they +found the length of the Solar year, and made it consist of five days more +than the twelve calendar months of the old Lunisolar year. _Creusa_ the +daughter of _Erechtheus_ marries _Xuthus_ the son of _Hellen_. _Erechtheus_ +having first celebrated the _Panathenaea_ joins horses to a chariot. +_AEgina_, the daughter of _Asopus_, and mother of _AEacus_, born. + +1030. _Ceres_ a woman of _Sicily_, in seeking her daughter who was stolen, +comes into _Attica_, and there teaches the _Greeks_ to sow corn; for which +Benefaction she was Deified after death. She first taught the Art to +_Triptolemus_ the young son of _Celeus_ King of _Eleusis_. + +1028. _Oenotrus_ the youngest son of _Lycaon_, the _Janus_ of the +_Latines_, led the first Colony of _Greeks_ into _Italy_, and there taught +them to build houses. _Perseus_ born. + +1020. _Arcas_, the son of _Callisto_ and grandson of _Lycaon_, and +_Eumelus_ the first King of _Achaia_, receive bread-corn from +_Triptolemus_. + +1019. _Solomon_ Reigns, and marries the daughter of _Ammon_, and by means +of this affinity is supplied with horses from _Egypt_; and his merchants +also bring horses from thence for all the Kings of the _Hittites_ and +_Syrians_: for horses came originally from _Libya_; and thence _Neptune_ +was called _Equestris_. _Tantalus_ King of _Phrygia_ steals _Ganimede_ the +son of _Tros_ King of _Troas_. + +1017. _Solomon_ by the assistance of the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_, who had +mariners among them acquainted with the _Red Sea_, sets out a fleet upon +that sea. Those assistants build new cities in the _Persian Gulph_, called +_Tyre_ and _Aradus_. + +1015. The Temple of _Solomon_ is founded. _Minos_ Reigns in _Crete_ +expelling his father _Asterius_, who flees into _Italy_, and becomes the +_Saturn_ of the _Latines_. _Ammon_ takes _Gezer_ from the _Canaanites_, and +gives it to his daughter, _Solomon's_ wife. + +1014. _Ammon_ places _Cepheus_ at _Joppa_. + +1010. _Sesac_ in the Reign of his father _Ammon_ invades _Arabia Foelix_, +and sets up pillars at the mouth of the _Red Sea_. _Apis_, _Epaphus_ or +_Epopeus_, the son of _Phroroneus_, and _Nycteus_ King of _Boeotia_, slain. +_Lycus_ inherits the Kingdom of his brother _Nycteus_. _AEtolus_ the son of +_Endymion_ flies into the Country of the _Curetes_ in _Achaia_, and calls +it _AEtolia_; and of _Pronoe_ the daughter of _Phorbas_ begets _Pleuron_ and +_Calydon_, who built cities in _AEtolia_ called by their own names. +_Antiopa_ the daughter of _Nycteus_ is sent home to _Lycus_ by _Lamedon_ +the successor of _Apis_, and in the way brings forth _Amphion_ and +_Zethus_. + +1008. _Sesac_, in the Reign of his father _Ammon_, invades _Afric_ and +_Spain_, and sets up pillars in all his conquests, and particularly at the +mouth of the _Mediterranean_, and returns home by the coast of _Gaul_ and +_Italy_. + +1007. _Ceres_ being dead _Eumolpus_ institutes her Mysteries in _Eleusine_. +The Mysteries of _Rhea_ are instituted in _Phrygia_, in the city _Cybele_. +About this time Temples begin to be built in _Greece_. _Hyagnis_ the +_Phrygian_ invents the pipe. After the example of the common-council of the +five Lords of the _Philistims_, the _Greeks_ set up the _Amphictyonic_ +Council, first at _Thermopylae_, by the influence of _Amphictyon_ the son of +_Deucalion_; and a few years after at _Delphi_ by the influence of +_Acrisius_. Among the cites, whose deputies met at _Thermopylae_, I do not +find _Athens_, and therefore doubt whether _Amphictyon_ was King of that +city. If he was the son of _Deucalion_ and brother of _Hellen_, he and +_Cranaus_ might Reign together in several parts of _Attica_. But I meet +with a later _Amphictyon_ who entertained the great _Bacchus_. This Council +worshipped _Ceres_, and therefore was instituted after her death. + +1006. _Minos_ prepares a fleet, clears the _Greek_ seas of Pyrates, and +sends Colonies to the Islands of the _Greeks_, some of which were not +inhabited before. _Cecrops_ II. Reigns in _Attica_. _Caucon_ teaches the +Mysteries of _Ceres_ in _Messene_. + +1005. _Andromeda_ carried away from _Joppa_ by _Perseus_. _Pandion_ the +brother of _Cecrops_ II. Reigns in _Attica_. _Car_, the son of _Phoroneus_, +builds a Temple to _Ceres_. + +1002. _Sesac_ Reigns in _Egypt_ and adorns _Thebes_, dedicating it to his +father _Ammon_ by the name of _No-Ammon_ or _Ammon-No_, that is the people +or city of _Ammon_: whence the _Greeks_ called it _Diospolis_, the city of +_Jupiter_. _Sesac_ also erected Temples and Oracles to his father in +_Thebes_, _Ammonia_, and _Ethiopia_, and thereby caused his father to be +worshipped as a God in those countries, and I think also in _Arabia +Foelix_: and this was the original of the worship of _Jupiter Ammon_, and +the first mention of Oracles that I meet with in Prophane History. War +between _Pandion_ and _Labdacus_ the grandson of _Cadmus_. + +994. _AEgeus_ Reigns in _Attica_. + +993. _Pelops_ the son of _Tantalus_ comes into _Peloponnesus_, marries +_Hippodamia_ the granddaughter of _Acrisius_, takes _AEtolia_ from _AEtolus_ +the son of _Endymion_, and by his riches grows potent. + +990. _Amphion_ and _Zethus_ slay _Lycus_, put _Laius_ the son of _Labdacus_ +to flight, and Reign in _Thebes_, and wall the city about. + +989. _Daedalus_ and his nephew _Talus_ invent the saw, the turning-lath, the +wimble, the chip-ax, and other instruments of Carpenters and Joyners, and +thereby give a beginning to those Arts in _Europe_. _Daedalus_ also invented +the making of Statues with their feet asunder, as if they walked. + +988. _Minos_ makes war upon the _Athenians_, for killing his son +_Androgeus_. _AEacus_ flourishes. + +987. _Daedalus_ kills his nephew _Talus_, and flies to _Minos_. A Priestess +of _Jupiter Ammon_, being brought by _Phoenician_ merchants into _Greece_, +sets up the Oracle of _Jupiter_ at _Dodona_. This gives a beginning to +Oracles in _Greece_: and by their dictates, the Worship of the Dead is +every where introduced. + +983. _Sisyphus_, the son of _AEolus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, Reigns in +_Corinth_, and some say that he built that city. + +980. _Laius_ recovers the Kingdom of _Thebes_. _Athamas_, the brother of +_Sisyphus_ and father of _Phrixus_ and _Helle_, marries _Ino_ the daughter +of _Cadmus_. + +979. _Rehoboam_ Reigns. _Thoas_ is sent from _Crete_ to _Lemnos_, Reigns +there in the city _Hephoestia_, and works in copper and iron. + +978. _Alcmena_ born of _Electryo_ the son of _Perseus_ and _Andromeda_, and +of _Lysidice_ the daughter of _Pelops_. + +974. _Sesac_ spoils the Temple, and invades _Syria_ and _Persia_, setting +up pillars in many places. _Jeroboam_, becoming subject to _Sesac_, sets up +the worship of the _Egyptian_ Gods in _Israel_. + +971. _Sesac_ invades _India_, and returns with triumph the next year but +one: whence _Trieterica Bacchi_. He sets up pillars on two mountains at the +mouth of the river _Ganges_. + +968. _Theseus_ Reigns, having overcome the _Minotaur_, and soon after +unites the twelve cities of _Attica_ under one government. _Sesac_, having +carried on his victories to _Mount Caucasus_, leaves his nephew +_Prometheus_ there, and _AEetes_ in _Colchis_. + +967. _Sesac_, passing over the _Hellespont_ conquers _Thrace_, kills +_Lycurgus_ King thereof, and gives his Kingdom and one of his singing-women +to _Oeagrus_ the father of _Orpheus_. _Sesac_ had in his army _Ethiopians_ +commanded by _Pan_, and _Libyan_ women commanded by _Myrina_ or _Minerva_. +It was the custom of the _Ethiopians_ to dance when they were entring into +a battel, and from their skipping they were painted with goats feet in the +form of Satyrs. + +966. _Thoas_, being made King of _Cyprus_ by _Sesac_, goes thither with his +wife _Calycopis_, and leaves his daughter _Hypsipyle_ in _Lemnos_. + +965. _Sesac_ is baffled by the _Greeks_ and _Scythians_, loses many of his +women with their Queen _Minerva_, composes the war, is received by +_Amphiction_ at a feast, buries _Ariadne_, goes back through _Asia_ and +_Syria_ into _Egypt_, with innumerable captives, among whom was _Tithonus_, +the son of _Laomedon_ King of _Troy_; and leaves his _Libyan Amazons_, +under _Marthesia_ and _Lampeto_, the successors of _Minerva_, at the river +_Thermodon_. He left also in _Colchos_ Geographical Tables of all his +conquests: And thence Geography had its rise. His singing-women were +celebrated in _Thrace_ by the name of the Muses. And the daughters of +_Pierus_ a _Thracian_, imitating them, were celebrated by the same name. + +964. _Minos_, making war upon _Cocalus_ King of _Sicily_, is slain by him. +He was eminent for his Dominion, his Laws and his Justice: upon his +sepulchre visited by _Pythagoras_, was this inscription, [Greek: TOU DIOS] +the Sepulchre of _Jupiter_. _Danaus_ with his daughters flying from his +brother _Egyptus_ (that is from _Sesac_) comes into _Greece_. _Sesac_ using +the advice of his Secretary _Thoth_, distributes _Egypt_ into xxxvi +_Nomes_, and in every _Nome_ erects a Temple, and appoints the several +Gods, Festivals and Religions of the several _Nomes_. The Temples were the +sepulchres of his great men, where they were to be buried and worshipped +after death, each in his own Temple, with ceremonies and festivals +appointed by him; while He and his Queen, by the names of _Osiris_ and +_Isis_, were to be worshipped in all _Egypt_. These were the Temples seen +and described by _Lucian_ eleven hundred years after, to be of one and the +same age: and this was the original of the several _Nomes_ of _Egypt_, and +of the several Gods and several Religions of those _Nomes_. _Sesac_ divided +also the land of _Egypt_ by measure amongst his soldiers, and thence +_Geometry_ had its rise. _Hercules_ and _Eurystheus_ born. + +963. _Amphictyon_ brings the twelve Gods of _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and +these are the _Dii magni majorum gentium_, to whom the Earth and Planets +and Elements are dedicated. + +962. _Phryxus_ and _Helle_ fly from their stepmother _Ino_ the daughter of +_Cadmus_. _Helle_ is drowned in the _Hellespont_, so named from her, but +_Phryxus_ arrived at _Colchos_. + +960. The war between the _Lapithae_ and the people of _Thessaly_ called +_Centaurs_. + +958. _Oedipus_ kills his father _Laius_. _Sthenelus_ the son of _Perseus_ +Reigns in _Mycene_. + +956. _Sesac_ is slain by his brother _Japetus_, who after death was deified +in _Afric_ by the name of _Neptune_, and called _Typhon_ by the +_Egyptians_. _Orus_ Reigns and routs the _Libyans_, who under the conduct +of _Japetus_, and his Son _Antaeus_ or _Atlas_, invaded _Egypt_. _Sesac_ +from his making the river _Nile_ useful, by cutting channels from it to all +the cities of _Egypt_, was called by its names, _Sihor_ or _Siris_, _Nilus_ +and _Egyptus_. The _Greeks_ hearing the _Egyptians_ lament, _O Siris_ and +_Bou Siris_, called him _Osiris_ and _Busiris_. The _Arabians_ from his +great acts called him _Bacchus_, that is, the Great. The _Phrygians_ called +him _Ma-fors_ or _Mavors_, the valiant, and by contraction _Mars_. Because +he set up pillars in all his conquests, and his army in his father's Reign +fought against the _Africans_ with clubs, he is painted with pillars and a +club: and this is that _Hercules_ who, according to _Cicero_, was born upon +the _Nile_, and according to _Eudoxus_, was slain by _Typhon_; and +according to _Diodorus_, was an _Egyptian_, and went over a great part of +the world, and set up the pillars in _Afric_. He seems to be also the +_Belus_ who, according to _Diodorus_, led a Colony of _Egyptians_ to +_Babylon_, and there instituted Priests called _Chaldeans_, who were free +from taxes, and observed the stars, as in _Egypt_. Hitherto _Judah_ and +_Israel_ laboured under great vexations, but henceforward _Asa_ King of +_Judah_ had peace ten years. + +947. The _Ethiopians_ invade _Egypt_, and drown _Orus_ in the _Nile_. +Thereupon _Bubaste_ the sister of _Orus_ kills herself, by falling from the +top of an house, and their mother _Isis_ or _Astraea_ goes mad: and thus +ended the Reign of the Gods of _Egypt_. + +946. _Zerah_ the _Ethiopian_ is overthrown by _Asa_. The people of the +lower _Egypt_ make _Osarsiphus_ their King, and call in two hundred +thousand _Jews_ and _Phoenicians_ against the _Ethiopians_. _Menes_ or +_Amenophis_ the young son of _Zerah_ and _Cissia_ Reigns. + +944. The _Ethiopians_, under _Amenophis_, retire from the lower _Egypt_ and +fortify _Memphis_ against _Osarsiphus_. And by these wars and the +_Argonautic_ expedition, the great Empire of _Egypt_ breaks in pieces. +_Eurystheus_ the son of _Sthenelus_ Reigns in _Mycenae_. + +943. _Evander_ and his mother _Carmenta_ carry Letters into _Italy_. + +942. _Orpheus_ Deifies the son of _Semele_ by the name of _Bacchus_, and +appoints his Ceremonies. + +940. The great men of _Greece_, hearing of the civil wars and distractions +of _Egypt_, resolve to send an embassy to the nations, upon the _Euxine_ +and _Mediterranean_ Seas, subject to that Empire, and for that end order +the building of the ship _Argo_. + +939. The ship _Argo_ is built after the pattern of the long ship in which +_Danaus_ came into _Greece_: and this was the first long ship built by the +_Greeks_. _Chiron_, who was born in the Golden Age, forms the +Constellations for the use of the _Argonauts_; and places the Solstitial +and Equinoctial Points in the fifteenth degrees or middles of the +Constellations of _Cancer_, _Chelae_, _Capricorn_, and _Aries_. _Meton_ in +the year of _Nabonassar_ 316, observed the Summer Solstice in the eighth +degree of _Cancer_, and therefore the Solstice had then gone back seven +degrees. It goes back one degree in about seventytwo years, and seven +degrees in about 504 years. Count these years back from the year of +_Nabonassar_ 316, and they will place the _Argonautic_ expedition about 936 +years before _Christ_. _Gingris_ the son of _Thoas_ slain, and Deified by +the name of _Adonis_. + +938. _Theseus_, being fifty years old, steals _Helena_ then seven years +old. _Pirithous_ the son of _Ixion_, endeavouring to steal _Persephone_ the +daughter of _Orcus_ King of the _Molossians_, is slain by the Dog of +_Orcus_; and his companion _Theseus_ is taken and imprisoned. _Helena_ is +set at liberty by her brothers. + +937. The _Argonautic_ expedition. _Prometheus_ leaves _Mount Caucasus_, +being set at liberty by _Hercules_. _Laomedon_ King of _Troy_ is slain by +_Hercules_. _Priam_ succeeds him. _Talus_ a brazen man, of the Brazen Age, +the son of _Minos_, is slain by the _Argonauts_. _AEsculapius_ and +_Hercules_ were _Argonauts_, and _Hippocrates_ was the eighteenth from +_AEsculapius_ by the father's side, and the nineteenth from _Hercules_ by +the mother's side; and because these generations, being noted in history, +were most probably by the chief of the family, and for the most part by the +eldest sons; we may reckon 28 or at the most 30 years to a generation: and +thus the seventeen intervals by the father's side and eighteen by the +mother's, will at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years; which +being counted backwards from the beginning of the _Peloponnesian_ war, at +which time _Hippocrates_ began to flourish, will reach up to the time where +we have placed the _Argonautic_ expedition. + +936. _Theseus_ is set at liberty by _Hercules_. + +934. The hunting of the _Calydonian_ boar slain by _Meleager_. + +930. _Amenophis_, with an army out of _Ethiopia_ and _Thebais_, invades the +lower _Egypt_, conquers _Osarsiphus_, and drives out the _Jews_ and +_Canaanites_: and this is reckoned the second expulsion of the Shepherds. +_Calycopis_ dies, and is Deified by _Thoas_ with Temples at _Paphos_ and +_Amathus_ in _Cyprus_, and at _Byblus_ in _Syria_, and with Priests and +sacred Rites, and becomes the _Venus_ of the ancients, and the _Dea Cypria_ +and _Dea Syria_. And from these and other places where Temples were erected +to her, she was also called _Paphia_, _Amathusia_, _Byblia_, _Cytherea_, +_Salaminia_, _Cnidia_, _Erycina_, _Idalia_, &c. And her three waiting-women +became the three Graces. + +928. The war of the seven Captains against _Thebes_. + +927. _Hercules_ and _AEsculapius_ are Deified. _Eurystheus_ drives the +_Heraclides_ out of _Peloponnesus_. He is slain by _Hyllus_ the son of +_Hercules_. _Atreus_ the son of _Pelops_ succeeds him in the Kingdom of +_Mycenae_. _Menestheus_, the great grandson of _Erechtheus_, Reigns at +_Athens_. + +925. _Theseus_ is slain, being cast down from a rock. + +924. _Hyllus_ invading _Peloponnesus_ is slain by _Echemus_. + +919. _Atreus_ dies. _Agamemnon_ Reigns. In the absence of _Menelaus_, who +went to look after what his father _Atreus_ had left to him, _Paris_ steals +_Helena_. + +918. The second war against _Thebes_. + +912. _Thoas_, King of _Cyprus_ and part of _Phoenicia_ dies; and for making +armour for the Kings of _Egypt_; is Deified with a sumptuous Temple at +_Memphis_ by the name of _Baal Canaan_, _Vulcan_. This Temple was said to +be built by _Menes_, the first King of _Egypt_ who reigned next after the +Gods, that is, by _Menoph_ or _Amenophis_ who reigned next after the death +of _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_, _Bubaste_ and _Thoth_. The city, _Memphis_ was +also said to be built by _Menes_; he began to build it when he fortified it +against _Osarsiphus_. And from him it was called _Menoph_, _Moph_, _Noph_, +&c; and is to this day called _Menuf_ by the _Arabians_. And therefore +_Menes_ who built the city and temple Was _Menoph_ or _Amenophis_. The +Priests of _Egypt_ at length made this temple above a thousand years older +then _Amenophis_, and some of them five or ten thousand years older: but it +could not be above two or three hundred years older than the Reign of +_Psammiticus_ who finished it, and died 614 years before _Christ_. When +_Menoph_ or _Menes_ built the city, he built a bridge there over the +_Nile_: a work too great to be older than the Monarchy of _Egypt_. + +909. _Amenophis_, called _Memnon_ by the _Greeks_, built the _Memnonia_ at +_Susa_, whilst _Egypt_ was under the government of _Proteus_ his Viceroy. + +904. _Troy_ taken. _Amenophis_ was still at _Susa_; the _Greeks_ feigning +that he came from thence to the _Trojan_ war. + +903. _Demophoon_, the son of _Theseus_ by _Phoedra_ the daughter of +_Minos_, Reigns at _Athens_. + +901. _Amenophis_ builds small Pyramids in _Cochome_. + +896. _Ulysses_ leaves _Calypso_ in the Island _Ogygie_ (perhaps _Cadis_ or +_Cales_.) She was the daughter of _Atlas_, according to _Homer_. The +ancients at length feigned that this Island, (which from _Atlas_ they +called _Atlantis_) had been as big as all _Europe_, _Africa_ and _Asia_, +but was sunk into the Sea. + +895. _Teucer_ builds _Salamis_ in _Cyprus_. _Hadad_ or _Benhadad_ King of +_Syria_ dies, and is Deified at _Damascus_ with a Temple and Ceremonies. + +887. _Amenophis_ dies, and is succeeded by his son _Ramesses_ or +_Rhampsinitus_, who builds the western Portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_. +The _Egyptians_ dedicated to _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_ senior, _Typhon_, and +_Nephthe_ the sister and wife of _Typhon_, the five days added by the +_Egyptians_ to the twelve Calendar months of the old Luni-solar year, and +said that they were added when these five Princes were born. They were +therefore added in the Reign of _Ammon_ the father of these five Princes: +but this year was scarce brought into common use before the Reign of +_Amenophis_: for in his Temple or Sepulchre at _Abydus_, they placed a +Circle of 365 cubits in compass, covered on the upper side with a plate of +gold, and divided into 365 equal parts, to represent all the days of the +year; every part having the day of the year, and the Heliacal Risings and +Settings of the Stars on that day, noted upon it. And this Circle remained +there 'till _Cambyses_ spoiled the temples of _Egypt_: and from this +monument I collect that it was _Amenophis_ who established this year, +fixing the beginning thereof to one of the four Cardinal Points of the +heavens. For had not the beginning thereof been now fixed, the Heliacal +Risings and Settings of the Stars could not have been noted upon the days +thereof. The Priests of _Egypt_ therefore in the Reign of _Amenophis_ +continued to observe the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars upon +every day. And when by the Sun's Meridional Altitudes they had found the +Solstices and Equinoxes according to the Sun's mean motion, his Equation +being not yet known, they fixed the beginning of this year to the Vernal +Equinox, and in memory thereof erected this monument. Now this year being +carried into _Chaldaea_, the _Chaldaeans_ began their year of _Nabonassar_ on +the same _Thoth_ with the _Egyptians_, and made it of the same length. And +the _Thoth_ of the first year of _Nabonassar_ fell upon the 26th day of +_February_: which was 33 days and five hours before the Vernal Equinox, +according to the Sun's mean motion. And the _Thoth_ of this year moves +backwards 33 days and five hours in 137 years, and therefore fell upon the +Vernal Equinox 137 years before the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_ began; that is, +884 years before _Christ_. And if it began upon the day next after the +Vernal Equinox, it might begin three or four years earlier; and there we +may place the death of this King. The _Greeks_ feigned that he was the Son +of _Tithonus_, and therefore he was born after the return of _Sesac_ into +_Egypt_, with _Tithonus_ and other captives, and so might be about 70 or 75 +years old at his death. + +883. _Dido_ builds _Carthage_, and the _Phoenicians_ begin presently after +to sail as far as to the _Straights Mouth_, and beyond. _AEneas_ was still +alive, according to _Virgil_. + +870. _Hesiod_ flourishes. He hath told us himself that he lived in the age +next after the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_, and that this age should end +when the men then living grew hoary and dropt into the grave; and therefore +it was but of an ordinary length: and _Herodotus_ has told us that _Hesiod_ +and _Homer_ were but 400 years older than himself. Whence it follows that +the destruction of _Troy_ was not older than we have represented it. + +860. _Moeris_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He adorned _Memphis_, and translated the +seat of his Empire thither from _Thebes_. There he built the famous +Labyrinth, and the northern portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_, and dug the +great Lake called the Lake of _Moeris_, and upon the bottom of it built two +great Pyramids of brick: and these things being not mentioned by _Homer_ or +_Hesiod_, were unknown to them, and done after their days. _Moeris_ wrote +also a book of Geometry. + +852. _Hazael_ the successor of _Hadad_ at _Damascus_ dies and is Deified, +as was _Hadad_ before: and these Gods, together with _Arathes_ the wife of +_Hadad_, were worshipt in their Sepulchres or Temples, 'till the days of +_Josephus_ the _Jew_; and the _Syrians_ boasted their antiquity, not +knowing, saith _Josephus_, that they were novel. + +844. The _AEolic_ Migration. _Boeotia_, formerly called _Cadmeis_, is seized +by the _Boeotians_. + +838. _Cheops_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He built the greatest Pyramid for his +sepulchre, and forbad the worship of the former Kings; intending to have +been worshipped himself. + +825. The _Heraclides_, after three Generations, or an hundred years, +reckoned from their former expedition, return into _Peloponnesus_. +Henceforward, to the end of the first _Messenian_ war, reigned ten Kings of +_Sparta_ by one Race, and nine by another; ten of _Messene_, and nine of +_Arcadia_: which, by reckoning (according to the ordinary course of nature) +about twenty years to a Reign, one Reign with another, will take up about +190 years. And the seven Reigns more in one of the two Races of the Kings +of _Sparta_, and eight in the other, to the battle at _Thermopylae_; may +take up 150 years more: and so place the return of the _Heraclides_, about +820 years before _Christ_. + +824. _Cephren_ Reigns in _Egypt_, and builds another great Pyramid. + +808. _Mycerinus_ Reigns there, and begins the third great Pyramid. He shut +up the body of his daughter in a hollow ox, and caused her to be worshipped +daily with odours. + +804. The war, between the _Athenians_ and _Spartans_, in which _Codrus_, +King of the _Athenians_, is slain. + +801. _Nitocris_, the sister of _Mycerinus_, succeeds him, and finishes the +third great Pyramid. + +794. The _Ionic_ Migration, under the conduct of the sons of _Codrus_. + +790. _Pul_ founds the _Assyrian_ Empire. + +788. _Asychis_ Reigns in _Egypt_, and builds the eastern Portico of the +Temple of _Vulcan_ very splendidly; and a large Pyramid of brick, made of +mud dug out of the Lake of _Moeris_. _Egypt_ breaks into several Kingdoms. +_Gnephactus_ and _Bocchoris_ Reign successively in the upper _Egypt_; +_Stephanathis_; _Necepsos_ and _Nechus_, at _Sais_; _Anysis_ or _Amosis_, +at _Anysis_ or _Hanes_; and _Tacellotis_, at _Bubaste_. + +776. _Iphitus_ restores the Olympiads. And from this _AEra_ the Olympiads +are now reckoned. _Gnephactus_ Reigns at _Memphis_. + +772. _Necepsos_ and _Petosiris_ invent Astrology in _Egypt_. + +760. _Semiramis_ begins to flourish; _Sanchoniatho_ writes. + +751. _Sabacon_ the _Ethiopian_, invades _Egypt_, now divided into various +Kingdoms, burns _Bocchoris_, slays _Nechus_, and makes _Anysis_ fly. + +747. _Pul_, King of _Assyria_, dies, and is succeeded at _Nineveh_ by +_Tiglathpilasser_, and at _Babylon_ by _Nabonassar_. The _Egyptians_, who +fled from _Sabacon_, carry their Astrology and Astronomy to _Babylon_, and +found the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_ in _Egyptian_ years. + +740. _Tiglathpilasser_, King of _Assyria_, takes _Damascus_, and captivates +the _Syrians_. + +729. _Tiglathpilasser_ is succeeded by _Salmanasser_. + +721. _Salmanasser_, King of _Assyria_, carries the Ten Tribes into +captivity. + +719. _Sennacherib_ Reigns over _Assyria_. _Archias_ the son of _Evagetus_, +of the stock of _Hercules_, leads a Colony from _Corinth_ into _Sicily_, +and builds _Syracuse_. + +717. _Tirhakah_ Reigns in _Ethiopia_. + +714. _Sennacherib_ is put to flight by the _Ethiopians_ and _Egyptians_, +with great slaughter. + +711. The _Medes_ revolt from the _Assyrians_. _Sennacherib_ slain. +_Asserhadon_ succeeds him. This is that _Asserhadon-Pul_, or +_Sardanapalus_, the son of _Anacyndaraxis_, or _Sennacherib_, who built +_Tarsus_ and _Anchiale_ in one day. + +710. _Lycurgus_, brings the poems of _Homer_ out of _Asia_ into _Greece_. + +708. _Lycurgus_, becomes tutor to _Charillus_ or _Charilaus_, the young +King of _Sparta_. _Aristotle_ makes _Lycurgus_ as old as _Iphitus_, because +his name was upon the Olympic Disc. But the Disc was one of the five games +called the _Quinquertium_, and the _Quinquertium_ was first instituted upon +the eighteenth Olympiad. _Socrates_ and _Thucydides_ made the institutions +of _Lycurgus_ about 300 years older than the end of the _Peloponnesian_ +war, that is, 705 years before _Christ_. + +701. _Sabacon_, after a Reign of 50 years, relinquishes _Egypt_ to his son +_Sevechus_ or _Sethon_, who becomes Priest of _Vulcan_, and neglects +military affairs. + +698. _Manasseh_ Reigns. + +697. The _Corinthians_ begin first of any men to build ships with three +orders of oars, called _Triremes_. Hitherto the _Greeks_ had used long +vessels of fifty oars. + +687. _Tirhakah_ Reigns in _Egypt_. + +681. _Asserhadon_ invades _Babylon_. + +673. The _Jews_ conquered by _Asserhadon_, and _Manasseh_ carried captive +to _Babylon_. + +671. _Asserbadon_ invades _Egypt_. The government of _Egypt_ committed to +twelve princes. + +668. The western nations of _Syria_, _Phoenicia_ and _Egypt_, revolt from +the _Assyrians_. _Asserhadon_ dies, and is succeeded by _Saosduchinus_. +_Manasseh_ returns from Captivity. + +658. _Phraortes_ Reigns in _Media_. The _Prytanes_ Reign in _Corinth_, +expelling their Kings. + +657. The _Corinthians_ overcome the _Corcyreans_ at sea: and this was the +oldest sea fight. + +655. _Psammiticus_ becomes King of all _Egypt_, by conquering the other +eleven Kings with whom he had already reigned fifteen years: he reigned +about 39 years more. Henceforward the _Ionians_ had access into _Egypt_; +and thence came the _Ionian_ Philosophy, Astronomy and Geometry. + +652. The first _Messenian_ war begins: it lasted twenty years. + +647. _Charops_, the first decennial Archon of the _Athenians_. Some of +these Archons might dye before the end of the ten years, and the remainder +of the ten years be supplied by a new Archon. And hence the seven decennial +Archons might not take up above forty or fifty years. _Saosduchinus_ King +of _Assyria_ dies, and is succeeded by _Chyniladon_. + +640. _Josiah_ Reigns in _Judaea_. + +636. _Phraortes_> King of the _Medes_, is slain in a war against the +_Assyrians_. _Astyages_ succeeds him. + +635. The _Scythians_ invade the _Medes_ and _Assyrians_. + +633. _Battus_ builds _Cyrene_, where _Irasa_, the city of _Antaeus_, had +stood. + +627. _Rome_ is built. + +625. _Nabopolassar_ revolts from the King of _Assyria_, and Reigns over +_Babylon_. _Phalantus_ leads the _Parthenians_ into _Italy_, and builds +_Tarentum._ + +617. _Psammiticus_ dies. _Nechaoh_ reigns in _Egypt_. + +611. _Cyaxeres_ Reigns over the _Medes_. + +610. The Princes of the _Scythians_ slain in a feast by _Cyaxeres_. + +609. _Josiah_ slain. _Cyaxeres_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ overthrow _Nineveh_, +and, by sharing the _Assyrian_ Empire, grow great. + +607. _Creon_ the first annual Archon of the _Athenians_. The second +_Messenian_ war begins. _Cyaxeres_ makes the _Scythians_ retire beyond +_Colchos_ and _Iberia_, and seizes the _Assyrian_ Provinces of _Armenia_, +_Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_. + +606. _Nebuchadnezzar_ invades _Syria_ and _Judaea_. + +604. _Nabopolassar_ dies, and is succeeded by his Son _Nebuchadnezzar_, who +had already Reigned two years with his father. + +600. _Darius_ the _Mede_, the son of _Cyaxeres,_ is born. + +599. _Cyrus_ is born of _Mandane_, the Sister of _Cyaxeres_, and daughter +of _Astyages_. + +596. _Susiana_ and _Elam_ conquered by _Nebuchadnezzar_. _Caranus_ and +_Perdiccas_ fly from _Phidon_, and found the Kingdom of _Macedon_. _Phidon_ +introduces Weights and Measures, and the Coining of Silver Money. + +590. _Cyaxeres_ makes war upon _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_. + +588. The Temple of _Solomon_ is burnt by _Nebuchadnezzar_. The _Messenians_ +being conquered, fly into _Sicily_, and build _Messana_. + +585. In the sixth year of the _Lydian_ war, a total Eclipse of the Sun, +predicted by _Thales_, _May_ the 28th, puts an end to a Battel between the +_Medes_ and _Lydians_: Whereupon they make Peace, and ratify it by a +marriage between _Darius Medus_ the son of _Cyaxeres_, and _Ariene_ the +daughter of _Alyattes_. + +584. _Phidon_ presides in the 49th Olympiad. + +580. _Phidon_ is overthrown. Two men chosen by lot, out of the city _Elis_, +to preside in the Olympic Games. + +572. _Draco_ is Archon of the _Athenians_, and makes laws for them. + +568. The _Amphictions_ make war upon the _Cirrheans_, by the advice of +_Solon_, and take _Cirrha_. _Clisthenes_, _Alcmaeon_ and _Eurolicus_ +commanded the forces of the _Amphictions_, and were contemporary to +_Phidon_. For _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son of +_Alcmaeon,_ at one and the same time, courted _Agarista_ the daughter of +_Clisthenes_. + +569. _Nebuchadnezzar_ invades _Egypt_. _Darius_ the _Mede_ Reigns. + +562. _Solon_, being Archon of the _Athenians_, makes laws for them. + +557. _Periander_ dies, and _Corinth_ becomes free from Tyrants. + +555. _Nabonadius_ Reigns at _Babylon_. His Mother _Nitocris_ adorns and +fortifies that City. + +550. _Pisistratus_ becomes Tyrant at _Athens._ The Conference between +_Croesus_ and _Solon_. + +549. _Solon_ dies, _Hegestratus_ being Archon of _Athens_. + +544. _Sardes_ is taken by _Cyrus_. _Darius_ the _Mede_ recoins the _Lydian_ +money into _Darics_. + +538. _Babylon_ is taken by _Cyrus_. + +536. _Cyrus_ overcomes _Darius_ the _Mede_, and translates the Empire to +the _Persians_. The _Jews_ return from Captivity, and found the second +Temple. + +529. _Cyrus_ dies. _Cambyses_ Reigns, + +521. _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_ Reigns. The _Magi_ are slain. The +various Religions of the several Nations of _Persia_, which consisted in +the worship of their ancient Kings, are abolished; and by the influence of +_Hystaspes_ and _Zoroaster_, the worship of One God, at Altars, without +Temples is set up in all _Persia_. + +520. The second Temple is built at _Jerusalem_ by the command of _Darius_. + +515. The second Temple is finished and dedicated. + +513. _Harmodius_ and _Aristogiton_, slay _Hipparchus_ the son of +_Pisistratus_, Tyrant of the _Athenians._ + +508. The Kings of the _Romans_ expelled, and Consuls erected. + +491. The Battle of _Marathon_. + +485. _Xerxes_ Reigns. + +480. The Passage of _Xerxes_ over the _Hellespont_ into _Greece_, and +Battles of _Thermopylae_ and _Salamis_. + +464. _Artaxerxes Longimanus_ Reigns. + +457. _Ezra_ returns into _Judaea_. _Johanan_ the father of _Jaddua_ was now +grown up, having a chamber in the Temple. + +444. _Nehemiah_ returns into _Judaea_. _Herodotus_ writes. + +431. The _Peloponnesian_ war begins. + +428. _Nehemiah_ drives away _Manasseh_ the brother of _Jaddua_, because he +had married _Nicaso_ the daughter of _Sanballat_. + +424. _Darius Nothus_ Reigns. + +422. _Sanballat_ builds a Temple in _Mount Gerizim_ and makes his +son-in-law _Manasseh_ the first High-Priest thereof. + +412. Hitherto the Priests and Levites were numbered, and written in the +Chronicles of the _Jews_, before the death of _Nehemiah_: at which time +either _Johanan_ or _Jaddua_ was High-Priest, And here Ends the Sacred +History of the _Jews_. + +405. _Artaxerxes Mnemon_ Reigns. The end of the _Peloponnesian_ war. + +359. _Artaxerxes Ochus_ Reigns. + +338. _Arogus_ Reigns. + +336. _Darius Codomannus_ Reigns. + +332. The _Persian_ Empire conquered by _Alexander_ the great. + +331. _Darius Codomannus_, the last King of _Persia_, slain. + + * * * * * + +THE + +CHRONOLOGY + +OF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED. + + * * * * * + +CHAP. I. + +_Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the _Greeks_._ + +All Nations, before they began to keep exact accounts of Time, have been +prone to raise their Antiquities; and this humour has been promoted, by the +Contentions between Nations about their Originals. _Herodotus_ [3] tells +us, that the Priests of _Egypt_ reckoned from the Reign of _Menes_ to that +of _Sethon_, who put _Sennacherib_ to flight, three hundred forty and one +Generations of men, and as many Priests of _Vulcan_, and as many Kings of +_Egypt_: and that three hundred Generations make ten thousand years; _for_, +saith he, _three Generations of men make an hundred years_: and the +remaining forty and one Generations make 1340 years: and so the whole time +from the Reign of _Menes_ to that of _Sethon_ was 11340 years. And by this +way of reckoning, and allotting longer Reigns to the Gods of _Egypt_ than +to the Kings which followed them, _Herodotus_ tells us from the Priests of +_Egypt_, that from _Pan_ to _Amosis_ were 15000 years, and from _Hercules_ +to _Amosis_ 17000 years. So also the _Chaldaeans_ boasted of their +Antiquity; for _Callisthenes_, the Disciple of _Aristotle_, sent +Astronomical Observations from _Babylon_ to _Greece_, said to be of 1903 +years standing before the times of _Alexander_ the great. And the +_Chaldaeans_ boasted further, that they had observed the Stars 473000 years; +and there were others who made the Kingdoms of _Assyria_, _Media_ and +_Damascus_, much older than the truth. + +Some of the _Greeks_ called the times before the Reign of _Ogyges_, +Unknown, because they had No History of them; those between his flood and +the beginning of the Olympiads, Fabulous, because their History was much +mixed with Poetical Fables: and those after the beginning of the Olympiads, +Historical, because their History was free from such Fables. The fabulous +Ages wanted a good Chronology, and so also did the Historical, for the +first 60 or 70 Olympiads. + +The _Europeans_, had no Chronology before the times of the _Persian_ +Empire: and whatsoever Chronology they now have of ancienter times, hath +been framed since, by reasoning and conjecture. In the beginning of that +Monarchy, _Acusilaus_ made _Phoroneus_ as old as _Ogyges_ and his flood, +and that flood 1020 years older than the first Olympiad; which is above 680 +years older than the truth: and to make out this reckoning his followers +have encreased the Reigns of Kings in length and number. _Plutarch_ [4] +tells us that the Philosophers anciently delivered their Opinions in Verse, +as _Orpheus_, _Hesiod_, _Parmenides_, _Xenophanes_, _Empedocles_, _Thales_; +but afterwards left off the use of Verses; and that _Aristarchus_, +_Timocharis_, _Aristillus_, _Hipparchus_, did not make Astronomy the more +contemptible by describing it in Prose; after _Eudoxus_, _Hesiod_, and +_Thales_ had wrote of it in Verse. _Solon_ wrote [5] in Verse, and all the +Seven Wise Men were addicted to Poetry, as _Anaximenes_ [6] affirmed. 'Till +those days the _Greeks_ wrote only in Verse, and while they did so there +could be no Chronology, nor any other History, than such as was mixed with +poetical fancies. _Pliny_, [7] in reckoning up the Inventors of things, +tells us, _that _Pherecydes Syrius_ taught to compose discourses in Prose +in the Reign of _Cyrus_, and _Cadmus Milesius_ to write History._ And in +[8] another place he saith _that _Cadmus Milesius_ was the first that wrote +in Prose_. _Josephus_ tells us [9] that _Cadmus Milesius_ and _Acusilaus_ +were but a little before the expedition of the _Persians_ against the +_Greeks_: and _Suidas_ [10] calls _Acusilaus_ a most ancient Historian, and +saith that _he wrote Genealogies out of tables of brass, which his father, +as was reported, found in a corner of his house_. Who hid them there may be +doubted: For the _Greeks_ [11] had no publick table or inscription older +than the Laws of _Draco_. _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, in the Reign of _Darius +Hystaspis_, or soon after, wrote of the Antiquities and ancient Genealogies +of the _Athenians_, in ten books; and was one of the first _European_ +writers of this kind, and one of the best; whence he had the name of +_Genealogus_; and by _Dionysius [12] Halicarnassensis_ is said to be second +to none of the Genealogers. _Epimenides_, not the Philosopher, but an +Historian, wrote also of the ancient Genealogies: and _Hellanicus_, who was +twelve years older than _Herodotus_, digested his History by the Ages or +Successions of the Priestesses of _Juno Argiva_. Others digested theirs by +those of the Archons of _Athens_, or Kings of the _Lacedaemonians_. +_Hippias_ the _Elean_ published a Breviary of the Olympiads, supported by +no certain arguments, as _Plutarch_ [13] tells us: he lived in the 105th +Olympiad, and was derided by _Plato_ for his Ignorance. This Breviary seems +to have contained nothing more than a short account of the Victors in every +Olympiad. Then [14] _Ephorus_, the disciple of _Isocrates_, formed a +Chronological History of _Greece_, beginning with the Return of the +_Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and ending with the Siege of _Perinthus_, +in the twentieth year of _Philip_ the father of _Alexander_ the great, that +is, eleven years before the fall of the _Persian_ Empire: but [15] he +digested things by Generations, and the reckoning by the Olympiads, or by +any other _AEra_, was not yet in use among the _Greeks_. The _Arundelian_ +Marbles were composed sixty years after the death of _Alexander_ the great +(_An._ 4. _Olymp._ 128.) and yet mention not the Olympiads, nor any other +standing _AEra_, but reckon backwards from the time then present. But +Chronology was now reduced to a reckoning by Years; and in the next +Olympiad _Timaeus Siculus_ improved it: for he wrote a History in Several +books, down to his own times, according to the Olympiads; comparing the +_Ephori_, the Kings of _Sparta_, the Archons of _Athens_, and the +Priestesses of _Argos_ with the Olympic Victors, so as to make the +Olympiads, and the Genealogies and Successions of Kings and Priestesses, +and the Poetical Histories suit with one another, according to the best of +his judgment: and where he left off, _Polybius_ began, and carried on the +History. _Eratosthenes_ wrote above an hundred years after the death of +_Alexander_ the great: He was followed by _Apollodorus_; and these two have +been followed ever since by Chronologers. + +But how uncertain their Chronology is, and how doubtful it was reputed by +the _Greeks_ of those times, may be understood by these passages of +_Plutarch_. _Some reckon _Lycurgus__, saith he, [16] _contemporary to +_Iphitus_, and to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic +festivals, amongst whom was _Aristotle_ the Philosopher; arguing from the +Olympic Disc, which had the name of _Lycurgus_ upon it. Others supputing +the times by the Kings of _Lacedaemon_, as _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_, +affirm that he was not a few years older than the first Olympiad._ He began +to flourish in the 17th or 18th Olympiad, and at length _Aristotle_ made +him as old as the first Olympiad; and so did _Epaminondas_, as he is cited +by _AElian_ and _Plutarch_: and then _Eratosthenes_, _Apollodorus_, and +their followers, made him above an hundred years older. + +And in another place _Plutarch_ [17] tells us: _The Congress of _Solon_ +with _Croesus_, some think they can confute by Chronology. But a History so +illustrious, and verified by so many witnesses, and which is more, so +agreeable to the manners of _Solon_, and worthy of the greatness of his +mind, and of his wisdom, I cannot persuade my self to reject because of +some Chronological Canons, as they call them, which hundreds of authors +correcting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain, in +which they could agree amongst themselves, about repugnancies._ + +As for the Chronology of the _Latines_, that is still more uncertain. +_Plutarch_ [18] represents great uncertainties in the Originals of _Rome_, +and so doth _Servius_ [19]. The old Records of the _Latines_ were burnt +[20] by the _Gauls_, an hundred and twenty years after the Regifuge, and +sixty-four years before the death of _Alexander_ the great: and _Quintus +Fabius Pictor_, [21] the oldest Historian of the _Latines_, lived an +hundred years later than that King, and took almost all things from +_Diocles Peparethius_, a _Greek_. The Chronologers of _Gallia_, _Spain_, +_Germany_, _Scythia_, _Swedeland_, _Britain_ and _Ireland_ are of a date +still later; for _Scythia_ beyond the _Danube_ had no letters, 'till +_Ulphilas_ their Bishop formed them; which was about six hundred years +after the death of _Alexander_ the great: and _Germany_ had none 'till it +received them, from the western Empire of the _Latines_, above seven +hundred years after the death of that King. The _Hunns_, had none in the +days of _Procopius_, who flourished 850 years after the death of that King: +and _Sweden_ and _Norway_ received them still later. And things said to be +done above one or two hundred years before the use of letters, are of +little credit. + +_Diodorus_, [22] in the beginning of his History tells us, that he did not +define by any certain space the times preceding the _Trojan_ War, because +he had no certain foundation to rely upon: but from the _Trojan_ war, +according to the reckoning of _Apollodorus_, whom he followed, there were +eighty years to the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_; and +that from that Period to the first Olympiad, there were three hundred and +twenty eight years, computing the times from the Kings of the +_Lacedaemonians_. _Apollodorus_ followed _Eratosthenes_, and both of them +followed _Thucydides_, in reckoning eighty years from the _Trojan_ war to +the Return of the _Heraclides_: but in reckoning 328 years from that Return +to the first Olympiad, _Diodorus_ tells us, that the times were computed +from the Kings of the _Lacedaemonians_; and _Plutarch_ [23] tells us, that +_Apollodorus_, _Eratosthenes_ and others followed that computation: and +since this reckoning is still received by Chronologers, and was gathered by +computing the times from the Kings of the _Lacedaemonians_, that is from +their number, let us re-examin that Computation. + +The _Egyptians_ reckoned the Reigns of Kings equipollent to Generations of +men, and three Generations to an hundred years, as above; and so did the +_Greeks_ and _Latines_: and accordingly they have made their Kings Reign +one with another thirty and three years a-piece, and above. For they make +the seven Kings of _Rome_ who preceded the Consuls to have Reigned 244 +years, which is 35 years a-piece: and the first twelve Kings of _Sicyon_, +_AEgialeus_, _Europs_, &c. to have Reigned 529 years, which is 44 years +a-piece: and the first eight Kings of _Argos_, _Inachus_, _Phoroneus_, &c. +to have Reigned 371 years, which is above 46 years a-piece: and between the +Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and the end of the first +_Messenian_ war, the ten Kings of _Sparta_ in one Race; _Eurysthenes_, +_Agis_, _Echestratus_, _Labotas_, _Doryagus_, _Agesilaus_, _Archelaus_, +_Teleclus_, _Alcamenes_, and _Polydorus_: the nine in the other Race; +_Procles_, _Sous_, _Eurypon_, _Prytanis_, _Eunomus_, _Polydectes_, +_Charilaus_, _Nicander_, _Theopompus_: the ten Kings of _Messene_; +_Cresphontes_, _Epytus_, _Glaucus_, _Isthmius_, _Dotadas_, _Sibotas_, +_Phintas_, _Antiochus_, _Euphaes_, _Aristodemus_: and the nine of +_Arcadia_; _Cypselus_, _Olaeas_, _Buchalion_, _Phialus_, _Simus_, _Pompus_, +_AEgineta_, _Polymnestor_, _AEchmis_, according to Chronologers, took up 379 +years: which is 38 years a-piece to the ten Kings, and 42 years a-piece to +the nine. And the five Kings of the Race of _Eurysthenes_, between the end +of the first _Messenian_ war, and the beginning of the Reign of _Darius +Hystaspis_; _Eurycrates_, _Anaxander_, _Eurycrates II_, _Leon_, +_Anaxandrides_, Reigned 202 years, which is above 40 years a-piece. + +Thus the _Greek_ Chronologers, who follow _Timaeus_ and _Eratosthenes_, have +made the Kings of their several Cities, who lived before the times of the +_Persian_ Empire, to Reign about 35 or 40 years a-piece, one with another; +which is a length so much beyond the course of nature, as is not to be +credited. For by the ordinary course of nature Kings Reign, one with +another, about eighteen or twenty years a-piece: and if in some instances +they Reign, one with another, five or six years longer, in others they +Reign as much shorter: eighteen or twenty years is a medium. So the +eighteen Kings of _Judah_ who succeeded _Solomon_, Reigned 390 years, which +is one with another 22 years a-piece. The fifteen Kings of _Israel_ after +_Solomon_, Reigned 259 years, which is 171/4 years a-piece. The eighteen +Kings of _Babylon_, _Nabonassar_ &c. Reigned 209 years, which is 11-2/3 +years a-piece. The ten Kings of _Persia_; _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, &c. Reigned +208 years, which is almost 21 years a piece. The sixteen Successors of +_Alexander_ the great, and of his brother and son in _Syria_; _Seleucus_, +_Antiochus Soter_, &c. Reigned 244 years, after the breaking of that +Monarchy into various Kingdoms, which is 151/4 years a-piece. The eleven +Kings of _Egypt_; _Ptolomaeus Lagi_, &c. Reigned 277 years, counted from the +same Period, which is 25 years a-piece. The eight in _Macedonia_; +_Cassander_, &c. Reigned 138 years, which is 171/4 years a-piece. The thirty +Kings of _England_; _William_ the Conqueror, _William Rufus_, &c. Reigned +648 years, which is 211/2 years a-piece. The first twenty four Kings of +_France_; _Pharamundus_, &c. Reigned 458 years, which is 19 years a-piece: +the next twenty four Kings of _France_; _Ludovicus Balbus_, &c. 451 years, +which is 183/4 years a-piece: the next fifteen, _Philip Valesius_, &c. 315 +years, which is 21 years a-piece: and all the sixty three Kings of +_France_, 1224 years, which is 191/2 years a-piece. Generations from father +to son, may be reckoned one with another at about 33 or 34 years a-piece, +or about three Generations to an hundred years: but if the reckoning +proceed by the eldest sons, they are shorter, so that three of them may be +reckoned at about 75 or 80 years: and the Reigns of Kings are still +shorter, because Kings are succeeded not only by their eldest sons, but +sometimes by their brothers, and sometimes they are slain or deposed; and +succeeded by others of an equal or greater age, especially in elective or +turbulent Kingdoms. In the later Ages, since Chronology hath been exact, +there is scarce an instance to be found of ten Kings Reigning any where in +continual Succession above 260 years: but _Timaeus_ and his followers, and I +think also some of his Predecessors, after the example of the _Egyptians_, +have taken the Reigns of Kings for Generations, and reckoned three +Generations to an hundred, and sometimes to an hundred and twenty years; +and founded the Technical Chronology of the _Greeks_ upon this way of +reckoning. Let the reckoning be reduced to the course of nature, by putting +the Reigns of Kings one with another, at about eighteen or twenty years +a-piece: and the ten Kings of _Sparta_ by one Race, the nine by another +Race, the ten Kings of _Messene_, and the nine of _Arcadia_, above +mentioned, between the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and +the end of the first _Messenian_ war, will scarce take up above 180 or 190 +years: whereas according to Chronologers they took up 379 years. + +For confirming this reckoning, I may add another argument. _Euryleon_ the +son of _AEgeus_, [24] commanded the main body of the _Messenians_ in the +fifth year of the first _Messenian_ war, and was in the fifth Generation +from _Oiolicus_ the son _Theras_, the brother-in-law of _Aristodemus_, and +tutor to his sons _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_, as _Pausanias_ [25] relates: +and by consequence, from the return of the _Heraclides_, which was in the +days of _Theras_, to the battle which was in the fifth year of this war, +there were six Generations, which, as I conceive, being for the most part +by the eldest sons, will scarce exceed thirty years to a Generation; and so +may amount unto 170 or 180 years. That war lasted 19 or 20 years: add the +last 15 years, and there will be about 190 years to the end of that war: +whereas the followers of _Timaeus_ make it about 379 years, which is above +sixty years to a Generation. + +By these arguments, Chronologers have lengthned the time, between the +return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the first _Messenian_ +war, adding to it about 190 years: and they have also lengthned the time, +between that war and the rise of the _Persian_ Empire. For in the Race of +the _Spartan_ Kings, descended from _Eurysthenes_; after _Polydorus_, +reigned [26] these Kings, _Eurycrates_, _Anaxander_, _Eurycratides_, +_Leon_, _Anaxandrides_, _Clomenes_, _Leonidas_, &c. And in the other Race +descended from _Procles_; after _Theopompus_, reigned [27] these, +_Anaxandrides_, _Archidemus_, _Anaxileus_, _Leutychides_, _Hippocratides_, +_Ariston_, _Demaratus_, _Leutychides_ II. &c. according to _Herodotus_. +These Kings reigned 'till the sixth year of _Xerxes_, in which _Leonidas_ +was slain by the _Persians_ at _Thermopylae_; and _Leutychides_ II. soon +after, flying from _Sparta_ to _Tegea_, died there. The seven Reigns of the +Kings of _Sparta_, which follow _Polydorus_, being added to the ten Reigns +above mentioned, which began with that of _Eurysthenes_; make up seventeen +Reigns of Kings, between the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ +and the sixth year of _Xerxes_: and the eight Reigns following +_Theopompus_, being added to the nine Reigns above mentioned, which began +with that of _Procles_, make up also seventeen Reigns: and these seventeen +Reigns, at twenty years a-piece one with another, amount unto three hundred +and forty years. Count these 340 years upwards from the sixth year of +_Xerxes_, and one or two years more for the war of the _Heraclides_, and +Reign of _Aristodemus_, the father of _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_; and they +will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, 159 years +after the death of _Solomon_, and 46 years before the first Olympiad, in +which _Coraebus_ was victor. But the followers of _Timaeus_ have placed this +Return two hundred and eighty years earlier. Now this being the computation +upon which the _Greeks_, as you have heard from _Diodorus_ and _Plutarch_, +have founded the Chronology of their Kingdoms, which were ancienter than +the _Persian_ Empire; that Chronology is to be rectified, by shortening the +times which preceded the death of _Cyrus_, in the proportion of almost two +to one; for the times which follow the death of _Cyrus_ are not much amiss. + +The Artificial Chronologers, have made _Lycurgus_, the legislator, as old +as _Iphitus_, the restorer of the Olympiads; and _Iphitus_, an hundred and +twelve years, older than the first Olympiad: and, to help out the +Hypothesis, they have feigned twenty eight Olympiads older than the first +Olympiad, wherein _Coraebus_ was victor. But these things were feigned, +after the days of _Thucydides_ and _Plato_: for _Socrates_ died three years +after the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and _Plato_ [28] introduceth him +saying, that _the institutions of _Lycurgus_ were but of three hundred +years standing, or not much more_. And [29] _Thucydides_, in the reading +followed by _Stephanus_, saith, that _the _Lacedaemonians_, had from ancient +times used good laws, and been free from tyranny; and that from the time +that they had used one and the same administration of their commonwealth, +to the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, there were three hundred years and a +few more_. Count three hundred years back from the end of the +_Peloponnesian_ war, and they will place the Legislature of _Lycurgus_ upon +the 19th Olympiad. And, according to _Socrates_, it might be upon the 22d +or 23d. _Athenaeus_ [30] tells us out of ancient authors (_Hellanicus_, +_Sosimus_ and _Hieronymus_) that _Lycurgus_ the Legislator, was +contemporary to _Terpander_ the Musician; and that _Terpander_ was the +first man who got the victory in the _Carnea_, in a solemnity of music +instituted in those festivals in the 26th Olympiad. He overcame four times +in those _Pythic_ games, and therefore lived at least 'till the 29th +Olympiad: and beginning to flourish in the days of _Lycurgus_, it is not +likely that _Lycurgus_ began to flourish, much before the 18th Olympiad. +The name of _Lycurgus_ being on the Olympic Disc, _Aristotle_ concluded +thence, that _Lycurgus_ was the companion of _Iphitus_, in restoring the +Olympic games: and this argument might be the ground of the opinion of +Chronologers, that _Lycurgus_ and _Iphitus_ were contemporary. But +_Iphitus_ did not restore all the Olympic games. He [31] restored indeed +the Racing in the first Olympiad, _Coraebus_ being victor. In the 14th +Olympiad, the double _stadium_ was added, _Hypaenus_ being victor. And in +the 18th Olympiad the _Quinquertium_ and Wrestling were added, _Lampus_ and +_Eurybatus_, two _Spartans_, being victors: And the Disc was one of the +games of the _Quinquertium_. [32] _Pausanias_ tells us that there were +three Discs kept in the Olympic treasury at _Altis_: these therefore having +the name of _Lycurgus_ upon them, shew that they were given by him, at the +institution of the _Quinquertium_, in the 18th Olympiad. Now _Polydectes_ +King of _Sparta_, being slain before the birth of his son _Charillus_ or +_Charilaus_, left the Kingdom to _Lycurgus_ his brother; and _Lycurgus_, +upon the birth of _Charillus_, became tutor to the child; and after about +eight months travelled into _Crete_ and _Asia_, till the child grew up, and +brought back with him the poems of _Homer_; and soon after published his +laws, suppose upon the 22d or 23d Olympiad; for he was then growing old: +and _Terpander_ was a Lyric Poet, and began to flourish about this time; +for [33] he imitated _Orpheus_ and _Homer_, and sung _Homer's_ verses and +his own, and wrote the laws of _Lycurgus_ in verse, and was victor in the +_Pythic_ games in the 26th Olympiad, as above. He was the first who +distinguished the modes of Lyric music by several names. _Ardalus_ and +_Clonas_ soon after did the like for wind music: and from henceforward, by +the encouragement of the _Pythic_ games, now instituted, several eminent +Musicians and Poets flourished in _Greece_: as _Archilochus_, _Eumelus +Corinthius_, _Polymnestus_, _Thaletas_, _Xenodemus_, _Xenocritus_, +_Sacadas_, _Tyrtaeus_, _Tlesilla_, _Rhianus_, _Alcman_, _Arion_, +_Stesichorus_, _Mimnermnus_, _Alcaeus_, _Sappho_, _Theognis_, _Anacreon_, +_Ibycus_, _Simonides_, _AEschylus_, _Pindar_, by whom the Music and Poetry +of the _Greeks_ were brought to perfection. + +_Lycurgus_, published his laws in the Reign of _Agesilaus_, the son and +successor of _Doryagus_, in the Race of the Kings of _Sparta_ descended +from _Eurysthenes_. From the Return of the _Heraclides_ into +_Peloponnesus_, to the end of the Reign of _Agesilaus_, there were six +Reigns: and from the same Return to the end of the Reign of _Polydectes_, +in the Race of the _Spartan_ Kings descended from _Procles_, there were +also six Reigns: and these Reigns, at twenty years a-piece one with +another, amount unto 120 years; besides the short Reign of _Aristodemus_, +the father of _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_, which might amount to a year or +two: for _Aristodemus_ came to the crown, as [34] _Herodotus_ and the +_Lacedaemonians_ themselves affirmed. The times of the deaths of _Agesilaus_ +and _Polydectes_ are not certainly known: but it may be presumed that +_Lycurgus_ did not meddle with the Olympic games before he came to the +Kingdom; and therefore _Polydectes_ died in the beginning of the 18th +Olympiad, or but a very little before. If it may be supposed that the 20th +Olympiad was in, or very near to the middle time between the deaths of the +two Kings _Polydectes_ and _Agesilaus_, and from thence be counted upwards +the aforesaid 120 years, and one year more for the Reign of _Aristodemus_; +the reckoning will place the Return of the _Heraclides_, about 45 years +before the beginning of the Olympiads. + +_Iphitus_, who restored the Olympic games, [35] was descended from +_Oxylus_, the son of _Haemon_, the son of _Thoas_, the son of _Andraemon_: +_Hercules_ and _Andraemon_ married two sisters: _Thoas_ warred at _Troy_: +_Oxylus_ returned into _Peloponnesus_ with the _Heraclides_. In this return +he commanded the body of the _AEtolians_, and recovered _Elea_; [36] from +whence his ancestor _AEtolus_, the son of _Endymion_, the son of _Aethlius_, +had been driven by _Salmoneus_ the grandson of _Hellen_. By the friendship +of the _Heraclides_, _Oxylus_ had the care of the Olympic Temple committed +to him: and the _Heraclides_, for his service done them, granted further +upon oath that the country of the _Eleans_ should be free from invasions, +and be defended by them from all armed force: And when the _Eleans_ were +thus consecrated, _Oxylus_ restored the Olympic games: and after they had +been again intermitted, _Iphitus_ their King [37] restored them, and made +them quadrennial. _Iphitus_ is by some reckoned the son of _Haemon_, by +others the son of _Praxonidas_, the son of _Haemon_: but _Haemon_ being the +father of _Oxylus_, I would reckon _Iphitus_ the son of _Praxonidas_, the +son of _Oxylus_, the son of _Haemon_. And by this reckoning the Return of +the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ will be two Generations by the eldest +sons, or about 52 years, before the Olympiads. + +_Pausanias_ [38] represents that _Melas_ the son of _Antissus_, of the +posterity of _Gonussa_ the daughter of _Sicyon_, was not above six +Generations older than _Cypselus_ King of _Corinth_; and that he was +contemporary to _Aletes_, who returned with the _Heraclides_ into +_Peloponnesus_. The Reign of _Cypselus_ began _An._ 2, Olymp. 31, according +to Chronologers; and six Generations, at about 30 years to a Generation, +amount unto 180 years. Count those years backwards from _An._ 2, Olymp. 