diff options
Diffstat (limited to '1571.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 1571.txt | 1250 |
1 files changed, 1250 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1571.txt b/1571.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39986bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1571.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1250 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Critias, by Plato + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Critias + +Author: Plato + +Translator: Benjamin Jowett + +Posting Date: August 15, 2008 [EBook #1571] +Release Date: December, 1998 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITIAS *** + + + + +Produced by Sue Asscher + + + + + +CRITIAS + +by Plato + + +Translated by Benjamin Jowett + + + + +INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. + +The Critias is a fragment which breaks off in the middle of a sentence. +It was designed to be the second part of a trilogy, which, like the +other great Platonic trilogy of the Sophist, Statesman, Philosopher, was +never completed. Timaeus had brought down the origin of the world to +the creation of man, and the dawn of history was now to succeed the +philosophy of nature. The Critias is also connected with the Republic. +Plato, as he has already told us (Tim.), intended to represent the +ideal state engaged in a patriotic conflict. This mythical conflict is +prophetic or symbolical of the struggle of Athens and Persia, perhaps +in some degree also of the wars of the Greeks and Carthaginians, in the +same way that the Persian is prefigured by the Trojan war to the mind +of Herodotus, or as the narrative of the first part of the Aeneid is +intended by Virgil to foreshadow the wars of Carthage and Rome. The +small number of the primitive Athenian citizens (20,000), 'which is +about their present number' (Crit.), is evidently designed to contrast +with the myriads and barbaric array of the Atlantic hosts. The passing +remark in the Timaeus that Athens was left alone in the struggle, in +which she conquered and became the liberator of Greece, is also an +allusion to the later history. Hence we may safely conclude that the +entire narrative is due to the imagination of Plato, who has used the +name of Solon and introduced the Egyptian priests to give verisimilitude +to his story. To the Greek such a tale, like that of the earth-born +men, would have seemed perfectly accordant with the character of his +mythology, and not more marvellous than the wonders of the East narrated +by Herodotus and others: he might have been deceived into believing it. +But it appears strange that later ages should have been imposed upon by +the fiction. As many attempts have been made to find the great island of +Atlantis, as to discover the country of the lost tribes. Without regard +to the description of Plato, and without a suspicion that the whole +narrative is a fabrication, interpreters have looked for the spot in +every part of the globe, America, Arabia Felix, Ceylon, Palestine, +Sardinia, Sweden. + +Timaeus concludes with a prayer that his words may be acceptable to the +God whom he has revealed, and Critias, whose turn follows, begs that a +larger measure of indulgence may be conceded to him, because he has to +speak of men whom we know and not of gods whom we do not know. Socrates +readily grants his request, and anticipating that Hermocrates will make +a similar petition, extends by anticipation a like indulgence to him. + +Critias returns to his story, professing only to repeat what Solon was +told by the priests. The war of which he was about to speak had occurred +9000 years ago. One of the combatants was the city of Athens, the other +was the great island of Atlantis. Critias proposes to speak of these +rival powers first of all, giving to Athens the precedence; the various +tribes of Greeks and barbarians who took part in the war will be dealt +with as they successively appear on the scene. + +In the beginning the gods agreed to divide the earth by lot in a +friendly manner, and when they had made the allotment they settled +their several countries, and were the shepherds or rather the pilots of +mankind, whom they guided by persuasion, and not by force. Hephaestus +and Athena, brother and sister deities, in mind and art united, obtained +as their lot the land of Attica, a land suited to the growth of virtue +and wisdom; and there they settled a brave race of children of the soil, +and taught them how to order the state. Some of their names, such as +Cecrops, Erechtheus, Erichthonius, and Erysichthon, were preserved and +adopted in later times, but the memory of their deeds has passed away; +for there have since been many deluges, and the remnant who survived +in the mountains were ignorant of the art of writing, and during many +generations were wholly devoted to acquiring the means of life...And the +armed image of the goddess which was dedicated by the ancient Athenians +is an evidence to other ages that men and women had in those days, +as they ought always to have, common virtues and pursuits. There were +various classes of citizens, including handicraftsmen and husbandmen and +a superior class of warriors who dwelt apart, and were educated, and had +all things in common, like our guardians. Attica in those days extended +southwards to the Isthmus, and inland to the heights of Parnes and +Cithaeron, and between them and the sea included the district of Oropus. +The country was then, as what remains of it still is, the most fertile +in the world, and abounded in rich plains and pastures. But in the +course of ages much of the soil was washed away and disappeared in +the deep sea. And the inhabitants of this fair land were endowed with +intelligence and the love of beauty. + +The Acropolis of the ancient Athens extended to the Ilissus and +Eridanus, and included the Pnyx, and the Lycabettus on the opposite side +to the Pnyx, having a level surface and deep soil. The side of the hill +was inhabited by craftsmen and husbandmen; and the warriors dwelt by +themselves on the summit, around the temples of Hephaestus and Athene, +in an enclosure which was like the garden of a single house. In winter +they retired into houses on the north of the hill, in which they held +their syssitia. These were modest dwellings, which they bequeathed +unaltered to their children's children. In summer time the south +side was inhabited by them, and then they left their gardens and +dining-halls. In the midst of the Acropolis was a fountain, which gave +an abundant supply of cool water in summer and warm in winter; of this +there are still some traces. They were careful to preserve the number of +fighting men and women at 20,000, which is equal to that of the present +military force. And so they passed their lives as guardians of the +citizens and leaders of the Hellenes. They were a just and famous race, +celebrated for their beauty and virtue all over Europe and Asia. + +And now I will speak to you of their adversaries, but first I ought to +explain that the Greek names were