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diff --git a/1571-h/1571-h.htm b/1571-h/1571-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20ad217 --- /dev/null +++ b/1571-h/1571-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1364 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Critias, by Plato + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Critias, by Plato + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Critias + +Author: Plato + +Translator: Benjamin Jowett + +Release Date: August 15, 2008 [EBook #1571] +Last Updated: January 15, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITIAS *** + + + + +Produced by Sue Asscher, and David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + CRITIAS + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + by Plato + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h3> + Translated by Benjamin Jowett + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> CRITIAS. </a> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. + </h2> + <p> + The Critias is a fragment which breaks off in the middle of a sentence. It + was designed to be the second part of a trilogy, which, like the other + great Platonic trilogy of the Sophist, Statesman, Philosopher, was never + completed. Timaeus had brought down the origin of the world to the + creation of man, and the dawn of history was now to succeed the philosophy + of nature. The Critias is also connected with the Republic. Plato, as he + has already told us (Tim.), intended to represent the ideal state engaged + in a patriotic conflict. This mythical conflict is prophetic or symbolical + of the struggle of Athens and Persia, perhaps in some degree also of the + wars of the Greeks and Carthaginians, in the same way that the Persian is + prefigured by the Trojan war to the mind of Herodotus, or as the narrative + of the first part of the Aeneid is intended by Virgil to foreshadow the + wars of Carthage and Rome. The small number of the primitive Athenian + citizens (20,000), 'which is about their present number' (Crit.), is + evidently designed to contrast with the myriads and barbaric array of the + Atlantic hosts. The passing remark in the Timaeus that Athens was left + alone in the struggle, in which she conquered and became the liberator of + Greece, is also an allusion to the later history. Hence we may safely + conclude that the entire narrative is due to the imagination of Plato, who + has used the name of Solon and introduced the Egyptian priests to give + verisimilitude to his story. To the Greek such a tale, like that of the + earth-born men, would have seemed perfectly accordant with the character + of his mythology, and not more marvellous than the wonders of the East + narrated by Herodotus and others: he might have been deceived into + believing it. But it appears strange that later ages should have been + imposed upon by the fiction. As many attempts have been made to find the + great island of Atlantis, as to discover the country of the lost tribes. + Without regard to the description of Plato, and without a suspicion that + the whole narrative is a fabrication, interpreters have looked for the + spot in every part of the globe, America, Arabia Felix, Ceylon, Palestine, + Sardinia, Sweden. + </p> + <p> + Timaeus concludes with a prayer that his words may be acceptable to the + God whom he has revealed, and Critias, whose turn follows, begs that a + larger measure of indulgence may be conceded to him, because he has to + speak of men whom we know and not of gods whom we do not know. Socrates + readily grants his request, and anticipating that Hermocrates will make a + similar petition, extends by anticipation a like indulgence to him. + </p> + <p> + Critias returns to his story, professing only to repeat what Solon was + told by the priests. The war of which he was about to speak had occurred + 9000 years ago. One of the combatants was the city of Athens, the other + was the great island of Atlantis. Critias proposes to speak of these rival + powers first of all, giving to Athens the precedence; the various tribes + of Greeks and barbarians who took part in the war will be dealt with as + they successively appear on the scene. + </p> + <p> + In the beginning the gods agreed to divide the earth by lot in a friendly + manner, and when they had made the allotment they settled their several + countries, and were the shepherds or rather the pilots of mankind, whom + they guided by persuasion, and not by force. Hephaestus and Athena, + brother and sister deities, in mind and art united, obtained as their lot + the land of Attica, a land suited to the growth of virtue and wisdom; and + there they settled a brave race of children of the soil, and taught them + how to order the state. Some of their names, such as Cecrops, Erechtheus, + Erichthonius, and Erysichthon, were preserved and adopted in later times, + but the memory of their deeds has passed away; for there have since been + many deluges, and the remnant who survived in the mountains were ignorant + of the art of writing, and during many generations were wholly devoted to + acquiring the means of life...And the armed image of the goddess which was + dedicated by the ancient Athenians is an evidence to other ages that men + and women had in those days, as they ought always to have, common virtues + and pursuits. There were various classes of citizens, including + handicraftsmen and husbandmen and a superior class of warriors who dwelt + apart, and were educated, and had all things in common, like our + guardians. Attica in those days extended southwards to the Isthmus, and + inland to the heights of Parnes and Cithaeron, and between them and the + sea included the district of Oropus. The country was then, as what remains + of it still is, the most fertile in the world, and abounded in rich plains + and pastures. But in the course of ages much of the soil was washed away + and disappeared in the deep sea. And the inhabitants of this fair land + were endowed with intelligence and the love of beauty. + </p> + <p> + The Acropolis of the ancient Athens extended to the Ilissus and Eridanus, + and included the Pnyx, and the Lycabettus on the opposite side to the + Pnyx, having a level surface and deep soil. The side of the hill was + inhabited by craftsmen and husbandmen; and the warriors dwelt by + themselves on the summit, around the temples of Hephaestus and Athene, in + an enclosure which was like the garden of a single house. In winter they + retired into houses on the north of the hill, in which they held their + syssitia. These were modest dwellings, which they bequeathed unaltered to + their children's children. In summer time the south side was inhabited by + them, and then they left their gardens and dining-halls. In the midst of + the Acropolis was a fountain, which gave an abundant supply of cool water + in summer and warm in winter; of this there are still some traces. They + were careful to preserve the number of fighting men and women at 20,000, + which is equal to that of the present military force. And so they passed + their lives as guardians of the citizens and leaders of the Hellenes. They + were a just and famous race, celebrated for their beauty and virtue all + over Europe and Asia. + </p> + <p> + And