31, +and they will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ 58 +years before the first Olympiad. But it might not be so early, if the Reign +of _Cypselus_ began three or four Olympiads later; for he reigned before +the _Persian_ Empire began. + +_Hercules_ the _Argonaut_ was the father of _Hyllus_; the father of +_Cleodius_; the father of _Aristomachus_; the father of _Temenus_, +_Cresphontes_, and _Aristodemus_, who led the _Heraclides_ into +_Peloponnesus_ and _Eurystheus_, who was of the same age with _Hercules_, +was slain in the first attempt of the _Heraclides_ to return: _Hyllus_ was +slain in the second attempt, _Cleodius_ in the third attempt, +_Aristomachus_ in the fourth attempt, and _Aristodemus_ died as soon as +they were returned, and left the Kingdom of _Sparta_ to his sons +_Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_. Whence their Return was four Generations later +than the _Argonautic_ expedition: And these Generations were short ones, +being by the chief of the family, and suit with the reckoning of +_Thucydides_ and the Ancients, that the taking of _Troy_ was about 75 or +eighty years before the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_; and +the _Argonautic_ expedition one Generation earlier than the taking of +_Troy_. Count therefore eighty years backward from the Return of the +_Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ to the _Trojan_ war, and the taking of +_Troy_ will be about 76 years after the death of _Solomon_: And the +_Argonautic_ expedition, which was one Generation earlier, will be about 43 +years after it. From the taking of _Troy_ to the Return of the +_Heraclides_, could scarce be more than eighty years, because _Orestes_ the +son of _Agamemnon_ was a youth at the taking of _Troy_, and his sons +_Penthilus_ and _Tisamenus_ lived till the Return of the _Heraclides_. + +_AEsculapius_ and _Hercules_ were _Argonauts_, and _Hippocrates_ was the +eighteenth inclusively by the father's side from _AEsculapius_, and the +nineteenth from _Hercules_ by the mother's side: and because these +Generations, being taken notice of by writers, were most probably by the +principal of the family, and so for the most part by the eldest sons; we +may reckon about 28 or at the most about 30 years to a Generation. And thus +the seventeen intervals by the father's side, and eighteen by the mother's, +will at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years: which counted +backwards from the beginning of the _Peloponnesian_ war, at which time +_Hippocrates_ began to flourish, will reach up to the 43d year after the +death of _Solomon_, and there place the _Argonautic_ expedition. + +When the _Romans_ conquered the _Carthaginians_, the Archives of _Carthage_ +came into their hands: And thence _Appian_, in his history of the _Punic_ +wars, tells in round numbers that _Carthage_ stood seven hundred years: and +[39] _Solinus_ adds the odd number of years in these words: _Adrymeto atque +Carthagini author est a Tyro populus. Urbem istam, ut Cato in Oratione +Senatoria autumat; cum rex Hiarbas rerum in Libya potiretur, Elissa mulier +extruxit, domo Phoenix & Carthadam dixit, quod Phoenicum ore exprimit +civitatem novam; mox sermone verso Carthago dicta est, quae post annos +septingentos triginta septem exciditur quam fuerat extructa_. _Elissa_ was +_Dido_, and _Carthage_ was destroyed in the Consulship of _Lentulus_ and +_Mummius_, in the year of the _Julian Period_ 4568; from whence count +backwards _737_ years, and the _Encaenia_ or Dedication of the City, will +fall upon the 16th year of _Pygmalion_, the brother of _Dido_, and King of +_Tyre_. She fled in the seventh year of _Pygmalion_, but the _AEra_ of the +City began with its _Encaenia_. Now _Virgil_, and his Scholiast _Servius_, +who might have some things from the archives of _Tyre_ and _Cyprus_, as +well as from those of _Carthage_, relate that _Teucer_ came from the war of +_Troy_ to _Cyprus_, in the days of _Dido_, a little before the Reign of her +brother _Pygmalion_; and, in conjunction with her father, seized _Cyprus_, +and ejected _Cinyras_: and the Marbles say that _Teucer_ came to _Cyprus_ +seven years after the destruction of _Troy_, and built _Salamis_; and +_Apollodorus_, that _Cinyras_ married _Metharme_ the daughter of +_Pygmalion_, and built _Paphos_. Therefore, if the _Romans_, in the days of +_Augustus_, followed not altogether the artificial Chronology of +_Eratosthenes_, but had these things from the records of _Carthage_, +_Cyprus_, or _Tyre_; the arrival of _Teucer_ at _Cyprus_ will be in the +Reign of the predecessor of _Pygmalion_: and by consequence the destruction +of _Troy_, about 76 years later than the death of _Solomon_. + +_Dionysius Halicarnassensis_ [40] tells us, that in the time of the +_Trojan_ war, _Latinus_ was King of the _Aborigines_ in _Italy_, and that +in the sixteenth Age after that war, _Romulus_ built _Rome_. By Ages he +means Reigns of Kings: for after _Latinus_ he names sixteen Kings of the +_Latines_, the last of which was _Numitor_, in whose days _Romulus_ built +_Rome_: for _Romulus_ was contemporary to _Numitor_, and after him +_Dionysius_ and others reckon six Kings more over _Rome_, to the beginning +of the Consuls. Now these twenty and two Reigns, at about 18 years to a +Reign one with another, for many of these Kings were slain, took up 396 +years; which counted back from the consulship of _Junius Brutus_ and +_Valerius Publicola_, the two first Consuls, place the _Trojan_ war about +78 years after the death of _Solomon_. + +The expedition of _Sesostris_ was one Generation earlier than the +_Argonautic_ expedition: for in his return back into _Egypt_ he left +_AEetes_ in _Colchis_, and _AEetes_ reigned there 'till the _Argonautic_ +expedition; and _Prometheus_ was left by _Sesostris_ with a body of men at +_Mount Caucasus_, to guard that pass, and after thirty years was released +by _Hercules_ the _Argonaut_: and _Phlyas_ and _Eumedon_, the sons of the +great _Bacchus_, so the Poets call _Sesostris_, and of _Ariadne_ the +daughter of _Minos_, were _Argonauts_. At the return of _Sesostris_ into +_Egypt_, his brother _Danaus_ fled from him into _Greece_ with his fifty +daughters, in a long ship; after the pattern of which the ship _Argo_ was +built: and _Argus_, the son of _Danaus_, was the master-builder thereof. +_Nauplius_ the _Argonaut_ was born in _Greece_, of _Amymone_, one of the +daughters of _Danaus_, and of _Neptune_, the brother and admiral of +_Sesostris_: And two others of the daughters of _Danaus_ married +_Archander_ and _Archilites_, the sons of _Achaeus_, the son of _Creusa_, +the daughter of _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_: and therefore the daughters +of _Danaus_ were three Generations younger than _Erechtheus_; and by +consequence contemporary to _Theseus_ the son of _AEgeus_, the adopted son +of _Pandion_, the son of _Erechtheus_. _Theseus_, in the time of the +_Argonautic_ expedition, was of about 50 years of age, and so was born +about the 33d year of _Solomon_: for he stole _Helena_ [41] just before +that expedition, being then 50 years old, and she but seven, or as some say +ten. _Pirithous_ the son of _Ixion_ helped _Theseus_ to steal _Helena_, and +then [42] _Theseus_ went with _Pirithous_ to steal _Persephone_, the +daughter of _Aidoneus_, or _Orcus_, King of the _Molossians_, and was taken +in the action: and whilst he lay in prison, _Castor_ and _Pollux_ returning +from the _Argonautic_ expedition, released their sister _Helena_, and +captivated _AEthra_ the mother of _Theseus_. Now the daughters of _Danaus_ +being contemporary to _Theseus_, and some of their sons being _Argonauts_, +_Danaus_ with his daughters fled from his brother _Sesostris_ into _Greece_ +about one Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition; and therefore +_Sesostris_ returned into _Egypt_ in the Reign of _Rehoboam_. He came out +of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of _Rehoboam_, [43] and spent nine years in +that expedition, against the Eastern Nations and _Greece_; and therefore +returned back into _Egypt_, in the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_. _Sesac_ +and _Sesostris_ were therefore Kings of all _Egypt_, at one and the same +time: and they agree not only in the time, but also in their actions and +conquests. God gave _Sesac_ [Hebrew: mmlkvt h'rtsvt] _the Kingdoms of the +lands_, 2 Chron. xii. Where _Herodotus_ describes the expedition of +_Sesostris_, _Josephus_ [44] tells us that he described the expedition of +_Sesac_, and attributed his actions to _Sesostris_, erring only in the name +of the King. Corruptions of names are frequent in history; _Sesostris_ was +otherwise called _Sesochris_, _Sesochis_, _Sesoosis_, _Sethosis_, +_Sesonchis_, _Sesonchosis_. Take away the _Greek_ termination, and the +names become _Sesost_, _Sesoch_, _Sesoos_, _Sethos_, _Sesonch_: which names +differ very little from _Sesach_. _Sesonchis_ and _Sesach_ differ no more +than _Memphis_ and _Moph_, two names of the same city. _Josephus_ [45] +tells us also, from _Manetho_, that _Sethosis_ was the brother of _Armais_, +and that these brothers were otherwise called _AEgyptus_ and _Danaus_; and +that upon the return of _Sethosis_ or _AEgyptus_, from his great conquests +into _Egypt_, _Armais_ or _Danaus_ fled from him into _Greece_. + +_Egypt_ was at first divided into many small Kingdoms, like other nations; +and grew into one monarchy by degrees: and the father of _Solomon's_ Queen, +was the first King of _Egypt_, who came into _Phoenicia_ with an Army: but +he only took _Gezir_, and gave it to his daughter. _Sesac_, the next King, +came out of _Egypt_ with an army of _Libyans_, _Troglodites_ and +_Ethiopians_, 2 Chron. xii. 3. and therefore was then King of all those +countries; and we do not read in Scripture, that any former King of +_Egypt_; who Reigned over all those nations, came out of _Egypt_ with a +great army to conquer other countries. The sacred history of the +_Israelites_, from the days of _Abraham_ to the days of _Solomon_, admits +of no such conqueror. _Sesostris_ reigned over all the same nations of the +_Libyans_, _Troglodites_ and _Ethiopians_, and came out of _Egypt_ with a +great army to conquer other Kingdoms. The Shepherds reigned long in the +lower part of _Egypt_, and were expelled thence, just before the building +of _Jerusalem_ and the Temple; according to _Manetho_; and whilst they +Reigned in the lower part of _Egypt_, the upper part thereof was under +other Kings: and while _Egypt_ was divided into several Kingdoms, there was +no room for any such King of all _Egypt_ as _Sesostris_; and no historian +makes him later than _Sesac_: and therefore he was one and the same King of +_Egypt_ with _Sesac_. This is no new opinion: _Josephus_ discovered it when +he affirmed that _Herodotus_ erred, in ascribing the actions of _Sesac_ to +_Sesostris_, and that the error was only in the name of the King: for this +is as much as to say, that the true name of him who did those things +described by _Herodotus_, was _Sesac_; and that _Herodotus_ erred only in +calling him _Sesostris_; or that he was called _Sesostris_ by a corruption +of his name. Our great Chronologer, _Sir John Marsham_, was also of opinion +that _Sesostris_ was _Sesac_: and if this be granted, it is then most +certain, that _Sesostris_ came out of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of +_Rehoboam_ to invade the nations, and returned back into _Egypt_ in the +14th year of that King; and that _Danaus_ then flying from his brother, +came into _Greece_ within a year or two after: and the _Argonautic_ +expedition being one Generation later than that invasion, and than the +coming of _Danaus_ into _Greece_, was certainly about 40 or 45 years later +than the death of _Solomon_. _Prometheus_ stay'd on _Mount Caucasus_ [46] +thirty years, and then was released by _Hercules_: and therefore the +_Argonautic_ expedition was thirty years after _Prometheus_ had been left +on _Mount Caucasus_ by _Sesostris_, that is, about 44 years after the death +of _Solomon_. + +All nations, before the just length of the Solar year was known, reckoned +months by the course of the moon; and years by the [47] returns of winter +and summer, spring and autumn: and in making Calendars for their Festivals, +reckoned thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve Lunar months to a year; +taking the nearest round numbers: whence came the division of the Ecliptic +into 360 degrees. So in the time of _Noah_'s flood, when the Moon could not +be seen, _Noah_ reckoned thirty days to a month: but if the Moon appeared a +day or two before the end of the month, [48] they began the next month with +the first day of her appearing: and this was done generally, 'till the +_Egyptians_ of _Thebais_ found the length of the Solar year. So [49] +_Diodorus_ tells us that _the _Egyptians_ of _Thebais_ use no intercalary +months, nor subduct any days_ [from the month] _as is done by most of the +_Greeks__. And [50] _Cicero_, _est consuetudo Siculorum caeterorumque +Graecorum, quod suos dies mensesque congruere volunt cum Solis Lunaeque +ratione, ut nonnumquam siquid discrepet, eximant unum aliquem diem aut +summum biduum ex mense_ [civili dierum triginta] _quos illi_ [Greek: +exairesimous] _dies nominant_. And _Proclus_, upon _Hesiod_'s [Greek: +triakas] mentions the same thing. And [51] _Geminus_: [Greek: Prothesis gar +en tois archaiois, tous men menas agein kata selenen, tous de eniautous +kath' helion. To gar hypo ton nomon, kai ton chresmon parangellomenon, to +thyein kata g', egoun ta patria, menas, hemeras, eniautous: touto dielabon +apantes hoi Hellenes toi tous men heniautous symphonos agein toi helioi; +tas de hemeras kai tous menas tei selene. esti de to men kath' helion agein +tous eniautous, to peri tas autas horas tou eniautou tas autas thysias tois +theois epiteleithai, kai ten men earinen thysian dia pantos kata to ear +synteleithai; ten de therinen, kata to theros; homoios de kai kata tous +loipous kairous tou etous tas autas thysias piptein. Touto gar hypelabon +prosenes, kai kecharismenon einai tois theois. Touto d' allos ouk an +dynaito genesthai, ei me hai tropai, kai hai isemeriai peri tous autous +topous gignointo. To de kata selenen agein tas hemeras, toiouton esti; to +akolouthos tois tes selenes photismois tas prosegorias ton hemeron +ginesthai. apo gar ton tes selenes photismon hai prosegoriai ton hemeron +katonomasthesan. En hei men gar hemerai nea he selene phainetai, kata +synaloiphen neomenia prosegoreuthe; en hei de hemerai ten deuteran phasin +poieitai, deuteran prosegoreusan; ten de kata meson tou menos ginomenen +phasin tes selenes, apo autou tou symbainontos dichomenian ekalesan. kai +katholou de pasas tas hemeras apo ton tes selenes photismaton prosonomasan. +hothen kai ten triakosten tou menos hemeran eschaten ousan apo autou tou +symbainontos triakada ekalesan.] _Propositum enim fuit veteribus, menses +quidem agere secundum Lunam, annos vero secundum Solem. Quod enim a legibus +& Oraculis praecipiebatur, ut sacrificarent secundum tria, videlicet patria, +menses, dies, annos; hoc ita distincte faciebant universi Graeci, ut annos +agerent congruenter cum Sole, dies vero & menses cum Luna. Porro secundum +Solem annos agere, est circa easdem tempestates anni eadem sacrificia Diis +perfici, & vernum sacrificium semper in vere consummari, aestivum autem in +aestate: similiter & in reliquis anni temporibus eadem sacrificia cadere. +Hoc enim putabant acceptum & gratum esse Diis. Hoc autem aliter fieri non +posset nisi conversiones solstitiales & aequinoctia in iisdem Zodiaci locis +fierent. Secundum Lunam vero dies agere est tale ut congruant cum Lunae +illuminationibus appellationes dierum. Nam a Lunae illuminationibus +appellationes dierum sunt denominatae. In qua enim die Luna apparet nova, ea +per Synaloephen, seu compositionem [Greek: neomenia] id est, Novilunium +appellatur. In qua vero die secundam facit apparitionem, eam secundam Lunam +vocarunt. Apparitionem Lunae quae circa medium mensis fit, ab ipso eventu +[Greek: dichomenian], id est medietatem mensis nominarunt. Ac summatim, +omnes dies a Lunae illuminationibus denominarunt. Unde etiam tricesimam +mensis diem, cum ultima sit, ab ipso eventu [Greek: triakada] vocarunt_. + +The ancient Calendar year of the _Greeks_ consisted therefore of twelve +Lunar months, and every month of thirty days: and these years and months +they corrected from time to time, by the courses of the Sun and Moon, +omitting a day or two in the month, as often as they found the month too +long for the course of the Moon; and adding a month to the year, as often +as they found the twelve Lunar months too short for the return of the four +seasons. _Cleobulus_, [52] one of the seven wise men of _Greece_, alluded +to this year of the _Greeks_, in his Parable of one father who had twelve +sons, each of which had thirty daughters half white and half black: and +_Thales_ [53] called the last day of the month [Greek: triakada], the +thirtieth: and _Solon_ counted the ten last days of the month backward from +the thirtieth, calling that day [Greek: enen kai nean], the old and the +new, or the last day of the old month and the first day of the new: for he +introduced months of 29 and 30 days alternately, making the thirtieth day +of every other month to be the first day of the next month. + +To the twelve Lunar months [54] the ancient _Greeks_ added a thirteenth, +every other year, which made their _Dieteris_; and because this reckoning +made their year too long by a month in eight years, they omitted an +intercalary month once in eight years, which made their _Octaeteris_, one +half of which was their _Tetraeteris_: And these Periods seem to have been +almost as old as the religions of _Greece_, being used in divers of their +_Sacra_. The [55] _Octaeteris_ was the _Annus magnus_ of _Cadmus_ and +_Minos_, and seems to have been brought into _Greece_ and _Crete_ by the +_Phoenicians_, who came thither with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_, and to have +continued 'till after the days of _Herodotus_: for in counting the length +of seventy years [56], he reckons thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve +such months, or 360 days, to the ordinary year, without the intercalary +months, and 25 such months to the _Dieteris_: and according to the number +of days in the Calendar year of the _Greeks_, _Demetrius Phalereus_ had 360 +Statues erected to him by the _Athenians_. But the _Greeks_, _Cleostratus_, +_Harpalus_, and others, to make their months agree better with the course +of the Moon, in the times of the _Persian_ Empire, varied the manner of +intercaling the three months in the _Octaeteris_; and _Meton_ found out the +Cycle of intercaling seven months in nineteen years. + +The Ancient year of the _Latines_ was also Luni-solar; for _Plutarch_ [57] +tells us, that the year of _Numa_ consisted of twelve Lunar months, with +intercalary months to make up what the twelve Lunar months wanted of the +Solar year. The Ancient year of the _Egyptians_ was also Luni-solar, and +continued to be so 'till the days of _Hyperion_, or _Osiris_, a King of +_Egypt_, the father of _Helius_ and _Selene_, or _Orus_ and _Bubaste_: For +the _Israelites_ brought this year out of _Egypt_; and _Diodorus_ tells +[58] us that _Ouranus_ the father of _Hyperion_ used this year, and [59] +that in the Temple of _Osiris_ the Priests appointed thereunto filled 360 +Milk Bowls every day: I think he means one Bowl every day, in all 360, to +count the number of days in the Calendar year, and thereby to find out the +difference between this and the true Solar year: for the year of 360 days +was the year, to the end of which they added five days. + +That the _Israelites_ used the Luni-solar year is beyond question. Their +months began with their new Moons. Their first month was called _Abib_, +from the earing of Corn in that month. Their Passover was kept upon the +fourteenth day of the first month, the Moon being then in the full: and if +the Corn was not then ripe enough for offering the first Fruits, the +Festival was put off, by adding an intercalary month to the end of the +year; and the harvest was got in before the Pentecost, and the other Fruits +gathered before the Feast of the seventh month. + +_Simplicius_ in his commentary [60] on the first of _Aristotle_'s _Physical +Acroasis_, tells us, that _some begin the year upon the Summer Solstice, as +the People of _Attica_; or upon the Autumnal Equinox, as the People of +_Asia_; or in Winter, as the _Romans_; or about the Vernal Equinox, as the +_Arabians_ and People of _Damascus_: and the month began, according to +some, upon the Full Moon, or upon the New._ The years of all these Nations +were therefore Luni-solar, and kept to the four Seasons: and the _Roman_ +year began at first in Spring, as I seem to gather from the Names of their +Months, _Quintilis_, _Sextilis_, _September_, _October_, _November_, +_December_: and the beginning was afterwards removed to Winter. The ancient +civil year of the _Assyrians_ and _Babylonians_ was also Luni-solar: for +this year was also used by the _Samaritans_, who came from several parts of +the _Assyrian_ Empire; and the _Jews_ who came from _Babylon_ called the +months of their Luni-solar year after the Names of the months of the +_Babylonian_ year: and _Berosus_ [61] tells us that the _Babylonians_ +celebrated the Feast _Sacaea_ upon the 16th day of the month _Lous_, which +was a Lunar month of the _Macedonians_, and kept to one and the same Season +of the year: and the _Arabians_, a Nation who peopled _Babylon_, use Lunar +months to this day. _Suidas_ [62] tells us, that the _Sarus_ of the +_Chaldeans_ contains 222 Lunar months, which are eighteen years, consisting +each of twelve Lunar months, besides six intercalary months: and when [63] +_Cyrus_ cut the River _Gindus_ into 360 Channels, he seems to have alluded +unto the number of days in the Calendar year of the _Medes_ and _Persians_: +and the Emperor _Julian_ [64] writes, _For when all other People, that I +may say it in one word, accommodate their months to the course of the Moon, +we alone with the _Egyptians_ measure the days of the year by the course of +the Sun._ + +At length the _Egyptians_, for the sake of Navigation, applied themselves +to observe the Stars; and by their Heliacal Risings and Settings found the +true Solar year to be five days longer than the Calendar year, and +therefore added five days to the twelve Calendar months; making the Solar +year to consist of twelve months and five days. _Strabo_ [65] and [66] +_Diodorus_ ascribe this invention to the _Egyptians_ of _Thebes_. _The +_Theban_ Priests_, saith _Strabo_, _are above others said to be Astronomers +and Philosophers. They invented the reckoning of days not by the course of +the Moon, but by the course of the Sun. To twelve months each of thirty +days they add yearly five days._ In memory of this Emendation of the year +they dedicated the [67] five additional days to _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_ +senior, _Typhon_, and _Nephthe_ the wife of _Typhon_, feigning that those +days were added to the year when these five Princes were born, that is, in +the Reign of _Ouranus_, or _Ammon_, the father of _Sesac_: and in [68] the +Sepulchre of _Amenophis_, who Reigned soon after, they placed a Golden +Circle of 365 cubits in compass, and divided it into 365 equal parts, to +represent all the days in the year, and noted upon each part the Heliacal +Risings and Settings of the Stars on that day; which Circle remained there +'till the invasion of _Egypt_ by _Cambyses_ King of _Persia_. 'Till the +Reign of _Ouranus_, the father of _Hyperion_, and grandfather of _Helius_ +and _Selene_, the _Egyptians_ used the old Lunisolar year: but in his +Reign, that is, in the Reign of _Ammon_, the father of _Osiris_ or _Sesac_, +and grandfather of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_, the _Thebans_ began to apply +themselves to Navigation and Astronomy, and by the Heliacal Risings and +Settings of the Stars determined the length of the Solar year; and to the +old Calendar year added five days, and dedicated them to his five children +above mentioned, as their birth days: and in the Reign of _Amenophis_, when +by further Observations they had sufficiently determined the time of the +Solstices, they might place the beginning of this new year upon the Vernal +Equinox. This year being at length propagated into _Chaldaea_, gave occasion +to the year of _Nabonassar_; for the years of _Nabonassar_ and those of +_Egypt_ began on one and the same day, called by them _Thoth_, and were +equal and in all respects the same: and the first year of _Nabonassar_ +began on the 26th day of _February_ of the old _Roman_ year, seven hundred +forty and seven years before the Vulgar _AEra_ of _Christ_, and thirty and +three days and five hours before the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's +mean motion; for it is not likely that the Equation of the Sun's motion +should be known in the infancy of Astronomy. Now reckoning that the year of +365 days wants five hours and 49 minutes of the Equinoctial year; the +beginning of this year will move backwards thirty and three days and five +hours in 137 years: and by consequence this year began at first in _Egypt_ +upon the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's mean motion, 137 years +before the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_ began; that is, in the year of the +_Julian_ Period 3830, or 96 years after the death of _Solomon_: and if it +began upon the next day after the Vernal Equinox, it might begin four years +earlier; and about that time ended the Reign of _Amenophis_: for he came +not from _Susa_ to the _Trojan_ war, but died afterwards in _Egypt_. This +year was received by the _Persian_ Empire from the _Babylonian_; and the +_Greeks_ also used it in the _AEra Philippaea_, dated from the Death of +_Alexander_ the great; and _Julius Caesar_ corrected it, by adding a day in +every four years, and made it the year of the _Romans_. + +_Syncellus_ tells us, that the five days were added to the old year by the +last King of the Shepherds: and the difference in time between the Reign of +this King, and that of _Ammon_, is but small; for the Reign of the +Shepherds ended but one Generation, or two, before _Ammon_ began to add +those days. But the Shepherds minded not Arts and Sciences. + +The first month of the Luni-solar year, by reason of the Intercalary month, +began sometimes a week or a fortnight before the Equinox or Solstice, and +sometimes as much after it. And this year gave occasion to the first +Astronomers, who formed the _Asterisms_, to place the Equinoxes and +Solstices in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_, +_Chelae_, and _Capricorn_. _Achilles Tatius_ [69] tells us, that _some +antiently placed the Solstice in the beginning of _Cancer_, others in the +eighth degree of _Cancer_, others about the twelfth degree, and others +about the fifteenth degree thereof._ This variety of opinions proceeded +from the precession of the Equinox, then not known to the _Greeks_. When +the Sphere was first formed, the Solstice was in the fifteenth degree or +middle of the Constellation of _Cancer_: then it came into the twelfth, +eighth, fourth, and first degree successively. _Eudoxus_, who flourished +about sixty years after _Meton_, and an hundred years before _Aratus_, in +describing the Sphere of the Ancients, placed the Solstices and Equinoxes +in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_, _Chelae_, and +_Capricorn_, as is affirmed by [70] _Hipparchus Bithynus_; and appears also +by the Description of the Equinoctial and Tropical Circles in _Aratus_, +[71] who copied after _Eudoxus_; and by the positions of the _Colures_ of +the Equinoxes and Solstices, which in the Sphere of _Eudoxus_, described by +_Hipparchus_, went through the middles of those Constellations. For +_Hipparchus_ tells us, that _Eudoxus_ drew the _Colure_ of the Solstices, +through the middle of the _great Bear_, and the middle of _Cancer_, and the +neck of _Hydrus_, and the Star between the Poop and Mast of _Argo_, and the +Tayl of the _South Fish_, and through the middle of _Capricorn_, and of +_Sagitta_, and through the neck and right wing of the _Swan_, and the left +hand of _Cepheus_; and that he drew the Equinoctial _Colure_, through the +left hand of _Arctophylax_, and along the middle of his Body, and cross the +middle of _Chelae_, and through the right hand and fore-knee of the +_Centaur_, and through the flexure of _Eridanus_ and head of _Cetus_, and +the back of _Aries_ a-cross, and through the head and right hand of +_Perseus_. + +Now _Chiron_ delineated [Greek: schemata olympou] the _Asterisms_, as the +ancient Author of _Gigantomachia_, cited by [72] _Clemens Alexandrinus_ +informs us: for _Chiron_ was a practical Astronomer, as may be there +understood also of his daughter _Hippo_: and _Musaeus_, the son of +_Eumolpus_ and master of _Orpheus_, and one of the _Argonauts_, [73] made a +Sphere, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who made one: and the +Sphere it self shews that it was delineated in the time of the _Argonautic_ +expedition; for that expedition is delineated in the _Asterisms_, together +with several other ancienter Histories of the _Greeks_, and without any +thing later. There's the golden _RAM_, the ensign of the Vessel in which +_Phryxus_ fled to _Colchis_; the _BULL_ with brazen hoofs tamed by _Jason_; +and the _TWINS_, _CASTOR_ and _POLLUX_, two of the _Argonauts_, with the +_SWAN_ of _Leda_ their mother. There's the Ship _ARGO_, and _HYDRUS_ the +watchful Dragon; with _Medea_'s _CUP_, and a _RAVEN_ upon its Carcass, the +Symbol of Death. There's _CHIRON_ the master of _Jason_, with his _ALTAR_ +and _SACRIFICE_. There's the _Argonaut_ _HERCULES_ with his _DART_ and +_VULTURE_ falling down; and the _DRAGON_, _CRAB_ and _LION_, whom he slew; +and the _HARP_ of the _Argonaut_ _Orpheus_. All these relate to the +_Argonauts_. There's _ORION_ the son of _Neptune_, or as some say, the +grandson of _Minos_, with his _DOGS_, and _HARE_, and _RIVER_, and +_SCORPION_. There's the story of _Perseus_ in the Constellations of +_PERSEUS_, _ANDROMEDA_, _CEPHEUS_, _CASSIOPEA_ and _CETUS_: That of +_Callisto_, and her son _Arcas_, in _URSA MAJOR_ and _ARCTOPHYLAX_: That of +_Icareus_ and his daughter _Erigone_ in _BOOTES_, _PLAUSTRUM_ and _VIRGO_. +_URSA MINOR_ relates to one of the Nurses of _Jupiter_, _AURIGA_ to +_Erechthonius_, _OPHIUCHUS_ to _Phorbas_, _SAGITTARIUS_ to _Crolus_ the son +of the Nurse of the Muses, _CAPRICORN_ to _Pan_, and _AQUARIUS_ to +_Ganimede_. There's _Ariadne_'s _CROWN_, _Bellerophon_'s _HORSE_, +_Neptune_'s _DOLPHIN_, _Ganimede_'s _EAGLE_, _Jupiter_'s _GOAT_ with her +_KIDS_, _Bacchus_'s _ASSES_, and the _FISHES_ of _Venus_ and _Cupid_, and +their Parent the _SOUTH FISH_. These with _DELTOTON_, are the old +Constellations mentioned by _Aratus_: and they all relate to the +_Argonauts_ and their Contemporaries, and to Persons one or two Generations +older: and nothing later than that Expedition was delineated there +Originally. _ANTINOUS_ and _COMA BERENICES_ are novel. The Sphere seems +therefore to have been formed by _Chiron_ and _Musaeus_, for the use of the +_Argonauts_: for the Ship _Argo_ was the first long ship built by the +_Greeks_. Hitherto they had used round vessels of burden, and kept within +sight of the shore; and now, upon an Embassy to several Princes upon the +coasts of the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean_ Seas, [74] by the dictates of +the Oracle, and consent of the Princes of _Greece_, the Flower of _Greece_ +were to sail with Expedition through the deep, in a long Ship with Sails, +and guide their Ship by the Stars. The People of the Island _Corcyra_ [75] +attributed the invention of the Sphere to _Nausicaa_, the daughter of +_Alcinous_, King of the _Pheaces_ in that Island: and it's most probable +that she had it from the _Argonauts_, who [76] in their return home sailed +to that Island, and made some stay there with her father. So then in the +time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition, the Cardinal points of the Equinoxes +and Solstices were in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, +_Cancer_, _Chelae_, and _Capricorn_. + +In the end of the year of our Lord 1689 the Star called _Prima Arietis_ was +in [Aries]. 28 deg.. 51'. 00", with North Latitude 7 deg.. 8'. 58". And the Star +called _ultima caudae Arietis_ was in [Taurus]. 19 deg.. 3'. 42", with North +Latitude 2 deg.. 34'. 5". And the _Colurus AEquinoctiorum_ passing through the +point in the middle between those two Stars did then cut the Ecliptic in +[Taurus]. 6 deg.. 44': and by this reckoning the Equinox in the end of the year +1689 was gone back 36 deg.. 44'. since the _Argonautic_ Expedition: Supposing +that the said _Colure_ passed through the middle of the Constellation of +_Aries_, according to the delineation of the Ancients. The Equinox goes +back fifty seconds in one year, and one degree in seventy and two years, +and by consequence 36 deg.. 44'. in 2645 years, which counted back from the end +of the year of our Lord 1689, or beginning of the year 1690, will place the +_Argonautic_ Expedition about 25 years after the Death of _Solomon_: but it +is not necessary that the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_ should be +exactly in the middle between the two Stars called _prima Arietis_ and +_ultima Caudae_: and it may be better to fix the Cardinal points by the +Stars, through which the _Colures_ passed in the primitive Sphere, +according to the description of _Eudoxus_ above recited. By the _Colure_ of +the Equinoxes, I mean a great Circle passing through the Poles of the +Equator, and cutting the Ecliptic in the Equinoxes in an Angle of 661/2 +degrees, the complement of the Sun's greatest Declination; and by the +_Colure_ of the Solstices I mean a great Circle passing through the same +Poles, and cutting the Ecliptic at right Angles in the Solstices: and by +the Primitive Sphere, that which was in use before the motions of the +Equinoxes and Solstices were known: now the _Colures_ passed through the +following Stars according to _Eudoxus_. + +In the back of _Aries_ is a Star of the sixth magnitude, marked [nu] by +_Bayer_: in the end of the year 1689, and beginning of the year 1690, its +Longitude was [Taurus]. 9 deg.. 38'. 45", and North Latitude 6 deg.. 7'. 56": and +the _Colurus AEquinoctiorum_ drawn though it, according to _Eudoxus_, cuts +the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6 deg.. 58'. 57". In the head of _Cetus_ are two +Stars of the fourth Magnitude, called [nu] and [xi] by _Bayer_: in the end +of the year 1689 their Longitudes were [Taurus]. 4 deg.. 3'. 9". and [Taurus]. +3 deg.. 7'. 37", and their South Latitudes 9 deg.. 12'. 26". and 5 deg.. 53'. 7"; and +the _Colurus AEquinoctiorum_ passing in the mid way between them, cuts the +Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6 deg.. 58'. 51". In the extreme flexure of _Eridanus_, +rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, of late referred to +the breast of _Cetus_, and called [rho] by _Bayer_; it is the only Star in +_Eridanus_ through which this _Colure_ can pass; its Longitude, in the end +of the year 1689, was [Aries]. 25 deg.. 22'. 10". and South Latitude 25 deg.. 15'. +50". and the _Colurus AEquinoctiorum_ passing through it, cuts the Ecliptic +in [Taurus]. 7 deg.. 12'. 40". In the head of _Perseus_, rightly delineated, is +a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called [tau] by _Bayer_; the Longitude of +this Star, in the end of the year 1689, was [Taurus]. 23 deg.. 25'. 30", and +North Latitude 34 deg.. 20'. 12": and the _Colurus AEquinoctiorum_ passing +through it, cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6 deg.. 18'. 57". In the right hand +of _Perseus_, rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called +[eta] by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the year 1689, was [Taurus]. +24 deg.. 25'. 27", and North Latitude 37 deg.. 26'. 50": and the _Colurus +AEquinoctiorum_ passing through it cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 4 deg.. 56'. +40": and the fifth part of the summ of the places in which these five +_Colures_ cut the Ecliptic, is [Taurus]. 6 deg.. 29'. 15": and therefore the +Great Circle which in the Primitive Sphere according to _Eudoxus_, and by +consequence in the time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition, was the _Colurus +AEquinoctiorum_ passing through the Stars above described; did in the end of +the year 1689, cut the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6 deg.. 29'. 15": as nearly as we +have been able to determin by the Observations of the Ancients, which were +but coarse. + +In the middle of _Cancer_ is the _South Asellus_, a Star of the fourth +Magnitude, called by _Bayer_ [delta]; its Longitude in the end of the year +1689, was [Leo]. 4 deg.. 23'. 40". In the neck of _Hydrus_, rightly delineated, +is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called [delta] by _Bayer_; its Longitude +in the end of the year 1689, was [Leo]. 5 deg.. 59'. 3". Between the poop and +mast of the Ship _Argo_ is a Star of the third Magnitude, called [iota] by +_Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of that year, was [Leo]. 7 deg.. 5'. 31". In +_Sagitta_ is a Star of the sixth Magnitude, called [theta] by _Bayer_; its +Longitude in the end of the same year 1689, was [Aquarius]. 6 deg.. 29'. 53". +In the middle of _Capricorn_ is a Star of the fifth Magnitude, called [eta] +by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the same year was [Aquarius]. 8 deg.. +25'. 55": and the fifth part of the summ of the three first Longitudes, and +of the complements of the two last to 180 Degrees; is [Leo]. 6 deg.. 28'. 46". +This is the new Longitude of the old _Colurus Solstitiorum_ passing through +these Stars. The same _Colurus_ passes also in the middle between the Stars +[eta] and [kappa], of the fourth and fifth Magnitudes, in the neck of the +_Swan_; being distant from each about a Degree: it passeth also by the Star +[kappa], of the fourth Magnitude, in the right wing of the _Swan_; and by +the Star [omicron], of the fifth Magnitude, in the left hand of _Cepheus_, +rightly delineated; and by the Stars in the tail of the _South-Fish_; and +is at right angles with the _Colurus AEquinoctiorum_ found above: and so it +hath all the characters, of the _Colurus Solstitiorum_ rightly drawn. + +The two _Colures_ therefore, which in the time of the _Argonautic_ +Expedition cut the Ecliptic in the Cardinal Points, did in the end of the +year 1689 cut it in [Taurus]. 6 deg.. 29'; [Leo]. 6 deg.. 29'; [Scorpio]. 6 deg.. 29'; +and [Aquarius]. 6 deg.. 29'; that is, at the distance of 1 Sign, 6 Degrees and +29 Minutes from the Cardinal Points of _Chiron_; as nearly as we have been +able to determin from the coarse observations of the Ancients: and +therefore the Cardinal Points, in the time between that Expedition and the +end of the year 1689, have gone back from those _Colures_ one Sign, 6 +Degrees and 29 Minutes; which, after the rate of 72 years to a Degree, +answers to 2627 years. Count those years backwards from the end of the year +1689, or beginning of the year 1690, and the reckoning will place the +_Argonautic_ Expedition, about 43 years after the death of _Solomon_. + +By the same method the place of any Star in the Primitive Sphere may +readily be found, counting backwards one Sign, 6 deg.. 29'. from the Longitude +which it had in the end of the year of our Lord 1689. So the Longitude of +the first Star of _Aries_ in the end of the year 1689 was [Aries]. 28 deg.. +51'. as above: count backward 1 Sign, 6 deg.. 29'. and its Longitude, counted +from the Equinox in the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_, in the time +of the _Argonautic_ expedition, will be [Pisces]. 22 deg.. 22': and by the same +way of arguing, the Longitude of the _Lucida Pleiadum_ in the time of the +_Argonautic_ Expedition will be [Aries]. 19 deg.. 26'. 8": and the Longitude of +_Arcturus_ [Virgo]. 13 deg.. 24'. 52": and so of any other Stars. + +After the _Argonautic_ Expedition we hear no more of Astronomy 'till the +days of _Thales_: He [77] revived Astronomy, and wrote a book of the +Tropics and Equinoxes, and predicted Eclipses; and _Pliny_ [78] tells us, +that he determined the _Occasus Matutinus_ of the _Pleiades_ to be upon the +25th day after the Autumnal Equinox: and thence [79] _Petavius_ computes +the Longitude of the _Pleiades_ in [Aries]. 23 deg.. 53': and by consequence +the _Lucida Pleiadum_ had, since the _Argonautic_ Expedition, moved from +the Equinox 4 deg.. 26'. 52": and this motion, after the rate of 72 years to a +Degree, answers to 320 years: count these years back from the time in which +_Thales_ was a young man fit to apply himself to Astronomical Studies, that +is from about the 41st Olympiad, and the reckoning will place the +_Argonautic_ Expedition about 44 years after the death of _Solomon_, as +above: and in the days of _Thales_, the Solstices and Equinoxes, by this +reckoning, will have been in the middle of the eleventh Degrees of the +Signs. But _Thales_, in publishing his book about the Tropics and +Equinoxes, might lean a little to the opinion of former Astronomers, so as +to place them in the twelfth Degrees of the Signs. + +_Meton_ and _Euctemon_, [80] in order to publish the Lunar Cycle of +nineteen years, observed the Summer Solstice in the year of _Nabonassar_ +316, the year before the _Peloponnesian_ war began; and _Columella_ [81] +tells us that they placed it in the eighth Degree of _Cancer_, which is at +least seven Degrees backwarder than at first. Now the Equinox, after the +rate of a Degree in Seventy and two years, goes backwards seven Degrees in +504 years: count backwards those years from the 316th year of _Nabonassar_, +and the _Argonautic_ Expedition will fall upon the 44th year after the +death of _Solomon_, or thereabout, as above. And thus you see the truth of +what we cited above out of _Achilles Tatius_; viz. that some anciently +placed the Solstice in the eighth Degree of _Cancer_, others about the +twelfth Degree, and others about the fifteenth Degree thereof. + +_Hipparchus_ the great Astronomer, comparing his own Observations with +those of former Astronomers, concluded first of any man, that the Equinoxes +had a motion backwards in respect of the fixt Stars: and his opinion was, +that they went backwards one Degree in about an hundred years. He made his +observations of the Equinoxes between the years of _Nabonassar_ 586 and +618: the middle year is 602, which is 286 years after the aforesaid +observation of _Meton_ and _Euctemon_; and in these years the Equinox must +have gone backwards four degrees, and so have been in the fourth Degree of +_Aries_ in the days of _Hipparchus_, and by consequence have then gone back +eleven Degrees since the _Argonautic_ Expedition; that is, in 1090 years, +according to the Chronology of the ancient _Greeks_ then in use: and this +is after the rate of about 99 years, or in the next round number an hundred +years to a Degree, as was then stated by _Hipparchus_. But it really went +back a Degree in seventy and two years, and eleven Degrees in 792 years: +count these 792 years backward from the year of _Nabonassar,_ 602, the year +from which we counted the 286 years, and the reckoning will place the +_Argonautic_ Expedition about 43 years after the death of _Solomon_. The +_Greeks_ have therefore made the _Argonautic_ Expedition about three +hundred years ancienter than the truth, and thereby given occasion to the +opinion of the great _Hipparchus_, that the Equinox went backward after the +rate of only a Degree in an hundred years. + +_Hesiod_ tells us that sixty days after the winter Solstice the Star +_Arcturus_ rose just at Sunset: and thence it follows that _Hesiod_ +flourished about an hundred years after the death of _Solomon_, or in the +Generation or Age next after the _Trojan_ war, as _Hesiod_ himself +declares. + +From all these circumstances, grounded upon the coarse observations of the +ancient Astronomers, we may reckon it certain that the _Argonautic_ +Expedition was not earlier than the Reign of _Solomon_: and if these +Astronomical arguments be added to the former arguments taken from the mean +length of the Reigns of Kings, according to the course of nature; from them +all we may safely conclude that the _Argonautic_ Expedition was after the +death of _Solomon_, and most probably that it was about 43 years after it. + +The _Trojan_ War was one Generation later than that Expedition, as was said +above, several Captains of the _Greeks_ in that war being sons of the +_Argonauts_: and the ancient _Greeks_ reckoned _Memnon_ or _Amenophis_, +King of _Egypt_, to have Reigned in the times of that war, feigning him to +be the son of _Tithonus_ the elder brother of _Priam_, and in the end of +that war to have come from _Susa_ to the assistance of _Priam_. _Amenophis_ +was therefore of the same age with the elder children of _Priam_, and was +with his army at _Susa_ in the last year of that war: and after he had +there finished the _Memnonia_, he might return into _Egypt_, and adorn it +with Buildings, and Obelisks, and Statues, and die there about 90 or 95 +years after the death of _Solomon_; when he had determined and settled the +beginning of the new _Egyptian_ year of 365 days upon the Vernal Equinox, +so as to deserve the Monument above-mentioned in memory thereof. + +_Rehoboam_ was born in the last year of King _David_, being 41 years old at +the Death of _Solomon_, 1 _Kings_ xiv. 21. and therefore his father +_Solomon_ was probably born in the 18th year of King _David's_ Reign, or +before: and two or three years before his Birth, _David_ besieged _Rabbah_ +the Metropolis of the _Ammonites_, and committed adultery with _Bathsheba_: +and the year before this siege began, _David_ vanquished the _Ammonites_, +and their Confederates the _Syrians_ of _Zobah_, and _Rehob_, and _Ishtob_, +and _Maacah_, and _Damascus_, and extended his Dominion over all these +Nations as far as to the entring in of _Hamath_ and the River _Euphrates_: +and before this war began he smote _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Edom_, and +made the _Edomites_ fly, some of them into _Egypt_ with their King _Hadad_, +then a little child; and others to the _Philistims_, where they fortified +_Azoth_ against _Israel_; and others, I think, to the _Persian Gulph_, and +other places whither they could escape: and before this he had several +Battles with the _Philistims_: and all this was after the eighth year of +his Reign, in which he came from _Hebron_ to _Jerusalem_. We cannot err +therefore above two or three years, if we place this Victory over _Edom_ in +the eleventh or twelfth year of his Reign; and that over _Ammon_ and the +_Syrians_ in the fourteenth. After the flight of _Edom_, the King of _Edom_ +grew up, and married _Tahaphenes_ or _Daphnis_, the sister of _Pharaoh_'s +Queen, and before the Death of _David_ had by her a son called _Genubah_, +and this son was brought up among the children of _Pharaoh_: and among +these children was the chief or _first born of her mother's children_, whom +_Solomon_ married in the beginning of his Reign; and her _little sister +who_ at that time _had no breasts_, and her _brother who_ then _sucked the +breasts of his mother_, _Cant._ vi. 9. and viii. 1, 8: and of about the +same Age with these children was _Sesac_ or _Sesostris_; for he became King +of _Egypt_ in the Reign of _Solomon_, 1 _Kings_ xi. 40; and before he began +to Reign he warred under his father, and whilst he was very young, +conquered _Arabia_, _Troglodytica_ and _Libya_, and then invaded +_Ethiopia_; and succeeding his father Reigned 'till the fifth year of +_Asa_: and therefore he was of about the same age with the children of +_Pharaoh_ above-mentioned; and might be one of them, and be born near the +end of _David_'s Reign, and be about 46 years old when he came out of +_Egypt_ with a great Army to invade the East: and by reason of his great +Conquests, he was celebrated in several Nations by several Names. The +_Chaldaeans_ called him _Belus_, which in their Language signified _the +Lord_: the _Arabians_ called him _Bacchus_, which in their Language +signified _the great_: the _Phrygians_ and _Thracians_ called him +_Ma-fors_, _Mavors_, _Mars_, which signified _the valiant_: and thence the +_Amazons_, whom he carried from _Thrace_ and left at _Thermodon_, called +themselves the daughters of _Mars_. The _Egyptians_ before his Reign called +him their _Hero_ or _Hercules_; and after his death, by reason of his great +works done to the River _Nile_, dedicated that River to him, and Deified +him by its names _Sihor_, _Nilus_ and _AEgyptus_; and the _Greeks_ hearing +them lament _0 Sihor, Bou Sihor_, called him _Osiris_ and _Busiris_. +_Arrian_ [82] tells us that the _Arabians_ worshipped, only two Gods, +_Coelus_ and _Dionysus_; and that they worshipped _Dionysus_ for the glory +of leading his Army into _India_. The _Dionysus_ of the _Arabians_ was +_Bacchus_, and all agree that _Bacchus_ was the same King of _Egypt_ with +_Osiris_: and the _Coelus_, or _Uranus_, or _Jupiter Uranius_ of the +_Arabians_, I take to be the same King of _Egypt_ with His father _Ammon_, +according to the Poet: + + _Quamvis AEthiopum populis, Arabumque beatis_ + _Gentibus, atque Indis unus sit Jupiter Ammon._ + +I place the end of the Reign of _Sesac_ upon the fifth year of _Asa_, +because in that year _Asa_ became free from the Dominion of _Egypt_, so as +to be able to fortify _Judaea_, and raise that great Army with which he met +_Zerah_, and routed him. _Osiris_ was therefore slain in the fifth year of +_Asa_, by his brother _Japetus_, whom the _Egyptians_ called _Typhon_, +_Python_, and _Neptune_: and then the _Libyans_, under _Japetus_ and his +son _Atlas_, invaded _Egypt_, and raised that famous war between the Gods +and Giants, from whence the _Nile_ had the name of _Eridanus_: but _Orus_ +the son of _Osiris_, by the assistance of the _Ethiopians_, prevailed, and +Reigned 'till the 15th year of _Asa_: and then the _Ethiopians_ under +_Zerah_ invaded _Egypt_, drowned _Orus_ in _Eridanus_, and were routed by +_Asa_, so that _Zerah_ could not recover himself. _Zerah_ was succeeded by +_Amenophis_, a youth of the Royal Family of the _Ethiopians_, and I think +the son of _Zerah_: but the People of the lower _Egypt_ revolted from him, +and set up _Osarsiphus_ over them, and called to their assistance a great +body of men from _Phoenicia_, I think a part of the Army of _Asa_; and +thereupon _Amenophis_, with the remains of his father's Army of +_Ethiopians_, retired from the lower _Egypt_ to _Memphis_, and there turned +the River _Nile_ into a new channel, under a new bridge which he built +between two Mountains; and at the same time he built and fortified that +City against _Osarsiphus_, calling it by his own name, _Amenoph_ or +_Memphis_: and then he retired into _Ethiopia_, and stayed there thirteen +years; and then came back with a great Army, and subdued the lower _Egypt_, +expelling the People which had been called in from _Phoenicia_: and this I +take to be the second expulsion of the Shepherds. Dr. _Castel_ [83] tells +us, that in _Coptic_ this City is called _Manphtha_; whence by contraction +came its Names _Moph_, _Noph_. + +While _Amenophis_ staid in _Ethiopia_, _Egypt_ was in its greatest +distraction: and then it was, as I conceive, that the _Greeks_ hearing +thereof contrived the _Argonautic_ Expedition, and sent the flower of +_Greece_ in the Ship _Argo_ to persuade the Nations upon the Sea Coasts of +the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean Seas_ to revolt from _Egypt_, and set up +for themselves, as the _Libyans_, _Ethiopians_ and _Jews_ had done before. +And this is a further argument for placing that Expedition about 43 years +after the Death of _Solomon_; this Period being in the middle of the +distraction of _Egypt_. _Amenophis_ might return from _Ethiopia_, and +conquer the lower _Egypt_ about eight years after that Expedition, and +having settled his Government over it, he might, for putting a stop to the +revolting of the eastern Nations, lead his Army into _Persia_, and leave +_Proteus_ at _Memphis_ to govern _Egypt_ in his absence, and stay some time +at _Susa_, and build the _Memnonia_, fortifying that City, as the +Metropolis of his Dominion in those parts. + +_Androgeus_ the son of _Minos_, upon his overcoming in the _Athenaea_, or +quadrennial Games at _Athens_ in his youth, was perfidiously slain out of +envy: and _Minos_ thereupon made war upon the _Athenians_, and compelled +them to send every eighth year to _Crete_ seven beardless Youths, and as +many young Virgins, to be given as a reward to him that should get the +Victory in the like Games instituted in _Crete_ in honour of _Androgeus_. +These Games seem to have been celebrated in the beginning of the +_Octaeteris_, and the _Athenaea_ in the beginning of the _Tetraeteris_, then +brought into _Crete_ and _Greece_ by the _Phoenicians_ and upon the third +payment of the tribute of children, that is, about seventeen years after +the said war was at an end, and about nineteen or twenty years after the +death of _Androgeus_, _Theseus_ became Victor, and returned from _Crete_ +with _Ariadne_ the daughter of _Minos_; and coming to the Island _Naxus_ or +_Dia_, [84] _Ariadne_ was there relinquished by him, and taken up by +_Glaucus_, an _Egyptian_ Commander at Sea, and became the mistress of the +great _Bacchus_, who at that time returned from _India_ in Triumph; and +[85] by him she had two sons, _Phlyas_ and _Eumedon_, who were _Argonauts_. +This _Bacchus_ was caught in bed in _Phrygia_ with _Venus_ the mother of +_AEneas_, according [86] to _Homer_; just before he came over the +_Hellespont_, and invaded _Thrace_; and he married _Ariadne_ the daughter +of _Minos_, according to _Hesiod_ [87]: and therefore by the Testimony of +both _Homer_ and _Hesiod_, who wrote before the _Greeks_ and _Egyptians_ +corrupted their Antiquities, this _Bacchus_ was one Generation older than +the _Argonauts_; and so being King of _Egypt_ at the same time with +_Sesostris_, they must be one and the same King: for they agree also in +their actions; _Bacchus_ invaded _India_ and _Greece_, and after he was +routed by the Army of _Perseus_, and the war was composed, the _Greeks_ did +him great honours, and built a Temple to him at _Argos_, and called it the +Temple of the _Cresian Bacchus_, because _Ariadne_ was buried in it, as +_Pausanias_ [88] relates. _Ariadne_ therefore died in the end of the war, +just before the return of _Sesostris_ into _Egypt_, that is, in the 14th +year of _Rehoboam_: She was taken from _Naxus_ upon the return of _Bacchus_ +from _India_, and then became the Mistress of _Bacchus_, and accompanied +him in his Triumphs; and therefore the expedition of _Theseus_ to _Crete_, +and the death of his father _AEgeus_, was about nine or ten years after the +death of _Solomon_. _Theseus_ was then a beardless young man, suppose about +19 or 20 years old, and _Androgeus_ was slain about twenty years before, +being then about 20 or 22 years old; and his father _Minos_ might be about +25 years older, and so be born about the middle of _David_'s Reign, and be +about 70 years old when he pursued _Daedalus_ into _Sicily_: and _Europa_ +and her brother _Cadmus_ might come into _Europe_, two or three years +before the birth of _Minos_. + +_Justin_, in his 18th book, tells us: _A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati +Sidonii navibus appulsi Tyron urbem ante annum * * Trojanae cladis +condiderunt_ And _Strabo_, [89] that _Aradus was built by the men who fled +from _Zidon__. Hence [90] _Isaiah_ calls _Tyre_ _the daughter of _Zidon_, +the inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of _Zidon_ have +replenished_: and [91] _Solomon_ in the beginning of his Reign calls the +People of _Tyre_ _Zidonians_. _My Servants_, saith he, in a Message to +_Hiram_ King of _Tyre_, _shall be with thy Servants, and unto thee will I +give hire for thy Servants according to all that thou desirest: for thou +knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like +the _Zidonians__. The new Inhabitants of _Tyre_ had not yet lost the name +of _Zidonians_, nor had the old Inhabitants, if there were any considerable +number of them, gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing +of timber, as they would have done had navigation been long in use at +_Tyre_. The Artificers who came from _Zidon_ were not dead, and the flight +of the _Zidonians_ was in the Reign of _David_, and by consequence in the +beginning of the Reign of _Abibalus_ the father of _Hiram_, and the first +King of _Tyre_ mentioned in History. _David_ in the twelfth year of his +Reign conquered _Edom_, as above, and made some of the _Edomites_, and +chiefly the Merchants and Seamen, fly from the _Red Sea_ to the +_Philistims_ upon the _Mediterranean_, where they fortified _Azoth_. For +[92] _Stephanus_ tells us: [Greek: Tauten ektisen heis ton epanelthonton +ap' Erythras thalasses Pheugadon]: _One of the Fugitives from the Red Sea +built_ Azoth: that is, a Prince of _Edom_, who fled from _David_, fortified +_Azoth_ for the _Philistims_ against him. The _Philistims_ were now grown +very strong, by the access of the _Edomites_ and Shepherds, and by their +assistance invaded and took _Zidon_, that being a town very convenient for +the Merchants who fled from the _Red Sea_: and then did the _Zidonians_ fly +by Sea to _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and to other havens in _Asia Minor_, +_Greece_, and _Libya_, with which, by means of their trade, they had been +acquainted before; the great wars and victories of _David_ their enemy, +prompting them to fly by Sea: for [93] they went with a great multitude, +not to seek _Europa_ as was pretended, but to seek new Seats, and therefore +fled from their enemies: and when some of them fled under _Cadmus_ and his +brothers to _Cilicia_, _Asia minor_, and _Greece_; others fled under other +Commanders to seek new Seats in _Libya_, and there built many walled towns, +as _Nonnus_ [94] affirms: and their leader was also there called _Cadmus_, +which word signifies an eastern man, and his wife was called _Sithonis_ a +_Zidonian_. Many from those Cities went afterwards with the great _Bacchus_ +in his Armies: and by these things, the taking of _Zidon_, and the flight +of the _Zidonians_ under _Abibalus_, _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Thasus_, +_Membliarius_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, to _Tyre_, _Aradus_, +_Cilicia_, _Rhodes_, _Caria_, _Bithynia_, _Phrygia_, _Calliste_, _Thasus_, +_Samothrace_, _Crete_, _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the building of _Tyre_ and +_Thebes_, and beginning of the Reigns of _Abibalus_ and _Cadmus_ over those +Cities, are fixed upon the fifteenth or sixteenth year of _David_'s Reign, +or thereabout. By means of these Colonies of _Phoenicians_, the people of +_Caria_ learnt sea-affairs, in such small vessels with oars as were then in +use, and began to frequent the _Greek Seas_, and people some of the Islands +therein, before the Reign of _Minos_: for _Cadmus_, in coming to _Greece_, +arrived first at _Rhodes_, an Island upon the borders of _Caria_, and left +there a Colony of _Phoenicians_, who sacrificed men to _Saturn_, and the +_Telchines_ being repulsed by _Phoroneus_, retired from _Argos_ to _Rhodes_ +with _Phorbas_, who purged the Island from Serpents; and _Triopas_, the son +of _Phorbas_, carried a Colony from _Rhodes_ to _Caria_, and there +possessed himself of a promontory, thence called _Triopium_: and by this +and such like Colonies _Caria_ was furnished with Shipping and Seamen, and +called [95] _Phoenice_. _Strabo_ and _Herodotus_ [96] tell us, that the +_Cares_ were called _Leleges_, and became subject to _Minos_, and lived +first in the Islands of the _Greek Seas_, and went thence into _Caria_, a +country possest before by some of the _Leleges_ and _Pelasgi_: whence it's +probable that when _Lelex_ and _Pelasgus_ came first into _Greece_ to seek +new Seats, they left part of their Colonies in _Caria_ and the neighbouring +Islands. + +The _Zidonians_ being still possessed of the trade of the _Mediterranean_, +as far westward as _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the trade of the _Red Sea_ +being richer; the _Tyrians_ traded on the _Red Sea_ in conjunction with +_Solomon_ and the Kings of _Judah_, 'till after the _Trojan_ war; and so +also did the Merchants of _Aradus_, _Arvad_, or _Arpad_: for in the +_Persian Gulph_ [97] were two Islands called _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, which had +Temples like the _Phoenician_; and therefore the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_ +sailed thither, and beyond, to the Coasts of _India_, while the _Zidonians_ +frequented the _Mediterranean_: and hence it is that _Homer_ celebrates +_Zidon_, and makes no mention of _Tyre_. But at length, [98] in the Reign +of _Jehoram_ King of _Judah_, _Edom_ revolted from the Dominion of _Judah_, +and made themselves a King; and the trade of _Judah_ and _Tyre_ upon the +_Red Sea_ being thereby interrupted, the _Tyrians_ built ships for +merchandise upon the _Mediterranean_, and began there to make long Voyages +to places not yet frequented by the _Zidonians_; some of them going to the +coasts of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and building _Adrymetum_, +_Carthage_, _Leptis_, _Utica_, and _Capsa_; and others going to the Coasts +of _Spain_, and building _Carteia_, _Gades_ and _Tartessus_; and others +going further to the _Fortunate Islands_, and to _Britain_ and _Thule_. +_Jehoram_ Reigned eight years, and the two last years was sick in his +bowels, and before that sickness _Edom_ revolted, because of _Jehoram_'s +wicked Reign: if we place that revolt about the middle of the first six +years, it will fall upon the fifth year of _Pygmalion_ King of _Tyre_, and +so was about twelve or fifteen years after the taking of _Troy_: and then, +by reason of this revolt, the _Tyrians_ retired from the _Red Sea_, and +began long Voyages upon the _Mediterranean_; for in the seventh year of +_Pygmalion_, his Sister _Dido_ sailed to the Coast of _Afric_ beyond the +_Syrtes_, and there built _Carthage_. This retiring of the _Tyrians_ from +the _Red Sea_ to make long Voyages on the _Mediterranean_, together with +the flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ to the _Philistims_, gave +occasion to the tradition both of the ancient _Persians_, and of the +_Phoenicians_ themselves, that the _Phoenicians_ came originally from the +_Red Sea_ to the coasts of the _Mediterranean_, and presently undertook +long Voyages, as _Herodotus_ [99] relates: for _Herodotus_, in the +beginning of his first book, relates that the _Phoenicians_ coming from the +_Red Sea_ to the _Mediterranean_, and beginning to make long Voyages with +_Egyptian_ and _Assyrian_ wares, among other places came to _Argos_, and +having sold their wares, seized and carried away into _Egypt_ some of the +_Grecian_ women who came to buy them; and amongst those women was _Io_ the +daughter of _Inachus_. The _Phoenicians_ therefore came from the _Red Sea_, +in the days of _Io_ and her brother _Phoroneus_ King of _Argos_, and by +consequence at that time when _David_ conquered the _Edomites_, and made +them fly every way from the _Red Sea_; some into _Egypt_ with their young +King, and others to the _Philistims_ their next neighbours and the enemies +of _David_. And this flight gave occasion to the _Philistims_ to call many +places _Erythra_, in memory of their being _Erythreans_ or _Edomites_, and +of their coming from the _Erythrean_ Sea; for _Erythra_ was the name of a +City in _Ionia_, of another in _Libya_, of another in _Locris_, of another +in _Boeotia_, of another in _Cyprus_, of another in _AEtolia_, of another in +_Asia_ near _Chius_; and _Erythia Acra_ was a promontory in _Libya_, and +_Erythraeum_ a promontory in _Crete_, and _Erythros_ a place near _Tybur_, +and _Erythini_ a City or Country in _Paphlagonia_: and the name _Erythea_ +or _Erythrae_ was given to the Island _Gades_, peopled by _Phoenicians_. So +_Solinus_, [100] _In capite Baeticae insula a continenti septingentis +passibus memoratur quam Tyrii a rubro mari profecti Erytheam, Poeni sua +lingua Gadir, id est sepem nominarunt._ And _Pliny_, [101] concerning a +little Island near it; _Erythia dicta est quoniam Tyrii Aborigines eorum, +orti ab Erythraeo mari ferebantur._ Among the _Phoenicians_ who came with +_Cadmus_ into _Greece_, there were [102] _Arabians_, and [103] _Erythreans_ +or Inhabitants of the _Red Sea_, that is _Edomites_; and in _Thrace_ there +settled a People who were circumcised and called _Odomantes_, that is, as +some think, _Edomites_. _Edom_, _Erythra_ and _Phoenicia_ are names of the +same signification, the words denoting a red colour: which makes it +probable that the _Erythreans_ who fled from _David_, settled in great +numbers in _Phoenicia_, that is, in all the Sea-coasts of _Syria_ from +_Egypt_ to _Zidon_; and by calling themselves _Phoenicians_ in the language +of _Syria_, instead of _Erythreans_, gave the name of _Phoenicia_ to all +that Sea-coast, and to that only. So _Strabo_: [104] [Greek: Hoi men gar +kai tous Phoinikas, kai tous Sidonious tous kath' hemas apoikous einai ton +en toi Okeanoi phasi, prostithentes kai dia ti Phoinikes ekalounto, hoti +kai he thalatta erythra.] _Alii referunt Phoenices & Sidonios nostros esse +colonos eorum qui sunt in Oceano, addentes illos ideo vocari Phoenices +_[puniceos]_ quod mare rubrum sit._ + +_Strabo_ [105] mentioning the first men who left the Sea-coasts, and +ventured out into the deep, and undertook long Voyages, names _Bacchus_, +_Hercules_, _Jason_, _Ulysses_ and _Menelaus_; and saith that the Dominion +of _Minos_ over the Sea was celebrated, and the Navigation of the +_Phoenicians_ who went beyond the Pillars of _Hercules_, and built Cities +there, and in the middle of the Sea-coasts of _Afric_, presently after the +war of _Troy_. These _Phoenicians_ [106] were the _Tyrians_, who at that +time built _Carthage_ in _Afric_, and _Carteia_ in _Spain_, and _Gades_ in +the Island of that name without the _Straights_; and gave the name of +_Hercules_ to their chief Leader, because of his labours and success, and +that of _Heraclea_ to the city _Carteia_ which he built. So _Strabo_: [107] +[Greek: Ekpleousin oun ek tes hemeteras thalattes eis ten exo, dexion esti +touto; kai pros auto Kalpe [Karteia]] [108] [Greek: polis en tettarakonta +stadiois axiologos kai palaia, naustathmon pote genomene ton Iberon; enioi +de kai Erakleous ktisma legousin auten, hon esti kai Timosthenes; hos Phesi +kai Erakleian onomazesthai to palaion; deiknysthai te megan peribolon, kai +neosoikous.] _Mons Calpe ad dextram est e nostro mari foras navigantibus, & +ad quadraginta inde stadia urbs Carteia vetusta ac memorabilis, olim statio +navibus Hispanorum. Hanc ab Hercule quidam conditam aiunt, inter quos est +Timosthenes, qui eam antiquitus Heracleam fuisse appellatam refert, +ostendique adhuc magnum murorum circuitum & navalia._ This _Hercules_, in +memory of his building and Reigning over the City _Carteia_, they called +also _Melcartus_, the King of _Carteia_. _Bochart_ [109] writes, that +_Carteia_ was at first called _Melcarteia_, from its founder _Melcartus_, +and by an _Aphaeresis_, _Carteia_; and that _Melcartus_ signifies _Melec +Kartha_, the King of the city, that is, saith he, of the city _Tyre_: but +considering that no ancient Author tells us, that _Carteia_ was ever called +_Melcarteia_, or that _Melcartus_ was King of _Tyre_; I had rather say that +_Melcartus_, or _Melecartus_, had his name from being the Founder and +Governor or Prince of the city _Carteia_. Under _Melcartus_ the _Tyrians_ +sailed as far as _Tartessus_ or _Tarshish_, a place in the Western part of +_Spain_, between the two mouths of the river _Boetis_, and there they [110] +met with much silver, which they purchased for trifles: they sailed also as +far as _Britain_ before the death of _Melcartus_; for [111] _Pliny_ tells +us, _Plumbum ex Cassiteride insula primus apportavit Midacritus_: And +_Bochart_ [112] observes that _Midacritus_ is a _Greek_ name corruptly +written for _Melcartus_; _Britain_ being unknown to the _Greeks_ long after +it was discovered by the _Phoenicians_. After the death of _Melcartus_, +they [113] built a Temple to him in the Island _Gades_, and adorned it with +the sculptures of the labours of _Hercules_, and of his _Hydra_, and the +Horses to whom he threw _Diomedes_, King of the _Bistones_ in _Thrace_, to +be devoured. In this Temple was the golden Belt of _Teucer_, and the golden +Olive of _Pygmalion_ bearing _Smaragdine_ fruit: and by these consecrated +gifts of _Teucer_ and _Pygmalion_, you may know that it was built in their +days. _Pomponius_ derives it from the times of the _Trojan_ war; for +_Teucer_, seven years after that war, according to the Marbles, arrived at +_Cyprus_, being banished from home by his father _Telamon_, and there built +_Salamis_: and he and his Posterity Reigned there 'till _Evagoras_, the +last of them, was conquered by the _Persians_, in the twelfth year of +_Artaxerxes Mnemon_. Certainly this _Tyrian Hercules_ could be no older +than the _Trojan_ war, because the _Tyrians_ did not begin to navigate the +_Mediterranean_ 'till after that war: for _Homer_ and _Hesiod_ knew nothing +of this navigation, and the _Tyrian Hercules_ went to the coasts of +_Spain_, and was buried in _Gades_: so _Arnobius_ [114]; _Tyrius Hercules +sepultus in finibus Hispaniae_: and _Mela_, speaking of the Temple of +_Hercules_ in _Gades_, saith, _Cur sanctum sit ossa ejus ibi sepulta +efficiunt_. _Carthage_ [115] paid tenths to this _Hercules_, and sent their +payments yearly to _Tyre_: and thence it's probable that this _Hercules_ +went to the coast of _Afric_, as well as to that of _Spain_, and by his +discoveries prepared the way to _Dido_: _Orosius_ [116] and others tell us +that he built _Capsa_ there. _Josephus_ tells of an earlier _Hercules_, to +whom _Hiram_ built a Temple at _Tyre_: and perhaps there might be also an +earlier _Hercules_ of _Tyre_, who set on foot their trade on the _Red Sea_ +in the days of _David_ or _Solomon_. + +_Tatian_, in his book against the _Greeks_, relates, that amongst the +_Phoenicians_ flourished three ancient Historians, _Theodotus_, +_Hysicrates_ and _Mochus_, _who all of them delivered in their histories, +translated into _Greek_ by _Latus_, under which of the Kings happened the +rapture of _Europa_; the voyage of _Menelaus_ into _Phoenicia_; and the +league and friendship between _Solomon_ and _Hiram_, when _Hiram_ gave his +daughter to _Solomon_, and furnished him with timber for building the +Temple: and that the same is affirmed by _Menander_ of _Pergamus__. +_Josephus_ [117] lets us know that the Annals of the _Tyrians_, from the +days of _Abibalus_ and _Hiram_, Kings of _Tyre_, were extant in his days; +and that _Menander_ of _Pergamus_ translated them into _Greek_, and that +_Hiram_'s friendship to _Solomon_, and assistance in building the Temple, +was mentioned in them; and that the Temple was founded in the eleventh year +of _Hiram_: and by the testimony of _Menander_ and the ancient _Phoenician_ +historians, the rapture of _Europa_, and by consequence the coming of her +brother _Cadmus_ into _Greece_, happened within the time of the Reigns of +the Kings of _Tyre_ delivered in these histories; and therefore not before +the Reign of _Abibalus_, the first of them, nor before the Reign of King +_David_ his contemporary. The voyage of _Menelaus_ might be after the +destruction of _Troy_. _Solomon_ therefore Reigned in the times between the +raptures of _Europa_ and _Helena_, and _Europa_ and her brother _Cadmus_ +flourished in the days or _David_. _Minos_, the son of _Europa_, flourished +in the Reign of _Solomon_, and part of the Reign of _Rehoboam_: and the +children of _Minos_, namely _Androgeus_ his eldest son, _Deucalion_ his +youngest son and one of the _Argonauts_, _Ariadne_ the mistress of +_Theseus_ and _Bacchus_, and _Phaedra_ the wife of _Theseus_; flourished in +the latter end of _Solomon_, and in the Reigns of _Rehoboam_, _Abijah_ and +_Asa_: and _Idomeneus_, the grandson of _Minos_, was at the war of _Troy_: +and _Hiram_ succeeded his father _Abibalus_, in the three and twentieth +year of _David_: and _Abibalus_ might found the Kingdom of _Tyre_ about +sixteen or eighteen years before, when _Zidon_ was taken by the +_Philistims_; and the _Zidonians_ fled from thence, under the conduct of +_Cadmus_ and other commanders, to seek new seats. Thus by the Annals of +_Tyre_, and the ancient _Phoenician_ Historians who followed them, +_Abibalus_, _Alymnus_, _Cadmus_, and _Europa_ fled from _Zidon_ about the +sixteenth year of _David_'s Reign: and the _Argonautic_ Expedition being +later by about three Generations, will be about three hundred years later +than where the _Greeks_ have placed it. + +After Navigation in long ships with sails, and one order of oars, had been +propagated from _Egypt_ to _Phoenicia_ and _Greece_, and thereby the +_Zidonians_ had extended their trade to _Greece_, and carried it on about +an hundred and fifty years; and then the _Tyrians_ being driven from the +_Red Sea_ by the _Edomites_, had begun a new trade on the _Mediterranean_ +with _Spain_, _Afric_, _Britain_, and other remote nations; they carried it +on about an hundred and sixty years; and then the _Corinthians_ began to +improve Navigation, by building bigger ships with three orders of oars, +called _Triremes_. For [118] _Thucydides_ tells us that the _Corinthians_ +were the first of the _Greeks_ who built such ships, and that a +ship-carpenter of _Corinth_ went thence to _Samos_, about 300 years before +the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and built also four ships for the +_Samians_; and that 260 years before the end of that war, that is, about +the 29th Olympiad, there was a fight at sea between the _Corinthians_ and +the _Corcyreans_ which was the oldest sea-fight mentioned in history. +_Thucydides_ tells us further, that the first colony which the _Greeks_ +sent into _Sicily_, came from _Chalcis_ in _Euboea_, under the conduct of +_Thucles_, and built _Naxus_; and the next year _Archias_ came from +_Corinth_ with a colony, and built _Syracuse_; and that _Lamis_ came about +the same time into _Sicily_, with a colony from _Megara_ in _Achaia_, and +lived first at _Trotilum_, and then at _Leontini_, and died at _Thapsus_ +near _Syracuse_; and that after his death, this colony was invited by +_Hyblo_ to _Megara_ in _Sicily_, and lived there 245 years, and was then +expelled by _Gelo_ King of _Sicily_. Now _Gelo_ flourished about 78 years +before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war: count backwards the 78 and the +245 years, and about 12 years more for the Reign of _Lamis_ in _Sicily_, +and the reckoning will place the building of _Syracuse_ about 335 years +before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, or in the tenth Olympiad; and +about that time _Eusebius_ and others place it: but it might be twenty or +thirty years later, the antiquities of those days having been raised more +or less by the _Greeks_. From the colonies henceforward sent into _Italy_ +and _Sicily_ came the name of _Graecia magna_. + +_Thucydides_ [119] tells us further, that the _Greeks_ began to come into +_Sicily_ almost three hundred years after the _Siculi_ had invaded that +Island with an army out of _Italy_: suppose it 280 years after, and the +building of _Syracuse_ 310 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war; +and that invasion of _Sicily_ by the _Siculi_ will be 590 years before the +end of that war, that is, in the 27th year of _Solomon_'s Reign, or +thereabout. _Hellanicus_ [120] tells us, that it was in the third +Generation before the _Trojan_ war; and in the 26th year of the Priesthood +of _Alcinoe_, Priestess of _Juno Argiva_: and _Philistius_ of _Syracuse_, +that it was 80 years before the _Trojan_ war: whence it follows that the +_Trojan_ war and _Argonautic_ Expedition were later than the days of +_Solomon_ and _Rehoboam_, and could not be much earlier than where we have +placed them. + +The Kingdom of _Macedon_ [121] was founded by _Caranus_ and _Perdiccas_, +who being of the Race of _Temenus_ King of _Argos_, fled from _Argos_ in +the Reign of _Phidon_ the brother of _Caranus_. _Temenus_ was one of the +three brothers who led the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and shared the +conquest among themselves: he obtained _Argos_; and after him, and his son +_Cisus_, the Kingdom of _Argos_ became divided among the posterity of +_Temenus_, until _Phidon_ reunited it, expelling his kindred. _Phidon_ grew +potent, appointed weights and measures in _Peloponnesus_, and coined silver +money; and removing the _Pisaeans_ and _Eleans_, presided in the Olympic +games; but was soon after subdued by the _Eleans_ and _Spartans_. +_Herodotus_ [122] reckons that _Perdiccas_ was the first King of _Macedon_; +later writers, as _Livy_, _Pausanias_ and _Suidas_, make _Caranus_ the +first King: _Justin_ calls _Perdiccas_ the Sucessor of _Caranus_; and +_Solinus_ saith that _Perdiccas_ succeeded _Caranus_; and was the first +that obtained the name of King. It's probable that _Caranus_ and +_Perdiccas_ were contemporaries, and fled about the same time from +_Phidon_, and at first erected small principalities in _Macedonia_, which, +after the death of _Caranus_, became one under _Perdiccas_. _Herodotus_ +[123] tells us, that after _Perdiccas_ Reigned _Araeus_, or _Argaeus_, +_Philip_, _AEropus_, _Alcetas_, _Amyntas_, and _Alexander_, successively. +_Alexander_ was contemporary to _Xerxes_ King of _Persia_, and died _An._ +4. Olymp. 79, and was succeeded by _Perdiccas_, and he by his son +_Archelaus_: and _Thucydides_ [124] tells us that there were eight Kings of +_Macedon_ before this _Archelaus_: now by reckoning above forty years +a-piece to these Kings, Chronologers have made _Phidon_ and _Caranus_ older +than the Olympiads; whereas if we should reckon their Reigns at about 18 or +20 years a-piece one with another, the first seven Reigns counted backwards +from the death of this _Alexander_, will place the dominion of _Phidon_, +and the beginning of the Kingdom of _Macedon_ under _Perdiccas_ and +_Caranus_, upon the 46th or 47th Olympiad, or thereabout. It could scarce +be earlier, because _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son +of _Alcmaeon_, at one and the same time courted _Agarista_, the daughter of +_Clisthenes_ King of _Sicyon_, as _Herodotus_ [125] tells us; and the +_Amphictyons_, by the advice of _Solon_, made _Alcmaeon_, and _Clisthenes_, +and _Eurolycus_ King of _Thessaly_, commanders of their army, in their war +against _Cirrha_; and the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2. Olymp. 47. +according to the Marbles. _Phidon_ therefore and his brother _Caranus_ were +contemporary to _Solon_, _Alcmaeon_, _Clisthenes_, and _Eurolycus_, and +flourished about the 48th and 49th Olympiads. They were also contemporary +in their later days to _Croesus_; for _Solon_ conversed with _Croesus_, and +_Alcmaeon_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Croesus_ sent to +consult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1. Olymp. 56. according to the +Marbles, and was sent for by _Croesus_, and rewarded with much riches. + +But the times set down in the Marbles before the _Persian_ Empire began, +being collected by reckoning the Reigns of Kings equipollent to +Generations, and three Generations to an hundred years or above; and the +Reigns of Kings, one with another, being shorter in the proportion of about +four to seven; the Chronology set down in the Marbles, until the Conquest +of _Media_ by _Cyrus_, _An._ 4, Olymp. 60, will approach the truth much +nearer, by shortening the times before that Conquest in the proportion of +four to seven. So the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2, Olymp. 47, +according to the Marbles, that is 54 years before the Conquest of _Media_; +and these years being shortened in the proportion of four to seven, become +31 years; which subducted from _An._ 4, Olymp. 60, place the Conquest of +_Cirrha_ upon _An._ 1, Olymp. 53: and, by the like correction of the +Marbles, _Alcmaeon_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Croesus_ +sent to consult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1, Olymp. 58; that is, four +years before the Conquest of _Sardes_ by _Cyrus_: and the Tyranny of +_Pisistratus_, which by the Marbles began at _Athens_, _An._ 4, Olymp. 54, +by the like correction began _An._ 3, Olymp. 57; and by consequence _Solon_ +died _An._ 4, Olymp. 57. This method may be used alone, where other +arguments are wanting; but where they are not wanting, the best arguments +are to be preferred. + +_Iphitus_ [126] presided both in the Temple of _Jupiter Olympius_, and in +the Olympic Games, and so did his Successors 'till the 26th Olympiad; and +so long the victors were rewarded with a _Tripos_: but then the _Pisaeans_ +getting above the _Eleans_, began to preside, and rewarded the victors with +a Crown, and instituted the _Carnea_ to _Apollo_; and continued to preside +'till _Phidon_ interrupted them, that is, 'till about the time of the 49th +Olympiad: for [127] in the 48th Olympiad the _Eleans_ entered the country +of the _Pisaeans_, suspecting their designs, but were prevailed upon to +return home quietly; afterwards the _Pisaeans_ confederated with several +other _Greek_ nations, and made war upon the _Eleans_, and in the end were +beaten: in this war I conceive it was that _Phidon_ presided, suppose in +the 49th Olympiad; for [128] in the 50th Olympiad, for putting an end to +the contentions between the Kings about presiding, two men were chosen by +lot out of the city _Elis_ to preside, and their number in the 65th +Olympiad was increased to nine, and afterwards to ten; and these judges +were called _Hellenodicae_, judges for or in the name of _Greece_. +_Pausanias_ tells us, that the _Eleans_ called in _Phidon_ and together +with him celebrated the 8th Olympiad; he should have said the 49th +Olympiad; but _Herodotus_ tells us, that _Phidon_ removed the _Eleans_; and +both might be true: the _Eleans_ might call in _Phidon_ against the +_Pisaeans_, and upon overcoming be refused presiding in the Olympic games by +_Phidon_, and confederate with the _Spartans_, and by their assistance +overthrow the Kingdom of _Phidon_, and recover their ancient right of +presiding in the games. + +_Strabo_ [129] tells us that _Phidon_ was the tenth from _Temenus_; not the +tenth King, for between _Cisus_ and _Phidon_ they Reigned not, but the +tenth from father to son, including _Temenus_. If 27 years be reckoned to a +Generation by the eldest sons, the nine intervals will amount unto 243 +years, which counted back from the 48th Olympiad, in which _Phidon_ +flourished, will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ about fifty years +before the beginning of the Olympiads, as above. But Chronologers reckon +about 515 years from the Return of the _Heraclides_ to the 48th Olympiad, +and account _Phidon_ the seventh from _Temenus_; which is after the rate of +85 years to a Generation, and therefore not to be admitted. + +_Cyrus_ took _Babylon_, according to _Ptolomy_'s Canon, nine years before +his death, _An. Nabonass._ 209, _An._ 2, Olymp. 60: and he took _Sardes_ a +little before, namely _An._ 1, Olymp. 59, as _Scaliger_ collects from +_Sosicrates_: _Croesus_ was then King of _Sardes_, and Reigned fourteen +years, and therefore began to Reign _An._ 3, Olymp. 55. After _Solon_ had +made laws for the _Athenians_, he obliged them upon oath to observe those +laws 'till he returned from his travels; and then travelled ten years, +going to _Egypt_ and _Cyprus_, and visiting _Thales_ of _Miletus_: and upon +His Return to _Athens_, _Pisistratus_ began to affect the Tyranny of that +city, which made _Solon_ travel a second time; and now he was invited by +_Croesus_ to _Sardes_; and _Croesus_, before _Solon_ visited him, had +subdued all _Asia Minor_, as far as to the River _Halys_; and therefore he +received that visit towards the latter part of his Reign; and we may place +it upon the ninth year thereof, _An._ 3, Olymp. 57: and the legislature of +_Solon_ twelve years earlier, _An._ 3, Olymp. 54: and that of _Draco_ still +ten years earlier, _An._ 1, Olymp. 52. After _Solon_ had visited _Croesus_, +he went into _Cilicia_ and some other places, and died [130] in his +travels: and this was in the second year of the Tyranny of _Pisistratus_. +_Comias_ was Archon when _Solon_ returned from his first travels to +_Athens_; and the next year _Hegestratus_ was Archon, and _Solon_ died +before the end of the year, _An._ 3, Olymp. 57, as above: and by this +reckoning the objection of _Plutarch_ above mentioned is removed. + +We have now shewed that the _Phoenicians_ of _Zidon_, under the conduct of +_Cadmus_ and other captains, flying from their enemies, came into _Greece_, +with letters and other arts, about the sixteenth year of King _David_'s +Reign; that _Europa_ the sister of _Cadmus_, fled some days before him from +_Zidon_ and came to _Crete_, and there became the mother of _Minos_, about +the 18th or 20th year of _David_'s Reign; that _Sesostris_ and the great +_Bacchus_, and by consequence also _Osiris_, were one and the same King of +_Egypt_ with _Sesac_, and came out of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of +_Rehoboam_ to invade the nations, and died 25 years after _Solomon_; that +the _Argonautic_ expedition was about 43 years after the death of +_Solomon_; that _Troy_ was taken about 76 or 78 years after the death of +_Solomon_; that the _Phoenicians_ of _Tyre_ were driven from the _Red Sea_ +by the _Edomites_, about 87 years after the death of _Solomon_, and within +two or three years began to make long voyages upon the _Mediterranean_, +sailing to _Spain_, and beyond, under a commander whom for his industry, +conduct, and discoveries, they honoured with the names of _Melcartus_ and +_Hercules_; that the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ was +about 158 years after the death of _Solomon_; that _Lycurgus_ the +Legislator Reigned at _Sparta_, and gave the three Discs to the Olympic +treasury, _An._ 1, Olymp. 18, or 273 years after the death of _Solomon_, +the _Quinquertium_ being at that time added to the Olympic Games; that the +_Greeks_ began soon after to build _Triremes_, and to send Colonies into +_Sicily_ and _Italy_, which gave the name of _Graecia magna_ to those +countries; that the first _Messenian_ war ended about 350 years after the +death of _Solomon_, _An._ 1, Olymp. 37; that _Phidon_ was contemporary to +_Solon_, and presided in the Olympic Games in the 49th Olympiad, that is, +397 years after the death of _Solomon_; that _Draco_ was Archon, and made +his laws, _An._ 1, Olymp. 52; and _Solon_, _An._ 3, Olymp. 54; and that +_Solon_ visited _Croesus_ _Ann._ 3, Olymp. 57, or 433 years after the death +of _Solomon_; and _Sardes_ was taken by _Cyrus_ 438 years, and _Babylon_ by +_Cyrus_ 443 years, and _Echatane_ by _Cyrus_ 445 years after the death of +_Solomon_: and these periods being settled, they become a foundation for +building the Chronology of the antient times upon them; and nothing more +remains for settling such a Chronology, than to make these Periods a little +exacter, if it can be, and to shew how the rest of the Antiquities of +_Greece_, _Egypt_, _Assyria_, _Chaldaea_, and _Media_ may suit therewith. + +Whilst _Bacchus_ made his expedition into _India_, _Theseus_ left _Ariadne_ +in the Island _Naxus_ or _Dia_, as above, and succeeded his father _AEgeus_ +at _Athens_; and upon the Return of _Bacchus_ from _India_, _Ariadne_ +became his mistress, and accompanied him in his triumphs; and this was +about ten years after the death of _Solomon_: and from that time reigned +eight Kings in _Athens_, viz. _Theseus_, _Menestheus_, _Demophoon_, +_Oxyntes_, _Aphidas_, _Thymaetes_, _Melanthus_, and _Codrus_; these Kings, +at 19 years a-piece one with another, might take up about 152 years, and +end about 44 years before the Olympiads: then Reigned twelve Archons for +life, which at 14 or 15 years a-piece, the State being unstable, might take +up about 174 years, and end _An._ 2, Olymp. 33: then reigned seven +decennial Archons, which are usually reckoned at seventy years; but some of +them dying in their Regency, they might not take up above forty years, and +so end about _An._ 2, Olymp. 43, about which time began the Second +_Messenian_ war: these decennial Archons were followed by the annual +Archons, amongst whom were the Legislators _Draco_ and _Solon_. Soon after +the death of _Codrus_, his second Son _Neleus_, not bearing the Reign of +his lame brother _Medon_ at _Athens_, retired into _Asia_, and was followed +by his younger brothers _Androcles_ and _Cyaretus_, and many others: these +had the name of _Ionians_, from _Ion_ the son of _Xuthus_, who commanded +the army of the _Athenians_ at the death of _Erechtheus_, and gave the name +of _Ionia_ to the country which they invaded: and about 20 or 25 years +after the death of _Codrus_, these new Colonies, being now Lords of +_Ionia_, set up over themselves a common Council called _Panionium_, and +composed of Counsellors sent from twelve of their cities, _Miletus_, +_Myus_, _Priene_, _Ephesus_, _Colophon_, _Lebedus_, _Teos_, _Clazomenae_, +_Phocaea_, _Samos_, _Chios_, and _Erythraea_: and this was the _Ionic_ +Migration. + +[131] When the _Greeks_ and _Latines_ were forming their Technical +Chronology, there were great disputes about the Antiquity of _Rome_: the +_Greeks_ made it much older than the Olympiads: some of them said it was +built by _AEneas_; others, by _Romus_, the son or grandson of _AEneas_; +others, by _Romus_, the son or grandson of _Latinus_ King of the +_Aborigines_; others, by _Romus_ the son of _Ulysses_, or of _Ascanius_, or +of _Italus_: and some of the _Latines_ at first fell in with the opinion of +the _Greeks_, saying that it was built by _Romulus_, the son or grandson of +_AEneas_. _Timaeus Siculus_ represented it built by _Romulus_, the grandson +of _AEneas_, above an hundred years before the Olympiads; and so did +_Naevius_ the Poet, who was twenty years older than _Ennius_, and served in +the first _Punic_ war, and wrote the history of that war. Hitherto nothing +certain was agreed upon, but about 140 or 150 years after the death of +_Alexander the Great_, they began to say that _Rome_ was built a second +time by _Romulus_, in the fifteenth Age after the destruction of _Troy_: by +Ages they meant Reigns of the Kings of the _Latines_ at _Alba_, and +reckoned the first fourteen Reigns at about 432 years, and the following +Reigns of the seven Kings of _Rome_ at 244 years, both which numbers made +up the time of about 676 years from the taking of _Troy_, according to +these Chronologers; but are much too long for the course of nature: and by +this reckoning they placed the building of _Rome_ upon the sixth or seventh +Olympiad; _Varro_ placed it on the first year of the Seventh Olympiad, and +was therein generally followed by the _Romans_; but this can scarce be +reconciled to the course of nature: for I do not meet with any instance in +all history, since Chronology was certain, wherein seven Kings, most of +whom were slain, Reigned 244 years in continual Succession. The fourteen +Reigns of the Kings of the _Latines_, at twenty years a-piece one with +another, amount unto 280 years, and these years counted from the taking of +_Troy_ end in the 38th Olympiad: and the Seven Reigns of the Kings of +_Rome_, four or five of them being slain and one deposed, may at a moderate +reckoning amount to fifteen or sixteen years a-piece one with another: let +them be reckoned at seventeen years a-piece, and they will amount unto 119 +years; which being counted backwards from the Regifuge, end also in the +38th Olympiad: and by these two reckonings _Rome_ was built in the 38th +Olympiad, or thereabout. The 280 years and the 119 years together make up +399 years; and the same number of years arises by counting the twenty and +one Reigns at nineteen years a-piece: and this being the whole time between +the taking of _Troy_ and the Regifuge, let these years be counted backward +from the Regifuge, _An._ 1, Olymp. 68, and they will place the taking of +_Troy_ about 74 years after the death of _Solomon_. + +When _Sesostris_ returned from _Thrace_ into _Egypt_, he left _AEetes_ with +part of his army in _Colchis_, to guard that pass; and _Phryxus_ and his +sister _Helle_ fled from _Ino_, the daughter of _Cadmus_, to _AEetes_ soon +after, in a ship whose ensign was a golden ram: _Ino_ was therefore alive +in the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_, the year in which _Sesostris_ +returned into _Egypt_; and by consequence her father _Cadmus_ flourished in +the Reign of _David_, and not before. _Cadmus_ was the father of +_Polydorus_, the father of _Labdacus_, the father of _Laius_, the father of +_Oedipus_, the father of _Eteocles_ and _Polynices_ who slew one another in +their youth, in the war of the seven Captains at _Thebes_, about ten or +twelve years after the _Argonautic_ Expedition: and _Thersander_, the son +of _Polynices_, warred at _Troy_. These Generations being by the eldest +sons who married young, if they be reckoned at about twenty and four years +to a Generation, will place the birth of _Polydorus_ upon the 18th year of +_David_'s Reign, or thereabout: and thus _Cadmus_ might be a young man, not +yet married, when he came first into _Greece_. At his first coming he +sail'd to _Rhodes_, and thence to _Samothrace_, an Island near _Thrace_ on +the north side of _Lemnos_, and there married _Harmonia_, the sister of +_Jasius_ and _Dardanus_, which gave occasion to the _Samothracian_ +mysteries: and _Polydorus_ might be their son, born a year or two after +their coming; and his sister _Europa_ might be then a young woman, in the +flower of her age. These Generations cannot well be shorter; and therefore +_Cadmus_, and his son _Polydorus_, were not younger than we have reckoned +them: nor can they be much longer, without making _Polydorus_ too old to be +born in _Europe_, and to be the son of _Harmonia_ the sister of _Jasius_. +_Labdacus_ was therefore born in the end of _David_'s Reign, _Laius_ in the +24th year of _Solomon_'s, and _Oedipus_ in the seventh of _Rehoboam_'s, or +thereabout: unless you had rather say, that _Polydorus_ was born at +_Zidon_, before his father came into _Europe_; but his name _Polydorus_ is +in the language of _Greece_. + +_Polydorus_ married _Nycteis_, the daughter of _Nycteus_ a native of +_Greece_, and dying young, left his Kingdom and young son _Labdacus_ under +the administration of _Nycteus_. Then _Epopeus_ King of _AEgialus_, +afterwards called _Sicyon_, stole _Antiope_ the daughter of _Nycteus_, +[132] and _Nycteus_ thereupon made war upon him, and in a battle wherein +_Nycteus_ overcame, both were wounded and died soon after. _Nycteus_ left +the tuition of _Labdacus_, and administration of the Kingdom, to his +brother _Lycus_; and _Epopeus_ or, as _Hyginus_ [133] calls him, _Epaphus_ +the _Sicyonian_, left his Kingdom to _Lamedon_, who presently ended the +war, by sending home _Antiope_: and she, in returning home, brought forth +_Amphion_ and _Zethus_. _Labdacus_ being grown up received the Kingdom from +_Lycus_, and soon after dying left it again to his administration, for his +young son _Laius_. When _Amphion_ and _Zethus_ were about twenty years old, +at the instigation of their mother _Antiope_, they killed _Lycus_, and made +_Laius_ flee to _Pelops_, and seized the city _Thebes_, and compassed it +with a wall; and _Amphion_ married _Niobe_ the sister of _Pelops_, and by +her had several children, amongst whom was _Chloris_, the mother of +_Periclymenus_ the _Argonaut_. _Pelops_ was the father of _Plisthenes_, +_Atreus_, and _Thyestes_; and _Agamemnon_ and _Menelaus_, the adopted sons +of _Atreus_, warred at _Troy_. _AEgisthus_, the son of _Thyestes_, slew +_Agamemnon_ the year after the taking of _Troy_; and _Atreus_ died just +before _Paris_ stole _Helena_, which, according to [134] _Homer_, was +twenty years before the taking of _Troy_. _Deucalion_ the son of _Minos_, +[135] was an _Argonaut_; and _Talus_ another son of _Minos_, was slain by +the _Argonauts_; and _Idomeneus_ and _Meriones_ the grandsons of _Minos_ +were at the _Trojan_ war. All these things confirm the ages of _Cadmus_ and +_Europa_, and their posterity, above assigned, and place the death of +_Epopeus_ or _Epaphus_ King of _Sicyon_, and birth of _Amphion_ and +_Zethus_, upon the tenth year of _Solomon_; and the taking of _Thebes_ by +_Amphion_ and _Zethus_, and the flight of _Laius_ to _Pelops_, upon the +thirtieth year of that King, or thereabout. _Amphion_ might marry the +sister of _Pelops_, the same year, and _Pelops_ come into _Greece_ three or +four years before that flight, or about the 26th year of _Solomon_. + +[Sidenode p: Hygin. Fab. 14.] + +In the days of _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_, and _Celeus_ King of +_Eleusis_, _Ceres_ came into _Attica_; and educated _Triptolemus_ the son +of _Celeus_, and taught him to sow corn. She [136] lay with _Jasion_, or +_Jasius_, the brother of _Harmonia_ the wife of _Cadmus_; and presently +after her death _Erechtheus_ was slain, in a war between the _Athenians_ +and _Eleusinians_; and, for the benefaction of bringing tillage into +_Greece_, the _Eleusinia Sacra_ were instituted to her [137] with +_Egyptian_ ceremonies, by _Celeus_ and _Eumolpus_; and a Sepulchre or +Temple was erected to her in _Eleusine_, and in this Temple the families of +_Celeus_ and _Eumolpus_ became her Priests: and this Temple, and that which +_Eurydice_ erected to her daughter _Danae_, by the name of _Juno Argiva_, +are the first instances that I meet with in _Greece_ of Deifying the dead, +with Temples, and Sacred Rites, and Sacrifices, and Initiations, and a +succession of Priests to perform them. Now by this history it is manifest +that _Erechtheus_, _Celeus_, _Eumolpus_, _Ceres_, _Jasius_, _Cadmus_, +_Harmonia_, _Asterius_, and _Dardanus_ the brother of _Jasius_, and one of +the founders of the Kingdom of _Troy_, were all contemporary to one +another, and flourished in their youth, when _Cadmus_ came first into +_Europe_. _Erechtheus_ could not be much older, because his daughter +_Procris_ convers'd with _Minos_ King of _Crete_; and his grandson +_Thespis_ had fifty daughters, who lay with _Hercules_; and his daughter +_Orithyia_ was the mother of _Calais_ and _Zetes_, two of the _Argonauts_ +in their youth; and his son _Orneus_ [138] was the father of _Peteos_ the +father of _Menestheus_, who warred at _Troy_: nor much younger, because his +second son _Pandion_, who with the _Metionides_ deposed his elder brother +_Cecrops_, was the father of _AEgeus_, the father of _Theseus_; and +_Metion_, another of his sons, was the father of _Eupalamus_, the father of +_Daedalus_, who was older than _Theseus_; and his daughter _Creusa_ married +_Xuthus_, the son of _Hellen_, and by him had two sons, _Achaeus_ and _Ion_; +and _Ion_ commanded the army of the _Athenians_ against the _Eleusinians_, +in the battle in which his grandfather _Erechtheus_ was slain: and this was +just before the institution of the _Eleusinia Sacra_, and before the Reign +of _Pandion_ the father of _AEgeus_. _Erechtheus_ being an _Egyptian_ +procured corn from _Egypt_, and for that benefaction was made King of +_Athens_; and near the beginning of his Reign _Ceres_ came into _Attica_ +from _Sicily_, in quest of her daughter _Proserpina_. We cannot err much if +we make _Hellen_ contemporary to the Reign of _Saul_, and to that of +_David_ at _Hebron_; and place the beginning of the Reign of _Erechtheus_ +in the 25th year, the coming of _Ceres_ into _Attica_ in the 30th year, and +the dispersion of corn by _Triptolemus_ about the 40th year of _David_'s +Reign; and the death of _Ceres_ and _Erechtheus_, and institution of the +_Eleusinia Sacra_, between the tenth and fifteenth year of _Solomon_. + +_Teucer_, _Dardanus_, _Erichthonius_, _Tros_, _Ilus_, _Laomedon_, and +_Priamus_ Reigned successively at _Troy_; and their Reigns, at about twenty +years a-piece one with another, amount unto an hundred and forty years: +which counted back from the taking of _Troy_, place the beginning of the +Reign of _Teucer_ about the fifteenth year of the Reign of King _David_; +and that of _Dardanus_, in the days of _Ceres_, who lay with _Jasius_ the +brother of _Dardanus_: whereas Chronologers reckon that the six last of +these Kings Reigned 296 years, which is after the rate of 49-1/3 years +a-piece one with another; and that they began their Reign in the days of +_Moses_. _Dardanus_ married the daughter of _Teucer_, the Son of +_Scamander_, and succeeded him: whence _Teucer_ was of about the same age +with _David_. + +Upon the return of _Sesostris_ into _Egypt_, his brother _Danaus_ not only +attempted his life, as above, but also commanded his daughters, who were +fifty in number and had married the sons of _Sesostris_, to slay their +husbands; and then fled with his daughters from _Egypt_, in a long ship of +fifty oars. This Flight was in the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_. _Danaus_ +came first to _Lindus_, a town in _Rhodes_, and there built a Temple, and +erected a Statue to _Minerva_, and lost three of his daughters by a plague +which raged there; and then sailed thence with the rest of his daughters to +_Argos_. He came to _Argos_ therefore in the fifteenth or sixteenth year of +_Rehoboam_: and at length contending there with _Gelanor_ the brother of +_Eurystheus_ for the crown of _Argos_, was chosen by the people, and +Reigned at _Argos_, while _Eurystheus_ Reigned at _Mycenae_; and +_Eurystheus_ was born [139] the same year with _Hercules_. _Gelanor_ and +_Eurystheus_ were the sons of _Sthenelus_, by _Nicippe_ the daughter of +_Pelops_; and _Sthenelus_ was the son of _Perseus_, and Reigned at _Argos_, +and _Danaus_, who succeeded him at _Argos_, was succeeded there by his son +in law _Lynceus_, and he by his son _Abas_; that _Abas_ who is commonly, +but erroneously, reputed the father of _Acrisius_ and _Praetus_. In the time +of the _Argonautic_ expedition _Castor_ and _Pollux_ were beardless young +men, and their sisters _Helena_ and _Clytemnestra_ were children, and their +wives _Phoebe_ and _Ilaira_ were also very young: all these, with the +_Argonauts_ _Lynceus_ and _Idas_, were the grandchildren of _Gorgophone_, +the daughter of _Perseus_, the son of _Danae_, the daughter of _Acrisius_ +and _Eurydice_; and _Perieres_ and _Oebalus_, the husbands of _Gorgophone_, +were the sons of _Cynortes_, the son of _Amyclas_, the brother of +_Eurydice_. _Mestor_ or _Mastor_, the brother of _Sthenelus_, married +_Lysidice_, another of the daughters of _Pelops_: and _Pelops_ married +_Hippodamia_, the daughter of _Evarete_, the daughter of _Acrisius_. +_Alcmena_, the mother of _Hercules_, was the daughter of _Electryo_; and +_Sthenelus_, _Mestor_ and _Electryo_ were brothers of _Gorgophone_, and +sons of _Perseus_ and _Andromeda_: and the _Argonaut_ _AEsculapius_ was the +grandson of _Leucippus_ and _Phlegia_, and _Leucippus_ was the son of +_Perieres_, the grandson of _Amyclas_ the brother of _Eurydice_, and +_Amyclas_ and _Eurydice_ were the children of _Lacedaemon_ and _Sparta_: and +_Capaneus_, one of the seven Captains against _Thebes_, was the husband of +_Euadne_ the daughter of _Iphis_, the son of _Elector_, the son of +_Anaxagoras_, the son of _Megapenthes_, the son of _Praetus_ the brother of +_Acrisius_. Now from these Generations it may be gathered that _Perseus_, +_Perieres_ and _Anaxagoras_ were of about the same age with _Minos_, +_Pelops_, _AEgeus_ and _Sesac_; and that _Acrisius_, _Praetus_, _Eurydice_, +and _Amyclas_, being two little Generations older, were of about the same +age with King _David_ and _Erechtheus_; and that the Temple of _Juno +Argiva_ was built about the same time with the Temple of _Solomon_; the +same being built by _Eurydice_ to her daughter _Danae_, as above; or as +some say, by _Pirasus_ or _Piranthus_, the son or successor of _Argus_, and +great grandson of _Phoroneus_: for the first Priestess of that Goddess was +_Callithea_ the daughter of _Piranthus_; _Callithea_ was succeeded by +_Alcinoe_, about three Generations before the taking of _Troy_, that is +about the middle of _Solomon_'s Reign: in her Priesthood the _Siculi_ +passed out of _Italy_ into _Sicily_: afterwards _Hypermnestra_ the daughter +of _Danaus_ became Priestess of this Goddess, and she flourished in the +times next before the _Argonautic_ expedition: and _Admeta_, the daughter +of _Eurystheus_, was Priestess of this _Juno_ about the times of the +_Trojan_ war. _Andromeda_ the wife of _Perseus_, was the daughter of +_Cepheus_ an _Egyptian_, the son of _Belus_, according to [140] +_Herodotus_; and the _Egyptian_ _Belus_ was _Ammon_: _Perseus_ took her +from _Joppa_, where _Cepheus_, I think a kinsman of _Solomon_'s Queen, +resided in the days of _Solomon_. _Acrisius_ and _Praetus_ were the sons of +_Abas_: but this _Abas_ was not the same man with _Abas_ the grandson of +_Danaus_, but a much older Prince, who built _Abaea_ in _Phocis_, and might +be the Prince from whom the island _Euboea_ [141] was anciently called +_Abantis_, and the people thereof _Abantes_: for _Apollonius Rhodius_ [142] +tells us, that the _Argonaut_ _Canthus_ was the son of _Canethus_, and that +_Canethus_ was of the posterity of _Abas_; and the Commentator upon +_Apollonius_ tells us further, that from this _Abas_ the inhabitants of +_Euboea_ were anciently called _Abantes_. This _Abas_ therefore flourished +three or four Generations before the _Argonautic_ expedition, and so might +be the father of _Acrisius_: the ancestors of _Acrisius_ were accounted +_Egyptians_ by the _Greeks_, and they might come from _Egypt_ under _Abas_ +into _Euboea_, and from thence into _Peloponnesus_. I do not reckon +_Phorbas_ and his son _Triopas_ among the Kings of _Argos_, because they +fled from that Kingdom to the Island _Rhodes_; nor do I reckon _Crotopus_ +among them, because because he went from _Argos_, and built a new city for +himself in _Megaris_, as [143] _Conon_ relates. + +We said that _Pelops_ came into _Greece_ about the 26th year of _Solomon_: +he [144] came thither in the days of _Acrisius_, and in those of +_Endymion_, and of his sons, and took _AEtolia_ from _Aetolus_. _Endymion_ +was the son of _Aethlius_, the son of _Protogenia_, the sister of _Hellen_, +and daughter of _Deucalion_: _Phrixus_ and _Helle_, the children of +_Athamus_, the brother of _Sisyphus_ and Son of _AEolus_, the son of +_Hellen_, fled from their stepmother _Ino_, the daughter of _Cadmus_, to +_AEetes_ in _Colchis_, presently after the return of _Sesostris_ into +_Egypt_: and _Jason_ the _Argonaut_ was the son of _AEson_, the son of +_Cretheus_, the son of _AEolus_, the son of _Hellen_: and _Calyce_ was the +wife of _Aethlius_, and mother of _Endymion_, and daughter of _AEolus_, and +sister of _Cretheus_, _Sisyphus_ and _Athamas_: and by these circumstances +_Cretheus_, _Sisyphus_ and _Athamas_ flourished in the latter part of the +Reign of _Solomon_, and in the Reign of _Rehoboam_: _Aethlius_, _AEolus_, +_Xuthus_, _Dorus_, _Tantalus_, and _Danae_ were contemporary to +_Erechtheus_, _Jasius_ and _Cadmus_; and _Hellen_ was about one, and +_Deucalion_ about two Generations older than _Erechtheus_. They could not +be much older, because _Xuthus_ the youngest son of _Hellen_ [145] married +_Creusa_ the daughter of _Erechtheus_; nor could they be much younger, +because _Cephalus_ the son of _Deioneus_, the son of _AEolus_, the eldest +son of _Hellen_, [146] married _Procris_ the daughter of _Erechtheus_; and +_Procris_ fled from her husband to _Minos_. Upon the death of _Hellen_, his +youngest son _Xuthus_ [147] was expelled _Thessaly_ by his brothers _AEolus_ +and _Dorus_, and fled to _Erechtheus_, and married _Creusa_ the daughter of +_Erechtheus_; by whom he had two sons, _Achaeus_ and _Ion_, the youngest of +which grew up before the death of _Erechtheus_, and commanded the army of +the _Athenians_, in the war in which _Erechtheus_ was slain: and therefore +_Hellen_ died about one Generation before _Erechtheus_. + +_Sisyphus_ therefore built _Corinth_ about the latter end of the Reign of +_Solomon_, or the beginning of the Reign of _Rehoboam_. Upon the flight of +_Phrixus_ and _Helle_, their father _Athamas_, a little King in _Boeotia_, +went distracted and slew his son _Learchus_; and his wife _Ino_ threw her +self into the sea, together with her other son _Melicertus_; and thereupon +_Sisyphus_ instituted the _Isthmia_ at _Corinth_ to his nephew +_Melicertus_. This was presently after _Sesostris_ had left _AEetes_ in +_Colchis_, I think in the fifteenth or sixteenth year of _Rehoboam_: so +that _Athamas_, the son of _AEolus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, and _Ino_ the +daughter of _Cadmus_, flourished 'till about the sixteenth year of +_Rehoboam_. _Sisyphus_ and his successors _Ornytion_, _Thoas_, _Demophon_, +_Propodas_, _Doridas_, and _Hyanthidas_ Reigned successively at _Corinth_, +'till the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_: then Reigned the +_Heraclides_, _Aletes_, _Ixion_, _Agelas_, _Prumnis_, _Bacchis_, _Agelas +II_, _Eudamus_, _Aristodemus_, and _Telestes_ successively about 170 years, +and then _Corinth_ was governed by _Prytanes_ or annual Archons about 42 +years, and after them by _Cypselus_ and _Periander_ about 48 years more. + +_Celeus_ King of _Eleusis_, who was contemporary to _Erechtheus_, [148] was +the son of _Rharus_, the son of _Cranaus_, the successor of _Cecrops_; and +in the Reign of _Cranaus_, _Deucalion_ fled with his sons _Hellen_ and +_Amphictyon_ from the flood which then overflowed _Thessaly_, and was +called _Deucalion_'s flood: they fled into _Attica_, and there _Deucalion_ +died soon after; and _Pausanias_ tells us that his Sepulchre was to be seen +near _Athens_. His eldest son _Hellen_ succeeded him in _Thessaly_, and his +other son _Amphictyon_ married the daughter of _Cranaus_, and Reigning at +_Thermopylae_, erected there the _Amphictyonic_ Council; and _Acrisius_ soon +after erected the like Council at _Delphi_. This I conceive was done when +_Amphictyon_ and _Acrisius_ were aged, and fit to be Counsellors; suppose +in the latter half of the Reign of _David_, and beginning of the Reign of +_Solomon_; and soon after, suppose about the middle of the Reign of +_Solomon_, did _Phemonoe_ become the first Priestess of _Apollo_ at +_Delphi_, and gave Oracles in hexameter verse: and then was _Acrisius_ +slain accidentally by his grandson _Perseus_. The Council of _Thermopylae_ +included twelve nations of the _Greeks_, without _Attica_, and therefore +_Amphictyon_ did not then Reign at _Athens_: he might endeavour to succeed +_Cranaus_, his wife's father, and be prevented by _Erechtheus_. + +Between the Reigns of _Cranaus_ and _Erechtheus_, Chronologers place also +_Erichthonius_, and his son _Pandion_; but I take this _Erichthonius_ and +this his son _Pandion_, to be the same with _Erechtheus_ and his son and +successor _Pandion_, the names being only repeated with a little variation +in the list of the Kings of _Attica_: for _Erichthonius_, he that was the +son of the Earth, nursed up by _Minerva_, is by _Homer_ called +_Erechtheus_; and _Themistius_ [149] tells us, that it was _Erechtheus_ +that first joyned a chariot to horses; and _Plato_ [150] alluding to the +story of _Erichthonius_ in a basket, saith, _The people of magnanimous +_Erechtheus_ is beautiful, but it behoves us to behold him taken out_: +_Erechtheus_ therefore immediately succeeded _Cranaus_, while _Amphictyon_ +Reigned at _Thermopylae_. In the Reign of _Cranaus_ the Poets place the +flood of _Deucalion_, and therefore the death of _Deucalion_, and the Reign +of his sons _Hellen_ and _Amphictyon_, in _Thessaly_ and _Thermpolyae_, was +but a few years, suppose eight or ten, before the Reign of _Erechtheus_. + +The first Kings of _Arcadia_ were successively _Pelasgus_, _Lycaon_, +_Nyctimus_, _Arcas_, _Clitor_, _AEpytus_, _Aleus_, _Lycurgus_, _Echemus_, +_Agapenor_, _Hippothous_, _AEpytus_ II, _Cypselus_, _Olaeas_, &c. Under +_Cypselus_ the _Heraclides_ returned into _Peloponnesus_, as above: +_Agapenor_ was one of those who courted _Helena_; he courted her before he +reigned, and afterwards he went to the war at _Troy_, and thence to +_Cyprus_, and there built _Paphos_. _Echemus_ slew _Hyllus_ the son of +_Hercules._ _Lycurgus_, _Cepheus_, and _Auge_, were [151] the children of +_Aleus_, the son of _Aphidas_, the son of _Arcas_, the son of _Callisto_, +the daughter of _Lycaon_: _Auge_ lay with _Hercules_, and _Ancaeus_ the son +of _Lycurgus_ was an _Argonaut_, and his uncle _Cepheus_ was his Governour +in that Expedition; and _Lycurgus_ stay'd at home, to look after his aged +father _Aleus_, who might be born about 75 years before that Expedition; +and his grandfather _Arcas_ might be born about the end of the Reign of +_Saul_, and _Lycaon_ the grandfather of _Arcas_ might be then alive, and +dye before the middle of _David_'s Reign; and His youngest son _Oenotrus_, +the _Janus_ of the _Latines_, might grow up, and lead a colony into _Italy_ +before the Reign of _Solomon_. _Arcas_ received [152] bread-corn from +_Triptolemus_, and taught his people to make bread of it; and so did +_Eumelus_, the first King of a region afterwards called _Achaia_: and +therefore _Arcas_ and _Eumelus_ were contemporary to _Triptolemus_, and to +his old father _Celeus_, and to _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_; and +_Callisto_ to _Rharus_, and her father _Lycaon_ to _Cranaus_: but _Lycaon_ +died before _Cranaus_, so as to leave room for _Deucalion_'s flood between +their deaths. The eleven Kings of _Arcadia_, between this Flood and the +Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, that is, between the Reigns +of _Lycaon_ and _Cypselus_, after the rate of about twenty years to a Reign +one with another, took up about 220 years; and these years counted back +from the Return of the _Heraclides_, place the Flood of _Deucalion_ upon +the fourteenth year of _David_'s Reign, or thereabout. + +_Herodotus_ [153] tells us, that the _Phoenicians_ who came with _Cadmus_ +brought many doctrines into _Greece_: for amongst those _Phoenicians_ were +a sort of men called _Curetes_, who were skilled in the Arts and Sciences +of _Phoenicia_, above other men, and [154] settled some in _Phrygia_, where +they were called _Corybantes_; some in _Crete_, where they were called +_Idaei Dactyli_; some in _Rhodes_, where they were called _Telchines_; some +in _Samothrace_, where they were called _Cabiri_; some in _Euboea_, where, +before the invention of iron, they wrought in copper, in a city thence +called _Chalcis_ some in _Lemnos_, where they assisted _Vulcan_; and some +in _Imbrus_, and other places: and a considerable number of them settled in +_AEtolia_, which was thence called the country of the _Curetes_; until +_AEtolus_ the son of _Endymion_, having slain _Apis_ King of _Sicyon_, fled +thither, and by the assistance of his father invaded it, and from his own +name called it _AEtolia_: and by the assistance of these artificers, +_Cadmus_ found out gold in the mountain _Pangaeus_ in _Thrace_, and copper +at _Thebes_; whence copper ore is still called _Cadmia_. Where they settled +they wrought first in copper, 'till iron was invented, and then in iron; +and when they had made themselves armour, they danced in it at the +sacrifices with tumult and clamour, and bells, and pipes, and drums, and +swords, with which they struck upon one another's armour, in musical times, +appearing seized with a divine fury; and this is reckoned the original of +music in _Greece:_ so _Solinus_ [155] _Studium musicum inde coeptum cum +Idaei Dactyli modulos crepitu & tinnitu aeris deprehensos in versificum +ordinem transtulissent_: and [156] _Isidorus_, _Studium musicum ab Idaeis +Dactylis coeptum_. _Apollo_ and the Muses were two Generations later. +_Clemens_ [157] calls the _Idaei Dactyli_ barbarous, that is strangers; and +saith, that they reputed the first wise men, to whom both the letters which +they call _Ephesian_, and the invention of musical rhymes are referred: it +seems that when the _Phoenician_ letters, ascribed to _Cadmus_, were +brought into _Greece_, they were at the same time brought into _Phrygia_ +and _Crete_, by the _Curetes_; who settled in those countries, and called +them _Ephesian_, from the city _Ephesus_, where they were first taught. The +_Curetes_, by their manufacturing copper and iron, and making swords, and +armour, and edged tools for hewing and carving of wood, brought into +_Europe_ a new way of fighting; and gave _Minos_ an opportunity of building +a Fleet, and gaining the dominion of the seas; and set on foot the trades +of Smiths and Carpenters in _Greece_, which are the foundation of manual +trades: the [158] fleet of _Minos_ was without sails, and _Daedalus_ fled +from him by adding sails to his vessel; and therefore ships with sails were +not used by the _Greeks_ before the flight of _Daedalus_, and death of +_Minos_, who was slain in pursuing him to _Sicily_, in the Reign of +_Rehoboam_. _Daedalus_ and his nephew _Talus_, in the latter part of the +Reign of _Solomon_, invented the chip-ax, and saw, and wimble, and +perpendicular, and compass, and turning-lath, and glew, and the potter's +wheel; and his father _Eupalamus_ invented the anchor: and these things +gave a beginning to manual Arts and Trades in _Europe_. + +The [159] _Curetes_, who thus introduced Letters, and Music, and Poetry, +and Dancing, and Arts, and attended on the Sacrifices, were no less active +about religious institutions, and for their skill and knowledge and +mystical practices, were accounted wise men and conjurers by the vulgar. In +_Phrygia_ their mysteries were about _Rhea_, called _Magna Mater_, and from +the places where she was worshipped, _Cybele_, _Berecynthia_, +_Pessinuntia_, _Dindymene_, _Mygdonia_, and _Idaea Phrygia_: and in _Crete_, +and the _Terra Curetum_, they were about _Jupiter Olympius_, the son of the +_Cretan Rhea_: they represented, [160] that when _Jupiter_ was born in +_Crete_, his mother _Rhea_ caused him to be educated in a cave in mount +_Ida_, under their care and tuition; and [161] that they danced about him +in armour, with great noise, that his father _Saturn_ might not hear him +cry; and when he was grown up, assisted him in conquering his father, and +his father's friends; and in memory of these things instituted their +mysteries. _Bochart_ [162] brings them from _Palestine_, and thinks that +they had the name of _Curetes_ from the people among the _Philistims_ +called _Crethim_, or _Cerethites_: _Ezek._ xxv. 16. _Zeph._ ii. 5. 