given to Solon in an Egyptian form, +and he enquired their meaning and translated them. His manuscript was +left with my grandfather Dropides, and is now in my possession...In the +division of the earth Poseidon obtained as his portion the island of +Atlantis, and there he begat children whose mother was a mortal. Towards +the sea and in the centre of the island there was a very fair and +fertile plain, and near the centre, about fifty stadia from the plain, +there was a low mountain in which dwelt a man named Evenor and his wife +Leucippe, and their daughter Cleito, of whom Poseidon became enamoured. +He to secure his love enclosed the mountain with rings or zones varying +in size, two of land and three of sea, which his divine power readily +enabled him to excavate and fashion, and, as there was no shipping in +those days, no man could get into the place. To the interior island he +conveyed under the earth springs of water hot and cold, and supplied the +land with all things needed for the life of man. Here he begat a family +consisting of five pairs of twin male children. The eldest was Atlas, +and him he made king of the centre island, while to his twin brother, +Eumelus, or Gadeirus, he assigned that part of the country which was +nearest the Straits. The other brothers he made chiefs over the rest of +the island. And their kingdom extended as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. +Now Atlas had a fair posterity, and great treasures derived from +mines--among them that precious metal orichalcum; and there was +abundance of wood, and herds of elephants, and pastures for animals of +all kinds, and fragrant herbs, and grasses, and trees bearing fruit. +These they used, and employed themselves in constructing their temples, +and palaces, and harbours, and docks, in the following manner:--First, +they bridged over the zones of sea, and made a way to and from the royal +palace which they built in the centre island. This ancient palace was +ornamented by successive generations; and they dug a canal which passed +through the zones of land from the island to the sea. The zones of earth +were surrounded by walls made of stone of divers colours, black and +white and red, which they sometimes intermingled for the sake of +ornament; and as they quarried they hollowed out beneath the edges of +the zones double docks having roofs of rock. The outermost of the walls +was coated with brass, the second with tin, and the third, which was the +wall of the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum. In the +interior of the citadel was a holy temple, dedicated to Cleito and +Poseidon, and surrounded by an enclosure of gold, and there was +Poseidon's own temple, which was covered with silver, and the pinnacles +with gold. The roof was of ivory, adorned with gold and silver and +orichalcum, and the rest of the interior was lined with orichalcum. +Within was an image of the god standing in a chariot drawn by six winged +horses, and touching the roof with his head; around him were a hundred +Nereids, riding on dolphins. Outside the temple were placed golden +statues of all the descendants of the ten kings and of their wives; +there was an altar too, and there were palaces, corresponding to the +greatness and glory both of the kingdom and of the temple. + +Also there were fountains of hot and cold water, and suitable buildings +surrounding them, and trees, and there were baths both of the kings +and of private individuals, and separate baths for women, and also for +cattle. The water from the baths was carried to the grove of Poseidon, +and by aqueducts over the bridges to the outer circles. And there +were temples in the zones, and in the larger of the two there was a +racecourse for horses, which ran all round the island. The guards were +distributed in the zones according to the trust reposed in them; the +most trusted of them were stationed in the citadel. The docks were full +of triremes and stores. The land between the harbour and the sea was +surrounded by a wall, and was crowded with dwellings, and the harbour +and canal resounded with the din of human voices. + +The plain around the city was highly cultivated and sheltered from the +north by mountains; it was oblong, and where falling out of the straight +line followed the circular ditch, which was of an incredible depth. This +depth received the streams which came down from the mountains, as well +as the canals of the interior, and found a way to the sea. The entire +country was divided into sixty thousand lots, each of which was a square +of ten stadia; and the owner of a lot was bound to furnish the sixth +part of a war-chariot, so as to make up ten thousand chariots, two +horses and riders upon them, a pair of chariot-horses without a +seat, and an attendant and charioteer, two hoplites, two archers, two +slingers, three stone-shooters, three javelin-men, and four sailors to +make up the complement of twelve hundred ships. + +Each of the ten kings was absolute in his own city and kingdom. The +relations of the different governments to one another were determined by +the injunctions of Poseidon, which had been inscribed by the first kings +on a column of orichalcum in the temple of Poseidon, at which the kings +and princes gathered together and held a festival every fifth and every +sixth year alternately. Around the temple ranged the bulls of Poseidon, +one of which the ten kings caught and sacrificed, shedding the blood of +the victim over the inscription, and vowing not to transgress the laws +of their father Poseidon. When night came, they put on azure robes +and gave judgment against offenders. The most important of their laws +related to their dealings with one another. They were not to take up +arms against one another, and were to come to the rescue if any of their +brethren were attacked. They were to deliberate in common about war, and +the king was not to have the power of life and death over his kinsmen, +unless he had the assent of the majority. + +For many generations, as tradition tells, the people of Atlantis were +obedient to the laws and to the gods, and practised gentleness and +wisdom in their intercourse with one another. They knew that they could +only have the true use of riches by not caring about them. But gradually +the divine portion of their souls became diluted with too much of the +mortal admixture, and they began to degenerate, though to the outward +eye they appeared glorious as ever at the very time when they were +filled with all iniquity. The all-seeing Zeus, wanting to punish them, +held a council of the gods, and when he had called them together, he +spoke as follows:-- + +No one knew better than Plato how to invent 'a noble lie.' Observe (1) +the innocent declaration of Socrates, that the truth of the story is +a great advantage: (2) the manner in which traditional names and +indications of geography are intermingled ('Why, here be truths!'): (3) +the extreme minuteness with which the numbers are given, as in the +Old Epic poetry: (4) the ingenious reason assigned for the Greek names +occurring in the Egyptian tale: (5) the remark that the armed statue +of Athena indicated the common warrior life of men and women: (6) the +particularity with which the third deluge before that of Deucalion is +affirmed to have been the great destruction: (7) the happy guess that +great geological changes have been effected by water: (8) the indulgence +of the prejudice against sailing beyond the Columns, and the popular +belief of the shallowness of the ocean in that part: (9) the confession +that the depth of the ditch in the Island of Atlantis was not to be +believed, and 'yet he could only repeat what he had heard', compared +with the statement made in an earlier passage that Poseidon, being a +God, found no difficulty in contriving the water-supply of the centre +island: (10) the mention of the old rivalry of Poseidon and Athene, and +the creation of the first inhabitants out of the soil. Plato here, as +elsewhere, ingeniously gives the impression that he is telling the truth +which mythology had corrupted. + +The world, like a child, has readily, and for the most part +unhesitatingly, accepted the tale of the Island of Atlantis. In modern +times we hardly seek for traces of the submerged continent; but even +Mr. Grote is inclined to believe in the Egyptian poem of Solon of which +there is no evidence in antiquity; while others, like Martin, discuss +the Egyptian origin of the legend, or like M. de Humboldt, whom +he quotes, are disposed to find in it a vestige of a widely-spread +tradition. Others, adopting a different vein of reflection, regard the +Island of Atlantis as the anticipation of a still greater island--the +Continent of America. 'The tale,' says M. Martin, 'rests upon the +authority of the Egyptian priests; and the Egyptian priests took a +pleasure in deceiving the Greeks.' He never appears to suspect that +there is a greater deceiver or magician than the Egyptian priests, that +is to say, Plato himself, from the dominion of whose genius the critic +and natural philosopher of modern times are not wholly emancipated. +Although worthless in respect of any result which can be attained by +them, discussions like those of M. Martin (Timee) have an interest of +their own, and may be compared to the similar discussions regarding the +Lost Tribes (2 Esdras), as showing how the chance word of some poet +or philosopher has given birth to endless religious or historical +enquiries. (See Introduction to the Timaeus.) + +In contrasting the small Greek city numbering about twenty thousand +inhabitants with the barbaric greatness of the island of Atlantis, Plato +probably intended to show that a state, such as the ideal Athens, was +invincible, though matched against any number of opponents (cp. Rep.). +Even in a great empire there might be a degree of virtue and justice, +such as the Greeks believed to have existed under the sway of the first +Persian kings. But all such empires were liable to degenerate, and soon +incurred the anger of the gods. Their Oriental wealth, and splendour of +gold and silver, and variety of colours, seemed also to be at variance +with the simplicity of Greek notions. In the island of Atlantis, Plato +is describing a sort of Babylonian or Egyptian city, to which he opposes +the frugal life of the true Hellenic citizen. It is remarkable that in +his brief sketch of them, he idealizes the husbandmen 'who are lovers +of honour and true husbandmen,' as well as the warriors who are his +sole concern in the Republic; and that though he speaks of the common +pursuits of men and women, he says nothing of the community of wives and +children. + +It is singular that Plato should have prefixed the most detested of +Athenian names to this dialogue, and even more singular that he should +have put into the mouth of Socrates a panegyric on him (Tim.). Yet we +know that his character was accounted infamous by Xenophon, and that +the mere acquaintance with him was made a subject of accusation against +Socrates. We can only infer that in this, and perhaps in some other +cases, Plato's characters have no reference to the actual facts. The +desire to do honour to his own family, and the connection with Solon, +may have suggested the introduction of his name. Why the Critias was +never completed, whether from accident, or from advancing age, or from a +sense of the artistic difficulty of the design, cannot be determined. + + + + + +CRITIAS. + + +PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Critias, Hermocrates, Timaeus, Socrates. + + +TIMAEUS: How thankful I am, Socrates, that I have arrived at last, and, +like a weary traveller after a long journey, may be at rest! And I pray +the being who always was of old, and has now been by me revealed, to +grant that my words may endure in so far as they have been spoken truly +and acceptably to him; but if unintentionally I have said anything +wrong, I pray that he will impose upon me a just retribution, and +the just retribution of him who errs is that he should be set right. +Wishing, then, to speak truly in future concerning the generation of +the gods, I pray him to give me knowledge, which of all medicines is the +most perfect and best. And now having offered my prayer I deliver up the +argument to Critias, who is to speak next according to our agreement. +(Tim.) + +CRITIAS: And I, Timaeus, accept the trust, and as you at first said +that you were going to speak of high matters, and begged that some +forbearance might be shown to you, I too ask the same or greater +forbearance for what I am about to say. And although I very well know +that my request may appear to be somewhat ambitious and discourteous, I +must make it nevertheless. For will any man of sense deny that you +have spoken well? I can only attempt to show that I ought to have more +indulgence than you, because my theme is more difficult; and I shall +argue that to seem to speak well of the gods to men is far easier than +to speak well of men to men: for the inexperience and utter ignorance +of his hearers about any subject is a great assistance to him who has to +speak of it, and we know how ignorant we are concerning the gods. But I +should like to make my meaning clearer, if you will follow me. All that +is said by any of us can only be imitation and representation. For if +we consider the likenesses which painters make of bodies divine and +heavenly, and the different degrees of gratification with which the eye +of the spectator receives them, we shall see that we are satisfied +with the artist who is able in any degree to imitate the earth and its +mountains, and the rivers, and the woods, and the universe, and the +things that are and move therein, and further, that knowing nothing +precise about such matters, we do not examine or analyze the painting; +all that is required is a sort of indistinct and deceptive mode of +shadowing them forth. But when a person endeavours to paint the human +form we are quick at finding out defects, and our familiar knowledge +makes us severe judges of any one who does not render every point of +similarity. And we may observe the same