now I will speak to you of their adversaries, but first I ought to + explain that the Greek names were given to Solon in an Egyptian form, and + he enquired their meaning and translated them. His manuscript was left + with my grandfather Dropides, and is now in my possession...In the + division of the earth Poseidon obtained as his portion the island of + Atlantis, and there he begat children whose mother was a mortal. Towards + the sea and in the centre of the island there was a very fair and fertile + plain, and near the centre, about fifty stadia from the plain, there was a + low mountain in which dwelt a man named Evenor and his wife Leucippe, and + their daughter Cleito, of whom Poseidon became enamoured. He to secure his + love enclosed the mountain with rings or zones varying in size, two of + land and three of sea, which his divine power readily enabled him to + excavate and fashion, and, as there was no shipping in those days, no man + could get into the place. To the interior island he conveyed under the + earth springs of water hot and cold, and supplied the land with all things + needed for the life of man. Here he begat a family consisting of five + pairs of twin male children. The eldest was Atlas, and him he made king of + the centre island, while to his twin brother, Eumelus, or Gadeirus, he + assigned that part of the country which was nearest the Straits. The other + brothers he made chiefs over the rest of the island. And their kingdom + extended as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. Now Atlas had a fair posterity, + and great treasures derived from mines—among them that precious + metal orichalcum; and there was abundance of wood, and herds of elephants, + and pastures for animals of all kinds, and fragrant herbs, and grasses, + and trees bearing fruit. These they used, and employed themselves in + constructing their temples, and palaces, and harbours, and docks, in the + following manner:—First, they bridged over the zones of sea, and + made a way to and from the royal palace which they built in the centre + island. This ancient palace was ornamented by successive generations; and + they dug a canal which passed through the zones of land from the island to + the sea. The zones of earth were surrounded by walls made of stone of + divers colours, black and white and red, which they sometimes intermingled + for the sake of ornament; and as they quarried they hollowed out beneath + the edges of the zones double docks having roofs of rock. The outermost of + the walls was coated with brass, the second with tin, and the third, which + was the wall of the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum. In + the interior of the citadel was a holy temple, dedicated to Cleito and + Poseidon, and surrounded by an enclosure of gold, and there was Poseidon's + own temple, which was covered with silver, and the pinnacles with gold. + The roof was of ivory, adorned with gold and silver and orichalcum, and + the rest of the interior was lined with orichalcum. Within was an image of + the god standing in a chariot drawn by six winged horses, and touching the + roof with his head; around him were a hundred Nereids, riding on dolphins. + Outside the temple were placed golden statues of all the descendants of + the ten kings and of their wives; there was an altar too, and there were + palaces, corresponding to the greatness and glory both of the kingdom and + of the temple. + </p> + <p> + Also there were fountains of hot and cold water, and suitable buildings + surrounding them, and trees, and there were baths both of the kings and of + private individuals, and separate baths for women, and also for cattle. + The water from the baths was carried to the grove of Poseidon, and by + aqueducts over the bridges to the outer circles. And there were temples in + the zones, and in the larger of the two there was a racecourse for horses, + which ran all round the island. The guards were distributed in the zones + according to the trust reposed in them; the most trusted of them were + stationed in the citadel. The docks were full of triremes and stores. The + land between the harbour and the sea was surrounded by a wall, and was + crowded with dwellings, and the harbour and canal resounded with the din + of human voices. + </p> + <p> + The plain around the city was highly cultivated and sheltered from the + north by mountains; it was oblong, and where falling out of the straight + line followed the circular ditch, which was of an incredible depth. This + depth received the streams which came down from the mountains, as well as + the canals of the interior, and found a way to the sea. The entire country + was divided into sixty thousand lots, each of which was a square of ten + stadia; and the owner of a lot was bound to furnish the sixth part of a + war-chariot, so as to make up ten thousand chariots, two horses and riders + upon them, a pair of chariot-horses without a seat, and an attendant and + charioteer, two hoplites, two archers, two slingers, three stone-shooters, + three javelin-men, and four sailors to make up the complement of twelve + hundred ships. + </p> + <p> + Each of the ten kings was absolute in his own city and kingdom. The + relations of the different governments to one another were determined by + the injunctions of Poseidon, which had been inscribed by the first kings + on a column of orichalcum in the temple of Poseidon, at which the kings + and princes gathered together and held a festival every fifth and every + sixth year alternately. Around the temple ranged the bulls of Poseidon, + one of which the ten kings caught and sacrificed, shedding the blood of + the victim over the inscription, and vowing not to transgress the laws of + their father Poseidon. When night came, they put on azure robes and gave + judgment against offenders. The most important of their laws related to + their dealings with one another. They were not to take up arms against one + another, and were to come to the rescue if any of their brethren were + attacked. They were to deliberate in common about war, and the king was + not to have the power of life and death over his kinsmen, unless he had + the assent of the majority. + </p> + <p> + For many generations, as tradition tells, the people of Atlantis were + obedient to the laws and to the gods, and practised gentleness and wisdom + in their intercourse with one another. They knew that they could only have + the true use of riches by not caring about them. But gradually the divine + portion of their souls became diluted with too much of the mortal + admixture, and they began to degenerate, though to the outward eye they + appeared glorious as ever at the very time when they were filled with all + iniquity. The all-seeing Zeus, wanting to punish them, held a council of + the gods, and when he had called them together, he spoke as follows:— + </p> + <p> + No one knew better than Plato how to invent 'a noble lie.' Observe (1) the + innocent declaration of Socrates, that the truth of the story is a great + advantage: (2) the manner in which traditional names and indications of + geography are intermingled ('Why, here be truths!'): (3) the extreme + minuteness with which the numbers are given, as in the Old Epic poetry: + (4) the ingenious reason assigned for the Greek names occurring in the + Egyptian tale: (5) the remark that the armed statue of Athena indicated + the common warrior life of men and women: (6) the particularity with which + the third deluge before that of Deucalion is affirmed to have been the + great destruction: (7) the happy guess that great geological changes have + been effected by water: (8) the indulgence of the prejudice against + sailing beyond the Columns, and the popular belief of the shallowness of + the ocean in that part: (9) the confession that the depth of the ditch in + the Island of Atlantis was not to be believed, and 'yet he could only + repeat what he had heard', compared with the statement made in an earlier + passage that Poseidon, being a God, found no difficulty in contriving the + water-supply of the centre island: (10) the mention of the old rivalry of + Poseidon and Athene, and the creation of the first inhabitants out of the + soil. Plato here, as elsewhere, ingeniously gives the impression that he + is telling the truth which mythology had corrupted. + </p> + <p> + The world, like a child, has readily, and for the most part + unhesitatingly, accepted the tale of the Island of Atlantis. In modern + times we hardly seek for traces of the submerged continent; but even Mr. + Grote is inclined to believe in the Egyptian poem of Solon of which there + is no evidence in antiquity; while others, like Martin, discuss the + Egyptian origin of the legend, or like M. de Humboldt, whom he quotes, are + disposed to find in it a vestige of a widely-spread tradition. Others, + adopting a different vein of reflection, regard the Island of Atlantis as + the anticipation of a still greater island—the Continent of America. + 'The tale,' says M. Martin, 'rests upon the authority of the Egyptian + priests; and the Egyptian priests took a pleasure in deceiving the + Greeks.' He never appears to suspect that there is a greater deceiver or + magician than the Egyptian priests, that is to say, Plato himself, from + the dominion of whose genius the critic and natural philosopher of modern + times are not wholly emancipated. Although worthless in respect of any + result which can be attained by them, discussions like those of M. Martin + (Timee) have an interest of their own, and may be compared to the similar + discussions regarding the Lost Tribes (2 Esdras), as showing how the + chance word of some poet or philosopher has given birth to endless + religious or historical enquiries. (See Introduction to the Timaeus.) + </p> + <p> + In contrasting the small Greek city numbering about twenty thousand + inhabitants with the barbaric greatness of the island of Atlantis, Plato + probably intended to show that a state, such as the ideal Athens, was + invincible, though matched against any number of opponents (cp. Rep.). + Even in a great empire there might be a degree of virtue and justice, such + as the Greeks believed to have existed under the sway of the first Persian + kings. But all such empires were liable to degenerate, and soon incurred + the anger of the gods. Their Oriental wealth, and splendour of gold and + silver, and variety of colours, seemed also to be at variance with the + simplicity of Greek notions. In the island of Atlantis, Plato is + describing a sort of Babylonian or Egyptian city, to which he opposes the + frugal life of the true Hellenic citizen. It is remarkable that in his + brief sketch of them, he idealizes the husbandmen 'who are lovers of + honour and true husbandmen,' as well as the warriors who are his sole + concern in the Republic; and that though he speaks of the common pursuits + of men and women, he says nothing of the community of wives and children. + </p> + <p> + It is singular that Plato should have prefixed the most detested of + Athenian names to this dialogue, and even more singular that he should + have put into the mouth of Socrates a panegyric on him (Tim.). Yet we know + that his character was accounted infamous by Xenophon, and that the mere + acquaintance with him was made a subject of accusation against Socrates. + We can only infer that in this, and perhaps in some other cases, Plato's + characters have no reference to the actual facts. The desire to do honour + to his own family, and the connection with Solon, may have suggested the + introduction of his name. Why the Critias was never completed, whether + from accident, or from advancing age, or from a sense of the artistic + difficulty of the design, cannot be determined. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + CRITIAS. + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Critias, Hermocrates, Timaeus, Socrates. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + TIMAEUS: How thankful I am, Socrates, that I have arrived at last, and, + like a weary traveller after a long journey, may be at rest! And I pray + the being who always was of old, and has now been by me revealed, to grant + that my words may endure in so far as they have been spoken truly and + acceptably to him; but if unintentionally I have said anything wrong, I + pray that he will impose upon me a just retribution, and the just + retribution of him who errs is that he should be set right. Wishing, then, + to speak truly in future concerning the generation of the gods, I pray him + to give me knowledge, which of all medicines is the most perfect and best. + And now having offered my prayer I deliver up the argument to Critias, who + is to speak next according to our agreement. (Tim.) + </p> + <p> + CRITIAS: And I, Timaeus, accept the trust, and as you at first said that + you were going to speak of high matters, and begged that some forbearance + might be shown to you, I too ask the same or greater forbearance for what + I am about to say. And although I very well know that my request may + appear to be somewhat ambitious and discourteous, I must make it + nevertheless. For will any man of sense deny that you have spoken well? I + can only attempt to show that I ought to have more indulgence than you, + because my theme is more difficult; and I shall argue that to seem to + speak well of the gods to men is far easier than to speak well of men to + men: for the inexperience and utter ignorance of his hearers about any + subject is a great assistance to him who has to speak of it, and we know + how ignorant we are concerning the gods. But I should like to make my + meaning clearer, if you will follow me. All that is said by any of us can + only be imitation and representation. For if we consider the likenesses + which painters make of bodies divine and heavenly, and the different + degrees of gratification with which the eye of the spectator receives + them, we shall see that we are satisfied with the artist who is able in + any degree to imitate the earth and its mountains, and the rivers, and the + woods, and the universe, and the things that are and move therein, and + further, that knowing nothing precise about such matters, we do not + examine or analyze the painting; all that is required is a sort of + indistinct and deceptive mode of shadowing them forth. But when a person + endeavours to paint the human form we are quick at finding out defects, + and our familiar knowledge makes us severe judges of