1 _Sam._ +xxx. 14, for the _Philistims_ conquered _Zidon_, and mixed with the +_Zidonians_. + +The two first Kings of _Crete_, who reigned after the coming of the +_Curetes_, were _Asterius_ and _Minos_; and _Europa_ was the Queen of +_Asterius_, and mother of _Minos_; and the _Idaean Curetes_ were her +countrymen, and came with her and her brother _Alymnus_ into _Crete_, and +dwelt in the _Idaean_ cave in her Reign, and there educated _Jupiter_, and +found out iron, and made armour: and therefore these three, _Asterius_, +_Europa_, and _Minos_, must be the _Saturn_, _Rhea_ and _Jupiter_ of the +_Cretans_. _Minos_ is usually called the son of _Jupiter_; but this is in +relation to the fable, that _Jupiter_ in the shape of a bull, the Ensign of +the Ship, carried away _Europa_ from _Zidon_: for the _Phoenicians_, upon +their first coming into _Greece_, gave the name of _Jao-pater_, _Jupiter_, +to every King: and thus both _Minos_ and his father were _Jupiters_. +_Echemenes_, an ancient author cited by _Athenaeus_, [163] said that _Minos_ +was that _Jupiter_ who committed the rape upon _Ganimede_; though others +said more truly that it was _Tantalus_: _Minos_ alone was that _Jupiter_ +who was most famous among the _Greeks_ for Dominion and Justice, being the +greatest King in all _Greece_ in those days, and the only legislator. +_Plutarch_ [164] tells us, that the people of _Naxus_, contrary to what +others write, pretended that there were two _Minos's_, and two _Ariadnes_; +and that the first _Ariadne_ married _Bacchus_, and the last was carried +away by _Theseus_: but [165] _Homer_, _Hesiod_, _Thucydides_, _Herodotus_, +and _Strabo_, knew but of one _Minos_; and _Homer_ describes him to be the +son of _Jupiter_ and _Europa_, and the brother of _Rhadamanthus_ and +_Sarpedon_, and the father of _Deucalion_ the _Argonaut_, and grandfather +of _Idomeneus_ who warred at _Troy_, and that he was the legislator of +Hell: _Herodotus_ [166] makes _Minos_ and _Rhadamanthus_ the sons of +_Europa_, contemporary to _AEgeus_: and [167] _Apollodorus_ and _Hyginus_ +say, that _Minos_, the father of _Androgeus_, _Ariadne_ and _Phaedra_, was +the son of _Jupiter_ and _Europa_, and brother of _Rhadamanthus_ and +_Sarpedon_. + +_Lucian_ [168] lets us know that _Europa_ the mother of _Minos_ was +worshipped by the name of _Rhea_, the form of a woman sitting in a chariot +drawn by lions, with a drum in her hand, and a _Corona turrita_ on her +head, like _Astarte_ and _Isis_; and the _Cretans_ [169] anciently shewed +the house where this _Rhea_ lived: and [170] _Apollonius Rhodius_ tells us, +that _Saturn_, while he Reigned over the _Titans_ in _Olympus_, a mountain +in _Crete_, and _Jupiter_ was educated by the _Curetes_ in the _Cretan_ +cave, deceived _Rhea_, and of _Philyra_ begot _Chiron_: and therefore the +_Cretan Saturn_ and _Rhea_, were but one Generation older than _Chiron_, +and by consequence not older than _Asterius_ and _Europa_, the parents of +_Minos_; for _Chiron_ lived 'till after the _Argonautic_ Expedition, and +had two grandsons in that Expedition, and _Europa_ came into _Crete_ above +an hundred years before that Expedition: _Lucian_ [171] tells us, that the +_Cretans_ did not only relate, that _Jupiter_ was born and buried among +them, but also shewed his sepulchre: and _Porphyry_ [172] tells us, that +_Pythagoras_ went down into the _Idaean_ cave, to see sepulchre: and +_Cicero_, [173] in numbering three _Jupiters_, saith, that the third was +the _Cretan Jupiter_, _Saturn_'s son, whose sepulchre was shewed in +_Crete_: and the Scholiast upon _Callimachus_ [174] lets us know, that this +was the sepulchre of _Minos_: his words are, [Greek: En Krete epi toi +taphoi tou Minoos epegegrapto, MINOOS TOU DIOS TAPHOS. toi chronoi de tou +Minoos apeleiphthe, hoste perileiphthenai, DIOS TAPHOS. ek toutou oun +echein legousi Kretes ton taphon tou Dios.] _In _Crete_ upon the Sepulchre +of _Minos_ was written _Minois Jovis sepulchrum_: but in time _Minois_ wore +out so that there remained only, _Jovis sepulchrum_, and thence the +_Cretans_ called it the Sepulchre of _Jupiter__. By _Saturn_, _Cicero_, who +was a _Latine_, understood the _Saturn_ so called by the _Latines_: for +when _Saturn_ was expelled his Kingdom he fled from _Crete_ by sea, to +_Italy_; and this the Poets exprest by saying, that _Jupiter_ cast him down +to _Tartarus_, that is, into the Sea: and because he lay hid in _Italy_, +the _Latines_ called him _Saturn_; and _Italy_, _Saturnia_, and _Latium_, +and themselves _Latines_: so [175] _Cyprian_; _Antrum Jovis in Creta +visitur, & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur: & ab eo Saturnum fugatum esse +manifestum est: unde Latium de latebra ejus nomen accepit: hic literas +imprimere, hic signare nummos in Italia primus instituit, unde aerarium +Saturni vocatur; & rusticitatis hic cultor fuit, inde falcem ferens senex +pingitur:_ and _Minutius Felix_; _Saturnus Creta profugus, Italiam metu +filii saevientis accesserat, & Jani susceptus hospitio, rudes illos homines +& agrestes multa docuit, ut Graeculus & politus, literas imprimere, nummos +signare, instrumenta conficere: itaque latebram suam, quod tuto latuisset, +vocari maluit Latium, & urbem Saturniam de suo nomine. * * Ejus filius +Jupiter Cretae excluso parente regnavit, illic obiit, illic filios habuit; +adhuc antrum Jovis visitur, & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur, & ipsis sacris +suis humanitatis arguitur_: and _Tertullian_; [176] _Quantum rerum +argumenta docent, nusquam invenio fideliora quam apud ipsam Italiam, in qua +Saturnus post multas expeditiones, postque Attica hospitia consedit, +exceptus ab Jano, vel Jane ut Salii volunt. Mons quem incoluerat Saturnius +dictus: civitas quam depalaverat Saturnia usque nunc est. Tota denique +Italia post Oenotriam Saturnia cognominabatur. Ab ipso primum tabulae, & +imagine signatus nummus, & inde aerario praesidet_. By _Saturn_'s carrying +letters into _Italy_, and coyning money, and teaching agriculture, and +making instruments, and building a town, you may know that he fled from +_Crete_, after letters, and the coyning of money, and manual arts were +brought into _Europe_ by the _Phoenicians_; and from _Attica_, after +agriculture was brought into _Greece_ by _Ceres_; and so could not be older +than _Asterius_, and _Europa_, and her brother _Cadmus_: and by _Italy_'s +being called _Oenotria_, before it was called _Saturnia_, you may know that +he came into _Italy_ after _Oenotrus_, and so was not older than the sons +of _Lycaon_. _Oenotrus_ carried the first colony of the _Greeks_ into +_Italy_, _Saturn_ the second, and _Evander_ the third; and the _Latines_ +know nothing older in _Italy_ than _Janus_ and _Saturn_: and therefore +_Oenotrus_ was the _Janus_ of the _Latines_, and _Saturn_ was contemporary +to the sons of _Lycaon_, and by consequence also to _Celeus_, _Erechtheus_, +_Ceres_, and _Asterius_: for _Ceres_ educated _Triptolemus_ the son of +_Celeus_, in the Reign of _Erechtheus_, and then taught him to plow and sow +corn: _Arcas_ the son of _Callisto_, and grandson of _Lycaon_, received +corn from _Triptolemus_, and taught his people to make bread of it; and +_Procris_, the daughter of _Erechtheus_, fled to _Minos_ the son of +_Asterius_. In memory of _Saturn_'s coming into _Italy_ by sea, the +_Latines_ coined their first money with his head on one side, and a ship on +the other. _Macrobius_ [177] tells us, that when _Saturn_ was dead, _Janus_ +erected an Altar to him, with sacred rites as to a God, and instituted the +_Saturnalia_, and that humane sacrifices were offered to him; 'till +_Hercules_ driving the cattle of _Geryon_ through _Italy_, abolished that +custom: by the human sacrifices you may know that _Janus_ was of the race +of _Lycaon_; which character agrees to _Oenotrus_. _Dionysius +Halicarnassensis_ tells us further, that _Oenotrus_ having found in the +western parts of _Italy_ a large region fit for pasturage and tillage, but +yet for the most part uninhabited, and where it was inhabited, peopled but +thinly; in a certain part of it, purged from the _Barbarians_, he built +towns little and numerous, in the mountains; which manner of building was +familiar to the ancients: and this was the Original of Towns in _Italy_. + +_Pausanias_ [178] tells us that _the people of _Elis_, who were best +skilled in Antiquities, related this to have been the Original of the +Olympic Games: that _Saturn_ Reigned first and had a Temple built to him in +_Olympia_ by the men of the Golden Age; and that when _Jupiter_ was newly +born, his mother _Rhea_ recommended him to the care of the _Idaei Dactyli_, +who were also called _Curetes_: that afterwards five of them, called +_Hercules_, _Poeonius_, _Epimedes_, _Jasius_, and _Ida_, came from _Ida_, a +mountain in _Crete_, into _Elis_; and _Hercules_, called also _Hercules +Idaeus_, being the oldest of them, in memory of the war between _Saturn_ and +_Jupiter_, instituted the game of racing, and that the victor should be +rewarded with a crown of olive_; and there erected an altar to _Jupiter +Olympius_, and called these games Olympic: and that some of the _Eleans_ +said, _that _Jupiter_ contended here with _Saturn_ for the Kingdom; others +that _Hercules Idaeus_ instituted these games in memory of their victory +over the _Titans__: for the people of _Arcadia_ [179] had a tradition, that +the Giants fought with the Gods in the valley of _Bathos_, near the river +_Alpheus_ and the fountain _Olympias_. [180] Before the Reign of +_Asterius_, his father _Teutamus_ came into _Crete_ with a colony from +_Olympia_; and upon the flight of _Asterius_, some of his friends might +retire with him into their own country, and be pursued and beaten there by +the _Idaean Hercules_: the _Eleans_ said also that _Clymenus_ the grandson +of the _Idaean Hercules_, about fifty years after _Deucalion_'s flood, +coming from _Crete_, celebrated these games again in _Olympia_, and erected +there an altar to _Juno Olympia_, that is, to _Europa_, and another to this +_Hercules_ and the rest of the _Curetes_; and Reigned in _Elis_ 'till he +was expelled by _Endymion_, [181] who thereupon celebrated these games +again: and so did _Pelops_, who expelled _AEtolus_ the son of _Endymion_; +and so also did _Hercules_ the son of _Alcmena_, and _Atreus_ the son of +_Pelops_, and _Oxylus_: they might be celebrated originally in triumph for +victories, first by _Hercules Idaeus_, upon the conquest of _Saturn_ and the +_Titans_, and then by _Clymenus_, upon his coming to Reign in the _Terra +Curetum_; then by _Endymion_, upon his conquering _Clymenus_; and +afterwards by _Pelops_, upon his conquering _AEtolus_; and by _Hercules_, +upon his killing _Augeas_; and by _Atreus_, upon his repelling the +_Heraclides_; and by _Oxylus_, upon the return of the _Heraclides_ into +_Peloponnesus_. This _Jupiter_, to whom they were instituted, had a Temple +and Altar erected to him in _Olympia_, where the games were celebrated, and +from the place was called _Jupiter Olympius_: _Olympia_ was a place upon +the confines of _Pisa_, near the river _Alpheus_. + +In the [182] Island _Thasus_, where _Cadmus_ left his brother _Thasus_, the +_Phoenicians_ built a Temple to _Hercules Olympius_, that _Hercules_, whom +_Cicero_ [183] calls _ex Idaeis Dactylis; cui inferias afferunt_. When the +mysteries of _Ceres_ were instituted in _Eleusis_, there were other +mysteries instituted to her and her daughter and daughter's husband, in the +Island _Samothrace_, by the _Phoenician_ names of _Dii Cabiri Axieros_, +_Axiokersa_, and _Axiokerses_, that is, the great Gods _Ceres_, +_Proserpina_ and _Pluto_: for [184] _Jasius_ a _Samothracian_, whose sister +married _Cadmus_, was familiar with _Ceres_; and _Cadmus_ and _Jasius_ were +both of them instituted in these mysteries. _Jasius_ was the brother of +_Dardanus_, and married _Cybele_ the daughter of _Meones_ King of +_Phrygia_, and by her had _Corybas_; and after his death, _Dardanus_, +_Cybele_ and _Corybas_ went into _Phrygia_, and carried thither the +mysteries of the mother of the Gods, and _Cybele_ called the goddess after +her own name, and _Corybas_ called her priests _Corybantes_: thus +_Diodorus_; but _Dionysius_ saith [185] that _Dardanus_ instituted the +_Samothracian_ mysteries, and that his wife _Chryses_ learnt them in +_Arcadia_, and that _Idaeus_ the son of _Dardanus_ instituted afterwards the +mysteries of the mother of the gods in _Phrygia_: this _Phrygian_ Goddess +was drawn in a chariot by lions, and had a _corona turrita_ on her head, +and a drum in her hand, like the _Phoenician_ Goddess _Astarte_, and the +_Corybantes_ danced in armour at her sacrifices in a furious manner, like +the _Idaei Dactyli_; and _Lucian_ [186] tells us that she was the _Cretan +Rhea_, that is, _Europa_ the mother of _Minos_: and thus the _Phoenicians_ +introduced the practice of Deifying dead men and women among the _Greeks_ +and _Phrygians_; for I meet with no instance of Deifying dead men and women +in _Greece_, before the coming of _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ from _Zidon_. + +From these originals it came into fashion among the _Greeks_, [Greek: +kterizein], _parentare_, to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with +festivals and invocations and sacrifices offered to their ghosts, and to +erect magnificent sepulchres in the form of temples, with altars and +statues, to persons of renown; and there to honour them publickly with +sacrifices and invocations: every man might do it to his ancestors; and the +cities of _Greece_ did it to all the eminent _Greeks_: as to _Europa_ the +sister, to _Alymnus_ the brother, and to _Minos_ and _Rhadamanthus_ the +nephews of _Cadmus_; to his daughter _Ino_, and her son _Melicertus_; to +_Bacchus_ the son of his daughter _Semele_, _Aristarchus_ the husband of +his daughter _Autonoe_, and _Jasius_ the brother of his wife _Harmonia_; to +_Hercules_ a _Theban_, and his mother _Alcmena_; to _Danae_ the daughter of +_Acrisius_; to _AEsculapius_ and _Polemocrates_ the son of _Machaon_, to +_Pandion_ and _Theseus_ Kings of _Athens_, _Hippolytus_ the son of +_Theseus_, _Pan_ the son of _Penelope_, _Proserpina_, _Triptolemus_, +_Celeus_, _Trophonius_, _Castor_, _Pollux_, _Helena_, _Menelaus_, +_Agamemnon_, _Amphiaraus_ and his son _Amphilochus_, _Hector_ and +_Alexandra_ the son and daughter of _Priam_, _Phoroneus_, _Orpheus_, +_Protesilaus_, _Achilles_ and his mother _Thetis_, _Ajax_, _Arcas_, +_Idomeneus_, _Meriones_, _AEacus_, _Melampus_, _Britomartis_, _Adrastus_, +_Iolaus_, and divers others. They Deified their dead in divers manners, +according to their abilities and circumstances, and the merits of the +person; some only in private families, as houshold Gods or _Dii Paenates_; +others by erecting gravestones to them in publick, to be used as altars for +annual sacrifices; others, by building also to them sepulchres in the form +of houses or temples; and some by appointing mysteries, and ceremonies, and +set sacrifices, and festivals, and initiations, and a succession of priests +for performing those institutions in the temples, and handing them down to +posterity. Altars might begin to be erected in _Europe_ a little before the +days of _Cadmus_, for sacrificing to the old God or Gods of the Colonies, +but Temples began in the days of _Solomon_; for [187] _AEacus_ the son of +_AEgina_, who was two Generations older than the _Trojan_ war, is by some +reputed one of the first who built a Temple in _Greece_. Oracles came first +from _Egypt_ into _Greece_ about the same time, as also did the custom of +forming the images of the Gods with their legs bound up in the shape of the +_Egyptian_ mummies: for Idolatry began in _Chaldaea_ and _Egypt_, and spread +thence into _Phoenicia_ and the neighbouring countries, long before it came +into _Europe_; and the _Pelasgians_ propagated it in _Greece_, by the +dictates of the Oracles. The countries upon the _Tigris_ and the _Nile_ +being exceeding fertile, were first frequented by mankind, and grew first +into Kingdoms, and therefore began first to adore their dead Kings and +Queens: hence came the Gods of _Laban_, the Gods and Goddesses called +_Baalim_ and _Ashtaroth_ by the _Canaanites_, the Daemons or Ghosts to whom +they sacrificed, and the _Moloch_ to whom they offered their children in +the days of _Moses_ and the Judges. Every City set up the worship of its +own Founder and Kings, and by alliances and conquests they spread this +worship, and at length the _Phoenicians_ and _Egyptians_ brought into +_Europe_ the practice of Deifying the dead. The Kingdom of the lower +_Egypt_ began to worship their Kings before the days of _Moses_; and to +this worship the second commandment is opposed: when the Shepherds invaded +the lower _Egypt_, they checked this worship of the old _Egyptians_, and +spread that of their own Kings: and at length the _Egyptians_ of _Coptos_ +and _Thebais_, under _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_, expelling the +Shepherds, checked the worship of the Gods of the Shepherds, and Deifying +their own Kings and Princes, propagated the worship of twelve of them into +their conquests; and made them more universal than the false Gods of any +other nation had been before, so as to be called, _Dii magni majorum +gentium_. _Sesostris_ conquered _Thrace_, and _Amphictyon_ the son of +_Prometheus_ brought the twelve Gods from _Thrace_ into _Greece_: +_Herodotus_ [188] tells us that they came from _Egypt_; and by the names of +the cities of _Egypt_ dedicated to many of these Gods, you may know that +they were of an _Egyptian_ original: and the _Egyptians_, according to +_Diodorus_, [189] usually represented, that after their _Saturn_ and +_Rhea_, Reigned _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, the parents of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, +the parents of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_. + +By all this it may be understood, that as the _Egyptians_ who Deified their +Kings, began their monarchy with the Reign of their Gods and Heroes, +reckoning _Menes_ the first man who reigned after their Gods; so the +_Cretans_ had the Ages of their Gods and Heroes, calling the first four +Ages of their Deified Kings and Princes, the Golden, Silver, Brazen, and +Iron Ages. _Hesiod_ [190] describing these four Ages of the Gods and +Demi-Gods of _Greece_, represents them to be four Generations of men, each +of which ended when the men then living grew old and dropt into the grave, +and tells us that the fourth ended with the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_: +and so many Generations there were, from the coming of the _Phoenicians_ +and _Curetes_ with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ into _Greece_ unto the destruction +of _Troy_. _Apollonius Rhodius_ saith that when the _Argonauts_ came to +_Crete_, they slew _Talus_ a brazen man, who remained of those that were of +the Brazen Age, and guarded that pass: _Talus_ was reputed [191] the son of +_Minos_, and therefore the sons of _Minos_ lived in the Brazen Age, and +_Minos_ Reigned in the Silver Age: it was the Silver Age of the _Greeks_ in +which they began to plow and sow Corn, and _Ceres_, that taught them to do +it, flourished in the Reign of _Celeus_ and _Erechtheus_ and _Minos_. +Mythologists tell us that the last woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, was +_Alcmena_; and thereby they seem to put an end to the Reign of _Jupiter_ +among mortals, that is to the Silver Age, when _Alcmena_ was with child of +_Hercules_; who therefore was born about the eighth or tenth year of +_Rehoboam's_ Reign, and was about 34 years old at the time of the +_Argonautic_ expedition. _Chiron_ was begot by _Saturn_ of _Philyra_ in the +Golden Age, when _Jupiter_ was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, as above; and +this was in the Reign of _Asterius_ King of _Crete_: and therefore +_Asterius_ Reigned in _Crete_ in the Golden Age; and the Silver Age began +when _Chiron_ was a child: if _Chiron_ was born about the 35th year of +_David_'s Reign, he will be born in the Reign of _Asterius_, when _Jupiter_ +was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, and be about 88 years old in the time of +the _Argonautic_ expedition, when he invented the Asterisms; and this is +within the reach of nature. The Golden Age therefore falls in with the +Reign of _Asterius_, and the Silver Age with that of _Minos_; and to make +these Ages much longer than ordinary generations, is to make _Chiron_ live +much longer than according to the course of nature. This fable of the four +Ages seems to have been made by the _Curetes_ in the fourth Age, in memory +of the first four Ages of their coming into _Europe_, as into a new world; +and in honour of their country-woman _Europa_, and her husband _Asterius_ +the _Saturn_ of the _Latines_, and of her son _Minos_ the _Cretan Jupiter_ +and grandson _Deucalion_, who Reigned 'till the _Argonautic_ expedition, +and is sometimes reckoned among the _Argonauts_, and of their great +grandson _Idomeneus_ who warred at _Troy_. _Hesiod_ tells us that he +himself lived in the fifth Age, the Age next after the taking of _Troy_, +and therefore he flourished within thirty or thirty five years after it: +and _Homer_ was of about the same Age; for he [192] lived sometime with +_Mentor_ in _Ithaca_, and there learnt of him many things concerning +_Ulysses_, with whom _Mentor_ had been personally acquainted: now +_Herodotus_, the oldest Historian of the _Greeks_ now extant, [193] tells +us that _Hesiod_ and _Homer_ were not above four hundred years older than +himself, and therefore they flourished within 110 or 120 years after the +death of _Solomon_; and according to my reckoning the taking of _Troy_ was +but one Generation earlier. + +Mythologists tell us, that _Niobe_ the daughter of _Phoroneus_ was the +first woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, and that of her he begat _Argus_, who +succeeded _Phoroneus_ in the Kingdom of _Argos_, and gave his name to that +city; and therefore _Argus_ was born in the beginning of the Silver Age: +unless you had rather say that by _Jupiter_ they might here mean +_Asterius_; for the _Phoenicians_ gave the name of _Jupiter_ to every King, +from the time of their first coming into _Greece_ with _Cadmus_ and +_Europa_, until the invasion of _Greece_ by _Sesostris_, and the birth of +_Hercules_, and particularly to the fathers of _Minos_, _Pelops_, +_Lacedaemon_, _AEacus_, and _Perseus_. + +The four first Ages succeeded the flood of _Deucalion_; and some tell us +that _Deucalion_ was the son of _Prometheus_, the son of _Japetus_, and +brother of _Atlas_: but this was another _Deucalion_; for _Japetus_ the +father of _Prometheus_, _Epimetheus,_ and _Atlas_, was an _Egyptian_, the +brother of _Osiris_, and flourished two generations after the flood of +_Deucalion_. + +I have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_ as high as to the +first use of letters, the first plowing and sowing of corn, the first +manufacturing of copper and iron, the beginning of the trades of Smiths, +Carpenters, Joyners, Turners, Brick-makers, Stone-cutters, and Potters, in +_Europe_; the first walling of cities about, the first building of Temples, +and the original of Oracles in _Greece_; the beginning of navigation by the +Stars in long ships with sails; the erecting of the _Amphictyonic_ Council; +the first Ages of _Greece_, called the Golden, Silver, Brazen and Iron +Ages, and the flood of _Deucalion_ which immediately preceded them. Those +Ages could not be earlier than the invention and use of the four metals in +_Greece_, from whence they had their names; and the flood of _Ogyges_ could +not be much above two or three ages earlier than that of _Deucalion_: for +among such wandering people as were then in _Europe_, there could be no +memory of things done above three or four ages before the first use of +letters: and the expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_, which gave the +first occasion to the coming of people from _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and to +the building of houses and villages in _Greece_, was scarce earlier than +the days of _Eli_ and _Samuel_; for _Manetho_ tells us, that when they were +forced to quit _Abaris_ and retire out of _Egypt_, they went through the +wilderness into _Judaea_ and built _Jerusalem_: I do not think, with +_Manetho,_ that they were the _Israelites_ under _Moses_, but rather +believe that they were _Canaanites_; and upon leaving _Abaris_ mingled with +the _Philistims_ their next neighbours: though some of them might assist +_David_ and _Solomon_ in building _Jerusalem_ and the Temple. + +_Saul_ was made King [194], that he might rescue _Israel_ out of the hand +of the _Philistims_, who opressed them; and in the second year of his +Reign, the _Philistims_ brought into the field against him _thirty thousand +chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the +sea shore for multitude_: the _Canaanites_ had their horses from _Egypt_; +and yet in the days of _Moses_ all the chariots of _Egypt_, with which +_Pharaoh_ pursued _Israel_ were but six hundred, _Exod._ xiv. 7. From the +great army of the _Philistims_ against _Saul_, and the great number of +their horses, I seem to gather that the Shepherds had newly relinquished +_Egypt_; and joyned them: the Shepherds might be beaten and driven out of +the greatest part of _Egypt_, and shut up in _Abaris_ by _Misphragmuthosis_ +in the latter end of the days of _Eli_; and some of them fly to the +_Philistims_, and strengthen them against _Israel_, in the last year of +_Eli_; and from the _Philistims_ some of the Shepherds might go to _Zidon_, +and from _Zidon_, by sea to _Asia minor_ and _Greece_: and afterwards, in +the beginning of the Reign of _Saul_, the Shepherds who still remained in +_Egypt_ might be forced by _Tethmosis_ or _Amosis_ the son of +_Misphragmuthosis_, to leave _Abaris_, and retire in very great numbers to +the _Philistims_; and upon these occasions several of them, as _Pelasgus_, +_Inachus_, _Lelex_, _Cecrops_, and _Abas_, might come with their people by +sea from _Egypt_ to _Zidon_ and _Cyprus_, and thence to _Asia minor_ and +_Greece_, in the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _Saul_, and thereby begin to +open a commerce by sea between _Zidon_ and _Greece_, before the revolt of +_Edom_ from _Judaea_, and the final coming of the _Phoenicians_ from the +_Red Sea_. + +_Pelasgus_ Reigned in _Arcadia_, and was the father of _Lycaon_, according +to _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, and _Lycaon_ died just before the flood of +_Deucalion_; and therefore his father _Pelasgus_ might come into _Greece_ +about two Generations before _Cadmus_, or in the latter end of the days of +_Eli_: _Lycaon_ sacrificed children, and therefore his father might come +with his people from the Shepherds in _Egypt_, and perhaps from the regions +of _Heliopolis_, where they sacrificed men, 'till _Amosis_ abolished that +custom. _Misphragmuthosis_ the father of _Amosis_, drove the Shepherds out +of a great part of _Egypt_, and shut the remainder up in _Abaris_: and then +great numbers might escape to _Greece_; some from the regions of +_Heliopolis_ under _Pelasgus_, and others from _Memphis_ and other places, +under other Captains: and hence it might come to pass that the _Pelasgians_ +were at the first very numerous in _Greece_, and spake a different language +from the _Greek_, and were the ringleaders in bringing into _Greece_ the +worship of the dead. + +_Inachus_ is called the son of _Oceanus_, perhaps because he came to +_Greece_ by sea: he might come with his people to _Argos_ from _Egypt_ in +the days of _Eli_, and seat himself upon the river _Inachus_, so named from +him, and leave his territories to his sons _Phoroneus_, _AEgialeus_, and +_Phegeus_, in the days of _Samuel_: for _Car_ the son of _Phoroneus_ built +a Temple to _Ceres_ in _Megara_, and therefore was contemporary to +_Erechtheus_. _Phoroneus_ Reigned at _Argos_, and _Aegialeus_ at _Sicyon_, +and founded those Kingdoms; and yet _AEgialeus_ is made above five hundred +years older than _Phoroneus_ by some Chronologers: but [195] _Acusilaus_, +[196] _Anticlides_ and [197] _Plato_, accounted _Phoroneus_ the oldest King +in _Greece_, and [198] _Apollodorus_ tells us, _AEgialeus_ was the brother +of _Phoroneus_. _AEgialeus_ died without issue, and after him Reigned +_Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, _Lamedon_, _Sicyon_, _Polybus_, _Adrastus_, +and _Agamemnon_, _&c._ and _Sicyon_ gave his name to the Kingdom: +_Herodotus_ [199] saith that _Apis_ in the _Greek_ Tongue is _Epaphus_; and +_Hyginus_, [200] that _Epaphus_ the _Sicyonian_ got _Antiopa_ with child: +but the later _Greeks_ have made two men of the two names _Apis_ and +_Epaphus_ or _Epopeus_, and between them inserted twelve feigned Kings of +_Sicyon_, who made no wars, nor did any thing memorable, and yet Reigned +five hundred and twenty years, which is, one with another, above forty and +three years a-piece. If these feigned Kings be rejected, and the two Kings +_Apis_ and _Epopeus_ be reunited; _AEgialeus_ will become contemporary to +his brother _Phoroneus_, as he ought to be; for _Apis_ or _Epopeus_, and +_Nycteus_ the guardian of _Labdacus_, were slain in battle about the tenth +year of _Solomon_, as above; and the first four Kings of _Sicyon_, +_AEgialeus_, _Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, after the rate of about twenty +years to a Reign, take up about eighty years; and these years counted +upwards from the tenth year of _Solomon_, place the beginning of the Reign +of _AEgialeus_ upon the twelfth year of _Samuel_, or thereabout: and about +that time began the Reign of _Phoroneus_ at _Argos_; _Apollodorus_ [201] +calls _Adrastus_ King of _Argos_; but _Homer_ [202] tells us, that he +Reigned first at _Sicyon_: he was in the first war against _Thebes_. Some +place _Janiscus_ and _Phaestus_ between _Polybus_ and _Adrastus_, but +without any certainty. + +_Lelex_ might come with his people into _Laconia_ in the days of _Eli_, and +leave his territories to his sons _Myles_, _Eurotas_, _Cleson_, and +_Polycaon_ in the days of _Samuel_. _Myles_ set up a quern, or handmill to +grind corn, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who did so: but he +flourished before _Triptolemus_, and seems to have had his corn and +artificers from _Egypt_. _Eurotas_ the brother, or as some say the son of +_Myles_, built _Sparta_, and called it after the name of his daughter +_Sparta_, the wife of _Lacedaemon_, and mother of _Eurydice_. _Cleson_ was +the father of _Pylas_ the father of _Sciron_, who married the daughter of +_Pandion_ the son of _Erechtheus_, and contended with _Nisus_ the son of +_Pandion_ and brother of _AEgeus_, for the Kingdom; and _AEacus_ adjudged it +to _Nisus_. _Polycaon_ invaded _Messene_, then peopled only by villages, +called it _Messene_ after the name of his wife, and built cities therein. + +_Cecrops_ came from _Sais_ in _Egypt_ to _Cyprus_, and thence into +_Attica_: and he might do this in the days of _Samuel_, and marry _Agraule_ +the daughter of _Actaeus_, and succeed him in _Attica_ soon after, and leave +his Kingdom to _Cranaus_ in the Reign of _Saul_, or in the beginning of the +Reign of _David_: for the flood of _Deucalion_ happened in the Reign of +_Cranaus_. + +Of about the same age with _Pelasgus_, _Inachus_, _Lelex_, and _Actaeus_, +was _Ogyges_: he Reigned in _Boeotia_, and some of his people were +_Leleges_: and either he or his son _Eleusis_ built the city _Eleusis_ in +_Attica_, that is, they built a few houses of clay, which in time grew into +a city. _Acusilaus_ wrote that _Phoroneus_ was older than _Ogyges_, and +that _Ogyges_ flourished 1020 years before the first Olympiad, as above; +but _Acusilaus_ was an _Argive_, and feigned these things in honour of his +country: to call things _Ogygian_ has been a phrase among the ancient +_Greeks_, to signify that they are as old as the first memory of things; +and so high we have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_. +_Inachus_ might be as old as _Ogyges_, but _Acusilaus_ and his followers +made them seven hundred years older than the truth; and Chronologers, to +make out this reckoning, have lengthened the races of the Kings of _Argos_ +and _Sicyon_, and changed several contemporary Princes of _Argos_ into +successive Kings, and inserted many feigned Kings into the race of the +Kings of _Sicyon_. + +_Inachus_ had several sons, who Reigned in several parts of _Peloponnesus_, +and there built Towns; as _Phoroneus_, who built _Phoronicum_, afterwards +called _Argos_, from _Argus_ his grandson; _AEgialeus_, who built _AEgialea_, +afterwards called _Sicyon_, from _Sicyon_ the grandson of _Erechtheus_; +_Phegeus_, who built _Phegea_, afterwards called _Psophis_, from _Psophis_ +the daughter of _Lycaon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_ +then _Sisyphus_, the son of _AEolus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, built +_Ephyra_, afterwards called _Corinth_; and _Aethlius_, the son of _AEolus_, +built _Elis_: and before them _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_, the cittadel of +_Athens_; and _Lycaon_ built _Lycosura_, reckoned by some the oldest town +in _Arcadia_; and his sons, who were at least four and twenty in number, +built each of them a town; except the youngest, called _Oenotrus_, who grew +up after his father's death, and sailed into _Italy_ with his people, and +there set on foot the building of towns, and became the _Janus_ of the +_Latines_. _Phoroneus_ had also several children and grand-children, who +Reigned in several places, and built new towns, as _Car_, _Apis_, &c. and +_Haemon_, the son of _Pelasgus_, Reigned in _Haemonia_, afterwards called +_Thessaly_, and built towns there. This division and subdivision has made +great confusion in the history of the first Kingdoms of _Peloponnesus_, and +thereby given occasion to the vain-glorious _Greeks_, to make those +kingdoms much older than they really were: but by all the reckonings +abovementioned, the first civilizing of the _Greeks_, and teaching them to +dwell in houses and towns, and the oldest towns in _Europe_, could scarce +be above two or three Generations older than the coming of _Cadmus_ from +_Zidon_ into _Greece_; and might most probably be occasioned by the +expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_ in the days of _Eli_ and +_Samuel_, and their flying into _Greece_ in considerable numbers: but it's +difficult to set right the Genealogies and Chronology of the Fabulous Ages +of the _Greeks_, and I leave these things to be further examined. + +Before the _Phoenicians_ introduced the Deifying of dead men, the _Greeks_ +had a Council of Elders in every town for the government thereof, and a +place where the elders and people worshipped their God with Sacrifices: and +when many of those towns, for their common safety, united under a common +Council, they erected a _Prytaneum_ or Court in one of the towns, where the +Council and People met at certain times, to consult their common safety, +and worship their common God with sacrifices, and to buy and sell: the +towns where these Councils met, the _Greeks_ called [Greek: demoi], peoples +or communities, or Corporation Towns: and at length, when many of these +[Greek: demoi] for their common safety united by consent under one common +Council, they erected a _Prytaneum_ in one of the [Greek: demoi] for the +common Council and People to meet in, and to consult and worship in, and +feast, and buy, and sell; and this [Greek: demos] they walled about for its +safety, and called [Greek: ten polin] the city: and this I take to have +been the original of Villages, Market-Towns, Cities, common Councils, +Vestal Temples, Feasts and Fairs, in _Europe_: the _Prytaneum_, [Greek: +pyros tameion], was a Court with a place of worship, and a perpetual fire +kept therein upon an Altar for sacrificing: from the word [Greek: Hestia] +fire, came the name _Vesta_, which at length the people turned into a +Goddess, and so became fire-worshippers like the ancient _Persians_: and +when these Councils made war upon their neighbours, they had a general +commander to lead their armies, and he became their King. + +So _Thucydides_ [203] tells us, that _under_ Cecrops _and the ancient +Kings, untill _Theseus_; _Attica_ was always inhabited city by city, each +having Magistrates and _Prytanea_: neither did they consult the King, when +there was no fear of danger, but each apart administred their own +common-wealth, and had their own Council, and even sometimes made war, as +the _Eleusinians_ with _Eumolpus_ did against _Erechtheus_: but when +_Theseus_, a prudent and potent man obtained the Kingdom, he took away the +Courts and Magistrates of the other cities, and made them all meet in one +Council and _Prytaneum_ at _Athens__. _Polemon_, as he is cited by [204] +_Strabo_, tells us, _that in this body of _Attica_, there were 170 _[Greek: +demoi]_, one of which was _Eleusis__: and _Philochorus_ [205] relates, that +_when _Attica_ was infested by sea and land by the _Cares_ and _Boeoti_, +_Cecrops_ the first of any man reduced the multitude, _that is the 170 +towns_, into twelve cities, whose names were _Cecropia_, _Tetrapolis_, +_Epacria_, _Decelia_, _Eleusis_, _Aphydna_, _Thoricus_, _Brauron_, +_Cytherus_, _Sphettus_, _Cephissia_, and _Phalerus_; and that _Theseus_ +contracted those twelve cities into one, which was _Athens__. + +The original of the Kingdom of the _Argives_ was much after the same +manner: for _Pausanias_ [206] tells us, _that _Phoroneus_ the son of +_Inachus_ was the first who gathered into one community the _Argives_, who +'till then were scattered, and lived every where apart, and the place where +they were first assembled was called _Phoronicum_, the city of +_Phoroneus__: and _Strabo_ [207] observes, _that _Homer_ calls all the +places which he reckons up in _Peloponnesus_, a few excepted, not cities +but regions, because each of them consisted of a convention of many_ +[Greek: demoi], _free towns, out of which afterward noble cities were built +and frequented: so the _Argives_ composed _Mantinaea_ in _Arcadia_ out of +five towns, and _Tegea_ out of nine; and out of so many was _Heraea_ built +by _Cleombrotus_, or by _Cleonymus_: so also _AEgium_ was built out of seven +or eight towns, _Patrae_: out of seven, and _Dyme_ out of eight; and so +_Elis_ was erected by the conflux of many towns into one city._ + +_Pausanias_ [208] tells us, that the _Arcadians_ accounted _Pelasgus_ the +first man, and that he was their first King; and _taught the ignorant +people to built houses, for defending themselves from heat, and cold, and +rain; and to make them garments of skins; and instead of herbs and roots, +which were sometimes noxious, to eat the acorns of the beech tree_; and +that his son _Lycaon_ built the oldest city in all _Greece_: he tells us +also, that in the days of _Lelex_ the _Spartans_ lived in villages apart. +The _Greeks_ therefore began to build houses and villages in the days of +_Pelasgus_ the father of _Lycaon_, and in the days of _Lelex_ the father of +_Myles_, and by consequence about two or three Generations before the Flood +of _Deucalion_, and the coming of _Cadmus_; 'till then [209] they lived in +woods and caves of the earth. The first houses were of clay, 'till the +brothers _Euryalus_ and _Hyperbius_ taught them to harden the clay into +bricks, and to build therewith. In the days of _Ogyges_, _Pelasgus_, +_AEzeus_, _Inachus_ and _Lelex_, they began to build houses and villages of +clay, _Doxius_ the son of _Coelus_ teaching them to do it; and in the days +of _Lycaon_, _Phoroneus_, _AEgialeus_, _Phegeus_, _Eurotas_, _Myles_, +_Polycaon_, and _Cecrops_, and their sons, to assemble the villages into +[Greek: demoi], and the [Greek: demoi] into cities. + +When _Oenotrus_ the son of _Lycaon_ carried a Colony into _Italy_, _he_ +[210] _found that country for the most part uninhabited; and where it was +inhabited, peopled but thinly: and seizing a part of it, he built towns in +the mountains, little and numerous_, as above: these towns were without +walls; but after this Colony grew numerous, and began to want room, _they +expelled the _Siculi_, compassed many cities with walls, and became possest +of all the territory between the two rivers _Liris_ and _Tibre__: and it is +to be understood that those cities had their Councils and _Prytanea_ after +the manner of the _Greeks_: for _Dionysius_ [211] tells us, that the new +Kingdom of _Rome_, as _Romulus_ left it, consisted of thirty Courts or +Councils, in thirty towns, each with the sacred fire kept in the +_Prytaneum_ of the Court, for the Senators who met there to perform Sacred +Rites, after the manner of the _Greeks_: _but when _Numa_ the successor of +_Romulus_ Reigned, he leaving the several fires in their own Courts, +instituted one common to them all at _Rome__: whence _Rome_ was not a +compleat city before the days of _Numa_. + +When navigation was so far improved that the _Phoenicians_ began to leave +the sea-shore, and sail through the _Mediterranean_ by the help of the +stars, it may be presumed that they began to discover the islands of the +_Mediterranean_, and for the sake of trafic to sail as far as _Greece_: and +this was not long before they carried away _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_, +from _Argos_. The _Cares_ first infested the _Greek_ seas with piracy, and +then _Minos_ the son of _Europa_ got up a potent fleet, and sent out +Colonies: for _Diodorus_ [212] tells us, that the _Cyclades_ islands, those +near _Crete_, were at first desolate and uninhabited; but _Minos_ having a +potent fleet, sent many Colonies out of _Crete_, and peopled many of them; +and particularly that the island _Carpathus_ was first seized by the +soldiers of _Minos_: _Syme_ lay waste and desolate 'till _Triops_ came +thither with a Colony under _Chthonius_: _Strongyle_ or _Naxus_ was first +inhabited by the _Thracians_ in the days of _Boreas_, a little before the +_Argonautic_ Expedition: _Samsos_ was, at first desert, and inhabited only +by a great multitude of terrible wild beasts, 'till _Macareus_ peopled it, +as he did also the islands _Chius_ and _Cos_. _Lesbos_ lay waste and +desolate 'till _Xanthus_ sailed thither with a Colony: _Tenedos_ lay +desolate 'till _Tennes_, a little before the _Trojan_ war, sailed thither +from _Troas_. _Aristaeus_, who married _Autonoe_ the daughter of _Cadmus_, +carried a Colony from _Thebes_ into _Caea_, an island not inhabited before: +the island _Rhodes_ was at first called _Ophiusa_, being full of serpents, +before _Phorbas_, a Prince of _Argos_, went thither, and made it habitable +by destroying the serpents, which was about the end of _Solomon_'s Reign; +in memory of which he is delineated in the heavens in the Constellation of +_Ophiuchus_. The discovery of this and some other islands made a report +that they rose out of the Sea: _in Asia Delos emersit, & Hiera, & Anaphe, & +Rhodus_, saith [213] _Ammianus_: and [214] _Pliny_; _clarae jampridem +insulae, Delos & Rhodos memoriae produntur enatae, postea minores, ultra Melon +Anaphe, inter Lemnum & Hellespontum Nea, inter Lebedum & Teon Halone_, &c. + +_Diodorus_ [215] tells us also, that the seven islands called _AEolides_, +between _Italy_ and _Sicily_, were desert and uninhabited 'till _Lipparus_ +and _AEolus_, a little before the _Trojan_ war, went thither from _Italy_, +and peopled them: and that _Malta_ and _Gaulus_ or _Gaudus_ on the other +side of _Sicily_, were first peopled by _Phoenicians_; and so was _Madera_ +without the _Straits_: and _Homer_ writes that _Ulysses_ found the Island +_Ogygia_ covered with wood, and uninhabited, except by _Calypso_ and her +maids, who lived in a cave without houses; and it is not likely that _Great +Britain_ and _Ireland_ could be peopled before navigation was propagated +beyond the _Straits_. + +The _Sicaneans_ were reputed the first inhabitants of _Sicily_, they built +little Villages or Towns upon hills, and every Town had its own King; and +by this means they spread over the country, before they formed themselves +into larger governments with a common King: _Philistus_ [216] saith that +_they were transplanted into _Sicily_ from the River _Sicanus_ in _Spain__; +and _Dionysius_ [217], that _they were a _Spanish_ people who fled from the +_Ligures_ in _Italy__; he means the _Ligures_ [218] who opposed _Hercules_ +when he returned from his expedition against _Geryon_ in _Spain_, and +endeavoured to pass the _Alps_ out of _Gaul_ into _Italy_. _Hercules_ that +year got into _Italy_, and made some conquests there, and founded the city +_Croton_; and [219] after winter, upon the arrival of his fleet from +_Erythra_ in _Spain_, sailed to _Sicily_, and there left the _Sicani_: for +_it was his custom to recruit his army with conquered people, and after +they had assisted him in making new conquests to reward them with new +seats_: this was the _Egyptian Hercules_, who had a potent fleet, and in +the days of _Solomon_ sailed to the _Straits_, and according to his custom +set up pillars there, and conquered _Geryon_, and returned back by _Italy_ +and _Sicily_ to _Egypt_, and was by the ancient _Gauls_ called _Ogmius_, +and by _Egyptians_ [220] _Nilus_: for _Erythra_ and the country of _Geryon_ +were without the _Straits_. _Dionysius_ [221] represents this _Hercules_ +contemporary to _Evander_. + +The first inhabitants of _Crete_, according to _Diodorus_ [222] were called +_Eteocretans_; but whence they were, and how they came thither, is not said +in history: then sailed thither a Colony of _Pelasgians_ from _Greece_; and +soon after _Teutamus_, the grandfather of _Minos_, carried thither a Colony +of _Dorians_ from _Laconia_, and from the territory of _Olympia_ in +_Peloponnesus_: and these several Colonies spake several languages, and fed +on the spontaeous fruits of the earth, and lived quietly in caves and huts, +'till the invention of iron tools, in the days of _Asterius_ the son of +_Teutamus_; and at length were reduced into one Kingdom, and one People, by +_Minos_, who was their first law-giver, and built many towns and ships, and +introduced plowing and sowing, and in whose days the _Curetes_ conquered +his father's friends in _Crete_ and _Peloponnesus_. The _Curetes_ [223] +sacrificed children to _Saturn_ and according to _Bochart_ [224] were +_Philistims_; and _Eusebius_ faith that _Crete_ had its name from _Cres_, +one of the _Curetes_ who nursed up _Jupiter_: but whatever was the original +of the island, it seems to have been peopled by Colonies which spake +different languages, 'till the days of _Asterius_ and _Minos_; and might +come thither two or three Generations before, and not above, for want of +navigation in those seas. + +The island _Cyprus_ was discovered by the _Phoenicians_ not long before; +for _Eratosthenes_ [225] tells us, _that _Cyprus_ was at first so overgrown +with wood that it could not be tilled, and that they first cut down the +wood for the melting of copper and silver, and afterwards when they began +to sail safely upon the _Mediterranean__, that is, presently after the +_Trojan_ war, _they built ships and even navies of it: and when they could +not thus destroy the wood, they gave every man leave to cut down what wood +he pleased, and to possess all the ground which he cleared of wood_. So +also _Europe_ at first abounded very much with woods, one of which, called +the _Hercinian_, took up a great part of _Germany_, being full nine days +journey broad, and above forty long, in _Julius Caesar_'s days: and yet the +_Europeans_ had been cutting down their woods, to make room for mankind, +ever since the invention of iron tools, in the days of _Asterius_ and +_Minos_. + +All these footsteps there are of the first peopling of _Europe_, and its +Islands, by sea; before those days it seems to have been thinly peopled +from the northern coast of the _Euxine-sea_ by _Scythians_ descended from +_Japhet_, who wandered without houses, and sheltered themselves from rain +and wild beasts in thickets and caves of the earth; such as were the caves +in mount _Ida_ in _Crete_, in which _Minos_ was educated and buried; the +cave of _Cacus_, and the _Catacombs_ in _Italy_ near _Rome_ and _Naples_, +afterwards turned into burying-places; the _Syringes_ and many other caves +in the sides of the mountains of _Egypt_; the caves of the _Troglodites_ +between _Egypt_ and the _Red Sea_, and those of the _Phaurusii_ in _Afric_, +mentioned by [226] _Strabo_; and the caves, and thickets, and rocks, and +high places, and pits, in which the _Israelites_ hid themselves from the +_Philistims_ in the days of _Saul_, 1 _Sam._ xiii. 6. But of the state of +mankind in _Europe_ in those days there is now no history remaining. + +The antiquities of _Libya_ were not much older than those of _Europe_; for +_Diodorus_ [227] tells us, that _Uranus_ the father of _Hyperion_, and +grandfather of _Helius_ and _Selene_, that is _Ammon_ the father of +_Sesac_, _was their first common King, and caused the people, who 'till +then wandered up and down, to dwell in towns_: and _Herodotus_ [228] tells +us, that all _Media_ was peopled by [Greek: demoi], towns without walls, +'till they revolted from the _Assyrians_, which was about 267 years after +the death of _Solomon_: and that after that revolt they set up a King over +them, and built _Ecbatane_ with walls for his seat, the first town which +they walled about; and about 72 years after the death of _Solomon_, +_Benhadad_ King of _Syria_ [229] had two and thirty Kings in his army +against _Ahab_: and when _Joshuah_ conquered the land of _Canaan_, every +city of the _Canaanites_ had its own King, like the cities of _Europe_, +before they conquered one another; and one of those Kings, _Adonibezek_, +the King of _Bezek_ had conquered seventy other Kings a little before, +_Judg._ i. 7. and therefore towns began to be built in that land not many +ages before the days of _Joshuah_: for the Patriarchs wandred there in +tents, and fed their flocks where-ever they pleased, the fields of +_Phoenicia_ not being yet fully appropriated, for want of people. The +countries first inhabited by mankind, were in those days so thinly peopled, +that [230] four Kings from the coasts of _Shinar_ and _Elam_ invaded and +spoiled the _Rephaims_, and the inhabitants of the countries of _Moab_, +_Ammon_, _Edom_, and the Kingdoms of _Sodom_, _Gomorrah_, _Admah_ and +_Zeboim_; and yet were pursued and beaten by _Abraham_ with an armed force +of only 318 men, the whole force which _Abraham_ and the princes with him +could raise: and _Egypt_ was so thinly peopled before the birth of _Moses_, +that _Pharaoh_ said of the _Israelites_; [231] _behold the people of the +children of _Israel_ are more and mightier than we_: and to prevent their +multiplying and growing too strong, he caused their male children to be +drowned. + +These footsteps there are of the first peopling of the earth by mankind, +not long before the days of _Abraham_; and of the overspreading it with +villages, towns and cities, and their growing into Kingdoms, first Smaller +and then greater, until the rise of the Monarchies of _Egypt_, _Assyria_, +_Babylon_, _Media_, _Persia_, _Greece_, and _Rome_, the first great Empires +on this side _India_. _Abraham_ was the fifth from _Peleg_, and all mankind +lived together in _Chaldea_ under the Government of _Noah_ and his sons, +untill the days of _Peleg_: so long they were of one language, one society, +and one religion: and then they divided the earth, being perhaps, disturbed +by the rebellion of _Nimrod_, and forced to leave off building the tower of +_Babel_: and from thence they spread themselves into the several countries +which fell to their shares, carrying along with them the laws, customs and +religion, under which they had 'till those days been educated and governed, +by _Noah_, and his sons and grandsons: and these laws were handed down to +_Abraham_, _Melchizedek_, and _Job_, and their contemporaries, and for some +time were observed by the judges of the eastern countries: so _Job_ [232] +tells us, that adultery was _an heinous crime, yea an iniquity to be +punished by the judges_: and of idolatry he [233] saith, _If I beheld the +sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart hath +been secretly inticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand, this also were an +iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have denied the God that +is above_: and there being no dispute between _Job_ and his friends about +these matters, it may be presumed that they also with their countrymen were +of the same religion. _Melchizedek_ was a Priest of the most high God, and +_Abraham_ voluntarily paid tythes to him; which he would scarce have done +had they not been of one and the same religion. The first inhabitants of +the land of _Canaan_ seem also to have been originally of the same +religion, and to have continued in it 'till the death of _Noah_, and the +days of _Abraham_; for _Jerusalem_ was anciently [234] called _Jebus_, and +its people _Jebusites_, and _Melchizedek_ was their Priest and King: these +nations revolted therefore after the days of _Melchizedek_ to the worship +of false Gods; as did also the posterity of _Ismael_, _Esau_, _Moab_, +_Ammon_, and that of _Abraham_ by _Keturah_: and the _Israelites_ +themselves were very apt to revolt: and one reason why _Terah_ went from +_Ur_ of the _Chaldees_ to _Haran_ in his way to the land of _Canaan_; and +why _Abraham_ afterward left _Haran_, and went into the land of _Canaan_, +might be to avoid the worship of false Gods, which in their days began in +_Chaldea_, and spread every way from thence; but did not yet reach into the +land of _Canaan_. Several of the laws and precepts in which this primitive +religion consisted are mentioned in the book of _Job_, chap. i. ver. 5, and +chap, xxxi, _viz._ _not to blaspheme God, nor to worship the Sun or Moon, +nor to kill, nor steal, nor to commit adultery, nor trust in riches, nor +oppress the poor or fatherless, nor curse your enemies, nor rejoyce at +their misfortunes: but to be friendly, and hospitable and merciful, and to +relieve the poor and needy, and to set up Judges_. This was the morality +and religion of the first ages, still called by the _Jews_, _The precepts +of the sons of _Noah__: this was the religion of _Moses_ and the Prophets, +comprehended in the two great commandments, of _loving the Lord our God +with all our heart and soul and mind, and our neighbour as our selves_: +this was the religion enjoyned by _Moses_ to the uncircumcised stranger +within the gates of _Israel_, as well as to the _Israelites_: and this is +the primitive religion of both _Jews_ and _Christians_, and ought to be the +standing religion of all nations, it being for the honour of God, and good +of mankind: and _Moses_ adds the precept of _being merciful even to brute +beasts, so as not to suck out their blood, nor to cut off their flesh alive +with the blood in it, nor to kill them for the sake of their blood, nor to +strangle them; but in killing them for food, to let out their blood and +spill it upon the ground_, _Gen._ ix. 4, and _Levit_. xvii. 12, 13. This +law was ancienter than the days of _Moses_, being given to _Noah_ and his +sons long before the days of _Abraham_: and therefore when the Apostles and +Elders in the Council at _Jerusalem_ declared that the Gentiles were not +obliged to be circumcised and keep the law of _Moses_, they excepted this +law of _abstaining from blood, and things strangled_ as being an earlier +law of God, imposed not on the sons of _Abraham_ only, but on all nations, +while they lived together in _Shinar_ under the dominion of _Noah_: and of +the same kind is the law of _abstaining from meats offered to Idols or +false Gods, and from fornication_. So then, _the believing that the world +was framed by one supreme God, and is governed by him; and the loving and +worshipping him, and honouring our parents, and loving our neighbour as our +selves, and being merciful even to brute beasts_, is the oldest of all +religions: and the Original of letters, agriculture, navigation, music, +arts and sciences, metals, smiths and carpenters, towns and houses, was not +older in _Europe_ than the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _David_; and before +those days the earth was so thinly peopled, and so overgrown with woods, +that mankind could not be much older than is represented in Scripture. + + * * * * * + +CHAP. II + +_Of the Empire of _Egypt_._ + +The _Egyptians_ anciently boasted of a very great and lasting Empire under +their Kings _Ammon_, _Osiris_, _Bacchus_, _Sesostris_, _Hercules_, +_Memnon_, &c. reaching eastward to the _Indies_, and westward to the +_Atlantic Ocean_; and out of vanity have made this monarchy some thousands +of years older than the world: let us now try to rectify the Chronology of +_Egypt_; by comparing the affairs of _Egypt_ with the synchronizing affairs +of the _Greeks_ and _Hebrews_. + +_Bacchus_ the conqueror loved two women, _Venus_ and _Ariadne_: _Venus_ was +the mistress of _Anchises_ and _Cinyras_, and mother of _AEneas_, who all +lived 'till the destruction of _Troy_; and the sons of _Bacchus_ and +_Ariadne_ were _Argonauts_; as above: and therefore the great _Bacchus_ +flourished but one Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition. This +_Bacchus_ [235] was potent at sea, conquered eastward as far as _India_ +returned in triumph, brought his army over the _Hellespont_; conquered +_Thrace_, left music, dancing and poetry there; killed _Lycurgus_ King of +_Thrace_, and _Pentheus_ the grandson of _Cadmus_; gave the Kingdom of +_Lycurgus_ to _Tharops_; and one of his minstrells, called by the _Greeks_ +_Calliope_, to _Oeagrus_ the son of _Tharops_; and of _Oeagrus_ and +_Calliope_ was born _Orpheus_, who sailed with the _Argonauts_: this +_Bacchus_ was therefore contemporary to _Sesostris_; and both being Kings +of _Egypt_, and potent at sea, and great conquerors, and carrying on their +conquests into _India_ and _Thrace_, they must be one and the same man. + +The antient _Greeks_, who made the fables of the Gods, related that _Io_ +the daughter of _Inachus_ was carried into _Egypt_; and there became the +_Egyptian Isis_; and that _Apis_ the son of _Phoroneus_ after death became +the God _Serapis_; and some said that _Epaphus_ was the son of _Io_: +_Serapis_ and _Epaphus_ are _Osiris_, and therefore _Isis_ and _Osiris_, in +the opinion of the ancient _Greeks_ who made the fables of the Gods, were +not above two or three Generations older than the _Argonautic_ expedition. +_Dicaearchus_, as he is cited by the scholiast upon _Apollonius_, [236] +represents them two Generations older than _Sesostris_, saying that after +_Orus_ the son of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, Reigned _Sesonchosis_. He seems to +have followed the opinion of the people of _Naxus_, who made _Bacchus_ two +Generations older than _Theseus_, and for that end feigned two _Minos's_ +and two _Ariadnes_; for by the consent of all antiquity _Osiris_ and +_Bacchus_ were one and the same King of _Egypt_: this is affirmed by the +_Egyptians_, as well as by the _Greeks_; and some of the antient +Mythologists, as _Eumolpus_ and _Orpheus_, [237] called _Osiris_ by the +names of _Dionysus_ and _Sirius_. _Osiris_ was King of all _Egypt_, and a +great conqueror, and came over the _Hellespont_ in the days of +_Triptolemus_, and subdued _Thrace_, and there killed _Lycurgus_; and +therefore his expedition falls in with that of the great _Bacchus_. +_Osiris_, _Bacchus_ and _Sesostris_ lived about the same time, and by the +relation of historians were all of them Kings of all _Egypt_, and Reigned +at _Thebes_, and adorned that city, and were very potent by land and sea: +all three were great conquerors, and carried on their conquests by land +through _Asia_ as far as _India_: all three came over the _Hellespont_ and +were there in danger of losing their army: all three conquered _Thrace_, +and there put a stop to their victories, and returned back from thence into +_Egypt_: all three left pillars with inscriptions in their conquests: and +therefore all three must be one and the same King of _Egypt_; and this King +can be no other than _Sesac_. All _Egypt_, including _Thebais_, _Ethiopia_ +and _Libya_, had no common King before the expulsion of the Shepherds who +Reigned in the lower _Egypt_; no Conqueror of _Syria_, _India_, _Asia +minor_ and _Thrace_, before _Sesac_; and the sacred history admits of no +_Egyptian_ conqueror of _Palestine_ before this King. + +_Thymaetes_ [238] who was contemporary to _Orpheus_, and wrote a poesy +called _Phrygia_, of the actions of _Bacchus_ in very old language and +character, said that _Bacchus_ had _Libyan_ women in his army, amongst whom +was _Minerva_ a woman born in _Libya_, near the river _Triton,_ and that +_Bacchus_ commanded the men and _Minerva_ the women. _Diodorus_ [239] calls +her _Myrina_, and saith that she was Queen of the _Amazons_ in _Libya_, and +there conquered the _Atlantides_ and _Gorgons_, and then made a league with +_Orus_ the son of _Isis_, sent to her by his father _Osiris_ or _Bacchus_ +for that purpose, and passing through _Egypt_ subdued the _Arabians_, and +_Syria_ and _Cilicia_, and came through _Phrygia_, _viz._ in the army of +_Bacchus_ to the _Mediterranean_; but palling over into _Europe_, was slain +with many of her women by the _Thracians_ and _Scythians_, under the +conduct of _Sipylus_ a _Scythian_, and _Mopsus_ a _Thracian_ whom +_Lycurgus_ King of _Thrace_ had banished. This was that _Lycurgus_ who +opposed the passage of _Bacchus_ over the _Hellespont_, and was soon after +conquered by him, and slain: but afterwards _Bacchus_ met with a repulse +from the _Greeks_, under the conduct of _Perseus_, who slew many of his +women, as _Pausanias_ [240] relates, and was assisted by the _Scythians_ +and _Thracians_ under the conduct of _Sipylus_ and _Mopsus_; which +repulses, together with a revolt of his brother _Danaus_ in _Egypt_; put a +stop to his victories: and in returning home he left part of his men in +_Colchis_ and at _Mount Caucasus_, under _AEetes_ and _Prometheus_; and his +women upon the river _Thermodon_ near _Colchis_, under their new Queens +_Marthesia_ and _Lampeto_: for _Diodorus_ [241] speaking of the _Amazons_ +who were seated at _Thermodon_, saith, that they dwelt originally in +_Libya_, and there Reigned over the _Atlantides_, and invading their +neighbours conquered as far as _Europe_: and _Ammianus_, [242] that the +ancient _Amazons_ breaking through many nations, attack'd the _Athenians_, +and there receiving a great slaughter retired to _Thermodon_: and _Justin_, +[243] that these _Amazons_ had at first, he means at their first coming to +_Thermodon_, two Queens who called themselves daughters of _Mars_; and that +they conquered part of _Europe_, and some cities of _Asia_, _viz._ in the +Reign of _Minerva_, and then sent back part of their army with a great +booty, under their said new Queens; and that _Marthesia_ being afterwards +slain, was succeeded by her daughter _Orithya_, and she by _Penthesilea_; +and that _Theseus_ captivated and married _Antiope_ the sister of +_Orithya_. _Hercules_ made war upon the _Amazons_, and in the Reign of +_Orithya_ and _Penthesilea_ they came to the _Trojan_ war: whence the first +wars of the _Amazons_ in _Europe_ and _Asia_, and their settling at +_Thermodon_, were but one Generation before those actions of _Hercules_ and +_Theseus_, and but two before the _Trojan_ war, and so fell in with the +expedition of _Sesostris_: and since they warred in the days of _Isis_ and +her son _Orus_, and were a part of the army of _Bacchus_ or _Osiris_, we +have here a further argument for making _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ contemporary +to _Sesostris_, and all three one and the same King with _Sesac_. + +The _Greeks_ reckon _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ to be sons of _Jupiter_, and the +_Egyptian_ name of _Jupiter_ is _Ammon_. _Manetho_ in his 11th and 12th +_Dynasties_, as he is cited by _Africanus_ and _Eusebius_ names these four +Kings of _Egypt_, as reigning in order; _Ammenemes_, _Gesongeses_ or +_Sesonchoris_ the son of _Ammenemes_, _Ammenemes_ who was slain by his +Eunuchs, and _Sesostris_ who subdued all _Asia_ and part of _Europe_. +_Gesongeses_ and _Sesonchoris_ are corruptly written for _Sesonchosis_; and +the two first of these four Kings, _Ammenemes_ and _Sesonchosis_, are the +same with the two last, _Ammenemes_ and _Sesostris_, that is, with _Ammon_ +and _Sesac_; for _Diodorus_ saith [244] that _Osiris_ built in _Thebes_ a +magnificent temple to his parents _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, and two other +temples to _Jupiter_, a larger to _Jupiter Uranius_, and a less to his +father _Jupiter Ammon_ who reigned in that city: and [245] _Thymaetes_ +abovementioned, who was contemporary to _Orpheus_, wrote expresly that the +father of _Bacchus_ was _Ammon_, a King Reigning over part of _Libya_, that +is, a King of _Egypt_ Reigning over all that part of _Libya_, anciently +called _Ammonia_. _Stephanus_ [246] saith [Greek: Pasa he Libye houtos +ekaleito apo Ammonos;] _All _Libya_ was anciently called _Ammonia_ from +_Ammon__: this is that King of _Egypt_ from whom _Thebes_ was called +_No-Ammon_, and _Ammon-no_ the city of _Ammon_, and by the _Greeks +Diospolis_, the city of _Jupiter Ammon_: _Sesostris_ built it sumptuously, +and called it by his father's name, and from the same King the [247] River +called _Ammon_, the people called _Ammonii_, and the [248] promontory +_Ammonium_ in _Arabia faelix_ had their names. + +The lower part of _Egypt_ being yearly overflowed by the _Nile_, was scarce +inhabited before the invention of corn, which made it useful: and the King, +who by this invention first peopled it and Reigned over it, perhaps the +King of the city _Mesir_ where _Memphis_ was afterwards built, seems to +have been worshipped by his subjects after death, in the ox or calf, for +this benefaction: for this city stood in the most convenient place to +people the lower _Egypt_, and from its being composed of two parts seated +on each side of the river _Nile_, might give the name of _Mizraim_ to its +founder and people; unless you had rather refer the word to the double +people, those above the _Delta_, and those within it: and this I take to be +the state of the lower _Egypt_, 'till the Shepherds or _Phoenicians_ who +fled from _Joshuah_ conquered it, and being afterwards conquered by the +_Ethiopians_, fled into _Afric_ and other places: for there was a tradition +that some of them fled into _Afric_; and St. _Austin_ [249] confirms this, +by telling us that the common people of _Afric_ being asked who they were, +replied _Chanani_, that is, _Canaanites_. _Interrogati rustici nostri_, +saith he, _quid sint, Punice respondentes Chanani, corrupta scilicet voce +sicut in talibus solet, quid aliud respondent quam Chanaanaei?_ _Procopius_ +also [250] tells us of two pillars in the west of _Afric_, with +inscriptions signifying that the people were _Canaanites_ who fled from +_Joshuah_: and _Eusebius_ [251] tells us, that these _Canaanites_ flying +from the sons of _Israel_, built _Tripolis_ in _Afric_; and the _Jerusalem +Gemara_, [252] that the _Gergesites_ fled from _Joshua_, going into +_Afric_: and _Procopius_ relates their flight in this manner. [Greek: Epei +de hemas ho tes historias logos entauth' egagen. epanankes eipein anothen, +hothen te ta Maurousion ethne es Libyen elthe, kai hopos oikesanto. Epeide +Hebraioi ex Aigyptou anechoresan, kai anchi ton Palaistines horion +egenonto; Moses men sophos aner, hos autos tes hodou hegesato, thneskei. +diadechetai de ten hegemonian Iesous ho tou Naue pais; hos es te ten +Palaistinen ton leon touton eisegage; kai areten en toi polemoi kreisso he +kata anthropou physin epideixamenos, ten choran esche; kai ta ethne hapanta +katastrepsamenos, tas poleis eupetos parestesato, aniketos te pantapasin +edoxen einai. tote de he epithalassia chora, ek Sidonos mechri ton Aigyptou +horion, Phoinike xympasa onomazeto. basileus de eis to palaion ephestekei; +hosper hapasin homologetai, hoi Phoinikon ta archaiotata anegrapsanto. +entauth' okento ethne polyanthropotata, Gergesaioi te kai Iebousaioi, kai +alla atta onomata echonta, hois de auta he ton Hebraion historia kalei. +houtos ho laos epei amachon ti chrema ton epelyten strategon eidon; ex +ethon ton patrion exanastantes, ep' Aigypton homorou ouses echoresan. entha +choron oudena sphisin hikanon enoikesasthai heurontes, epei en Aigypto +polyanthropia ek palaiou en; es Libyen mechri stelon ton Herakleous eschon; +entautha te kai es eme tei Phoinikon phonei chromenoi oikentai]. _Quando ad +Mauros nos historia deduxit, congruens nos exponere unde orta gens in +Africa sedes fixerit. Quo tempore egressi AEgypto Hebraei jam prope Palestinae +fines venerant, mortuus ibi Moses, vir sapiens, dux itineris. Successor +imperii factus Jesus Navae filius intra Palaestinam duxit popularium agmen; & +virtute usus supra humanum modum, terram occupavit, gentibusque excisis +urbes ditionis suae fecit, & invicti famam tulit. Maritima ora quae a Sidone +ad AEgypti limitem extenditur, nomen habet Phoenices. Rex unus _[Hebraeis]_ +imperabat ut omnes qui res Phoenicias scripsere consentiunt. In eo tractatu +numerosae gentes erant, Gergesaei, Jebusaei, quosque aliis nominibus Hebraeorum +annales memorant. Hi homines ut impares se venienti imperatori videre, +derelicto patriae solo ad finitimam primum venere AEgyptum, sed ibi capacem +tantae multitudinis locum non reperientes, erat enim AEgyptus ab antiquo +foecunda populis, in Africam profecti, multis conditis urbibus, omnem eam +Herculis columnas usque, obtinuerunt: ubi ad meam aetatem sermone Phoenicio +utentes habitant_. By the language and extreme poverty of the _Moors_, +described also by _Procopius_ and by their being unacquainted with +merchandise and sea-affairs, you may know that they were _Canaanites_ +originally, and peopled _Afric_ before the _Tyrian_ merchants came thither. +These _Canaanites_ coming from the East, pitched their tents in great +numbers in the lower _Egypt_, in the Reign of _Timaus_, as [253] _Manetho_ +writes, and easily seized the country, and fortifying _Pelusium_, then +called _Abaris_, they erected a Kingdom there, and Reigned long under their +own Kings, _Salatis_, _Boeon_, _Apachnas_, _Apophis_, _Janias_, _Assis_, +and others successively: and in the mean time the upper part of _Egypt_ +called _Thebais_, and according to [254] _Herodotus_, _AEgyptus_, and in +Scripture the land of _Pathros_, was under other Kings, Reigning perhaps at +_Coptos_, and _Thebes_, and _This_, and _Syene_, and [255] _Pathros_, and +_Elephantis_, and _Heracleopolis_, and _Mesir_, and other great cities, +'till they conquered one another, or were conquered by the _Ethiopians_: +for cities grew great in those days, by being the seats of Kingdoms: but at +length one of these Kingdoms conquered the rest, and made a lasting war +upon the Shepherds, and in the Reign of its King _Misphragmuthosis_, and +his son _Amosis_, called also _Tethmosis_, _Tuthmosis_, and _Thomosis_, +drove them out of _Egypt_, and made them fly into _Afric_ and _Syria_, and +other places, and united all _Egypt_ into one Monarchy; and under their +next Kings, _Ammon_ and _Sesac_, enlarged it into a great Empire. This +conquering people worshipped not the Kings of the Shepherds whom they +conquered and expelled, but [256] abolished their religion of sacrificing +men, and after the manner of those ages Deified their own Kings, who +founded their new Dominion, beginning the history of their Empire with the +Reign and great acts of their Gods and Heroes: whence their Gods _Ammon_ +and _Rhea_, or _Uranus_ and _Titaea_; _Osiris_ and _Isis_; _Orus_ and +_Bubaste_: and their Secretary _Thoth_, and Generals _Hercules_ and _Pan_; +and Admiral _Japetus_, _Neptune_, or _Typhon_; were all of them _Thebans_, +and flourished after the expulsion of the Shepherds. _Homer_ places +_Thebes_ in _Ethiopia_, and the _Ethiopians_ reported that [257] the +_Egyptians_ were a colony drawn out of them by _Osiris_, and that thence it +came to pass that most of the laws of _Egypt_ were the same with those of +_Ethiopia_, and that the _Egyptians_ learnt from the _Ethiopians_ the +custom of Deifying their Kings. + +When _Joseph_ entertained his brethren in _Egypt_, they did eat at a table +by themselves, and he did eat at another table by himself; and the +_Egyptians_ who did eat with him were at another table, _because the +_Egyptians_ might not eat bread with the _Hebrews_; for that was an +abomination to the _Egyptians__, _Gen._ xliii. 