thing to happen in discourse; +we are satisfied with a picture of divine and heavenly things which has +very little likeness to them; but we are more precise in our criticism +of mortal and human things. Wherefore if at the moment of speaking I +cannot suitably express my meaning, you must excuse me, considering that +to form approved likenesses of human things is the reverse of easy. This +is what I want to suggest to you, and at the same time to beg, Socrates, +that I may have not less, but more indulgence conceded to me in what I +am about to say. Which favour, if I am right in asking, I hope that you +will be ready to grant. + +SOCRATES: Certainly, Critias, we will grant your request, and we will +grant the same by anticipation to Hermocrates, as well as to you and +Timaeus; for I have no doubt that when his turn comes a little while +hence, he will make the same request which you have made. In order, +then, that he may provide himself with a fresh beginning, and not be +compelled to say the same things over again, let him understand that the +indulgence is already extended by anticipation to him. And now, friend +Critias, I will announce to you the judgment of the theatre. They are of +opinion that the last performer was wonderfully successful, and that you +will need a great deal of indulgence before you will be able to take his +place. + +HERMOCRATES: The warning, Socrates, which you have addressed to him, I +must also take to myself. But remember, Critias, that faint heart never +yet raised a trophy; and therefore you must go and attack the argument +like a man. First invoke Apollo and the Muses, and then let us hear you +sound the praises and show forth the virtues of your ancient citizens. + +CRITIAS: Friend Hermocrates, you, who are stationed last and have +another in front of you, have not lost heart as yet; the gravity of +the situation will soon be revealed to you; meanwhile I accept your +exhortations and encouragements. But besides the gods and goddesses +whom you have mentioned, I would specially invoke Mnemosyne; for all the +important part of my discourse is dependent on her favour, and if I can +recollect and recite enough of what was said by the priests and brought +hither by Solon, I doubt not that I shall satisfy the requirements of +this theatre. And now, making no more excuses, I will proceed. + +Let me begin by observing first of all, that nine thousand was the sum +of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken +place between those who dwelt outside the pillars of Heracles and +all who dwelt within them; this war I am going to describe. Of the +combatants on the one side, the city of Athens was reported to have been +the leader and to have fought out the war; the combatants on the other +side were commanded by the kings of Atlantis, which, as I was saying, +was an island greater in extent than Libya and Asia, and when afterwards +sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers +sailing from hence to any part of the ocean. The progress of the history +will unfold the various nations of barbarians and families of Hellenes +which then existed, as they successively appear on the scene; but I must +describe first of all the Athenians of that day, and their enemies who +fought with them, and then the respective powers and governments of the +two kingdoms. Let us give the precedence to Athens. + +In the days of old, the gods had the whole earth distributed among +them by allotment (Cp. Polit.) There was no quarrelling; for you cannot +rightly suppose that the gods did not know what was proper for each +of them to have, or, knowing this, that they would seek to procure for +themselves by contention that which more properly belonged to others. +They all of them by just apportionment obtained what they wanted, and +peopled their own districts; and when they had peopled them they tended +us, their nurselings and possessions, as shepherds tend their flocks, +excepting only that they did not use blows or bodily force, as shepherds +do, but governed us like pilots from the stern of the vessel, which +is an easy way of guiding animals, holding our souls by the rudder of +persuasion according to their own pleasure;--thus did they guide all +mortal creatures. Now different gods had their allotments in different +places which they set in order. Hephaestus and Athene, who were brother +and sister, and sprang from the same father, having a common nature, and +being united also in the love of philosophy and art, both obtained as +their common portion this land, which was naturally adapted for wisdom +and virtue; and there they implanted brave children of the soil, and put +into their minds the order of government; their names are preserved, but +their actions have disappeared by reason of the destruction of those who +received the tradition, and the lapse of ages. For when there were +any survivors, as I have already said, they were men who dwelt in the +mountains; and they were ignorant of the art of writing, and had heard +only the names of the chiefs of the land, but very little about their +actions. The names they were willing enough to give to their children; +but the virtues and the laws of their predecessors, they knew only by +obscure traditions; and as they themselves and their children lacked for +many generations the necessaries of life, they directed their attention +to the supply of their wants, and of them they conversed, to the neglect +of events that had happened in times long past; for mythology and the +enquiry into antiquity are first introduced into cities when they begin +to have leisure (Cp. Arist. Metaphys.), and when they see that the +necessaries of life have already been provided, but not before. And this +is the reason why the names of the ancients have been preserved to us +and not their actions. This I infer because Solon said that the priests +in their narrative of that war mentioned most of the names which are +recorded prior to the time of Theseus, such as Cecrops, and Erechtheus, +and Erichthonius, and Erysichthon, and the names of the women in like +manner. Moreover, since military pursuits were then common to men and +women, the men of those days in accordance with the custom of the +time set up a figure and image of the goddess in full armour, to be a +testimony that all animals which associate together, male as well as +female, may, if they please, practise in common the virtue which belongs +to them without distinction of sex. + +Now the country was inhabited in those days by various classes of +citizens;--there were artisans, and there were husbandmen, and there +was also a warrior class originally set apart by divine men. The +latter dwelt by themselves, and had all things suitable for nurture +and education; neither had any of them anything of their own, but they +regarded all that they had as common property; nor did they claim to +receive of the other citizens anything more than their necessary food. +And they practised all the pursuits which we yesterday described as +those of our imaginary guardians. Concerning the country