any one who does not + render every point of similarity. And we may observe the same thing to + happen in discourse; we are satisfied with a picture of divine and + heavenly things which has very little likeness to them; but we are more + precise in our criticism of mortal and human things. Wherefore if at the + moment of speaking I cannot suitably express my meaning, you must excuse + me, considering that to form approved likenesses of human things is the + reverse of easy. This is what I want to suggest to you, and at the same + time to beg, Socrates, that I may have not less, but more indulgence + conceded to me in what I am about to say. Which favour, if I am right in + asking, I hope that you will be ready to grant. + </p> + <p> + SOCRATES: Certainly, Critias, we will grant your request, and we will + grant the same by anticipation to Hermocrates, as well as to you and + Timaeus; for I have no doubt that when his turn comes a little while + hence, he will make the same request which you have made. In order, then, + that he may provide himself with a fresh beginning, and not be compelled + to say the same things over again, let him understand that the indulgence + is already extended by anticipation to him. And now, friend Critias, I + will announce to you the judgment of the theatre. They are of opinion that + the last performer was wonderfully successful, and that you will need a + great deal of indulgence before you will be able to take his place. + </p> + <p> + HERMOCRATES: The warning, Socrates, which you have addressed to him, I + must also take to myself. But remember, Critias, that faint heart never + yet raised a trophy; and therefore you must go and attack the argument + like a man. First invoke Apollo and the Muses, and then let us hear you + sound the praises and show forth the virtues of your ancient citizens. + </p> + <p> + CRITIAS: Friend Hermocrates, you, who are stationed last and have another + in front of you, have not lost heart as yet; the gravity of the situation + will soon be revealed to you; meanwhile I accept your exhortations and + encouragements. But besides the gods and goddesses whom you have + mentioned, I would specially invoke Mnemosyne; for all the important part + of my discourse is dependent on her favour, and if I can recollect and + recite enough of what was said by the priests and brought hither by Solon, + I doubt not that I shall satisfy the requirements of this theatre. And + now, making no more excuses, I will proceed. + </p> + <p> + Let me begin by observing first of all, that nine thousand was the sum of + years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken place + between those who dwelt outside the pillars of Heracles and all who dwelt + within them; this war I am going to describe. Of the combatants on the one + side, the city of Athens was reported to have been the leader and to have + fought out the war; the combatants on the other side were commanded by the + kings of Atlantis, which, as I was saying, was an island greater in extent + than Libya and Asia, and when afterwards sunk by an earthquake, became an + impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to any part of + the ocean. The progress of the history will unfold the various nations of + barbarians and families of Hellenes which then existed, as they + successively appear on the scene; but I must describe first of all the + Athenians of that day, and their enemies who fought with them, and then + the respective powers and governments of the two kingdoms. Let us give the + precedence to Athens. + </p> + <p> + In the days of old, the gods had the whole earth distributed among them by + allotment (Cp. Polit.) There was no quarrelling; for you cannot rightly + suppose that the gods did not know what was proper for each of them to + have, or, knowing this, that they would seek to procure for themselves by + contention that which more properly belonged to others. They all of them + by just apportionment obtained what they wanted, and peopled their own + districts; and when they had peopled them they tended us, their nurselings + and possessions, as shepherds tend their flocks, excepting only that they + did not use blows or bodily force, as shepherds do, but governed us like + pilots from the stern of the vessel, which is an easy way of guiding + animals, holding our souls by the rudder of persuasion according to their + own pleasure;—thus did they guide all mortal creatures. Now + different gods had their allotments in different places which they set in + order. Hephaestus and Athene, who were brother and sister, and sprang from + the same father, having a common nature, and being united also in the love + of philosophy and art, both obtained as their common portion this land, + which was naturally adapted for wisdom and virtue; and there they + implanted brave children of the soil, and put into their minds the order + of government; their names are preserved, but their actions have + disappeared by reason of the destruction of those who received the + tradition, and the lapse of ages. For when there were any survivors, as I + have already said, they were men who dwelt in the mountains; and they were + ignorant of the art of writing, and had heard only the names of the chiefs + of the land, but very little about their actions. The names they were + willing enough to give to their children; but the virtues and the laws of + their predecessors, they knew only by obscure traditions; and as they + themselves and their children lacked for many generations the necessaries + of life, they directed their attention to the supply of their wants, and + of them they conversed, to the neglect of events that had happened in + times long past; for mythology and the enquiry into antiquity are first + introduced into cities when they begin to have leisure (Cp. Arist. + Metaphys.), and when they see that the necessaries of life have already + been provided, but not before. And this is the reason why the names of the + ancients have been preserved to us and not their actions. This I infer + because Solon said that the priests in their narrative of that war + mentioned most of the names which are recorded prior to the time of + Theseus, such as Cecrops, and Erechtheus, and Erichthonius, and + Erysichthon, and the names of the women in like manner. Moreover, since + military pursuits were then common to men and women, the men of those days + in accordance with the custom of the time set up a figure and image of the + goddess in full armour, to be a testimony that all animals which associate + together, male as well as female, may, if they please, practise in common + the virtue which belongs to them without distinction of sex. + </p> + <p> + Now the country was inhabited in those days by various classes of + citizens;—there were artisans, and there were husbandmen, and there + was also a warrior class originally set apart by divine men. The latter + dwelt by themselves, and had all things suitable for nurture and + education; neither had any of them anything of their own, but they + regarded all that they had as common property; nor did they claim to + receive of the other citizens anything more than their necessary food. And + they practised all the pursuits which we yesterday described