32. These _Egyptians_ who +did eat with _Joseph_ were of the Court of _Pharaoh_; and therefore +_Pharaoh_ and his Court were at this time not Shepherds but genuine +_Egyptians_; and these _Egyptians_ abominated eating bread with the +_Hebrews_, at one and the same table: and of these _Egyptians_ and their +fellow-subjects, it is said a little after, that _every Shepherd is an +abomination to the _Egyptians__: _Egypt_ at this time was therefore under +the government of the genuine _Egyptians_, and not under that of the +Shepherds. + +After the descent of _Jacob_ and his sons into _Egypt_, _Joseph_ lived 70 +years, and so long continued in favour with the Kings of _Egypt_: and 64 +years after his death _Moses_ was born: and between the death of _Joseph_ +and the birth of _Moses_, _there arose up a new King over _Egypt_, which +knew not _Joseph__, _Exod._ i. 8. But this King of _Egypt_ was not one of +the Shepherds; for he is called _Pharaoh_, _Exod._ i. 11, 22: and _Moses_ +told his successor, that if the people of _Israel_ should sacrifice in the +land of _Egypt_, _they should sacrifice the abomination of the _Egyptians_ +before their eyes, and the _Egyptians_ would stone them_, _Exod._ viii. 26. +that is, they should sacrifice sheep or oxen, contrary to the religion of +_Egypt_. The Shepherds therefore did not Reign over _Egypt_ while _Israel_ +was there, but either were driven out of _Egypt_ before _Israel_ went down +thither, or did not enter into _Egypt_ 'till after _Moses_ had brought +_Israel_ from thence: and the latter must be true, if they were driven out +of _Egypt_ a little before the building of the temple of _Solomon_, as +_Manetho_ affirms. + +_Diodorus_ [258] saith in his 40th book, _that in _Egypt_ there were +formerly multitudes of strangers of several nations, who used foreign rites +and ceremonies in worshipping the Gods, for which they were expelled +_Egypt_; and under _Danaus_, _Cadmus_, and other skilful commanders, after +great hardships, came into _Greece_, and other places; but the greatest +part of them came into _Judaea_, not far from _Egypt_, a country then +uninhabited and desert, being conducted thither by one _Moses_, a wise and +valiant man, who after he had possest himself of the country, among other +things built _Jerusalem_, and the Temple._ _Diodorus_ here mistakes the +original of the _Israelites_, as _Manetho_ had done before, confounding +their flight into the wilderness under the conduct of _Moses_, with the +flight of the Shepherds from _Misphragmuthosis_, and his son _Amosis_, into +_Phoenicia_ and _Afric_; and not knowing that _Judaea_ was inhabited by +_Canaanites_, before the _Israelites_ under _Moses_ came thither: but +however, he lets us know that the Shepherds were expelled _Egypt_ by +_Amosis_, a little before the building of _Jerusalem_ and the Temple, and +that after several hardships several of them came into _Greece_, and other +places, under the conduct of _Cadmus_, and other Captains, but the most of +them Settled in _Phoenicia_ next _Egypt_. We may reckon therefore that the +expulsion of the Shepherds by the Kings of _Thebais_, was the occasion that +the _Philistims_ were so numerous in the days of _Saul_; and that so many +men came in those times with colonies out of _Egypt_ and _Phoenicia_ into +_Greece_; as _Lelex_, _Inachus_, _Pelasgus_, _AEzeus_, _Cecrops_, +_AEgialeus_, _Cadmus_, _Phoenix_, _Membliarius_, _Alymnus_, _Abas_, +_Erechtheus_, _Peteos_, _Phorbas_, in the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_, _Saul_ +and _David_: some of them fled in the days of _Eli_, from +_Misphragmuthosis_, who conquered part of the lower _Egypt_; others retired +from his Successor _Amosis_ into _Phoenicia_, and _Arabia Petraea_, and +there mixed with the old inhabitants; who not long after being conquered by +_David_, fled from him and the _Philistims_ by sea, under the conduct of +_Cadmus_ and other Captains, into _Asia Minor_, _Greece_, and _Libya_, to +seek new seats, and there built towns, erected Kingdoms, and set on foot +the worship of the dead: and some of those who remained in _Judaea_ might +assist _David_ and _Solomon_, in building _Jerusalem_ and the Temple. Among +the foreign rites used by the strangers in _Egypt_, in worshipping the +Gods, was the sacrificing of men; for _Amosis_ abolished that custom at +_Heliopolis_: and therefore those strangers were _Canaanites_, such as fled +from _Joshua_; for the _Canaanites_ gave their seed, that is, their +children, to _Moloch_, _and burnt their sons and their daughters in the +fire to their Gods_, _Deut._ xii. 31. _Manetho_ calls them _Phoenician_ +strangers. + +After _Amosis_ had expelled the Shepherds, and extended his dominion over +all _Egypt_, his son and Successor _Ammenemes_ or _Ammon_, by much greater +conquests laid the foundation of the _Egyptian_ Empire: for by the +assistance of his young son _Sesostris_, whom he brought up to hunting and +other laborious exercises, he conquered _Arabia_, _Troglodytica_, and +_Libya_: and from him all _Libya_ was anciently called _Ammonia_: and after +his death, in the temples erected to him at _Thebes_, and in _Ammonia_ and +at _Meroe_ in _Ethiopia_, they set up Oracles to him, and made the people +worship him as the God that acted in them: and these are the oldest Oracles +mentioned in history; the _Greeks_ therein imitating the _Egyptians_: for +the [259] Oracle at _Dodona_ was the oldest in _Greece_, and was set up by +an _Egyptian_ woman, after the example of the Oracle of _Jupiter Ammon_ at +_Thebes_. + +In the days of _Ammon_ a body of the _Edomites_ fled from _David_ into +_Egypt_, with their young King _Hadad_, as above; and carried thither their +skill in navigation: and this seems to have given occasion to the +_Egyptians_ to build a fleet on the _Red Sea_ near _Coptos_, and might +ingratiate _Hadad_ with _Pharaoh_: for the _Midianites_ and _Ishmaelites_, +who bordered upon the _Red Sea_, near _Mount Horeb_ on the south-side of +_Edom_, were merchants from the days of _Jacob_ the Patriarch, _Gen._ +xxxvii. 28, 36. and by their merchandise the _Midianites_ abounded with +gold in the days of _Moses_, _Numb._ xxxi. 50, 51, 52. and in the days of +the judges of _Israel_, _because they were _Ishmaelites__, _Judg._ viii 24. +The _Ishmaelites_ therefore in those days grew rich by merchandise; they +carried their merchandise on camels through _Petra_ to _Rhinocolura_, and +thence to _Egypt_: and this trafic at length came into the hands of +_David_, by his conquering the _Edomites_, and gaining the ports of the +_Red Sea_ called _Eloth_ and _Ezion-Geber_, as may be understood by the +3000 talents of gold of _Ophir_, which _David_ gave to the Temple, 1 +_Chron._ xxix. 4. The _Egyptians_ having the art of making linen-cloth, +they began about this time to build long Ships with sails, in their port on +those Seas near _Coptos_, and having learnt the skill of the _Edomites_, +they began now to observe the positions of the Stars, and the length of the +Solar Year, for enabling them to know the position of the Stars at any +time, and to sail by them at all times, without sight of the shoar: and +this gave a beginning to Astronomy and Navigation: for hitherto they had +gone only by the shoar with oars, in round vessels of burden, first +invented on that shallow sea by the posterity of _Abraham_, and in passing +from island to island guided themselves by the sight of the islands in the +day time, or by the sight of some of the Stars in the night. Their old year +was the Lunisolar year, derived from _Noah_ to all his posterity, 'till +those days, and consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, according +to their calendar: and to the end of this calendar-year they now added five +days, and thereby made up the Solar year of twelve months and five days, or +365 days. + +The ancient _Egyptians_ feigned [260] that _Rhea_ lay secretly with +_Saturn_, and _Sol_ prayed that she might bring forth neither in any month, +nor in the year; and that _Mercury_ playing at dice with _Luna_, overcame, +and took from the Lunar year the 72d part of every day, and thereof +composed five days, and added them to the year of 360 days, that she might +bring forth in them; and that the _Egyptians_ celebrated those days as the +birth-days of _Rhea_'s five children, _Osiris_, _Orus_ senior, _Typhon_, +_Isis_, and _Nephthe_ the wife of _Typhon_: and therefore, according to the +opinion of the ancient _Egyptians_, the five days were added to the +Lunisolar calendar-year, in the Reign of _Saturn_ and _Rhea_, the parents +of _Osiris_, _Isis_, and _Typhon_; that is, in the Reign of _Ammon_ and +_Titaea_, the parents of the _Titans_; or in the latter half of the Reign of +_David_, when those _Titans_ were born, and by consequence soon after the +flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ into _Egypt_: but the Solstices not +being yet settled, the beginning of this new year might not be fixed to the +Vernal Equinox before the Reign of _Amenophis_ the successor of _Orus_ +junior, the Son of _Osiris_ and _Isis_. + +When the _Edomites_ fled from _David_ with their young King _Hadad_ into +_Egypt_, it is probable that they carried thither also the use of letters: +for letters were then in use among the posterity of _Abraham_ in _Arabia +Petraea_, and upon the borders of the _Red Sea_, the Law being written there +by _Moses_ in a book, and in tables of stone, long before: for _Moses_ +marrying the daughter of the prince of _Midian_, and dwelling with him +forty years, learnt them among the _Midianites_: and _Job_, who lived [261] +among their neighbours the _Edomites_, mentions the writing down or words, +as there in use in his days, _Job._ xix. 23, 24. and there is no instance +of letters for writing down sounds, being in use before the days of +_David_, in any other nation besides the posterity of _Abraham_. The +_Egyptians_ ascribed this invention to _Thoth_, the secretary of _Osiris_; +and therefore Letters began to be in use in _Egypt_ in the days of _Thoth_, +that is, a little after the flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_, or about +the time that _Cadmus_ brought them into _Europe_. + +_Helladius_ [262] tells us, that a man called _Oes_, who appeared in the +_Red Sea_ with the tail of a fish, so they painted a sea-man, taught +Astronomy and Letters: and _Hyginus_, [263] that _Euhadnes_, who came out +of the Sea in _Chaldaea_, taught the _Chaldaeans_ Astrology the first of any +man; he means Astronomy: and _Alexander Polyhistor_ [264] tells us from +_Berosus_, that _Oannes_ taught the _Chaldaeans_ Letters, Mathematicks, +Arts, Agriculture, Cohabitation in Cities, and the Construction of Temples; +and that several such men came thither successively. _Oes_, _Euhadnes_, and +_Oannes_, seem to be the same name a little varied by corruption; and this +name seems to have been given in common to several sea-men, who came +thither from time to time, and by consequence were merchants, and +frequented those seas with their merchandise, or else fled from their +enemies: so that Letters, Astronomy, Architecture and Agriculture, came +into _Chaldaea_ by sea, and were carried thither by sea-men, who frequented +the _Persian Gulph_, and came thither from time to time, after all those +things were practised in other countries whence they came, and by +consequence in the days of _Ammon_ and _Sesac_, _David_ and _Solomon_, and +their successors, or not long before. The _Chaldaeans_ indeed made _Oannes_ +older than the flood of _Xisuthrus_, but the _Egyptians_ made _Osiris_ as +old, and I make them contemporary. + +The _Red Sea_ had its name not from its colour, but from _Edom_ and +_Erythra_, the names of _Esau_, which signify that colour: and some [265] +tell us, that King _Erythra_, meaning _Esau_, invented the vessels, +_rates_, in which they navigated that Sea, and was buried in an island +thereof near the _Persian Gulph_: whence it follows, that the _Edomites_ +navigated that Sea from the days of _Esau_; and there is no need that the +oldest _Oannes_ should be older. There were boats upon rivers before, such +as were the boats which carried the Patriarchs over _Euphrates_ and +_Jordan_, and the first nations over many other rivers, for peopling the +earth, seeking new seats, and invading one another's territories: and after +the example of such vessels, _Ishhmael_ and _Midian_ the sons of _Abraham_, +and _Esau_ his grandson, might build larger vessels to go to the islands +upon the _Red Sea_, in searching for new seats, and by degrees learn to +navigate that sea, as far as to the _Persian Gulph_: for ships were as old, +even upon the _Mediterranean_, as the days of _Jacob_, _Gen._ xlix. 13. +_Judg._ v. 17. but it is probable that the merchants of that sea were not +forward to discover their Arts and Sciences, upon which their trade +depended: it seems therefore that Letters and Astronomy, and the trade of +Carpenters, were invented by the merchants of the _Red Sea_, for writing +down their merchandise, and keeping their accounts, and guiding their ships +in the night by the Stars, and building ships; and that they were +propagated from _Arabia Petraea_ into _Egypt_, _Chaldaea_, _Syria_, _Asia +minor_, and _Europe_, much about one and the same time; the time in which +_David_ conquered and dispersed those merchants: for we hear nothing of +Letters before the days of _David_, except among the posterity of +_Abraham_; nothing of Astronomy, before the _Egyptians_ under _Ammon_ and +_Sesac_ applied themselves to that study, except the Constellations +mentioned by _Job_, who lived in _Arabia Petraea_ among the merchants; +nothing of the trade of Carpenters, or good Architecture, before _Solomon_ +sent to _Hiram_ King of _Tyre_, to supply him with such Artificers, saying +that _there were none in _Israel_ who could skill to hew timber like the +_Zidonians__. + +_Diodorus_ [266] tells us, _that the _Egyptians_ sent many colonies out of +_Egypt_ into other countries; and that _Belus_, the son of _Neptune_ and +_Libya_, carried colonies thence into _Babylonia_, and seating himself on +_Euphrates_, instituted priests free from taxes and publick expences, after +the manner of _Egypt_, who were called _Chaldaeans_, and who after the +manner of _Egypt_, might observe the Stars_: and _Pausanias_ [267] tells +us, _that the _Belus_ of the _Babylonians_ had his name from _Belus_ an +_Egyptian_, the son of _Libya__: and _Apollodorus_; [268] _that _Belus_ the +son of _Neptune_ and _Libya_, and King of _Egypt_, was the father of +_AEgyptus_ and _Danaus__, that is, _Ammon_: he tells us also, _that +_Busiris_ the son of _Neptune_ and _Lisianassa_ _[Libyanassa]_ the daughter +of _Epaphus_, was King of _Egypt__; and _Eusebius_ calls this King, +__Busiris_ the son of _Neptune_, and of _Libya_ the daughter of _Epaphus__. +By these things the later _Egyptians_ seem to have made two _Belus's_, the +one the father of _Osiris_, _Isis_, and _Neptune_, the other the son of +_Neptune_, and father of _AEgyptus_ and _Danaus_: and hence came the opinion +of the people of _Naxus_, that there were two _Minos's_ and two _Ariadnes_, +the one two Generations older than the other; which we have confuted. The +father of _AEgyptus_ and _Danaus_ was the father of _Osiris_, _Isis_, and +_Typhon_; and _Typhon_ was not the grandfather of _Neptune_, but _Neptune_ +himself. + +_Sesostris_ being brought up to hard labour by his father _Ammon_, warred +first under his father, being the Hero or _Hercules_ of the _Egyptians_ +during his father's Reign, and afterward their King: under his father, +whilst he was very young, he invaded and conquered _Troglodytica_, and +thereby secured the harbour of the _Red Sea_, near _Coptos_ in _Egypt_, and +then he invaded _Ethiopia_, and carried on his conquest southward, as far +as to the region bearing cinnamon: and his father by the assistance of the +_Edomites_ having built a fleet on the _Red Sea_, he put to sea, and +coasted _Arabia Faelix_, going to the _Persian Gulph_ and beyond, and in +those countries set up Columns with inscriptions denoting his conquests; +and particularly he Set up a Pillar at _Dira_, a promontory in the straits +of the _Red Sea_, next _Ethiopia_, and two Pillars in _India_, on the +mountains near the mouth of the rivers _Ganges_; so [269] _Dionysius_: + + [Greek: Entha te kai stelai, Thebaigeneos Dionysou] + [Greek: Hestasin pymatoio para rhoon Okeanoio,] + [Greek: Indon hystatioisin en ouresin; entha te Ganges] + [Greek: Leukon hydor Nyssaion epi platamona kylindei.] + + _Ubi etiamnum columnae Thebis geniti Bacchi_ + _Stant extremi juxta fluxum Oceani_ + _Indorum ultimis in montibus: ubi & Ganges_ + _Claram aquam Nyssaeam ad planitiem devolvit_. + +After these things he invaded _Libya_, and fought the _Africans_ with +clubs, and thence is painted with a club in his hand: so [270] _Hyginus_; +_Afri & AEgyptii primum fustibus dimicaverunt, postea Belus Neptuni filius +gladio belligeratus est, unde bellum dictum est_: and after the conquest of +_Libya_, by which _Egypt_ was furnished with horses, and furnished +_Solomon_ and his friends; he prepared a fleet on the _Mediterranean_, and +went on westward upon the coast of _Afric_, to search those countries, as +far as to the Ocean and island _Erythra_ or _Gades_ in _Spain_; as +_Macrobius_ [271] informs us from _Panyasis_ and _Pherecydes_: and there he +conquered _Geryon_, and at the mouth of the _Straits_ set up the famous +Pillars. + + [272] _Venit ad occasum mundique extrema Sesostris._ + +Then he returned through _Spain_ and the southern coasts of _France_ and +_Italy_, with the cattel of _Geryon_, his fleet attending him by sea, and +left in _Sicily_ the _Sicani_, a people which he had brought from _Spain_: +and after his father's death he built Temples to him in his conquests; +whence it came to pass, that _Jupiter Ammon_ was worshipped in _Ammonia_, +and _Ethiopia_, and _Arabia_, and as far as _India_, according to the [273] +Poet: + + _Quamvis AEthiopum populis, Arabumque beatis_ + _Gentibus, atque Indis unus sit Jupiter Ammon_. + +The _Arabians_ worshipped only two Gods, _Coelus_, otherwise called +_Ouranus_, or _Jupiter Uranius_, and _Bacchus_: and these were _Jupiter +Ammon_ and _Sesac_, as above: and so also the people of _Meroe_ above +_Egypt_ [274] worshipped no other Gods but _Jupiter_ and _Bacchus_, and had +an Oracle of _Jupiter_, and these two Gods were _Jupiter Ammon_ and +_Osiris_, according to the language of _Egypt_. + +At length _Sesostris_, in the fifth year of _Rehoboam_, came out of _Egypt_ +with a great army of _Libyans_, _Troglodytes_ and _Ethiopians_, and spoiled +the Temple, and reduced _Judaea_ into servitude, and went on conquering, +first eastward toward _India_, which he invaded, and then westward as far +as _Thrace_: for _God had given him the kingdoms of the countries_, 2 +_Chron._ xii. 2, 3, 8. In [275] this Expedition he spent nine years, +setting up pillars with inscriptions in all his conquests, some of which +remained in _Syria_ 'till the days of _Herodotus_. He was accompanied with +his son _Orus_, or _Apollo_, and with some singing women, called _the +Muses_, one of which, called _Calliope_, was the mother of _Orpheus_ an +_Argonaut_: and the two tops of the mountain _Parnassus_, which were very +high, were dedicated [276] the one to this _Bacchus_, and the other to his +son _Apollo_: whence _Lucan_; [277] + + _Parnassus gemino petit aethera colle,_ + _Mons Phoebo, Bromioque sacer._ + +In the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_ he returned back into _Egypt_; leaving +_AEetes_ in _Colchis_, and his nephew _Prometheus_ at mount _Caucasus_, with +part of his army, to defend his conquests from the _Scythians_. _Apollonius +Rhodius_ [278] and his scholiast tell us, that _Sesonchosis_ King of all +_Egypt_, that is _Sesac_, invading all _Asia_, and a great part of +_Europe_, peopled many cities which he took; and that _AEa_, the Metropolis +of _Colchis_, _remained stable ever since his days with the posterity of +those _Egyptians_ which he placed there, and that they preserved pillars or +tables in which all the journies and the bounds of sea and land were +described, for the use of them that were to go any whither_: these tables +therefore gave a beginning to Geography. + +_Sesostris_ upon his returning home [279] divided _Egypt_ by measure +amongst the _Egyptians_; and this gave a beginning to Surveying and +Geometry: and [280] _Jamblicus_ derives this division of _Egypt_, and +beginning of Geometry, from the Age of the Gods of _Egypt_. _Sesostris_ +also [281] divided _Egypt_ into 36 _Nomes_ or Counties, and dug a canal +from the _Nile_ to the head city of every _Nome_, and with the earth dug +out of it, he caused the ground of the city to be raised higher, and built +a Temple in every city for the worship of the _Nome_, and in the Temples +set up Oracles, some of which remained 'till the days of _Herodotus_: and +by this means the _Egyptians_ of every _Nome_ were induced to worship the +great men of the Kingdom, to whom the _Nome_, the City, and the Temple or +Sepulchre of the God, was dedicated: for every Temple had its proper God, +and modes of worship, and annual festivals, at which the Council and People +of the _Nome_ met at certain times to sacrifice, and regulate the affairs +of the _Nome_, and administer justice, and buy and sell; but _Sesac_ and +his Queen, by the names of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, were worshipped in all +_Egypt_: and because _Sesac_, to render the _Nile_ more useful, dug +channels from it to all the capital cities of _Egypt_; that river was +consecrated to him, and he was called by its names, _AEgyptus_, _Siris_, +_Nilus_. _Dionysius_ [282] tells us, that the _Nile_ was called _Siris_ by +the _Ethiopians_, and _Nilus_ by the people of _Siene_. From the word +_Nahal_, which signifies a torrent, that river was called _Nilus_; and +_Dionysius_ [283] tells us, that _Nilus_ was that King who cut _Egypt_ into +canals, to make the river useful: in Scripture the river is called +_Schichor_, or _Sihor_, and thence the _Greeks_ formed the words _Siris_, +_Sirius_, _Ser-Apis_, _O-Siris_; but _Plutarch_ [284] tells us, that the +syllable _O_, put before the word _Siris_ by the _Greeks_, made it scarce +intelligible to the _Egyptians_. + +I have now told you the original of the _Nomes_ of _Egypt_ and of the +Religions and Temples of the _Nomes_, and of the Cities built there by the +Gods, and called by their names: whence _Diodorus_ [285] tells us, that _of +all the Provinces of the World, there were in _Egypt_ only many cities +built by the ancient Gods, as by _Jupiter_, _Sol_, _Hermes_, _Apollo_, +_Pan_, _Eilithyia_, and, many others_: and _Lucian_ [286] an _Assyrian_, +who had travelled into _Phoenicia_ and _Egypt_, tells us, that _the Temples +of _Egypt_ were very old, those in _Phoenicia_ built by _Cinyras_ as old, +and those in _Assyria_ almost as old as the former, but not altogether so +old_: which shews that the Monarchy of _Assyria_ rose up after the Monarchy +of _Egypt_; as is represented in Scripture; and that the Temples of _Egypt_ +then standing, were those built by _Sesostris_, about the same time that +the Temples of _Phoenicia_ and _Cyprus_ were built by _Cinyras_, +_Benhadad_, and _Hiram_. This was not the first original of Idolatry, but +only the erecting of much more sumptuous Temples than formerly to the +founders of new Kingdoms: for Temples at first were very small; + + _Jupiter angusta vix totus stabat in aede._ + _Ovid. Fast._ l. 1. + +Altars were at first erected without Temples, and this custom continued in +_Persia_ 'till after the days of _Herodotus_: in _Phoenicia_ they had +Altars with little houses for eating the sacrifices much earlier, and these +they called High Places: such was the High Place where _Samuel_ entertained +_Saul_; such was the House of _Dagon_ at _Ashdod_, into which the +_Philistims_ brought the Ark; and the House of _Baal_, in which _Jehu_ slew +the Prophets of _Baal_; and such were the High Places of the _Canaanites_ +which _Moses_ commanded _Israel_ to destroy: he [287] commanded _Israel_ to +destroy the Altars, Images, High Places, and Groves of the _Canaanites_, +but made no mention of their Temples, as he would have done had there been +any in those days. I meet with no mention of sumptuous Temples before the +days of _Solomon_: new Kingdoms begun then to build Sepulchres to their +Founders in the form of Sumptuous Temples; and such Temples _Hiram_ built +in _Tyre_, _Sesac_ in all _Egypt_, and _Benhadad_ in _Damascus_. + +For when _David_ [288] smote _Hadad Ezer_ King of _Zobah_, and slew the +_Syrians_ of _Damascus_ who came to assist him, _Rezon_ _the son of +_Eliadah_ fled from his lord _Hadad-Ezer_, and gathered men unto him and +became Captain over a band, and Reigned in _Damascus_, over _Syria__: he is +called _Hezion_, 1 _King._ xv. 18. and his successors mentioned in history +were _Tabrimon_, _Hadad_ or _Ben-hadad_, _Benhadad_ II. _Hazael_, +_Benhadad_ III. * * and _Rezin_ the son of _Tabeah_. _Syria_ became subject +to _Egypt_ in the days of _Tabrimon_, and recovered her liberty under +_Benhadad_ I; and in the days of _Benhadad_ III, until the reign of the +last _Rezin_, they became subject to _Israel_: and in the ninth year of +_Hoshea_ King of _Judah_, _Tiglath-pileser_ King of _Assyria_ captivated +the _Syrians_, and put an end to their Kingdom: now _Josephus_ [289] tells +us, that _the _Syrians_ 'till his days worshipped both _Adar__, that is +_Hadad_ or _Benhadad_, _and his successor _Hazael_ as Gods, for their +benefactions, and for building Temples by which they adorned the city of +_Damascus_: for_, saith he, _they daily celebrate solemnities in honour of +these Kings, and boast their antiquity, not knowing that they are novel, +and lived not above eleven hundred years ago_. It seems these Kings built +sumptuous Sepulchres for themselves, and were worshipped therein. _Justin_ +[290] calls the first of these two Kings _Damascus_, saying that _the city +had its name from him, and that the _Syrians_ in honour of him worshipped +his wife _Arathes_ as a Goddess, using her Sepulchre for a Temple_. + +Another instance we have in the Kingdom of _Byblus_. In the [291] Reign of +_Minos_ King of _Crete_, when _Rhadamanthus_ the brother of _Minos_ carried +colonies from _Crete_ to the _Greek_ islands, and gave the islands to his +captains, he gave _Lemnos_ to _Thoas_, or _Theias_, or _Thoantes_, the +father of _Hypsipyle_, a _Cretan_ worker in metals, and by consequence a +disciple of the _Idaei Dactyli_, and perhaps a _Phoenician_: for the _Idaei +Dactyli_, and _Telchines_, and _Corybantes_ brought their Arts and Sciences +from _Phoenicia_: and [292] _Suidas_ saith, that he was descended from +_Pharnaces_ King of _Cyprus_; _Apollodorus_, [293] that he was the son of +_Sandochus_ a _Syrian_; and _Apollonius Rhodius_, [294] that __Hypsipyle_ +gave _Jason_ the purple cloak which the _Graces_ made for _Bacchus_, who +gave it to his son _Thoas__, the father of _Hypsipyle_, and King of +_Lemnos_: _Thoas_ married [295] _Calycopis_, the mother of _AEneas_, and +daughter of _Otreus_ King of _Phrygia_, and for his skill on the harp was +called _Cinyras_, and was said to be exceedingly beloved by _Apollo_ or +_Orus_: the great _Bacchus_ loved his wife, and being caught in bed with +her in _Phrygia_ appeased him with wine, and composed the matter by making +him King of _Byblus_ and _Cyprus_; and then came over the _Hellespont_ with +his army, and conquered _Thrace:_ and to these things the poets allude, in +feigning that _Vulcan_ fell from heaven into _Lemnos_, and that _Bacchus_ +[296] appeased him with wine, and reduced him back into heaven: he fell +from the heaven of the _Cretan_ Gods, when he went from _Crete_ to _Lemnos_ +to work in metals, and was reduced back into heaven when _Bacchus_ made him +King of _Cyprus_ and _Byblus_: he Reigned there 'till a very great age, +living to the times of the _Trojan_ war, and becoming exceeding rich: and +after the death of his wife _Calycopis_, [297] he built Temples to her at +_Paphos_ and _Amathus_, in _Cyprus_; and at _Byblus_ in _Syria_, and +instituted Priests to her with Sacred Rites and lustful _Orgia_; whence she +became the _Dea Cypria_, and the _Dea Syria_: and from Temples erected to +her in these and other places, she was also called _Paphia_, _Amathusia_, +_Byblia_, _Cytherea_ _Salaminia_, _Cnidia_, _Erycina_, _Idalia_. _Fama +tradit a Cinyra sacratum vetustissimum Paphiae Veneris templum, Deamque +ipsam conceptam mari huc appulsam_: _Tacit. Hist._ l. 2. c. 3. From her +sailing from _Phrygia_ to the island _Cythera_, and from thence to be Queen +of _Cyprus_, she was said by the _Cyprians_, to be born of the froth of the +sea, and was painted sailing upon a shell. _Cinyras_ Deified also his son +_Gingris_, by the name of _Adonis_; and for assisting the _Egyptians_ with +armour, it is probable that he himself was Deified by his friends the +_Egyptians_, by the name of _Baal-Canaan_, or _Vulcan_: for _Vulcan_ was +celebrated principally by the _Egyptians_, and was a King according to +_Homer_, and Reigned in _Lemnos_; and _Cinyras_ was an inventor of arts, +[298] and found out copper in _Cyprus_, and the smiths hammer, and anvil, +and tongs, and laver; and imployed workmen in making armour, and other +things of brass and iron, and was the only King celebrated in history for +working in metals, and was King of _Lemnos_, and the husband of _Venus_; +all which are the characters of _Vulcan_: and the _Egyptians_ about the +time of the death of _Cinyras_, _viz._ in the Reign of their King +_Amenophis_, built a very sumptuous Temple at _Memphis_ to _Vulcan_, and +near it a smaller Temple to _Venus Hospita_; not an _Egyptian_ woman but a +foreigner, not _Helena_ but _Vulcan's Venus_: for [299] _Herodotus_ tells +us, that the region round about this Temple was inhabited by _Tyrian +Phoenicians_, and that [300] _Cambyses_ going into this Temple at +_Memphis_, very much derided the statue of _Vulcan_ for its littleness; +_For_, saith he, _this statue is most like those Gods which the +_Phoenicians_ call _Pataeci_, and carry about in the fore part of their +Ships in the form of Pygmies_: and [301] _Bochart_ saith of this _Venus +Hospita_, _Phoeniciam Venerem in AEgypto pro peregrina habitam._ + +As the _Egyptians_, _Phoenicians_ and _Syrians_ in those days Deified their +Kings and Princes, so upon their coming into _Asia minor_ and _Greece_, +they taught those nations to do the like, as hath been shewed above. In +those days the writing of the _Thebans_ and _Ethiopians_ was in +hieroglyphicks; and this way of writing seems to have spread into the lower +_Egypt_ before the days of _Moses_: for thence came the worship of their +Gods in the various shapes of Birds, Beasts, and Fishes, forbidden in the +second commandment. Now this emblematical way of writing gave occasion to +the _Thebans_ and _Ethiopians_, who in the days of _Samuel_, _David_, +_Solomon_, and _Rehoboam_ conquered _Egypt_, and the nations round about, +and erected a great Empire, to represent and signify their conquering Kings +and Princes, not by writing down their names, but by making various +hieroglyphical figures; as by painting _Ammon_ with Ram's horns, to signify +the King who conquered _Libya_, a country abounding with sheep; his father +_Amosis_ with a Scithe, to signify that King who conquered the lower +_Egypt_, a country abounding with corn; his Son _Osiris_ by an Ox, because +he taught the conquered nations to plow with oxen; _Bacchus_ with Bulls +horns for the same reason, and with Grapes because he taught the nations to +plant vines, and upon a Tiger because he subdued _India_; _Orus_ the son of +_Osiris_ with a Harp, to signify the Prince who was eminently skilled on +that instrument; _Jupiter_ upon an Eagle to signify the sublimity of his +dominion, and with a Thunderbolt to represent him a warrior; _Venus_ in a +Chariot drawn with two Doves, to represent her amorous and lustful; +_Neptune_ with a Trident, to signify the commander of a fleet composed of +three Squadrons; _AEgeon_, a Giant, with 50 heads, and an hundred hands, to +signify _Neptune_ with his men in a ship of fifty oars; _Thoth_ with a +Dog's head and wings at his cap and feet, and a _Caduceus_ writhen about +with two Serpents, to signify a man of craft, and an embassador who +reconciled two contending nations; _Pan_ with a Pipe and the legs of a +Goat, to signify a man delighted in piping and dancing; and _Hercules_ with +Pillars and a Club, because _Sesostris_ set up pillars in all his +conquests, and fought against the _Libyans_ with clubs: this is that +_Hercules_ who, according to [302] _Eudoxus_, was slain by _Typhon_; and +according to _Ptolomaeus Hephaestion_ [303] was called _Nilus_, and who +conquered _Geryon_ with his three sons in _Spain_, and set up the famous +pillars at the mouth of the _Straits_: for _Diodorus_ [304] mentioning +three _Hercules_'s, the _Egyptian_, the _Tyrian_, and the son of _Alcmena_, +saith that _the oldest flourished among the _Egyptians_, and having +conquered a great part of the world, set up the pillars in _Afric__: and +_Vasaeus_, [305] that _Osiris_, called also _Dionysius_, _came into _Spain_ +and conquered _Geryon_, and was the first who brought Idolatry into +_Spain__. _Strabo_ [306] tells us, that the _Ethiopians_ called _Megabars_ +fought with clubs: and some of the _Greeks_ [307] did so 'till the times of +the _Trojan_ war. Now from this hieroglyphical way of writing it came to +pass, that upon the division of _Egypt_ into _Nomes_ by _Sesostris_, the +great men of the Kingdom to whom the _Nomes_ were dedicated, were +represented in their Sepulchers or Temples of the _Nomes_, by various +hieroglyphicks; as by an _Ox_, a _Cat_, a _Dog_, a _Cebus_, a _Goat_, a +_Lyon_, a _Scarabaeus_, an _Ichneumon_, a _Crocodile_, an _Hippopotamus_, an +_Oxyrinchus_, an _Ibis_, a _Crow_, a _Hawk,_ a _Leek_, and were worshipped +by the _Nomes_ in the shape of these creatures. + +The [308] _Atlantides_, a people upon mount _Atlas_ conquered by the +_Egyptians_ in the Reign of _Ammon_, related that _Uranus_ was their first +King, and reduced them from a savage course of life, and caused them to +dwell in towns and cities, and lay up and use the fruits of the earth, and +that he reigned over a great part of the world, and by his wife _Titaea_ had +eighteen children, among which were _Hyperion_ and _Basilea_ the parents of +_Helius_ and _Selene_; that the brothers of _Hyperion_ slew him, and +drowned his son _Helius_, the _Phaeton_ of the ancients, in the _Nile_, and +divided his Kingdom amongst themselves; and the country bordering upon the +Ocean fell to the lot of _Atlas_, from whom the people were called +_Atlantides_. By _Uranus_ or _Jupiter Uranius_, _Hyperion_, _Basilea_, +_Helius_ and _Selene_, I understand _Jupiter Ammon_, _Osiris_, _Isis_, +_Orus_ and _Bubaste_; and by the sharing of the Kingdom of _Hyperion_ +amongst his brothers the _Titans_, I understand the division of the earth +among the Gods mentioned in the Poem of _Solon_. + +For _Solon_ having travelled into _Egypt_, and conversed with the Priests +of _Sais_; about their antiquities, wrote a Poem of what he had learnt, but +did not finish it; [309] and this Poem fell into the hands of _Plato_ who +relates out of it, that at the mouth of the _Straits_ near _Hercules_'s +Pillars there was an Island called _Atlantis_, the people of which, nine +thousand years before the days of _Solon_, reigned over _Libya_ as far as +_Egypt_; and over _Europe_ as far as the _Tyrrhene_ sea; and all this force +collected into one body invaded _Egypt_ and _Greece_, and whatever was +contained within the Pillars of _Hercules_, but was resisted and stopt by +the _Athenians_ and other _Greeks_, and thereby the rest of the nations not +yet conquered were preserved: he saith also that in those days the Gods, +having finished their conquests, divided the whole earth amongst +themselves, partly into larger, partly into smaller portions, and +instituted Temples and Sacred Rites to themselves; and that the Island +_Atlantis_ fell to the lot of _Neptune_, who made his eldest Son _Atlas_ +King of the whole Island, a part of which was called _Gadir_; and that _in +the history of the said wars mention was made of _Cecrops_, _Erechtheus_, +_Erichthonius_, and others before _Theseus_, and also of the women who +warred with the men, and of the habit and statue of _Minerva_, the study of +war in those days being common to men and women_. By all these +circumstances it is manifest that these Gods were the _Dii magni majorum +gentium_, and lived between the age of _Cecrops_ and _Theseus_; and that +the wars which _Sesostris_ with his brother _Neptune_ made upon the nations +by land and sea, and the resistance he met with in _Greece_, and the +following invasion of _Egypt_ by _Neptune_, are here described; and how the +captains of _Sesostris_ shared his conquests amongst themselves, as the +captains of _Alexander_ the great did his conquests long after, and +instituting Temples and Priests and sacred Rites to themselves, caused the +nations to worship them after death as Gods: and that the Island _Gadir_ or +_Gades_, with all _Libya_, fell to the lot of him who after death was +Deified by the name of _Neptune_. The time therefore when these things were +done is by _Solon_ limited to the age of _Neptune_, the father of _Atlas_; +for _Homer_ tells us, that _Ulysses_ presently after the _Trojan_ war found +_Calypso_ the daughter of _Atlas_ in the _Ogygian_ Island, perhaps _Gadir_; +and therefore it was but two Generations before the _Trojan_ war. This is +that _Neptune_, who with _Apollo_ or _Orus_ fortified _Troy_ with a wall, +in the Reign of _Laomedon_ the father of _Priamus_, and left many natural +children in _Greece_, some of which were _Argonauts_, and others were +contemporary to the _Argonauts_; and therefore he flourished but one +Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition, and by consequence about 400 +years before _Solon_ went into _Egypt_: but the Priests of _Egypt_ in those +400 years had magnified the stories and antiquity of their Gods so +exceedingly, as to make them nine thousand years older than _Solon_, and +the Island _Atlantis_ bigger than all _Afric_ and _Asia_ together, and full +of people; and because in the days of _Solon_ this great Island did not +appear, they pretended that it was sunk into the sea with all its people: +thus great was the vanity of the Priests of _Egypt_ in magnifying their +antiquities. + +The _Cretans_ [310] affirmed that _Neptune was the man who set out a fleet, +having obtained this Praefecture of _his father_ Saturn; whence posterity +reckoned things done in the sea to be under his government, and mariners +honoured him with sacrifices_: the invention of tall Ships with sails [311] +is also ascribed to him. He was first worshipped in _Africa_, as +_Herodotus_ [312] affirms, and therefore Reigned over that province: for +his eldest son _Atlas_, who succeeded him, was not only Lord of the Island +_Atlantis_, but also Reigned over a great part of _Afric_, giving his name +to the people called _Atlantii_, and to the mountain _Atlas_, and the +_Atlantic Ocean_. The [313] outmost parts of the earth and promontories, +and whatever bordered upon the sea and was washed by it, the _Egyptians_ +called _Neptys_; and on the coasts of _Marmorica_ and _Cyrene_, _Bochart_ +and _Arius Montanus_ place the _Naphthuhim_, a people sprung from +_Mizraim_, _Gen._ x. 13; and thence _Neptune_ and his wife _Neptys_ might +have their names, the words _Neptune_, _Neptys_ and _Naphthuhim_, +signifying the King, Queen, and people of the sea-coasts. The _Greeks_ tell +us that _Japetus_ was the father of _Atlas_, and _Bochart_ derives +_Japetus_ and _Neptune_ from the same original: he and his son _Atlas_ are +celebrated in the ancient fables for making war upon the Gods of _Egypt_; +as when _Lucian_ [314] saith that _Corinth_ being full of fables, tells the +fight of _Sol_ and _Neptune_, that is, of _Apollo_ and _Python_, or _Orus_ +and _Typhon_; and where _Agatharcides_ [315] relates how the Gods of +_Egypt_ fled from the Giants, 'till the _Titans_ came in and saved them by +putting _Neptune_ to flight; and where _Hyginus_ [316] tells the war +between the Gods of _AEgypt_, and the _Titans_ commanded by _Atlas_. + +The _Titans_ are the posterity of _Titaea_, some of whom under _Hercules_ +assisted the Gods, others under _Neptune_ and _Atlas_ warred against them: +_for which reason_, saith _Plutarch_, [317] _the Priests of _Egypt_ +abominated the sea, and had _Neptune_ in no honour_. By _Hercules_, I +understand here the general of the forces of _Thebais_ and _Ethiopia_ whom +the Gods or great men of _Egypt_ called to their assistance, against the +Giants or great men of _Libya_, who had slain _Osiris_ and invaded _Egypt_: +for _Diodorus_ [318] saith that _when _Osiris_ made his expedition over the +world, he left his kinsman _Hercules_ general of his forces over all his +dominions, and _Antaeus_ governor of _Libya_ and _Ethiopia__. _Antaeus_ +Reigned over all _Afric_ to the _Atlantic Ocean_, and built _Tingis_ or +_Tangieres_: _Pindar_ [319] tells us that he Reigned at _Irasa_ a town of +_Libya_, where _Cyrene_ was afterwards built: he invaded _Egypt_ and +_Thebais_; for he was beaten by _Hercules_ and the _Egyptians_ near _Antaea_ +or _Antaeopolis_, a town of _Thebais_; and _Diodorus_ [320] tells us that +_this town had its name from _Antaeus_, whom _Hercules_ slew in the days of +_Osiris__. _Hercules_ overthrew him several times, and every time he grew +stronger by recruits from _Libya_, his mother earth; but _Hercules_ +intercepted his recruits, and at length slew him. In these wars _Hercules_ +took the _Libyan_ world from _Atlas_, and made _Atlas_ pay tribute out of +his golden orchard, the Kingdom of _Afric_. _Antaeus_ and _Atlas_ were both +of them sons of _Neptune_ both of them Reigned over all _Libya_ and +_Afric_, between _Mount Atlas_ and the _Mediterranean_ to the very Ocean; +both of them invaded _Egypt_, and contended with _Hercules_ in the wars of +the Gods, and therefore they are but two names of one and the same man; and +even the name _Atlas_ in the oblique cases seems to have been compounded of +the name _Antaeeus_ and some other word, perhaps the word _Atal_, cursed, +put before it: the invasion of _Egypt_ by _Antaeus_, _Ovid_ hath relation +unto, where he makes _Hercules_ say, + + _Saevoque alimenta parentis_ + _Antaeo eripui_. + +This war was at length composed by the intervention of _Mercury_, who in +memory thereof was said to reconcile two contending serpents, by casting +his Ambassador's rod between them: and thus much concerning the ancient +state of _Egypt_, _Libya_, and _Greece_, described by _Solon_. + +The mythology of the _Cretans_ differed in some things from that of _Egypt_ +and _Libya_: for in the _Cretan_ mythology, _Coelus_ and _Terra_, or +_Uranus_ and _Titaea_ were the parents of _Saturn_ and _Rhea_, and _Saturn_ +and _Rhea_ were the parents of _Jupiter_ and _Juno_; and _Hyperion_, +_Japetus_ and the _Titans_ were one Generation older than _Jupiter_; and +_Saturn_ was expelled his Kingdom and castrated by his son _Jupiter_: which +fable hath no place in the mythology of _Egypt_. + +During the Reign of _Sesac_, _Jeroboam_ being in subjection to _Egypt_; set +up the Gods of _Egypt_ in _Dan_ and _Bethel_; and _Israel was without the +true God, and without a teaching Priest and without law: and in those times +there was no peace to him that went out, nor to him that came in, but great +vexations were upon all the inhabitants of the countries; and nation was +destroyed of nation, and city of city: for God did vex them with all +adversity_. 2 _Chron_. xv. 3, 5, 6. But in the fifth year of _Asa_ the land +of _Judah_ became quiet from war, and from thence had quiet ten years; and +_Asa_ took away the altars of strange Gods, and brake down the Images, and +built the fenced cities of _Judah_ with walls and towers and gates and +bars, having rest on every side, and got up an army of 580000 men, with +which in the fifteenth year of his Reign he met _Zerah_ the _Ethiopian_, +who came out against him with an army of a thousand thousand _Ethiopians_ +and _Libyans_: the way of the _Libyans_ was through _Egypt_, and therefore +_Zerah_ was now Lord of _Egypt_: they fought at _Mareshah_ near _Gerar_, +between _Egypt_ and _Judaea_, and _Zerah_ was beaten, so that he could not +recover himself: and from all this I seem to gather that _Osiris_ was slain +in the fifth year of _Asa_, and thereupon _Egypt_ fell into civil wars, +being invaded by the _Libyans_, and defended by the _Ethiopians_ for a +time; and after ten years more being invaded by the _Ethiopians_, who slew +_Orus_ the son and successor of _Osiris_, drowning him in the _Nile_, and +seized his Kingdom. By these civil wars of _Egypt_, the land of _Judah_ had +rest ten years. _Osiris_ or _Sesostris_ reigned long, _Manetho_ saith 48 +years; and by this reckoning he began to Reign about the 17th year of +_Solomon_; and _Orus_ his son was drowned in the 15th year of _Asa_: for +_Pliny_ [321] tells us, _AEgyptiorum bellis attrita est AEthiopia, vicissim +imperitando serviendoque, clara & potens etiam usque ad Trojana bella +Memnone regnante_. _Ethiopia_, served _Egypt_ 'till the death of +_Sesostris_, and no longer; for _Herodotus_ [322] tells us that _he alone +enjoyed the Empire of _Ethiopia__: then the _Ethiopians_ became free, and +after ten years became Lords of _Egypt_ and _Libya_, under _Zerah_ and +_Amenophis_. + +When _Asa_ by his victory over _Zerah_ became safe from _Egypt_, he +assembled all the people, and they offered sacrifices out of the spoils, +and entered into a covenant upon oath to seek the Lord; and in lieu of the +vessels taken away by _Sesac_, _he brought into the house of God the things +that his father had dedicated, and that he himself had dedicated, Silver +and Gold, and Vessels_. 2 _Chron._ xv. + +When _Zerah_ was beaten, so that he could not recover himself, the people +[323] of the lower _Egypt_ revolted from the _Ethiopians_, and called in to +their assistance two hundred thousand _Jews_ and _Canaanites_; and under +the conduct of one _Osarsiphus_, a Priest of _Egypt_, called _Usorthon_, +_Osorchon_, _Osorchor_, and _Hercules AEgyptius_ by _Manetho_, caused the +_Ethiopians_ now under _Memnon_ to retire to _Memphis_: and there _Memnon_ +turned the river _Nile_ into a new channel, built a bridge over it and +fortified that pass, and then went back into _Ethiopia_: but after thirteen +years, he and his young son _Ramesses_ came down with an army from +_Ethiopia_, conquered the lower _Egypt_, and drove out the _Jews_ and +_Phoenicians_; and this action the _Egyptian_ writers and their followers +call the second expulsion of the Shepherds, taking _Osarsiphus_ for +_Moses_. + +_Tithonus_ a beautiful youth, the elder brother of _Priamus_, went into +_Ethiopia_, being carried thither among many captives by _Sesostris_: and +the _Greeks_, before the days of _Hesiod_, feigned that _Memnon_ was his +son: _Memnon_ therefore, in the opinion of those ancient _Greeks_, was one +Generation younger than _Tithonus_, and was born after the return of +_Sesostris_ into _Egypt_: suppose about 16 or 20 years after the death of +_Solomon_. He is said to have lived very long, and so might die about 95 +years after _Solomon_, as we reckoned above: his mother, called _Cissia_ by +_AEschylus_, in a statue erected to her in _Egypt_, [324] was represented as +the daughter, the wife, and the mother of a King, and therefore he was the +son of a King; which makes it probable that _Zerah_, whom he succeeded in +the Kingdom of _Ethiopia_, was his father. + +Historians [325] agree that _Menes_ Reigned in _Egypt_ next after the Gods, +and turned the river into a new channel, and built a bridge over it, and +built _Memphis_ and the magnificent Temple of _Vulcan_: he built _Memphis_ +over-against the place where _Grand Cairo_ now stands, called by the +_Arabian_ historians _Mesir_: he built only the body of the Temple of +_Vulcan_, and his successors _Ramesses_ or _Rhampsinitus_, _Moeris_, +_Asychis_, and _Psammiticus_ built the western, northern eastern, and +southern portico's thereof: _Psammiticus_, who built the last portico of +this Temple, Reigned three hundred years after the victory of _Asa_ over +_Zerah_, and it is not likely that this Temple could be above three hundred +years in building, or that any _Menes_ could be King of all _Egypt_ before +the expulsion of the Shepherds. The last of the Gods of _Egypt_ was _Orus_, +with his mother _Isis_, and sister _Bubaste_, and secretary _Thoth_, and +unkle _Typhon_; and the King who reigned next after all their deaths, and +turned the river and built a bridge over it, and built _Memphis_ and the +Temple of _Vulcan_, was _Memnon_ or _Amenophis_, called by the _Egyptians_ +_Amenoph_; and therefore he is _Menes_: for the names _Amenoph_, or +_Menoph_, and _Menes_ do not much differ; and from _Amenoph_ the city +_Memphis_ built by _Menes_ had its _Egyptian_ names _Moph_, _Noph_, +_Menoph_ or _Menuf_, as it is still called by the _Arabian_ historians: the +necessity of fortifying this place against _Osarsiphus_ gave occasion to +the building of it. + +In the time of the revolt of the lower _Egypt_ under _Osarsiphus_, and the +retirement of _Amenophis_ into _Ethiopia_, _Egypt_ being then in the +greatest distraction, the _Greeks_ built the ship _Argo_, and sent in it +the flower of _Greece_ to _AEetes_ in _Colchis_, and to many other Princes +on the coasts of the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean_ seas; and this ship was +built after the pattern of an _Egyptian_ ship with fifty oars, in which +_Danaus_ with his fifty daughters a few years before fled from _Egypt_ into +_Greece_, and was the first long ship with sails built by the _Greeks_: and +such an improvement of navigation, with a design to send the flower of +_Greece_ to many Princes upon the sea-coasts of the _Euxine_ and +_Mediterranean_ seas, was too great an undertaking to be set on foot, +without the concurrence of the Princes and States of _Greece_, and perhaps +the approbation of the _Amphictyonic_ Council; for it was done by the +dictate of the Oracle. This Council met every half year upon state-affairs +for the welfare of _Greece_, and therefore knew of this expedition, and +might send the _Argonauts_ upon an embassy to the said Princes; and for +concealing their design might make the fable of the golden fleece, in +relation to the ship of _Phrixus_ whose ensign was a golden ram: and +probably their design was to notify the distraction of _Egypt_, and the +invasion thereof by the _Ethiopians_ and _Israelites_, to the said Princes, +and to persuade them to take that opportunity to revolt from _Egypt_, and +set up for themselves, and make a league with the _Greeks_: for the +_Argonauts_ went through [326] the Kingdom of _Colchis_ by land to the +_Armenians_, and through _Armenia_ to the _Medes_; which could not have +been done if they had not made friendship with the nations through which +they passed: they visited also _Laomedon_ King of the _Trojans_, _Phineus_ +King of the _Thracians_, _Cyzicus_ King of the _Doliones_, _Lycus_ King of +the _Mariandyni_, the coasts of _Mysia_ and _Taurica Chersonesus_, the +nations upon the _Tanais_, the people about _Byzantium_, and the coasts of +_Epirus_, _Corsica_, _Melita_, _Italy_, _Sicily_, _Sardinia_, and _Gallia_ +upon the _Mediterranean_; and from thence they [327] crossed the sea to +_Afric_, and there conferred with _Euripylus_ King of _Cyrene_: and [328] +_Strabo_ tells us that _in _Armenia_ and _Media_, and the neighbouring +places, there were frequent monuments of the expedition of _Jason_; as also +about _Sinope_, and its sea-coasts, the _Propontis_ and the _Hellespont_, +and in the _Mediterranean__: and a message by the flower of _Greece_ to so +many nations could be on no other account than state-policy; these nations +had been invaded by the _Egyptians_, but after this expedition we hear no +more of their continuing in subjection to _Egypt_. + +The [329] _Egyptians_ originally lived on the fruits of the earth, and +fared hardly, and abstained from animals, and therefore abominated +Shepherds: _Menes_ taught them to adorn their beds and tables with rich +furniture and carpets, and brought in amongst them a sumptuous, delicious +and voluptuous way of life: and about a hundred years after his death, +_Gnephacthus_ one of his successors cursed him for it, and to reduce the +luxury of _Egypt_, caused the curse to be entered in the Temple of +_Jupiter_ at _Thebes_; and by this curse the honour of _Menes_ was +diminished among the _Egyptians_. + +The Kings of _Egypt_ who expelled the Shepherds and Succeeded them, Reigned +I think first at _Coptos_, and then at _Thebes_, and then at _Memphis_. At +_Coptos_ I place _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_ or _Thomosis_ who expelled +the Shepherds, and abolished their custom of sacrificing men, and extended +the _Coptic_ language, and the name of [Greek: Aia Koptou], _Aegyptus_, to +the conquest. Then _Thebes_ became the Royal City of _Ammon_, and from him +was called _No-Ammon,_ and his conquest on the west of _Egypt_ was called +_Ammonia._ After him, in the same city of _Thebes_, Reigned _Osiris_, +_Orus_, _Menes_ or _Amenophis_, and _Ramesses_: but _Memphis_ and her +miracles were not yet celebrated in _Greece_; for _Homer_ celebrates +_Thebes_ as in its glory in his days, and makes no mention of _Memphis_. +After _Menes_ had built _Memphis, Moeris_ the successor of _Ramesses_ +adorned it, and made it the seat of the Kingdom, and this was almost two +Generations after the _Trojan_ war. _Cinyras_, the _Vulcan_ who married +_Venus_, and under the Kings of _Egypt_ Reigned over _Cyprus_ and part of +_Phoenicia_, and made armour for those Kings, lived 'till the times of the +_Trojan_ war: and upon his death _Menes_ or _Memnon_ might Deify him, and +found the famous Temple of _Vulcan_ in that city for his worship, but not +live to finish it. In a plain [330] not far from _Memphis_ are many small +Pyramids, said to be built by _Venephes_ or _Enephes_; and I suspect that +_Venephes_ and _Enephes_ have been corruptly written for _Menephes_ or +_Amenophis_, the letters _AM_ being almost worn out in some old manuscript: +for after the example of these Pyramids, the following Kings, _Moeris_ and +his successors, built others much larger. The plain in which they were +built was the burying-place of that city, as appears by the Mummies there +found; and therefore the Pyramids were the sepulchral monuments of the +Kings and Princes of that city: and by these and such like works the city +grew famous soon after the days of _Homer_; who therefore flourished in the +Reign of _Ramesses_. + +_Herodotus_ [331] is the oldest historian now extant who wrote of the +antiquities of _Egypt_, and had what he wrote from the Priests of that +country: and _Diodorus_, who wrote almost 400 years after him, and had his +relations also from the Priests of _Egypt_, placed many nameless Kings +between those whom _Herodotus_ placed in continual succession. The Priests +of _Egypt_ had therefore, between the days of _Herodotus_ and _Diodorus_, +out of vanity, very much increased the number of their Kings: and what they +did after the days of _Herodotus_, they began to do before his days; for he +tells us that they recited to him out of their books, the names of 330 +Kings who Reigned after _Menes_, but did nothing memorable, except +_Nitocris_ and _Moeris_ the last of them: all these Reigned at _Thebes_, +'till _Moeris_ translated the seat of the Empire from _Thebes_ to +_Memphis_. After _Moeris_ he reckons _Sesostris_, _Pheron_, _Proteus_, +_Rhampsinitus_, _Cheops_, _Cephren_, _Mycerinus_, _Asychis_, _Anysis_, +_Sabacon_, _Anysis_ again, _Sethon_, twelve contemporary Kings, +_Psammitichus_, _Nechus_, _Psammis_, _Apries_, _Amasis_, and _Psammenitus_. +The _Egyptians_ had before the days of _Solon_ made their monarchy 9000 +years old, and now they reckon'd to _Herodotus_ a succession of 330 Kings +Reigning so many Generations, that is about 11000 years, before +_Sesostris_: but the Kings who Reigned long before _Sesostris_ might Reign +over several little Kingdoms in several parts of _Egypt_, before the rise +of their Monarchy; and by consequence before the days of _Eli_ and +_Samuel_, and so are not under our consideration: and these names may have +been multiplied by corruption; and some of them, as _Athothes_ or _Thoth_, +the secretary of _Osiris_; _Tosorthrus_ or _AEsculapius_ a Physician who +invented building with square stones; and _Thuor_ or _Polybus_ the husband +of _Alcandra_, were only Princes of _Egypt_. If with _Herodotus_ we omit +the names of those Kings who did nothing memorable, and consider only those +whose actions are recorded, and who left splendid monuments of their having +Reigned over _Egypt_, such as were Temples, Statues, Pyramids, Obelisks, +and Palaces dedicated or ascribed to them, these Kings reduced into good +order will give us all or almost all the Kings of _Egypt_, from the days of +the expulsion of the Shepherds and founding of the Monarchy, downwards to +the conquest of _Egypt_ by _Cambyses_: for _Sesostris_ Reigned in the Age +of the Gods of _Egypt_: being Deified by the names of _Osiris_, _Hercules_ +and _Bacchus_, as above; and therefore _Menes_, _Nitocris_, and _Moeris_ +are to be placed after him; _Menes_ and his son _Ramesses_ Reigned next +after the Gods, and therefore _Nitocris_ and _Moeris_ Reigned after +_Ramesses_: _Moeris_ is set down immediately before _Cheops_, three times +in the Dynastys of the Kings of _Egypt_ composed by _Eratosthenes_, and +once in the Dynasties of _Manetho_; and in the same Dynasties _Nitocris_ is +set after the builders of the three great Pyramids, and according to +_Herodotus_ her brother Reigned before her, and was slain, and she revenged +his death; and according to _Syncellus_ she built the third great Pyramid; +and the builders of the Pyramids Reigned at _Memphis_, and by consequence +after _Moeris_. Now from these things I gather that the Kings of _Egypt_ +mentioned by _Herodotus_ ought to be placed in this order; _Sesostris_, +_Pheron_, _Proteus_, _Menes_, _Rhampsinitus_, _Moeris_, _Cheops_, +_Cephren_, _Mycerinus_, _Nitocris_, _Asychis_, _Anysis_, _Sabacon_, +_Anysis_ again, _Sethon_, twelve contemporary Kings, _Psammitichus_, +_Nechus_, _Psammis_, _Apries_, _Amasis_, _Psammenitus_. + +_Pheron_ is by _Herodotus_ said to be the son and successor of _Sesostris_. +He was Deified by the name of _Orus_. + +_Proteus_ Reigned in the lower _Egypt_ when _Paris_ sailed thither; that is +at the end of the _Trojan_ war, according to [332] _Herodotus_: and at that +time _Amenophis_ was King of _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_: but in his absence +_Proteus_ might be governor of some part of the lower _Egypt_ under him; +for _Homer_ places _Proteus_ upon the sea-coasts, and makes him a sea God, +and calls him the servant of _Neptune_; and _Herodotus_ saith that he rose +up from among the common people, and that _Proteus_ was his name translated +into _Greek_, and this name in _Greek_ signifies only a Prince or +President. He succeeded _Pheron_, and was succeeded by _Rhampsinitus_ +according to _Herodotus_; and so was contemporary to _Amenophis_. + +_Amenophis_ Reigned next after _Orus_ and _Isis_ the last of the Gods; he +Reigned at first over all _Egypt_, and then over _Memphis_ and the upper +parts of _Egypt_; and by conquering _Osarsiphus_, who had revolted from +him, became King of all _Egypt_ again, about 51 years after the death of +_Solomon_. He built _Memphis_ and ordered the worship of the Gods of +_Egypt_, and built a Palace at _Abydus_, and the _Memnonia_ at _This_ and +_Susa_, and the magnificent Temple of _Vulcan_ in _Memphis_; the building +with square stones being found out before by _Tosorthrus_, the _AEsculapius_ +of _Egypt_: he is by corruption of his name called _Menes_, _Mines_, +_Minaeus_, _Mineus_, _Minies_, _Mnevis_, _Enephes_, _Venephes_, +_Phamenophis_, _Osymanthyas_, _Osimandes_, _Ismandes_, _Imandes_, _Memnon_, +_Arminon._ + +_Amenophis_ was succeeded by his son, called by _Herodotus_, +_Rhampsinitus_, and by others _Ramses_, _Ramises_, _Rameses_, _Ramesses_, +[333] _Ramestes_, _Rhampses_, _Remphis_. Upon an Obelisk erected by this +King in _Heliopolis_, and sent to _Rome_ by the Emperor _Constantius_, was +an inscription, interpreted by _Hermapion_ an _Egyptian_ Priest, expressing +that the King was long lived, and Reigned over a great part of the earth: +and _Strabo_, [334] an eye-witness, tells us, that in the monuments of the +Kings of _Egypt_, above the _Memnonium_ were inscriptions upon Obelisks, +expressing the riches of the Kings, and their Reigning as far as _Scythia_, +_Bactria_, _India_ and _Ionia_: and _Tacitus_ [335] tells us from an +inscription seen at _Thebes_ by _Caesar Germanicus,_ and interpreted to him +by the _Egyptian_ Priests, that this King _Ramesses_ had an army of 700000 +men, and Reigned over _Libya_, _Ethiopia_, _Media_, _Persia_, _Bactria_, +_Scythia_, _Armenia_, _Cappadocia_, _Bithynia_, and _Lycia_; whence the +Monarchy of _Assyria_ was not yet risen. This King was very covetous, and a +great collector of taxes, and one of the richest of all the Kings of +_Egypt_, and built the western portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_. + +_Moeris_ inheriting the riches of _Ramesses_, built the northern portico of +that Temple more sumptuously, and made the Lake of _Moeris,_ with two great +Pyramids of brick in the midst of it: and for preserving the division of +_Egypt_ into equal shares amongst the soldiers, this King wrote a book of +surveying, which gave a beginning to Geometry. He is called also _Maris_, +_Myris_, _Meres_, _Marres_, _Smarres_; and more corruptly, by changing +[Greek: M] into [Greek: A, T, B, S, YCH, L], &c. _Ayres_, _Tyris_, +_Byires_, _Soris_, _Uchoreus_, _Lachares_, _Labaris_, &c. + +_Diodorus_ [336] places _Uchoreus_ between _Osymanduas_ and _Myris_, that +is between _Amenophis_ and _Moeris_, and saith that he built _Memphis_, and +fortified it to admiration with a mighty rampart of earth, and a broad and +deep trench, which was filled with the water of the _Nile_, and made there +a vast and deep Lake for receiving the water of the _Nile_ in the time of +its overflowing, and built palaces in the city; and that this place was so +commodiously seated that most of the Kings who Reigned after him preferred +it before _Thebes_, and removed the Court from thence to this place, so +that the magnificence of _Thebes_ from that time began to decrease, and +that of _Memphis_ to increase, 'till _Alexander_ King of _Macedon_ built +_Alexandria_. These great works of _Uchoreus_ and those of _Moeris_ savour +of one and the same genius, and were certainly done by one and the same +King, distinguished into two by a corruption of the name as above; for this +Lake of _Uchoreus_ was certainly the same with that of _Moeris_. + +After the example of the two brick Pyramids made by _Moeris_, the three +next Kings, _Cheops_, _Cephren_ and _Mycerinus_ built the three great +Pyramids at _Memphis_; and therefore Reigned in that city. _Cheops_ shut up +the Temples of the _Nomes_, and prohibited the worship of the Gods of +_Egypt_, designing no doubt to have been worshipped himself after death: he +is called also _Chembis_, _Chemmis_, _Chemnis_, _Phiops_, _Apathus_, +_Apappus_, _Suphis_, _Saophis_, _Syphoas_, _Syphaosis_, _Soiphis_, +_Syphuris_, _Anoiphis_, _Anoisis_: he built the biggest of the three great +Pyramids which stand together; and his brother _Cephren_ or _Cerpheres_ +built the second, and his son _Mycerinus_ founded the third: this last King +was celebrated for clemency and justice; he shut up the dead body of his +daughter in a hollow ox, and caused her to be worshipped daily with odours: +he is called also _Cheres_, _Cherinus_, _Bicheres_, _Moscheres_, +_Mencheres_. He died before the third Pyramid was finished, and his sister +and successor _Nitocris_ finished it. + +Then Reigned _Asychis_, who built the eastern portico of the Temple of +_Vulcan_ very splendidly, and among the small Pyramids a large Pyramid of +brick, made of mud dug out of the Lake of _Moeris_: and these are the Kings +who Reigned at _Memphis_, and spent their time in adorning that city, until +the _Ethiopians_ and the _Assyrians_ and others revolted, and _Egypt_ lost +all her dominion abroad, and became again divided into several small +Kingdoms. + +One of those Kingdoms was I think at _Memphis_, under _Gnephactus_, and his +son and successor _Bocchoris_. _Africanus_ calls _Bocchoris_ a _Saite_; but +_Sais_ at this time had other Kings: _Gnephactus_, otherwise called +_Neochabis_ and _Technatis_, cursed _Menes_ for his luxury, and caused the +curse to be entered in the Temple of _Jupiter_ at _Thebes_; and therefore +Reigned over _Thebais_: and _Bocchoris_ sent in a wild bull upon the God +_Mnevis_ which was worshipped at _Heliopolis_. Another of those Kingdoms +was at _Anysis_, or _Hanes_, _Isa._ xxx. 4. under its King _Anysis_ or +_Amosis_; a third was at _Sais_, under _Stephanathis_, _Nechepsos_, and +_Nechus_; and a fourth was at _Tanis_ or _Zoan_, under _Petubastes_, +_Osorchon_ and _Psammis_: and _Egypt_ being weakened by this division, was +invaded and conquered by the _Ethiopians_ under _Sabacon_, who slew +_Bocchoris_ and _Nechus_, and made _Anysis_ fly. The Olympiads began in the +Reign of _Petubastes_, and the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_ in the 22d year of the +Reign of _Bocchoris_, according to _Africanus_; and therefore the division, +of _Egypt_ into many Kingdoms began before the Olympiads, but not above the +length of two Kings Reigns before them. + +After the study of Astronomy was set on foot for the use of navigation, and +the _Egyptians_ by the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars had +determined the length of the Solar year of 365 days, and by other +observations had fixed the Solstices, and formed the fixt Stars into +Asterisms, all which was done in the Reign of _Ammon_, _Sesac_, _Orus_, and +_Memnon_; it may be presumed that they continued to observe the motions of +the Planets; for they called them after the names of their Gods; and +_Nechepsos_ or _Nicepsos_ King of _Sais_, by the assistance of _Petosiris_ +a Priest of _Egypt_, invented Astrology, grounding it upon the aspects of +the Planets, and the qualities of the men and women to whom they were +dedicated: and in the beginning of the Reign of _Nabonassar_ King of +_Babylon_, about which time the _Ethiopians_ under _Sabacon_ invaded +_Egypt_, those _Egyptians_ who fled from him to _Babylon_, carried thither +the _Egyptian_ year of 365 days, and the study of Astronomy and Astrology, +and founded the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_; dating it from the first year of +that King's Reign, which was the 22d year _of Bocchoris_ as above, and +beginning the year on the same day with the _Egyptians_ for the sake of +their calculations. So _Diodorus_ [337]: _they say that the _Chaldaeans_ in +_Babylon_, being Colonies of the _Egyptians_, became famous for Astrology, +having learnt it from the Priests of _Egypt__: and _Hestiaeus_, who wrote an +history of _Egypt_, speaking of a disaster of the invaded _Egyptians_, +saith [338] that _the Priests who survived this disaster, taking with them +the _Sacra_ of _Jupiter Enyalius_, came to _Sennaar_ in _Babylonia__. From +the 15th year of _Asa_, in which _Zerah_ was beaten, and _Menes_ or +_Amenophis_ began his Reign, to the beginning of the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_, +were 200 years; and this interval of time allows room for about nine or ten +Reigns of Kings, at about twenty years to a Reign one with another; and so +many Reigns there were, according to the account set down above out of +_Herodotus_; and therefore that account, as it is the oldest, and was +received by _Herodotus_ from the Priests of _Thebes_, _Memphis_, and +_Heliopolis_, three principal cities of _Egypt_, agrees also with the +course of nature, and leaves no room for the Reigns of the many nameless +Kings which we have omitted. These omitted Kings Reigned before _Moeris_, +and by consequence at _Thebes_; for _Moeris_ translated the seat of the +Empire from _Thebes_ to _Memphis_: they Reigned after _Ramesses_; for +_Ramesses_ was the son and successor of _Menes_, who Reigned next after the +Gods. Now _Menes_ built the body of the Temple of _Vulcan_, _Ramesses_ the +first portico, and _Moeris_ the second portico thereof; but the +_Egyptians_, for making their Gods and Kingdom look ancient, have inserted +between the builders of the first and second portico of this Temple, three +hundred and thirty Kings of _Thebes_, and supposed that these Kings Reigned +eleven thousand years; as if any Temple could stand so long. This being a +manifest fiction, we have corrected it, by omitting those interposed Kings, +who did nothing, and placing _Moeris_ the builder of the second portico, +next after _Ramesses_ the builder of the first. + +In the Dynasties of _Manetho_; _Sevechus_ is made the successor of +_Sabacon_, being his son; and perhaps he is the _Sethon_ of _Herodotus_, +who became Priest of _Vulcan_, and neglected military discipline: for +_Sabacon_ is that _So_ or _Sua_ with whom _Hoshea_ King of _Israel_ +conspired against the _Assyrians_, in the fourth year of _Hezekiah_, _Anno +Nabonass._ 24. _Herodotus_ tells us twice or thrice, that _Sabacon_ after a +long Reign of fifty years relinquished _Egypt_ voluntarily, and that +_Anysis_ who fled from him, returned and Reigned again in the lower _Egypt_ +after him, or rather with him: and that _Sethon_ Reigned after _Sabacon_, +and went to _Pelusium_ against the army of _Sennacherib_, and was relieved +with a great multitude of mice, which eat the bow-strings of the +_Assyrians_; in memory of which the statue of _Sethon_, seen by +_Herodotus_, [339] was made with a Mouse in its hand. A Mouse was the +_Egyptian_ symbol of destruction, and the Mouse in the hand of _Sethon_ +signifies only that he overcame the _Assyrians_ with a great destruction. +The Scriptures inform us, that when _Sennacherib_ invaded _Judaea_ and +besieged _Lachish_ and _Libnah_, which was in the 14th year of _Hezekiah_, +_Anno Nabonass._ 34. the King of _Judah_ trusted upon _Pharaoh_ King of +_Egypt_, that is upon _Sethon_, and that _Tirhakah_ King of _Ethiopia_ came +out also to fight against _Sennacherib_, 2 _King._ xviii. 