the Egyptian +priests said what is not only probable but manifestly true, that the +boundaries were in those days fixed by the Isthmus, and that in the +direction of the continent they extended as far as the heights of +Cithaeron and Parnes; the boundary line came down in the direction of +the sea, having the district of Oropus on the right, and with the river +Asopus as the limit on the left. The land was the best in the world, and +was therefore able in those days to support a vast army, raised from +the surrounding people. Even the remnant of Attica which now exists may +compare with any region in the world for the variety and excellence of +its fruits and the suitableness of its pastures to every sort of animal, +which proves what I am saying; but in those days the country was fair +as now and yielded far more abundant produce. How shall I establish my +words? and what part of it can be truly called a remnant of the land +that then was? The whole country is only a long promontory extending far +into the sea away from the rest of the continent, while the surrounding +basin of the sea is everywhere deep in the neighbourhood of the shore. +Many great deluges have taken place during the nine thousand years, for +that is the number of years which have elapsed since the time of which I +am speaking; and during all this time and through so many changes, there +has never been any considerable accumulation of the soil coming down +from the mountains, as in other places, but the earth has fallen away +all round and sunk out of sight. The consequence is, that in comparison +of what then was, there are remaining only the bones of the wasted body, +as they may be called, as in the case of small islands, all the richer +and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere skeleton +of the land being left. But in the primitive state of the country, its +mountains were high hills covered with soil, and the plains, as they +are termed by us, of Phelleus were full of rich earth, and there was +abundance of wood in the mountains. Of this last the traces still +remain, for although some of the mountains now only afford sustenance to +bees, not so very long ago there were still to be seen roofs of timber +cut from trees growing there, which were of a size sufficient to cover +the largest houses; and there were many other high trees, cultivated by +man and bearing abundance of food for cattle. Moreover, the land reaped +the benefit of the annual rainfall, not as now losing the water which +flows off the bare earth into the sea, but, having an abundant supply +in all places, and receiving it into herself and treasuring it up in +the close clay soil, it let off into the hollows the streams which it +absorbed from the heights, providing everywhere abundant fountains and +rivers, of which there may still be observed sacred memorials in places +where fountains once existed; and this proves the truth of what I am +saying. + +Such was the natural state of the country, which was cultivated, as we +may well believe, by true husbandmen, who made husbandry their business, +and were lovers of honour, and of a noble nature, and had a soil the +best in the world, and abundance of water, and in the heaven above an +excellently attempered climate. Now the city in those days was arranged +on this wise. In the first place the Acropolis was not as now. For the +fact is that a single night of excessive rain washed away the earth and +laid bare the rock; at the same time there were earthquakes, and then +occurred the extraordinary inundation, which was the third before the +great destruction of Deucalion. But in primitive times the hill of the +Acropolis extended to the Eridanus and Ilissus, and included the Pnyx on +one side, and the Lycabettus as a boundary on the opposite side to the +Pnyx, and was all well covered with soil, and level at the top, except +in one or two places. Outside the Acropolis and under the sides of the +hill there dwelt artisans, and such of the husbandmen as were tilling +the ground near; the warrior class dwelt by themselves around the +temples of Athene and Hephaestus at the summit, which moreover they had +enclosed with a single fence like the garden of a single house. On the +north side they had dwellings in common and had erected halls for dining +in winter, and had all the buildings which they needed for their common +life, besides temples, but there was no adorning of them with gold +and silver, for they made no use of these for any purpose; they took a +middle course between meanness and ostentation, and built modest houses +in which they and their children's children grew old, and they handed +them down to others who were like themselves, always the same. But in +summer-time they left their gardens and gymnasia and dining halls, and +then the southern side of the hill was made use of by them for the same +purpose. Where the Acropolis now is there was a fountain, which was +choked by the earthquake, and has left only the few small streams which +still exist in the vicinity, but in those days the fountain gave an +abundant supply of water for all and of suitable temperature in summer +and in winter. This is how they dwelt, being the guardians of their +own citizens and the leaders of the Hellenes, who were their willing +followers. And they took care to preserve the same number of men and +women through all time, being so many as were required for warlike +purposes, then as now--that is to say, about twenty thousand. Such +were the ancient Athenians, and after this manner they righteously +administered their own land and the rest of Hellas; they were renowned +all over Europe and Asia for the beauty of their persons and for the +many virtues of their souls, and of all men who lived in those days +they were the most illustrious. And next, if I have not forgotten what I +heard when I was a child, I will impart to you the character and origin +of their adversaries. For friends should not keep their stories to +themselves, but have them in common. + +Yet, before proceeding further in the narrative, I ought to warn you, +that you must not be surprised if you should perhaps hear Hellenic names +given to foreigners. I will tell you the reason of this: Solon, who was +intending to use the tale for his poem, enquired into the meaning of +the names, and found that the early Egyptians in writing them down had +translated them into their own language, and he recovered the meaning of +the several names and when copying them out again translated them into +our language. My great-grandfather, Dropides, had the original writing, +which is still in my possession, and was carefully studied by me when +I was a child. Therefore if you hear names such as are used in this +country, you must not be surprised, for I have told how they came to be +introduced. The tale, which was of great length, began as follows:-- + +I have before remarked in speaking of the allotments of the gods, that +they distributed the whole earth into portions differing in extent, and +made for themselves temples and instituted sacrifices. And