as those of + our imaginary guardians. Concerning the country the Egyptian priests said + what is not only probable but manifestly true, that the boundaries were in + those days fixed by the Isthmus, and that in the direction of the + continent they extended as far as the heights of Cithaeron and Parnes; the + boundary line came down in the direction of the sea, having the district + of Oropus on the right, and with the river Asopus as the limit on the + left. The land was the best in the world, and was therefore able in those + days to support a vast army, raised from the surrounding people. Even the + remnant of Attica which now exists may compare with any region in the + world for the variety and excellence of its fruits and the suitableness of + its pastures to every sort of animal, which proves what I am saying; but + in those days the country was fair as now and yielded far more abundant + produce. How shall I establish my words? and what part of it can be truly + called a remnant of the land that then was? The whole country is only a + long promontory extending far into the sea away from the rest of the + continent, while the surrounding basin of the sea is everywhere deep in + the neighbourhood of the shore. Many great deluges have taken place during + the nine thousand years, for that is the number of years which have + elapsed since the time of which I am speaking; and during all this time + and through so many changes, there has never been any considerable + accumulation of the soil coming down from the mountains, as in other + places, but the earth has fallen away all round and sunk out of sight. The + consequence is, that in comparison of what then was, there are remaining + only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, as in the case + of small islands, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having + fallen away, and the mere skeleton of the land being left. But in the + primitive state of the country, its mountains were high hills covered with + soil, and the plains, as they are termed by us, of Phelleus were full of + rich earth, and there was abundance of wood in the mountains. Of this last + the traces still remain, for although some of the mountains now only + afford sustenance to bees, not so very long ago there were still to be + seen roofs of timber cut from trees growing there, which were of a size + sufficient to cover the largest houses; and there were many other high + trees, cultivated by man and bearing abundance of food for cattle. + Moreover, the land reaped the benefit of the annual rainfall, not as now + losing the water which flows off the bare earth into the sea, but, having + an abundant supply in all places, and receiving it into herself and + treasuring it up in the close clay soil, it let off into the hollows the + streams which it absorbed from the heights, providing everywhere abundant + fountains and rivers, of which there may still be observed sacred + memorials in places where fountains once existed; and this proves the + truth of what I am saying. + </p> + <p> + Such was the natural state of the country, which was cultivated, as we may + well believe, by true husbandmen, who made husbandry their business, and + were lovers of honour, and of a noble nature, and had a soil the best in + the world, and abundance of water, and in the heaven above an excellently + attempered climate. Now the city in those days was arranged on this wise. + In the first place the Acropolis was not as now. For the fact is that a + single night of excessive rain washed away the earth and laid bare the + rock; at the same time there were earthquakes, and then occurred the + extraordinary inundation, which was the third before the great destruction + of Deucalion. But in primitive times the hill of the Acropolis extended to + the Eridanus and Ilissus, and included the Pnyx on one side, and the + Lycabettus as a boundary on the opposite side to the Pnyx, and was all + well covered with soil, and level at the top, except in one or two places. + Outside the Acropolis and under the sides of the hill there dwelt + artisans, and such of the husbandmen as were tilling the ground near; the + warrior class dwelt by themselves around the temples of Athene and + Hephaestus at the summit, which moreover they had enclosed with a single + fence like the garden of a single house. On the north side they had + dwellings in common and had erected halls for dining in winter, and had + all the buildings which they needed for their common life, besides + temples, but there was no adorning of them with gold and silver, for they + made no use of these for any purpose; they took a middle course between + meanness and ostentation, and built modest houses in which they and their + children's children grew old, and they handed them down to others who were + like themselves, always the same. But in summer-time they left their + gardens and gymnasia and dining halls, and then the southern side of the + hill was made use of by them for the same purpose. Where the Acropolis now + is there was a fountain, which was choked by the earthquake, and has left + only the few small streams which still exist in the vicinity, but in those + days the fountain gave an abundant supply of water for all and of suitable + temperature in summer and in winter. This is how they dwelt, being the + guardians of their own citizens and the leaders of the Hellenes, who were + their willing followers. And they took care to preserve the same number of + men and women through all time, being so many as were required for warlike + purposes, then as now—that is to say, about twenty thousand. Such + were the ancient Athenians, and after this manner they righteously + administered their own land and the rest of Hellas; they were renowned all + over Europe and Asia for the beauty of their persons and for the many + virtues of their souls, and of all men who lived in those days they were + the most illustrious. And next, if I have not forgotten what I heard when + I was a child, I will impart to you the character and origin of their + adversaries. For friends should not keep their stories to themselves, but + have them in common. + </p> + <p> + Yet, before proceeding further in the narrative, I ought to warn you, that + you must not be surprised if you should perhaps hear Hellenic names given + to foreigners. I will tell you the reason of this: Solon, who was + intending to use the tale for his poem, enquired into the meaning of the + names, and found that the early Egyptians in writing them down had + translated them into their own language, and he recovered the meaning of + the several names and when copying them out again translated them into our + language. My great-grandfather, Dropides, had the original writing, which + is still in my possession, and was carefully studied by me when I was a + child. Therefore if you hear names such as are used in this country, you + must not be surprised, for I have told how they came to be introduced. The + tale, which was of great length, began as follows:— + </p> + <p> + I have before remarked in speaking of the allotments of the gods, that + they distributed the whole earth into portions differing in extent, and + made for themselves temples and instituted sacrifices. And