21. & xix. 9. +which makes it probable, that when _Sennacherib_ heard of the Kings of +_Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_ coming against him, he went from _Libnah_ towards +_Pelusium_ to oppose them, and was there surprized and set upon in the +night by them both, and routed with as great a slaughter as if the +bow-strings of the _Assyrians_ had been eaten by mice. Some think that the +_Assyrians_ were smitten by lightning, or by a fiery wind which sometimes +comes from the southern parts of _Chaldaea_. After this victory _Tirhakah_ +succeeding _Sethon_, carried his arms westward through _Libya_ and _Afric_ +to the mouth of the _Straits_: but _Herodotus_ tells us, that the Priests +of _Egypt_ reckoned _Sethon_ the last King of _Egypt_, who Reigned before +the division of _Egypt_ into twelve contemporary Kingdoms, and by +consequence before the invasion of _Egypt_ by the _Assyrians_. + +For _Asserhadon_ King of _Assyria_, in the 68th year of _Nabonassar_, after +he had Reigned about thirty years over _Assyria_, invaded the Kingdom of +_Babylon_, and then carried into captivity many people from _Babylon_, and +_Cuthah_, and _Ava_, and _Hamath_, and _Sepharvaim_, placing them in the +Regions of _Samaria_ and _Damascus_: and from thence they carried into +_Babylonia_ and _Assyria_ the remainder of the people of _Israel_ and +_Syria_, which had been left there by _Tiglath-pileser_. This captivity was +65 years after the first year of _Ahaz_, _Isa_. vii. 1, 8. & 2. _King._ xv. +37. & xvi. 5. and by consequence in the twentieth year of _Manasseh_, _Anno +Nabonass._ 69. and then _Tartan_ was sent by _Asserhadon_ with an army +against _Ashdod_ or _Azoth_, a town at that time subject to _Judaea_, 2 +_Chron._ xxvi. 6. and took it, _Isa._ xx. 1: and this post being secured, +the _Assyrians_ beat the _Jews_, and captivated _Manasseh_, and subdued +_Judaea_: and in these wars, _Isaiah_ was saw'd asunder by the command of +_Manasseh_, for prophesying against him. Then the _Assyrians_ invaded and +subdued _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_, and carried the _Egyptians_ and +_Ethiopians_ into captivity, and thereby put an end to the Reign of the +_Ethiopians_ over _Egypt_, _Isa._ vii. 18. & viii. 7. & x. 11, 12, & xix. +23. & xx. 4. In this war the city _No-Ammon_ or _Thebes_, which had +hitherto continued in a flourishing condition, was miserably wasted and led +into captivity, as is described by _Nahum_, chap. iii. ver. 8, 9, 10; for +_Nahum_ wrote after the last invasion of _Judaea_ by the _Assyrians_, chap. +i. ver. 15; and therefore describes this captivity as fresh in memory: and +this and other following invasions of _Egypt_ under _Nebuchadnezzar_ and +_Cambyses_, put an end to the glory of that city. _Asserhadon_ Reigned over +the _Egyptians_ and _Ethiopians_ three years, _Isa._ xx. 3, 4. that is +until his death, which was in the year of _Nabonassar_ 81, and therefore +invaded _Egypt_, and put an end to the Reign of the _Ethiopians_ over the +_Egyptians_, in the year of _Nabonassar_ 78; so that the _Ethiopians_ under +_Sabacon_, and his successors _Sethon_ and _Tirhakah_, Reigned over _Egypt_ +about 80 years: _Herodotus_ allots 50 years to _Sabacon_, and _Africanus_ +fourteen years to _Sethon_, and eighteen to _Tirhakah_. + +The division of _Egypt_ into more Kingdoms than one, both before and after +the Reign of the _Ethiopians_, and the conquest of the _Egyptians_ by +_Asserhadon_, the prophet _Isaiah_ [340] seems allude unto in these words: +_I will set_, saith he, _the _Egyptians_ against the _Egyptians_, and they +shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his +neighbour, city against city, and Kingdom against Kingdom, and the Spirit +of _Egypt_ shall fail.--And the _Egyptians_ will I give over into the hand +of a cruel Lord _[viz. _Asserhadon_]_ and a fierce King shall Reign over +them.--Surely the Princes of _Zoan_ _[Tanis]_ are fools, the counsel of the +wise Councellors of _Pharaoh_ is become brutish: how long say ye unto +_Pharaoh_, I am the son of the ancient Kings.--The Princes of _Zoan_ are be +come fools: the Princes of _Noph_ _[Memphis]_ are deceived,--even they that +were the stay of the tribes thereof.--In that day there shall be a high-way +out of _Egypt_ into _Assyria_, and the _Egyptians_ shall serve the +_Assyrians__. + +After the death of _Asserhadon_, _Egypt_ remained subject to twelve +contemporary Kings, who revolted from the _Assyrians_, and Reigned together +fifteen years; including I think the three years of _Asserhadon_, because +the _Egyptians_ do not reckon him among their Kings. They [341] built the +Labyrinth adjoining to the Lake of _Moeris_ which was a very magnificent +structure, with twelve Halls in it, for their Palaces: and then +_Psammitichus_, who was one of the twelve, conquered all the rest. He built +the last Portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_, founded by _Menes_ about 260 +years before, and Reigned 54 years, including the fifteen years of his +Reign with the twelve Kings. Then Reigned _Nechaoh_ or _Nechus_, 17 years; +_Psammis_ six years; _Vaphres_, _Apries_, _Eraphius_, or _Hophra_, 25 +years; _Amasis_ 44 years; and _Psammenitus_ six months, according to +_Herodotus_. _Egypt_ was subdued by _Nebuchadnezzar_ in the last year but +one of _Hophra_, _Anno Nabonass._ 178, and remained in subjection to +_Babylon_ forty years, _Jer._ xliv. 30. & _Ezek._ xxix. 12, 13, 14, 17, 19. +that is, almost all the Reign of _Amasis_, a plebeian set over _Egypt_ by +the conqueror: the forty years ended with the death of _Cyrus_; for he +Reigned over _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_, according to _Xenophon_. At that time +therefore those nations recovered their liberty; but after four or five +years more they were invaded and conquered by _Cambyses_, _Anno Nabonass._ +223 or 224, and have almost ever since remained in servitude, as was +predicted by the Prophets. + +The Reigns of _Psammitichus_, _Nechus_, _Psammis_, _Apries_, _Amasis_, and +_Psammenitus_, set down by _Herodotus_, amount unto 1461/2 years: and so many +years there were from the 78th year of _Nabonassar_, in which the dominion +of the _Ethiopians_ over _Egypt_ came to an end, unto the 224th year of +_Nabonassar_, in which _Cambyses_ invaded _Egypt_, and put an end to that +Kingdom: which is an argument that _Herodotus_ was circumspect and faithful +in his narrations, and has given us a good account of the antiquities of +_Egypt_, so far as the Priests of _Egypt_ at _Thebes_, _Memphis_, and +_Heliopolis_, and the _Carians_ and _Ionians_ inhabiting _Egypt_, were then +able to inform him: for he consulted them all; and the _Cares_ and +_Ionians_ had been in _Egypt_ from the time of the Reign of the twelve +contemporary Kings. + +_Pliny_ [342] tells us, that the _Egyptian_ Obelisks were of a sort of +stone dug near _Syene_ in _Thebais_, and that the first Obelisk was made by +_Mitres_, who Reigned in _Heliopolis_; that is, by _Mephres_ the +predecessor of _Misphragmuthosis_; and that afterwards other Kings made +others: _Sochis_, that is _Sesochis_, or _Sesac_, four, each of 48 cubits +in length; _Ramises_, that is _Ramesses_, two; _Smarres_, that is _Moeris_, +one of 48 cubits in length; _Eraphius_, or _Hophra_, one of 48; and +_Nectabis_, or _Nectenabis_, one of 80. _Mephres_ therefore extended his +dominion over all the upper _Egypt_, from _Syene_ to _Heliopolis_, and +after him, _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_, Reigned _Ammon_ and _Sesac_, +who erected the first great Empire in the world: and these four, _Amosis_, +_Ammon_, _Sesac_, and _Orus_, Reigned in the four ages of the great Gods of +_Egypt_; and _Amenophis_ was the _Menes_ who Reigned next after them: he +was Succeeded by _Ramesses_, and _Moeris_, and some time after by _Hophra_. + +_Diodorus_ [343] recites the same Kings of _Egypt_ with _Herodotus_, but in +a more confused order, and repeats some of them twice, or oftener, under +various names, and omits others: his Kings are these; _Jupiter Ammon_ and +_Juno_, _Osiris_ and _Isis_, _Horus_, _Menes_, _Busiris_ I, _Busiris_ II, +_Osymanduas_, _Uchoreus_, _Myris_, _Sesoosis_ I, _Sesoosis_ II, _Amasis_, +_Actisanes_, _Mendes_ or _Marrus_, _Proteus_, _Remphis_, _Chembis_, +_Cephren_, _Mycerinus_ or _Cherinus_, _Gnephacthus_, _Bocchoris_, +_Sabacon_, twelve contemporary Kings, _Psammitichus_, * * _Apries_, +_Amasis_. Here I take _Sesoosis_ I, and _Sesoosis_ II, _Busiris_ I, and +_Busiris_ II, to be the same Kings with _Osiris_ and _Orus_: also +_Osymanduas_ to be the same with _Amenophis_ or _Menes_: also _Amasis_, and +_Actisanes_, an _Ethiopian_ who conquered him, to be the same with _Anysis_ +and _Sabacon_ in _Herodotus_: and _Uchoreus_, _Mendes_, _Marrus_, and +_Myris_, to be only several names of one and the same King. Whence the +catalogue of _Diodorus_ will be reduced to this: _Jupiter Ammon_ and +_Juno_; _Osiris_, _Busiris_ or _Sesoosis_, and _Isis_; _Horus_, _Busiris_ +II, or _Sesoosis_ II; _Menes_, or _Osymanduas_; _Proteus_; _Remphis_ or +_Ramesses_; _Uchoreus_, _Mendes_, _Marrus_, or _Myris_; _Chembis_ or +_Cheops_; _Cephren_; _Mycerinus_; * * _Gnephacthus_; _Bocchoris_; _Amasis_, +or _Anysis_; _Actisanes_, or _Sabacon_; * twelve contemporary Kings; +_Psammitichus_; * * _Apries_; _Amasis_: to which, if in their proper places +you add _Nitocris_, _Asychis_, _Sethon_, _Nechus_, and _Psammis,_ you will +have the catalogue of _Herodotus_. + +The Dynasties of _Manetho_ and _Eratosthenes_ seem to be filled with many +such names of Kings as _Herodotus_ omitted: when it shall be made appear +that any of them Reigned in _Egypt_ after the expulsion of the Shepherds, +and were different from the Kings described above, they may be inserted in +their proper places. + +_Egypt_ was conquered by the _Ethiopians_ under _Sabacon_, about the +beginning of the _AEra_ of _Nabonassar_, or perhaps three or four years +before, that is, about three hundred years before _Herodotus_ wrote his +history; and about eighty years after that conquest, it was conquered again +by the _Assyrians_ under _Asserhadon_: and the history of _Egypt_ set down +by _Herodotus_ from the time of this last conquest, is right both as to the +number, and order, and names of the Kings, and as to the length of their +Reigns: and therein he is now followed by historians, being the only author +who hath given us so good a history of _Egypt_, for that interval of time. +If his history of the earlier times be less accurate, it was because the +archives of _Egypt_ had suffered much during the Reign of the _Ethiopians_ +and _Assyrians_: and it is not likely that the Priests of _Egypt_, who +lived two or three hundred years after the days of _Herodotus_, could mend +the matter: on the contrary, after _Cambyses_ had carried away the records +of _Egypt_, the Priests were daily feigning new Kings, to make their Gods +and nation look ancient; as is manifest by comparing _Herodotus_ with +_Diodorus Siculus_, and both of them with what _Plato_ relates out of the +Poem of _Solon_: which Poem makes the wars of the great Gods of _Egypt_ +against the _Greeks_, to have been in the days of _Cecrops_, _Erechtheus_ +and _Erichthonius_, and a little before those of _Theseus_; these Gods at +that time instituting Temples and Sacred Rites to themselves. I have +therefore chosen to rely upon the stories related to _Herodotus_ by the +Priests of _Egypt_ in those days, and corrected by the Poem of _Solon_, so +as to make these Gods of _Egypt_ no older than _Cecrops_ and _Erechtheus_, +and their successor _Menes_ no older than _Theseus_ and _Memnon_, and the +Temple of _Vulcan_ not above 280 years in building: rather than to correct +_Herodotus_ by _Manetho_, _Eratosthenes_, _Diodorus_, and others, who lived +after the Priests of _Egypt_ had corrupted their Antiquities much more than +they had done in the days of _Herodotus_. + + * * * * * + +CHAP. III. + +_Of the _ASSYRIAN_ Empire._ + +As the Gods or ancient Deified Kings and Princes of _Greece_, _Egypt_, and +_Syria_ of _Damascus_, have been made much ancienter than the truth, so +have those of _Chaldaea_ and _Assyria_: for _Diodorus_ [344] tells us, that +when _Alexander_ the great was in _Asia_, the _Chaldaeans_ reckoned 473000 +years since they first began to observe the Stars; and _Ctesias_, and the +ancient _Greek_ and _Latin_ writers who copy from him, have made the +_Assyrian_ Empire as old as _Noah_'s flood within 60 or 70 years, and tell +us the names of all the Kings of _Assyria_ downwards, from _Belus_ and his +feigned son _Ninus_, to _Sardanapalus_ the last King of that Monarchy: but +the names of his Kings, except two or three, have no affinity with the +names of the _Assyrians_ mentioned in Scripture; for the _Assyrians_ were +usually named after their Gods, _Bel_ or _Pul_; _Chaddon_, _Hadon_, _Adon_, +or _Adonis_; _Melech_ or _Moloch_; _Atsur_ or _Assur_; _Nebo_; _Nergal_; +_Merodach_: as in these names, _Pul_, _Tiglath-Pul-Assur_, _Salman-Assur_, +_Adra-Melech_, _Shar-Assur_, _Assur-Hadon_, _Sardanapalus_ or +_Assur-Hadon-Pul_, _Nabonassar_ or _Nebo-Adon-Assur_, _Bel Adon_, +_Chiniladon_ or _Chen-El-Adon_, _Nebo-Pul-Assur_, _Nebo-Chaddon-Assur_, +_Nebuzaradon_ or _Nebo-Assur-Adon_, _Nergal-Assur_, _Nergal-Shar-Assur_, +_Labo-Assur-dach_, _Sheseb-Assur_, _Beltes-Assur_, _Evil-Merodach_, +_Shamgar-Nebo_, _Rabsaris_ or _Rab-Assur_, _Nebo-Shashban_, _Mardocempad_ +or _Merodach-Empad_. Such were the _Assyrian_ names; but those in _Ctesias_ +are of another sort, except _Sardanapalus_, whose name he had met with in +_Herodotus_. He makes _Semiramis_ as old as the first _Belus_; but +_Herodotus_ tells us, that she was but five Generations older than the +mother of _Labynetus_: he represents that the city _Ninus_ was founded by a +man of the same name, and _Babylon_ by _Semiramis_; whereas either _Nimrod_ +or _Assur_ founded those and other cities, without giving his own name to +any of them: he makes the _Assyrian_ Empire continue about 1360 years, +whereas _Herodotus_ tells us that it lasted only 500 years, and the numbers +of _Herodotus_ concerning those ancient times are all of them too long: he +makes _Nineveh_ destroyed by the _Medes_ and _Babylonians_, three hundred +years before the Reign of _Astibares_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ who destroyed +it, and sets down the names of seven or eight feigned Kings of _Media_, +between the destruction of _Nineveh_ and the Reigns of _Astibares_ and +_Nebuchadnezzar_, as if the Empire of the _Medes_, erected upon the ruins +of the _Assyrian_ Empire, had lasted 300 years, whereas it lasted but 72: +and the true Empire of the _Assyrians_ described in Scripture, whose Kings +were _Pul_, _Tiglath-pilesar_, _Shalmaneser_, _Sennacherib_, _Asserhadon_, +&c. he mentions not, tho' much nearer to his own times; which shews that he +was ignorant of the antiquities of the _Assyrians_. Yet something of truth +there is in the bottom of some of his stories, as there uses to be in +Romances; as, that _Nineveh_ was destroyed by the _Medes_ and +_Babylonians_; that _Sardanapalus_ was the last King of the _Assyrian_ +Empire; and that _Astibares_ and _Astyages_ were Kings of the _Medes_: but +he has made all things too ancient, and out of vainglory taken too great a +liberty in feigning names and stories to please his reader. + +When the _Jews_ were newly returned from the _Babylonian_ captivity, they +confessed their Sins in this manner, _Now therefore our God, ---- let not +all the trouble seem little before thee that hath come upon us, on our +Kings, on our Princes, and on our Priests, and on our Prophets, and on our +fathers, and on all thy people, since the time of the Kings of _Assyria_, +unto this day_; _Nehem._ ix. 32. that is, since the time of the Kingdom of +_Assyria_, or since the rise of that Empire; and therefore the _Assyrian_ +Empire arose when the Kings of _Assyria_ began to afflict the inhabitants +of _Palestine_; which was in the days of _Pul_: he and his successors +afflicted _Israel_, and conquered the nations round about them; and upon +the ruin of many small and ancient Kingdoms erected their Empire, +conquering the _Medes_ as well as other nations: but of these conquests +_Ctesias_ knew not a word, no not so much as the names of the conquerors, +or that there was an _Assyrian_ Empire then standing; for he supposes that +the _Medes_ Reigned at that time, and that the _Assyrian_ Empire was at an +end above 250 years before it began. + +However we must allow that _Nimrod_ founded a Kingdom at _Babylon_, and +perhaps extended it into _Assyria_: but this Kingdom was but of small +extent, if compared with the Empires which rose up afterwards; being only +within the fertile plains of _Chaldaea_, _Chalonitis_ and _Assyria_, watered +by the _Tigris_ and _Euphrates_: and if it had been greater, yet it was but +of short continuance, it being the custom in those early ages for every +father to divide his territories amongst his sons. So _Noah_ was King of +all the world, and _Cham_ was King of all _Afric_, and _Japhet_ of all +_Europe_ and _Asia minor_; but they left no standing Kingdoms. After the +days of _Nimrod_, we hear no more of an _Assyrian_ Empire 'till the days of +_Pul_. The four Kings who in the days of _Abraham_ invaded the southern +coast of _Canaan_ came from the countries where _Nimrod_ had Reigned, and +perhaps were some of his posterity who had shared his conquests. In the +time of the Judges of _Israel_, _Mesopotamia_ was under its own King, +_Judg._ iii. 8. and the King of _Zobah_ Reigned on both sides of the River +_Euphrates_ 'till _David_ conquered him, 2 _Sam._ viii, and x. The Kingdoms +of _Israel_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, _Edom_, _Philistia_, _Zidon_, _Damascus_, and +_Hamath_ the great, continued subject to other Lords than the _Assyrians_ +'till the days of _Pul_ and his successors; and so did the house of _Eden_, +_Amos_ i. 5. 2 _Kings_ xix. 12. and _Haran_ or _Carrhae_, _Gen._ xii. 2 +_Kings_ xix. 12. and _Sepharvaim_ in _Mesopotamia_, and _Calneh_ near +_Bagdad_, _Gen._ x. 10, _Isa._ x. 9, 2 _Kings_ xvii. 31. _Sesac_ and +_Memnon_ were great conquerors, and Reigned over _Chaldaea_, _Assyria_, and +_Persia_, but in their histories there is not a word of any opposition made +to them by an _Assyrian_ Empire then standing: on the contrary, _Susiana_, +_Media_, _Persia_, _Bactria_, _Armenia_, _Cappadocia_, &c. were conquered +by them, and continued subject to the Kings of _Egypt_ 'till after the long +Reign of _Ramesses_ the son of _Memnon_, as above. + +_Homer_ mentions _Bacchus_ and _Memnon_ Kings of _Egypt_ and _Persia_, but +knew nothing of an _Assyrian_ Empire. _Jonah_ prophesied when _Israel_ was +in affliction under the King of _Syria_, and this was in the latter part of +the Reign of _Jehoahaz_, and first part of the Reign of _Joash_, Kings of +_Israel_, and I think in the Reign of _Moeris_ the successor of _Ramesses_ +King of _Egypt_, and about sixty years before the Reign of _Pul_; and +_Nineveh_ was then a city of large extent, but full of pastures for cattle, +so that it contained but about 120000 persons. It was not yet grown so +great and potent as not to be terrified at the preaching of _Jonah_, and to +fear being invaded by its neighbours and ruined within forty days: it had +some time before got free from the dominion of _Egypt_, and had got a King +of its own; but its King was not yet called King of _Assyria_, but only +King of _Nineveh_, _Jonah_ iii. 6, 7. and his proclamation for a fast was +not published in several nations, nor in all _Assyria_, but only in +_Nineveh_, and perhaps in the villages thereof; but soon after, when the +dominion of _Nineveh_ was established at home, and exalted over all +_Assyria_ properly so called, and this Kingdom began to make war upon the +neighbouring nations, its Kings were no longer called Kings of _Nineveh_ +but began to be called Kings of _Assyria_. + +_Amos_ prophesied in the Reign of _Jeroboam_ the Son of _Joash_ King of +_Israel_, soon after _Jeroboam_ had subdued the Kingdoms of _Damascus_ and +_Hamath_, that is, about ten or twenty years before the Reign of _Pul_: and +he [345] thus reproves _Israel_ for being lifted up by those conquests; _Ye +which rejoyce in a thing of nought, which say, have we not taken to us +horns by our strength? But behold I will raise up against you a nation, O +house of _Israel_, saith the Lord the God of Hosts, and they shall afflict +you from the entring in of _Hamath_ unto the river of the wilderness_. God +here threatens to raise up a nation against _Israel_; but what nation he +names not; that he conceals 'till the _Assyrians_ should appear and +discover it. In the prophesies of _Isaiah_, _Jeremiah_, _Ezekiel_, _Hosea_, +_Micah_, _Nahum_, _Zephaniah_ and _Zechariah_, which were written after the +Monarchy grew up, it is openly named upon all occasions; but in this of +_Amos_ not once, tho' the captivity of _Israel_ and _Syria_ be the subject +of the prophesy, and that of _Israel_ be often threatned: he only saith in +general that _Syria_ should go into captivity unto _Kir_, and that +_Israel_, notwithstanding her present greatness, should go into captivity +beyond _Damascus_; and that God would raise up a nation to afflict them: +meaning that he would raise up above them from a lower condition, a nation +whom they yet feared not: for so the _Hebrew_ word [Hebrew: mqm] signifies +when applied to men, as in _Amos_ v. 2. 1 _Sam._ xii. 11. _Psal._ cxiii. 7. +_Jer._ x. 20. l. 32. _Hab._ i. 6. _Zech._ xi. 16. As _Amos_ names not the +_Assyrians_; at the writing of this prophecy they made no great figure in +the world, but were to be raised up against _Israel_, and by consequence +rose up in the days of _Pul_ and his successors: for after _Jeroboam_ had +conquered _Damascus_ and _Hamath_, his successor _Menahem_ destroyed +_Tiphsah_ with its territories upon _Euphrates_, because they opened not to +him: and therefore _Israel_ continued in its greatness 'till _Pul_, +probably grown formidable by some victories, caused _Menahem_ to buy his +peace. _Pul_ therefore Reigning presently after the prophesy of _Amos_, and +being the first upon record who began to fulfill it, may be justly reckoned +the first conqueror and founder of this Empire. For _God stirred up the +spirit of _Pul_, and the spirit of _Tiglath-pileser_ King of _Assyria__, 1 +_Chron._ v. 20. + +The same Prophet _Amos_, in prophesying against _Israel_, threatned them in +this manner, with what had lately befallen other Kingdoms: _Pass ye_, [346] +saith he, _unto _Calneh_ and see, and from thence go ye to _Hamath_ the +great, then go down to _Gath_ of the _Philistims_. Be they better than +these Kingdoms?_ These Kingdoms were not yet conquered by the _Assyrians_, +except that of _Calneh_ or _Chalonitis_ upon _Tigris_, between _Babylon_ +and _Nineveh_. _Gath_ was newly vanquished [347] by _Uzziah_ King of +_Judah_, and _Hamath_ [348] by _Jeroboam_ King of _Israel_: and while the +Prophet, in threatning _Israel_ with the _Assyrians_, instances in +desolations made by other nations, and mentions no other conquest of the +_Assyrians_ than that of _Chalonitis_ near _Nineveh_; it argues that the +King of _Nineveh_ was now beginning his conquests, and had not yet made any +great progress in that vast career of victories, which we read of a few +years after. + +For about seven years after the captivity of the ten Tribes, when +_Sennacherib_ warred in _Syria_, which was in the 16th Olympiad, he [349] +sent this message to the King of _Judah_: _Behold, thou hast heard that the +Kings of _Assyria_ have done to all Lands by destroying them utterly, and +shalt thou be delivered? Have the Gods of the nations delivered them which +the Gods of my fathers have destroyed, as _Gozan_ and _Haran_ and _Reseph_, +and the children of _Eden_ which were in _[the Kingdom of] Thelasar_? Where +is the King of _Hamath_, and the King of _Arpad_, and the King of the city +of _Sepharvaim_, and of _Hena_ and _Ivah__? And _Isaiah_ [350] thus +introduceth the King of _Assyria_ boasting: _Are not my Princes altogether +as Kings? Is not _Calno [or _Calneh_]_ as _Carchemish_? Is not _Hamath_ as +_Arpad_? Is not _Samaria_ as _Damascus_? As my hand hath found the Kingdoms +of the Idols, and whose graven Images did excel them of _Jerusalem_ and of +_Samaria_; shall I not as I have done unto _Samaria_ and her Idols, so do +to _Jerusalem_ and her Idols?_ All this desolation is recited as fresh in +memory to terrify the _Jews_, and these Kingdoms reach to the borders of +_Assyria_, and to shew the largeness of the conquests they are called _all +lands_, that is, all round about _Assyria_. It was the custom of the Kings +of _Assyria_, for preventing the rebellion of people newly conquered, to +captivate and transplant those of several countries into one another's +lands, and intermix them variously: and thence it appears [351] that +_Halah_, and _Habor_, and _Hara_, and _Gozan_, and the cities of the +_Medes_ into which _Galilee_ and _Samaria_ were transplanted; and _Kir_ +into which _Damascus_ was transplanted; and _Babylon_ and _Cuth_ or the +_Susanchites_, and _Hamath_, and _Ava_, and _Sepharvaim_, and the +_Dinaites_, and the _Apharsachites_, and the _Tarpelites_, and the +_Archevites_, and the _Dehavites_, and the _Elamites_, or _Persians_, part +of all which nations were led captive by _Asserhadon_ and his predecessors +into _Samaria_; were all of them conquered by the _Assyrians_ not long +before. + +In these conquests are involved on the west and south side of _Assyria_, +the Kingdoms of _Mesopotamia_, whose royal seats were _Haran_ or _Carrhae_, +and _Carchemish_ or _Circutium_, and _Sepharvaim_, a city upon _Euphrates_, +between _Babylon_ and _Nineveh_, called _Sipparae_ by _Berosus_, _Abydenus_, +and _Polyhistor_, and _Sipphara_ by _Ptolomy_; and the Kingdoms of _Syria_ +seated at _Samaria_, _Damascus_, _Gath_, _Hamath_, _Arpad_, and _Reseph_, a +city placed by _Ptolomy_ near _Thapsacus_: on the south side and south east +side were _Babylon_ and _Calneh_, or _Calno_, a city which was founded by +_Nimrod_, where _Bagdad_ now stands, and gave the name of _Chalonitis_ to a +large region under its government; and _Thelasar_ or _Talatha_, a city of +the children of _Eden_, placed by _Ptolomy_ in _Babylonia_, upon the common +stream of _Tigris_ and _Euphrates_, which was therefore the river of +Paradise; and the _Archevites_ at _Areca_ or _Erech_, a city built by +_Nimrod_ on the east side of _Pasitigris_, between _Apamia_ and the +_Persian Gulph_; and the _Susanchites_ at _Cuth_, or _Susa_, the metropolis +of _Susiana_: on the east were _Elymais_, and some cities of the _Medes_, +and _Kir_, [352] a city and large region of _Media_, between _Elymais_, and +_Assyria_, called _Kirene_ by the _Chaldee_ Paraphrast and _Latin_ +Interpreter, and _Carine_ by _Ptolomy_: on the north-east were _Habor_ or +_Chaboras_, a mountainous region between _Assyria_ and _Media_; and the +_Apharsachites_, or men of _Arrapachitis_, a region originally peopled by +_Arphaxad_, and placed by _Ptolomy_ at the bottom of the mountains next +_Assyria_: and on the north between _Assyria_ and the _Gordiaean_ mountains +was _Halah_ or _Chalach_, the metropolis of _Calachene_: and beyond these +upon the _Caspian_ sea was _Gozan_, called _Gauzania_ by _Ptolomy_. Thus +did these new conquests extend every way from the province of _Assyria_ to +considerable distances, and make up the great body of that Monarchy: so +that well might the King of _Assyria_ boast how his armies had destroyed +all lands. All these nations [353] had 'till now their several Gods, and +each accounted his God the God of his own land, and the defender thereof, +against the Gods of the neighbouring countries, and particularly against +the Gods of _Assyria_; and therefore they were never 'till now united under +the _Assyrian_ Monarchy, especially since the King of _Assyria_ doth not +boast of their being conquered by the _Assyrians_ oftner than once: but +these being small Kingdoms the King of _Assyria_ easily overflowed them: +_Know ye not_, saith [354] _Sennacherib_ to the _Jews_, _what I and my +fathers have done unto all the People of other lands?--for no God of any +nation or kingdom was able to deliver his people out of mine hand, and out +of the hand of my fathers: how much less shall your God deliver you out of +mine hand?_ He and his fathers therefore, _Pul_, _Tiglath-pileser_, and +_Shalmaneser_, were great conquerors, and with a current of victories had +newly overflowed all nations round about _Assyria_, and thereby set up this +Monarchy. + +Between the Reigns of _Jeroboam_ II, and his son _Zachariah_, there was an +interregnum of about ten or twelve years in the Kingdom of _Israel_: and +the prophet _Hosea_ [355] in the time of that interregnum, or soon after, +mentions the King of _Assyria_ by the name of _Jareb_, and another +conqueror by the name of _Shalman_; and perhaps _Shalman_ might be the +first part of the name of _Shalmaneser_, and _Iareb_, or _Irib_, for it may +be read both ways, the last part of the name of his successor +_Sennacherib_: but whoever these Princes were, it appears not that they +Reigned before _Shalmaneser_. _Pul_, or _Belus_, seems to be the first who +carried on his conquests beyond the province of _Assyria_: he conquered +_Calneh_ with its territories in the Reign of _Jerboam_, _Amos_ i. 1. vi. +2. & _Isa._ x. 8, 9. and invaded _Israel_ in the Reign of _Menahem_, 2 +_King._ xv. 19. but stayed not in the land, being bought off by _Menahem_ +for a thousand talents of silver: in his Reign therefore the Kingdom of +_Assyria_ was advanced on this side _Tigris_: for he was a great warrior, +and seems to have conquered _Haran_, and _Carchemish_, and _Reseph_, and +_Calneh_, and _Thelasar_, and might found or enlarge the city of _Babylon_, +and build the old palace. + +_Herodotus_ tells us, that one of the gates of _Babylon_ was [356] called +the gate of _Semiramis_, and than she adorned the walls of the city, and +the Temple of _Belus_, and that she [357] was five Generations older than +_Nitocris_ the mother of _Labynitus_, or _Nabonnedus_, the last King of +_Babylon_; and therefore she flourished four Generations, or about 134 +years, before _Nebuchadnezzar_ , and by consequence in the Reign of +_Tiglath-pileser_ the successor of _Pul_: and the followers of _Ctesias_ +tell us, that she built _Babylon_, and was the widow of the son and +successor of _Belus_, the founder of the _Assyrian_ Empire; that is, the +widow of one of the sons of _Pul_: but [358] _Berosus_ a _Chaldaean_ blames +the _Greeks_ for ascribing the building of _Babylon_ to _Semiramis_; and +other authors ascribe the building of this city to _Belus_ himself, that is +to _Pul_; so _Curtius_ [359] tells us; _Semiramis Babylonem condiderat, vel +ut plerique credidere Belus, cujus regia ostenditur_: and _Abydenus_, who +had his history from the ancient monuments of the _Chaldaeans_, writes, +[360] [Greek: Legetai Belon Babylona teichei peribalein; toi chronoi de toi +ikneumenoi aphanisthenai. teichisai de authis Nabouchodonosoron, to mechri +tes Makedonion arches diameinan eon chalkopylon.] _'Tis reported that +_Belus_ compassed _Babylon_ with a wall, which in time was abolished: and +that _Nebuchadnezzar_ afterwards built a new wall with brazen gates, which +stood 'till the time of the _Macedonian_ Empire_: and so _Dorotheas_ [361] +an ancient Poet of _Sidon_; + + [Greek: Archaie Babylon, Tyriou Beloio polisma.] + _The ancient city _Babylon_ built by the _Tyrian Belus__; + +That is, by the _Syrian_ or _Assyrian_ _Belus_; the words _Tyrian_, +_Syrian_, and _Assyrian_, being anciently used promiscuously for one +another: _Herennius_ [362] tells us, that it was built by the son of +_Belus_; and this son might be _Nabonassar_. After the conquest of +_Calneh_, _Thelasar_, and _Sippare_, _Belus_ might seize _Chaldaea_, and +begin to build _Babylon_, and leave it to his younger son: for all the +Kings of _Babylon_ in the Canon of _Ptolemy_ are called _Assyrians_, and +_Nabonassar_ is the first of them: and _Nebuchadnezzar_ [363] reckoned +himself descended from _Belus_, that is, from the _Assyrian_ _Pul_: and the +building of _Babylon_ is ascribed to the _Assyrians_ by [364] _Isaiah_: +_Behold_, saith he, _the land of the _Chaldeans_: This people was not 'till +the _Assyrian_ founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness, _[that is, +for the _Arabians_.]_ They set up the towers thereof, they raised up the +palaces thereof_. From all this it seems therefore that _Pul_ founded the +walls and the palaces of _Babylon_, and left the city with the province of +_Chaldaea_ to his younger son _Nabonassar_; and that _Nabonassar_ finished +what his father began, and erected the Temple of _Jupiter Belus_ to his +father: and that _Semiramis_ lived in those days, and was the Queen of +_Nabonassar_, because one of the gates of _Babylon_ was called the gate of +_Semiramis_, as _Herodotus_ affirms: but whether she continued to Reign +there after her husband's death may be doubted. + +_Pul_ therefore was succeeded at _Nineveh_ by his elder son +_Tiglath-pileser_, at the same time that he left _Babylon_ to his younger +son _Nabonassar_. _Tiglath-pileser_, the second King of _Assyria_, warred +in _Phoenicia_, and captivated _Galilee_ with the two Tribes and an half, +in the days of _Pekah_ King of _Israel_, and placed them in _Halah_, and +_Habor_, and _Hara_, and at the river _Gozan_, places lying on the western +borders of _Media_, between _Assyria_ and the _Caspian_ sea, 2 _King._ xv. +29, &: 1 _Chron._ v. 26. and about the fifth or sixth year of _Nabonassar_, +he came to the assistance of the King of _Judah_ against the Kings of +_Israel_ and _Syria_, and overthrew the Kingdom of _Syria_, which had been +seated at _Damascus_ ever since the days of King _David_, and carried away +the _Syrians_ to _Kir_ in _Media_, as _Amos_ had prophesied, and placed +other nations in the regions of _Damascus_, 2 _King._ xv. 37, & xvi. 5, 9. +_Amos_ i. 5. _Joseph. Antiq._ l. 9. c. 13. whence it seems that the _Medes_ +were conquered before, and that the Empire of the _Assyrians_ was now grown +great: for _the God of _Israel_ stirred up the spirit of _Pul_ King of +_Assyria_, and the spirit of _Tiglath-pileser_ King of _Assyria__ to make +war, 1 _Chron._ v. 26. + +_Shalmaneser_ or _Salmanasser_, called _Enemessar_ by _Tobit_, invaded +[365] all _Phoenicia_, took the city of _Samaria_, and captivated _Israel_, +and placed them in _Chalach_ and _Chabor_, by the river _Gozan_, and in the +cities of the _Medes_; and _Hosea_ [366] seems to say that he took +_Arbela_: and his successor _Sennacherib_ said that his fathers had +conquered also _Gozan_, and _Haran_ or _Carrhae_, and _Reseph_ or _Resen_, +and the children of _Eden_, and _Arpad_ or the _Aradii_, 2 _King._ xix. 12. + +_Sennacherib_ the son of _Shalmaneser_ in the 14th year of _Hezekiah_ +invaded _Phoenicia_, and took several cities of _Judah_, and attempted +_Egypt_; and _Sethon_ or _Sevechus_ King of _Egypt_ and _Tirhakah_ King of +_Ethiopia_ coming against him, he lost in one night 185000 men, as some say +by a plague, or perhaps by lightning, or a fiery wind which blows sometimes +in the neighbouring deserts, or rather by being surprised by _Sethon_ and +_Tirhakah_: for the _Egyptians_ in memory of this action erected a statue +to _Sethon_, holding in his hand a mouse, the _Egyptian_ symbol of +destruction. Upon this defeat _Sennacherib_ returned in haste to _Nineveh_, +and [367] his Kingdom became troubled, so that _Tobit_ could not go into +_Media_, the _Medes_ I think at this time revolting: and he was soon after +slain by two of his sons who fled into _Armenia_, and his son _Asserhadon_ +succeeded him. At that time did _Merodach Baladan_ or _Mardocempad_ King of +_Babylon_ send an embassy to _Hezekiah_ King of _Judah_. + +_Asserhadon_, [368] called _Sarchedon_ by _Tobit_, _Asordan_ by the LXX, +and _Assaradin_ in _Ptolomy_'s Canon, began his Reign at _Nineveh_, in the +year of _Nabonassar_ 42; and in the year 68 extended it over _Babylon_: +then he carried the remainder of the _Samaritans_ into captivity, and +peopled _Samaria_ with captives brought from several parts of his Kingdom, +the _Dinaites_, the _Apharsachites_, the _Tarpelites_, the _Apharsites_, +the _Archevites_, the _Babylonians_, the _Susanchites_, the _Dehavites_, +the _Elamites_, _Ezra_ iv. 2, 9. and therefore he Reigned over all these +nations. _Pekah_ and _Rezin_ Kings of _Samaria_ and _Damascus_, invaded +_Judaea_ in the first year of _Ahaz_, and within 65 years after, that is in +the 21st year of _Manasseh_, _Anno Nabonass._ 69, _Samaria_ by this +captivity ceased to be a people, _Isa._ vii. 8. Then _Asserhadon_ invaded +_Judaea_, took _Azoth_, carried _Manasseh_ captive to _Babylon_, and [369] +captivated also _Egypt_, _Thebais_, and _Ethiopia_ above _Thebais_: and by +this war he seems to have put an end to the Reign of the _Ethiopians_ over +_Egypt_, in the year of _Nabonassar_ 77 or 78. + +In the Reign of _Sennacherib_ and _Asserhadon_, the _Assyrian_ Empire seems +arrived at its greatness, being united under one Monarch, and containing +_Assyria_, _Media_, _Apolloniatis_, _Susiana_, _Chaldaea_, _Mesopotamia_, +_Cilicia_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_, _Egypt_, _Ethiopia_, and part of _Arabia_, +and reaching eastward into _Elymais_, and _Paraetacene_, a province of the +_Medes_: and if _Chalach_ and _Chabor_ be _Colchis_ and _Iberia_, as some +think, and as may seem probable from the circumcision used by those nations +'till the days of _Herodotus_, we are also to add these two Provinces, with +the two _Armenia's_, _Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_, as far as to the river +_Halys_: for [370] _Herodotus_ tells us, that the people of _Cappadocia_ as +far as to that river were called _Syrians_ by the _Greeks_, both before and +after the days or _Cyrus_, and that the _Assyrians_ were also called +_Syrians_ by the _Greeks_. + +Yet the _Medes_ revolted from the _Assyrians_ in the latter end of the +Reign of _Sennacherib_, I think upon the slaughter of his army near _Egypt_ +and his flight to _Nineveh_: for at that time the estate of _Sennacherib_ +was troubled, so that _Tobit_ could not go into _Media_ as he had done +before, _Tobit_ i. 15. and some time after, _Tobit_ advised his son to go +into _Media_ where he might expect peace, while _Nineveh_, according to the +prophesy of _Jonah_, should be destroyed. _Ctesias_ wrote that _Arbaces_ a +_Mede_ being admitted to see _Sardanapalus_ in his palace, and observing +his voluptuous life amongst women, revolted with the _Medes_, and in +conjunction with _Belesis_ a _Babylonian_ overcame him, and caused him to +set fire to his palace and burn himself: but he is contradicted by other +authors of better credit; for _Duris_ and [371] many others wrote that +_Arbaces_ upon being admitted into the palace of _Sardanapalus_, and seeing +his effeminate life, slew himself; and _Cleitarchus_, that _Sardanapalus_ +died of old age, after he had lost his dominion over _Syria_: he lost it by +the revolt of the western nations; and _Herodotus_ [372] tells us, that the +_Medes_ revolted first, and defended their liberty by force of arms against +the _Assyrians_, without conquering them; and at their first revolting had +no King, but after some time set up _Dejoces_ over them, and built +_Ecbatane_ for his residence; and that _Dejoces_ Reigned only over _Media_, +and had a peaceable Reign of 54 years, but his son and successor +_Phraortes_ made war upon his neighbours, and conquered _Persia_; and that +the _Syrians_ also, and other western nations, at length revolted from the +_Assyrians_, being encouraged thereunto by the example of the _Medes_; and +that after the revolt of the western nations, _Phraortes_ invaded the +_Assyrians_, but was slain by them in that war, after he had Reigned twenty +and two years. He was succeeded by _Astyages_. + +Now _Asserhadon_ seems to be the _Sardanapalus_ who died of old age after +the revolt of _Syria_, the name _Sardanapalus_ being derived from +_Asserhadon-Pul_. _Sardanapalus_ was the [373] son of _Anacyndaraxis_, +_Cyndaraxis_, or _Anabaxaris_, King of _Assyria_; and this name seems to +have been corruptly written for _Sennacherib_ the father of _Asserhadon_. +_Sardanapalus_ built _Tarsus_ and _Anchiale_ in one day, and therefore +Reigned over _Cilicia_, before the revolt of the western nations: and if he +be the same King with _Asserhadon_, he was succeeded by _Saosduchinus_ in +the year of _Nabonassar_ 81; and by this revolution _Manasseh_ was set at +liberty to return home and fortify _Jerusalem_: and the _Egyptians_ also, +after the _Assyrians_ had harrassed _Egypt_ and _Ethiopia_ three years, +_Isa._ xx. 3, 4. were set at liberty, and continued under twelve +contemporary Kings of their own nation, as above. The _Assyrians_ invaded +and conquered the _Egyptians_ the first of the three years, and Reigned +over them two years more: and these two years are the interregnum which +_Africanus_, from _Manetho_, places next before the twelve Kings. The +_Scythians_ of _Touran_ or _Turquestan_ beyond the river _Oxus_ began in +those days to infest _Persia_, and by one of their inroads might give +occasion to the revolt of the western nations. + +In the year of _Nabonassar_ 101, _Saosduchinus_, after a Reign of twenty +years, was succeeded at _Babylon_ by _Chyniladon_, and I think at _Nineveh_ +also, for I take _Chyniladon_ to be that _Nabuchodonosor_ who is mentioned +in the book of _Judith_; for the history of that King suits best with these +times: for there it is said that __Nabuchodonosor_ King of the _Assyrians_ +who Reigned at _Nineveh_, that great city, in the twelfth year of his Reign +made war upon _Arphaxad_ King of the _Medes__, and was then left alone by a +defection of the auxiliary nations of _Cilicia_, _Damascus_, _Syria_, +_Phoenicia_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, and _Egypt_; and without their help routed +the army of the _Medes_, and slew _Arphaxad_: and _Arphaxad_ is there said +to have built _Ecbatane_ and therefore was either _Dejoces_, or his son +_Phraortes_, who might finish the city founded by his father: and +_Herodotus_ [374] tells the same story of a King of _Assyria_, who routed +the _Medes_, and slew their King _Phraortes_; and saith that in the time of +this war the _Assyrians_ were left alone by the defection of the auxiliary +nations, being otherwise in good condition: _Arphaxad_ was therefore the +_Phraortes_ of _Herodotus_, and by consequence was slain near the beginning +of the Reign of _Josiah_: for this war was made after _Phoenicia_, _Moab_, +_Ammon_, and _Egypt_ had been conquered and revolted, _Judith_ i. 7, 8, 9. +and by consequence after the Reign of _Asserhadon_ who conquered them: it +was made when the _Jews_ were newly returned from captivity, _and the +Vessels and Altar and Temple were sanctified after the profanation_, +_Judith_ iv. 3. that is soon after _Manasseh_ their King had been carried +captive to _Babylon_ by _Asserhadon_; and upon the death of that King, or +some other change in the _Assyrian_ Empire, had been released with the +_Jews_ from that captivity, and had repaired the Altar, and restored the +sacrifices and worship of the Temple, 2 _Chron._ xxxiii. 11, 16. In the +_Greek_ version of the book of _Judith_, chap. v. 18. it is said, that _the +Temple of God was cast to the ground_; but this is not said in _Jerom_'s +version; and in the _Greek_ version, chap. iv. 3, and chap. xvi. 20, it is +said, that _the vessels, and the altar, and the house were sanctified after +the prophanation_, and in both versions, chap. iv. 11, the Temple is +represented standing. + +After this war _Nabuchodonosor_ King of _Assyria_, in the 13th year of his +Reign, according to the version of _Jerom_, sent his captain _Holofernes_ +with a great army to avenge himself on all the west country; because they +had disobeyed his commandment: and _Holofernes_ went forth with an army of +12000 horse, and 120000 foot of _Assyrians_, _Medes_ and _Persians_, and +reduced _Cilicia_, _Mesopotamia_, and _Syria_, and _Damascus_, and part of +_Arabia_, and _Ammon_, and _Edom_, and _Madian_, and then came against +_Judaea_: and this was done when the government was in the hands of the +High-Priest and Antients of _Israel_, _Judith_ iv. 8. and vii. 23. and by +consequence not in the Reign of _Manasseh_ or _Amon_, but when _Josiah_ was +a child. In times of prosperity the children of _Israel_ were apt to go +after false Gods, and in times of affliction to repent and turn to the +Lord. So _Manasseh_ a very wicked King, being captivated by the +_Assyrians_, repented; and being released from captivity restored the +worship of the true God: So when we are told that _Josiah in the eighth +year of his Reign, while he was yet young, began to seek after the God of +_David_ his father, and in the twelfth year of his Reign began to purge +_Judah_ and _Jerusalem_ from Idolatry, and to destroy the High Places, and +Groves, and Altars and Images of Baalim_, 2 _Chron_. xxxiv. 3. we may +understand that these acts of religion were occasioned by impending +dangers, and escapes from danger. When _Holofernes_ came against the +western nations, and spoiled them, then were the _Jews_ terrified, and they +fortified _Judaea_, and _cryed unto God with great fervency, and humbled +themselves in sackcloth, and put ashes on their heads, and cried unto the +God of _Israel_ that he would not give their wives and their children and +cities for a prey, and the Temple for a profanation: and the High-priest, +and all the Priests put on sackcloth and ashes, and offered daily burnt +offerings with vows and free gifts of the people_, _Judith_ iv. and then +began _Josiah_ to seek after the God of his father _David_: and after +_Judith_ had slain _Holofernes_, and the _Assyrians_ were fled, and the +_Jews_ who pursued them were returned to _Jerusalem_, _they worshipped the +Lord, and offered burnt offerings and gifts, and continued feasting before +the sanctuary for the space of three months_, _Judith_ xvi. 18, and then +did _Josiah_ purge _Judah_ and _Jerusalem_ from Idolatry. Whence it seems +to me that the eighth year of _Josiah_ fell in with the fourteenth or +fifteenth of _Nabuchodonosor_, and that the twelfth year of +_Nabuchodonosor_, in which _Phraortes_ was slain, was the fifth or sixth of +_Josiah_. _Phraortes_ Reigned 22 years according to _Herodotus_, and +therefore succeeded his father _Dejoces_ about the 40th year of _Manasseh_, +_Anno Nabonass._ 89, and was slain by the _Assyrians_, and succeeded by +_Astyages_, _Anno Nabonass._ 111. _Dejoces_ Reigned 53 years according to +_Herodotus_, and these years began in the 16th year of _Hezekiah_; which +makes it probable that the _Medes_ dated them from the time of their +revolt: and according to all this reckoning, the Reign of _Nabuchodonosor_ +fell in with that of _Chyniladon_; which makes it probable that they were +but two names of one and the same King. + +Soon after the death of _Phraortes_ [375] the _Scythians_ under _Madyes_ or +_Medus_ invaded _Media_, and beat the _Medes_ in battle, _Anno Nabonass._ +113, and went thence towards _Egypt_, but were met in _Phoenicia_ by +_Psammitichus_ and bought off, and returning Reigned over a great part of +_Asia_: but in the end of about 28 years were expelled; many of their +Princes and commanders being slain in a feast by the _Medes_ under the +conduct of _Cyaxeres_, the successor of _Astyages_, just before the +destruction of _Nineveh_, and the rest being soon after forced to retire. + +In the year of _Nabonassar_ 123, [376] _Nabopolassar_ the commander of the +forces of _Chyniladon_ the King of _Assyria_ in _Chaldaea_ revolted from +him, and became King of _Babylon_; and _Chyniladon_ was either then, or +soon after, succeeded at _Nineveh_ by the last King of _Assyria_, called +_Sarac_ by _Polyhistor_: and at length _Nebuchadnezzar_, the son of +_Nabopolassar_, married _Amyite_ the daughter of _Astyages_ and sister of +_Cyaxeres_; and by this marriage the two families having contracted +affinity, they conspired against the _Assyrians_; and _Nabopolasser_ being +now grown old, and _Astyages_ being dead, their sons _Nebuchadnezzar_ and +_Cyaxeres_ led the armies of the two nations against _Nineveh_, slew +_Sarac_, destroyed the city, and shared the Kingdom of the _Assyrians_. +This victory the _Jews_ refer to the _Chaldaeans_; the _Greeks_ to the +_Medes_; _Tobit_, _Polyhistor_, _Josephus_, and _Ctesias_ to both. It gave +a beginning to the great successes of _Nebuchadnezzar_ and _Cyaxeres_, and +laid the foundation of the two collateral Empires of the _Babylonians_ and +_Medes_; these being branches of the _Assyrian_ Empire: and thence the time +of the fall of the _Assyrian_ Empire is determined, the conquerors being +then in their youth. In the Reign of _Josiah_, when _Zephaniah_ prophesied, +_Nineveh_ and the Kingdom of _Assyria_ were standing, and their fall was +predicted by that Prophet, _Zeph._ i. 1, and ii. 13. and in the end of his +Reign _Pharaoh Nechoh_ King of _Egypt_, the successor of _Psammitichus_, +went up against the King of _Assyria_ to the river _Euphrates_, to fight +against _Carchemish_ or _Circutium_, and in his way thither slew _Josiah_, +2 _Kings_ xxiii. 29. 2 _Chron._ xxxv. 20. and therefore the last King of +_Assyria_ was not yet slain. But in the third and fourth year of +_Jehoiakim_ the successor of _Josiah_, the two conquerors having taken +_Nineveh_ and finished their war in _Assyria_, prosecuted their conquests +westward, and leading their forces against the King of _Egypt_, as an +invader of their right of conquest, they beat him at _Carchemish_, and +[377] took from him whatever he had newly taken from the _Assyrians_: and +therefore we cannot err above a year or two, if we refer the destruction of +_Nineveh_, and fall of the _Assyrian_ Empire, to the second year of +_Jehoiakim_, _Anno Nabonass._ 140. The name of the last King _Sarac_ might +perhaps be contracted from _Sarchedon_, as this name was from _Asserhadon_, +_Asserhadon-Pul_, or _Sardanapalus_. + +While the _Assyrians_ Reigned at _Nineveh_, _Persia_ was divided into +several Kingdoms; and amongst others there was a Kingdom of _Elam_, which +flourished in the days of _Hezekiah_, _Manasseh_, _Josiah_, and _Jehoiakim_ +Kings of _Judah_, and fell in the days of _Zedekiah_, _Jer._ xxv. 25, and +xlix. 34, and _Ezek._ xxxii. 24. This Kingdom seems to have been potent, +and to have had wars with the King of _Touran_ or _Scythia_ beyond the +river _Oxus_ with various success, and at length to have been subdued by +the _Medes_ and _Babylonians_, or one of them. For while _Nebuchadnezzar_ +warred in the west, _Cyaxeres_ recovered the _Assyrian_ provinces of +_Armenia_, _Pontus_, and _Cappadocia_, and then they went eastward against +the provinces of _Persia_ and _Parthia_. Whether the _Pischdadians_, whom +the _Persians_ reckon to have been their oldest Kings, were Kings of the +Kingdom of _Elam_, or of that of the _Assyrians_, and whether _Elam_ was +conquered by the _Assyrians_ at the same time with _Babylonia_ and +_Susiana_ in the Reign of _Asserhadon_, and soon after revolted, I leave to +be examined. + + * * * * * + +CHAP. IV. + +_Of the two Contemporary Empires of the _Babylonians_ and _Medes_._ + +By the fall of the _Assyrian_ Empire the Kingdoms of the _Babylonians_ and +_Medes_ grew great and potent. The Reigns of the Kings of _Babylon_ are +stated in _Ptolemy's_ Canon: for understanding of which you are to note +that every King's Reign in that Canon began with the last _Thoth_ of his +predecessor's Reign, as I gather by comparing the Reigns of the _Roman_ +Emperors in that Canon with their Reigns recorded in years, months, and +days, by other Authors: whence it appears from that Canon that _Asserhadon_ +died in the year of _Nabonassar_ 81, _Saosduchinus_ his successor in the +year 101, _Chyniladon_ in the year 123, _Nabopolassar_ in the year 144, and +_Nebuchadnezzar_ in the year 187. All these Kings, and some others +mentioned in the Canon, Reigned successively over _Babylon_, and this last +King died in the 37th year of _Jechoniah_'s captivity, 2 _Kings_ xxv. 27. +and therefore _Jechoniah_ was captivated in the 150th year of _Nabonassar_. + +This captivity was in the eighth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign, 2 +_Kings_ xxiv. 12. and eleventh of _Jehoiakim_'s: for the first year of +_Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign was the fourth of _Jehoiakim_'s, _Jer._ xxv. i. +and _Jehoiakim_ Reigned eleven years before this captivity, 2 _Kings_ +xxiii. 36. 2 _Chron._ xxxvi. 5, and _Jechoniah_ three months, ending with +the captivity; and the tenth year of _Jechoniah_'s captivity, was the +eighteenth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign, _Jer._ xxxii. 1. and the +eleventh year of _Zedekiah_, in which _Jerusalem_ was taken, was the +nineteenth of _Nebuchadnezzar_, _Jer._ lii. 5, 12. and therefore +_Nebuchadnezzar_ began his Reign in the year of _Nabonassar_ 142, that is, +two years before the death of his father _Nabopolassar_, he being then made +King by his father; and _Jehoiakim_ succeeded his father _Josiah_ in the +year of _Nabonassar_ 139; and _Jerusalem_ was taken and the Temple burnt in +the year of _Nabonassar_ 160, about twenty years after the destruction of +_Nineveh_. + +The Reign of _Darius Hystaspis_ over _Persia_, by the Canon and the consent +of all Chronologers, and by several Eclipses of the Moon, began in spring +in the year of _Nabonassar_ 227: and _in the fourth year of King _Darius_, +in the 4th day of the ninth month, which is the month _Chisleu_, when the +_Jews_ had sent unto the house of God, saying, should I weep in the fifth +month as I have done these so many years? the word of the Lord came unto +_Zechariah_, saying, speak to all the people of the Land, and to the +Priests, saying; when ye fasted and mourned in the fifth and seventh month +even those seventy years, did ye at all fast unto me?_ _Zech._ vii. Count +backwards those seventy years in which they fasted in the fifth month for +the burning of the Temple, and in the seventh for the death of _Gedaliah_; +and the burning of the Temple and death of _Gedaliah_, will fall upon the +fifth and seventh _Jewish_ months, in the year of _Nabonassar_ 160, as +above. + +As the _Chaldaean_ Astronomers counted the Reigns of their Kings by the +years of _Nabonassar_, beginning with the month _Thoth_, so the _Jews_, as +their Authors tell us, counted the Reigns of theirs by the years of +_Moses_, beginning every year with the month _Nisan_: for if any King began +his Reign a few days before this month began, it was reckoned to him for a +whole year, and the beginning of this month was accounted the beginning of +the second year of his Reign; and according to this reckoning the first +year of _Jehojakim_ began with the month _Nisan_, _Anno Nabonass._ 139, +tho' his Reign might not really begin 'till five or six months after; and +the fourth year of _Jehoiakim_, and first of _Nebuchadnezzar_, according to +the reckoning of the _Jews_, began with the month _Nisan_, _Anno Nabonass._ +142; and the first year of _Zedekiah_ and of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, and +ninth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_, began with the month _Nisan_, in the year +of _Nabonassar_ 150; and the tenth year of _Zedekiah_, and 18th of +_Nebuchadnezzar_, began with the month _Nisan_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ +159. Now in the ninth year of _Zedekiah_, _Nebuchadnezzar_ invaded _Judaea_ +and the cities thereof and in the tenth month of that year, and tenth day +of the month, he and his host besieged _Jerusalem_, 2 _Kings_ xxv. 1. +_Jer._ xxxiv. 