Poseidon, +receiving for his lot the island of Atlantis, begat children by a mortal +woman, and settled them in a part of the island, which I will describe. +Looking towards the sea, but in the centre of the whole island, there +was a plain which is said to have been the fairest of all plains and +very fertile. Near the plain again, and also in the centre of the island +at a distance of about fifty stadia, there was a mountain not very high +on any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval +men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named +Leucippe, and they had an only daughter who was called Cleito. The +maiden had already reached womanhood, when her father and mother +died; Poseidon fell in love with her and had intercourse with her, and +breaking the ground, inclosed the hill in which she dwelt all round, +making alternate zones of sea and land larger and smaller, encircling +one another; there were two of land and three of water, which he turned +as with a lathe, each having its circumference equidistant every way +from the centre, so that no man could get to the island, for ships and +voyages were not as yet. He himself, being a god, found no difficulty +in making special arrangements for the centre island, bringing up two +springs of water from beneath the earth, one of warm water and the other +of cold, and making every variety of food to spring up abundantly from +the soil. He also begat and brought up five pairs of twin male children; +and dividing the island of Atlantis into ten portions, he gave to the +first-born of the eldest pair his mother's dwelling and the surrounding +allotment, which was the largest and best, and made him king over the +rest; the others he made princes, and gave them rule over many men, and +a large territory. And he named them all; the eldest, who was the first +king, he named Atlas, and after him the whole island and the ocean +were called Atlantic. To his twin brother, who was born after him, and +obtained as his lot the extremity of the island towards the pillars of +Heracles, facing the country which is now called the region of Gades in +that part of the world, he gave the name which in the Hellenic language +is Eumelus, in the language of the country which is named after him, +Gadeirus. Of the second pair of twins he called one Ampheres, and the +other Evaemon. To the elder of the third pair of twins he gave the name +Mneseus, and Autochthon to the one who followed him. Of the fourth pair +of twins he called the elder Elasippus, and the younger Mestor. And +of the fifth pair he gave to the elder the name of Azaes, and to the +younger that of Diaprepes. All these and their descendants for many +generations were the inhabitants and rulers of divers islands in the +open sea; and also, as has been already said, they held sway in our +direction over the country within the pillars as far as Egypt and +Tyrrhenia. Now Atlas had a numerous and honourable family, and they +retained the kingdom, the eldest son handing it on to his eldest for +many generations; and they had such an amount of wealth as was never +before possessed by kings and potentates, and is not likely ever to be +again, and they were furnished with everything which they needed, both +in the city and country. For because of the greatness of their empire +many things were brought to them from foreign countries, and the island +itself provided most of what was required by them for the uses of life. +In the first place, they dug out of the earth whatever was to be found +there, solid as well as fusile, and that which is now only a name and +was then something more than a name, orichalcum, was dug out of the +earth in many parts of the island, being more precious in those +days than anything except gold. There was an abundance of wood for +carpenter's work, and sufficient maintenance for tame and wild animals. +Moreover, there were a great number of elephants in the island; for as +there was provision for all other sorts of animals, both for those which +live in lakes and marshes and rivers, and also for those which live +in mountains and on plains, so there was for the animal which is the +largest and most voracious of all. Also whatever fragrant things there +now are in the earth, whether roots, or herbage, or woods, or essences +which distil from fruit and flower, grew and thrived in that land; also +the fruit which admits of cultivation, both the dry sort, which is given +us for nourishment and any other which we use for food--we call them +all by the common name of pulse, and the fruits having a hard rind, +affording drinks and meats and ointments, and good store of chestnuts +and the like, which furnish pleasure and amusement, and are fruits which +spoil with keeping, and the pleasant kinds of dessert, with which we +console ourselves after dinner, when we are tired of eating--all these +that sacred island which then beheld the light of the sun, brought forth +fair and wondrous and in infinite abundance. With such blessings the +earth freely furnished them; meanwhile they went on constructing their +temples and palaces and harbours and docks. And they arranged the whole +country in the following manner:-- + +First of all they bridged over the zones of sea which surrounded the +ancient metropolis, making a road to and from the royal palace. And at +the very beginning they built the palace in the habitation of the god +and of their ancestors, which they continued to ornament in successive +generations, every king surpassing the one who went before him to the +utmost of his power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for +size and for beauty. And beginning from the sea they bored a canal of +three hundred feet in width and one hundred feet in depth and fifty +stadia in length, which they carried through to the outermost zone, +making a passage from the sea up to this, which became a harbour, and +leaving an opening sufficient to enable the largest vessels to find +ingress. Moreover, they divided at the bridges the zones of land which +parted the zones of sea, leaving room for a single trireme to pass out +of one zone into another, and they covered over the channels so as +to leave a way underneath for the ships; for the banks were raised +considerably above the water. Now the largest of the zones into which a +passage was cut from the sea was three stadia in breadth, and the zone +of land which came next of equal breadth; but the next two zones, the +one of water, the other of land, were two stadia, and the one which +surrounded the central island was a stadium only in width. The island +in which the palace was situated had a diameter of five stadia. All +this including the zones and the bridge, which was the sixth part of a +stadium in width, they surrounded by a stone wall on every side, placing +towers and gates on the bridges where the sea passed in. The stone which +was used in the work they quarried from underneath the centre island, +and from underneath the zones, on the outer as well as the inner +side. One kind was white, another black, and a