Poseidon, + receiving for his lot the island of Atlantis, begat children by a mortal + woman, and settled them in a part of the island, which I will describe. + Looking towards the sea, but in the centre of the whole island, there was + a plain which is said to have been the fairest of all plains and very + fertile. Near the plain again, and also in the centre of the island at a + distance of about fifty stadia, there was a mountain not very high on any + side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval men of + that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named Leucippe, and + they had an only daughter who was called Cleito. The maiden had already + reached womanhood, when her father and mother died; Poseidon fell in love + with her and had intercourse with her, and breaking the ground, inclosed + the hill in which she dwelt all round, making alternate zones of sea and + land larger and smaller, encircling one another; there were two of land + and three of water, which he turned as with a lathe, each having its + circumference equidistant every way from the centre, so that no man could + get to the island, for ships and voyages were not as yet. He himself, + being a god, found no difficulty in making special arrangements for the + centre island, bringing up two springs of water from beneath the earth, + one of warm water and the other of cold, and making every variety of food + to spring up abundantly from the soil. He also begat and brought up five + pairs of twin male children; and dividing the island of Atlantis into ten + portions, he gave to the first-born of the eldest pair his mother's + dwelling and the surrounding allotment, which was the largest and best, + and made him king over the rest; the others he made princes, and gave them + rule over many men, and a large territory. And he named them all; the + eldest, who was the first king, he named Atlas, and after him the whole + island and the ocean were called Atlantic. To his twin brother, who was + born after him, and obtained as his lot the extremity of the island + towards the pillars of Heracles, facing the country which is now called + the region of Gades in that part of the world, he gave the name which in + the Hellenic language is Eumelus, in the language of the country which is + named after him, Gadeirus. Of the second pair of twins he called one + Ampheres, and the other Evaemon. To the elder of the third pair of twins + he gave the name Mneseus, and Autochthon to the one who followed him. Of + the fourth pair of twins he called the elder Elasippus, and the younger + Mestor. And of the fifth pair he gave to the elder the name of Azaes, and + to the younger that of Diaprepes. All these and their descendants for many + generations were the inhabitants and rulers of divers islands in the open + sea; and also, as has been already said, they held sway in our direction + over the country within the pillars as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. Now + Atlas had a numerous and honourable family, and they retained the kingdom, + the eldest son handing it on to his eldest for many generations; and they + had such an amount of wealth as was never before possessed by kings and + potentates, and is not likely ever to be again, and they were furnished + with everything which they needed, both in the city and country. For + because of the greatness of their empire many things were brought to them + from foreign countries, and the island itself provided most of what was + required by them for the uses of life. In the first place, they dug out of + the earth whatever was to be found there, solid as well as fusile, and + that which is now only a name and was then something more than a name, + orichalcum, was dug out of the earth in many parts of the island, being + more precious in those days than anything except gold. There was an + abundance of wood for carpenter's work, and sufficient maintenance for + tame and wild animals. Moreover, there were a great number of elephants in + the island; for as there was provision for all other sorts of animals, + both for those which live in lakes and marshes and rivers, and also for + those which live in mountains and on plains, so there was for the animal + which is the largest and most voracious of all. Also whatever fragrant + things there now are in the earth, whether roots, or herbage, or woods, or + essences which distil from fruit and flower, grew and thrived in that + land; also the fruit which admits of cultivation, both the dry sort, which + is given us for nourishment and any other which we use for food—we + call them all by the common name of pulse, and the fruits having a hard + rind, affording drinks and meats and ointments, and good store of + chestnuts and the like, which furnish pleasure and amusement, and are + fruits which spoil with keeping, and the pleasant kinds of dessert, with + which we console ourselves after dinner, when we are tired of eating—all + these that sacred island which then beheld the light of the sun, brought + forth fair and wondrous and in infinite abundance. With such blessings the + earth freely furnished them; meanwhile they went on constructing their + temples and palaces and harbours and docks. And they arranged the whole + country in the following manner:— + </p> + <p> + First of all they bridged over the zones of sea which surrounded the + ancient metropolis, making a road to and from the royal palace. And at the + very beginning they built the palace in the habitation of the god and of + their ancestors, which they continued to ornament in successive + generations, every king surpassing the one who went before him to the + utmost of his power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for + size and for beauty. And beginning from the sea they bored a canal of + three hundred feet in width and one hundred feet in depth and fifty stadia + in length, which they carried through to the outermost zone, making a + passage from the sea up to this, which became a harbour, and leaving an + opening sufficient to enable the largest vessels to find ingress. + Moreover, they divided at the bridges the zones of land which parted the + zones of sea, leaving room for a single trireme to pass out of one zone + into another, and they covered over the channels so as to leave a way + underneath for the ships; for the banks were raised considerably above the + water. Now the largest of the zones into which a passage was cut from the + sea was three stadia in breadth, and the zone of land which came next of + equal breadth; but the next two zones, the one of water, the other of + land, were two stadia, and the one which surrounded the central island was + a stadium only in width. The island in which the palace was situated had a + diameter of five stadia. All this including the zones and the bridge, + which was the sixth part of a stadium in width, they surrounded by a stone + wall on every side, placing towers and gates on the bridges where the sea + passed in. The stone which was used in the work they quarried from + underneath the centre island, and from underneath the zones, on the outer + as well as the inner side. One kind was white, another black, and a third + red, and as they quarried, they at the same time