1, xxxix. 1, and lii. 4. From this time to the tenth month in +the second year of _Darius_ are just seventy years, and accordingly, _upon +the 24th day of the eleventh month of the second year of _Darius_, the word +of the Lord came unto _Zechariah_,--and the Angel of the Lord said, Oh Lord +of Hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on _Jerusalem_, and on the +cities of _Judah_, against which thou hast had indignation, these +threescore and ten years_, _Zech._ i. 7, 12. So then the ninth year of +_Zedekiah_, in which this indignation against _Jerusalem_ and the cities of +_Judah_ began, commenced with the month _Nisan_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ +158; and the eleventh year of _Zedekiah_, and nineteenth of +_Nebuchadnezzar_, in which the city was taken and the Temple burnt, +commenced with the month _Nisan_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 160, as above. + +By all these characters the years of _Jehoiakim_, _Zedekiah_, and +_Nebuchadnezzar_, seem to be sufficiently determined, and thereby the +Chronology of the _Jews_ in the Old Testament is connected with that of +later times: for between the death of _Solomon_ and the ninth year of +_Zedekiah_ wherein _Nebuchadnezzar_ invaded _Judaea_, and began the Siege of +_Jerusalem_, there were 390 years, as is manifest both by the prophesy of +_Ezekiel_, chap. iv, and by summing up the years of the Kings of _Judah_; +and from the ninth year of _Zedekiah_ inclusively to the vulgar _AEra_ of +_Christ_, there were 590 years: and both these numbers, with half the Reign +of _Solomon_, make up a thousand years. + +In the [378] end of the Reign of _Josiah_, _Anno Nabonass._ 139, _Pharaoh +Nechoh_, the successor of _Psammitichus_, came with a great army out of +_Egypt_ against the King of _Assyria_, and being denied passage through +_Judaea_, beat the _Jews_ at _Megiddo_ or _Magdolus_ before _Egypt_, slew +_Josiah_ their King, marched to _Carchemish_ or _Circutium_, a town of +_Mesopotamia_ upon _Euphrates_, and took it, possest himself of the cities +of _Syria_, sent for _Jehoahaz_ the new King of _Judah_ to _Riblah_ or +_Antioch_, deposed him there, made _Jehojakim_ King in the room of +_Josiah_, and put the Kingdom of _Judah_ to tribute: but the King of +_Assyria_ being in the mean time besieged and subdued, and _Nineveh_ +destroyed by _Assuerus_ King of the _Medes_, and _Nebuchadnezzar_ King of +_Babylon_, and the conquerors being thereby entitled to the countries +belonging to the King of _Assyria_, they led their victorious armies +against the King of _Egypt_ who had seized part of them. For +_Nebuchadnezzar_, assisted [379] by _Astibares_, that is, by _Astivares_, +_Assuerus_, _Acksweres_, _Axeres_, or _Cy-Axeres_, King of the _Medes_, in +the [380] third year of _Jehoiakim_, came with an army of _Babylonians_, +_Medes_, _Syrians_, _Moabites_ and _Ammonites_, to the number of 10000 +chariots, and 180000 foot, and 120000 horse, and laid waste _Samaria_, +_Galilee_, _Scythopolis_, and the _Jews_ in _Galaaditis_, and besieged +_Jerusalem_, and took King _Jehoiakim_ alive, and [381] bound him in chains +for a time, and carried to _Babylon_ _Daniel_ and others of the people, and +part of what Gold and Silver and Brass they found in the Temple: and in +[382] the fourth year of _Jehoiakim_, which was the twentieth of +_Nabopolassar_, they routed the army of _Pharaoh Nechoh_ at _Carchemish_, +and by pursuing the war took from the King of _Egypt_ whatever pertained to +him from the river of _Egypt_ to the river of _Euphrates_. This King of +_Egypt_ is called by _Berosus_, [383] the _Satrapa_ of _Egypt_, +_Coele-Syria_, and _Phoenicia_; and this victory over him put an end to his +Reign in _Coele-Syria_ and _Phoenicia_, which he had newly invaded, and +gave a beginning to the Reign of _Nebuchadnezzar_ there: and by the +conquests over _Assyria_ and _Syria_ the small Kingdom of _Babylon_ was +erected into a potent Empire. + +Whilst _Nebuchadnezzar_ was acting in _Syria_, [384] his father +_Nabopolassar_ died, having Reigned 21 years; and _Nebuchadnezzar_ upon the +news thereof, having ordered his affairs in _Syria_ returned to _Babylon_, +leaving the captives and his army with his servants to follow him: and from +henceforward he applied himself sometimes to war, conquering _Sittacene_, +_Susiana_, _Arabia_, _Edom_, _Egypt_, and some other countries; and +sometimes to peace, adorning the Temple of _Belus_ with the spoils that he +had taken; and the city of _Babylon_ with magnificent walls and gates, and +stately palaces and pensile gardens, as _Berosus_ relates; and amongst +other things he cut the new rivers _Naarmalcha_ and _Pallacopas_ above +_Babylon_ and built the city of _Teredon_. + +_Judaea_ was now in servitude under the King of _Babylon_, being invaded and +subdued in the third and fourth years of _Jehoiakim_, _and _Jehoiakim_ +served him three years, and then turned and rebelled_, 2 _King._ xxiv. 1. +While _Nebuchadnezzar_ and the army of the _Chaldaeans_ continued in +_Syria_, _Jehojakim_ was under compulsion; after they returned to +_Babylon_, _Jehojakim_ continued in fidelity three years, that is, during +the 7th, 8th and 9th years of his Reign, and rebelled in the tenth: +whereupon in the return or end of the year, that is in spring, he sent +[385] and besieged _Jerusalem_, captivated _Jeconiah_ the son and successor +of _Jehoiakim_, spoiled the Temple, and carried away to _Babylon_ the +Princes, craftsmen, smiths, and all that were fit for war: and, when none +remained but the poorest of the people, made [386] _Zedekiah_ their King, +and bound him upon oath to serve the King of _Babylon_: this was in spring +in the end of the eleventh year of _Jehoiakim_, and beginning of the year +of _Nabonassar_ 150. + +_Zedekiah_ notwithstanding his oath [387] revolted, and made a covenant +with the King of _Egypt_, and therefore _Nebuchadnezzar_ in the ninth year +of _Zedekiah_ [388] invaded _Judaea_ and the cities thereof, and in the +tenth _Jewish_ month of that year besieged _Jerusalem_ again, and in the +eleventh year of _Zedekiah_, in the 4th and 5th months, after a siege of +one year and an half, took and burnt the City and Temple. + +_Nebuchadnezzar_ after he was made King by his father Reigned over +_Phoenicia_ and _Coele-Syria_ 45 years, and [389] after the death of his +father 43 years, and [390] after the captivity of _Jeconiah_ 37; and then +was succeeded by his son _Evilmerodach_, called _Iluarodamus_ in +_Ptolemy_'s Canon. _Jerome_ [391] tells us, that _Evilmerodach_ Reigned +seven years in his father's life-time, while his father did eat grass with +oxen, and after his father's restoration was put in prison with _Jeconiah_ +King of _Judah_ 'till the death of his father, and then succeeded in the +Throne. In the fifth year of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, _Belshazzar_ was next +in dignity to his father _Nebuchadnezzar_, and was designed to be his +successor, _Baruch_ i. 2, 10, 11, 12, 14, and therefore _Evilmerodach_ was +even then in disgrace. Upon his coming to the Throne [392] he brought his +friend and companion _Jeconiah_ out of prison on the 27th day of the +twelfth month; so that _Nebuchadnezzar_ died in the end of winter, _Anno +Nabonass._ 187. + +_Evilmerodach_ Reigned two years after his father's death, and for his lust +and evil manners was slain by his sister's husband _Neriglissar_, or +_Nergalassar_, _Nabonass._ 189, according to the Canon. + +_Neriglissar_, in the name of his young son _Labosordachus_, or +_Laboasserdach_, the grand-child of _Nebuchadnezzar_ by his daughter, +Reigned four years, according to the Canon and _Berosus_, including the +short Reign of _Laboasserdach_ alone: for _Laboasserdach_, according to +_Berosus_ and _Josephus_, Reigned nine months after the death of his +father, and then for his evil manners was slain in a feast, by the +conspiracy of his friends with _Nabonnedus_ a _Babylonian_, to whom by +consent they gave the Kingdom: but these nine months are not reckoned apart +in the Canon. + +_Nabonnedus_ or _Nabonadius_, according to the Canon, began his Reign in +the year of _Nabonassar_ 193, Reigned seventeen years, and ended his Reign +in the year of _Nabonassar_ 210, being then vanquished and _Babylon_ taken +by _Cyrus_. + +_Herodotus_ calls this last King of _Babylon_, _Labynitus_, and says that +he was the son of a former _Labynitus_, and of _Nitocris_ an eminent Queen +of _Babylon_: by the father he seems to understand that _Labynitus_, who, +as he tells us, was King of _Babylon_ when the great Eclipse of the Sun +predicted by _Thales_ put an end to the five years war between the _Medes_ +and _Lydians_; and this was the great _Nebuchadnezzar_. _Daniel_ [393] +calls the last King of _Babylon_, _Belshazzar_, and saith that +_Nebuchadnezzar_ was his father: and _Josephus_ tells us, [394] that the +last King of _Babylon_ was called _Naboandel_ by the _Babylonians_, and +Reigned seventeen years; and therefore he is the same King of _Babylon_ +with _Nabonnedus_ or _Labynitus_; and this is more agreeable to sacred writ +than to make _Nabonnedus_ a stranger to the royal line: for all _nations +were to serve _Nebuchadnezzar_ and his posterity, till the very time of his +land should come, and many nations should serve themselves of him_, _Jer._ +xxvii. 7. _Belshazzar_ was born and lived in honour before the fifth year +of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, which was the eleventh year of +_Nebuchadnezzar_'s Reign; and therefore he was above 34 years old at the +death of _Evilmerodach_, and so could be no other King than _Nabonnedus_: +for _Laboasserdach_ the grandson of _Nebuchadnezzar_ was a child when he +Reigned. + +_Herodotus_ [395] tells us, that there were two famous Queens of _Babylon_, +_Semiramis_ and _Nitocris_; and that the latter was more skilful: she +observing that the Kingdom of the _Medes_, having subdued many cities, and +among others _Nineveh_, was become great and potent, intercepted and +fortified the passages out of _Media_ into _Babylonia_; and the river which +before was straight, she made crooked with great windings, that it might be +more sedate and less apt to overflow: and on the side of the river above +_Babylon_, in imitation of the Lake of _Moeris_ in _Egypt_, she dug a Lake +every way forty miles broad, to receive the water of the river, and keep it +for watering the land. She built also a bridge over the river in the middle +of _Babylon_, turning the stream into the Lake 'till the bridge was built. +_Philostratus_ saith, [396] that she made a bridge under the river two +fathoms broad, meaning an arched vault over which the river flowed, and +under which they might walk cross the river: he calls her [Greek: Medeia], +a _Mede_. + +_Berosus_ tells us, that _Nebuchadnezzar_ built a pensile garden upon +arches, because his wife was a _Mede_ and delighted in mountainous +prospects, such as abounded in _Media_, but were wanting in _Babylonia_: +she was _Amyite_ the daughter of _Astyages_, and sister of _Cyaxeres_, +Kings of the _Medes_. _Nebuchadnezzar_ married her upon a league between +the two families against the King of _Assyria_: but _Nitocris_ might be +another woman who in the Reign of her son _Labynitus_, a voluptuous and +vicious King, took care of his affairs, and for securing his Kingdom +against the _Medes_, did the works above mentioned. This is that Queen +mentioned in _Daniel_, chap. v. ver. 10. + +_Josephus_ [397] relates out of the _Tyrian_ records, that in the Reign of +_Ithobalus_ King of _Tyre_, that city was besieged by _Nebuchadnezzar_ +thirteen years together: in the end of that siege _Ithobalus_ their King +was slain, _Ezek._ xxviii. 8, 9, 10. and after him, according to the +_Tyrian_ records, Reigned _Baal_ ten years, _Ecnibalus_ and _Chelbes_ one +year, _Abbarus_ three months, _Mytgonus_ and _Gerastratus_ six years, +_Balatorus_ one year, _Merbalus_ four years, and _Iromus_ twenty years: and +in the fourteenth year of _Iromus_, say the _Tyrian_ records, the Reign of +_Cyrus_ began in _Babylonia_; therefore the siege of _Tyre_ began 48 years +and some months before the Reign of _Cyrus_ in _Babylonia_: it began when +_Jerusalem_ had been newly taken and burnt, with the Temple, _Ezek._ xxvi +and by consequence after the eleventh year of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, or +160th year of _Nabonassar_, and therefore the Reign of _Cyrus_ in +_Babylonia_ began after the year of _Nabonassar_ 208: it ended before the +eight and twentieth year of _Jeconiah_'s captivity, or 176th year of +_Nabonassar_, _Ezek._ xxix. 17. and therefore the Reign of _Cyrus_ in +_Babylonia_ began before the year of _Nabonassar_ 211. By this argument the +first year of _Cyrus_ in _Babylonia_ was one of the two intermediate years +209, 210. _Cyrus_ invaded _Babylonia_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 209; +[398] _Babylon_ held out, and the next year was taken, _Jer._ li. 39, 57. +by diverting the river _Euphrates_, and entring the city through the +emptied channel, and by consequence after midsummer: for the river, by the +melting of the snow in _Armenia_, overflows yearly in the beginning of +summer, but in the heat of dimmer grows low. [399] _And that night was the +King of _Babylon_ slain, and _Darius_ the _Mede_, or King of the _Medes_, +took the Kingdom being about threescore and two years old_: so then +_Babylon_ was taken a month or two after the summer solstice, in the year +of _Nabonassar_ 210; as the Canon also represents. + +The Kings of the _Medes_ before _Cyrus_ were _Dejoces_, _Phraortes_, +_Astyages_, _Cyaxeres_, or _Cyaxares_, and _Darius_: the three first +Reigned before the Kingdom grew great, the two last were great conquerors, +and erected the Empire; for _AEschylus_, who flourished in the Reigns of +_Darius Hystaspis_, and _Xerxes_, and died in the 76th Olympiad, introduces +_Darius_ thus complaining of those who persuaded his son _Xerxes_ to invade +_Greece_; [400] + + [Greek: Toigar sphin ergon estin exeirgasmenon] + [Greek: Megiston, aieimneston hoion oudepo,] + [Greek: To d' asty Souson exekeinosen peson;] + [Greek: Ex houte timen Zeus anax tend' opasen] + [Greek: En andra pases Asiados melotrophou] + [Greek: Tagein, echonta skeptron euthynterion] + [Greek: Medos gar en ho protos hegemon stratou;] + [Greek: Allos d' ekeinou pais tod' ergon enyse;] + [Greek: Phrenes gar autou thymon oiakostrophoun.] + [Greek: Tritos d' ap' autou Kyros, eudaimon aner,] &c. + + _They have done a work_ + _The greatest, and most memorable, such as never happen'd,_ + _For it has emptied the falling _Sufa_:_ + _From the time that King_ Jupiter _granted this honour,_ + _That one man should Reign over all fruitful _Asia_,_ + _Having the imperial Scepter._ + _For he that first led the Army was a _Mede_;_ + _The next, who was his son, finisht the work,_ + _For prudence directed his soul;_ + _The third was _Cyrus_, a happy man_, &c. + +The Poet here attributes the founding of the _Medo-Persian_ Empire to the +two immediate predecessors of _Cyrus_, the first of which was a _Mede_, and +the second was his son: the second was _Darius_ the _Mede_, the immediate +predecessor of _Cyrus_, according to _Daniel_; and therefore the first was +the father of _Darius_, that is, _Achsuerus_, _Assuerus_, _Oxyares_, +_Axeres_, Prince _Axeres_, or _Cy-Axeres_, the word _Cy_ signifying a +Prince: for _Daniel_ tells us, that _Darius_ was the son of _Achsuerus_, or +_Ahasuerus_, as the _Masoretes_ erroneously call him, of the seed of the +_Medes_, that is, of the seed royal: this is that _Assuerus_ who together +with _Nebuchadnezzar_ took and destroyed _Nineveh_, according to _Tobit_: +which action is by the _Greeks_ ascribed to _Cyaxeres_, and by _Eupolemus_ +to _Astibares_, a name perhaps corruptly written for _Assuerus_. By this +victory over the _Assyrians_, and subversion of their Empire seated at +_Nineveh_, and the ensuing conquests of _Armenia_, _Cappadocia_ and +_Persia_, he began to extend the Reign of one man over all _Asia_; and his +son _Darius_ the _Mede_, by conquering the Kingdoms of _Lydia_ and +_Babylon_, finished the work: and the third King was _Cyrus_, a happy man +for his great successes under and against _Darius_, and large and peaceable +dominion in his own Reign. + +_Cyrus_ lived seventy years, according to _Cicero_, and Reigned nine years +over _Babylon_, according to _Ptolemy_'s Canon, and therefore was 61 years +old at the taking of _Babylon_; at which time _Darius_ the _Mede_ was 62 +years old, according to _Daniel_: and therefore _Darius_ was two +Generations younger than _Astyages_, the grandfather of _Cyrus_: for +_Astyages_, according to both [401] _Herodotus_ and _Xenophon_, gave his +daughter _Mandane_ to _Cambyses_ a Prince of _Persia_, and by them became +the grandfather of _Cyrus_; and _Cyaxeres_ was the son of _Astyages_, +according [402] to _Xenophon_, and gave his Daughter to _Cyrus_. This +daughter, [403] saith _Xenophon_, was reported to be very handsome, and +used to play with _Cyrus_ when they were both children, and to say that she +would marry him: and therefore they were much of the same age. _Xenophon_ +saith that _Cyrus_ married her after the taking of _Babylon_; but she was +then an old woman: it's more probable that he married her while she was +young and handsome, and he a young man; and that because he was the +brother-in-law of _Darius_ the King, he led the armies of the Kingdom until +he revolted: so then _Astyages_, _Cyaxeres_ and _Darius_ Reigned +successively over the _Medes_; and _Cyrus_ was the grandson of _Astyages_, +and married the sister of _Darius_, and succeeded him in the Throne. + +_Herodotus_ therefore [404] hath inverted the order of the Kings _Astyages_ +and _Cyaxeres_, making _Cyaxeres_ to be the son and successor of +_Phraortes_, and the father and predecessor of _Astyages_ the father of +_Mandane_, and grandfather of _Cyrus_, and telling us, that this _Astyages_ +married _Ariene_ the daughter of _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_, and was at +length taken prisoner and deprived of his dominion by _Cyrus_: and +_Pausanias_ hath copied after _Herodotus_, in telling us that _Astyages_ +the son of _Cyaxeres_ Reigned in _Media_ in the days of _Alyattes_ King of +_Lydia_. _Cyaxeres_ had a son who married _Ariene_ the daughter of +_Alyattes_; but this son was not the father of _Mandane_, and grandfather +of _Cyrus_, but of the same age with _Cyrus_: and his true name is +preserved in the name of the _Darics_, which upon the conquest of _Croesus_ +by the conduct of his General _Cyrus_, he coyned out of the gold and silver +of the conquered _Lydians_: his name was therefore _Darius_, as he is +called by _Daniel_; for _Daniel_ tells us, that this _Darius_ was a _Mede_, +and that his father's name was _Assuerus_, that is _Axeres_ or _Cyaxeres_, +as above: considering therefore that _Cyaxeres_ Reigned long, and that no +author mentions more Kings of _Media_ than one called _Astyages_, and that +_AEschylus_ who lived in those days knew but of two great Monarchs of +_Media_ and _Persia_, the father and the son, older than _Cyrus_; it seems +to me that _Astyages_, the father of _Mandane_ and grandfather of _Cyrus_, +was the father and predecessor of _Cyaxeres_; and that the son and +successor of _Cyaxeres_ was called _Darius_. _Cyaxeres_, [405] according to +_Herodotus_, Reigned 40 years, and his successor 35, and _Cyrus_, according +to _Xenophon_, seven: _Cyrus_ died _Anno Nabonass._ 219, according to the +Canon, and therefore _Cyaxeres_ died _Anno Nabonass._ 177, and began his +Reign _Anno Nabonass._ 137, and his father _Astyages_ Reigned 26 years, +beginning his Reign at the death of _Phraortes_, who was slain by the +_Assyrians_, _Anno Nabonass._ 111, as above. + +Of all the Kings of the _Medes_, _Cyaxeres_ was greatest warrior. +_Herodotus_ [406] saith that he was much more valiant than his ancestors, +and that he was the first who divided the Kingdom into provinces, and +reduced the irregular and undisciplined forces of the _Medes_ into +discipline and order: and therefore by the testimony of _Herodotus_ he was +that King of the _Medes_ whom _AEschylus_ makes the first conqueror and +founder of the Empire; for _Herodotus_ represents him and his son to have +been the two immediate predecessors of _Cyrus_, erring only in the name of +the son. _Astyages_ did nothing glorious: in the beginning of his Reign a +great body of _Scythians_ commanded by _Madyes_, [407] invaded _Media_ and +_Parthia_, as above, and Reigned there about 28 years; but at length his +son _Cyaxeres_ circumvented and slew them in a feast, and made the rest fly +to their brethren in _Parthia_; and immediately after, in conjunction with +_Nebuchadnezzar_, invaded and subverted the Kingdom of _Assyria_, and +destroyed _Nineveh_. + +In the fourth year of _Jehoiakim_, which the _Jews_ reckon to be the first +of _Nebuchadnezzar_, dating his Reign from his being made King by his +father, or from the month _Nisan_ preceding, when the victors had newly +shared the Empire of the _Assyrians_, and in prosecuting their victory were +invading _Syria_ and _Phoenicia_, and were ready to invade the nations +round about; God [408] threatned that _he would take all the families of +the North, _that is, the armies of the _Medes_,_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ the +King of _Babylon_, and bring them against _Judaea_ and against the nations +round about, and utterly destroy those nations, and make them an +astonishment and lasting desolations, and cause them all to drink the +wine-cup of his fury_; and in particular, he names _the Kings of _Judah_ +and _Egypt_, and those of _Edom_, and _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Tyre_, and +_Zidon_, and the Isles of the Sea, and _Arabia_, and _Zimri_, and all the +Kings of _Elam_, and all the Kings of the _Medes_, and all the Kings of the +North, and the King of _Sesac_; and that after seventy years, he would also +punish the King of _Babylon__. Here, in numbering the nations which should +suffer, he omits the _Assyrians_ as fallen already, and names the Kings of +_Elam_ or _Persia_, and _Sesac_ or _Susa_, as distinct from those of the +_Medes_ and _Babylonians_; and therefore the _Persians_ were not yet +subdued by the _Medes_, nor the King of _Susa_ by the _Chaldaeans_; and as +by the punishment of the King of _Babylon_ he means the conquest of +_Babylon_ by the _Medes_; so by the punishment of the _Medes_ he seems to +mean the conquest of the _Medes_ by _Cyrus_. + +After this, in the beginning of the Reign of _Zedekiah_, that is, in the +ninth year of _Nebuchadnezzar,_ God threatned that _he would give the +Kingdoms of _Edom_, _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Tyre_ and _Zidon_, into the +hand of _Nebuchadnezzar_ King of _Babylon_, and that all the nations should +serve him, and his son, and his son's son until the very time of his land +should come, and many nations and great Kings should serve themselves of +him_, Jer. xxvii. And at the same time God thus predicted the approaching +conquest of the _Persians_ by the _Medes_ and their confederates: _Behold_, +saith he, _I will break the bow of _Elam_, the chief of their might: and +upon _Elam_ will I bring the four winds from the four quarters of heaven, +and will scatter them towards all those winds, and there shall be no nation +whither the outcasts of _Elam_ shall not come: for I will cause _Elam_ to +be dismayed before their enemies, and before them that seek their life; and +I will bring evil upon them, even my fierce anger, saith the Lord; and I +will send the sword after them 'till I have consumed them; and I will set +my throne in _Elam_, and will destroy from thence the King and the Princes, +saith the Lord: but it shall come to pass in the latter days, _viz. in the +Reign of _Cyrus_,_ that I will bring again the captivity of _Elam_, saith +the Lord._ Jer. xlix. 35, _&c._ The _Persians_ were therefore hitherto a +free nation under their own King, but soon after this were invaded, +subdued, captivated, and dispersed into the nations round about, and +continued in servitude until the Reign of _Cyrus_: and since the _Medes_ +and _Chaldaeans_ did not conquer the _Persians_ 'till after the ninth year +of _Nebuchadnezzar_, it gives us occasion to enquire what that active +warrior _Cyaxeres_ was doing next after the taking of _Nineveh_. + +When _Cyaxeres_ expelled the _Scythians_, [409] some of them made their +peace with him, and staid in _Media_, and presented to him daily some of +the venison which they took in hunting: but happening one day to catch +nothing, _Cyaxeres_ in a passion treated them with opprobrious language: +this they resented, and soon after killed one of the children of the +_Medes_, dressed it like venison, and presented it to _Cyaxeres_, and then +fled to _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_; whence followed a war of five years +between the two Kings _Cyaxeres_ and _Alyattes_: and thence I gather that +the Kingdoms of the _Medes_ and _Lydians_ were now contiguous, and by +consequence that _Cyaxeres_, soon after the conquest of _Nineveh_, seized +the regions belonging to the _Assyrians_, as far as to the river _Halys_. +In the sixth year of this war, in the midst of a battel between the two +Kings, there was a total Eclipse of the Sun, predicted by _Thales_; [410] +and this Eclipse fell upon the 28th of _May_, _Anno Nabonass._ 163, forty +and seven years before the taking of _Babylon_, and put an end to the +battel: and thereupon the two Kings made peace by the mediation of +_Nebuchadnezzar_ King of _Babylon_, and _Syennesis_ King of _Cilicia_; and +the peace was ratified by a marriage, between _Darius_ the son of +_Cyaxeres_ and _Ariene_ the daughter of _Alyattes_: _Darius_ was therefore +fifteen or sixteen years old at the time of this marriage; for he was 62 +years old at the taking of _Babylon_. + +In the eleventh year of _Zedekiah's_ Reign, the year in which +_Nebuchadnezzar_ took _Jerusalem_ and destroyed the Temple, _Ezekiel_ +comparing the Kingdoms of the East to trees in the garden of _Eden_, thus +mentions their being conquered by the Kings of the _Medes_ and _Chaldaeans: +Behold_, saith he, _the_ Assyrian _was a Cedar in_ Lebanon _with fair +branches,--his height was exalted above all the trees of the field,--and +under his shadow dwelt all great nations,--not any tree in the garden of +God was like unto him in his beauty:--but I have delivered him into the +hand of the mighty one of the heathen,--I made the nations to shake at the +sound of his fall, when I cast him down to the grave with them that descend +into the pit: and all the trees of _Eden_, the choice and best of +_Lebanon_, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of +the earth: they also went down into the grave with him, unto them that be +slain with the sword, and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his +shadow in the midst of the heathen,_ Ezek. xxxi. + +The next year _Ezekiel_, in another prophesy, thus enumerates the principal +nations who had been subdued and slaughtered by the conquering sword of +_Cyaxeres_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_. __Asthur_ is there and all her company, +_viz. in _Hades_ or the lower parts of the earth, where the dead bodies lay +buried_, his graves are about him; all of them slain, fallen by the sword, +which caused their terrour in the land of the living. There is _Elam_, and +all her multitude round about her grave, all of them slain, fallen by the +sword, which are gone down uncircumcised into the nether parts of the +earth, which caused their terrour in the land of the living: yet have they +born their shame with them that go down into the pit.--There is _Meshech_, +_Tubal_, and all her multitude [411]; her graves are round about him: all +of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword, though they caused their terrour +in the land of the living.--There is _Edom_, her Kings, and all her +Princes, which with their might are laid by them that were slain by the +sword.--There be the Princes of the North all of them, and all the +_Zidonians_, which with their terrour are gone down with the slain_, Ezek. +xxxii. Here by the Princes of the North I understand those on the north of +_Judaea_, and chiefly the Princes of _Armenia_ and _Cappadocia_, who fell in +the wars which _Cyaxeres_ made in reducing those countries after the taking +of _Nineveh_. _Elam_ or _Persia_ was conquered by the _Medes_, and +_Susiana_ by the _Babylonians_, after the ninth, and before the nineteenth +year of _Nebuchadnezzar_: and therefore we cannot err much if we place +these conquests in the twelfth or fourteenth year of _Nebuchadnezzar_: in +the nineteenth, twentieth, and one and twentieth year of this King, he +invaded and [412] conquered _Judaea_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, _Edom_, the +_Philistims_ and _Zidon_; and [413] the next year he besieged _Tyre_, and +after a siege of thirteen years he took it, in the 35th year of his Reign; +and then he [414] invaded and conquered _Egypt_, _Ethiopia_ and _Libya_; +and about eighteen or twenty years after the death of this King, _Darius_ +the _Mede_ conquered the Kingdom of _Sardes_; and after five or six years +more he invaded and conquered the Empire of _Babylon_: and thereby finished +the work of propagating the _Medo-Persian_ Monarchy over all _Asia_, as +_AEschylus_ represents. + +Now this is that _Darius_ who coined a great number of pieces of pure gold +called _Darics_, or _Stateres Darici:_ for _Suidas_, _Harpocration_, and +the Scholiast of _Aristophanes_> [415] tell us, that these were coined not +by the father of _Xerxes_, but by an earlier _Darius_, by _Darius_ the +first, by the first King of the _Medes_ and _Persians_ who coined gold +money. They were stamped on one side with the effigies of an Archer, who +was crowned with a spiked crown, had a bow in his left hand, and an arrow +in his right, and was cloathed with a long robe; I have seen one of them in +gold, and another in silver: they were of the same weight and value with +the _Attic Stater_ or piece of gold money weighing two _Attic_ drachms. +_Darius_ seems to have learnt the art and use of money from the conquered +Kingdom of the _Lydians_, and to have recoined their gold: for the _Medes_, +before they conquered the _Lydians_, had no money. _Herodotus_ [416] tells +us, that _when_ Croesus _was preparing to invade_ Cyrus, _a certain +_Lydian_ called _Sandanis_ advised him, that he was preparing an expedition +against a nation who were cloathed with leathern breeches, who eat not such +victuals as they would, but such as their barren country afforded; who +drank no wine, but water only, who eat no figs nor other good meat, who had +nothing to lose, but might get much from the _Lydians__: _for the +_Persians__, saith _Herodotus_, _before they conquered the _Lydians_, had +nothing rich or valuable_: and [417] _Isaiah_ tells us, that _the _Medes_ +regarded not silver, nor delighted in gold_; but the _Lydians_ and +_Phrygians_ were exceeding rich, even to a proverb: _Midas & Croesus_, +saith [418] _Pliny, infinitum possederant. Jam Cyrus devicta Asia_ [auri] +_pondo xxxiv millia invenerat, praeter vasa aurea aurumque factum, & in eo +folia ac platanum vitemque. Qua victoria argenti quingenta millia +talentorum reportavit, & craterem Semiramidis cujus pondus quindecim +talentorum colligebat. Talentum autem AEgyptium pondo octoginta capere Varro +tradit._ What the conqueror did with all this gold and silver appears by +the _Darics_. The _Lydians_, according to [419] _Herodotus_, were the first +who coined gold and silver, and _Croesus_ coined gold monies in plenty, +called _Croesei_; and it was not reasonable that the monies of the Kings of +_Lydia_ should continue current after the overthrow of their Kingdom, and +therefore _Darius_ recoined it with his own effigies, but without altering +the current weight and value: he Reigned then from before the conquest of +_Sardes_ 'till after the conquest of _Babylon_. + +And since the cup of _Semiramis_ was preserved 'till the conquest of +_Croesus_ by _Darius_, it is not probable that she could be older than is +represented by _Herodotus_. + +This conquest of the Kingdom of _Lydia_ put the _Greeks_ into fear of the +_Medes_: for _Theognis_, who lived at _Megara_ in the very times of these +wars, writes thus, [420] + + [Greek: Pinomen, charienta met' alleloisi legontes,] + [Greek: Meden ton Medon deidiotes polemon.] + + _Let us drink, talking pleasant things with one another,_ + _Not fearing the war of the _Medes_._ + +And again, [421] + + [Greek: Autos de straton hybristen Medon aperyke] + [Greek: Tesde poleus, hina soi laoi en euphrosynei] + [Greek: Eros eperchomenou kleitas pempos' hekatombas,] + [Greek: Terpomenoi kithare kai eratei thaliei,] + [Greek: Paianonte chorois, iachosi te, son peri bomon.] + [Greek: E gar egoge dedoik', aphradien esoron] + [Greek: Kai stasin Hellenon laophthoron; alla sy Phoibe,] + [Greek: Hilaos hemeteren tende phylasse polin.] + + _Thou _Apollo_ drive away the injurious army of the _Medes__ + _From this city, that the people may with joy_ + _Send thee choice hecatombs in the spring,_ + _Delighted with the harp and chearful feasting,_ + _And chorus's of _Poeans_ and acclamations about thy altar_. + _For truly I am afraid, beholding the folly_ + _And sedition of the _Greeks_, which corrupts the people: but thou + _Apollo_,_ + _Being propitious, keep this our city._ + +The Poet tells us further that discord had destroyed _Magnesia_, +_Colophon_, and _Smyrna_, cities of _Ionia_ and _Phrygia_, and would +destroy the _Greeks_; which is as much as to say that the _Medes_ had then +conquered those cities. + +The _Medes_ therefore Reigned 'till the taking of _Sardes_: and further, +according to _Xenophon_ and the Scriptures, they Reigned 'till the taking +of _Babylon_: for _Xenophon_ [422] tells us, that after the taking of +_Babylon_, _Cyrus_ went to the King of the _Medes_ at _Ecbatane_ and +succeeded him in the Kingdom: and _Jerom_, [423] _that _Babylon_ was taken +by _Darius_ King of the _Medes_ and his kinsman _Cyrus__: and the +Scriptures tell us, that _Babylon_ was destroyed by _a nation out of the +north_, _Jerem_. l. 3, 9, 41. by _the Kingdoms of _Ararat Minni, or +_Armenia__, and _Ashchenez, or _Phrygia minor___, _Jer_. li. 27. by the +_Medes_, _Isa._ xiii. 17, 19. _by the Kings of the _Medes_ and the captains +and rulers thereof, and all the land of his dominion_, _Jer_. li. 11, 28. +The Kingdom of _Babylon_ was _numbred and finished and broken and given to +the _Medes_ and _Persians__, _Dan._ v. 26. 28. first to the _Medes_ under +_Darius_, and then to the _Persians_ under _Cyrus_: for _Darius_ Reigned +over _Babylon_ like a conqueror, not observing the laws of the +_Babylonians_, but introducing the immutable laws of the conquering +nations, the _Medes_ and _Persians_, _Dan._ vi. 8, 12, 15; and the _Medes_ +in his Reign are set before the _Persians_, _Dan._ ib. & v. 28, & viii. 20. +as the _Persians_ were afterwards in the Reign of _Cyrus_ and his +successors set before the _Medes_, _Esther_ i. 3, 14, 18, 19. _Dan._ x. 1, +20. and xi. 2. which shews that in the Reign of _Darius_ the _Medes_ were +uppermost. + +You may know also by the great number of provinces in the Kingdom of +_Darius_, that he was King of the _Medes_ and _Persians_: for upon the +conquest of _Babylon_, he set over the whole Kingdom an hundred and twenty +Princes, _Dan._ vi. 1. and afterwards when _Cambyses_ and _Darius +Hystaspis_ had added some new territories, the whole contained but 127 +provinces. + +The extent of the _Babylonian_ Empire was much the same with that of +_Nineveh_ after the revolt of the _Medes_. _Berosus_ saith that +_Nebuchadnezzar_ held _Egypt_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_ and _Arabia_: and +_Strabo_ adds _Arbela_ to the territories of _Babylon_; and saying that +_Babylon_ was anciently the metropolis of _Assyria_, he thus describes the +limits of this _Assyrian_ Empire. _Contiguous_, [424] saith he, _to +_Persia_ and _Susiana_ are the _Assyrians_: for so they call _Babylonia_, +and the greatest part of the region about it: part of which is _Arturia_, +wherein is _Ninus [_or_ Nineveh;]_ and _Apolloniatis_, and the _Elymaeans_, +and the _Paraetacae_, and _Chalonitis_ by the mountain _Zagrus_, and the +fields near _Ninus_, and _Dolomene_, and _Chalachene_, and _Chazene_, and +_Adiabene_, and the nations of _Mesopotamia_ near the _Gordyaeans_, and the +_Mygdones_ about _Nisibis_, unto _Zeugma_ upon _Euphrates_; and a large +region on this side _Euphrates_ inhabited by the _Arabians_ and _Syrians_ +properly so called, as far as _Cilicia_ and _Phoenicia_ and _Libya_ and the +sea of _Egypt_ and the _Sinus Issicus__: and a little after describing the +extent of the _Babylonian_ region, he bounds it on the north, with the +_Armenians_ and _Medes_ unto the mountain _Zagrus_; on the east side, with +_Susa_ and _Elymais_ and _Paraetacene_, inclusively; on the south, with the +_Persian Gulph_ and _Chaldaea_; and on the west, with the _Arabes Scenitae_ +as far as _Adiabene_ and _Gordyaea_: afterwards speaking of _Susiana_ and +_Sitacene_, a region between _Babylon_ and _Susa_, and of _Paraetacene_ and +_Cossaea_ and _Elymais_, and of the _Sagapeni_ and _Siloceni_, two little +adjoining Provinces, he concludes, [425] _and these are the nations which +inhabit _Babylonia_ eastward: to the north are _Media_ and _Armenia_, +_exclusively_, and westward are _Adiabene_ and _Mesopotamia_, +_inclusively_; the greatest part of _Adiabene_ is plain, the same being +part of _Babylonia_: in same places it borders on _Armenia_: for the +_Medes_, _Armenians_ and _Babylonians_ warred frequently on one another_. +Thus far _Strabo_. + +When _Cyrus_ took _Babylon_, he changed the Kingdom into a Satrapy or +Province: whereby the bounds were long after known: and by this means +_Herodotus_ [426] gives us an estimate of the bigness of this Monarchy in +proportion to that of the _Persians_, telling us that _whilst every region +over which the King of _Persia_ Reigned in his days, was distributed for +the nourishment of his army, besides the tributes, the _Babylonian_ region +nourished him four months of the twelve in the year, and all the rest of +_Asia_ eight: so the power of the region_, saith he, _is equivalent to the +third part of _Asia_, and its Principality, which the _Persians_ call a +_Satrapy_, is far the best of all the Provinces_. + +_Babylon_ [427] was a square city of 120 furlongs, or 15 miles on every +side, compassed first with a broad and deep ditch, and then with a wall +fifty cubits thick, and two hundred high. _Euphrates_ flowed through the +middle of it southward, a few leagues on this side _Tigris_: and in the +middle of one half westward stood the King's new Palace, built by +_Nebuchadnezzar_; and in the middle of the other half stood the Temple of +_Belus_, with the old Palace between that Temple and the river: this old +Palace was built by the _Assyrians_, according to [428] _Isaiah_, and by +consequence, by _Pul_ and his son _Nabonassar_, as above: _they founded the +city for the _Arabians_, and set up the towers thereof, and raised the +Palaces thereof_: and at that time _Sabacon_ the _Ethiopian_ invaded +_Egypt_, and made great multitudes of _Egyptians_ fly from him into +_Chaldaea_, and carry thither their Astronomy, and Astrology, and +Architecture, and the form of their year, which they preserved there in the +_AEra_ of _Nabonassar_: for the practice of observing the Stars began in +_Egypt_ in the days of _Ammon_, as above, and was propagated from thence in +the Reign of his son _Sesac_ into _Afric_, _Europe_, and _Asia_ by +conquest; and then _Atlas_ formed the Sphere of the _Libyans_, and _Chiron_ +that of the _Greeks_, and the _Chaldaeans_ also made a Sphere of their own. +But Astrology was invented in _Egypt_ by _Nichepsos_, or _Necepsos_, one of +the Kings of the lower _Egypt_, and _Petosiris_ his Priest, a little before +the days of _Sabacon_, and propagated thence into _Chaldaea_, where +_Zoroaster_ the Legislator of the _Magi_ met with it: so _Paulinus_, + + _Quique magos docuit mysteria vana Necepsos_: + +And _Diodorus_, [429] _they say that the _Chaldaeans_ in _Babylonia_ are +colonies of the _Egyptians_, and being taught by the Priests of _Egypt_ +became famous for Astrology_. By the influence of the same colonies, the +Temple of _Jupiter Belus_ in _Babylon_ seems to have been erected in the +form of the _Egyptian_ Pyramids: for [430] this Temple was a solid Tower or +Pyramid a furlong square, and a furlong high, with seven retractions, which +made it appear like eight towers standing upon one another, and growing +less and less to the top: and in the eighth tower was a Temple with a bed +and a golden table, kept by a woman, after the manner of the _Egyptians_ in +the Temple of _Jupiter Ammon_ at _Thebes_; and above the Temple was a place +for observing the Stars: they went up to the top of it by steps on the +outside, and the bottom was compassed with a court, and the court with a +building two furlongs in length on every side. + +The _Babylonians_ were extreamly addicted to Sorcery, Inchantments, +Astrology and Divinations, _Isa._ xlvii. 9, 12, 13. _Dan._ ii. 2, & v. 11. +and to the worship of Idols, _Jer._ l. 2, 40. and to feasting, wine and +women. _Nihil urbis ejus corruptius moribus, nec ad irritandas +illiciendasque immodicas voluptates instructius. Liberos conjugesque cum +hospitibus stupro coire, modo pretium flagitii detur, parentes maritique +patiuntur. Convivales ludi tota Perside regibus purpuratisque cordi sunt: +Babylonii maxime in vinum & quae ebrietatem sequuntur effusi sunt. Faeminarum +convivia ineuntium in principio modestus est habitus; dein summa quaeque +amicula exuunt, paulatimque pudorem profanant: ad ultimum, honos auribus +sit, ima corporum velamenta projiciunt. Nec meretricum hoc dedecus est, sed +matronarum virginumque, apud quas comitas habetur vulgati corporis +vilitas._ _Q. Curtius_, lib. v. cap. 1. And this lewdness of their women, +coloured over with the name of civility, was encouraged even by their +religion: for it was the custom for their women once in their life to sit +in the Temple of _Venus_ for the use of strangers; which Temple they called +_Succoth Benoth_, the Temple of Women: and when any woman was once sat +there, she was not to depart 'till some stranger threw money into her +bosom, took her away and lay with her; and the money being for sacred uses, +she was obliged to accept of it how little soever, and follow the stranger. + +The _Persians_ being conquered by the _Medes_ about the middle of the Reign +of _Zedekiah_, continued in subjection under them 'till the end of the +Reign of _Darius_ the _Mede_: and _Cyrus_, who was of the Royal Family of +the _Persians_, might be _Satrapa_ of _Persia_, and command a body of their +forces under _Darius_; but was not yet an absolute and independant King: +but after the taking of _Babylon_, when he had a victorious army at his +devotion, and _Darius_ was returned from _Babylon_ into _Media_, he +revolted from _Darius_, in conjunction with the _Persians_ under him; [431] +they being incited thereunto by _Harpagus_ a _Mede_, whom _Xenophon_ calls +_Artagerses_ and _Atabazus_, and who had assisted _Cyrus_ in conquering +_Croesus_ and _Asia minor_, and had been injured by _Darius_. _Harpagus_ +was sent by _Darius_ with an army against _Cyrus_, and in the midst of a +battel revolted with part of the army to _Cyrus_: _Darius_ got up a fresh +army, and the next year the two armies fought again: this last battel was +fought at _Pasargadae_ in _Persia_, according to [432] _Strabo_; and there +_Darius_ was beaten and taken Prisoner by _Cyrus_, and the Monarchy was by +this victory translated to the _Persians_. The last King of the _Medes_ is +by _Xenophon_ called _Cyaxares_, and by _Herodotus_, _Astyages_ the father +of _Mandane_: but these Kings were dead before, and _Daniel_ lets us know +that _Darius_ was the true name of the last King, and _Herodotus_, [433] +that the last King was conquered by _Cyrus_ in the manner above described; +and the _Darics_ coined by the last King testify that his name was +_Darius_. + +This victory over _Darius_ was about two years after the taking of +_Babylon_: for the Reign or _Nabonnedus_ the last King of the _Chaldees_, +whom _Josephus_ calls _Naboandel_ and _Belshazzar_, ended in the year of +_Nabonassar_ 210, nine years before the death of _Cyrus_, according to the +Canon: but after the translation of the Kingdom of the _Medes_ to the +_Persians_, _Cyrus_ Reigned only seven years, according to [434] +_Xenophon_; and spending the seven winter months yearly at _Babylon_, the +three spring months yearly at _Susa_, and the two Summer months at +_Ecbatane_, he came the seventh time into _Persia_, and died there in the +spring, and was buried at _Pasargadae_. By the Canon and the common consent +of all Chronologers, he died in the year of _Nabonassar_ 219, and therefore +conquered _Darius_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 212, seventy and two years +after the destruction of _Nineveh_, and beat him the first time in the year +of _Nabonassar_ 211, and revolted from him, and became King of the +_Persians_, either the same year, or in the end of the year before. At his +death he was seventy years old according to _Herodotus_, and therefore he +was born in the year of _Nabonassar_ 149, his mother _Mandane_ being the +sister of _Cyaxeres_, at that time a young man, and also the sister of +_Amyite_ the wife of _Nebuchadnezzar_, and his father _Cambyses_ being of +the old Royal Family of the _Persians_. + + * * * * * + +CHAP. V. + +_A Description of the _TEMPLE_ of _Solomon_._ + +[435] The Temple of _Solomon_ being destroyed by the _Babylonians_, it may +not be amiss here to give a description of that edifice. + +This [436] Temple looked eastward, and stood in a square area, called the +_Separate Place_: and [437] before it stood the _Altar_, in the center of +another square area, called the _Inner Court_, or _Court of the Priests_: +and these two square areas, being parted only by a marble rail, made an +area 200 cubits long from west to east, and 100 cubits broad: this area was +compassed on the west with a wall, and [438] on the other three sides with +a pavement fifty cubits broad, upon which stood the buildings for the +Priests, with cloysters under them: and the pavement was faced on the +inside with a marble rail before the cloysters: the whole made an area 250 +cubits long from west to east, and 200 broad, and was compassed with an +outward Court, called also the _Great Court_, or _Court of the People_, +[439] which was an hundred cubits on every side; for there were but two +Courts built by _Solomon_: and the outward Court was about four cubits +lower than the inward, and was compassed on the west with a wall, and on +the other three sides [440] with a pavement fifty cubits broad, upon which +stood the buildings for the People. All this was the [441] _Sanctuary_, and +made a square area 500 cubits long, and 500 broad, and was compassed with a +walk, called the _Mountain of the House_: and this walk being 50 cubits +broad, was compassed with a wall six cubits broad, and six high, and six +hundred long on every side: and the cubit was about 211/2, or almost 22 +inches of the _English_ foot, being the sacred cubit of the _Jews_, which +was an hand-breadth, or the sixth part of its length bigger than the common +cubit. + +The _Altar_ stood in the center of the whole; and in the buildings of [442] +both Courts over against the middle of the _Altar_, eastward, southward, +and northward, were gates [443] 25 cubits broad between the buildings, and +40 long; with porches of ten cubits more, looking towards the _Altar +Court_, which made the whole length of the gates fifty cubits cross the +pavements. Every gate had two doors, one at either [444] end, ten cubits +wide, and twenty high, with posts and thresholds six cubits broad: within +the gates was an area 28 cubits long between the thresholds, and 13 cubits +wide: and on either side of this area were three posts, each six cubits +square, and twenty high, with arches five cubits wide between them: all +which posts and arches filled the 28 cubits in length between the +thresholds; and their breadth being added to the thirteen cubits, made the +whole breadth of the gates 25 cubits. These posts were hollow, and had +rooms in them with narrow windows for the porters, and a step before them a +cubit broad: and the walls of the porches being six cubits thick, were also +hollow for several uses. [445] At the east gate of the _Peoples Court_, +called the _King's gate_, [446] were six porters, at the south gate were +four, and at the north gate were four: the people [447] went in and out at +the south and north gates: the [448] east gate was opened only for the +King, and in this gate he ate the Sacrifices. There were also four gates or +doors in the western wall of the _Mountain of the House_: of these [449] +the most northern, called _Shallecheth_, or the _gate of the causey_, led +to the King's palace, the valley between being filled up with a causey: the +next gate, called _Parbar_, led to the suburbs _Millo_: the third and +fourth gates, called _Asuppim_, led the one to _Millo_, the other to the +city of _Jerusalem_, there being steps down into the valley and up again +into the city. At the gate _Shallecheth_ were four porters; at the other +three gates were six porters, two at each gate: the house of the porters +who had the charge of the north gate of the _People's Court_, had also the +charge of the gates _Shallecheth_ and _Parbar_: and the house of the +porters who had the charge of the south gate of the _People s Court_, had +also the charge of the other two gates called _Asuppim_. + +They came through the four western gates into the _Mountain of the House_, +and [450] went up from the _Mountain of the House_, to the gates of the +_People's Court_ by seven steps, and from the _People's Court_ to the gates +of the _Priest's Court_ by eight steps: [451] and the arches in the sides +of the gates of both courts led into cloysters [452] under a double +building, supported by three rows of marble pillars, which butted directly +upon the middles of the square posts, ran along from thence upon the +pavements towards the corners of the Courts: the axes of the pillars in the +middle row being eleven cubits distant from the axes of the pillars in the +other two rows on either hand; and the building joining to the sides of the +gates: the pillars were three cubits in diameter below, and their bases +four cubits and an half square. The gates and buildings of both Courts were +alike, and [453] faced their Courts: the cloysters of all the buildings, +and the porches of all the gates looking towards the _Altar_. The row of +pillars on the backsides of the cloysters adhered to marble walls, which +bounded the cloysters and supported the buildings: [454] these buildings +were three stories high above the cloysters, and [455] were supported in +each of those stories by a row of cedar beams, or pillars of cedar, +standing above the middle row of the marble pillars: the buildings on +either side of every gate of the _People's Court_, being 1871/2 cubits long, +were distinguished into five chambers on a floor, running in length from +the gates to the corners or the Courts: there [456] being in all thirty +chambers in a story, where the People ate the Sacrifices, or thirty +exhedras, each of which contained three chambers, a lower, a middle, and an +upper: every exhedra was 371/2 cubits long, being supported by four pillars +in each row, [457] whose bases were 41/2 cubits square, and the distances +between their bases 61/2 cubits, and the distances between the axes of the +pillars eleven cubits: and where two [458] exhedras joyned, there the bases +of their pillars joyned; the axes of those two pillars being only 41/2 cubits +distant from one another: and perhaps for strengthning the building, the +space between the axes of these two pillars in the front was filled up with +a marble column 41/2 cubits square, the two pillars standing half out on +either side of the square column. At the ends of these buildings [459] in +the four corners of the _Peoples Court_, were little Courts fifty cubits +square on the outside of their walls, and forty on the inside thereof, for +stair-cases to the buildings, and kitchins to bake and boil the Sacrifices +for the People, the kitchin being thirty cubits broad, and the stair-case +ten. The buildings on either side of the gates of the _Priests Court_ were +also 371/2 cubits long, and contained each of them one great chamber in a +story, subdivided into smaller rooms, for the Great Officers of the Temple, +and Princes of the Priests: and in the south-east and north-east corners of +this court, at the ends of the buildings, were kitchins and stair-cases for +the Great Officers; and perhaps rooms for laying up wood for the _Altar_. + +In the eastern gate of the _Peoples Court_, sat a Court of Judicature, +composed of 23 Elders. The eastern gate of the _Priests Court_, with the +buildings on either side, was for the High-Priest, and his deputy the +_Sagan_, and for the _Sanhedrim_ or Supreme Court of Judicature, composed +of seventy Elders. [460] The building or exhedra on the eastern side of the +southern gate, was for the Priests who had the oversight of the charge of +the _Sanctuary_ with its treasuries: and these were, first, two +_Catholikim_, who were High-Treasurers and Secretaries to the High-Priest, +and examined, stated, and prepared all acts and accounts to be signed and +sealed by him; then seven _Amarcholim_, who kept the keys of the seven +locks of every gate of the _Sanctuary_, and those also of the treasuries, +and had the oversight, direction, and appointment of all things in the +_Sanctuary_; then three or more _Gisbarim_, or Under-Treasurers, or +Receivers, who kept the Holy Vessels, and the Publick Money, and received +or disposed of such sums as were brought in for the service of the Temple, +and accounted for the same. All these, with the High-Priest, composed the +Supreme Council for managing the affairs of the Temple. + +The Sacrifices [461] were killed on the northern side of the _Altar_, and +flea'd, cut in pieces and salted in the northern gate of the Temple; and +therefore the building or exhedra on the eastern side of this gate, was for +the Priests who had the oversight of the charge of the _Altar_, and Daily +Service: and these Officers were, He that received money of the People for +purchasing things for the Sacrifices, and gave out tickets for the same; He +that upon sight of the tickets delivered the wine, flower and oyl +purchased; He that was over the lots, whereby every Priest attending on the +_Altar_ had his duty assigned; He that upon sight of the tickets delivered +out the doves and pigeons purchased; He that administred physic to the +Priests attending; He that was over the waters; He that was over the times, +and did the duty of a cryer, calling the Priests or Levites to attend in +their ministeries; He that opened the gates in the morning to begin the +service, and shut them in the evening when the service was done, and for +that end received the keys of the _Amarcholim_, and returned them when he +had done his duty; He that visited the night-watches; He that by a Cymbal +called the Levites to their stations for singing; He that appointed the +Hymns and set the Tune; and He that took care of the Shew-Bread: there were +also Officers who took care of the Perfume, the Veil, and the Wardrobe of +the Priests. + +The exhedra on the western side of the south gate, and that on the western +side of the north gate, were for the Princes of the four and twenty courses +of the Priests, one exhedra for twelve of the Princes, [462] and the other +exhedra for the other twelve: and upon the pavement on either side of the +_Separate Place_ [463] were other buildings without cloysters, for the four +and twenty courses of the Priests to eat the Sacrifices, and lay up their +garments and the most holy things: each pavement being 100 cubits long, and +50 broad, had buildings on either side of it twenty cubits broad, with a +walk or alley ten cubits broad between them: the building which bordered +upon the _Separate Place_ was an hundred cubits long, and that next the +_Peoples Court_ but fifty, the other fifty cubits westward [464] being for +a stair-case and kitchin: these buildings [465] were three stories high, +and the middle story was narrower in the front than the lower story, and +the upper story still narrower, to make room for galleries; for they had +galleries before them, and under the galleries were closets for laying up +the holy things, and the garments of the Priests, and these galleries were +towards the walk or alley, which ran between the buildings. + +They went up from the _Priests Court_ to the Porch of the Temple by ten +steps: and the [466] House of the Temple was twenty cubits broad, and sixty +long within; or thirty broad, and seventy long, including the walls; or +seventy cubits broad, and 90 long, including a building of +treasure-chambers which was twenty cubits broad on three sides of the +House; and if the Porch be also included, the Temple was [467] an hundred +cubits long. The treasure-chambers were built of cedar, between the wall of +the Temple, and another wall without: they were [468] built in two rows +three stories high, and opened door against door into a walk or gallery +which ran along between them, and was five cubits broad in every story; So +that the breadth of the chambers on either side of the gallery, including +the breadth of the wall to which they adjoined, was ten cubits; and the +whole breadth of the gallery and chambers, and both walls, was five and +twenty cubits: the chambers [469] were five cubits broad in the lower +story, six broad in the middle story, and seven broad in the upper story; +for the wall of the Temple was built with retractions of a cubit, to rest +the timber upon. _Ezekiel_ represents the chambers a cubit narrower, and +the walls a cubit thicker than they were in _Solomon_'s Temple: there were +[470] thirty chambers in a story, in all ninety chambers, and they were +five cubits high in every story. The [471] Porch of the Temple was 120 +cubits high, and its length from south to north equalled the breadth of the +House: the House was three stories high, which made the height of the _Holy +Place_ three times thirty cubits, and that of the _Most Holy_ three times +twenty: the upper rooms were treasure-chambers; they [472] went up to the +middle chamber by winding stairs in the southern shoulder of the House, and +from the middle into the upper. + +Some time after this Temple was built, the _Jews_ [473] added a _New +Court_, on the eastern side of the _Priests Court_, before the _King's +gate_, and therein built [474] a covert for the Sabbath: this Court was not +measured by _Ezekiel_, but the dimensions thereof may be gathered from +those of the _Womens Court_, in the second Temple, built after the example +thereof: for when _Nebuchadnezzar_ had destroyed the first Temple, +_Zerubbabel_, by the commissions of _Cyrus_ and _Darius_, built another +upon the same area, excepting the _Outward Court_, which was left open to +the _Gentiles_: and this Temple [475] was sixty cubits long, and sixty +broad, being only two stories in height, and having only one row of +treasure-chambers about it: and on either side of the _Priests Court_ were +double buildings for the Priests, built upon three rows of marble pillars +in the lower story, with a row of cedar beams or pillars in the stories +above: and the cloyster in the lower story looked towards the _Priests +Court_: and the _Separate Place_, and _Priests Court_, with their buildings +on the north and south sides, and the _Womens Court_, at the east end, took +up an area three hundred cubits long, and two hundred broad, the _Altar_ +standing in the center of the whole. The _Womens Court_ was so named, +because the women came into it as well as the men: there were galleries for +the women, and the men worshipped upon the ground below: and in this state +the second Temple continued all the Reign of the _Persians_; but afterwards +suffered some alterations, especially in the days of _Herod_. + +This description of the Temple being taken principally from _Ezekiel_'s +Vision thereof; and the ancient _Hebrew_ copy followed by the Seventy, +differing in some readings from the copy followed by the editors of the +present _Hebrew_, I will here subjoin that part of the Vision which relates +to the _Outward Court_, as I have deduced it from the present _Hebrew_, and +the version of the Seventy compared together. + +Ezekiel chap. xl. ver. 5, &c. + +[476] _And behold a wall on the outside of the House round about_, at the +distance of fifty cubits from it, aabb: _and in the man's hand a measuring +reed six cubits long by the cubit, and an hand-breadth: so he measured the +breadth of the building, _or wall_, one reed, and the height one reed. +_[477]_ Then came he unto the gate _of the House_, which looketh towards +the east, and went up the seven steps thereof, _AB_, and measured the +threshold of the gate, _CD_, which was one reed broad, and the _Porters_ +little chamber, _EFG_, one reed long, and one reed broad; and the arched +passage between the little chambers, _FH_, five cubits: and the second +little chamber, _HIK_, a reed broad and a reed long; and the arched +passage, _IL_, five cubits: and the third little chamber _LMN_, a reed long +and a reed broad: and the threshold of the gate next the porch of the gate +within, _OP_, one reed: and he measured the porch of the gate, _QR_, eight +cubits; and the posts thereof _ST_, _st_, two cubits; and the porch of the +gate, _QR_, was inward, _or toward the inward court_; and the little +chambers, _EF_, _HI_, _LM_, _ef_, _hi_, _lm_, were _outward, or_ to the +east; three on this side, and three on that side _of the gate_. There was +one measure of the three, and one measure of the posts on this side, and on +that side; and he measured the breadth of the door of the gate, _Cc_, or +_Dd_, ten cubits; and the breadth of the gate _within between the little +chambers, Ee or Ff_, thirteen cubits; and the limit, or margin, or step +before the little chambers, _EM_, one cubit on this side, and the step, +_em_, one cubit on the other side; and the little chambers, _EFG_, _HIK_, +_LMN_, _efg_, _hik_, _lmn_, were six cubits _broad_ on this side, and six +cubits _broad_ on that side: and he measured _the whole breadth of_ the +gate, from the _further_ wall of one little chamber to the _further_ wall +of another little chamber: the breadth, _Gg, or Kk, or Nn_, was twenty and +five cubits _through_; door, _FH_, against door, _fh_: and he measured the +posts, _EF_, _HI_, and _LM_, _ef_, _hi_, and _lm_, twenty cubits _high_; +and at the posts there were gates, _or arched passages, FH, IL, fh, il_, +round about; and from the _eastern_ face of the gate at the entrance, _Cc_, +to the _western_ face of the porch of the gate within, _Tt_, were fifty +cubits: and there were narrow windows to the little chambers, and to the +porch within the gate, round about, and likewise to the posts; even windows +were round about within: and upon each post were palm trees._ + +_Then he brought me into the Outward Court, and lo there were chambers, and +a pavement with pillars upon it in the court round about, _[478]_ thirty +chambers _in length_ upon the pavement, supported by the pillars, _ten +chambers on every side, except the western_: and the pavement butted upon +the shoulders or sides of the gates below, _every gate having five chambers +or exhedrae on either side_. And he measured the breadth _of the Outward +Court_, from the fore-front of the lower-gate, to the fore-front of the +inward court, an hundred cubits eastward._ + +_Then he brought me northward, and there was a gate that looked towards the +north; he measured the length thereof, and the breadth thereof, and the +little chambers thereof, three on this side, and three on that side, and +the posts thereof, and the porch thereof, and it was according to the +measures of the first gate; its length was fifty cubits, and its breadth +was five and twenty: and the windows thereof, and the porch and the +palm-trees thereof _were_ according to the measures of the gate which +looked to the east, and they went up to it by seven steps: and its porch +was before them, _that is inward_. And there was a gate of the inward court +over against _this_ gate of the north, as _in the gates_ to the eastward: +and he measured from gate to gate an hundred cubits._ + + * * * * * + +_A Description of THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON_ + +[Illustration: _Plate_ I. _p. 346._] + +ABCD. _The Separate Place in which stood the Temple._ + +ABEF. _The Court of y^{e} Priests._ + +G. _The Altar._ + +DHLKICEFD. _A Pavement compassing three sides of the foremention'd Courts, +and upon which stood the Buildings for the Priests, with Cloysters under +them._ + +MNOP. _The Court of the People._ + +MQTSRN. _A Pavement compassing three sides of the Peoples Court, upon which +stood the Buildings for the People, with Cloysters under them._ + +UXYZ. _The Mountain of the House._ + +aabb._ A Wall enclosing the whole._ + +c. _The Gate Shallecheth._ + +d. _The Gate Parbar._ + +ef. _The two Gates Assupim._ + +g. _The East Gate of the Peoples Court, call'd the Kings Gate._ + +hh. _The North and South Gates of the same Court._ + +iiii. _The chambers over the Cloysters of the Peoples Court where the +People ate the Sacrifices, 30 Chambers in each Story._ + +kkkk. _Four little Courts serving for Stair Cases and Kitchins for the +People._ + +l. _The Eastern Gate of the Priests Court, over which sate the Sanhedrin._ + +m. _The Southern Gate of the Priests Court._ + +n. _The Northern Gate of the same Court, where the Sacrifices were flea'd +&c._ + +opqrst. _The Buildings over the Cloysters for the Priests, viz six large +Chambers (subdivided) in each Story, whereof _o_ and _p_ were for the High +Priest and Sagan, _q_ for the Overseers of the Sanctuary and Treasury, _r_ +for the Overseers of the Altar and Sacrifice and _s_ and _t_ for the +Princes of the twenty four Courses of Priests._ + +uu. _Two Courts in which were Stair Cases and Kitchins for the Priests._ + +x. _The House or Temple which (together with the Treasure Chambers _y_, and +Buildings _zz_ on each side of the Separate Place) is more particularly +describ'd on the second Plate._ + + * * * * * + +_A Description of the Inner Court & Buildings for the Priests in Solomons +Temple._ + +[Illustration: _Plate_ II. _p. 346._] + +ABCD. _The Separate Place._ + +ABEF. _The Inner Court, or Court of the Priests, parted from the Separate +Place, and and Pavement on the other three sides, by a marble rail._ + +G. _The Altar._ + +HHH. _The East, South, & North Gates of the Priests Court._ + +III. _&c. The Cloysters supporting the Buildings for the Priests._ + +KK. _Two Courts in which were Stair Cases and Kitchins for the Priests._ + +L. _Ten Steps to the Porch of the Temple._ + +M. _The Porch of the Temple._ + +N. _The Holy Place._ + +O. _The most Holy Place._ + +PPPP. _Thirty Treasure-Chambers, in two rows, opening into a gallery, door +against door, and compassing three sides of the Holy & most Holy Places._ + +Q. _The Stairs leading to the Middle Chamber._ + +RRRR. _&c. The buildings for the four and twenty Courses of Priests, upon +the Pavement on either side of the Separate Place, three Stories high +without Cloysters, but the upper Stories narrower than the lower, to make +room for Galleries before them. There were 24 Chambers in each Story and +they opend into a walk or alley, _SS._ between the Buildings._ + +TT. _Two Courts in which were Kitchins for the Priests of the twenty four +Courses._ + + * * * * * + +_A Particular Description of one of the Gates of the Peoples Court, with +part of the Cloyster adjoyning._ + +[Illustration: _Plate_ III. _p. 346._] + +uw. _The inner margin of the Pavement compassing three sides of the Peoples +Court._ + +xxx. _&c. The Pillars of the Cloyster supporting the Buildings for the +People._ + +yyyy. _Double Pillars where two Exhedrae joyned, and whose interstices in +the front _zz_ were filled up with a square Column of Marble._ + +Note _The preceding letters of this Plate refer to the description in pag. +344 345._ + + * * * * * + +CHAP. VI. + +_Of the Empire of the _Persians_._ + +_Cyrus_ having translated the Monarchy to the _Persians_, and Reigned seven +years, was succeeded by his son _Cambyses_, who Reigned seven years and +five months, and in the three last years of his Reign subdued _Egypt_: he +was succeeded by _Mardus_, or _Smerdis_ the _Magus_, who feigned himself to +be _Smerdis_ the brother of _Cambyses_. + +_Smerdis_ Reigned seven months, and in the eighth month being discovered, +was slain, with a great number of the _Magi_; so the _Persians_ called +their Priests, and in memory of this kept an anniversary day, which they +called, _The slaughter of the _Magi__. Then Reigned _Maraphus_ and +_Artaphernes_ a few days, and after them _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_, +the son of _Arsamenes_, of the family of _Achaemenes_, a _Persian_, being +chosen King by the neighing of his horse: before he Reigned his [479] name +was _Ochus_. He seems on this occasion to have reformed the constitution of +the _Magi_, making his father _Hystaspes_ their Master, or _Archimagus_; +for _Porphyrius_ tells us, [480] that _the _Magi_ were a sort of men so +venerable amongst the _Persians_, that _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_ +wrote on the monument of his father_, amongst other things, _that he had +been the Master of the _Magi__. In this reformation of the _Magi_, +_Hystaspes_ was assisted by _Zoroastres_: so _Agathias_; _The _Persians_ at +this day say simply that _Zoroastres_ lived under _Hystaspes__: and +_Apuleius_; _Pythagoram, aiunt, inter captivos Cambysae Regis _[ex AEgypto +Babylonem abductos]_ doctores habuisse Persarum Magos, & praecipue +Zoroastrem, omnis divini arcani Antistitem_. By _Zoroastres_'s conversing +at _Babylon_ he seems to have borrowed his skill from the _Chaldaeans_; for +he was skilled in Astronomy, and used their year: so _Q. Curtius_; [481] +_Magi proximi patrium carmen canebant: Magos trecenti & sexaginta quinque +juvenes sequebantur, puniceis amiculis velati, diebus totius anni pares +numero_: and _Ammianus_; _Scientiae multa ex Chaldaeorum arcanis Bactrianus +addidit Zoroastres_. From his conversing in several places he is reckoned a +_Chaldaean_, an _Assyrian_, a _Mede_, a _Persian_, a _Bactrian_. _Suidas_ +calls him [482] a _Perso-Mede_, and saith that he was _the most skilful of +Astronomers, and first author of the name of the _Magi_ received among +them_. This skill in Astronomy he had doubtless from the _Chaldaeans_, but +_Hystaspes_ travelled into _India_, to be instructed by the +_Gymnosophists_: and these two conjoyning their skill and authority, +instituted a new set of Priests or _Magi_, and instructed them in such +ceremonies and mysteries of Religion and Philosophy as they thought fit to +establish for the Religion and Philosophy of that Empire; and these +instructed others, 'till from a small number they grew to a great +multitude: for _Suidas_ tells us, that _Zoroastres gave a beginning to the +name of the _Magi__: and _Elmacinus_; that _he reformed the religion of the +_Persians_, which before was divided into many sects_: and _Agathias_; that +_he introduced the religion of the _Magi_ among the _Persians_, changing +their ancient sacred rites, and bringing in several opinions_: and +_Ammianus_ [483] tells us, _Magiam esse divinorum incorruptissimum cultum, +cujus scientiae seculis priscis multa ex Chaldaeorum arcanis Bactrianus +addidit Zoroastres: deinde Hystaspes Rex prudentissimus Darii pater; qui +quum superioris Indiae secreta fidentius penetraret, ad nemorosam quamdam +venerat solitudinem, cujus tranquillis silentiis praecelsa Brachmanorum +ingenia potiuntur; eorumque monitu rationes mundani motus & siderum, +purosque sacrorum ritus quantum colligere potuit eruditus, ex his quae +didicit, aliqua sensibus Magorum infudit; quae illi cum disciplinis +praesentiendi futura, per suam quisque progeniem, posteris aetatibus tradunt. +Ex eo per saecula multa ad praesens, una eademque prosapia multitudo creata, +Deorum cultibus dedicatur. Feruntque, si justum est credi, etiam ignem +coelitus lapsum apud se sempiternis foculis custodiri, cujus portionem +exiguam ut faustam praeisse quondam Asiaticis Regibus dicunt: Hujus originis +apud veteres numerus erat exilis, ejusque mysteriis Persicae potestates in +faciendis rebus divinis solemniter utebantur. Eratque piaculum aras adire, +vel hostiam contrectare, antequam Magus conceptis precationibus libamenta +diffunderet praecursoria. Verum aucti paullatim, in amplitudinem gentis +solidae concesserunt & nomen: villasque inhabitantes nulla murorum +firmitudine communitas & legibus suis uti permissi, religionis respectu +sunt honorati_. So this Empire was at first composed of many nations, each +of which had hitherto its own religion: but now _Hystaspes_ and +_Zoroastres_ collected what they conceived to be best, established it by +law, and taught it to others, and those to others, 'till their disciples +became numerous enough for the Priesthood of the whole Empire; and instead +of those various old religions, they set up their own institutions in the +whole Empire, much after the manner that _Numa_ contrived and instituted +the religion of the _Romans_: and this religion of the _Persian_ Empire was +composed partly of the institutions of the _Chaldaeans_, in which +_Zoroastres_ was well skilled; and partly of the institutions of the +ancient _Brachmans_, who are supposed to derive even their name from the +_Abrahamans_, or sons of _Abraham_, born of his second wife _Keturah_, +instructed by their father in the worship of ONE GOD without images, and +sent into the east, where _Hystaspes_ was instructed by their successors. +About the same time with _Hystapes_ and _Zoroastres_, lived also _Ostanes_, +another eminent _Magus_: _Pliny_ places him under _Darius Hystaspis_, and +_Suidas_ makes him the follower of _Zoroastres_: he came into _Greece_ with +_Xerxes_, and seems to be the _Otanes_ of _Herodotus_, who discovered +_Smerdis_, and formed the conspiracy against him, and for that service was +honoured by the conspirators, and exempt from subjection to _Darius_. + +In the sacred commentary of the _Persian_ rites these words are ascribed to +_Zoroastres_; [484] [Greek: Ho Theos esti kephalen echon hierakos. houtos +estin ho protos, aphthartos, aidios, agenetos, ameres, anomoiotatos, +heniochos pantos kalou, adorodoketos, agathon agathotatos, phronimon +phronimotatos; esti de kai pater eunomias kai dikaiosynes, autodidaktos, +physikos, kai teleios, kai sophos, kai hierou physikou monos heuretes.] +_Deus est accipitris capite: hic est primus, incorruptibilis, aeternus, +ingenitus, sine partibus, omnibus aliis dissimillimus, moderator omnis +boni, donis non capiendus, bonorum optimus, prudentium prudentissimus, +legum aequitatis ac justitiae parens, ipse sui doctor, physicus & perfectus & +sapiens & sacri physici unicus inventor_: and the same was taught by +_Ostanes_, in his book called _Octateuchus_. This was the Antient God of +the _Persian Magi_, and they worshipped him by keeping a perpetual fire for +Sacrifices upon an Altar in the center of a round area, compassed with a +ditch, without any Temple in the place, and without paying any worship to +the dead, or any images. But in a short time they declined from the worship +of this Eternal, Invisible God, to worship the Sun, and the Fire, and dead +men, and images, as the _Egyptians_, _Phoenicians_, and _Chaldaeans_ had +done before: and from these superstitions, and the pretending to +prognostications, the words _Magi_ and _Magia_, which signify the Priests +and Religion of the _Persians_, came to be taken in an ill sense. + +_Darius_, or _Darab_, began his Reign in spring, in the sixteenth year of +the Empire of the _Persians_, _Anno Nabonass._ 227, and Reigned 36 years, +by the unanimous consent of all Chronologers. In the second year of his +Reign the _Jews_ began to build the Temple, by the prophesying of _Haggai_ +and _Zechariah_, and finished it in the sixth. He fought the _Greeks_ at +_Marathon_ in _October_, _Anno Nabonass._ 258, ten years before the battel +at _Salamis_, and died in the fifth year following, in the end of winter, +or beginning of spring, _Anno Nabonass._ 263. The years of _Cambyses_ and +_Darius_ are determined by three Eclipses of the Moon recorded by +_Ptolemy_, so that they cannot be disputed: and by those Eclipses, and the +Prophesies of _Haggai_ and _Zechariah_ compared together, it is manifest +that the years of _Darius_ began after the 24th day of the eleventh +_Jewish_ month, and before the 24th day of _April_, and by consequence in +_March_ or _April_. + +_Xerxes_, _Achschirosch_, _Achsweros_, or _Oxyares_, succeeded his father +_Darius_, and spent the first five years of his Reign, and something more, +in preparations for his Expedition against the _Greeks_: and this +Expedition was in the time of the Olympic Games, in the beginning of the +first year of the 75th Olympiad, _Callias_ being _Archon_ at _Athens_; as +all Chronologers agree. The great number of people which he drew out of +_Susa_ to invade _Greece_, made _AEschylus_ the Poet say [485]: + + [Greek: To d' asty Souson exekeinosen peson.] + _It emptied the falling city of _Susa_._ + +The passage of his army over the _Hellespont_ began in the end of the +fourth year of the 74th Olympiad, that is in _June_, _Anno Nabonass._ 268, +and took up a month; and in autumn, after three months more, on the 16th +day of the month _Munychion_, at the full moon, was the battel at +_Salamis_; and a little after that an Eclipse of the Moon, which by the +calculation fell on _Octob._ 2. His first year therefore began in spring, +_Anno Nabonass._ 263, as above: he Reigned almost twenty one years by the +consent of all writers, and was murdered by _Artabanus_, captain of his +guards; towards the end of winter, _Anno Nabonass._ 284. + +_Artabanus_ Reigned seven months, and upon suspicion of treason against +_Xerxes_, was slain by _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, the son of _Xerxes_. + +_Artaxerxes_ began his Reign in the autumnal half year, between the 4th and +9th _Jewish_ months, _Nehem._ i. 1. & ii. 1, & v. 14. and _Ezra_ vii. 7, 8, +9. and his 20th year fell in with the 4th year of the 83d Olympiad, as +_Africanus_ [486] informs us, and therefore his first year began within a +month or two or the autumnal Equinox, _Anno Nabonass._ 284. _Thucydides_ +relates that the news of his death came to _Athens_ in winter, in the +seventh year of the _Peloponnesian_ war, that is _An._ 4. Olymp. 88. and by +the Canon he Reigned forty one years, including the Reign of his +predecessor _Artabanus_, and died about the middle of winter, _Anno +Nabonass._ 325 _ineunte_: the _Persians_ now call him _Ardschir_ and +_Bahaman_, the Oriental Christians _Artahascht_. + +Then Reigned _Xerxes_, two months, and _Sogdian_ seven months, and _Darius +Nothus_, the bastard son of _Artaxerxes_, nineteen years wanting four or +five months; and _Darius_ died in summer, a little after the end of the +_Peloponnesian_ war, and in the same Olympic year, and by consequence in +_May_ or _June_, _Anno Nabonass._ 344. The 13th year of his Reign was +coincident in winter with the 20th of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and the +years of that war are stated by indisputable characters, and agreed on by +all Chronologers: the war began in spring, _Ann._ 1. Olymp. 87, lasted 27 +years, and ended _Apr._ 14. _An._ 4. Olymp. 93. + +The next King was _Artaxerxes Mnemon_, the son of _Darius_: he Reigned +forty six years, and died _Anno Nabonass._ 390. Then Reigned _Artaxerxes +Ochus_ twenty one years; _Arses_, or _Arogus_, two years, and _Darius +Codomannus_ four years, unto the battel of _Arbela_, whereby the _Persian_ +Monarchy was translated to the _Greeks_, _Octob._ 2. _An. Nabonass._ 417; +but _Darius_ was not slain untill a year and some months after. + +I have hitherto stated the times of this Monarchy out of the _Greek_ and +_Latin_ writers: for the _Jews_ knew nothing more of the _Babylonian_ and +_Medo-Persian_ Empires than what they have out of the sacred books of the +old Testament; and therefore own no more Kings, nor years of Kings, than +they can find in those books: the Kings they reckon are only +_Nebuchadnezzar_, _Evilmerodach_, _Belshazzar_, _Darius_ the _Mede_, +_Cyrus_, _Ahasuerus_, and _Darius_ the _Persian_; this last _Darius_ they +reckon to be the _Artaxerxes_, in whose Reign _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ came to +_Jerusalem_, accounting _Artaxerxes_ a common name of the _Persian_ Kings: +_Nebuchadnezzar_, they say, Reigned forty five years, 2 _King._ xxv. 27. +_Belshazzar_ three years, _Dan._ viii. 1. and therefore _Evilmerodach_ +twenty three, to make up the seventy years captivity; excluding the first +year of _Nebuchadnezzar_, in which they say the Prophesy of the seventy +years was given. To _Darius_ the _Mede_ they assign one year, or at most +but two, _Dan._ ix. 1. to _Cyrus_ three years incomplete, _Dan._ x. 1. to +_Ahasuerus_ twelve years 'till the casting of _Pur_, _Esth._ iii. 7. one +year more 'till the _Jews_ smote their enemies, _Esth._ ix. 1. and one year +more 'till _Esther_ and _Mordecai_ wrote the second letter for the keeping +of _Purim_, _Esth._ ix. 29. in all fourteen years: and to _Darius_ the +_Persian_ they allot thirty two or rather thirty six years, _Nehem._ xiii. +6. So that the _Persian_ Empire from the building of the Temple in the +Second year of _Darius Hystaspis_, flourished only thirty four years, until +_Alexander_ the great overthrew it: thus the _Jews_ reckon in their greater +Chronicle, _Seder Olam Rabbah_. _Josephus_, out of the sacred and other +books, reckons only these Kings of _Persia_; _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, _Darius +Hystaspis_, _Xerxes_, _Artaxerxes_, and _Darius_: and taking this _Darius_, +who was _Darius Nothus_, to be one and the same King with the last +_Darius_, whom _Alexander_ the great overcame; by means of this reckoning +he makes _Sanballat_ and _Jaddua_ alive when _Alexander_ the great +overthrew the _Persian_ Empire. Thus all the _Jews_ conclude the _Persian_ +Empire with _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, and _Darius Nothus_, allowing no more +Kings of _Persia_, than they found in the books of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_; +and referring to the Reigns of this _Artaxerxes_, and this _Darius_, +whatever they met with in profane history concerning the following Kings of +the same names: so as to take _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, _Artaxerxes Mnemon_ +and _Artaxerxes Ochus_, for one and the same _Artaxerxes_; and _Darius +Nothus_, and _Darius Codomannus_, for one and the same _Darius_; and +_Jaddua_, and _Simeon Justus_, for one and the same High-Priest. Those +_Jews_ who took _Herod_ for the _Messiah_, and were thence called +_Herodians_, seem to have grounded their opinion upon the seventy weeks of +years, which they found between the Reign of _Cyrus_ and that of _Herod_: +but afterwards, in applying the Prophesy to _Theudas_, and _Judas_ of +_Galilee_, and at length to _Barchochab_, they seem to have shortned the +Reign of the Kingdom of _Persia_. These accounts being very imperfect, it +was necessary to have recourse to the records of the _Greeks_ and +_Latines_, and to the Canon recited by _Ptolemy_, for stating the times of +this Empire. Which being done, we have a better ground for understanding +the history of the _Jews_ set down in the books of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_, +and adjusting it; for this history having suffered by time, wants some +illustration: and first I shall state the history of the _Jews_ under +_Zerubbabel_, in the Reigns of _Cyrus_, _Cambysis_, and _Darius Hystaspis_. + +This history is contained partly in the three first chapters of the book of +_Ezra_, and first five verses of the fourth; and partly in the book of +_Nehemiah_, from the 5th verse of the seventh chapter to the 9th verse of +the twelfth: for _Nehemiah_ copied all this out of the Chronicles of the +_Jews_, written before his days; as may appear by reading the place, and +considering that the Priests and Levites who sealed the Covenant on the +24th day of the seventh month, _Nehem._ x. were the very same with those +who returned from captivity in the first year of _Cyrus_, _Nehem._ xii. and +that all those who returned sealed it: this will be perceived by the +following comparison of their names. + +The Priests who returned. The Priests who sealed. + +_Nehemiah._ _Ezra_ ii. 2. _Nehemiah._ + +_Serajah._ _Serajah._ + +* _Azariah._ + +_Jeremiah._ _Jeremiah._ + +_Ezra._ _Ezra._ _Nehem._ 8. + +* _Pashur._ + +_Amariah._ _Amariah._ + +_Malluch_: or _Melicu_, _Neh._ _Malchijah._ +xii. 2, 14. + +_Hattush_. _Hattush._ + +_Shechaniah_ or _Shebaniah_, _Shebaniah._ +_Neh._ xii. 3, 14. + +* _Malluch._ + +_Rehum_: or _Harim_, _ib._ 3, _Harim._ +15. + +_Meremoth._ _Meremoth._ + +_Iddo._ _Obadiah_ or _Obdia_. + +* _Daniel._ + +_Ginnetho_: or _Ginnethon_, _Ginnethon._ +_Neh._ xii. 4, 16. + +* _Baruch._ + +* _Meshullam._ + +_Abijah._ _Abijah._ + +_Miamin._ _Mijamin._ + +_Maadiah._ _Maaziah._ + +_Bilgah._ _Bilgai._ + +_Shemajah._ _Shemajah._ + +_Jeshua._ _Jeshua._ + +_Binnui._ _Binnui._ + +_Kadmiel._ _Kadmiel._ + +_Sherebiah._ [Hebrew: shrbjh]. _Shebaniah._ [Hebrew: shbnjh]. + +_Judah_: or _Hodaviah_, _Hodijah._ +_Ezra_ ii. 40. & iii. 9. +[Greek: Odouia]; _Septuag._ + +The _Levites_, _Jeshua_, _Kadmiel_, and _Hodaviah_ or _Judah_, here +mentioned, are reckoned chief fathers among the people who returned with +_Zerubbabel_, _Ezra_ ii. 40. and they assisted as well in laying the +foundation of the Temple, _Ezra_ iii. 9. as in reading the law, and making +and sealing the covenant, _Nehem._ viii. 7. & ix. 5. & x. 9, 10. + +Comparing therefore the books of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ together; the +history of the _Jews_ under _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, and _Darius Hystaspis_, is +that they returned from captivity under _Zerubbabel_, in the first year of +_Cyrus_, with the Holy Vessels and a commission to build the Temple; and +came to _Jerusalem_ and _Judah_, every one to his city, and dwelt in their +cities untill the seventh month; and then coming to _Jerusalem_, they first +built the Altar, and on the first day of the seventh month began to offer +the daily burnt-offerings, and read in the book of the Law, and they kept a +solemn fast, and sealed a Covenant; and thenceforward the Rulers of the +people dwelt at _Jerusalem_, and the rest of the people cast lots, to dwell +one in ten at _Jerusalem_, and the rest in the cities of _Judah_: and in +the second year of their coming, in the second month, which was six years +before the death of _Cyrus_, they laid the foundation of the Temple; but +_the adversaries of _Judah_ troubled them in building, and hired +counsellors against them all the days of _Cyrus__, and longer, _even until +the Reign of _Darius_ King of _Persia__: but in the second year of his +Reign, by the prophesying of _Haggai_ and _Zechariah_, they returned to the +work; and by the help of a new decree from _Darius_, finished it on the +third day of the month _Adar_, in the sixth year of his Reign, and kept the +Dedication with joy, and the Passover, and Feast of Unleavened Bread. + +Now this _Darius_ was not _Darius Nothus_, but _Darius Hystaspis_, as I +gather by considering that the second year of this _Darius_ was the +seventieth of the indignation against _Jerusalem_, and the cities of +_Judah_, which indignation commenced with the invasion of _Jerusalem_, and +the cities of _Judah_ by _Nebuchadnezzar_, in the ninth year of _Zedekiah_, +_Zech._ i. 12. _Jer._ xxxiv. 1, 7, 22. & xxxix. 1. and that the fourth year +of this _Darius_, was the seventieth from the burning of the Temple in the +eleventh year of _Zedekiah_, _Zech._ vii. 5. & _Jer._ lii. 12. both which +are exactly true of _Darius Hystaspis_: and that in the second year of this +_Darius_ there were men living who had seen the first Temple, _Hagg._ ii. +3. whereas the second year of _Darius Nothus_ was 166 years after the +desolation of the Temple and City. And further, if the finishing of the +Temple be deferred to the sixth year of _Darius Nothus_, _Jeshua_ and +_Zerubbabel_ must have been the one High-Priest, the other Captain of the +people an hundred and eighteen years together, besides their ages before; +which is surely too long: for in the first year of _Cyrus_ the chief +Priests were _Serajah_, _Jeremiah_, _Ezra_, _Amariah_, _Malluch_, +_Shechaniah_, _Rehum_, _Meremoth_, _Iddo_, _Ginnetho_, _Abijah_, _Miamin_, +_Maadiah_, _Bilgah_, _Shemajah_, _Joiarib_, _Jedaiah_, _Sallu_, _Amok_, +_Hilkiah_, _Jedaiah_: these were Priests in the days of _Jeshua_, and the +eldest sons of them all, _Merajah_ the son of _Serajah_, _Hananiah_ the son +of _Jeremiah_, _Meshullam_ the son of _Ezra_, &c. were chief Priests in the +days of _Joiakim_ the son of _Jeshua_: _Nehem._ xii. and therefore the High +Priest-hood of _Jeshua_ was but of an ordinary length. + +I have now stated the history of the _Jews_ in the Reigns of _Cyrus_, +_Cambyses_, and _Darius Hystaspis_: it remains that I state their history +in the Reigns of _Xerxes_, and _Artaxerxes Longimanus_: for I place the +history of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ in the Reign of this _Artaxerxes_, and not +in that of _Artaxerxes Mnemon_: for during all the _Persian_ Monarchy, +until the last _Darius_ mentioned in Scripture, whom I take to be _Darius +Nothus_, there were but six High-Priests in continual succession of father +and son, namely, _Jeshua_, _Joiakim_, _Eliashib_, _Joiada_, _Jonathan_, +_Jaddua_, and the seventh High-Priest was _Onias_ the son of _Jaddua_, and +the eighth was _Simeon Justus_, the Son of _Onias_, and the ninth was +_Eleazar_ the younger brother of _Simeon_. Now, at a mean reckoning, we +should allow about 27 or 28 years only to a Generation by the eldest sons +of a family, one Generation with another, as above; but if in this case we +allow 30 years to a Generation, and may further suppose that _Jeshua_, at +the return of the captivity in the first year of the Empire of the +_Persians_, was about 30 or 40 years old; _Joiakim_ will be of about that +age in the 16th year of _Darius Hystaspis_, _Eliashib_ in the tenth year of +_Xerxes_, _Joiada_ in the 19th year of _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, _Jonathan_ +in the 8th year of _Darius Nothus_, _Jaddua_ in the 19th year of +_Artaxerxes Mnemon_, _Onias_ in the 3d year of _Artaxerxes Ochus_, and +_Simeon Justus_ two years before the death of _Alexander_ the Great: and +this reckoning, as it is according to the course of nature, so it agrees +perfectly well with history; for thus _Eliashib_ might be High-Priest, and +have grandsons, before the seventh year of _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, _Ezra_ +x. 6. and without exceeding the age which many old men attain unto, +continue High-Priest 'till after the 32d year of that King, _Nehem._ xiii. +6, 7. and his grandson _Johanan_, or _Jonathan_, might have a chamber in +the Temple in the seventh year of that King, _Ezra_ x. 6. and be +High-Priest before _Ezra_ wrote the sons of _Levi_ in the book of +_Chronicles_; _Nehem._ xii. 23. and in his High-Priesthood, he might slay +his younger brother _Jesus_ in the Temple, before the end of the Reign of +_Artaxerxes Mnemon_: _Joseph. Antiq._ l. xi. c. 7. and _Jaddua_ might be +High-Priest before the death of _Sanballat_, _Joseph._ _ib._ and before the +death of _Nehemiah_, _Nehem._ xii. 22. and also before the end of the Reign +of _Darius Nothus_; and he might thereby give occasion to _Josephus_ and +the later _Jews_, who took this King for the last _Darius_, to fall into an +opinion that _Sanballat, Jaddua_, and _Manasseh_ the younger brother of +_Jaddua_, lived till the end of the Reign of the last _Darius_: _Joseph._ +_Antiq._ l. xi. c. 7, 8. and the said _Manasseh_ might marry _Nicaso_ the +daughter of _Sanballat_, and for that offence be chased from _Nehemiah_, +before the end of the Reign of _Artaxerxes Longimanus_; _Nehem_. xiii. 28. +_Joseph._ _Antiq._ l. xi. c. 7, 8. and _Sanballat_ might at that time be +_Satrapa_ of _Samaria_, and in the Reign of _Darius Nothus_, or soon after, +build the Temple of the _Samaritans_ in _Mount Gerizim_, for his son-in-law +_Manasseh_, the first High-Priest of that Temple; _Joseph._ _ib._ and +_Simeon Justus_ might be High-Priest when the _Persian_ Empire was invaded +by _Alexander_ the Great, as the _Jews_ represent, _Joma_ fol. 69. 1. +_Liber Juchasis. R. Gedaliah_, &c. and for that reason he might be taken by +some of the _Jews_ for the same High-Priest with _Jaddua_, and be dead some +time before the book of _Ecclesiasticus_ was writ in _Hebrew_ at +_Jerusalem_, by the grandfather of him, who in the 38th year of the +_Egyptian_ AEra of _Dionysius_, that is in the 77th year after the death of +_Alexander_ the Great, met with a copy of it in _Egypt_, and there +translated it into _Greek: Ecclesiast._ ch. 50. & _in Prolog._ and +_Eleazar_, the younger brother and successor of _Simeon_, might cause the +Law to be translated into _Greek_, in the beginning of the Reign of +_Ptolemaus Philadelphus_: _Joseph._ _Antiq._ l. xii. c. 2. and _Onias_ the +son of _Simeon Justus_, who was a child at his father's death, and by +consequence was born in his father's old age, might be so old in the Reign +of _Ptolemaeus Euergetes_, as to have his follies excused to that King, by +representing that he was then grown childish with old age. _Joseph._ +_Antiq._ l. xii. c. 4. In this manner the actions of all these High-Priests +suit with the Reigns of the Kings, without any straining from the course of +nature: and according to this reckoning the days of _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ +fall in with the Reign of the first _Artaxerxes_; for _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ +flourished in the High Priesthood of _Eliashib_, _Ezra_ x. 6. _Nehem._ iii. +1. & xiii. 4, 28. But if _Eliashib_, _Ezra_ and _Nehemiah_ be placed in the +Reign of the second _Artaxerxes_, since they lived beyond the 32d year of +_Artaxerxes_, _Nehem._ xiii. 28, there must be at least 160 years allotted +to the three first High-Priests, and but 42 to the four or five last, a +division too unequal: for the High Priesthoods of _Jeshua_, _Joiakim_, and +_Eliashib_, were but of an ordinary length, that of _Jeshua_ fell in with +one Generation of the chief Priests, and that of _Joiakim_ with the next +Generation, as we have shewed already; and that of _Eliashib_ fell in with +the third Generation: for at the dedication of the wall, _Zechariah_ the +son of _Jonathan_, the son of _Shemaiah_, was one of the Priests, _Nehem._ +xii. 35, and _Jonathan_ and his father _Shemaiah_, were contemporaries to +_Joiakim_ and his father _Jeshua_: _Nehem._ xii. 6, 18. I observe further +that in the first year of _Cyrus_, _Jeshua_, and _Bani_, or _Binnui_, were +chief fathers of the _Levites_, _Nehem_. vii. 7. 15. & _Ezra_ ii. 2. 10. & +iii. 9. and that _Jozabad_ the son of _Jeshua_, and _Noadiah_ the son of +_Binnui_, were chief Levites in the seventh year of _Artaxerxes_, when +_Ezra_ came to _Jerusalem_, _Ezra_ viii. 33. so that this _Artaxerxes_ +began his Reign before the end of the second Generation: and that he +Reigned in the time of the third Generation is confirmed by two instances +more; for _Meshullam_ the son of _Berechiah_, the son of _Meshezabeel_, and +_Azariah_ the son of _Maaseiah_, the son of _Ananiah_, were fathers of +their houses at the repairing of the wall; _Nehem._ iii. 4, 23. and their +grandfathers, _Meshazabeel_ and _Hananiah_, subscribed the covenant in the +Reign of _Cyrus_: _Nehem._ x. 21, 23. Yea _Nehemiah_, this same _Nehemiah_ +the son of _Hachaliah_, was the _Tirshatha_, and subscribed it, _Nehem._ x. +1, & viii. 9, & _Ezra_ ii. 2, 63. and therefore in the 32d year of +_Artaxerxes Mnemon_, he will be above 180 years old, an age surely too +great. The same may be said of _Ezra_, if he was that Priest and Scribe who +read the Law, _Nehem._ viii. for he is the son of _Serajah_, the son of +_Azariah_, the son of _Hilkiah_, the son of _Shallum_, &c. _Ezra_ vii. 1. +and this _Serajah_ went into captivity at the burning of the Temple, and +was there slain, 1 _Chron._ vi. 14. 2 _King._ xxv. 18. and from his death, +to the twentieth year of _Artaxerxes Mnemon_, is above 200 years; an age +too great for _Ezra_. + +I consider further that _Ezra_, chap. iv. names _Cyrus_, *, _Darius_, +_Ahasuerus_, and _Artaxerxes_, in continual order, as successors to one +another, and these names agree to _Cyrus_, *, _Darius Hystaspis_, _Xerxes_, +and _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, and to no other Kings of _Persia_: some take +this _Artaxerxes_ to be not the Successor, but the Predecessor of _Darius +Hystaspis_, not considering that in his Reign the _Jews_ were busy in +building the City and the Wall, _Ezra_ iv. 12. and by consequence had +finished the Temple before. _Ezra_ describes first how the people of the +land hindered the building of the Temple all the days of _Cyrus_, and +further, untill the Reign of _Darius_; and after the Temple was built, how +they hindered the building of the city in the Reign of _Ahasuerus_ and +_Artaxerxes_, and then returns back to the story of the Temple in the Reign +of _Cyrus_ and _Darius_; and this is confirmed by comparing the book of +_Ezra_ with the book of _Esdras_: for if in the book of _Ezra_ you omit the +story of _Ahasuerus_ and _Artaxerxes_, and in that of _Esdras_ you omit the +same story of _Artaxerxes_, and that of the three wise men, the two books +will agree: and therefore the book of _Esdras_, if you except the story of +the three wise men, was originally copied from authentic writings of Sacred +Authority. Now the story of _Artaxerxes_, which, with that of _Ahasuerus_, +in the book of _Ezra_ interrupts the story of _Darius_, doth not interrupt +it in the book of _Esdras_, but is there inferred into the story of +_Cyrus_, between the first and second chapter of _Ezra_; and all the rest +of the story of _Cyrus_, and that of _Darius_, is told in the book of +_Esdras_ in continual order, without any interruption: so that the _Darius_ +which in the book of _Ezra_ precedes _Ahasuerus_ and _Artaxerxes_, and the +_Darius_ which in the same book follows them, is, by the book of _Esdras_, +one and the same _Darius_; and I take the book of _Esdras_ to be the best +interpreter of the book of _Ezra_: so the _Darius_ mentioned between +_Cyrus_ and _Ahasuerus_, is _Darius Hysaspis_; and therefore _Ahasuerus_ +and _Artaxerxes_ who succeed him, are _Xerxes_ and _Artaxerxes Longimanus_; +and the _Jews_ who came up from _Artaxerxes_ to _Jerusalem_, and began to +build the city and the wall, _Ezra_ iv. 13. are _Ezra_ with his companions: +which being understood, the history of the _Jews_ in the Reign of these +Kings will be as follows. + +After the Temple was built, and _Darius Hystaspis_ was dead, the enemies of +the _Jews_ in the beginning of the Reign of his successor _Ahasuerus_ or +_Xerxes_, wrote unto him an accusation against them; _Ezra_ iv. 6. but in +the seventh year of his successor _Artaxerxes_, _Ezra_ and his companions +went up from _Babylon_ with Offerings and Vessels for the Temple, and power +to bestow on it out of the King's Treasure what should be requisite; _Ezra_ +vii. whence the Temple is said to be finished, _according to the +commandment of _Cyrus_, and _Darius_, and _Artaxerxes_ King of _Persia__: +_Ezra_ vi. 14. Their commission was also to set Magistrates and Judges over +the land, and thereby becoming a new Body Politic, they called a great +Council or Sanhedrim to separate the people from strange wives; and they +were also encouraged to attempt the building of _Jerusalem_ with its wall: +and thence _Ezra_ saith in his prayer, that _God had extended mercy unto +them in the sight of the Kings of _Persia_, and given them a reviving to +set up the house of their God, and to repair the desolations thereof, and +to give them a WALL in _Judah_, even in _Jerusalem__. _Ezra_ ix. 9. But +when they had begun to repair the wall, their enemies wrote against them to +_Artaxerxes_: _Be it known_, say they, _unto the King, that the _Jews_ +which came up from thee to us, are come unto _Jerusalem_, building the +rebellious and the bad city, and have set up the walls thereof, and joined +the foundations_, &c. And the King wrote back that the _Jews_ should cease +and the city not be built, until another commandment should be given from +him: whereupon their enemies _went up to _Jerusalem_, and made them cease +by force and power_; _Ezra_ iv. but in the twentieth year of the King, +_Nehemiah_ hearing that the _Jews_ were in great affliction and distress, +and that the wall of _Jerusalem_, that wall which had been newly repaired +by _Ezra_, _was broken down, and the gates thereof burnt wth fire_; he +obtained leave of the King to go and build the city, and the Governour's +house, _Nehem._ i. 3. & ii. 6, 8, 17. and coming to _Jerusalem_ the same +year, he continued Governor twelve years, and built the wall; and being +opposed by _Sanballat_, _Tobiah_ and _Geshem_, he persisted in the work +with great resolution and patience, until the breaches were made up: then +_Sanballat_ and _Geshem_ sent messengers unto him five times to hinder him +from setting up the doors upon the gates: but notwithstanding he persisted +in the work, until the doors were also set up: so the wall was finished in +the eight and twentieth year of the King, _Joseph._ _Antiq._ l. xi. c. 5. +in the five and twentieth day of the month _Elul_, or sixth month, in fifty +and two days after the breaches were made up, and they began to work upon +the gates. While the timber for the gates was preparing and seasoning, they +made up the breaches of the wall; both were works of time, and are not +jointly to be reckoned within the 52 days: this is the time of the last +work of the wall, the work of setting up the gates after the timber was +seasoned and the breaches made up. When he had set up the gates, he +dedicated the wall with great solemnity, and appointed Officers _over the +chambers for the Treasure, for the Offerings, for the First-Fruits, and for +the Tithes, to gather into them out of the fields of the cities, the +portions appointed by the law for the Priests and Levites; and the Singers +and the Porters kept the ward of their God_; Nehem. xii. _but the people in +the city were but few, and the houses were unbuilt_: _Nehem._ vii. 1, 4. +and in this condition he left _Jerusalem_ in the 32d year of the King; and +after sometime returning back from the King, he reformed such abuses as had +been committed in his absence. _Nehem._ xiii. In the mean time, the +Genealogies of the Priests and Levites were recorded in the book of the +_Chronicles_, in the days of _Eliashib_, _Joiada_, _Jonathan_, and +_Jaddua_, until the Reign of the next King _Darius Nothus_, whom _Nehemiah_ +calls _Darius_ the _Persian_: _Nehem._ xii. 11, 22, 23. whence it follows +that _Nehemiah_ was Governor of the _Jews_ until the Reign of _Darius +Nothus_. And here ends the Sacred History of the _Jews_. + +The histories of the _Persians_ now extant in the East, represent that the +oldest Dynasties of the Kings of _Persia_, were those whom they call +_Pischdadians_ and _Kaianides_, and that the Dynasty of the _Kaianides_ +immediately succeeded that of the _Pischdadians_. They derive the name +_Kaianides_ from the word _Kai_, which, they say, in the old _Persian_ +language signified a Giant or great King; and they call the first four +Kings of this Dynasty, _Kai-Cobad, Kai-Caus, Kai-Cosroes_, and _Lohorasp_, +and by _Lohorasp_ mean _Kai-Axeres_, or _Cyaxeres_: for they say that +_Lohorasp_ was the first of their Kings who reduced their armies to good +order and discipline, and _Herodotus_ affirms the same thing of _Cyaxeres_: +and they say further, that _Lohorasp_ went eastward, and conquered many +Provinces of _Persia_, and that one of his Generals, whom the _Hebrews_ +call _Nebuchadnezzar_, the _Arabians_ _Bocktanassar_, and others _Raham_ +and _Gudars_, went westward, and conquered all _Syria_ and _Judaea_, and +took the city of _Jerusalem_ and destroyed it: they seem to call +_Nebuchadnezzar_ the General of _Lohorasp_, because he assisted him in some +of his wars. The fifth King of this Dynasty, they call _Kischtasp_, and by +this name mean sometimes _Darius Medus_, and sometimes _Darius Hystaspis_: +for they say that he was contemporary to _Ozair_ or _Ezra_, and to +_Zaradust_ or _Zoroastres_, the Legislator of the _Ghebers_ or +fire-worshippers, and established his doctrines throughout all _Persia_; +and here they take him for _Darius Hystaspis_: they say also that he was +contemporary to _Jeremiah_, and to _Daniel_, and that he was the son and +successor of _Lohorasp_, and here they take him for _Darius_ the _Mede_. +The sixth King of the _Kaianides_, they call _Bahaman_, and tell us that +_Bahaman_ was _Ardschir Diraz_, that is _Artaxerxes Longimanus_, so called +from the great extent of his power: and yet they say that _Bahaman_ went +westward into _Mesopotamia_ and _Syria_, and conquered _Belshazzar_ the son +of _Nebuchadnezzar_, and gave the Kingdom to _Cyrus_ his Lieutenant-General +over _Media_: and here they take _Bahaman_ for _Darius Medus_. Next after +_Ardschir Diraz_, they place _Homai_ a Queen, the mother of _Darius +Nothus_, tho' really she did not Reign: and the two next and last Kings of +the _Kaianides_, they call _Darab_ the bastard son of _Ardschir Diraz_, and +_Darab_ who was conquered by _Ascander Roumi_, that is _Darius Nothus_, and +_Darius_ who was conquered by _Alexander_ the _Greek_: and the Kings +between these two _Darius's_ they omit, as they do also _Cyrus_, +_Cambyses_, and _Xerxes_. The Dynasty of the _Kaianides_, was therefore +that of the _Medes_ and _Persians_, beginning with the defection of the +_Medes_ from the _Assyrians_, in the end of the Reign of _Sennacherib_, and +ending with the conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great. But their +account of this Dynasty is very imperfect, some Kings being omitted, and +others being confounded with one another: and their Chronology of this +Dynasty is still worse; for to the first King they assign a Reign of 120 +years, to the second a Reign of 150 years, to the third a Reign of 60 +years, to the fourth a Reign of 120 years, to the fifth as much, and to the +sixth a Reign of 112 years. + +This Dynasty being the Monarchy of the _Medes_, and _Persians_; the Dynasty +of the _Pischdadians_ which immediately preceded it, must be that of the +_Assyrians_: and according to the oriental historians this was the oldest +Kingdom in the world, some of its Kings living a thousand years a-piece, +and one of them Reigning five hundred years, another seven hundred years, +and another a thousand years. + +We need not then wonder, that the _Egyptians_ have made the Kings in the +first Dynasty of their Monarchy, that which was seated at _Thebes_ in the +days of _David_, _Solomon_, and _Rehoboam_, so very ancient and so long +lived; since the _Persians_ have done the like to their Kings, who began to +Reign in _Assyria_ two hundred years after the death of _Solomon_; and the +_Syrians_ of _Damascus_ have done the like to their Kings _Adar_ and +_Hazael_, who Reigned an hundred years after the death of _Solomon_, +_worshipping them as Gods, and boasting their antiquity, and not knowing_, +saith _Josephus_, _that they were but modern_. + +And whilst all these nations have magnified their Antiquities so +exceedingly, we need not wonder that the _Greeks_ and _Latines_ have made +their first Kings a little older than the truth. + + * * * * * + +FINIS. + + * * * * * + +Notes. + +[1] _In the life of_ Lycurgus. + +[2] In the life of _Solon_. + +[3] Herod. l. 2. + +[4] Plutarch. de Pythiae Oraculo. + +[5] Plutarch. in Solon + +[6] Apud Diog. Laert. in Solon p. 10. + +[7] Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 56. + +[8] Ib. l. 5. c. 29. + +[9] Cont. Apion. sub initio. + +[10] In [Greek: Akousilaos]. + +[11] Joseph. cont. Ap. l. 1. + +[12] Dionys. l. 1. initio. + +[13] Plutarch. in Numa. + +[14] Diodor. l. 16. p. 550. Edit. Steph. + +[15] Polyb. p. 379. B. + +[16] In vita Lycurgi, sub initio. + +[17] In Solone. + +[18] Plutarch. in Romulo & Numa. + +[19] In AEneid. 7. v. 678. + +[20] Diodor. l. 1. + +[21] Plutarch. in Romulo. + +[22] Lib. I. in Proaem. + +[23] Plutarch. in Lycurgo sub initio. + +[24] Pausan. l. 4. c. 13. p. 28. & c. 7. p. 296 & l. 3. c. 15. p. 245. + +[25] Pausan. l. 4. c. 7. p. 296. + +[26] Herod. l. 7. + +[27] Herod. l. 8. + +[28] Plato in Minoe. + +[29] Thucyd. l. 1. p. 13. + +[30] Athen. l. 14 p. 605 + +[31] Pausan. l. 5. c. 8. + +[32] Pausan. l. 6. c. 19. + +[33] Plutarch. de Musica. Clemens Strom. l. 1. p. 308. + +[34] Herod. l. 6. c. 52. + +[35] Pausan. l. 5. c. 4. + +[36] Pausan. l. 5. c. 1, 3, 8. Strabo, l. 8, p. 357. + +[37] Pausan. l. 5. c.4. + +[38] Pausan. l. 5. c.18. + +[39] Solin. c. 30. + +[40] Dionys. l. 1. p. 15. + +[41] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 101. + +[42] Plutarch. in Theseo. + +[43] Diodor. l. 1. p. 35. + +[44] Joseph. Antiq. l. 4. c. 8 + +[45] Contra Apion. l. 1. + +[46] Hygin. Fab. 144. + +[47] Gen. i. 14. & viii. 22. Censorinus c. 19 & 20. Cicero in Verrem. +Geminus c. 6. + +[48] Cicero in Verrem. + +[49] Diodor. l. 1. + +[50] Cicero in Verrem. + +[51] Gem. c. 6. + +[52] Apud Laertium, in Cleobulo. + +[53] Apud Laertium, in Thalete. Plutarch. in Solone. + +[54] Censorinus c. 18. Herod. l. 2. prope initium. + +[55] Apollodor l. 3. p. 169. Strabo l. 16. p. 476. Homer. Odyss. [Tau]. v. +179. + +[56] Herod. l. 1. + +[57] Plutarch. in Numa. + +[58] Diodor. l. 3. p. 133. + +[59] Diodor. l. 1. p. 13. + +[60] Apud Theodorum Gazam de mentibus. + +[61] Apud Athenaeum, l. 14. + +[62] Suidas in [Greek: Saroi]. + +[63] Herod. l. 1. + +[64] Julian. Or: 4. + +[65] Strabo l. 17. p. 816. + +[66] Diodor. l. 1. p. 32. + +[67] Plutarch de Osiride & Iside. Diodor. l. 1. p. 9. + +[68] Hecataeus apud Diodor. l. 1. p. 32. + +[69] Isagoge Sect. 23, a Petavio edit. + +[70] Hipparch. ad Phaenom. l.2. Sect. 3. a Petavio edit. + +[71] Hipparch. ad Phaenom. l.1. Sect. 2. + +[72] Strom. 1. p. 306, 352. + +[73] Laertius Proem. l. 1. + +[74] Apollodor. l. 1. c. 9. Sect. 16. + +[75] Suidas in [Greek: Anagallis]. + +[76] Apollodor. l. 1. c. 9. Sect. 25. + +[77] Laert. in Thalete. Plin. l. 2. c. 12. + +[78] Plin. l. 18. c. 23. + +[79] Petav. Var. Disl. l. 1. c. 5. + +[80] Petav. Doct. Temp. l. 4. c. 26. + +[81] Columel. l. 9. c. 14. Plin. l. 18. c. 25. + +[82] Arrian. l. 7. + +[83] In Moph. + +[84] Euanthes apud Athenaeum, l. 67. p. 296. + +[85] Hyginus Fab. 14. + +[86] Homer. Odyss. l. 8. v. 292. + +[87] Hesiod. Theogon. v. 945. + +[88] Pausan. l. 2. c. 23. + +[89] Strabo l. 16. + +[90] Isa. xxiii. 2. 12. + +[91] 1 Kings v. 6 + +[92] Steph. in Azoth. + +[93] Conon. Narrat. 37. + +[94] Nonnus Dionysiac l. 13 v. 333 [alpha] sequ. + +[95] Athen. l. 4. c. 23. + +[96] Strabo. l. 10. p. 661. Herod. l. 1. + +[97] Strabo. l. 16. + +[98] 2 Chron. xxi. 8, 10. & 2 Kings. viii. 20, 22. + +[99] Herod. l. 1. initio, & l. 7. circa medium. + +[100] Solin. c. 23, Edit. Salm. + +[101] Plin. l. 4. c. 22. + +[102] Strabo. l. 9. p. 401. & l. 10. p. 447. + +[103] Herod. l. 5. + +[104] Strabo. l. 1. p. 42. + +[105] Strabo. l. 1. p. 48. + +[106] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 34. + +[107] Strabo. l. 3. p. 140. + +[108] Vid. Phil. Transact. No. 359. + +[109] Canaan, l. 1. c. 34. p. 682. + +[110] Aristot. de Mirab. + +[111] Plin. l. 7. c. 56. + +[112] Canaan. l. 1. c. 39. + +[113] Philostratus in vita Apollonii l. 5. c. 1. apud Photium. + +[114] Arnob. l. 1. + +[115] Bochart. in Canaan. l. 1. c. 24. + +[116] Oros. l. 5. c. 15. Florus l. 3. c. 1. Sallust. in Jugurtha. + +[117] Antiq. l. 8. c. 2, 5. & l. 9. c. 14. + +[118] Thucyd. l. 6. initio. Euseb. Chr. + +[119] Thucyd. ib. + +[120] Apud Dionys. l. 1. p. 15. + +[121] Herod. l. 8. c. 137. + +[122] Herod. l. 8. + +[123] Herod. l. 8. c. 139. + +[124] Thucyd. l. 2. prope finem. + +[125] Herod l. 6. c. 127. + +[126] Strabo. l. 8. p. 355. + +[127] Pausan. l. 6. c. 22. + +[128] Pausan. l. 5. c. 9. + +[129] Strabo. l. 8. p. 358. + +[130] Phanias Eph. ap. Plut. in vita Solonis. + +[131] Vid. Dionys. Halicarnass. l. 1. p. 44, 45. + +[132] Pausan. l. 2. c. 6. + +[133] Hygin. Fab. 7 & 8. + +[134] Homer. Iliad. [Omicron]. + +[135] Homer. Odys. [Eta]. Diodor. l. 5. p.237. + +[136] Diodor. l. 1. p.17. + +[137] Pausan. l. 2. c. 25. + +[138] Apollodor. l. 2. Sect. 5. + +[139] Herod l. 7. + +[140] Bochart. Canaan part. 2. cap. 13. + +[141] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 77. + +[142] Conon. Narrat. 13. + +[143] Pausan. l. 5. c. 1. Apollodor. l. 1. c. 7. + +[144] Pausan. l. 7. c. 1. + +[145] Pausan. l. 1. c. 37. & l. 10. c. 29. + +[146] Pausan. l. 7. c. 1. + +[147] Hesych. in [Greek: Kranaos]. + +[148] Themist. Orat. 19. + +[149] Plato in Alcib. 1. + +[150] Pausan. l. 8. c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. + +[151] Pausan. l. 8. c. 4. Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 161. + +[152] Pausan. l. 8. c. 4. + +[153] Herod. l. 5. c. 58. + +[154] Strabo l. 10. p. 464, 465, 466. + +[155] Solin. Polyhist. c. 11. + +[156] Isidor. originum. lib. xi. c. 6. + +[157] Clem. Strom. l. 1. + +[158] Pausan. l. 9. c. 11. + +[159] Strabo l. 10. p. 472, 473. Diodor. l. 5. c. 4. + +[160] Strabo l. 10. p. 468. 472. Diodor. l. 5. c. 4. + +[161] Lucian de sacrificiis. Apollod. l. 1. c. 1. sect. 3. & c. 2. sect. 1. + +[162] Boch. in Canaan. l. 1. c. 15. + +[163] Athen. l. 13. p. 601. + +[164] Plutarch in Theseo. + +[165] Homer Il. [Nu]. & [Xi]. & Odys. [Lambda]. & [Tau]. + +[166] Herod. l. 1. + +[167] Apollod. l. 3. c. 1. Hygin. Fab. 40, 41, 42. 178. + +[168] Lucian. de Dea Syria. + +[169] Diodor. l. 5. c. 4, + +[170] Argonaut. l. 2. v. 1236. + +[171] Lucian. de sacrificiis. + +[172] Porphyr. in vita Pythag. + +[173] Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 3. + +[174] Callimac. Hymn 1. v. 8. + +[175] Cypr. de Idolorum vanitate. + +[176] Tert. Apologet. c. 10. + +[177] Macrob. Saturnal. lib. 1. c. 7. + +[178] Pausan. l. 5. c. 7, vid. et. c. 13. 14. & l. 8. c. 2. + +[179] Pausan. l. 8. c. 29. + +[180] Diodor. l. 5. p. 183. + +[181] Pausan. l. 5. c. 8. 14. + +[182] Herod. l. 2. c. 44. + +[183] Cic. de natura Deorum. lib. 3. + +[184] Diodor. p. 223. + +[185] Dionys. l. 1. p. 38, 42. + +[186] Lucian. de saltatione. + +[187] Arnob. adv. gent. l. 6. p. 131. + +[188] Herod. l. 2. initio. + +[189] Diodor. l. 1. p. 8. + +[190] Hesiod. opera. v. 108. + +[191] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 1643. + +[192] Vita Homeri Herodoto adfer. + +[193] Herod. l. 2. + +[194] 1 Sam. ix. 16. & xiii. 5. 19, 20. + +[195] Clem. Al. Strom. 1. p. 321. + +[196] Plin. l. 7. + +[197] Plato in Timaeo. + +[198] Apollodor. l. 3. c. 1. + +[199] Herod. l. 2. + +[200] Hygin. Fab. 7. + +[201] Apollodor. l. 3. c. 6. + +[202] Homer. Il. [Gamma]. vers 572. + +[203] Thucyd. l. 2. p. 110. & Plutarch. in Theseo. + +[204] Strabo. l. 9. p. 396. + +[205] Apud Strabonem, l. 9. p. 397. + +[206] Pausan. l. 2. c. 15. + +[207] Strabo. l. 8. p. 337. + +[208] Pausan. l. 8. c. 1. 2. + +[209] Plin. l. 7. c. 56. + +[210] Dionys. l. 1. p. 10. + +[211] Dionys. l. 2. p. 126. + +[212] Diodor l. 5. p. 224. 225. 240. + +[213] Ammian. l. 17. c. 7. + +[214] Plin. l. 2. c. 87. + +[215] Diodor. l. 5. p. 202. 204. + +[216] Apud Diodor. l. 5. p. 201. + +[217] Dionys. l. 1. p. 17. + +[218] Dionys. l. 1. p. 33. 34. + +[219] Dionys. ib. + +[220] Ptol. Hephaest. l. 2. + +[221] Dionys. l. 2. p. 34. + +[222] Diodor. l. 5. p. 230. + +[223] Ister apud Porphyr. abst. l. 2. s. 56. + +[224] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 15. + +[225] Apud Strabonem. lib. 14. p. 684. + +[226] Strabo. l. 17. p. 828. + +[227] Diodor. l. 3. p. 132. + +[228] Herod. l. 1. + +[229] 1 King. xx. 16. + +[230] Genes. xiv. Deut ii. 9. 12. 19.-22. + +[231] Exod. i. 9. 22. + +[232] Job xxxi. 11. + +[233] Job xxxi. 26. + +[234] 1 Chron. xi. 4. 5. Judg. i. 21. 2 Sam v. 6. + +[235] Vide Hermippum apud Athenaeum, I. + +[236] Argonaut. l. 4. v. 272. + +[237] Diodor. l. 1. p. 7. + +[238] Apud Diodorum l. 3. p. 140. + +[239] Diodor. l. 3. p. 131. 132. + +[240] Pausan. l. 2. c. 20. p. 155. + +[241] Diodor. l. 3. p. 130 & Schol. Apollonii. l. 2. + +[242] Ammian. l. 22. c. 8. + +[243] Justin. l. 2. c. 4. + +[244] Diodor. l. 1. p. 9. + +[245] Apud Diodor. l. 3. p. 141. + +[246] Step. in [Greek: Ammonia]. + +[247] Plin. l. 6. c. 28. + +[248] Ptol. l. 6. c. 7. + +[249] D. Augustin. in exposit. epist. ad Rom. sub initio. + +[250] Procop. de bello Vandal. l. 2. c. 10. + +[251] Chron. l. 1. p. 11. + +[252] Gemar. ad tit. Shebijth. cap. 6. + +[253] Manetho apud Josephum cont. Appion. l. 1. p. 1039. + +[254] Herod. l. 2. + +[255] Jerem. xliv. 1. Ezek. xxix. 14. + +[256] Menetho apud Porphyrium [Greek: peri apones**] l. 1. Sect. 55. Et. +Euseb. Praep. l. 4. c. 16. p. 155. + +[257] Diodor. l. 3. p. 101. + +[258] Diodor. apud Photium in Biblioth. + +[259] Herod. l. 2. + +[260] Plutarch. de Iside. p. 355. Diodor. l. 1. p. 9. + +[261] Augustin. de Civ. Dei. l. 18. c. 47. + +[262] Apud Photium, c. 279. + +[263] Fab. 274. + +[264] Apud Euseb. Chron. + +[265] Plin. l. 6. c. 23, 28. & l. 7. c. 56. + +[266] Diodor. l. 1. p. 17. + +[267] Pausan. l. 4. c. 23. + +[268] Apollodor. l. 2. c. 1. + +[269] Dionys. in Perie. v. 623. + +[270] Fab. 275. + +[271] Saturnal. l. 5. c. 21. + +[272] Lucan. l. 10. + +[273] Lucan. l. 9. + +[274] Herod. l. 1. + +[275] Diodor. l. 1. p. 35. Herod. l. 2 c. 102, 103, 106. + +[276] Pausan. l. 10. Suidas in [Greek: Parnasioi]. + +[277] Lucan l. 5. + +[278] Argonaut. l. 4. v. 272. + +[279] Herod. l. 2. c. 109. + +[280] In vita Pythag. c. 29. + +[281] Diodor. l. 1. p. 36 + +[282] Dionys. de situ Orbis. + +[283] Diodor. l. 1. p. 39. + +[284] Plutarch. de Iside & Osiride. + +[285] Diodor. l. 1. p. 8. + +[286] Lucian. de Dea Syria + +[287] Exod. xxxiv. 13. Num. xxxiii. 52. Deut. vii. 5. & xii. 3. + +[288] 2 Sam. viii. 10. & 1 King. xi. 23. + +[289] Antiq l. 9. c. 2. + +[290] Justin. l. 36. + +[291] Diodor. l. 5. p. 238. + +[292] Suidas in [Greek: Sardanapalos]. + +[293] Apollod. l. 3. + +[294] Argonaut. l. 4. v. 424. & l. 1. v. 621. + +[295] Homer Odyss. [Theta]. v. 268. 292. & Hymn. 1. & 2. in Venerem. & +Hesiod. Theogon. v. 192. + +[296] Pausan. l. 1. c. 20. + +[297] Clem. Al. Admon. ad Gent. p. 10. Apollodor. l. 3. c. 13. Pindar. +Pyth. Ode 2. Hesych. in [Greek: Kinyradai]. Steph. in [Greek: Amathous]. +Strabo. l. 16, p. 755. + +[298] Clem. Al. Admon. ad Gent. p. 21. Plin. l. 7. c. 56. + +[299] Herod. l. 2. + +[300] Herod. l. 3. c. 37. + +[301] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 4. + +[302] Apud Athenaeum l. 9. p. 392. + +[303] Ptol. l. 2. + +[304] Diod. l. 3. p. 145. + +[305] Vas. Chron. Hisp. c. 10. + +[306] Strabo l. 16. p. 776. + +[307] Homer. + +[308] Diodor. l. 3. p.132, 133 + +[309] Plato in Timaeo. & Critia. + +[310] Apud Diodor. l. 5. p. 233. + +[311] Pamphus apud Pausan. l. 7. c. 21. + +[312] Herod. l. 2. c. 50. + +[313] Plutarch in Iside. + +[314] Lucian de Saltatione. + +[315] Agatharc. apud Photium. + +[316] Hygin. Fab. 150. + +[317] Plutarch. in Iside. + +[318] Diodor. l. 1. p. 10. + +[319] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 9. + +[320] Diodor. l. 1. p. 12. + +[321] Plin. l. 6. c. 29. + +[322] Herod. l. 2. c. 110. + +[323] Manetho apud Josephum cont. Apion. p. 1052, 1053. + +[324] Diodor. l. 1. p. 31. + +[325] Herod. l. 2. + +[326] Strabo. l. 1. p. 48. + +[327] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. + +[328] Strabo. l. 1. p. 21, 45, 46. + +[329] Diodor. l. 1. p. 29. + +[330] Manetho + +[331] Herod. l. 2 + +[332] Herod. l. 2. + +[333] Ammian. l. 17. c. 4. + +[334] Strabo. l. 17. p. 817. + +[335] Annal. l. 2. c. 60. + +[336] Diodor. l. 1. p. 32. + +[337] Diodor. l. 1. p. 51. + +[338] Joseph. Ant. l. 1. c. 4. + +[339] Heordot. l. 2. c. 141. + +[340] Isa. xix. 2, 4, 11, 13, 23. + +[341] Herod. l. 2. c. 148, &c. + +[342] Plin. l. 36. c. 8. 9. + +[343] Diodor. l. 1 p. 29, &c. + +[344] Diodor. l. 2, p. 83. + +[345] Amos vi. 13, 14. + +[346] Amos vi. 2. + +[347] 2 Chron. xxvi. 6. + +[348] 2 King. xiv. 25. + +[349] 2 King. xix. 11. + +[350] Isa. x. 8. + +[351] 1 Chron. v. 26. 2 King. xvi. 9 & xvii. 6, 24. & Ezra iv. 9. + +[352] Isa. xxii. 6. + +[353] 2 King. xvii. 24, 30, 31. & xviii. 33, 34, 35. 2 Chron. xxxii. 15. + +[354] 2 Chron. xxxii. 13, 15. + +[355] Hosea v. 13. & x. 6, 14. + +[356] Herod. l. iii. c. 155. + +[357] Herod. l. i. c. 184. + +[358] Beros. apud Josep. contr. Appion. l. 1. + +[359] Curt. l. 5. c. 1. + +[360] Apud Euseb. Praep. l. 9. c. 41. + +[361] Doroth. apud Julium Firmicum. + +[362] Heren. apud Steph. in [Greek: Bab.] + +[363] Abyden apud Euseb. Praep. l. 9. c. 41. + +[364] Isa. xxiii. 13. + +[365] Tobit. i. 13. Annal. Tyr. apud Joseph. Ant. l. 9. c. 14. + +[366] Hosea x. 14. + +[367] Tobit. i. 15. + +[368] Tobit. i. 21. 2 King. xix. 37. Ptol. Canon. + +[369] Isa. xx. 1, 3, 4. + +[370] Herod. l. 1. c. 72. & l. 7. c. 63. + +[371] Apud Athenaeum l. xii. p. 528. + +[372] Herod. l. 1. c. 96. &c. + +[373] Athenaeus l. 12. p. 529, 530. + +[374] Herod. l. 1. c. 102. + +[375] Herod. l. 1. c. 103. Steph. in [Greek: Parthyaioi.] + +[376] Alexander Polyhist. apud Euseb. in Chron. p. 46 & apud Syncellum. p. +210. + +[377] 2 Kings xxiv. 7. Jer. xlvi. 2. Eupolemus apud Euseb. Praep. l. 9. c. +35. + +[378] 2 King. xxiii. 29, &c. + +[379] Eupolemus apud Euseb. Praep. l. 9. c. 39. 2 King. xxv. 2, 7. + +[380] Dan. i. 1. + +[381] Dan. i. 2. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 6. + +[382] Jer. xlvi. 2. + +[383] Apud Joseph. Antiq. l. 10. c. 11. + +[384] Beros. apud Joseph. Ant. l. 10. c. 11. + +[385] 2 King. xxiv. 12, 14. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 10. + +[386] 2 Kings xxiv. 17. Ezek. xvii. 13, 16, 18. + +[387] Ezek. xvii. 15. + +[388] 2 King. xxv. 1, 2, 8. Jer. xxxii. 1, & xxxix 1, 2. + +[389] Canon. & Beros. + +[390] 2 King. xxv. 27. + +[391] Hieron. in Isa. xiv. 19. + +[392] 2 King. xxv. 27. 29, &c. + +[393] Dan. v. 2. + +[394] Jos. Ant. l. 10. c. 11. + +[395] Herod. l. 1. c. 184, 185. + +[396] Philost. in vita Apollonii. l. 1. c. 15. + +[397] Jos. cont. Apion. l. 1. c. 21. + +[398] Herod. l. 1. c. 189, 190, 191. Xenoph. l. 7. p. 190, 191, 192. Ed. +Paris. + +[399] Dan. v. 30, 31. Joseph. Ant. l. 10. c. 11. + +[400] AEsch. Persae v. 761. + +[401] Herod. l. 1. c. 107, 108. Xenophon Cyropaed. l. 1. p. 3. + +[402] Cyropaed. l. 1. p. 22. + +[403] Cyropaed. l. viii. p. 228, 229. + +[404] Herod. l. 1. c. 73. + +[405] Herod. l. 1. c. 106, 130. + +[406] Herod. l. 1. c. 103. + +[407] Herod. ib. + +[408] Jer. xxv. + +[409] Herod. l. 1. c. 73, 74. + +[410] Herod. Ibid. Plin. l. 2. c. 12. + +[411] _The _Scythians_._ + +[412] Jer. xxvii. 3, 6. Ezek. xxi. 19, 20 & xxv. 2, 8, 12. + +[413] Ezek. xxvi. 2. & xxix. 17, 19. + +[414] Ezek. xxix. 19. & xxx. 4, 5. + +[415] Suid. in [Greek: Dareikos] & [Greek: Dareikous]. Harpocr. in [Greek: +Dareikos]. Scoliast in Aristophanis. [Greek: Ekklesiazouston. v. 598.] + +[416] Herod. l. 1. c. 71. + +[417] Isa. xiii. 17. + +[418] Plin. l. 33. c. 3. + +[419] Herod. l. 1. c. 94. + +[420] Theogn. [Greek: Gnomai], v. 761. + +[421] Ibid. v. 773. + +[422] Cyrop. l. 8. + +[423] Comment. in Dan. v. + +[424] Strabo. l. 16. initio. + +[425] Strab. l. 16. p. 745. + +[426] Herod. l. 1. c. 192. + +[427] Herod. l. 1. c. 178, &c. + +[428] Isa. xxiii. 13. + +[429] Diod. l. 1. p. 51. + +[430] Herod. l. 1. c. 181. + +[431] Suidas in [Greek: Aristarchos]. Herod. l. 1. c. 123, &c. + +[432] Strabo. l. 15. p. 730. + +[433] Herod. l. 1. c. 127, &c. + +[434] Cyrop. l. 8. p. 233. + +[435] See Plate I. & II. + +[436] Ezek. xli. 13, 14. + +[437] Ezek. xl. 47 + +[438] Ezek. xl. 29, 33, 36. + +[439] Ezek. xl. 19, 23, 27. 2 King xxi. 5. 2 Chron. iv. 9. + +[440] Ezek. xl. 15, 17, 21. 1 Chron. xxviii. 12. + +[441] Ezek. xl 5, xlii. 20, & xlv. 2. + +[442] 2 King. xxi.5. + +[443] Ezek. xl. + +[444] Plate III. + +[445] Plate I. + +[446] 1 Chron. xxvi. 17. + +[447] Ezek. xlvi. 8, 9. + +[448] Ezek. xliv. 2, 3. + +[449] 1 Chron. xxvi. 15, 16, 17, 18. + +[450] Ezek. xl. 22, 26, 31, 34, 37. + +[451] Plate II & III. + +[452] 1 King. vi. 36. & vii. 13. Ezek. xl. 17, 18. + +[453] Ezek. xl. 10, 31, 34, 37. + +[454] Plate I. + +[455] 1 King. vi. 36, & vii. 12. + +[456] Ezek. xl. 17. + +[457] Plate III. + +[458] Plate I & II. + +[459] Ezek. xlvi. 21, 22. + +[460] Ezek. xl. 45. + +[461] Ezek. xl. 39, 41, 42, 46. + +[462] Plate II. + +[463] Ezek. xlii. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14. + +[464] Ezek. xlvi. 19, 20. + +[465] Ezek. xlii. 5, 6. + +[466] 1 King. vi. 2. Ezek. xli. 2, 4, 12, 13, 14. + +[467] 1 King. vi. 3. Ezek. xli. 13. + +[468] Ezek. xli. 6, 11. + +[469] 1 King. vi. 6. + +[470] Ezek. xli. 6. + +[471] 2 Chron. iii. 4. + +[472] 1 King. vi. 8. + +[473] 2 Chron. xx. 5. + +[474] 2 King. xvi. 18. + +[475] Ezra vi. 3, 4. + +[476] Plate I + +[477] Plate III. + +[478] Plate I. + +[479] Valer. Max. l. 9. c. 2. + +[480] Porph. de Abstinentia, lib. 4. + +[481] Q. Curt. Lib. iii. c. 3. + +[482] Suidas in [Greek: Zoroastres]. + +[483] Ammian. l. 23. c. 6. + +[484] Euseb. Praep. Evang. l. 1. c. ult. + +[485] AEsch. Persae v. 763. + +[486] Apud. Hieron in Dan. viii. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms +Amended, by Isaac Newton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT *** + +***** This file should be named 15784.txt or 15784.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/7/8/15784/ + +Produced by Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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