third red, and as they +quarried, they at the same time hollowed out double docks, having roofs +formed out of the native rock. Some of their buildings were simple, +but in others they put together different stones, varying the colour +to please the eye, and to be a natural source of delight. The entire +circuit of the wall, which went round the outermost zone, they covered +with a coating of brass, and the circuit of the next wall they coated +with tin, and the third, which encompassed the citadel, flashed with the +red light of orichalcum. The palaces in the interior of the citadel were +constructed on this wise:--In the centre was a holy temple dedicated to +Cleito and Poseidon, which remained inaccessible, and was surrounded +by an enclosure of gold; this was the spot where the family of the ten +princes first saw the light, and thither the people annually brought the +fruits of the earth in their season from all the ten portions, to be an +offering to each of the ten. Here was Poseidon's own temple which was a +stadium in length, and half a stadium in width, and of a proportionate +height, having a strange barbaric appearance. All the outside of the +temple, with the exception of the pinnacles, they covered with silver, +and the pinnacles with gold. In the interior of the temple the roof +was of ivory, curiously wrought everywhere with gold and silver and +orichalcum; and all the other parts, the walls and pillars and floor, +they coated with orichalcum. In the temple they placed statues of gold: +there was the god himself standing in a chariot--the charioteer of +six winged horses--and of such a size that he touched the roof of the +building with his head; around him there were a hundred Nereids riding +on dolphins, for such was thought to be the number of them by the men of +those days. There were also in the interior of the temple other images +which had been dedicated by private persons. And around the temple on +the outside were placed statues of gold of all the descendants of the +ten kings and of their wives, and there were many other great offerings +of kings and of private persons, coming both from the city itself and +from the foreign cities over which they held sway. There was an altar +too, which in size and workmanship corresponded to this magnificence, +and the palaces, in like manner, answered to the greatness of the +kingdom and the glory of the temple. + +In the next place, they had fountains, one of cold and another of hot +water, in gracious plenty flowing; and they were wonderfully adapted for +use by reason of the pleasantness and excellence of their waters. They +constructed buildings about them and planted suitable trees, also they +made cisterns, some open to the heaven, others roofed over, to be used +in winter as warm baths; there were the kings' baths, and the baths of +private persons, which were kept apart; and there were separate baths +for women, and for horses and cattle, and to each of them they gave as +much adornment as was suitable. Of the water which ran off they carried +some to the grove of Poseidon, where were growing all manner of trees of +wonderful height and beauty, owing to the excellence of the soil, while +the remainder was conveyed by aqueducts along the bridges to the outer +circles; and there were many temples built and dedicated to many gods; +also gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses +in both of the two islands formed by the zones; and in the centre of +the larger of the two there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in +width, and in length allowed to extend all round the island, for horses +to race in. Also there were guard-houses at intervals for the guards, +the more trusted of whom were appointed to keep watch in the lesser +zone, which was nearer the Acropolis; while the most trusted of all had +houses given them within the citadel, near the persons of the kings. The +docks were full of triremes and naval stores, and all things were quite +ready for use. Enough of the plan of the royal palace. + +Leaving the palace and passing out across the three harbours, you came +to a wall which began at the sea and went all round: this was everywhere +distant fifty stadia from the largest zone or harbour, and enclosed the +whole, the ends meeting at the mouth of the channel which led to the +sea. The entire area was densely crowded with habitations; and the +canal and the largest of the harbours were full of vessels and merchants +coming from all parts, who, from their numbers, kept up a multitudinous +sound of human voices, and din and clatter of all sorts night and day. + +I have described the city and the environs of the ancient palace nearly +in the words of Solon, and now I must endeavour to represent to you the +nature and arrangement of the rest of the land. The whole country was +said by him to be very lofty and precipitous on the side of the sea, +but the country immediately about and surrounding the city was a level +plain, itself surrounded by mountains which descended towards the +sea; it was smooth and even, and of an oblong shape, extending in one +direction three thousand stadia, but across the centre inland it was two +thousand stadia. This part of the island looked towards the south, and +was sheltered from the north. The surrounding mountains were celebrated +for their number and size and beauty, far beyond any which still exist, +having in them also many wealthy villages of country folk, and rivers, +and lakes, and meadows supplying food enough for every animal, wild or +tame, and much wood of various sorts, abundant for each and every kind +of work. + +I will now describe the plain, as it was fashioned by nature and by the +labours of many generations of kings through long ages. It was for the +most part rectangular and oblong, and where falling out of the straight +line followed the circular ditch. The depth, and width, and length of +this ditch were incredible, and gave the impression that a work of such +extent, in addition to so many others, could never have been artificial. +Nevertheless I must say what I was told. It was excavated to the depth +of a hundred feet, and its breadth was a stadium everywhere; it was +carried round the whole of the plain, and was ten thousand stadia in +length. It received the streams which came down from the mountains, and +winding round the plain and meeting at the city, was there let off into +the sea. Further inland, likewise, straight canals of a hundred feet +in width were cut from it through the plain, and again let off into the +ditch leading to the sea: these canals were at intervals of a hundred +stadia, and by them they brought down the wood from the mountains to the +city, and conveyed the fruits of the earth in ships, cutting transverse +passages from one canal into another, and to the city. Twice in the year +they gathered the fruits of the earth--in winter having the benefit of +the rains of heaven, and in summer the water which the land supplied by +introducing streams from the canals. + +As to the population, each of the lots in the plain had