hollowed out double + docks, having roofs formed out of the native rock. Some of their buildings + were simple, but in others they put together different stones, varying the + colour to please the eye, and to be a natural source of delight. The + entire circuit of the wall, which went round the outermost zone, they + covered with a coating of brass, and the circuit of the next wall they + coated with tin, and the third, which encompassed the citadel, flashed + with the red light of orichalcum. The palaces in the interior of the + citadel were constructed on this wise:—In the centre was a holy + temple dedicated to Cleito and Poseidon, which remained inaccessible, and + was surrounded by an enclosure of gold; this was the spot where the family + of the ten princes first saw the light, and thither the people annually + brought the fruits of the earth in their season from all the ten portions, + to be an offering to each of the ten. Here was Poseidon's own temple which + was a stadium in length, and half a stadium in width, and of a + proportionate height, having a strange barbaric appearance. All the + outside of the temple, with the exception of the pinnacles, they covered + with silver, and the pinnacles with gold. In the interior of the temple + the roof was of ivory, curiously wrought everywhere with gold and silver + and orichalcum; and all the other parts, the walls and pillars and floor, + they coated with orichalcum. In the temple they placed statues of gold: + there was the god himself standing in a chariot—the charioteer of + six winged horses—and of such a size that he touched the roof of the + building with his head; around him there were a hundred Nereids riding on + dolphins, for such was thought to be the number of them by the men of + those days. There were also in the interior of the temple other images + which had been dedicated by private persons. And around the temple on the + outside were placed statues of gold of all the descendants of the ten + kings and of their wives, and there were many other great offerings of + kings and of private persons, coming both from the city itself and from + the foreign cities over which they held sway. There was an altar too, + which in size and workmanship corresponded to this magnificence, and the + palaces, in like manner, answered to the greatness of the kingdom and the + glory of the temple. + </p> + <p> + In the next place, they had fountains, one of cold and another of hot + water, in gracious plenty flowing; and they were wonderfully adapted for + use by reason of the pleasantness and excellence of their waters. They + constructed buildings about them and planted suitable trees, also they + made cisterns, some open to the heaven, others roofed over, to be used in + winter as warm baths; there were the kings' baths, and the baths of + private persons, which were kept apart; and there were separate baths for + women, and for horses and cattle, and to each of them they gave as much + adornment as was suitable. Of the water which ran off they carried some to + the grove of Poseidon, where were growing all manner of trees of wonderful + height and beauty, owing to the excellence of the soil, while the + remainder was conveyed by aqueducts along the bridges to the outer + circles; and there were many temples built and dedicated to many gods; + also gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses + in both of the two islands formed by the zones; and in the centre of the + larger of the two there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in width, + and in length allowed to extend all round the island, for horses to race + in. Also there were guard-houses at intervals for the guards, the more + trusted of whom were appointed to keep watch in the lesser zone, which was + nearer the Acropolis; while the most trusted of all had houses given them + within the citadel, near the persons of the kings. The docks were full of + triremes and naval stores, and all things were quite ready for use. Enough + of the plan of the royal palace. + </p> + <p> + Leaving the palace and passing out across the three harbours, you came to + a wall which began at the sea and went all round: this was everywhere + distant fifty stadia from the largest zone or harbour, and enclosed the + whole, the ends meeting at the mouth of the channel which led to the sea. + The entire area was densely crowded with habitations; and the canal and + the largest of the harbours were full of vessels and merchants coming from + all parts, who, from their numbers, kept up a multitudinous sound of human + voices, and din and clatter of all sorts night and day. + </p> + <p> + I have described the city and the environs of the ancient palace nearly in + the words of Solon, and now I must endeavour to represent to you the + nature and arrangement of the rest of the land. The whole country was said + by him to be very lofty and precipitous on the side of the sea, but the + country immediately about and surrounding the city was a level plain, + itself surrounded by mountains which descended towards the sea; it was + smooth and even, and of an oblong shape, extending in one direction three + thousand stadia, but across the centre inland it was two thousand stadia. + This part of the island looked towards the south, and was sheltered from + the north. The surrounding mountains were celebrated for their number and + size and beauty, far beyond any which still exist, having in them also + many wealthy villages of country folk, and rivers, and lakes, and meadows + supplying food enough for every animal, wild or tame, and much wood of + various sorts, abundant for each and every kind of work. + </p> + <p> + I will now describe the plain, as it was fashioned by nature and by the + labours of many generations of kings through long ages. It was for the + most part rectangular and oblong, and where falling out of the straight + line followed the circular ditch. The depth, and width, and length of this + ditch were incredible, and gave the impression that a work of such extent, + in addition to so many others, could never have been artificial. + Nevertheless I must say what I was told. It was excavated to the depth of + a hundred feet, and its breadth was a stadium everywhere; it was carried + round the whole of the plain, and was ten thousand stadia in length. It + received the streams which came down from the mountains, and winding round + the plain and meeting at the city, was there let off into the sea. Further + inland, likewise, straight canals of a hundred feet in width were cut from + it through the plain, and again let off into the ditch leading to the sea: + these canals were at intervals of a hundred stadia, and by them they + brought down the wood from the mountains to the city, and conveyed the + fruits of the earth in ships, cutting transverse passages from one canal + into another, and to the city. Twice in the year they gathered the fruits + of the earth—in winter having the benefit of the rains of heaven, + and in summer the water which the land supplied by introducing streams + from the canals. + </p> + <p> + As to the population, each of the lots in the plain had to find a leader + for the men who were fit for military service, and the size of a lot was a + square of ten stadia each way, and the total number of all the lots was + sixty thousand. And of the inhabitants of the mountains and of the rest of + the country there was also a vast multitude, which was distributed among + the lots and had leaders assigned to them according to their districts and + villages. The leader was required to furnish for the war the sixth portion + of a war-chariot, so as to make up a total of ten thousand chariots; also + two horses and riders for them, and a pair of chariot-horses without a + seat, accompanied by a horseman who could fight on foot carrying a small + shield, and having a charioteer who stood behind the man-at-arms to guide + the two horses; also, he was bound to furnish two heavy-armed soldiers, + two archers, two slingers, three stone-shooters and three javelin-men, who + were light-armed, and four sailors to make up the complement of twelve + hundred ships. Such was the military order of the royal city—the + order of the other nine governments varied, and it would be wearisome to + recount their several differences. + </p> + <p> + As to offices and honours, the following was the arrangement from the + first. Each of the ten kings in his own division and in his own city had + the absolute control of the citizens, and, in most cases, of the laws, + punishing and slaying whomsoever he would. Now the order of precedence + among them and their mutual relations were regulated by the commands of + Poseidon which the law had handed down. These were inscribed by the first + kings on a pillar of orichalcum, which was situated in the middle of the + island, at the temple of Poseidon, whither the kings were gathered + together every fifth and every sixth year alternately, thus giving equal + honour to the odd and to the even number. And when they were gathered + together they consulted about their common interests, and enquired if any + one had transgressed in anything, and passed judgment, and before they + passed judgment they gave their pledges to one another on this wise:—There + were bulls who had the range of the temple of Poseidon; and the ten kings, + being left alone in the temple, after they had offered prayers to the god + that they might capture the victim which was acceptable to him, hunted the + bulls, without weapons, but with staves and nooses; and the bull which + they caught they led up to the pillar and cut its throat over the top of + it so that the blood fell upon the sacred inscription. Now on the pillar, + besides the laws, there was inscribed an oath invoking mighty curses on + the disobedient. When therefore, after slaying the bull in the accustomed + manner, they had burnt its limbs, they filled a bowl of wine and cast in a + clot of blood for each of them; the rest of the victim they put in the + fire, after having purified the column all round. Then they drew from the + bowl in golden cups, and pouring a libation on the fire, they swore that + they would judge according to the laws on the pillar, and would punish him + who in any point had already transgressed them, and that for the future + they would not, if they could help, offend against the writing on the + pillar, and would neither command others, nor obey any ruler who commanded + them, to act otherwise than according to the laws of their father + Poseidon. This was the prayer which each of them offered up for himself + and for his descendants, at the same time drinking and dedicating the cup + out of which he drank in the temple of the god; and after they had supped + and satisfied their needs, when darkness came on, and the fire about the + sacrifice was cool, all of them put on most beautiful azure robes, and, + sitting on the ground, at night, over the embers of the sacrifices by + which they had sworn, and extinguishing all the fire about the temple, + they received and gave judgment, if any of them had an accusation to bring + against any one; and when they had given judgment, at daybreak they wrote + down their sentences on a golden tablet, and dedicated it together with + their robes to be a memorial. + </p> + <p> + There were many special laws affecting the several kings inscribed about + the temples, but the most important was the following: They were not to + take up arms against one another, and they were all to come to the rescue + if any one in any of their cities attempted to overthrow the royal house; + like their ancestors, they were to deliberate in common about war and + other matters, giving the supremacy to the descendants of Atlas. And the + king was not to have the power of life and death over any of his kinsmen + unless he had the assent of the majority of the ten. + </p> + <p> + Such was the vast power which the god settled in the lost island of + Atlantis; and this he afterwards directed against our land for the + following reasons, as tradition tells: For many generations, as long as + the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and + well-affectioned towards the god, whose seed they were; for they possessed + true and in every way great spirits, uniting gentleness with wisdom in the + various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one another. They + despised everything but virtue, caring little for their present state of + life, and thinking lightly of the possession of gold and other property, + which seemed only a burden to them; neither were they intoxicated by + luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their self-control; but they were + sober, and saw clearly that all these goods are increased by virtue and + friendship with one another, whereas by too great regard and respect for + them, they are lost and friendship with them. By such reflections and by + the continuance in them of a divine nature, the qualities which we have + described grew and increased among them; but when the divine portion began + to fade away, and became diluted too often and too much with the mortal + admixture, and the human nature got the upper hand, they then, being + unable to bear their fortune, behaved unseemly, and to him who had an eye + to see grew visibly debased, for they were losing the fairest of their + precious gifts; but to those who had no eye to see the true happiness, + they appeared glorious and blessed at the very time when they were full of + avarice and unrighteous power. Zeus, the god of gods, who rules according + to law, and is able to see into such things, perceiving that an honourable + race was in a woeful plight, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, + that they might be chastened and improve, collected all the gods into + their most holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the + world, beholds all created things. And when he had called them together, + he spake as follows—[*] + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + * The rest of the Dialogue of Critias has been lost. +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Critias, by Plato + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITIAS *** + +***** This file should be named 1571-h.htm or 1571-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/7/1571/ + +Produced by Sue Asscher, and David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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