to find a leader +for the men who were fit for military service, and the size of a lot was +a square of ten stadia each way, and the total number of all the lots +was sixty thousand. And of the inhabitants of the mountains and of +the rest of the country there was also a vast multitude, which was +distributed among the lots and had leaders assigned to them according to +their districts and villages. The leader was required to furnish for the +war the sixth portion of a war-chariot, so as to make up a total of ten +thousand chariots; also two horses and riders for them, and a pair of +chariot-horses without a seat, accompanied by a horseman who could +fight on foot carrying a small shield, and having a charioteer who stood +behind the man-at-arms to guide the two horses; also, he was bound +to furnish two heavy-armed soldiers, two archers, two slingers, three +stone-shooters and three javelin-men, who were light-armed, and four +sailors to make up the complement of twelve hundred ships. Such was +the military order of the royal city--the order of the other nine +governments varied, and it would be wearisome to recount their several +differences. + +As to offices and honours, the following was the arrangement from the +first. Each of the ten kings in his own division and in his own city had +the absolute control of the citizens, and, in most cases, of the laws, +punishing and slaying whomsoever he would. Now the order of precedence +among them and their mutual relations were regulated by the commands +of Poseidon which the law had handed down. These were inscribed by the +first kings on a pillar of orichalcum, which was situated in the +middle of the island, at the temple of Poseidon, whither the kings were +gathered together every fifth and every sixth year alternately, thus +giving equal honour to the odd and to the even number. And when they +were gathered together they consulted about their common interests, and +enquired if any one had transgressed in anything, and passed judgment, +and before they passed judgment they gave their pledges to one another +on this wise:--There were bulls who had the range of the temple of +Poseidon; and the ten kings, being left alone in the temple, after they +had offered prayers to the god that they might capture the victim which +was acceptable to him, hunted the bulls, without weapons, but with +staves and nooses; and the bull which they caught they led up to the +pillar and cut its throat over the top of it so that the blood fell upon +the sacred inscription. Now on the pillar, besides the laws, there +was inscribed an oath invoking mighty curses on the disobedient. When +therefore, after slaying the bull in the accustomed manner, they had +burnt its limbs, they filled a bowl of wine and cast in a clot of blood +for each of them; the rest of the victim they put in the fire, after +having purified the column all round. Then they drew from the bowl in +golden cups, and pouring a libation on the fire, they swore that they +would judge according to the laws on the pillar, and would punish him +who in any point had already transgressed them, and that for the future +they would not, if they could help, offend against the writing on +the pillar, and would neither command others, nor obey any ruler who +commanded them, to act otherwise than according to the laws of their +father Poseidon. This was the prayer which each of them offered up +for himself and for his descendants, at the same time drinking and +dedicating the cup out of which he drank in the temple of the god; and +after they had supped and satisfied their needs, when darkness came +on, and the fire about the sacrifice was cool, all of them put on most +beautiful azure robes, and, sitting on the ground, at night, over the +embers of the sacrifices by which they had sworn, and extinguishing all +the fire about the temple, they received and gave judgment, if any of +them had an accusation to bring against any one; and when they had +given judgment, at daybreak they wrote down their sentences on a golden +tablet, and dedicated it together with their robes to be a memorial. + +There were many special laws affecting the several kings inscribed about +the temples, but the most important was the following: They were not +to take up arms against one another, and they were all to come to the +rescue if any one in any of their cities attempted to overthrow the +royal house; like their ancestors, they were to deliberate in common +about war and other matters, giving the supremacy to the descendants of +Atlas. And the king was not to have the power of life and death over any +of his kinsmen unless he had the assent of the majority of the ten. + +Such was the vast power which the god settled in the lost island of +Atlantis; and this he afterwards directed against our land for the +following reasons, as tradition tells: For many generations, as long as +the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, +and well-affectioned towards the god, whose seed they were; for they +possessed true and in every way great spirits, uniting gentleness with +wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one +another. They despised everything but virtue, caring little for their +present state of life, and thinking lightly of the possession of gold +and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were +they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their +self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods +are increased by virtue and friendship with one another, whereas by too +great regard and respect for them, they are lost and friendship with +them. By such reflections and by the continuance in them of a divine +nature, the qualities which we have described grew and increased among +them; but when the divine portion began to fade away, and became diluted +too often and too much with the mortal admixture, and the human nature +got the upper hand, they then, being unable to bear their fortune, +behaved unseemly, and to him who had an eye to see grew visibly debased, +for they were losing the fairest of their precious gifts; but to those +who had no eye to see the true happiness, they appeared glorious and +blessed at the very time when they were full of avarice and unrighteous +power. Zeus, the god of gods, who rules according to law, and is able to +see into such things, perceiving that an honourable race was in a woeful +plight, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they might +be chastened and improve, collected all the gods into their most holy +habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, beholds +all created things. And when he had called them together, he spake as +follows--[*] + + * The rest of the Dialogue of Critias has been lost. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Critias, by Plato + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITIAS *** + +***** This file should be named 1571.txt or 1571.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/7/1571/ + +Produced by Sue Asscher + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |