initial commit of ebook 15698HEADmain

1 files changed, 5878 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/15698.txt b/15698.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dabf59b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15698.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5878 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin, by A. Woodward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin
+       or, An Essay on Slavery
+
+Author: A. Woodward
+
+Release Date: April 24, 2005 [EBook #15698]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A REVIEW OF UNCLE TOM'S CABIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+A REVIEW OF UNCLE TOM'S CABIN;
+
+OR,
+
+AN ESSAY ON SLAVERY,
+
+
+
+BY A. WOODWARD, M.D.
+
+
+
+CINCINNATI:
+PUBLISHED BY APPLEGATE & CO.
+
+
+1853
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853,
+BY A. WOODWARD, M.D.,
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,
+for the District of Indiana.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+For the last two years a "still small voice" has constantly whispered
+to me, in private and in public, at home and abroad, saying, _write!_
+It was in vain that I strove to quiet this inward monitor by pleading
+incapacity, poverty, want of time, &c.; he heeded not my excuses. I
+inquired what would become of my dependant family, should I relinquish
+the practice of my profession and engage in other pursuits? He
+answered, "Put thy trust in the Lord, and _write!_" I yielded not to
+his monitions, but continued with unabated ardor the practice of my
+profession, until the latter part of autumn, 1852, when I was suddenly
+prostrated by disease, and forced to desist from the practice of
+medicine. I then commenced as soon as I was able, the preparation of a
+work, which I contemplated bringing before the public at some future
+period, provided I should live. In accordance with the plan of the
+proposed work, an essay on African slavery was to close the volume.
+After I had finished about a hundred pages manuscript, in order, the
+question of African slavery in the United States suddenly thrust
+itself upon my mind with such force, that I found it somewhat
+difficult to investigate any other subject. My mind at the time was
+enervated by disease, and by no means well disciplined. Hence I could
+not control it. For this reason, I at once concluded to draw up a
+skeleton or outline of my essay on slavery; after which I contemplated
+resuming my work in regular order. It was about this time that my
+health rapidly declined, and I became so feeble that I could not sit
+at my table more than one or two hours in twenty-four. In this
+condition, by a slow process, I finished from chapter i, to the close
+of chapter xiii. The Introduction was written afterwards, to supply
+some obvious defects in that portion of the work alluded to.
+
+None need tell me that there are defects and imperfections in the
+work. I am well aware of the fact, but could not remedy them without
+re-writing the whole, and that was impracticable under the
+circumstances. Critics need not trouble themselves about its defects
+as a literary production, as I lay no claim to merit on that ground.
+Having been actively engaged in the practice of an arduous and
+perplexing profession for the last twenty-five years, I am aware that
+my qualifications for authorship must be somewhat defective. I was
+moreover forced to write, when my corporeal system was exhausted, and
+my mental powers oppressed by a complication of diseases. There are
+not many, I conceive, who will find any difficulty in clearly
+comprehending the ideas I intended to convey; if so, my object is
+accomplished.
+
+The work was written under disadvantageous circumstances; but such as
+it is, I cast it out on the great sea of public opinion to abide its
+fate. If good is accomplished thereby, I shall rejoice; but if it is
+destined to sink into oblivion, I shall console myself with the
+reflection that I had no other object in writing, but the correction
+of error and the welfare of my fellow creatures. I may err, but I
+appeal to "the searcher of all hearts" for the purity of my motives
+and intentions. Whatever may be the effects of this work on the public
+mind; light and truth were my aim, and the best interests of my fellow
+beings, my sole object.
+
+I appear before the public with reluctance, and am exceedingly
+mortified that it has fallen to my lot to treat any portion of my
+fellow citizens with severity; but I am nevertheless prepared to meet
+the sneers and frowns of those implicated. I shall offer no apology
+for the harsh language which will be occasionally found in this
+volume; as a desperate disease requires an active remedy. If I could,
+however, have re-written the work, I would have changed, in some
+places, the phraseology. I have brought many and serious charges
+against the abolition faction in the United States, but those who are
+not guilty of the charges alleged, need not feel aggrieved thereby. My
+remarks, for the most part refer to what is called _ultra-abolitionism_.
+
+It is probable that I have occasionally quoted the language of others,
+without marking the same as a quotation. If so, it was not
+intentional. I could not, in doubtful cases, refer to writers whose
+ideas I may have used, on account of ill health. In quoting from the
+Bible I relied almost entirely on my own memory; but I presume I am
+generally correct.
+
+I have now finished a task--by no means a pleasant one--and I have
+done it with a trembling hand, for the subject is a delicate one--a
+subject of intense interest, under the existing circumstances, to
+every American citizen. To me, the signs of the times appear to be
+ominous--to forebode evil! I sometimes fear that our political sun has
+passed the zenith--lowering clouds intercept his rays, and at times
+obscure his former brightness, majesty and glory. The ship of State is
+tossed by furious winds, and threatened by boisterous waves--rocks and
+quicksands are on the right and left--an awful wreck awaits her, and
+can only be averted by vigilance, prudence, caution and circumspection
+on the part of her crew.
+
+GREENCASTLE, IND., May, 1853.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: The CONTENTS are printed at the end of this book.
+
+
+
+
+REVIEW OF UNCLE TOM'S CABIN;
+
+OR
+
+AN ESSAY ON SLAVERY.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+SECTION I.
+
+Since the following chapters were prepared for the press, my attention
+was directed by a friend, to a letter published in a Northern paper,
+which detailed some shocking things, that the writer had seen and
+heard in the South; and also some severe strictures on the institution
+of domestic slavery in the Southern States, &c.
+
+I have in the following work, related an anecdote of a young lawyer,
+who being asked how he could stand up before the court, and with
+unblushing audacity state falsehoods; he very promptly answered, "I
+was well paid; I received a large fee, and could therefore afford to
+lie." I infer from the class of letters referred to, that the writers
+are generally "well paid" for their services.
+
+It has long been a practice of abolition editors in the Northern
+States, when they were likely to run short of matter, to employ some
+worthy brother, to travel South, and manufacture articles for their
+papers. Many of those articles are falsehoods; and most of them, if
+not all, are exaggerations.
+
+No man who will consent to go south, and perform this dirty work, is
+capable of writing truth. And moreover, many of the letters published
+in abolition papers, purporting to have been written from some part of
+the South, were concocted by editors and others at home; the writers
+never having traveled fifty miles from their native villages. But some
+of them do travel South and write letters; and it is of but little
+consequence what they see, or what they hear; they have engaged to
+write letters, and letters they must write: letters too, of a certain
+character; and if they fail to find material in the South, it then
+devolves on them to manufacture it.
+
+They have engaged to furnish food for the depraved appetites of a
+certain class of readers in the North; and furnish it they must, by
+some means. They truly, are an unlucky set of fellows, for I never yet
+heard of one of them, who was so fortunate as to find anything good or
+praiseworthy among Southern people. This is very strange indeed! They
+travel South with an understanding on the part of their employer, and
+with an intention on their part, to misrepresent the South, and to
+excite prejudice in Northern minds. How devoid of patriotism, truth
+and justice. The mischief done by these misrepresentations is
+inconceivable. If every abolitionist North of Mason and Dixon's line,
+were separately and individually asked, from whence he derived his
+opinions and prejudices in relation to Southern men, and Southern
+slavery, nine hundred and ninety-nine out of every thousand would
+answer, that they had learned all that they knew about slavery and
+slaveholders from the publication of abolitionists: not one in a
+thousand among them having ever seen a southern slave or his master.
+"Truth is stranger than fiction;" and it is also becoming more rare.
+No wonder people are misled, when the country is flooded with
+abolition papers and Uncle Tom's Cabin. No one can read such
+publications without being misled by them, unless he is, or has been,
+a resident of a slave State. It is thus that materials are furnished
+for abolition papers and such publications as Uncle Tom's Cabin; and
+it is thus that the public mind is poisoned, public morals vitiated,
+and honest but ignorant men led to say and do many things, which must,
+sooner or later, result in deplorable consequences, unless something
+can be brought to bear on the public mind that will counteract the
+evil. The writer hopes, through the blessing of God, that the
+following pages will prove an efficient antidote.
+
+Southern people have their faults; they err in many things: and far be
+it from me, under such circumstances, to become their apologist. It is
+not as a defender of the South I appear before the public, but in
+defense of my country, North and South. We are all brethren; we are
+all citizens of the same heaven-favored country; and how residents of
+one part of it can spend their lives in vilifying, traducing, and
+misrepresenting those of another portion of it, is, to me,
+unaccountable. It is strange, indeed! I entreat my countrymen to
+reflect soberly on these things; and in the name of all that is sacred
+I entreat you, my abolition friends, to pause a while, in your mad
+career, and review the whole ground. It may be that some of you may
+yet see the error of your course. I cannot give you all up. I trust in
+God that you are not all given over to "hardness of heart and
+reprobacy of mind." A word to the reader. Pass on--hear me
+through--never mind my harsh expressions and uncouth language. Truth
+is not very palatable, to any of us, at all times. Crack the nut; it
+may be that you will find a kernel within that will reward you for
+your trouble.
+
+False impressions have been made, and continue to be made by the
+writers alluded to above; sectional hatred is engendered, North and
+South; and if this incessant warfare continues, it will, at no very
+distant day, produce a dissolution of this Union. This result is
+inevitable if the present state of things continues. Has the agitation
+and discussion of the question of African slavery, in the free States,
+resulted in any good, or is it ever likely to result in any? I flatter
+myself that I have clearly shown, in the following pages, that
+hitherto its consequences have been evil and only evil, and that
+nothing but evil can grow out of it in future. I think that I have
+adduced historical facts which clearly and indisputably prove that
+northern agitation has served but to rivet the chains of slavery; that
+it has retarded emancipation; that it has augmented the evils and
+hardships of slavery; that it has inflicted injury on both masters and
+servants; that it has engendered sectional hatred which endangers the
+peace, prosperity, and perpetuity of the Union. Why, then, will
+abolitionists persist in a course so inconsistent; so contrary to
+reason; so opposed to truth, righteousness, and justice? They need not
+tell me that slavery is an evil; that slavery is a curse; that slavery
+is a hardship, and that it ought to be extinguished. I admit it; but
+this is not the question. On this head I have no controversy with
+them. The question is, whether their course of procedure is ever
+likely to remove or mitigate the evils of slavery. Are we prepared, in
+our efforts to remove the evils of slavery, to incur the risk of
+subjecting ourselves to calamities infinitely worse that African
+slavery itself? Or rather, is there the remotest probability,
+supposing the plans and schemes of abolitionists should be carried
+out, the Union dissolved, and the country plunged into civil war, that
+slavery would thereby be abolished in the southern States?
+
+These are the questions at issue between the abolition party and the
+writer; and these are among the prominent questions discussed in the
+following pages. It is true that I have hastily glanced at slavery in
+all its bearings, but it was the fell spirit of abolitionism which
+first attracted my attention, and induced me to investigate the
+subject. It was its revolutionary designs and tendencies, its contempt
+of all law, human and Divine, that first impressed my mind with the
+necessity of prompt and efficient action on the part of the friends of
+our country. It was the unparalleled circulation of Uncle Tom's Cabin
+that aroused my fears, and excited in my mind apprehensions of danger.
+If such productions as Uncle Tom's Cabin are to give tone to public
+sentiment in the North, then assuredly are we in danger. Should Mrs.
+Stowe's vile aspersion of southern character, and her loose, reckless
+and wicked misrepresentations of the institution of slavery in the
+southern States ever become accredited in the northern section of the
+Union I fear the consequence. I sometimes survey the condition of my
+country with consternation and dismay, and tremble in prospect of what
+may yet occur. History records the rise and fall of nations. We read
+of revolutions, butcheries, and blood. We have flattered ourselves
+that our beloved country for ages to come, and probably forever, is
+destined to escape these calamities. But, O God! how mortifying the
+reflection that there are now, in our midst, religious fanatics and
+political demagogues, who for a little paltry gain or notoriety would
+plunge us into all these evils!
+
+I have repeatedly, in the following pages charged the abolition
+faction with revolutionary designs and tendencies. Some may doubt the
+truth and justice of the charge; but I beg such persons to recollect
+that abolition writers and orators have, times without number, avowed
+an intention to overthrow this government; but it matters not what
+their avowed designs and intentions are, for their lawless and
+seditious course leads directly to that result. If they ever succeed
+in carrying out their plans and schemes we know that revolution and
+disunion will be the consequence. It was remarked by Mr.
+Frelinghuysen, of New York, on a certain occasion, that "abolitionists
+are seeking to destroy our happy Union." Chancellor Walworth says,
+"They are contemplating a violation of the rights of property secured
+by the Constitution, and pursuing measures which must lead to civil
+war."
+
+The union of these States is based on what has been called the slavery
+compromise; and the Union would have never taken place, had not the
+right to hold slave property been secured to the slave states, by a
+provision in the Federal Constitution. Had not the free states
+relinquished all right to interfere with slavery in the slave states,
+no union of the slave and free states could ever have taken place. The
+right to hold slave property, and to manage, control, and dispose of
+that property in their own way, and at their own discretion, was
+secured to the slave states by a solemn contract between the slave and
+non-slaveholding states, and that contract binds every individual in
+this nation, North and South. Slave property then, is held under the
+protection of the supreme law of the nation, and any citizen invading
+the rights of the South, is guilty of a civil trespass. Hence, all
+interference with slavery by northern men, is a violation of the
+spirit, if not of the letter of that constitutional compact, which
+binds these states together. Any attempt by northern men, either
+direct or indirect, to dispossess the South of her slave property, or
+in any way to endanger or injuriously to affect their interests
+therein, is a violation of the supreme law of the nation. It is an act
+of bad faith--of gross injustice, and none but bigoted corrupt
+fanatics, and low political demagogues, would be guilty of so base an
+act.
+
+It is clear then, that the slave states never will yield to the
+requisitions of abolitionists, and should that faction ever become the
+dominant party in the free states, dissolution of the Union will be a
+necessary consequence _Intelligent men_, who will persist in a course
+of conduct so unjust, so illegal, with a perfect knowledge of the
+probable consequences; are to all intents and purposes, as truly
+traitors to their country, as was Benedict Arnold; and as such, they
+should be viewed and treated. Mark my words, reader, I say,
+_intelligent men_, for nine out of every ten among those who have been
+seduced into the abolition net, are objects of pity, and not of
+contempt or indignation. Poor souls, they are ignorant; it is, I
+suppose, their misfortune and not their fault.
+
+In order that I may be clearly understood, I will reiterate tho
+foregoing argument. Before the adoption of the Federal constitution,
+the states were to a great extent sovereign and independent, and of
+course were in a condition to settle terms on which to form a more
+perfect union. The North and the South, otherwise, the slave-holding
+and the non-slaveholding states met in convention to settle those
+_terms_. The North in convention conceded to the South the right to
+hold slave property; and the sole right of making all laws necessary
+for the regulation of slavery. It was thus, we see, by a solemn
+contract or agreement, that the South acquired exclusive right to
+control domestic slavery within her borders. What right then, have the
+citizens of free states, to intermeddle with it? They have none, as
+long as the Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The
+union of these states is based on that instrument, and whenever we
+cease faithfully to observe its provisions, the Union must necessarily
+cease to exist. All interference then on the part of the North,
+endangering the rights or injuriously affecting the interests of the
+South in slave property, is a violation of the supreme law of the
+nation. I need not say more; the argument must be clear to every one;
+and I think the duty of all concerned equally clear.
+
+Ralfe, referring to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, says,
+"It was no easy task to reconcile the local interests and discordant
+prepossessions of different sections of the United States, but it was
+accomplished by acts of concession." Madison says, "Mutual deference
+and concession were absolutely necessary," and that the Southern
+States never would have entered the Union, without concession as to
+slave property. And Governor Randolph informs us, "That the Southern
+States conceived their property in slaves to be secured by this
+arrangement?"
+
+We are also informed by Patrick Henry, Chief Justice Tiglman,
+Chancellor Kent, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Justice Shaw, Chief
+Justice Parker, Edward Everett and others, that no union of these
+states ever could have taken place, had not the right to hold slave
+property, and the sole right to control that property been conceded to
+the southern States. And, Edward Everett, moreover, tells us that the
+northern States "deemed it a point of the highest policy, to enter
+with the slave states into the present Union." The reader will
+observe, that a majority of the authorities referred to, are northern
+men of the highest distinction.
+
+I remarked in the preceding pages, that whoever invades the rights of
+the South in her slave property, violates the law of the land, and is
+guilty of a civil trespass; and I will now prove from the sacred
+record, that in opposing the civil laws of their country, they violate
+the laws of God, and consequently are guilty of a moral trespass. The
+primitive church of Christ was, under all circumstances, and at all
+times, subordinate to the civil authorities. They never stopped to
+inquire whether the laws were good or bad, just or unjust; their
+business was to obey the laws and not to find fault with them.
+
+Christ and his apostles enjoined on their followers unreserved
+obedience and submission to the civil authorities. I need not here
+quote the language of our Saviour; it must be familiar to every Bible
+reader. I will, however, quote the remarks of St. Paul and St. Peter,
+on this topic. The former says, "Let every soul be subject to the
+higher powers." "Whosoever therefore, resisteth the power, resisteth
+the ordinance of God; and they that resist shall receive to themselves
+damnation." He instructs Bishop Titus to put his flock "in mind to be
+subject to principalities and powers, and to obey magistrates, to be
+ready to every good work." "To speak evil of no man, to be no
+brawlers, but gentle, showing meekness unto all men." St. Peter says,
+"Submit yourselves to every ordinance of men for the Lord's sake;
+whether to the king as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them that
+are sent by him for the punishment of evil doers." There is neither
+precept nor precedent in the Bible, which will countenance opposition
+to the laws of our country. No, not one word in the sacred volume,
+that can be thus construed. Opposition and resistance to the civil
+authorities, is one of the many corruptions winch have crept into the
+church of Christ. Men "have become wise above what is written;" and
+truly as our Saviour said unto the ancient scribes and pharisees,
+"they shall receive the greater damnation."
+
+What a marked contrast between Christ and his apostles, and the
+apostles of modern reform, _alias_ abolitionists. How dare they
+professing Christianity to fly in the face of the laws of their
+country? How dare they resist the execution of those laws? How dares
+Mrs. Stowe inculcate disobedience and open resistance to her country's
+laws? Great God! shall our country ever be freed from the dark and
+damnable deeds of religious fanatics? Shall our country ever be freed
+from the curse of curses, religious ultraism, bigotry, and delusion?
+Let those who profess to be the followers of the meek and lowly
+Jesus--those who profess to take the Bible as their guide, cease from
+their unwarrantable and seditious opposition to the laws of their
+country; or otherwise let them renounce the Bible, lay aside their
+Christian garb, and appear before us in their true colors, that we may
+know who they are, what they are, whom they serve, and under what
+standard they are fighting. Throw off your masks, gentlemen; don't try
+to deceive us any longer; some of us understand you, and we intend to
+expose you, and hold you up to the public gaze, as long as the good
+Lord will vouchsafe to us health and strength sufficient to sit in our
+seats, and hold a pen in our hands. Your conduct is a reproach to the
+Christian name, a stigma on the Christian character.
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+There are nearly four millions of slaves in the United States; and the
+question now presents itself to every free born American citizen; what
+are we to do with them? The abolition party demand their immediate
+emancipation. Is it practicable, safe, or proper? What would be the
+consequences? What would be the consequence of turning loose upon
+ourselves four millions of human beings, to prowl about like wild
+beasts without restraint, or control, and commit depredations on the
+white population? Four millions of human beings without property or
+character, and utterly devoid of all sense of honor and shame, or any
+other restraining motive or influence whatever! And they too, under
+the ban of a prejudice, as firm, as fixed as the laws which govern the
+material universe. In that event, is it not probable; is it not almost
+certain, that there would be either a general massacre of the slaves,
+or otherwise that the white population would be forced to abandon the
+soil? Will any one pretend to deny that either entire extinction of
+the African race would be likely to result from universal
+emancipation, supposing the manumitted slaves should remain in our
+midst, or that otherwise the consequences would be disastrous to the
+white population? None, I presume. What then shall we do? The slaves
+are among us; they must be governed and provided for, and is it not
+our duty in making provisions for them, to act with reference to the
+general welfare of all concerned--white and black? Is there an
+intelligent man in this nation, who has reflected on the subject, that
+really believes that the condition of the African race in the United
+States, would be bettered or improved in any respect, by immediate
+emancipation? I have clearly shown in the following pages that it
+would not. Facts prove the contrary. Yes, stubborn undeniable facts,
+that none but a knave or a fool will gainsay. We know that
+improvidence, idleness, vagrancy, and crime, are the fruits of
+emancipation; not only in the United States, but also in the West
+Indies. We have already stated on good English authority, (Lord
+Brougham), that the West India free negroes, are rapidly retrograding
+into their original barbarism and brutality; and the London Times
+quite recently asserted, that the British emancipation experiment was
+a failure; that the negro would not work; that his freedom was little
+better than that of a brute; that the island was going to the dogs,
+and the negroes would have to be removed, &c. Have we any reason to
+believe, that a different result would follow emancipation in the
+United States? No, we have none, for it is a notorious fact, that free
+negroes are everywhere idle and vicious in this country, and that
+crime among them is ten-fold more common than it is among Southern
+slaves.
+
+We hear a great deal about emancipation--the freedom of the African
+race--free negroes, &c. It is all sheer nonsense. Strictly speaking,
+there is not a free negro in the limits of the United States! There
+never has been, and there never will be. The white and the black races
+have never co-existed under the same government, on equal footing, and
+never can. Their liberty is only nominal! "It is all a lie and a
+cheat!" Is the negro free any where in the Northern States? No, he is
+not. There is no sympathy between the two races. Northern people
+loathe and despise free negroes. They cannot bear the sight or smell
+of them. The negro then is not free anywhere in the Northern States.
+Not only the prejudices, but also the laws of the free states proclaim
+it impossible: and the prejudices of the whites against the African
+race is stronger in the free states, than it is in the slave states.
+Every free state in this Union is disposed to cast them off as a
+nuisance. They cannot bear their presence. Their very color renders
+them odious; and this aversion to the African race, is daily becoming
+stronger and stronger in every free state in this union. Nothing can
+counteract it--nothing can overcome it. It is in the very nature of
+things impossible. No, no! Negro novels piled mountain high in every
+street and alley, in every city and village in this Union, will
+accomplish nothing for the poor despised African. "Can the Ethiopian
+change his skin, or the leopard his spots," then may ye who are
+accustomed to loathe, shun, and cast off the African race, receive
+them to your kind embraces.
+
+It is true that abolitionists affect to have a great deal of sympathy
+for them while they are slaves in the South, but they have none for
+the ignorant, degraded, half starved, ill clad, free negroes in the
+North. No wonder, for their Southern sympathy costs them nothing, but
+Northern sympathy might empty their purses. Show me the abolitionist
+who is willing to meet the free negro on terms of equality. No man can
+point to one--no, not one. The African is neglected, scorned, and
+trodden under foot every where; by abolitionists and every one else.
+This prejudice is invincible, irremediable. The poor African is
+hopelessly and irretrievably doomed to scorn, contempt and degradation
+while in the midst of the white race. Is the African allowed the
+ordinary privileges of the white man any where in all the liberty
+loving North? Show me the spot! Where is it? Show me the state--show
+me the neighborhood--the man--the woman among all the white race in
+all the North, who is willing to allow the despised African, the
+ordinary privileges of white men. Ah! you cannot do it. Shame! shame!
+Hold! cease,--for God's sake cease your hypocritical cant about
+Southern slavery. No! no! there is not a state in all this union where
+they enjoy the privileges of white men. There is not--there never has
+been--and there never will be! They are no where equal parties in an
+action at law. They are no where credible witnesses against white men.
+They are no where allowed the right of suffrage; or if the law allows
+it, they are not suffered to avail themselves of it. They are no where
+admitted as judge, juror, or counsellor. They are no where eligible to
+any office of profit, trust, or honor. Their children are no where
+admitted into the same school-room with the whites. They are no where
+protected, encouraged, and rewarded in all the North. They are victims
+of injustice, scorned and despised in every free state in this
+confederacy. And abolitionists are as far from making equals of them,
+or associating with them, as any one else.
+
+The city of Baltimore presents the largest and most intelligent mass
+of free negroes found in the United States. These in an appeal to the
+citizens of Baltimore, and through them to the people of the United
+States, say, "we reside among you, and yet are strangers,--natives,
+yet not citizens--surrounded by the freest people and the most
+republican institutions in the world, and yet we enjoy none of the
+immunities of freedom. As long as we remain among you, we shall be a
+distinct race--an extraneous mass of men irrecoverably excluded from
+your institutions. Though we are not slaves--_we are not free_."
+
+Judge Blackford, speaking of free negroes, says, "They are of no
+service here, (in the free states,) to the community or themselves.
+They live in a country, the favorite abode of liberty, without the
+enjoyment of her rights."
+
+Dr. Miller says, "if liberated and left among the whites, they would
+be a constant source of corruption, annoyance and danger. They could
+never be trusted as faithful citizens."
+
+There is at last no sympathy between the two races, except in the
+slave states. There, for the most part, we find kind feelings and
+strong attachments between the slaves and the families in which they
+reside. I must, however, refer the reader to other parts of this
+volume for additional remarks on the subjects discussed in the
+preceding pages,--more particularly to chapters, 4, 5, 6, 7. But I
+would ask, in the name of all that is sacred, what advantage, what
+benefit under these circumstances is conferred on the Southern slaves
+by emancipation? I know from personal observation, that Southern
+slaves are better fed, better clothed, and better housed than are free
+negroes, either North or South; in short, they are better paid for
+their labor. The South is the only part of the United States, where
+ministers of the gospel are successful in Christianizing the African
+race--the only part of the United States where there is anything like
+good order, good morals, or Christianity among them. The only place at
+last, on this continent, where the African is cared for and provided
+for, and where there is any thing like sympathy, kindness or
+fellow-feeling between the two races.
+
+It would be well for the people of the United States to inquire into
+the origin of this slavery agitation. It is of foreign origin! It was
+our old enemy England, that first sowed broadcast the seeds of
+dissension in our midst. Abolitionism in this country first originated
+in, and has been sustained by, foreign interference, and religious
+fanaticism. It is the last hope of European monarchies to destroy our
+republic. The fact is notorious, and is susceptible of proof, that the
+abolition excitement was first set on foot in this country by British
+influence. There has been a constant effort in England, to array the
+North against the South. "We have the best of reasons for believing,
+that her original object was the severance of this Union." One English
+journal says, "The people of England will never rest, till slavery is
+terminated in the United States;" and another says, "Slavery can only
+be reached through the Federal Constitution." That is, slavery can
+only be reached, by destroying our present form of government, and
+dissolving our Union. The English are well aware, that they cannot
+reach slavery in this country, except by dissolving our Union and
+involving us in civil war; in which war, of course, they expect to
+take an active part. In the name of God, are we prepared for all this?
+Have we ever counted the cost? I hope I shall be pardoned for using
+strong language, when I allude to this subject. It is enough. Who that
+loves his country, can keep cool, while reflecting on these things? Is
+it not almost enough to make a Christian swear? No my friends we will
+not swear about it; but I entreat you to keep your eyes upon that old
+rascal, John Bull. He needs watching, and his Northern allies in the
+United States, are as vile scamps as he is.
+
+I might quote from English journals, and English statesmen, to show
+what her feelings, views, and intentions have been in relation to this
+country; but I forbear at present. We know that her unwarrantable
+interference with the civil institutions of our country, did not
+originate in any sympathy that she felt for the oppressed African in
+our midst. The idea is ridiculous. The whole history of the English
+government proves the contrary. Talk about the English government
+sympathizing with the oppressed of other nations. It is nonsense--a
+ridiculous inconsistency. No part of the English government can be
+pointed out, in which there is not worse slavery in some form or
+other, than there is in the United States:--yes, worse, far worse,
+than negro-slavery in the Southern States. What says Southy, the
+English poet, of the great mass of the English poor? He says that
+"they are deprived, in childhood, of all instruction, and enjoyment.
+They grow up without decency--without comfort--without hope--without
+morals, and without shame." The North British Review expressed similar
+sentiments. If I am correctly informed, negro slavery, itself, is not
+extinct in the British dominions. I am aware that they call it an
+apprenticeship, but it is slavery notwithstanding. Yes, it is
+involuntary slavery and nothing else. But yet she would have us
+believe that she feels an intense interest in African slavery, in the
+United States. How does it happen that she is so interested about
+slavery among us, but is deaf to the cry of her own enslaved and
+starving millions, in British India, and other parts of her dominions?
+It is said that in 1838, five hundred thousand perished of famine, in
+a single district, in British India; and that too within the reach of
+English granaries locked up, and guarded by a military force! This is
+a fair sample of English benevolence; _alias_, English cupidity. And
+what says Allison the English historian of wretched Ireland? Her
+history and her sufferings are familiar to every one. He avows the
+opinion, in his History of Europe, "that it would be a real blessing
+to its inhabitants, in lieu of the destitution of freedom, to obtain
+the protection of slavery." And Murray the English traveler says of
+the slaves of the United States, "if they could forget that they are
+slaves, their condition is decidedly better than the great mass of
+European laborers." And what said Dr. Durbin a few years ago of the
+British nation? He told us that "the mass of the people were slaves,
+and the few were masters without the responsibility of masters." He
+proceeds to tell us, that the condition of the slaves of the United
+States, is in every respect better than millions in Ireland and
+England. This is the testimony of a distinguished minister of the
+Methodist Episcopal Church, (North,) whom, nobody will suspect of any
+undue partiality for Southern slave-holders. When we look at the
+"degradation, the slavery, the exile, the hunger, the toil, the filth
+and the nakedness," of the English poor, we are astonished at the
+brazen impudence of that cruel, godless, and hypocritical nation! Nor
+are we less surprised, when we think of the ungodly crew of fools and
+fanatics in the United States, who are leagued with that monster
+England to overthrow their own government! I have said, and I boldly
+reiterate the assertion, that slavery exists in every part of the
+British dominions, in a form far worse than negro slavery in the
+United States! And I am able to corroborate the truth of the remark,
+by a volume of the most reliable testimony; and much of that might be
+drawn from the admissions of English Journals, and English statesmen.
+I will quote a few more English authorities, and dismiss the subject.
+The British Asiatic Journal says, "the whole of Hindostan, with the
+adjacent possessions, is one magnificent plantation, peopled by more
+than one hundred millions of slaves, belonging to a company of
+gentlemen in England, whose power is far more unlimited than any
+Southern planter over his slaves in the United States." And the same
+authority tells us, "that in Malabar, the islands of Ceylon, St.
+Helena and other places, the English government is a notorious
+slave-factor--a regular jobber in the purchase and sale of slaves; and
+that this system is carried on and perpetuated by the purses and
+bayonet of the English government." Dr. Bowering affirms of the
+British subjects in India, "that the entire population of that empire
+_are_ subjected to the most degrading servitude--a deeper degradation
+than any produced by American slavery." The same writer declares "that
+a regular system of kidnapping is carried on by the English." The Duke
+of Wellington remarked in the House of Lords, that "slavery does exist
+in India--domestic slavery in particular." Sir Robert Peel made the
+charge and offered the evidence, "that British merchants are even now
+deeply and extensively engaged in the slave trade;" and that the
+English government was, at the time he spoke, "engaged in a new system
+of English negro slavery, by the forcible capture of negroes in
+Africa, &c." We are told by the London Times of Feb. 20, 1853, "that
+British slavery is ten thousand times worse than negro slavery of the
+United States," and that the condition of those, whom he denominated
+British slaves, "is a scandal and a reproach, not only to the
+government, but to the owners of every description of property in
+England." This is strong language, and the reader will please
+recollect, that it is the testimony of a leading English Journal, so
+late as February, 1853.
+
+Here is an array of English testimony that cannot fail to convince
+every one that slavery exists to the present moment in the English
+dominions, in a form far more aggravated than African slavery in the
+United States. How is it then, that she has been, and is to the
+present time, making ceaseless and untiring efforts to exaggerate the
+sufferings and the disabilities of the African race in our midst,
+while there is so much suffering and oppression among her own
+subjects? Is it not an, extraordinary circumstance, that a nation who
+has expended so much blood and treasure in invading the rights of
+others--a nation that to the present hour tolerates and legalizes
+slavery in its worst possible forms--or rather, in every possible
+form; should affect so much solicitude about its extinction in a
+foreign government? In view of all these facts, is it not a
+humiliating circumstance; or rather, is it not an outrageous insult to
+the American people, that Madam Stowe, after having basely
+caricatured, slandered and misrepresented her own country, to flatter
+and please the English people, and their Northern allies in the United
+States; should with her ill-gotten gains fly across the ocean, to join
+the slanderers, denunciators and libelers of our beloved country? The
+world can't produce another instance of such insulting, arrogant,
+bare-faced knavery and hypocrisy! A thousand reflections force
+themselves on my mind, and had I a voice as seven-fold thunder, and
+could I congregate around me in one solid phalanx, every man, woman
+and child, on the North American portion of this continent; I would
+warn them of their danger. I would direct their attention to the
+history of nations wrecked, torn to pieces, and almost obliterated
+from the face of the earth by internal feuds and dissentions--by envy,
+jealousy and hatred; and that not unfrequently instigated by foreign
+powers. I would point to the catalogue of crimes--the commotions, the
+dissentions, the tumults, the strife--the envy, the jealousy, the
+hatred--the wars, the butcheries and bloodsheds, that have been
+incited by visionary, bigoted, fanatical religionists. I would
+inculcate the fear and love of God; the love of our country, and the
+love of our neighbor as paramount virtues; and meekness, gentleness
+and patience, as Christian graces of the first importance; and
+resignation to the will of God, and obedience and submission to civil
+authorities, as the duty of all good citizens. And to the ladies I
+would say, return home ladies, and love your husbands, nurse your
+babies, attend to your household affairs; and recollect, that nothing
+adorns your sex so much, as the ornament of a meek, a quiet spirit. I
+would also advise you to read your Bibles and other good books, and
+never again to read or write another novel. And, dear ladies, if you
+have hitherto worn either bloomers or breeches, lay them aside. I must
+return from this digression to the subject under discussion.
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+It was said a few years ago, that one of the nobility of England
+openly declared, that the sovereigns of Europe had determined upon the
+destruction of the government of the United States; and that they
+expected to accomplish their infamous designs by involving us in
+"discord, disunion, anarchy and civil war." He is reported moreover to
+have said, that they expected to accomplish this, by flooding our
+country with their vicious refuse pauper population, and by agitating
+the subject of slavery among us. Unfortunately for us, England in her
+nefarious designs upon our country, has always found too many allies,
+aiders and abettors, in our midst. I will not say, that Mrs. Stowe had
+designs upon the liberties of her country, when she wrote Uncle Tom's
+Cabin; but this I will say, that in writing that book, she performed
+an acceptable service for the enemies of her country, for which it
+seems, from recent demonstrations, they are profoundly thankful. Be it
+as it may, she wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; the work was republished in
+England, and we are credibly informed, that it has almost supplanted
+the Bible in that country. Travelers tell us, that nothing else is
+talked about throughout the British dominions. They received it, I
+suppose, as a revelation from heaven--revelation of higher authority
+than the Bible, for the reason, that it is of more recent origin.
+Well, she is invited to England by the nation _en masse_; and if the
+Saviour of the world should perchance make his advent into the British
+Isles, on the day that she lands in that country, I think it highly
+probable, that he would be forced a second time to _take lodgings in a
+manger_. He might wander through the country unnoticed and unknown,
+while the whole nation were draggling after Mrs. Stowe's petticoat. He
+might again be forced to exclaim, "the foxes have holes, and the birds
+of the air have nests, but the Son of man hath not where to lay his
+head" to rest. No Marthas and Marys would be found in that reprobate
+country, to minister to him. If so, they would be found among the
+"lowly," and we understand that they have no part or lot in Mrs.
+Stowe's visit. No! no! she has made money enough by her "_life among
+the lowly_" and now she is preparing to take her stand among the
+aristocracy of England.
+
+We have had from time to time all sorts of _isms_ and _schisms_ in
+this world; and Yankee ingenuity has furnished us, withal, with a
+great variety of _notions_ and _notable things_; among which, wooden
+nutmegs, wooden bacon hams, horn gun flints and wooden seeds of
+different kinds, are not the least remarkable. We certainly have had
+_isms_ enough to indulge the whims and caprices, and to suit the
+peculiar predilections, prejudices and prepossessions of all
+concerned; but it appears from present indications, that we are about
+to have a new _ism_ forced upon us, whether we will or no. I allude to
+Uncle _Tomism_, which I beg leave to call _Tomism_, as it will sound
+rather more euphonious. It is rumored that this new _sect_, viz., the
+Tomites, have spread with great rapidity through the New England
+States within the past year; and it is moreover reported, that they
+have many adherents in other parts of the Union. It must have been the
+rapid spread of Mormonism that first suggested the idea to Mrs. Stowe,
+the founder of this sect; for like Jo. Smith, she has furnished her
+adherents with a novel for their Bible; and it is said that a Key to
+its mysteries is forthcoming. In order that nothing should be wanting
+for their enlightenment, edification and comfort, a distinguished D.D.
+of a neighboring city, has furnished them with an elaborate
+Commentary. The Key and Commentary I have not seen, but their Bible,
+viz., Uncle Tom's Cabin, I have read. However popular _Tomism_ may be
+in America, it is said to be more so in England. It appears that this
+_Woolyism, alias, Tomism_, has spread with unparalleled rapidity
+throughout, the British domains, and Mrs. Stowe has hastened to that
+country to instruct them in the doctrines and mysteries of this New
+Revelation. I would suggest to the English nation, that they suffer
+Mrs. Stowe to make her debut on the lord chancellor's _woolsack_.
+Black wool, of course, would be most appropriate on this occasion, and
+withal, most significant of her mission.
+
+However the English nation may shed their crocodile tears over the
+woes and wrongs of the African race in our country; we know that they
+are a nation of murderers, thieves and robbers. Their religion is
+little else, but legalized hypocrisy. Justice and humanity never yet
+found a place in their moral code. It looks well in them to talk about
+oppression in other lands; but so it is the world over. Men as vile as
+crime can make them, will arrogate to themselves the right to judge
+and censure others. The history of England for centuries past, is but
+a record of crime--of wars, butcheries and bloodshed--rapine,
+injustice, oppression and inhumanity. But she will talk about negro
+slavery in the United States notwithstanding--and of liberty, and
+justice, and truth, and righteousness, and the rights of man! "Thou
+hypocrite, first cast the beam out of thine own eye."
+
+Perhaps, my English friends, while Mrs. Stowe is in your midst, you
+had as well suffer her to look around among your "lowly." Perchance
+she might find material for another novel. Ah! that would be cruel
+indeed. Well, it would--but then it might turn out a good speculation
+"among the lowly;" and a Yankee is always ready for that. Well,
+seriously, my good friends across the water, you had better not trust
+this lady too far. We are aware that when you invited her to your
+country, it was no part of your design, that she should spend any
+portion of her time among your servants. Well, then, I would advise
+you as a friend, not to trust Yankee cupidity too far. Watch the lady
+well, otherwise she might yet make a little money by a "life" among
+your "lowly."
+
+But the English nation have had another object in view, in fanning
+this flame of discord among us, by keeping up the slavery agitation.
+It was to conceal their own dark and damnable deeds. It is the
+universal practice of those who are guilty of criminal acts, to bring
+railing accusations against others, in order to divert public
+attention from themselves. So it has been with England. She has grown
+rich by injustice and oppression. Hence, her attempt to divert the
+attention of the world from herself to her rival, the United States.
+We know that it is a common occurrence for persons to attempt to
+conceal their own crimes, by directing attention to the crimes of
+others--to justify themselves, by making the impression, that others
+are just as bad as they are. It has often brought to mind an
+altercation I once witnessed between a couple of boys. One remarked to
+the other, that he was a thief. "I don't care," (replied the little
+urchin,) "if I am a _tief_; you are a tief too." So it has been with
+old mother England, she knew well, that she was a "_tief_" but she did
+not care, provided she could make it appear that her daughter, the
+United States, was a "_tief_" too.
+
+I will now dismiss John Bull and return to Mrs. Stowe and her
+abolition coadjutors in general--one and all. I am heartily sick and
+tired of this whole abolition clap-trap, catch-penny business. I
+cannot express my views on the subject better than in the language of
+Graham's Magazine. Alluding to Uncle Tom's Cabin, and other kindred
+publications, he very justly remarks, "that they are all together
+speculations in patriotism--a question of dollars and cents, not of
+slavery or liberty. Many persons who are urging on this negro crusade
+into the domain of letters, have palms with an infernal itch for gold.
+They would fire the whole republic, if they could but take the gems
+and precious stones from the ashes. They care nothing for principle,
+honor or right, &c." No, they care nothing about negro slavery, or
+negro oppression. Money is their sole object in all these
+publications. Sympathy for the poor benighted African, has no agency
+whatever in the matter. The object is to make money out of the woolly
+heads, and after that is accomplished they have no farther use for
+them. The same motives prompt them to write books on slavery--negro
+oppression and the negroes woes, that induce the cotton grower and the
+sugar planter to work slaves on their farms. Money is as truly the
+object of the former, as it is of the latter. And facts prove that the
+cotton growers and sugar planters, have more sympathy for the African
+race, than Northern abolitionists.
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+How mortifying the reflection, that such a work as Uncle Tom's Cabin,
+should have become so popular in England and America. As an American,
+we can but view it with shame and regret. Where is the Bible? Where
+are Shakespeare and Milton, and Addison and Johnson? And where are our
+own immortal poets and prose writers? Who reads the chaste and
+beautiful writings of Washington Irvin? What has become of our well
+written and instructive histories and biographies? Why is it that a
+filthy negro novel is found in every body's hand? Uncle Tom's Cabin!
+What is it? What can be expected from it? Will it improve the manners,
+the morals, or the literary tastes of our country-men, and fair
+country-women? No! Never! Its very touch is contaminating. Filth,
+pollution, and mental degradation, follow in the train of this class
+of writers. In what consists the merit of Uncle Tom's Cabin? It is
+hard to tell. Look at its dark design--its injustice--its falsehoods!
+Its vulgarisms, negroisms, localisms, and common place slang! Its
+tendency to pervert public taste, and corrupt public morals. How
+remarkable that a work of its character, should have been so much read
+and admired! We may boast of our intelligence and virtue to our hearts
+content, the reception of this work is a sad commentary on the age in
+which we live. We may boast of our religion; it is little else at
+last, but self-righteous phariseism! We throw around ourselves
+religion as a cloak; the more effectually to conceal our dark designs!
+Yes, verily, while we stab an erring, or unerring brother in the dark!
+We are all prostrate before the god of mammon, and there are but few
+of us, who would not sell our Saviour for less than thirty pieces of
+silver! Professedly we are Christians, but practically we are
+infidels! The Bible is no longer our guide. The fact is, we know but
+little about it, and care less! We profess to believe that it is the
+word of God; and yet it is laid aside for any impure negro novel, or
+other filthy tale, that may chance to fall in our way? Uncle Tom's
+Cabin has been read more within the past year, than the Bible had been
+for the last ten years, immediately preceding its appearance!
+Thousands of Christians have gloated over its pages with rapture and
+delight, from the rising till the setting sun, for days and nights in
+succession, who had not during their lives read a dozen chapters in
+the Bible! We will now remove the veil and look within. Its high time
+that the motives which prompt us to action were exposed to public
+gaze. Let us then take a peep at the "inward man."
+
+A portion of our fellow citizens in another part of this Union, had,
+by no fault or agency of their own, become involved in the evils and
+calamities of slavery. We turned our eyes in that direction, and
+looked on the dark pictures. We felt that we were great sinners.
+Guilt pressed heavily upon us. "The sorrows of death compassed us:
+and the pains of hell got hold upon us;" and we "found trouble and
+sorrow." The anguish of our guilt was insupportable. We were in deep
+distress, and we longed for some thing to soothe and ease our troubled
+minds: but we did not, with the Psalmist, call upon the Lord to
+"deliver us." No! By no means, for we thought if we could find worse
+sinners than ourselves, it would afford us some relief.
+
+    Twas thus we sought, but sought in vain
+    A panacea for all our pain!
+    Are there not those more vile than we--
+    If baser mortal man can be!
+    We looked around--and looked again,
+    And searched the world--but searched in vain;
+    For more depraved--more vile than we
+    Sure there were none--none could there be!
+    Alas our souls are steeped in sin!
+    Though clean without--impure within--
+    As sepulchers adorned with paint
+    A devil within--without a saint!
+
+Our condition was pitiable indeed. We said among ourselves, "What now
+shall we do?" "Where! O! Where shall we find worse sinners than
+ourselves?" Our woe-begone looks betrayed the secret workings and
+intentions of our hearts; We again went forth in search of those more
+wicked than ourselves; but we were destined to disappointment, for we
+sought in vain,--they were hard to find. They were neither here--nor
+there--nor any where to be found in all the land of the living! Worse
+sinners than ourselves could not be found upon this terrestial
+globe--among all the degenerate sons and daughters of Adam. When we
+had well nigh given up in despair, we again directed our eyes to the
+dark picture of African slavery. "Oh!" said we, to ourselves, "how it
+would soothe and tranquilize our troubled consciences, if we could but
+find worse sinners than ourselves." "We know that we are vile and
+depraved, but are not those slaveholders, a little worse than we are?"
+Anxiously and intensely we gazed on, but we were disappointed! The
+picture was dark, _to be sure_; but we failed to observe all that we
+expected! We then called for glasses that magnified a thousand fold,
+and again, and again, we surveyed the dark picture! Ah! we saw
+something at last! What was it? Well, we either saw something, or,
+otherwise, we thought we saw something. Chagrin and despair seized
+upon us, and we exclaimed in the bitter agonies of our souls,
+"merciful God, are we sinners above all sinners--are there none, so
+vile as we are?" "But stop--hold on," (said we), "we are not done with
+negrodom yet--we cannot let those rascally slaveholders off so
+lightly--we will yet make it appear, that they are more wicked than
+ourselves--or, at all events, we will not give them up yet." It was
+but seldom that we troubled the good old Bible, but as we were in a
+difficulty, we decided at once to consult her--perchance she might
+talk about right on the subject of slavery. After a long search we
+found the old book; brushed off the dust and opened it. Well, now, we
+felt quite certain, that the Bible would tell us, that we were better
+Christians than slaveholders; for we had already succeeded in
+persuading ourselves, that we were not quite so bad as we imagined at
+the outset; and we moreover thought, that we got a glimpse of some
+thing dreadful about these Southern folks, but hardly knew what it
+was. We then proceeded to examine the Bible. "Where is it," (said we),
+"that the Bible denounces these slaveholders, as the chief of
+sinners?" "Well, we don't know, but we think it says something
+dreadful about them; but we don't know where it is, or what it is."
+We searched, but searched in vain; almost ready to abuse the good
+Boob, because it refused to abuse slaveholders. We then soliloquized
+in the following words. "We don't like these slaveholders--never
+did--nor did our fathers before us. Our fathers told us that they were
+bad men--that they were guilty of many horrible things; and that they
+were not good Christians, like the people out here North." We were,
+nevertheless, still oppressed by a load of guilt, and felt the
+insupportable gnawings of a guilty conscience. We had oppressed the
+poor and robbed the widow and orphans! We had defrauded our neighbor
+and slandered our brother! We had lied to both God and man! "Can it be
+possible," (said we to ourselves), "that there are human beings
+living, who have been guilty of more abominable crimes?" "What is more
+odious?" "What could be more detestable?" "What could render a human
+being more obnoxious to eternal vengeance?" We were in this deplorable
+condition, when we first set about trying to deceive ourselves. We
+pondered the matter well, and could devise no means, that in our
+judgment, would be so likely to bring relief to our troubled minds, as
+to find that there were others who were as bad, or probably a little
+worse than ourselves. We flattered ourselves, that while we were
+talking about the sins of others, we might forget our own; and at
+length be able to persuade ourselves that we were Christians. But it
+was all of no avail. Our consciences said "nay"--the Bible said "nay."
+It was at this critical moment, that Uncle Tom's Cabin came to our
+relief, and it settled the difficulty. It proved to our satisfaction,
+that these Southern people were infinitely worse than ourselves. We
+now found but little difficulty in persuading ourselves that we were
+really Christians. We then had Southern men just where we had long
+been trying to place them. We had nothing then to do, but to compare
+ourselves with them; and the result of the whole matter was, Mrs.
+Stowe had made them out so much worse than ourselves, that we were
+forced to the conclusion, that we were good Christians at last.
+
+Mrs. Stowe was a shrewd Yankee woman, and seeing the difficulties and
+embarrassments in which we were involved, and being in need of a
+little money, and knowing that we were willing to pay almost any price
+for something that would flatter ourselves, and blacken the characters
+of Southern people; she wrote her book. We received it with transports
+of joy, and cried aloud at the top of our voices, HUZZA FOR MADAM
+STOWE, _and her incomparable negro novel_; viz., Uncle Tom's Cabin, or
+Life among the Lowly. And so we go, in England and America! This is a
+marvelous world, and it is inhabited by a wondrous species of animals,
+called man!
+
+The conclusion of the whole matter is, abolitionism is little else at
+last, but hypocritical self-righteous phariseism, and Mrs. Stowe wrote
+her book to flatter their pride, indulge their whims, tickle their
+fancies, and pick their pockets. I have remarked, that this is a
+marvelous world, and among the many wondrous things that fall under
+our observation, there is nothing more remarkable than Yankee
+ingenuity! The Southern people, it is true, receive the proceeds of
+the labor of the slaves, but then, they must first expend money in
+raising them; feed and clothe them in health, nurse them in sickness,
+and provide for them in old age. But Mrs. Stowe without contributing
+anything for their support, has made more money out of them within the
+last year, than any half dozen sugar planters in the State of
+Louisiana! This is truly a wondrous speculation in negroes.
+
+"But all their works they do," (says our Saviour,) "to be seen of
+men." "But God shall bring every work into judgment." And if our
+motives are selfish, or impure, we incur the risk of falling under the
+condemnation of a just and holy God. Too many "make clean the outside
+of the cup and platter, but within, they are full of extortion and
+excess."
+
+There are a class among the abolition party, whose leading object is
+pecuniary gain. With them, "gain is godliness," and their pretended
+godliness is all for gain. That is, all is well, if they can make
+money; if not, they are off. When English emissaries are sent over to
+this country, to lecture on the subject of slavery, they are well paid
+for their services, either by the abolition party; or, probably, more
+frequently by the English government. In our own country, the editors
+of abolition papers, the writers of negro novels and other abolition
+productions; together with the numerous agents and other notable
+functionaries, that are employed to carry out their diabolical schemes
+and machinations; are all well paid for their services. Like the young
+lawyer alluded to, in the preceding pages, they receive a "_large
+fee_," and can therefore "afford to _lie_." But by far the larger
+portion of them are operated on by different feelings, views and
+motives. I have already indicated certain motives that prompt the
+abolition party to action; but there are yet others, to which I have
+but incidentally alluded. Sympathy for the African race with them, is
+a mere pretence, or affectation of superior sanctity and philanthropy.
+Like the pharisees of old, they are always ready to thank God, that
+they are not as other men. I am holier than thou, is their universal
+cry to all that dissent from their peculiar views, or take exceptions
+to their conduct. Bigots, fools and fanatics of every class, grade and
+description, the world over, are guilty of the same; yes, I am holier
+than thou, is their universal exclamation.
+
+Every man is conscious that he ought to be a Christian, or at least a
+philanthropist; and every man desires to be esteemed such. But as it
+does not, in all cases, accord with the interests and inclinations;
+or, is otherwise, incompatible with the beastly and sordidly corrupt
+natures of a large portion of the human family, to become either
+Christians or philanthropists; therefore, they can do no better than
+to affect to be either one or the other, or both. Plain, simple,
+old-fashioned _Bible Christianity_ is not sufficient for them. It is
+too quiet--too lowly and unassuming for them. They would have us
+believe, that they are brim full of humanity and benevolence--so full,
+that they are constantly running over--surcharged with a
+superabundance of kind, generous and sympathetic feeling for their
+fellow creatures. They must, at least, make the world around them
+believe that they are such. This is their object--this their aim. To
+accomplish this, everything is brought into requisition--all their
+energies, all their efforts are directed to this end. They wish to
+deceive the world, and make the impression on the mind of mankind,
+that they are a superior order of beings--better Christians--better
+philanthropists--have more humanity--more benevolence, and a greater
+regard for the rights of man, than mankind in general. I say their
+object is to make the world believe all this. Nothing is found to
+answer their purpose so well, in the accomplishment of this object, as
+African slavery in the Southern States. They have talked about negro
+slavery--negro oppression, and the negroe's woes, until they have
+really induced some to believe that they are persons of more than
+ordinary benevolence--that they are really humane, generous and just.
+But it is mere affectation--it is all hypocrisy. Facts prove it.
+England boasts of her philanthropy--talks about American oppression,
+and at the same time makes no effort to elevate her own miserable
+tenantry, whose conditions are far worse than American slaves. If she
+is really philanthropic, why refuse to do any thing for her own
+suffering poor throughout her vast dominions? This is proof positive,
+that John Bull is an old villain; a rotten, two-faced, bigoted,
+meddlesome old hypocrite. If abolitionists in the United States are
+really philanthropic, why have they not made some effort to relieve
+the suffering poor in their own midst; whose conditions in general,
+are far worse than Southern slaves? They have work enough at home, and
+it is an old and very true proverb, "that charity begins at home." It
+is certainly true, that home is the place where it should begin. What
+are they doing for the thousands of ignorant, ill-clad, half starved
+free negroes now in their midst? Nothing for either soul or body! They
+spurn them from their presence, or trample them under their feet, and
+turn around and wipe their mouths, and express the deepest sympathy
+for the poor slave in the Southern States; whose conditions are
+incomparably better than the free negroes, North! Ah! their benevolent
+souls are overflowing with sympathy for Southern slaves, who are
+generally well fed, well clothed, content and happy; but the poor,
+vicious, degraded and friendless free negroes, North, are left to
+shift for themselves. And what are they doing for the suffering poor
+of their own color? How many widows that they have defrauded, and
+orphans they have robbed, will confront them at the bar of God? I
+appeal to those among whom they live; to those who know them best; as
+citizens, as neighbors; are they humane, generous and just? Are they
+husbands to the widows; and fathers to the fatherless? Do they feed
+the hungry, clothe the naked, and visit the sick? Are they ever ready
+to relieve the poor, the needy and distressed? In every city, village
+and neighborhood, throughout the length and breadth of the North,
+there are poor, wretched, miserable objects of charity, and here they
+have an opportunity to give us practical proof of the sincerity of
+their professions; and until they furnish evidence that they are what
+they profess to be, we wish them to cease their hypocritical cant
+about Southern slavery.
+
+
+SECTION V.
+
+Abolitionists may affect as much sanctity and philanthropy, as they
+please, and pile their maledictions and execrations on the heads of
+slave holders mountain high! They can call them murderers, thieves and
+robbers to their hearts content! They can anathematize better men than
+themselves; and denounce slavery as a curse, an evil, a hardship! They
+can call slavery by what name they choose! For it matters but little
+what they call it; nor what it really is; nor in what it originated;
+nor yet, what perpetuates it; nor what our feelings and views may be;
+for slavery exists in our midst; and has existed in our world as a
+civil institution, for more than three thousand years: and when God in
+his amazing condescension, unbounded benevolence, and infinite mercy
+vouchsafed to us a revelation of his will; he informed us in language
+clear and explicit, how we should treat it. The duties and obligations
+of ministers, and churches--of masters and servants, are unfolded and
+enforced in the Sacred Record; and he that errs, is without excuse.
+"But men have become wise above what is written." God, alone, was
+competent to decide what was best for masters and servants,
+individuals, and nations. We are all the work of his hands, and it is
+his prerogative to dictate to us laws for the guidance and regulation
+of our conduct. Those, then, who receive the Bible as a revelation of
+the will of God, and take it as their guide and counsellor; cannot
+consistently do otherwise, than to treat slavery and slaveholders in
+accordance with its clear and unmistakable injunctions, warnings and
+admonitions, a precept or practice from the Sacred Oracles, is
+practical infidelity; and I here, openly and boldly assert, that no
+intelligent man, who reads and believes the Bible to be the word of
+God, ever did, or ever will embrace the extreme views of the abolition
+party in the United States. No! It is impossible: for they are in
+direct opposition to the plainest declarations of the inspired
+writers--to the whole spirit and tenor of the Sacred Volume. I care
+not on whom this may fall; nor where it falls, it is true. I am well
+aware, that nine tenths of mankind, neither read nor think for
+themselves--particularly on subjects that relate to their duties and
+obligations to their Creator, or their fellow creatures! No! They
+suffer others to read and think for them; and by the by, they too
+often commit their consciences, and their souls, to the keeping of
+those whose object is to secure the fleece, though the devil take the
+flock!
+
+I have said that God, alone, was competent to decide what was best
+under the circumstances for masters and servants, individuals and
+nations. I have clearly shown in the following chapters, that as
+masters and servants, and as a nation we cannot do better, than to
+faithfully observe and carry out the injunctions of Holy Writ--that
+the best interests of all concerned will be subserved thereby--that
+there is no other safe and practicable course--that the Bible, and the
+Bible alone, is a safe and sure guide in this emergency. We "may bite
+and devour each other;" speculate, wrangle and contend to no purpose.
+No good will ever grow out of it. I have shown that nothing is likely
+to mitigate the evils of slavery--or rather, its abuses; or in any
+reasonable time bring about its abolition, but a rigid adherence on
+the part of masters and servants, to the duties and obligations
+imposed on them in the Sacred Volume. That it is the duty of servants
+to love, serve and obey their masters, and that it is the duty of
+masters to enlighten the minds and elevate the characters of their
+slaves--to prepare them for self government and the enjoyment of
+liberty, and then to colonize them.
+
+And I flatter myself, that I have clearly and indisputably
+demonstrated, that the African race in this country, are not yet
+prepared for freedom--and that they cannot enjoy freedom in our midst,
+provided they were prepared for it--and consequently that the African
+derives no benefit from emancipation if he remain among us. Hence, the
+propriety of manumitting slaves is, to say the least, doubtful, unless
+they are colonized. Every man of truth and candor, who is acquainted
+with the condition of slaves and free negroes, North and South, must
+admit, that the conditions of slaves is better, than that of free
+negroes.
+
+Mrs. Stowe has labored hard to prove that there are evils and abuses
+in the treatment of slaves in the Southern States; but then she would
+have us substitute greater evils for lesser--according to the old
+proverb, "out of the frying pan into the fire." Many of the Southern
+people as deeply deplore these evils, and are as fully impressed with
+the necessity of removing them, as Mrs. Stowe or any one else; but
+hitherto they have been unable to decide upon any plan by which these
+evils could be removed--except, at least, to a very limited extent.
+They knew well, that if they manumitted their slaves, it would involve
+both the slaves and themselves in greater evils than African slavery
+itself, as it exists in the Southern States.
+
+I beg leave to digress for a moment from the subject under discussion.
+Mrs. Stowe has told her tale about Southern slavery; and what a
+wondrous story it is! Remarkable indeed! She has told of deeds, dark
+and revolting! A tale of injustice and wrongs--oppression and woe! I
+admit there are, and ever have been, occasional and rare instances of
+acts of inhumanity and cruelty among Southern slaveholders; too
+shocking for recital! But if any one will be at the trouble to spend a
+few months in the Yankee States, and take for granted all that is
+related to him by busy-bodies, idlers and others that have nothing
+else to do but to talk about their neighbors; they will find no
+difficulty in gathering up material, out of which, they could
+manufacture as dark a tale as Uncle Tom's Cabin. The free negroes in
+the North could furnish material for a shocking story! But, ah! it is
+all a contemptibly low business; we had better quit talking about our
+neighbors. There are the best of reasons why we should not give full
+credence to village and neighborhood gossip, old women's stories, and
+free negroes tales. What we see, feel, taste and smell, we know to be
+true: and that is about all we do know. As for the remainder, it is as
+the breeze which plays around us, or passes over our heads. It is
+here, it is gone, and we know not from "whence it cometh, or whither
+it goeth?" nor yet what pestiferous emanations might perchance float
+in the current. The sooner we get rid of negro novels and village
+gossip, and neighborhood slander, and busy-bodies, and idlers, and
+loafers, and liars, and the whole crew, who have nothing else to do,
+but to meddle with people's business, the better. God speed the day
+when we shall all find better employment. But to return to the evils
+of slavery.
+
+Slavery is not an evil to those involved in it, under all
+circumstances. There are circumstances, under which it may be a
+blessing to the slave--and a blessing it would have proved to the
+entire slave population in this country, if both masters and servants
+had complied with the requisitions of the Bible. None are so much to
+blame for the evils and hardships of slavery as the abolition party.
+No! none! Not the slaveholders themselves. They have incited the
+slaves to deeds for which they have been cruelly punished. In
+consequence of their unwarrantable interference, slaves that were,
+previous to such interference, pious, contented and happy, have become
+discontented, impertinent and perverse, and have been too often
+cruelly punished for their dereliction of duty. Ah! well do I
+recollect the time when the months of Southern clergyman were closed,
+when rigid laws were enacted--when so many restrictions were thrown
+around slaveholders. I then saw, and deplored the evil, and hoped, but
+hoped in vain, that Northern men would desist from a procedure, so
+fraught with mischief to masters and servants--so contrary to the laws
+of God--so opposed to every principle of humanity, justice, truth and
+righteousness. I must refer the reader to chapter three, and return to
+the proposition under investigation, that slavery is not, an evil
+under all circumstances.
+
+The peculiar condition of an individual may be such, that he is fit
+for nothing but a slave. He maybe physically, mentally, and morally
+disqualified for any other condition or station in life. To such an
+individual slavery is not necessarily an evil; but, on the contrary,
+to him it may be a blessing and not a curse. He may be utterly
+incapable of making provision for his own wants. Servitude may be the
+only condition or station in life, in which he could be provided for,
+and enjoy happiness. The disabilities of such an individual is a
+misfortune; or, as it is generally termed, a curse, an evil; but the
+evil consists in the incompetence of the individual, and not in that
+condition or station in life, to which his incompetency subjects him.
+It is, (to use common parlance), a curse, or an evil, to be
+physically, mentally, and morally disqualified to enjoy the rights,
+privileges and immunities of a free man; but if such be the condition
+of the individual, slavery to him is a blessing. It is, at least the
+only condition or station in life, adapted to his peculiar
+circumstances, and the only one in which he would be likely to enjoy
+happiness. I have shown in chapter eight, that African slavery
+originated in the inferiority of the African race, and that their
+inferiority originated in the transgression of God's laws.
+
+Hence, the evils of slavery have their origin in its abuses. They have
+resulted from the cupidity, cruelty and inhumanity of masters, and the
+disobedience and perverseness of servants. Under the circumstances
+that the African race became servants to the citizens of the United
+States, servitude to them would have been a blessing, and not a curse,
+if both masters and servants had obeyed the commands of God. I have
+alluded to this elsewhere, to which I must refer the reader.
+
+But in order to clearly comprehend the argument, we must contemplate
+the African in his native state, and survey the peculiar circumstances
+under which he became a slave. A large portion of the negroes that
+were transported to the United States, and sold as slaves, were
+captives taken in war, and if they had not been transported to the
+United States, they would have been subjected to slavery in their
+native country.[1] Was it not better for those poor captives to have
+become the servants of intelligent and humane men, in the United
+States, than to have become the slaves of barbarians of their own
+race? It certainly was, for I observed while a resident of the South,
+that negro overseers were the most cruel, barbarous wretches, that
+ever were clothed with a little brief authority. Yes, they are the
+most barbarous relentless demons, that ever flourished a rod over a
+fellow being's back. Men in an ignorant, semi-savage state, when
+clothed with authority, (or otherwise when they have others in their
+power,) are universally cruel. Where we find most ignorance, there
+will we, as a general rule, find least humanity, for I observed while
+in the South, that intelligent men were seldom cruel to their slaves.
+Cruel masters in the South, are generally individuals of low birth,
+who, in early life, were white servants themselves; but by some lucky
+turn they got hold of a little money, and purchased a few negroes.
+These _mock_ lords are the most cruel masters, and the most pompous
+gentlemen in all the sunny South. Such men are universally dreaded by
+the African race in the South. I wish here to impress the reader's
+mind with the fact, that a native semi-savage African, must
+necessarily be a cruel master. We need but reflect on their ignorance,
+barbarism and brutality, to satisfy ourselves of the truth of the
+remark. I have alluded to the fact in Chapter 8, that one portion of
+the African race have been slaves to another, ever since the earliest
+dawn of history; and it is said that by far the larger portion are
+slaves. It is then certain, that most of the native Africans who were
+originally enslaved in the United States, would have been slaves in
+their own country, if they had not been transported to this country.
+Wretched as the condition of slaves may be in this country, what is
+American, to African slavery? Slavery in the United States was but an
+exchange of African, for American slavery. The condition of the slaves
+of the South is better than the native African, formerly, or now; yes,
+it is better than that of African masters, and it must be infinitely
+better than the condition of African slaves. As a general rule, the
+native Africans who were originally subjected to slavery in this
+country; were not, as is generally supposed, deprived of their
+liberties; for they were for the most part captives, or slaves, when
+they were sold to the slave dealers. The reader will please recollect,
+that I am not justifying the slave trade. I am simply stating facts;
+and I deem it essential that these facts should be understood. Those
+who wish to know what my views are on the subject of slavery, will be
+under the necessity of reading this volume through.
+
+    [1] The reader will see Chapter 8; where the subject of slavery
+    in Africa is treated at length.
+
+Most of the native Africans that were transported to this country,
+were not only the lowest grade of barbarians, but they were the
+servants of barbarians. Here, in the United States, they have enjoyed
+to a considerable extent, the advantages of civilization, and so far
+as religious instruction is concerned; there is not, I suppose, four
+millions of human beings on earth, of what are called the lower
+classes of society, white or black, who have had superior religious
+advantages. I have remarked, however, at the close of chapter 11, that
+in consequence of their ignorance; religious instruction had failed to
+produce that decided, thorough and permanent influence, which
+otherwise it might have done. But I think it probable that there are
+not four millions of ignorant illiterate human beings living, on whom
+the doctrines of Christianity have exerted as salutary an influence;
+nor can there be found a body of ministers of the gospel in the world,
+who have made so great sacrifices to Christianize the "lowly," as Mrs.
+Stowe chooses to denominate them. The devotion of the Southern clergy
+to the best interests of the poor African, is worthy of all praise.
+Men without a tithe of their piety may calumniate and reproach them;
+but there is one who seeth not as man seeth, who has taken cognizance
+of their sacrifices and "labors of love." Ah! my friends, you may
+deceive yourselves, and deceive one another, but of one thing you may
+rest assured--you cannot deceive your God. Nor are you as successful
+in deceiving your fellow creatures, as some of you probably imagine.
+Some of us understand you.
+
+
+SECTION VI.
+
+Is it the duty of American slaveholders to liberate their slaves? I
+feel no hesitancy in replying to this interrogatory. It would be their
+duty, as Christians, to liberate their slaves, provided the condition
+of the slave would be improved thereby; otherwise it is their duty to
+retain them in bondage, and make that provision for them which their
+circumstances require. They should make ample provision for their
+physical wants--enlighten their minds; and so far as is practicable
+under existing circumstances, they should elevate their characters
+above that debasement and degradation, in which, ignorance, prejudice
+and vice has involved them. It is clearly the duty of slaveholders to
+place their slaves in that condition, which will conduce most to their
+happiness here and hereafter. But if this is their object, they could
+not, as a general rule, take a worse step, than to liberate them in
+their present condition and turn them loose among us. Nor do I
+consider the mass of the negro population in this country as yet
+prepared for colonization: but I would rejoice to see all
+well-disposed and intelligent negroes manumitted and colonized.
+
+The poverty, vice and degradation of free negroes is notorious,
+throughout the length and breadth of this country--North and South;
+but having so frequently alluded to it, I deem it unnecessary to say
+more on the subject. I will however remark, that if the entire African
+population were manumitted and turned loose among us; they would be
+forced to subsist almost entirely by theft, and all the county jails
+and state prisons in the Union, would not contain one in a hundred of
+the convicts. The fact is, such would be their depredations on the
+white population, that the whites would shoot them down with as little
+ceremony as they now shoot a mad dog; and their ultimate extermination
+would be the inevitable consequence! I appeal to facts. It was stated
+a few years ago by an able writer; that in Massachusetts the free
+negroes were 1 to 74, viz., there were 74 white persons for every free
+negro in the State; and yet one-sixth of all the convicts were free
+negroes. That in Connecticut the free negroes were 1 to 34; and that
+one-third of the convicts were free negroes. That in New York the free
+negroes were 1 to 35; but that one-fourth of the convicts were free
+negroes. That in New Jersey the free negroes were 1 to 13; negro
+convicts one-third. That in Pennsylvania the free negroes were 1 to 34,
+and that one-third of the convicts were free negroes. He moreover
+stated, that one-fourth of the whole expense connected with the prison
+system of the entire North was incurred by crime committed by free
+negroes; and that the same was true with regard to the pauper
+expenditures of the entire North. In view of these facts, we can feel
+but little surprise, that Indiana and Illinois have enacted laws to
+interdict the immigration of free negroes into those States.
+
+It appears from the above named States, that in 1845, about
+_one-fortieth_ of the entire population in the free States were
+colored persons; and yet about _one-fourth_ of the convicts were free
+negroes; but notwithstanding that the colored and the white population
+are very nearly balanced in the slave States, I do not suppose that
+one in a hundred of the convicts are negroes! But there is another
+fact with regard to free negroes North, that is still more remarkable!
+Few, comparatively, very few, are members of any branch of the
+church--probably not one in twenty of the entire adult population.
+But, on the contrary, in the slave States, I think it probable that at
+least three-fourths of the entire adult slave population are church
+members; and I presume, that near one-half of the African professors
+of the Christian religion, in the slave States, are attached to the
+Methodist Episcopal Church South; and strange as it may appear, it is
+nevertheless true, that in the very hot-bed of abolitionism, viz., in
+the extensive territory of New England, Providence, Maine, Vermont and
+New Hampshire Conferences, there was not a solitary free negro in
+connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church! Is not this a
+remarkable fact? Here, we have a territory of vast extent; embracing
+something more than a half dozen states, and containing within its
+limits multiplied thousands of free negroes; and not one! No! not a
+solitary free negro is found in the bosom of the Methodist Episcopal
+Church! Many of them left pious and humane masters in the South, and
+were withal pious themselves when they left their masters; or,
+otherwise, they were stolen from good men in the South by pseudo
+Christians of the North, _and taken to that free and happy land! the
+land of their dear friends_, and consigned to poverty, vice,
+degradation and the devil!!!
+
+What does all this mean? How does it happen that the free blacks of the
+North are so little benefitted by the Christian ministry--particularly
+in those sections where a large portion of the ministers belong to the
+abolition faction? How does it happen that the African population are
+so little benefitted or influenced by them? Is it true, that the
+negroes have discernment enough to see, that their wordy benefactors
+have done nothing for either their souls or their bodies--that
+conscience and religious principle have but little to do with all this
+slavery agitation? It must be so! Hence, we can understand why it is,
+that the African population have more confidence in a slaveholding
+ministry in the South, than they have in an abolition ministry in the
+North.
+
+My engagements are such, that I shall be forced for the present to
+pass over the argument mainly relied on by abolitionists of every
+grade, to prove the sinfulness of American slavery; or at least, I can
+give it but a cursory notice. I understand that a celebrated D.D., has
+published a work, in which, he labors hard to prove the sinfulness of
+American slavery from its evils. It was the design of the author of
+Uncle Tom's Cabin, to prove the sinfulness of slavery from its evils;
+or otherwise, its abuses. If this mode of reasoning is allowable in
+one case, it is so in another, and by this mode of reasoning I can
+prove the sinfulness of every institution beneath the sun, social,
+civil and religions. It is in fact the argument principally relied on
+by skeptics to invalidate the Christian religion. They will all point
+to its abuses, or in other words, to the evils growing out of its
+abuses. Every institution, social, civil and religious is subject to
+abuse--may be prostituted to the worst of purposes--the institution of
+Christianity not excepted. But it does not necessarily follow, because
+an institution is subject to abuse--because it is prostituted to vile
+purposes, that there is any thing wrong about the institution. The
+evil consists in the abuse or improper use, and not in the
+institution. Cupidity inhumanity, and the gratification of the animal
+passions and propensities, have incited slaveholders to the worst of
+crimes. But this does not prove that the holding of slaves is sinful,
+_per se_, under all circumstances. I have shown in the last chapter of
+this work, (Chap 13,) that men are too often prompted from selfish
+motives to attach themselves to churches, and that many of them are
+prostituting a Christian profession to the worst of purposes. But this
+does not prove that there is anything defective or wrong about the
+Christian religion. No, by no means. If clergymen descend from their
+sacred vocation to dabble with politics, and a thousand other things
+that a minister of Christ should not touch; or to use their
+ministerial influence to accomplish the most diabolical purposes, and
+thereby bring reproach on the Christian name, and a grievous curse on
+the nation--then assuredly, the institution of Christianity is not to
+blame for it; for its Author, both by precept and example taught the
+contrary. It was but a few days ago, that a skeptic remarked to me,
+"that the inconsistent conduct of professors of religion satisfied him
+that there was no truth in the Bible; or at all events, that there was
+something wrong about it." I must hasten to a close, as I cannot
+extend my remarks on this subject.
+
+There now lies before me a paper, containing the following remarks:
+"There is, however, one admitted feature in American slavery of a
+character so shameful as to justify almost anything that can be said
+or imagined of the institution. Men live with their female slaves in a
+state of concubinage, beget children, raise them in their families
+with a perfect knowledge of their origin, and sell them or leave them
+to be sold by others in case of decease or reverses." It is strange
+that those who indulge in such opprobrious remarks about southern
+slaveholders, do not look after their own white bastards which are
+scattered over this entire country, east, west, north and south. Men
+are everywhere, (with a few exceptions,) the world over, utterly
+devoid of all parental affections for their illegitimate children; and
+the Southern man, no doubt, has fully as much concern about his
+mulatto bastards as the Northern man has about his white bastards.
+What is the Southern man to do with his brood of mulatto children?
+Suppose he liberates them, their condition is but little improved
+thereby, unless he sends them out of the country. It is, however,
+clearly his duty to educate and manumit such children; but what is the
+duty of the Northern man surrounded by a score of his illegitimate
+progeny? The condition of the children of the white concubines of the
+North are not a whit better, than that of the colored concubines of
+the South; and the Northern man who suffers his children to become the
+victims of poverty and vice--to sink into the very lowest depths of
+degradation!--hopelessly, irretrievably lost, is no better than the
+Southern man who suffers his mulatto children to be sold. One thing is
+clear; the Northerner can do much more to ameliorate the condition of
+his unfortunate offspring than the Southerner; and for this reason, he
+is probably the worst man of the two.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+While I was preparing the following work for the press, a friend
+called on me, and with apparent solicitude, inquired, "Which side of
+the question are you on, Sir?" I answered him, that I was on the side
+of truth, or at least, that I wished to be found on that side. Calling
+at a book-store, I purchased a work on slavery, returned immediately
+to my room, and was anxiously looking over its pages; a friend tapped
+at my door, "Come in, Sir; take a seat." He had scarcely seated
+himself, before he inquired, "What book are you reading, Sir?" A work
+on slavery, was my answer. "Which side of the question is it on?" It
+was but a short time before I purchased two other volumes on the same
+subject, and laid them on my table. A gentleman called on business,
+and observing the books, inquired what kind of books they were? I
+laughingly answered that they were novels. "Why," replied he, "I
+thought you did not read novels." I remarked (in substance), that they
+were novels on the subject of slavery, and that I had been for some
+time engaged in an investigation of the subject, and that it had
+produced in my mind a desire to consult some writers on slavery; and
+it appeared, that recent writers, preferred that their views upon it,
+should appear before the public in a fictitious garb. I have no doubt,
+that the first inquiry of most of those into whose hands this volume
+may chance to fall, will be, "_Which side of the question is it on?_"
+Thus, it appears that the question of African slavery has two sides;
+and that either interest, ignorance, or prejudice; or what is worse, a
+vain glorious desire on the part of some to be considered the
+champions of liberty, the guardians of the rights of man, has arrayed
+a large portion of this nation on one side, or the other. I utterly
+despair--I have no hope that my labors will meet the approbation of
+ultraists, North, or South. But there is yet another class in our
+country--a class of persons who are conservative in their views,
+honest in their intentions, and patriotic in their feelings; who are
+prepared to listen to the voice of reason, and the injunctions,
+admonitions and warnings of Divine Revelation. It is to them I appeal.
+Thank God, I believe that they constitute a large majority of the
+nation.
+
+I have long beheld with regret and astonishment, the efforts that have
+been made by a certain class of writers, to disseminate erroneous
+views in the Northern section of the United States, with regard to
+Southern slavery.[2] The recent publication by Mrs. Stowe, entitled
+"Uncle Tom's Cabin," is a work of that class. I have no wish to write
+anything harsh or unkind; for however ill-timed, ill-advised, or
+ill-judged the work may be, if her object was the alleviation of human
+woe, I can but respect the motive that prompted her to write, though I
+may differ with her in opinion as to the means most likely to
+accomplish the proposed object. The fair authoress may have meant
+well. I shall leave that, however, to the "Searcher of all hearts;"
+but I frankly confess that I fear that the book will result "in evil,
+and only evil." I cannot avoid here, quoting the language that she
+puts in the mouth of Chloe, the wife of Uncle Tom, who is the hero of
+her tale: "Wal any way, that's wrong about it somewhar, I can't jest
+make out whar it is, but thar's wrong somewhar." We all admit that
+there are wrongs, it is clear to every one, neither do we differ much
+as to what those wrongs are, nor yet as to their causes and effects;
+but unfortunately for us, we differ widely, when we undertake to
+propose remedies for the evil complained of. We have all need of that
+charity "which suffereth long and is kind; that thinketh no evil." It
+is as unreasonable and as wicked, to treat each other unkindly,
+because we differ in opinion, as it would be to treat each, other
+unkindly, because there is a difference in the features of our faces,
+and the expression of our countenances. The Author of our existence,
+for wise purposes, made us to differ mentally, as well as physically.
+The structures of our minds are different. The great Architect
+_willed_ that it should be thus; why, we presume not to know, but so
+it is. And then moreover, our physical training, mental, moral and
+religious culture; together with climate and a variety of other
+external and internal causes, have all contributed more or less in
+shaping our opinions, and giving a peculiar cast to our minds. Thus it
+is, that we are all looking through different glasses, and it is no
+wonder that we do not all see objects just alike. Objects must
+necessarily present themselves to us, in different hues and colors.
+Some are so accustomed to view all objects through a microscope, that
+they have no just conception of the real magnitude of any body.
+Exaggeration is their _forte_--in this they excel. Their towering
+minds soar above common comprehension and common sense, and their
+fertile imaginations are ever ready to conjure up spectres, ghosts and
+hobgoblins; or otherwise, where others see a mouse, they behold an
+elephant; and to their distorted visions, a mole-hill is magnified
+into a mountain. We look in vain to such writers for a plain,
+unvarnished, common sense statement of facts, for sound arguments, or
+logical deductions. Such authors have nothing to do with facts, or
+things as they exist among us. Their imaginations are ever ready to
+furnish facts, on which to base their preconceived inferences and
+conclusions. They were cast in a fictitious mould, and works of
+fiction they have read, until their minds can run in no other channel.
+Their mental vision seizes an object, and they pursue it with an
+enthusiasm that borders on insanity. Onward, and upward their flight;
+blind and deaf--utterly insensible to all surrounding objects. The
+object of pursuit is their "all in all;" and every thing must be
+sacrificed for its attainment. In their view, there is no other object
+or interest worthy of a moment's consideration in earth, or heaven.
+Their religion too, is of a peculiar cast. They are frequently very
+religious in their own way. In their estimation, the very essence of
+piety, the sum total of all religion consists in the advancement of
+some one benevolent object. Above, beneath, beyond the attainment of
+this, there is no religion, no virtue. Every thing must not only be
+brought into requisition, in order to its attainment; but the end must
+be attained in their own way, and according to their own notions; or
+otherwise it might as well be left undone. In nine eases out of ten,
+though the object of pursuit is a laudable one, yet so ill-judged and
+injudicious are their plans, that if carried out, they will result in
+more evil than good. The plainest and most obvious declarations of the
+Bible, if they contravene their favorite theories or doctrines, are to
+them unmeaning twaddle; though they are always ready to press the good
+book into their service, so far as they are able by forced
+constructions of detached passages, to give plausibility to their own
+visionary opinions and projects.
+
+    [2] I had read but a few pages of Uncle Tom's Cabin, when the
+    following sentences were written. Before I had passed through the
+    work, my opinions underwent a change as to the merit of the work
+    and the designs of the writer in bringing it before the public.
+    The present chapter contains my first reflections on the subject
+    of slavery, after I determined to write on the subject.
+
+It is a dire calamity that this class of writers have taken hold of
+the subject of slavery. It is a misfortune that slavery should be
+presented in a fictitious garb. I fear the consequences. It portends
+no good to the nation. Slavery is among us, it is a solemn reality,
+and if we expect to get rid of it, we must look it full in the face;
+see it as it is, and treat it as a matter of fact business. We know
+that it is an evil--a deplorable evil; but what shall we do with it?
+The plague is on us--about us--in our midst. Where? Oh! where, shall
+we find a remedy? The great work is before us; who is competent to the
+task? Statesmen as wise and patriotic as any the world ever produced,
+have shrunk from the task, confounded and abashed. Where is Clay!
+Where is Webster? All that was earthly of them, is no more. Long did
+they grapple with the monster slavery, and by their wise councils,
+through many a dark and stormy period, did they safely conduct the
+ship of State. But they are gone, and shall we now confide the
+interests of this great nation, to the keeping of a few sickly
+sentimentalists? No, heaven forbid that we should be led blindfold to
+ruin! I entreat you, my fellow countrymen, to open your eyes and look
+around you, and be not deceived. Your all is at stake. Arise in your
+strength and crush the monster abolitionism, that threatens your
+blood-bought liberties.
+
+Mrs. Stowe tells us that the object of her book is to awaken sympathy
+for the African race. If that, and that alone was her object, she
+probably had better not have written on the subject. Sympathy for the
+African race is right and proper, provided that it is properly
+directed; but blindfold sympathy in the North, is not likely to result
+in any good to the slaves of the South. The kindest and best feelings
+of the human heart, unless they are directed and controlled by
+prudence and discretion, frequently result in no good to the
+possessor, and too often in positive injury to the object of his
+solicitude. An excess of sympathy some times dethrones the judgment.
+Sympathy for the slave may prompt us to act in the right direction;
+but unless judgment and justice illumine our paths, and direct our
+steps, all our efforts to ameliorate his condition, will prove worse
+than useless. The slaves of the South are proper objects of our
+sympathy, and so are their masters, and so is every living and
+sensitive being in God's creation. Everything that lives and breathes
+upon the face of the earth, has demands upon our sympathies; and it
+would be well for us to provide ourselves with a large stock of it;
+but we should be careful in meting it out, to give every one his due.
+It is a gross error in the dispensation of our sympathies, to direct
+our attention solely to some one object, regardless of the wants and
+rights of others.
+
+In order to accomplish anything for the benefit of the slave, we must
+have a Southern audience; to them we must speak, and for them we must
+write. With them we must reason, as brother holding familiar converse
+with brother. Mrs. Stowe's book is not likely to be generally read in
+the South; and provided it should be, it can excite no other than
+feelings of indignation and defiance in Southern minds. Hence the work
+can result in no good, and may possibly, unless its baneful influence
+is counteracted, originate much evil.
+
+If we take the institution of slavery in the United States, as a
+whole, and view it correctly, Uncle Tom's Cabin is a gross
+misrepresentation. The book has placed the people of this country in a
+false position; in a ridiculous attitude before the world. There may
+be some truth in her statements--barely enough to give them
+plausibility among the thoughtless, inconsiderate and uninformed; and
+those whose minds are warped by prejudice. Horrid and revolting
+occurrences, such as are detailed in her book, have sometimes occurred
+among slaveholders, but they have been rare, and are now more rare
+than formerly. They are but exceptions to general rules; why then
+present them to the world under circumstances, and in a style and
+manner, that will make an impression on the minds of a majority of
+uninformed readers, that they are every day occurrences; that a large
+portion, if not a majority of the slaveholders are involved in the
+charges specified. How does such a procedure, on the part of Mrs.
+Stowe, comport with the great principles of truth and justice; which
+should have been her guide while writing on so grave a subject!
+Wherever man possesses power over his fellow man, throughout the
+length and breadth of the habitable globe, there are occasional
+instances of brutality and barbarism, too shocking for recital; and
+that deeds dark, dolorous and infamous, should sometimes be
+perpetrated by American slaveholders, is nothing strange. But is it
+just, is it right, for her to present slaveholders in the United
+States, _en masse_, to the whole civilized world, as a set of
+God-forsaken, heaven-daring, hell-deserving barbarians? That Uncle
+Tom's Cabin will make this impression on the minds of most of its
+readers, who are uninformed as to the institution of slavery in this
+country, is obvious to any one who will carefully read it. I resided
+in the slave States forty-four years, and can testify that few,
+comparatively very few, were guilty of separating wives and husbands,
+parents and children, and that a majority--yes a very large majority
+of slaves were treated kindly; and generally there existed between
+slaves and their possessors kind feelings, and strong attachments. It
+is this attachment of slaves to their masters, that has frequently
+frustrated the evil designs set on foot by intermeddling,
+philanthropic cut-throats, _alias_ abolitionists.
+
+Mrs. Stowe will probably learn when it is too late, that she cannot
+work out the salvation of the slave population by misrepresenting
+slaveholders,--by exciting sympathy in the North, and by arousing
+feelings of wrath and defiance in the South. "The wrath of man worketh
+not the righteousness of God." She may inculcate disobedience and open
+resistance to the laws of her country; but so did not Jesus Christ; so
+did not St. Paul. Go, woman, to your Bible and learn your duty to your
+Creator and your fellow creatures, before you write another book.
+They, (Jesus Christ and St. Paul,) enforced obedience to the ruling
+authorities, "Render unto Caesar, the things that are Caesars; and let
+every soul be subject to the higher powers;" is the language of Divine
+Inspiration. Mrs. Stowe belongs to that faction in the North, long
+known as the abolition party, and would not scruple to bring about the
+emancipation of the slaves by any means, regardless of consequences.
+She would not, I suppose, hesitate to force emancipation on the South,
+at the point of the bayonet, regardless of the murders, rapines,
+rapes--the indiscriminate butchery of unoffending women and
+children--the overthrow of the Union, and the introduction of lasting
+hates and civil wars, and the ultimate massacre and extinction of the
+entire African race!! Great God, what atrocious crimes have been
+perpetrated in the name of liberty!!! She does not, however, openly
+advocate these extreme measures in her book, but there is,
+nevertheless, a squinting in that direction in several places. In
+inculcating resistance to the laws of her country, she is virtually
+advocating a dissolution of the Union, with all its attendant
+consequences, results and horrors. For whenever we cease to observe
+the solemn compact that binds us together, then the Union must
+necessarily be dissolved, and civil wars, with all its calamities,
+must follow!! Mrs. Stowe will pardon me if I should perchance,
+inferentialy saddle on her some things, that will make the vital fluid
+curdle in her veins; unless she is dead to all those emotions of soul
+which characterize her sex. As I find her in bad company, I am forced
+in the absence of better testimony, to judge her from the company in
+which I find her. The old Spanish proverb is as true as Holy Writ,
+viz., "Show me the company you keep, and I will tell you who you are."
+If she chooses to write novels, and bring grave charges against others
+by insinuation and innuendo, in order to evade the responsibility of
+defining her position clearly and openly, she will not, I hope, take
+offense if I define it for her.
+
+Mrs. Stowe asserts that there are no laws in slave States to protect
+slaves, and to punish the cruel and brutal outrages of masters. That
+masters can cruelly beat their slaves, and also murder them with
+impunity! This is untrue--nothing could be more false. In the eye of
+the law, there is no difference between the man that murders his
+slave, and the man that murders his neighbor; and the laws not only
+punish men for cruel and unnecessary punishment inflicted on slaves,
+but there are penal statutes against the unnecessary and barbarous
+abuse and destruction of horses, and other species of property. She
+may tell us that the penal statutes, so far as slaves are concerned,
+are a dead letter; that they are inoperative; that they have no force
+or effect whatever. This also, I know to be untrue, from personal
+observation. I admit that slaveholders often evade the punishment due
+their crimes, and so do men everywhere. The crimes of men of wealth
+and influence too often go unpunished, not only in the slave States,
+but wherever the foot of man has trodden the soil. All will admit,
+that as a general rule, so far as free men are concerned, the laws are
+based on principles of justice and equality, and yet, the wealthy, the
+influential and the powerful, in many instances, find but little
+difficulty in evading the law, and perverting justice whenever they
+come in contact with the indigent and ignorant. From a superiority of
+knowledge, wealth and station, men derive advantages in legal
+transactions as well as in everything else. It is but one of the
+misfortunes incident to poverty and ignorance.
+
+Much has been said, and much has been written about the harsh and
+cruel treatment of Southern slaves; but there is a vast deal of error
+and misconception among those unacquainted with the facts, and too
+much misrepresentation among those, who are, or ought to be better
+informed. The Southern slave is not amenable to the civil laws for his
+conduct, except in a qualified sense, and under certain circumstances.
+He is accountable to his master, and his master is amenable to the
+civil laws. If suit is instituted for damages, in consequence of
+depredations committed by a slave, it is brought against the master,
+and not against the slave. Hence, when a slave is guilty of a
+misdemeanor, the authority to punish is vested in the master, and not
+in the legal authorities. I do not pretend to say, that this is the
+exact letter of the law, but this I know, by common consent, is the
+practice in the South. The right to punish being vested in the master,
+he inflicts the punishment in his own way, and to some extent, at his
+own discretion. The master is judge, juror, and executioner. Whipping
+is the ordinary punishment inflicted on slaves for crime. Whether it
+is the punishment most likely to deter them from the commission of it,
+I know not; but I think it is probable, that under the circumstances,
+they can find no punishment better adapted to the proposed object. Be
+it as it may; custom has decided that it shall be the punishment of
+the slave. Theft is the most common crime among slaves, and for this
+they are whipped by their masters, and no further notice is taken of
+the crime. A slave is simply whipped for an offense, which would
+imprison a white man for several months, and then confine him in the
+State penitentiary for several years. The master may, if he chooses,
+surrender the offending slave to the legal authorities; but supposing
+that he does, the punishment is the same; he is simply whipped and
+sent back to his master. The crime may be theft, destruction of
+property, assault and battery; it matters but little what, if we
+except murder, rape and arson, the punishment is whipping; whether
+inflicted by the master or the legal authorities. Thus, we see, that
+the punishment of slaves is much more lenient, than the punishment of
+free white men for similar crimes. Hence, slaves escape punishment
+under circumstances, and for crimes, for which white men would be
+severely punished. Slaves are viewed, for certain reasons, to some
+extent, as irresponsible beings. "Oh! he is a poor negro, and knows no
+better," is an expression common in the South. The crimes of free
+negroes in the slave States, unless they are of the most flagrant
+kind, are seldom punished. I have known repeated instances, where
+stolen goods were found in their possession, and they were suffered to
+escape unpunished; no one appearing willing to enforce the law against
+them. On the contrary, their crimes were winked at and tolerated, for
+the reason that they were considered a poor, unfortunate, depraved and
+ignorant class.
+
+Transportation of slaves from Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and
+Kentucky, to the extreme Southern States, as a punishment for crime,
+is not an unfrequent occurrence. I believe that in most cases, where
+families have been separated, it has been in consequence of vile
+conduct on the part of slaves. Much of the selling of negroes to
+traders--the parting of wives and husbands, parents and children,
+which we hear and read of in Northern publications, had its origin in
+crime on the part of the slaves. They are frequently transported for
+crimes which would hang a white man; or otherwise confine him in the
+penitentiary for a series of years, or for life time. Negroes are
+frequently whipped and then transported to the extreme Southern States
+for murder; and that too, under circumstances, where the crime is one
+of a very aggravated character; for premeditated murder--murder
+committed with malice prepense. But in the eyes of abolitionists, it
+is dreadful to whip a slave for so small an offense; and yet they
+would stand by, and with exquisite pleasure see a white man hanged for
+the same crime. Kind souls! what a pity that white men could not come
+in for a share of their sympathies; but they have none for them; it is
+all for the woolly heads. But really, I should like to know what
+becomes of their sympathies, when some poor free negro is taken sick
+in their midst, and starves, and dies, and rots in his filth! Ah!
+don't touch my purse. No, by no means! We all know that it won't do to
+touch your purses. Your sympathies never leak out in that way. You are
+too shrewd for that. Fie! Fie! it is all wind, and it costs you but
+little to blow it out.
+
+Slaveholders are called murderers, because in a few rare instances, a
+slave may have been worked to death; and they denounced as cruel and
+oppressive task-masters, because probably one in five hundred, under
+peculiar circumstances, may have been guilty of cruelty to his slaves.
+The same thing occurs everywhere, the world over. And it occurs as
+frequently in Yankeedom, the hot-bed of abolitionism, infidelity, and
+wooden nutmegs, as anywhere else, There are more white men and white
+women worked to death in the North, than there are slaves worked to
+death in the South. Oh! but, says an objector, those white people are
+free. Nobody forces them to work beyond their capabilities of
+endurance. The objection is without foundation, for indigence and
+liberty, never resided together in the same hovel or hut. Hunger and
+cold are hard masters, far worse than Southern slaveholders; and the
+penurious Yankee who inadequately pays the laborer, and thus suffers
+him to starve or freeze to death, is morally as bad as the man who
+whips his slave to death. If the latter is a murderer, so is the
+former. The generality of slaves are better paid for their labor, than
+the poorer classes of people North or South. They at least receive
+more in return for their labor. They are better fed, better clothed,
+and better housed. Most of them are happy and well provided for. Their
+appearance, their health, cheerfulness and fondness for music, give
+the lie to Northern representations. Masters are responsible for the
+maintenance of their slaves under all circumstances; in infancy and
+old age, in sickness as well as in health. But as soon, as Northern
+white slaves become incapacitated for labor, they are suffered to lie
+down in their filth and starve and die. Where then, are their lords
+and masters, who have grown wealthy from the proceeds of their labor?
+
+Mrs. Stowe may write about slavery to her heart's content; but has
+she, or any one else, pointed out to us, any fair, open, practicable
+system of emancipation? No, they have not, and until that is done,
+they should be a little more modest in their denunciations of
+slaveholders. Suppose the South should manumit their slaves, will the
+North receive and educate them? No, by no means; and however ignorant
+Mrs. Stowe may be in relation to Southern slavery, she must be well
+aware of the universal prejudice in the North against free negroes. A
+very large majority of the blacks in the North, are in an impoverished
+and degraded condition; and there is no sympathy with them, or for
+them, among Northern men. Northern prejudice is much stronger than
+Southern prejudice, against these unfortunate creatures.
+
+The whites cannot, and will not make equals of them any where. They
+are at the bottom of the social ladder, and there they must and will
+remain, so long as they are among the whites. They can never enjoy the
+blessings of freedom in the United States. The liberty of the free
+blacks is but nominal; they have no more rights and fewer comforts, as
+free men, (so called), than they have as slaves in the South. White
+freedom is one thing, and colored freedom is another. Most of the
+Northern states treat the African worse now, than they did a half
+century ago! They are in the North virtually slaves, without masters.
+The half starved, ill-clad free negro will soon have no foot hold in
+the North; for Irish and German laborers will supersede them; or
+otherwise Northern men will legislate them out of the free states.
+Pennsylvania has already taken from them the privilege of voting, and
+Indiana and Illinois will not suffer them to enter their borders; and
+I judge from present indications, that Ohio will soon follow the
+example of her younger sisters; and moreover, I venture to predict,
+that in less than twenty years from the present time; a free negro
+will not be suffered to enter a free state in this Union. This
+prejudice never can be removed. "Can the Ethiopian change his skin?"
+If he could, then might we have hope; till then, there is none for the
+poor African while he remains in the midst of the Anglo-Saxon race.
+Behold the negro quarters about the larger cities in the North; think
+of the riots and burning of African churches, &c., that have occurred
+within the last dozen years, and tell me, where is the hope of the
+African! Not in the United States. The African race in the United
+States, are not yet prepared for emancipation; they must first be
+educated; otherwise there is danger that they will sink into their
+original barbarism. England emancipated the West India slaves, and
+Lord Brougham tells us, that they are rapidly declining into
+barbarism.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+It is no part of my design to offer apologies for, or by any means to
+conceal the faults of Southern slaveholders. But the reading of Uncle
+Tom's Cabin, has indelibly fixed the impression on my mind that Mrs.
+Stowe's narrative is false. The question is, whether such, or similar
+occurrences, are _common_ among Southern slaveholders. If they had
+been _rare_, she had no right to make the impression on the whole
+civilized world, that they are every-day occurrences. Nor had she any
+right unless she had been an eye witness of the leading facts detailed
+in her story, to publish a book which presents her country in such an
+ignoble attitude before the world; she had no right to base such
+calumnious charges on heresay, rumor, or common report. I shall
+proceed to show that her tale is improbable, and that it is likely
+that no such transactions as are detailed in her story, ever have
+transpired among Southern slaveholders.
+
+It is doubtful whether one hundreth part of what hag been published in
+abolition papers, during the last fifty years, in regard to Southern
+slavery, is true; and those who have received their impressions of
+African slavery in the South, from that source, are utterly incapable
+of expressing correct opinions on the subject. It was never the
+intention of abolition writers, to publish the truth on any subject,
+having reference to the Southern section of the United States. Their
+object was to make false impressions on the minds of Northern men, and
+thereby to originate and sustain a party, from whom, they expected to
+derive certain benefits. They worked for pay. Many years ago, I
+stepped into a court-house, in a small town in Tennessee, and
+immediately after I had seated myself, a lawyer arose, and made a very
+vehement speech in favor of some scape-gallows who was arraigned
+before the court. After he had taken his seat, another gentleman of
+the bar arose, and replied to him. The two gentlemen alternately
+speechified the judge and jury for several hours; after which the
+judge passed sentence on the culprit, and the two lawyers left the
+court-house. As they passed on in the direction of their residences, I
+overheard one remark to the other, "in the name of ----, how can a man
+stand up before the court, and lie as you did to-day." "Oh!" said the
+gentleman in reply, "I was well paid, I received a large fee, and
+could afford to lie." Some of the abolition editors, I presume, are
+well paid for their services. But to return to Uncle Tom's Cabin. No
+other mental culture is necessary, in order to qualify an individual
+to write such a book as Uncle Tom's Cabin, except the reading of
+novels and abolition papers. Mrs. Stowe, I have no doubt, is well read
+in both. And she has performed her task in a manner that has excited
+the wonder, and elicited the admiration and applause of millions!
+Volumes of eulogiums have been lavished upon her! She is now the
+wonder and admiration of America, and a goddess in England; and woe to
+him who refuses to do her homage! This rare production bids fair to
+supplant the Bible in Sabbath Schools in some parts of our country!
+What next? This is an age of wonders and humbugs. For aught we know,
+Jo. Smith's Bible, Uncle Tom's Cabin, and the spiritual rappers, may
+yet revolutionize our world. It is, however, difficult to tell, what
+is in the womb of the future; for many new wonders and marvelous
+revelations may yet spring up in the land of Yankeedom! Nothing is too
+hard for them. The word impossible, has no place in their vocabulary.
+
+Having remarked, that I considered the narrative of Mrs. Stowe untrue;
+it now devolves on me to show the improbability of some of her
+statements. An old negro man, whom she calls Uncle Tom, is the hero of
+her tale. Uncle Tom was the servant of a gentlemen, by name Shelby,
+who resided in Kentucky. She represents this old negro, Uncle Tom, as
+a very remarkable character. She tells us that Tom was pious and
+honest; not simply so, indulgent reader, in the ordinary acceptation
+of these terms, but that he was really and truly a God-fearing man--a
+man of unimpeachable veracity, strict honesty, and ardent piety; above
+suspicion--above crime--a perfect man--a man of almost angelic purity.
+We, moreover, learn from her narrative, that good old Tom, (God bless
+his soul and preserve his dust), was a kind of overseer on Shelby's
+farm; that to him was committed the oversight and supervision, of
+whatever pertained to Shelby's farming operations and interests. And
+as a proof of Shelby's implicit confidence in him, she states, that he
+sent Tom alone at one time, to Cincinnati on business, and that he
+returned home with five hundred dollars in his pocket. Tom, according
+to her account, was a great favorite, not only with his master, but
+also with his mistress and the entire family. Shelby's son George was
+devotedly attached to him.
+
+We learn also from the narrative, that Tom was an old man, not less
+than forty-five, and probably fifty years of age. She tells us that
+Shelby had a son, by name George, who was thirteen years of age; and
+that Tom was seven years older than his master Shelby. Supposing that
+Shelby was twenty-five years of age when his son George was born; and
+that George was thirteen years of age, and that Tom was seven years
+older than his master, it stands thus: seven added to twenty-five make
+thirty-two, and thirteen added to thirty-two, make forty-five. But
+supposing that Shelby was thirty, when George was born, the result
+would be fifty.
+
+From the narrative, we infer, that Shelby was in possession of many
+slaves; for Mrs. Stowe speaks of a dozen black children perched on the
+veranda railings at one time; and it is not presumable, that all the
+little boys and girls in his possession, would happen to be perched on
+the veranda railings at the same time; and these children must have
+had fathers and mothers, and many of them of course, brothers and
+sisters, who were men and women. She also tells us, that there were
+various negro cabins on the place; each cabin must have contained one
+family of negroes at least, if not more. She speaks of a couple of
+negro men who went with Haley, the trader, in search of Eliza and her
+child.
+
+The labor on Shelby's farm was performed by slaves, and it is a fair
+supposition, that there were from fifty to seventy-five slaves on the
+farm. This is common through the states of Kentucky and Tennessee, and
+farther South it is no uncommon occurrence, to find from one hundred
+to five hundred slaves on the same farm, or otherwise in the
+possession of the same man.
+
+Hence, we learn that Tom was an old man; that he nursed Shelby when an
+infant; that he was a trusty servant; that he had charge of everything
+about the place; that he was a pious man, and that Shelby entertained
+for him the kindest feelings; and that Mrs. Shelby was warmly attached
+to him; and that their son George's attachment to the good old servant
+knew no bounds; and that he was the husband of Aunt Chloe, the old
+cook; who, (by the by,) is always a great favorite in a Southern
+family. But strange as it may appear to those who have never read
+Uncle Tom's Cabin, Mrs. Stowe tells us, notwithstanding, that Shelby
+sold good old Tom to a negro trader; and that he was again sold to a
+gentleman in New Orleans, and that after the death of this gentleman,
+he was purchased by an inhumane wretch by the name of Legree.
+
+This man Shelby, nevertheless, according to her tale, was a very
+gentlemanly, humane man. I suppose that she would have us to
+understand, that he was altogether a pretty fair character for the
+South.
+
+I believe the statements of Mrs. Stowe to be untrue, for the following
+reasons. First, because Shelby had a number of slaves from whom he
+could select; and I know from personal observation, that it is a
+universal practice among slaveholders to sell their most worthless and
+vicious slaves to negro traders. If they are forced to sell such a
+negro as she represents Tom to be, some neighbor who is acquainted
+with the slave, will give a higher price for him than a negro trader
+will. A negro trader will give as much for a negro who is a rogue, as
+he will for one who is an honest man. The negro trader pays no
+attention to the character of a negro; for the very good reason that
+the character of the negro is unknown to those to whom he expects to
+sell. No representation or recommendation whatever, can have any
+influence with those to whom they sell. They know nothing about the
+character of the negroes whom they purchase, and they have no reliable
+means of learning anything about them. Tom was purchased in Kentucky
+and sold in New Orleans. Therefore, Haley, the negro trader, would not
+have given one dime more for Tom on account of his good qualities. But
+Mrs. Stowe tells us, that Shelby was indebted to Haley, and that he
+preferred to purchase Tom on account of his good qualities; and that
+Shelby expected a high price from him on that account. Haley would
+have given several hundred dollars more for a man who was about
+twenty-five years of age, than he would have given for poor old Tom;
+though the young man might have been as vile a rogue, as ever went
+unhung. No man of common sense can fail for one moment, to discover
+the truth and justness of the above reasoning. Thus we see that
+falsehood is indelibly stamped on Mrs. Stowe's narrative at the very
+outset. What is it that enhances the value of negroes in the
+estimation of the negro trader? And what is it that recommends them,
+or enhances their value in market? First, the age of the slave is
+taken into consideration. Nobody will give as much for an old negro as
+he will for a young one in the prime of life. Tom was an old man, and
+Shelby had in his possession a number of young negroes. These facts
+alone stamp falsehood on the face of Mrs. Stowe's tale. Secondly, the
+physical force or power of the negro, and his apparent health, are
+taken into consideration. The purchaser, if he knows nothing about the
+qualities of negroes, will give the highest price for those (judging
+from appearances) that can perform the most labor. Now, is it
+reasonable to suppose, that a purchaser would have given as much for
+poor old Tom, as he would have given for a negro who was twenty-five
+or thirty years of age? There are from twenty to twenty-five years
+difference in the ages of the negroes, and there is a proportionate
+difference in their values. Reader, what do you suppose is the value
+of twenty years' labor in dollars and cents? Well, whatever it is,
+poor old Tom was precisely that amount less valuable, than many other
+negroes in the possession of Shelby; and yet Mrs. Stowe tells us that
+Shelby sold Tom, because he could get a higher price for him than any
+other negro in his possession. Why? Because of his good qualities. I
+have clearly and indisputably shown that Tom's good qualities did not
+enhance his value one cent with Haley. And at the same time, Tom was
+worth more to Shelby than any half dozen negroes on the farm. How
+absurd! Was a more barefaced, palpable, glaring and malicious
+falsehood ever fabricated? I am sorry that justice to my countrymen,
+my friends and my relatives, requires at my hands, an expose of this
+low, scurrilous production, entitled "Uncle Tom's Cabin." This is a
+fair sample of abolitionism. But I am not done with Uncle Tom. Mrs.
+Stowe tells us that he was a great favorite with Mrs. Shelby, and
+Shelby knew of course that it would almost break his wife's heart, and
+that young master George would almost go beside himself; yet he sells
+poor old Tom to this infamous negro trader, notwithstanding! Ah!
+"murder will out," and falsehood will out, likewise. The statements of
+Mrs. Stowe are inconsistent; they are sheer fabrications: the figments
+of a diseased brain.
+
+I will again remark, that strictly honest, upright negroes, those
+remarkable for their good qualities, and those who are withal, negroes
+of more than ordinary value, are never sold to negro traders. The
+statement that Shelby was guilty of such an act, under the
+circumstances, as detailed in the preceding pages, is too absurd, too
+futile, too foolish to deceive or mislead any one who knows anything
+about the institution of slavery in the South; or the customs, habits,
+or manners of slaveholders. The work, however, was prepared for those
+whoso minds were warped by prejudice, whose judgments were beclouded
+and perverted by sectional hatred and bigotry, and whose imaginations
+were bewildered and distempered by the reading of abolition
+publications and novels. To such it has proved a treat, yea, they have
+read it with avidity and delight.
+
+Mrs. Stowe, presuming on the gullibility of her readers, has made
+other statements that I will notice. The wife of this very
+kind-hearted, humane and gentlemanly man, Shelby, had a maid-servant,
+by name Eliza; and Eliza had an only child; a very remarkable boy
+indeed! probably about five or six years of age; if there is any truth
+in her tale. Eliza was a delicate bright mulatto girl; a great
+favorite with her mistress; and her child of course a great favorite
+with the entire family. But, as if determined to break his wife's
+heart, Shelby sells Eliza's child also, to the negro trader, Haley.
+Here is another, to say the least of it, very improbable statement. If
+Shelby was the man that she represents him, he would have sold the
+entire dozen woolly heads that were perched on the veranda railings,
+on the morning after the transaction, before he would have sold the
+only child of his wife's maid-servant. The estimation in which
+maid-servants and their children are held by Southern ladies, is
+probably unknown to most of my Northern readers. Unless driven to it
+by dire necessity, a Southern gentleman would almost as soon part
+with his own children, as with his wife's maid-servant, or her
+children, except for crime. Eliza is represented by Mrs. Stowe as all
+perfection and beauty, and her darling boy as a little angel.
+Maid-servants occupy a position in Southern families far above that of
+any other class of servants; but little below the white members of the
+family. I resided forty-four years in the Southern States, and it is
+with pride that I record the fact, that a Southern gentleman would
+dispose of anything--everything--carriages, horses, stocks, tenements
+and lands, before he would dispose of such servants as Uncle Tom, and
+his wife's maid-servant's child, and thereby break his wife's heart.
+No! far be it from Southern men; their wives are their all; and far be
+it from them, to say or do aught in opposition to the will of their
+wives, anything that will deeply mortify or afflict them. A man would
+be hooted from genteel society in the Southern States, for such an
+ignoble act. Whatever the faults of Southern men may be, they feel
+themselves bound to treat their wives with consideration, respect and
+kindness. But I must return to Eliza and her boy. Eliza, overhearing
+the conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Shelby, on the night after the
+interview between Shelby and Haley, she cautiously and quietly takes
+her boy out of the bed, and elopes. She hastens with all possible
+speed to the State of Ohio. Haley returns to Shelby's on the
+succeeding morning for the purpose of taking possession of Tom, and
+Eliza's child; but Eliza having decamped with the child, he and a
+couple of Shelby's negro men go in pursuit of her. They overtook her
+at the river; and Mrs. Stowe tells us, that she fled precipitately
+across the river on floating fragments of ice, with her boy in her
+arms! She tells us, that the ice was floating, and that a boat was
+expected to pass over the river that night. Was ever a more glaring
+falsehood penned. As well might she have told us, that Eliza walked
+over the river on the water, with a boy who was probably five or six
+years of age, in her arms! How inconsistent! How foolish! How
+superlatively ridiculous are such tales!! It is enough; I need not
+wade through the entire work, in order to show the falsity of Mrs.
+Stowe's tale.
+
+She has calumniated her countrymen, and the slander has gone with
+electric speed on the pinions of the press, to the ends of the earth.
+Her country lies bleeding at her feet; its institutions totter. But
+ah! if she can but luxuriate in her ill-gotten gains, but little does
+she care what becomes of her country. She, truly, has been well paid
+for her services. She has received a "large fee," and all this was
+done under the pretense of serving the cause of liberty! Yes, truly,
+she is serving the cause of liberty with a vengeance. Had all the
+despots of earth leagued themselves together, for the purpose of
+crushing civil liberty, they could not have given it such a shock, as
+has been done by the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Well may the
+friends of republican institutions bow their heads with shame and
+regret. The moral influence of the great American republic is
+destroyed. The friends of liberty throughout the world, mourn the
+disaster.
+
+Mrs. Stowe is the modern Eve. Old mother Eve said, "The serpent
+beguiled me, and I did eat." Mrs. Stowe may say, "The serpent beguiled
+me, and I did write." Yes, she did write. The daughter of a clergyman
+and the wife of a clergyman did write a novel; and other clergymen
+seem to think it a fit substitute for the Bible in Sabbath schools;
+and ere long, other clergymen will, I have no doubt, read their text
+from it in the pulpit. God preserve the world, from clerical knaves
+and fools. Of all the curses, that ever were permitted by Almighty God
+to fall on wicked and deluded nations, there are none so much to be
+dreaded, as corrupt, bigoted, fanatical clergymen. A clergyman--a
+minister of God--a minister of the gospel of peace and glad tidings to
+all--who with his eyes open, will countenance, aid, or abet, any thing
+that destroys the peace and harmony of this nation, or that threatens
+to result in disunion and civil war, ought to be hurled forty leagues
+deep into perdition.
+
+I entreat you my fellow citizens, to open your eyes and look around
+you! Behold hydra-headed infidelity stalking over New England, in
+clerical robes. Behold _others_, who have so far lost sight of their
+calling, and the spirit of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, that they are
+opposing the execution of the laws of our common country! Sowing
+dissentions and exciting feelings of envy, jealousy and hatred among
+our citizens. Be not deceived by their clerical robes and assumed
+sanctity; it is all lighter than a feather in the balance. My friends,
+there is danger ahead. Beware lest you be led blindfold to ruin by
+canting hypocrites. These are the men that endanger our liberties.
+Stand aloof, give no support to religious bigotry and fanaticism. I
+call on you as Christians, as patriots, "to touch not, taste not,
+handle not the unclean thing."
+
+Pardon me, my countrymen; I am an American citizen, and as such, I
+speak and write. I know that I shall incur the displeasure of many by
+the expression of such sentiments as the above; but shall the fear of
+man deter me from warning you of your danger? No! heaven forbid! My
+country is my pride; my country is my boast; my country is my all; and
+woe to him, that would dissolve this glorious and heaven favored
+Union, and stain her fair fields with the blood of her own citizens.
+He that rebels against the laws of his country, or bids defiance to
+the solemn compact which binds together these States, is a traitor to
+his country--a traitor to his God. He that would destroy the
+Constitution, which was framed by our revolutionary sires, let him be
+accursed of God, and driven forth from the habitations of civilized
+man. Let every Christian--every friend of our beloved country,
+respond, a hearty Amen.
+
+Mrs. Stowe has slandered her countrymen; hence, the great popularity
+of her book! We listen with pleasure to a recital, of the vices of our
+neighbors; we roll it as a sweet morsel under our tongues; but oh! I
+don't tell us anything about their virtues; we don't want to hear them
+spoken of! Friend, speak evil only of your neighbors, or else, be
+silent! We don't wish to hear you speak well of any one. We have no
+taste for eulogy, but give us slander, by wholesale and retail, and we
+will gulph it down!
+
+This is a dark picture of the human heart, but I believe a tolerably
+correct one!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Having in the preceding chapter dismissed Mrs. Stowe's narrative; I
+shall in the following pages, confine my remarks, so far as they refer
+to "Uncle Tom's Cabin," to its evident design and manifest tendency.
+
+It was about thirty-five years ago, that the great abolition
+excitement broke out in the North. The subject of course, was agitated
+previous to that time, but there must have been then, some additional,
+or new excitement, for it was at that memorable period, that the South
+took the alarm. Previous to that period, as far back as I can
+recollect, the subject of slavery was freely discussed in the Southern
+States, by clergymen and politicians in public; and it was withal, a
+common topic of conversation in the social circle. Throughout the
+slave states, at that time, the necessity of enlightening the minds,
+and ameliorating the conditions of the slaves was generally seen,
+felt, and acknowledged. It was then enforced on church members as a
+duty, by ministers of all denominations; and the ministers of the
+Gospel rebuked, (sometimes with great severity), harshness, cruelty,
+or unkindness to slaves.
+
+A spirit of emancipation was then common among slaveholders; many
+slaves were set at liberty, and Christians, and philanthropists, were
+anxiously looking forward to a period of universal emancipation. A
+gentleman, by name Benjamin Lundy, published at that time an
+anti-slavery paper in Greenville, East Tennessee; which paper had an
+extensive circulation. About that time, I gathered up my anti-slavery
+juvenile doggerel, corrected it, as well as I could,--selected poems
+from Cowper and others, on the subject; forwarded the manuscript to
+the aforesaid B. Lundy, and the result was, a little volume of
+anti-slavery poems. But the abolition excitement broke out in the
+North, and the South took the alarm. The mouths of clergymen were
+closed in the pulpit; for it was deemed inadvisable, in consequence of
+Northern interference, to discuss the subject of slavery in the
+pulpit, social circle, or under any circumstances, whatever. It was
+thus, we see, through the intermeddling of Northern abolitionists,
+that discussion was cut off in the South. Rigid laws were then enacted
+by the state Legislatures, for the suppression of public discussion;
+and there were also enactments which threw obstacles in the way of
+emancipation; and thus, the fetters of slavery have been drawn
+tighter, and tighter, from that day, to the present time.
+
+A short time after the excitement commenced in the South, a committee
+of panic-stricken citizens called on Mr. Lundy, after expressing for
+him personally the highest regard, they politely requested him to
+discontinue his paper; expressing the opinion, at the time, that its
+publication was no longer consistent with public safety. Mr. Lundy
+complied with their request, and it was rumored, whether true or
+false, I know not, that he remarked, that it was a great pity that the
+Yankees could not mind their own business. Mr. Lundy, I believe, was a
+Yankee himself, but was said to be a gentlemanly, humane man. Some are
+no doubt ready to ask, Why was it, that the abolition excitement in
+the North, produced such a panic in the South? It was the revolting
+and shocking doctrines, which they openly promulgated. It was their
+notorious disregard of the laws of God and man, and all those ties
+which bind us together as one great nation; their denial of the right
+of the South to hold slave property, notwithstanding that right had
+been guaranteed to them by the Federal Constitution; their advocacy of
+the right of the slave to arise in the night and cut his master's
+throat; or, else, burn his house over his head; their advocacy of the
+right of the North to force emancipation on the South, at the point of
+the bayonet, &c.
+
+It was these monstrous doctrines and assumptions, which were then, and
+are to the present day, avowed and defended by abolition orators, that
+alarmed the Southern people. It was not long before Northern
+abolitionists were detected in circulating through the South, exciting
+and incendiary publications, on the subject of slavery, and in some
+instances, intermeddling with slaves, and trying to incite
+insurrections among them. These things inflamed the public mind more
+and more in the South. Legislatures met, and enacted laws still more
+stringent for the punishment of such offenders; for the suppression of
+public discussion; and they, withal, threw so many restrictions around
+those who held slaves that in most of the states, emancipation became
+exceedingly difficult, and in some of them, absolutely impracticable.
+These are historical facts, and they are worth more than a volume of
+any man's speculations on the subject of slavery. They speak for
+themselves, and require but little comment from me. Who was it that
+crushed in embryo, the reform which was in progress thirty-five years
+ago? It was the abolitionists, and every one is aware of it, who is
+informed on the subject; and intelligent men among the abolitionists
+know it, as well as any one else. The officious inter-meddling of
+abolitionists with Southern slavery, never has, and never can effect
+anything for the slave; it has served but to retard emancipation, and
+to rivet the chains of slavery. This opinion has been expressed a
+thousand times, by the wisest and best men, that our nation has ever
+produced--men, who enjoyed the best opportunities for forming correct
+opinions on the subject. Henry Clay said, in a letter, written in
+1845, "I firmly believe that the cause of the extinction of negro
+slavery, far from being advanced, has been retarded by the agitation
+of the subject at the North."
+
+I believe slavery to be an individual and a national evil--a dire
+calamity--and would rejoice to see it extinguished by any means
+compatible with the safety, peace and prosperity of the nation, the
+best interests of master and slave; and in the fear of God Almighty,
+before whose bar I know that I must shortly appear, I sincerely,
+firmly and solemnly believe, that if the free states had stood aloof,
+and left the discussion and disposition of it entirely to the slave
+states, several states which are now slave states, and are likely to
+remain so, would have long since made provisions for the emancipation
+of their slaves. And I moreover believe, that if the North would now
+desist from all interference with it, the evil would be eradicated
+from the United States, some hundreds of years sooner than it will be,
+provided she persists in her present course. This is a legitimate
+conclusion from the foregoing historical facts. Abolitionists can do
+nothing, and men of intelligence well know it, that will mitigate the
+evils of slavery, or eradicate it from the South. It is entirely
+beyond their reach, they cannot control it; and if the object of
+intelligent men in the North was the abolition of slavery, they would
+cease to agitate the subject. But that is not their object. I allude
+to the leaders of that party--the politicians, and not the common
+people, for they are sincere. What then is their object? It is to
+produce a dissolution of the Union; a separation of the Northern and
+Southern sections of the United States, civil war, blood-shed, the
+sacking and burning of cities, devastations, brother imbruing his
+hands in the blood of brother, the father shedding the blood of his
+son, and the son that of the father! Yea, and ten thousand other evils
+and calamities, of which they, themselves, have never dreamed. Is this
+abolitionism? Great God! what a picture--and the half has not been
+told! From whence did it spring? "By whom begot?" It is an offspring
+of New England infidelity. It was born in fanaticism, and nurtured in
+violence and disorder. It opposes and violates the commands of God,
+and is full of strife and pride. Its course is unchristian, impolitic
+and hypocritical; it is alike hostile to religion and republicanism;
+it rejects the Bible and the constitution of our country, and under
+the pretense of higher law, it abrogates all law! This is
+abolitionism, but all is not yet told. Be patient, reader, and perhaps
+before I bring this essay to a close, I shall succeed in disclosing
+its anti-christian and anti-republican tendencies; its seditious
+spirit; its self will, pride and contumacy; its duplicity and
+hypocrisy; its cruelties, horrors and woes.
+
+Should they succeed in dissolving the Union, what would they
+accomplish thereby? Would they by dissolving the Union emancipate a
+solitary slave in the South? No, not one. The South would then set up
+for itself, and the North for itself.
+
+We would then have a Southern confederacy, and a Northern confederacy;
+each separate and independent of the other. The North would then have
+no more control or influence over the South; nor yet the South over
+the North, than England has over America, or America over England. But
+what has now become of the institution of slavery in the South? There
+it is, just as it was, before the dissolution of the Union was
+accomplished. And the Northern portion of the Union has lost all her
+control--all her influence over the South; which influence, she might
+have exerted for the benefit of the slave, if the Union had not been
+dissolved, and her course towards the South had been kind,
+conciliatory and pacific. It is all very plain--so clear, that it
+requires but a little common sense to comprehend the whole matter. It
+is clear then--clear as the noon-day sun, that the object of the
+leaders of the abolition party is not the abolition of slavery.
+Office, is the god they worship. Elevation to office, and self
+aggrandizement, is their ultimate object. If they can strengthen their
+party, and agitate the subject of slavery, until they bring about a
+dissolution of the Union, then Hale will be president of the Northern
+confederacy, Julian, vice-president, and Giddings, I suppose, prime
+minister. Would not Joshua cut a sorry figure, in that high and
+responsible office! Prince John, I suppose, would be attorney general.
+The little magician, John's daddy, would be thrown overboard, for no
+party, I think, will ever trust him again.
+
+But only once let them get snugly fixed in their fat offices, and we
+shall then hear nothing more about Southern slavery from them, for the
+very good reason, that they care nothing about it. They have tried
+various expedients, and fallen upon various plans, in order to
+accomplish their diabolical purposes, but they have made the
+discovery, that either the whig, or the democratic party must be
+dissolved--annihilated; before they can possibly succeed. They base
+this conclusion on the supposition, that the fragments of the
+demolished party will unite with them. Well, one of the two great
+parties must be dissolved; but the democratic party being strong, and
+well organized, it was vain for them to expect aid from that quarter;
+but, it was otherwise with the whig party; and from this source they
+had reason to hope for aid. Hence, they labored hard in the recent
+presidential canvass, to defeat the whig nominee; believing that it
+was at least probable, that if General Scott was defeated, the whig
+party would in that event dissolve, and a large majority of the voters
+belonging to that party would fall into their ranks. If the whig party
+should hang together, and God grant they may, if for no other reason,
+to avert a calamity so awful, then are they again destined to meet
+with defeat and discomfiture, as heretofore. It is true that the whig
+party may not have entire confidence in their rivals, the democratic
+party; they may doubt the propriety of some of the measures advocated
+by them--the purity of the motives of some of their leaders. They may
+raise many objections to the democratic party, but I assure you, my
+whig friends, that there is more patriotism in Col. Benton's or Gen.
+Cass's little finger, as well as some others of the same party, whom I
+could name, than there is in every abolition politician on this
+continent. If you must leave your own party, I pray you go over to the
+democratic ranks, or else, stand neutral; but for God's sake, and for
+the sake of our common country, never be found in the abolition ranks.
+Keep clear of them--stand aloof--come not near them--have nothing to
+do with them. I am not advising the whig party to disband; on the
+contrary, I believe that the interests of the country will be
+subserved by their hanging together as a band of brothers. It is only
+on the supposition, that you must and will bolt, that I give you this
+advice.
+
+The formation and organization of parties must and will take place, in
+all governments; and under these circumstances, it becomes our duty to
+guard against those moral and political evils, which are generated or
+brought about by selfish or corrupt partisans. I think it probable,
+that the present organization of parties into whig and democratic, is
+the best and safest that we could have; and for this reason, I have no
+wish to see either party dissolved. I am well aware, that when party
+prejudices and prepossessions are carried to excess, a vast deal of
+evil may grow out of them; but keep party spirit within clue bounds,
+and parties exert a salutary influence on government.
+
+It is true, that such men as Hale, Julian and Giddings, would be
+likely to receive office from the hands of any party to which they
+might choose to attach themselves; but it is not less true, that
+ambitious men are rarely satisfied, unless there is a prospect of
+their reaching the pinnacle of fame. Elect such men to a State
+legislature, and they fix their eyes on the lower house of Congress,
+elect them to the lower house of Congress, and they fix their eyes on
+the United States Senate; elect them to the upper house of Congress,
+and they fix their eyes on the presidency; elect them to the
+presidency, and they are not yet satisfied--yea, they would then
+dethrone the Eternal, if possible.
+
+I will close my remarks for the present on abolitionism, with a
+summary of my leading objections to it. I am opposed to it, because it
+proposes to abolish slavery by any means, and at any cost, be the
+consequences what they may. Because it would abolish slavery at any
+cost, and at any hazard; though it plunges us into a thousand evils,
+infinitely worse than African slavery.
+
+I am opposed to the abolitionists, because they trample under foot the
+Constitution and laws of their country. The following sentiment is
+found in a report, offered to an abolition convention, recently in
+session, in Boston: "Anti-slavery shall sweep over the ruins of the
+Constitution and the Union, when a fairer edifice, than our lathers
+knew how to build, shall rise."
+
+I am opposed to them, because they have in some instances made
+attempts to foment insurrections, and to incite the slaves to
+indiscriminate murder and rapine.
+
+I am opposed to them, because they have decoyed away slaves from their
+masters, and have at the same time encouraged slaves to steal from
+their masters and others.
+
+I am opposed to them, because of their utter and notorious disregard
+of truth, in their representations of Southern slavery.
+
+I am opposed to them, because they reject the Bible, and profess to be
+under the guidance of a higher law. I was at a loss for some time to
+know from what source they derived their higher law; but looking over
+a Cincinnati paper a few days since, I read as follows: "The infidels
+celebrated the birth-day of Thomas Paine on the night," &c. A
+gentleman remarked, "that it was through the spread of Paine's
+opinions, that he expected to see the colored race elevated, and
+through this instrumentality alone." Vain hope!
+
+I am opposed to them, because their plans, so far from bringing about
+the abolition of slavery, will but rivet the chains on the slave, and
+bring disaster on both master and slave. Because it strews the paths
+of both master and slave with difficulties and dangers. Because their
+interference makes slaves more impertinent and unhappy, frequently
+subjecting them to harsh and cruel treatment.
+
+I am opposed to their theories and views, because they are illogical,
+and because so far as there is any truth in them, it is abstract
+truth, and not real truth, as modified by circumstances. Because they
+refuse to view things as they are, but rather as they should be, and
+are utterly reckless as to results and consequences.
+
+And finally, I am opposed to them, because there is no fairness,
+justice, truth, or righteousness in them. The following is from the
+Detroit Free Press; and I shall give it without comment. It is headed
+"THE MORALITY OF NEGRO-STEALING."
+
+  "A novice might suppose, in witnessing the chuckle of satisfaction
+  that has been noticeable among a certain class of people hereabouts
+  within a few days back, that stealing is a virtue, and that the
+  receiver of stolen goods is, _par excellence_, a model Christian.
+  And even a man of some experience in the world might doubt the
+  morality of the precept "to do unto others as ye would that others
+  should do unto you," in view of the effrontery and impudence of
+  those who regard negro stealing as a Christian duty.
+
+  "A paper in this city, which professes that the free soil party do
+  not aim to attack the institution of slavery in those states where
+  it exists, unblushingly published a few days since the proceedings
+  of a meeting of free negroes, held on the occasion of the arrival
+  here of a quantity of runaway negroes from some of the Southern
+  States. We say, unblushingly, because more than usual prominence
+  was given to the proceedings in its columns.
+
+  "Now, there is no difference, under the Constitution and laws,
+  between stealing negroes from Kentucky and stealing horses from
+  Kentucky. The Constitution of the United States and the laws of
+  Kentucky hold one not less criminal than the other; and a paper in
+  this city would be just precisely as justifiable in publishing the
+  proceedings of a horse stealing society as the proceedings of a
+  negro stealing society. There is not less guilt involved in the one
+  than the other.
+
+  "For our own part we are disposed to call things by their right
+  names. We believe that he who would be guilty of aiding and
+  abetting the escape of a negro from his master, would not hesitate
+  to steal any other property if he could do it with equal safety to
+  himself. The fact that slaveholding is a sin does not change the
+  nature of the offense, because the Bible doctrine of submission to
+  the powers that be, is a plain and unequivocal duty. Negro stealing
+  is as much a violation of the law of God as of the law of a
+  Southern State.
+
+  "But we have not much faith in the Christianity of those abolitionists
+  who steal negroes. And the receiver of stolen goods is equally
+  guilty with the thief. Tom Corwin was not far out of the way (and
+  it must be conceded that Mr. Corwin has had abundant opportunities
+  to know) when he declared that 'they (the abolitionists) are a
+  whining, canting, praying set of fellows who keep regular books of
+  debit and credit with the Almighty.' 'They will,' he says, 'lie and
+  cheat all the week, and pray off their sins on Sunday. If they
+  steal a negro, that makes a very large entry to their credit, and
+  will cover a multitude of peccadilloes and frauds. This kind of
+  entry they are always glad to make, because it costs them nothing.'
+  'But,' adds Mr. Corwin, and this is the severest cut of all, 'when
+  they cannot steal a negro they give something in charity for the
+  extension of the gospel, and then commence a system of fraud and
+  cheating, till they think they have balanced accounts with their God.'
+  For once we believe Mr. Corwin has told the truth."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+Would the condition of the slaves be ameliorated by emancipation,
+under existing circumstances; supposing they continue, either in the
+slave, or free States? This is a grave question, and so far as I am
+capable, I shall endeavor to give it a candid and impartial answer.
+Having resided both in slave and free States, I presume that I have
+had as good an opportunity of forming a correct opinion on the subject
+as most of others. It has long been my settled conviction, that the
+condition of the slaves in the United States, would be in no respect
+bettered by emancipation in their present condition, under existing
+circumstances; supposing that they continue residents of the United
+States. It is in my view, no longer problematical; for I consider it a
+settled question, that their condition would in no respect be improved
+by emancipation; but on the contrary, I contend, that the condition of
+the free negroes in both the slave and free States, is far worse than
+that of the Southern slave. I shall again appeal to historical
+facts--past experience--and universal observation. Throughout the
+slave States, ever since slavery has existed on this continent,
+conscientious and benevolent persons have, from time to time
+emancipated slaves; and that too, in many instances, under the most
+favorable circumstances. And what was the result? In nine cases out of
+ten, and I think it probable, that in ninety-nine out of a hundred,
+their conditions were evidently made worse thereby. This is an
+indisputable fact, well known throughout the South. I resided
+forty-four years in the slave States, and had as favorable
+opportunities as any man living, for forming correct opinions on the
+subject, and I do here most solemnly aver, that of the hundreds of
+manumitted slaves, that came under my immediate observation, few,
+comparatively very few, appeared to be benefited by the change. The
+condition of a large majority of the free blacks in Tennessee and
+Virginia, who fell under my observation, was deplorable, and farther
+South, I suppose, that it was still worse. I practiced medicine among
+them for twenty years, and conversed freely with them; in some
+instances on the subject of their emancipation, and they frequently
+admitted, that they were in a more comfortable condition while they
+were slaves.
+
+A majority of the slaves in the Southern States are professedly pious;
+the free negroes more rarely so. A majority of the slaves appear to be
+honest; a majority of the free blacks are petty thieves, drunkards,
+liars and gamblers. I have frequently known slaves set at liberty on
+account of their piety and other good qualities, and within a few
+years most of them would undergo a change for the worse--frequently,
+in fact, become vicious in the extreme. One instance I will here
+record. A gentleman in Western Virginia, by name Carter, held a slave,
+Absalom by name. Absalom became a member of the Methodist Episcopal
+Church. He began praying in public a short time after his admission
+into the church. Soon he was licensed to exhort, next to preach. All
+this occurred, I believe, within less than eighteen mouths. He was
+powerful in prayer, and eloquent in exhortation. No one doubted his
+piety. He was prospectively liberated by a will. Carter, however, told
+him verbally, about this time, that he had made provisions in his will
+for his liberation, and that henceforth he could go where he chose,
+and do as he pleased. That he was a free man. What was the
+consequence? It was not long before a young lady belonging to a
+respectable family, was delivered of a mulatto child. On being
+questioned as to the child's paternity, she stated that it was parson
+Absalom's. Those interested, immediately called on him, and he frankly
+confessed that he was the father of the child. Poor Absalom, he was
+promoted by the church, set at liberty by his master; caressed and
+eulogized by the white brethren--it was too much for him--he could not
+bear it--until finally, he was "lifted up with pride," and "fell into
+the condemnation of the devil." Then might the church mourn, "O
+Absalom, my son! how art thou fallen." This is not an isolated case;
+many similar ones fell under my observation, but I cannot stop here to
+record them. In the city of Knoxville, East Tennessee, where I last
+resided while in the South; there were several hundred free negroes,
+and I could readily distinguish a free negro from a slave when I met
+him in the street. The slaves, to use Southern parlance, looked fat,
+saucy, happy and contented, while the free blacks, with a few
+exceptions, had a miserable and dejected appearance. When slaves are
+liberated in the South they immediately become stupid, indolent and
+improvident, though they were previous to their liberation,
+industrious and economical. If previous to their liberation they were
+pious, they frequently become vicious; if temperate while slaves, they
+often become drunkards, after they obtain their freedom; if honest,
+thieves; if truthful, liars. There are exceptions, I admit, and they
+are but few exceptions. These are undeniable facts--melancholy
+truths--would to God that it had fallen to the lot of some one else to
+record them.
+
+I have endeavored, in the preceding pages, to show that the condition
+of the slaves of the South; so far from being improved; is made worse
+by emancipation under existing circumstances. Free negroes meet with
+but little sympathy in the South, and with still less in the North. A
+residence of a few years in the slave and also in the free States,
+will satisfy anyone of the truth of this remark. Free negroes are more
+odious to Northern than to Southern people. In all the varied and
+multifarious relations of social life, they are told to stand aside.
+Under no circumstances, social, civil or religious, can the white man
+and the African, meet on terms of equality and reciprocity. They are
+debarred from social intercourse with the whites. They are not
+suffered to become, so far as I know, members of any secret society,
+association or organization, whatever. Beside the white man at the
+hospitable board, they cannot, they dare not sit; and to a seat in the
+white man's parlor, and social converse, they dare not aspire. The
+carpet of the white man was not spread for them, and around his
+cheerful hearth, before his crackling fire, there is no place for
+them. They are not suffered to participate in any of the festivities
+or amusements of their more highly favored white brethren. If they are
+admitted into the same crowd, they must not commingle with the whites;
+they are required to stand to one side. If they are admitted into the
+same house, a separate apartment is assigned to them, and if to the
+same table, they are taught to wait in patience until the white man is
+satiated; and then to be content with the fragments and crumbs. If
+they enter the same church, a separate bench, or a separate apartment
+in the church is allotted to them; for beside the white man they dare
+not sit, while engaged in devotional exercises. The black man's
+children are not gathered together in the same school room, with the
+white man's. They are denied in free, as well as in slave States, the
+right of suffrage, or any participation, whatever, in civil affairs.
+All this is true of free, as well as slave States, with a few
+exceptions. The free negro in no respect betters his condition, by
+taking up his residence in a free State. In some respects it is made
+worse by the change. They are offcasts from society--loathed and
+despised, wherever they go. Nature has interposed an impassable
+barrier, between the white and the black man. It is not alone tho
+black skin, and the woolly hair of the African that render him so
+odious to the Anglo-Saxon. The two races are diverse, mentally and
+morally--in their social qualities, habits, tastes and feelings. I
+shall not stop here to draw a contrast in detail, but after a few
+remarks I shall pass on.
+
+The African differs from the Anglo-Saxon in his physical conformation,
+by his black skin, his curly hair, his flat nose and broad flat foot.
+Nor is he less distinctly marked by his mental characteristics.
+Content to repose on the bosom of his mother _terra firma_, he is not
+disturbed by dreams of honor, wealth or fame. He does not with the
+white man possess that towering ambition, that soars aloft in climes
+ethereal. There is with the African no motive to spur him to action;
+no incentive to the acquisition of wealth; no aspiration for power; no
+desire for honor or fame. Self reliance and enterprise, are the
+peculiar characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon race; on the contrary, the
+African in his native state, is content with his hut and his palm-leaf
+shade, and he is now what he was centuries ago; there is no
+improvement or change whatever. The African under no circumstances, in
+any part of the habitable globe, has ever attained a high degree of
+civilization. "For centuries on centuries, Africa has remained
+stationary, and at the very lowest stage of civilization, but one
+remove indeed above brutishness." "Back to that merely animal
+existence too, the Jamaica blacks are fast retrograding." The African
+is constitutionally indolent and improvident. Work he will not, so far
+as he is able to avoid it, nor will he economize what falls into his
+hands, I do them no injustice. I appeal to facts. Look at the
+condition of the free negroes, North and South! Look at Africa--behold
+the African race the world over, and then tell me from whence come
+their universal poverty, ignorance and degradation. The African
+possesses none of that sensitiveness--that acuteness of
+sensibility--that delicacy and refinement of taste, which characterize
+the white race. There is with the African a predominance of the animal
+propensities, and with him, their gratification, constitutes the sum
+total of life and all its enjoyments. He knows no other enjoyment, he
+has no higher object, or aim. It is therefore, very clear, that
+abolitionists are contending for an impracticability; that the two
+races cannot amalgamate and become one people, and enjoy equal rights
+and privileges; that they cannot live together on terms of perfect
+equality. The white man has the pre-eminence; it is the gift of God;
+and the African is doomed to servitude, until he is removed beyond the
+white man's reach. The African is not fully prepared for the enjoyment
+of liberty. Hence, the universal emancipation of the race, supposing
+that they were colonized, would be very likely to throw them back into
+their original barbarism; and the idea of liberating the entire slave
+population of the Southern States, and letting them loose upon us, is
+so ridiculous, that it scarcely deserves notice. It would be to us as
+a moral pestilence; a plague, far worse than all the plagues of Egypt!
+Yes, far worse, than frogs and lice, and locusts, and flies, and
+murrain of beasts, and biles on man, and darkness all combined. Free
+negroes would then deluge the great Northern cities. It would be as
+tornadoes and volcanoes let loose upon us. Our country is already
+deluged with as many vagrants, as she is able to jog along with.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+I consider slavery an evil, an individual evil, a national calamity;
+but I believe that the evil falls more heavily on the master, than on
+the slave. In order to understand this subject correctly, we must
+contemplate the African in his native ignorance and destitution; his
+brutal barbarism and his savage ferocity. We need but contrast the
+African in his original state, with the well housed, well clothed, and
+well fed slave of the United States. I am well aware, that an
+objection will be urged against this view of the subject, on the
+ground, that when brought to this country they were deprived of their
+liberty; and this with some persons is proof positive, that their
+individual happiness was curtailed thereby. The argument then resolves
+itself into this; is the happiness of individuals, under all
+circumstances, diminished by depriving them of their liberty? I have
+already attempted to prove, that the happiness of slaves in this
+country is diminished by attempting to restore them to liberty, and I
+may again recur to this subject before I close this essay. For this
+reason, I shall waive, at the present time, the refutation of what I
+conceive a gross error, unless the objector is satisfied with a few
+general remarks on the subject. I assert, without fear of successful
+contradiction, that neither the happiness of individuals, nor yet of
+nations, is always augmented by what is sometimes falsely called
+liberty. It depends wholly on the virtue and intelligence of
+individuals, and nations, as to whether liberty or servitude will
+conduce to their happiness and general welfare. We have no doubt, that
+the condition of the Mexican Republic would be greatly bettered at
+this time, by placing over them, a humane and politic king. Whoever is
+incompetent to take care of himself, is fortunate indeed, when he
+finds a competent individual, who, will perform that office for him.
+Show me a nation who are so debased by vice and ignorance, that they
+are incapable of self-government, and you show me a nation who ought
+to be ruled by a king or an emperor. Show me an individual, who is
+incompetent to provide for, and take care of himself, and you show me
+an individual whose happiness would be augmented by subjecting him to
+a humane man. Abolitionists, propagandists, and filibusters, would do
+well to bear these facts in mind. Servitude is sometimes a grievous
+calamity to the unfortunate slave, for the cruelty and brutality of
+some masters, better entitle them to the appellation of demons than
+men. There are, and ever have been, and ever will be such, but I am
+happy to believe, that there are comparatively few such monsters among
+the slaveholders at the present time. I am well aware that but few
+masters, in the treatment of their slaves, have complied with the
+requisitions of Divine revelation, but cruelty to slaves is by no
+means common among slaveholders at the present time.
+
+I have said that I regarded the evils of slavery as falling most
+heavily on the slaveholders; in other words, on the white population.
+Slavery begets idleness; idleness begets vice; and vice plunges
+individuals into-wretchedness, degradation and infamy. In some of the
+slave States, the slaves perform most of the labor, consequently
+children are brought up in idleness. The inevitable consequence is,
+that a large majority of them, long before they arrive to adult age,
+are deplorably vicious. It is in the extreme Southern States, that
+this evil is most apparent.
+
+The demoralizing influence of slavery is not so great in Tennessee,
+Kentucky, Missouri, and Western Virginia. The evil falls mostly on the
+male population; females not being exposed to the same temptations.
+
+The boy is let loose at an early age, and runs into all manner of
+excesses; not so with the girl; for from childhood to adult age, she
+is ever under the eye of her mother; and I do not suppose, that for
+intelligence, beauty and refinement, the world can produce a set of
+females superior to the Southern ladies; though, the manner in which
+they are brought up, their habits and modes of life, too often
+incapacitate them for the active duties incumbent on mothers.
+
+It has been stated as one of the effects of slavery, that it renders
+men proud, haughty and tyrannical. There may be some truth in the
+remark, but I am well satisfied, that there is not so much as some
+suppose. In contrasting the character of the white population in the
+slave and free states, it is somewhat difficult to ascertain the
+precise influence of the institution of slavery, in moulding and
+shaping Southern character. We must, in an investigation of the
+subject, take into consideration the influence of climate North and
+South, and various other influences less obvious, though not less
+certain to leave their impress on human character. I have neither
+time, nor space, for a thorough examination of the subject, and must,
+therefore, after stating some facts, leave the reader to arrive at his
+own conclusions. Southern people are proverbially liberal and
+hospitable. No Southerner can fail, after a short residence in the
+North, to observe opposite traits of character in Northern people; and
+the Southerner, after emigrating to the North, is soon forced, in self
+defence, or rather prompted by the laws of self preservation, to close
+up the avenues of his liberality, and assume an attitude, or rather
+take a position in society, unknown to him while a resident of a
+Southern clime. The liberality of Southern people too often leads them
+into recklessness in the management of their pecuniary transactions,
+which frequently results in embarrassment and ruin. A Southerner to
+his friend, never says _no_. He promptly and cheerfully complies with
+his request, and, truly, the giver, if not more "blessed," appears to
+be more happy than the receiver. Whatever they do, they seem to do it
+cheerfully. They act as if they esteemed it a singular favor, to have
+it in their power to relieve a friend. A Southern man will part with
+his last dime to aid a friend, though, he may be forced, in less than
+twenty four hours, to borrow money himself. I long lived among them,
+embarrassed by a series of unprecedented misfortunes, and their
+generosity I shall never forget. I shall carry the recollection of it
+to my grave; it will, no doubt, soothe me on my dying bed. Dear
+friends of the sunny South, in an evil hour I was separated from you,
+and what I have suffered since both in body and mind, God only knows.
+Ah! I could tell a _tale_, but I forbear. There is a marked contrast
+in the manner in which strangers are treated North and South. Every
+stranger in the South is presumed to be an honest man, until he proves
+himself to be a rogue. Every stranger in the North, is presumed to be
+a rogue, until he proves himself an honest man. Another Southern
+peculiarity is, that no one can attack the character of another,
+without incurring the risk of loosing his life. The slanderer in the
+South is an outlaw, and the injured party incurs but little more risk
+in stabbing, or shooting him, than he would in shooting a mad dog; for
+public opinion justifies the deed, and a jury of his fellow citizens
+will acquit him. This is literally and emphatically true, if the
+female is the injured party. In the latter case, any relation or
+friend is at liberty, to silence forever the tongue of the slanderer.
+If he that slanders a female is in danger, he that seduces her runs a
+risk tenfold. A few days previous to my leaving the city of Knoxville,
+Tenn., an old man, by name M., walked into the court-house, (court in
+session) and deliberately shot down a gentleman, by name N. He lived
+after the discharge of thirty-six buckshot into his body, but a few
+minutes. N. was an official character, and one of the most popular men
+in the county, and though I remained in the city but a few days after
+the perpetration of the atrocious act, I discovered that nine-tenths
+of the community justified him in the horrible deed. It was not long
+before I received information, that the murderer of N. was acquitted.
+The crime of N. was seduction. Similar occurrences are frequent in the
+South.
+
+Swearing, gambling and drunkenness, are the most common vices among
+Southern men; and slander, detraction, and a species of low detestable
+swindling in business transactions, are the vices most obvious in the
+North. The better part of Southern society are regulated and
+controlled, to a great extent, by certain laws of honor and rules of
+social etiquette. A Southerner is more likely to inquire, is it
+honorable or dishonorable, than is it morally right or wrong? They
+rigidly observe those rules and regulations which govern society, in
+their social intercourse. I will close this chapter with some remarks
+on slave labor; its effects on the agricultural interests of the
+South, &c.
+
+It is a trite remark that slave labor is unproductive, when compared
+with labor performed by free white citizens; and that the agricultural
+interests of the country have suffered by the introduction of slave
+labor, &c.
+
+The fact is admitted by all, but the reason is not very clear to every
+one. Many cannot comprehend, why it is, that the farmer who pays his
+laborers nothing, should be less prosperous than his neighbor, who
+pays his laborers from ten to fifteen dollars per month. The idea that
+those who work slaves, pay nothing for their labor; or in other words,
+that slave labor costs a man nothing, is incorrect. If a farmer breeds
+and raises slaves, it is at a cost of at least a thousand dollars per
+slave. If he purchases a slave with his money, the slave frequently
+costs him one thousand dollars. If we suppose his money worth ten per
+cent interest, per annum, the amount of the interest on the purchase
+money, is one hundred dollars per annum. Here is eight dollars and
+thirty-three and one-third cents per month, that the farmer is paying
+for labor. To this add fifty dollars per annum for clothing, viz.,
+four dollars and sixteen and two-third cents per month; making an
+aggregate of twelve dollars and fifty cents per month, that the farmer
+expends for slave labor. During a residence of forty four years in the
+South, I never knew the time when white laborers could not be procured
+for that amount, and frequently for less. To this we may fairly add at
+least twenty-five per cent for loss of time by sickness, loss of slave
+property by death, physician's bills, &c., so that we may put down
+slave labor at fifteen dollars per month. Fifty per cent more, than
+white labor ordinarily costs in the slave states. This is a fair
+statement of the case. But the disadvantages of slave labor do not
+stop here. As a general rule, land cultivated by white laborers, will
+produce from twenty-five to fifty per cent more than land cultivated
+by slave labor. This is owing to the careless, slovenly manner in
+which slave labor is performed. To this we may add the destruction of
+farming utensils and implements of husbandry, over and above what
+occurs in the hands of white laborers; and also the injury inflicted
+on horses, mules and oxen; the loss of stock for the want of proper
+attention, regular feeding, &c.
+
+None can comprehend the force of my remarks so well, as the practical
+farmer. Well does he understand the vast expense incurred, and the
+loss that is sustained, by the careless and reckless wear and tear,
+and destruction of farming utensils and machinery--the improper
+treatment of horses--inattention to hogs, cattle, &c. Slaves are
+remarkable for their listlessness and indolence, and the little
+interest they manifest in anything. Many of them perform their round
+of labor with as little apparent concern or interest, as the horses or
+mules which they drive before them. There are, I admit, exceptions,
+but as a general rule, my remarks hold good. I never owned a negro,
+but I frequently employed them as cooks, washerwoman, &c., and many
+years observation satisfied me, that as a general rule, that when left
+to themselves, they consumed, or rather wasted, one-third more
+precisions than would have sufficed for my family under the management
+and supervision of an economical white woman.
+
+It is a notorious fact, well known to every one who has had
+opportunities of making observations, that in those parts of the
+United States where the operations of farming have been confided
+mostly to slaves, the lands are exhausted of their fertility and have
+become barren and unproductive. Some lands are now in this condition,
+which were originally the finest in the United States. Eastern
+Virginia is a good sample of the effects of slave labor on the
+fertility of lands. This all results from the ignorance, carelessness
+and inattention of those to whom the operations of farming are
+confided. All soils are capable of improvement by judicious culture,
+and the interests of farmers, individually and collectively, as well
+as the interest of every American citizen, requires at their hands to
+so cultivate their lands as to augment their fertility; and not solely
+with a view to their present productiveness. It is a duty incumbent on
+them as good citizens; a duty they owe to themselves; to their
+posterity; to the nation; to the world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+There is yet another evil growing out of slavery which I must notice
+before I bring my remarks to a close on this topic. I allude to the
+degraded condition of a portion of the white population in the slave
+States. There are, throughout the slave States, a class of the white
+population who are so debased by ignorance and vice, that the slaves
+are in many respects their superiors. They are about on a par with the
+free negroes. About the larger cities in the North, a similar class
+may be found, a majority of whom are free negroes and foreigners. The
+poverty, vice, ignorance and degradation of this class of persons, in
+the South, is a sore evil, and demands the attention of every
+Christian philanthropist in the Southern States. This, I conceive, has
+originated partly from the competition of slave and free labor, but
+mainly, I presume, from the association of this class with the African
+population. There are other agencies, no doubt, which have contributed
+to debase and brutalize this class of the white population, but I
+judge, that the causes above indicated, are the principal ones. Some
+will, no doubt, attribute this in part to the disparity between the
+lower classes in the South, and what they choose to term the
+slaveholding aristocracy. They will contend, that the vast difference
+between the higher and lower classes in the South, results in the
+deterioration of the latter. There is some plausibility in the
+argument, and it may be that there is some truth in it, but such
+individuals have forgotten that the same agency is in active operation
+in the free as well as the slave States. I am aware that men of wealth
+do not feel themselves under any obligation to associate with their
+less fortunate neighbors, the world over. It is one of the
+characteristics of human nature. But men of wealth in the Southern
+part of the United States, are not more haughty, distant and
+overbearing, than the same class in other parts of the Union. On the
+contrary, there is an urbanity about Southern slaveholders, that
+enables the lower classes to approach them with less embarrassment
+than they feel when they attempt to approach the frigid, stiff, and
+less polite Northerner. Gentlemen and ladies, in the Southern part of
+the United States, are accustomed to treat every one that approaches
+them, rich or poor, with a degree of civility and courteous ease, that
+is unknown among the same class in any other part of the civilized
+world. Their blandness and kindness cannot fail to make the poor man
+feel happier and better. If he is forced to approach them for the
+purpose of soliciting aid, he is seldom turned away empty. They are
+universally liberal and hospitable. Having practiced medicine among
+them twenty years, I have no recollection of a solitary instance in
+which any of them made a long face, when I made out a long bill for
+services. I will here relate some anecdotes which will serve to
+illustrate Southern character. Being pressed at a certain time for two
+hundred dollars, and not having time at my disposal to collect it, and
+having rendered important services for a wealthy citizen near the town
+in which I resided; I seated myself at my table, with an intention of
+making out a bill against him that would liquidate the claim against
+myself. With considerable difficulty, I at length screwed up the bill
+to two hundred dollars, and off I posted to his house. I found him at
+home and presented the bill; not without some misgivings, that
+perchance he might take exceptions to the amount charged for services.
+But I was disappointed, for after looking over the bill a few moments,
+he remarked, "why sir, you have not charged me half enough; you ought
+to have charged me five hundred dollars." He paid the bill, made me a
+present of fifty dollars, and told me that if I needed money at any
+time to "call and get it." At another time I was employed by a
+gentleman to attend his son, who had been, for several years previous
+to that time, subject to epileptic attacks. The fee, per visit, was
+stipulated at the outset, and I was paid for each visit before leaving
+the house, according to contract. I attended the young gentleman near
+two years, and during the time was pressed for money and borrowed one
+hundred dollars of the old gentleman, and executed my note for that
+amount. Some years after I had dismissed my patient, I called for my
+note, and presented the amount, principal and interest. The gentleman
+handed me the note, but refused to receive the money, and when I
+pressed him to take it, he replied, "No sir, I shall not receive the
+money, I always intended to give it to you, provided that you cured my
+son, and I presume he is well."
+
+On a bright sunny morning, when a boy, I was seated on a rock watching
+a flock of lambs, that were frisking and skipping about in a meadow.
+An old lady by name S., and a gentleman by name M., met within a few
+yards from where I sat. After the usual salutations; "Well, Mrs. S.,"
+said the gentleman, "I understand that you have sustained a heavy loss
+by fire." "Yes," replied Mrs. S. "Well I am very sorry to hear it, and
+I intend to send you a wagon load of provisions, &c., shortly." "I
+thank you Mr. M., but don't trouble yourself about the matter, for we
+have already received twice as much as we lost by the fire." I will
+relate yet another.
+
+A wealthy gentleman being informed that a poor Irish widow in his
+neighborhood was likely to suffer for provisions; went immediately to
+her cabin in order to ascertain her condition. When about taking his
+leave, he remarked to the widow, "if she would send over, she could
+have some Irish potatoes, and any other articles of food that her
+family needed."
+
+"Bless your dear soul," replied the widow, "when you undertake to do a
+good and charitable deed, and sarve the Lord Jasus, if you expect a
+blessing on your soul, don't half do the thing, and leave a poor widow
+to do the other half. Go home and send the potatoes, and send some
+meat to cook with the potatoes, and send meal to make bread, to eat
+with the meat; and then may ye expect a blessing on yer soul." The
+gentleman returned home and complied with her request.
+
+Whatever the faults of Southern slaveholders may be, and they are
+many, these are redeeming traits in their characters; nor are they so
+devoid of sympathy for their slaves, as is generally supposed in the
+North. I know that they are represented by a certain class in the
+North, as a set of tyrants, ruling their slaves with a rod of iron.
+All such representations are untrue, for a majority of them seldom
+correct an adult slave with the rod, except as a punishment for some
+flagitious crime, for which a white man would be fined or imprisoned,
+or else, confined in the State penitentiary.
+
+Go to the field, and there you will find the aged slave and his
+master, busily engaged in the same employment; listen to their kind
+and familiar converse. Direct your steps from thence to the parlor,
+and there behold the aged house-woman and her mistress, seated side by
+side. Listen to the soothing and affectionate tones of this amiable
+lady, and behold the happy, joyful countenance, of this aged African.
+Cast your eyes around the splendid mansion, and behold the
+indiscriminate groups of white and black children, chattering,
+skipping, jumping, wrestling or rolling over the fine Turkey carpet.
+If freedom was tendered to these aged slaves, what think you, would
+they accept it? No, they would spurn the offer with indignation. They
+are happier than their masters or mistresses, and they well know it.
+They are provided for; partake of the same food, while they are exempt
+from the cares which perplex and embarrass, and too often embitter the
+lives of those who have charge of families. A large majority of the
+slaves in the Southern States are contented and happy. This will
+appear to many, no doubt, improbable. Nevertheless, it is true. If
+African character was generally better understood, it would silence
+much of that clamor and agitation of the subject, which is so annoying
+to all patriotic, peaceable and good citizens. The African desires but
+little, and aspires to but little; consequently it requires but little
+to render, him happy. Happiness consists in the gratification of our
+appetites, passions and propensities. Those of the African, occupy but
+a small space; therefore but little is necessary to satisfy him. On
+the contrary; the appetites, passions and propensities of the
+Anglo-Saxon are boundless; therefore, much is requisite for their
+happiness, or otherwise to satisfy them. For this reason, an
+individual may be miserable, though he possess all the comforts and
+luxuries that the world can afford; and he may be happy with a bare
+sufficiency of coarse food and coarse clothing. He that is satisfied
+with what he has, is happy; be it little or much. Slaves, as a general
+rule, are happy in a state of servitude, because in a state of
+servitude they have all that they desire--all to which they aspire.
+Hence the evils of slavery, so far as the slave is concerned, are more
+in appearance than reality, because the African is happy under
+circumstances, in which an Anglo-Saxon would be miserable.
+
+In the present condition of the African race they are happier as
+slaves, than they would be as free men, because they are incapable of
+providing for themselves, and are therefore incompetent to enjoy the
+rights and privileges of free men.
+
+I could fill a volume with anecdotes, which ought to make those who
+vilify and traduce slaveholders blush for shame; but I have neither
+time nor space at present. I will, however, relate one and pass on. I
+visited professionally, many years ago, an aged infidel. A more
+benevolent man I have seldom seen. Humanity appeared to be a
+constituent element in his composition, and kindness an innate
+principle of his heart. In one corner of the yard, in a log cabin,
+lived a pious old slave with his family. It was the custom of the old
+slave to pray in his family every night before retiring to bed. Old
+massa was never forgotten in his prayers. He never failed to present
+him before a throne of grace. The old infidel never doubted the
+sincerity of his slave, nor yet the purity of his motives, though he
+sincerely believed that it was all delusion. He had listened for many
+years to the prayers of this slave, and could distinctly hear the
+slave pray for "old massa." Some years after my first visit to this
+worthy old gentleman, he was suddenly taken very ill. I was again
+summoned to his aid. All my efforts availed nothing; he must die. All
+hopes of his recovery were abandoned. Then did the prayers of the poor
+old slave become long and loud. "Massa must die, and must he die
+unprepared? O Lord, spare him--O Lord, convert him--O Lord, save him,"
+was the prayer of the slave. While the slave was praying an arrow
+pierced the infidels heart, and he cried aloud for mercy. The slave
+was invited into the house, and he knelt at the bed-side of his dying
+master, and there petitioned a throne of grace in his behalf. The old
+infidel made a profession of religion, and shortly afterwards died
+happy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+There is another point of view, in which slavery must be viewed by
+every patriot, as a national curse. I allude to the agitation and
+sectional hatred, which it engenders. This is a grievous misfortune.
+It is folly to attempt to conceal the fact, that it has originated
+sectional jealousy and prejudice, which endangers the perpetuity of
+the Union. This is a serious view of the subject, and it demands the
+sober consideration of every friend of this glorious Union. _The Union
+must be preserved_; should be the motto of every one who has a spark
+of patriotism in his breast. All those questions of national policy,
+which have separated the great political parties in this country, when
+compared with this great question, sink into utter insignificance.
+Whatever endangers the perpetuity of this Union, demands the attention
+of every friend of his country; every man who is worthy the name of an
+American citizen. It calls loudly for prompt and effectual action, to
+avert the calamitous catastrophe. _God save the Union_, should be the
+prayer of every Christian. This petition, should begin and end their
+devotional exercises. _God save the Union_, should be the first lesson
+taught to the child in the cradle; and from infancy to old age, the
+reverential aspirations of our hearts should ascend to him who holds
+the destinies of nations in his hands; to save and bless our common
+country.
+
+    From morn till eve, our hearts should breathe,
+    Father of mercies, God of love preserve--
+    Oh! preserve, our blood bought liberties;
+    Preserve them unalloyed, unimpaired While time shall last.
+
+If we all could be animated by this spirit, then would peace,
+prosperity and good will, abound more and more, throughout the length
+and breadth of our land. Bound together by cords of love; as a band of
+brothers; we should know "no North, no South;" the prime object of all
+would then be, the prosperity and preservation of our common country.
+We are the conservators of liberty. We hold it as a trust, and the
+oppressed of all nations expect here to find a refuge from tyranny;
+and here they may find it, so long as we preserve our Federal Union
+unimpaired.
+
+But unfortunately for us, ambitious demagogues have seized upon the
+subject of slavery, and are convulsing the country from one end to the
+other. Slavery is the demagogue's hobby, and he mounts it, raises his
+hat, kicks and spurs, as if the salvation of the universe was
+suspended on his elevation, to some petty, insignificant office.
+Slavery is to us, as a great subterraneous fire, which is ever ready
+to burst upon us with volcanic violence, deluging our country with
+boiling lava, red hot stones, smoke and flames; carrying devastation,
+death and destruction in its train. But the subject will be agitated,
+more or less, and unless the people of this country become better
+informed on this subject, and peaceably adopt some practicable means
+for its final extirpation; sooner or later the Union will be
+endangered thereby. The North should cease to vex the South, and the
+South should cease to vex the North, and patriotic men North and
+South, should devise some means, by which the end might be
+accomplished at some future day. The question now presents itself to
+every friend of humanity--to every philanthropist; is there no remedy
+for these evils, or must we groan under their pestilential influence
+forever?
+
+I know that the subject of slavery is a perplexing question, and that
+its abolition will be attended with dangers and difficulties, take what
+course we may; but shall we for that reason, fold our arms, sit still
+and do nothing? Or else flee from its hydra-headed ghost in dismay? No,
+my friends and fellow citizens; to those who put their trust in God,
+and have the wisdom to plan, and the will to work, all things are
+possible. It is, however, folly for us to flatter ourselves, that
+slavery can be extirpated in the United States in a short time. It will
+require time and patience to attain an object, so desirable. Hasty and
+inconsiderate action will be likely to prove abortive, and result in no
+good to either master or slave; if not in irretrievable ruin to both.
+We should avoid everything in word or deed, which has a tendency to
+irritate the South and arouse them to resistance. Abolitionists by
+their low abuse and vile misrepresentations, have done everything in
+their power to excite and irritate them; hence, there is an impassable
+gulf between them and Southern men. We should beware lest we fall into
+the same error. The course of the North towards the South, should be
+kind and conciliatory. We should consult her interests, and appeal to
+her patriotism, and thus may the North and South as a band of brothers,
+heartily co-operate in the great and glorious work, of restoring
+liberty to the enslaved Africans, and of enlightening their minds and
+thereby qualifying them for the enjoyment of freedom. What patriot,
+what philanthropist, does not respond a hearty Amen? Not one. Show me
+the man who says no, and you show me a man in whose bosom a patriotic,
+or philanthropic sentiment never found a resting place--a man who is an
+entire stranger to every sentiment of humanity--to every tender and
+sympathetic emotion of the soul--to all the kindlier and better
+feelings of our nature.
+
+I have in the preceding pages endeavored to show, that the visionary
+schemes of abolitionists can never accomplish anything for the slave;
+but that they are on the contrary, potent for evil, and powerless for
+good. It is therefore incumbent on me to reply to the interrogatory,
+what can be done? By what means can slavery be abolished in the United
+States? Is it practicable? Yes; it can be done; and the only means by
+which it can be accomplished, is by colonization. There is no other
+safe and practicable method, or way, by which slavery can be abolished
+in the United States. It is probable that an objector will point to
+the African colonization society, and ask, what has it accomplished
+towards the abolition of slavery? But little, I admit. The reason is
+obvious. It grows out of the immense distance of Africa from the
+United States and the vast difficulties, and expenditures, consequent
+upon the transportation of free blacks from the United States, to the
+colony in Africa, and also the unwillingness of a majority of the free
+blacks to leave this country, or at least, to be transported to
+Africa.
+
+Those philanthropists, who originated the African colonization
+society, had another object in view. Their prime object was, the
+regeneration of Africa; and in this they will probably succeed. We
+must colonize the free blacks nearer home. We must have territory set
+apart for that purpose, somewhere on this continent; if we expect to
+accomplish anything toward the abolition of slavery by colonization.
+Slaveholders must get their eyes open. They must have light on the
+subject. They must become satisfied that it is not only their duty,
+but their interest, to prepare and qualify the rising generation of
+slaves for the enjoyment of freedom. Slaves must be educated and
+enlightened before they are liberated.
+
+We of the North must approach our Southern brethren in a spirit of
+kindness, conciliation and concession; and talk to them as brothers,
+and not denounce and stigmatize them as murderers, rogues, rascals,
+slave-catchers and kidnappers. We have mistaken Southern men and
+Southern character.
+
+We may lead Southern men, but we cannot drive them. We must treat them
+as gentlemen; we must approach them as friends, holding the olive
+branch of peace in our hands, and treat them with that civility,
+kindness and condescension, to which they are accustomed, and to which
+they think themselves entitled. Don't talk to Southern men about
+liberating slaves, until some provision is made for manumitted
+slaves--an asylum provided where they can quietly repose in peace, and
+enjoy the blessings of freedom. Don't urge them to liberate their
+slaves, when both the condition of the master and the slave is made
+worse thereby. 'Tis folly--'tis sheer nonsense; and well informed men
+ought to be ashamed thus to conduct themselves. If you know anything,
+you ought to know better; and if you know nothing, you ought to say
+nothing, until you are better informed. Congress should be
+memorialized in every town, city, and village in the United States, to
+set apart territory for the colonization of free blacks. It should be
+done speedily. It matters not what it might cost this government, it
+should be done. Talk not of dollars and cents. Mountains of gold are
+lighter than a feather, if thrown into the balance against a cause
+which disturbs the peace, and endangers the perpetuity of this Union.
+Territory should be secured and set apart, near the Southern border of
+the United States. I repeat that it should be done speedily. Humanity
+and justice demand it at our hands. What can the free blacks do? Where
+can they go? They will soon be legislated out of the free states, and
+their condition in the slave states, must necessarily be one of
+wretchedness and degradation. Reader, what say you to the above
+proposition? It is offered for your sober and prayerful consideration.
+Does it commend itself to your judgment? Is it safe? Is it
+practicable? Is it suitable, proper and right? Consult that inward
+monitor conscience. Ask him if all is right; if all is well within
+you? Ask him if something should not be done for the African.
+
+Thousands of slaveholders at this time would cheerfully liberate their
+slaves, if they could be removed beyond the limits of the United
+States, and provision made for them, that would conduce to their
+peace, happiness, and well being. Knowing, as I do, the feelings and
+views of Southern men; I here confidently assert, that if our national
+legislature will colonize the free blacks somewhere on this continent,
+contiguous to the Southern border of the United States, and make
+suitable provision for them; in less than twenty years from this time,
+at least one fourth of the slaves, now in bondage in the United
+States, will be manumitted and colonized. Don't talk to us about
+colonizing the free blacks in Africa; it can't be done; it never will
+be done; the majority of them are unwilling to go to Africa. They
+prefer bondage in the United States, to transportation to Africa,
+During my residence in the States of Virginia and Tennessee, I had
+knowledge of several instances, in which masters proposed to liberate
+slaves, provided they were willing to be removed to the colony in
+Africa, and in most cases they refused, declaring that they preferred
+bondage in the United States to a removal to Africa. I interrogated at
+different times hundreds of slaves, old and young, male and female, as
+to whether they would consent to a removal to Africa; provided their
+masters would liberate them, and in at least, nine cases out of ten,
+they would promptly and emphatically answer, No; they would not go to
+Africa--they would rather continue slaves--they would rather die, &c.
+
+Make provision then for liberated slaves, and cease, oh! cease, ye
+fanatics and fools, to agitate the country by your clamor; and then
+shall we behold the noble and generous sons and daughters of Kentucky
+and Tennessee, conferring the boon of freedom on the African race,
+within their borders. Missouri and Maryland will soon follow their
+example; nor will North Carolina and Virginia long lag behind; South
+Carolina will straggle long and hard, but she must ultimately yield;
+and the soft zephyr of freedom will then fan the fair fields of
+Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas; Louisiana will feel its refreshing
+influence; and the Lone Star, (Texas), cannot long stand alone, in her
+opposition, to the rights of man, and the impulsive calls of humanity.
+The shades of Washington and Clay will then hover over the states of
+Virginia and Kentucky, and around them will cluster, a convoy of
+angels, and the spirits of the fathers of American freedom; all
+watching with intense interest the great and godlike movement.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+I shall now proceed to show, that the holding of slaves is not
+necessarily sinful under all circumstances; or in other words, that
+the relation of master and slave is not, under all circumstances,
+inconsistent with, or in opposition to the revealed will of God. In
+the discussion of this question it will be necessary, first to glance
+at the origin and history of African slavery. I am apprised of the
+difficulties which I shall encounter in the investigation of this
+subject; and I am by no means blind, or insensible to my own
+incompetency; but I set out with the determination to look the subject
+of slavery full in the face, and fearlessly to express my opinions,
+regardless of consequences; at least so far as my own personal ease,
+interest, or reputation is involved; I shall, therefore, take the
+responsibility of openly expressing such opinions and views, as I
+conceive to be in accordance with the Holy Bible, and leave
+consequences to a just, wise and righteous God. To Him, and to Him
+alone, am I responsible for what I write.
+
+God in his infinite benevolence and wisdom, and for the manifestation
+of his own glory, created man in his own image, and placed him in the
+garden of Eden, holy and happy. And he commanded him, "of every tree
+of the garden thou mayest freely eat; but of the tree of knowledge of
+good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou
+eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." Adam disobeyed the high mandate
+of heaven; he ate of the forbidden fruit, and thus he fell by
+transgression from his high and holy estate. He was our federal head;
+and he fell not alone, for on all his posterity fell the withering
+curse of Almighty God. "Curst is the ground for thy sake." "Thorns and
+thistles shall it bring forth unto thee." "In the sweat of thy face,
+shalt thou eat thy bread, till thou return unto the ground:--for dust
+thou art and unto dust shalt thou return." The posterity of Adam soon
+forgot God. Gross wickedness soon covered the earth. Vile and
+depraved, the descendants of Adam went forth, perpetrating every act
+of wickedness, every abomination that the heart of man could devise.
+The world was soon filled with brutality, lust, and violence. "And God
+looked down upon the earth and behold it was corrupt." "And God said
+unto Noah, the end of all flesh is come before me." "And behold I,
+even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all
+flesh." Righteous Noah and his wife, and his son's and his son's wives
+were preserved in the ark; "and the winds blew, and the rains
+descended and the floods came;" "and all flesh died that moved upon
+earth;" and God said unto Noah, "go forth of the ark, thou and thy
+wife, and thy sons, and thy son's wives with thee." And God said unto
+Noah, "be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth."
+
+The sons of Noah were Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and Ham was the father
+of Canaan. And Noah drank wine and was drunken; and he was uncovered
+within his tent; and Ham saw the nakedness of his father and told his
+two brethren, Shem and Japheth; and they took a garment and covered
+their father, without beholding his nakedness; "And Noah awoke from
+his wine," and after being correctly informed as to the conduct of his
+sons while he was intoxicated, "He said, cursed be Canaan; a servant
+of servants shall he be unto his brethren."
+
+We learn from the Sacred Record, that the curse of slavery fell on the
+posterity of Ham in consequence of his dishonoring his aged father.
+Every Bible reader must have noted the severe punishment of children,
+under the Mosaic dispensation, for disobedience and disrespect to
+parents. It appears to have been classed amongst the worst of crimes,
+and death was the penalty. "Cursed be he," (said Moses on Mount Ebal,)
+"that setteth light by his father or his mother." "Every one that
+curseth father or mother, shall die the death." The children of Israel
+were commanded to "stone a stubborn or rebellious son to death." "Honor
+thy father and thy mother, that thy days maybe long in the land, which
+the Lord thy God giveth thee," is one of the commands which was
+delivered to Moses on Mount Sinai. Here is a command with a promise of
+long life annexed to it on condition of obedience, and it is but a
+fair inference, that those who disobey the command, will be cut off in
+the prime of life. It appears that the punishment for disobedience to
+parents, is the same under the gospel dispensation; for St. Paul says;
+"Honor thy father and thy mother, that it may be well with thee, and
+that thou mayest live long upon the earth." The language of Moses and
+St. Paul suggests some solemn reflections, and I entreat my juvenile
+readers to observe well the language; it is the voice of God that
+speaks. Beware, lest you are brought to an untimely end, and the curse
+of a sin-avenging God falls upon you. I cannot dwell on this subject,
+but I entreat you, my young friends, to pause for a moment, and
+reflect on the awful, the calamitous consequences of disobeying, or
+otherwise dishonoring your parents. I must pass on.
+
+We have no reason to believe that Noah was moved by resentment to
+denounce the curse of slavery on the posterity of Canaan, in
+consequence of the disrespect shown toward him by Ham. We have no
+reason to suppose that there was any abatement of parental solicitude,
+for the future welfare of this ungodly son and his posterity. He was
+moved by the Holy Ghost, and uttered but a prophecy, which entailed
+slavery on the posterity of Ham, as a consequence of wilful
+disobedience of God's just and righteous laws. He uttered but a fact
+_in futuro_, which had been revealed to him by an omniscient God. How
+fully the above prediction has been verified, is familiar to every
+historian. The continent of Africa was principally peopled by the
+descendants of Ham; and for ages, the better part of that country was
+under the dominion of the Romans; then of the Saracens; and more
+recently of the Turks; and the fact, that the slave trade has been
+carried on for hundreds of years with all its horrors, iniquities,
+cruelties and abominations, is familiar to every one. A large portion
+of the children of Ham have existed in a state of slavery for more
+than three thousand years. It is said that more than nine-tenths of
+the whole sixty millions of Africa are slaves. Negro slavery existed
+in the colonies of Greece for ages before the Christian era. All other
+races of mankind have enslaved the African. The phraseology of Noah's
+prediction is a little remarkable. The children of Ham were not only
+to be servants, but "a servant of servants." It is true that
+unconnected with all other races, one portion of the negro race have
+been enslaved to another, ever since the earliest dawn of history, and
+that in a greater proportion too, than to any other race. It is
+recorded by historians, that there are perhaps twenty negro masters in
+Africa to every white one in the United States, and that they hold in
+bondage at least ten times as many slaves. It is moreover stated, that
+those portions of Africa where the slave trade with the white man is
+unknown, are the most inveterate slave regions. In the negro islands
+of the Indian Archipelago, the negro is enslaved to the negro.
+
+Some are, no doubt, ready to ask, how is it that Africans became
+slaves to their own race? Many of them were taken captives in war and
+subjected to slavery. The different tribes in Africa have in all ages
+engaged in predatory warfare, and the captives taken in those wars
+became slaves. Necessity may have forced many of them to subject
+themselves to servitude. Negroes have not that aversion to slavery,
+that many suppose who are unacquainted with the peculiarities of negro
+character. They are ignorant, indolent and improvident, and in many
+instances are neither competent nor willing to provide for themselves;
+and, therefore, they probably frequently became slaves to the more
+highly gifted and fortunate of their own race from necessity, and it
+may be from choice.
+
+How is it that one nation acquires dominion over another? that one
+nation falls a prey to another? that one nation makes slaves of
+another? By what means were the posterity of Shem and Japheth enabled
+to enslave the posterity of Ham? Some will say that God willed it
+thus, and so it is. I consider the phraseology of this answer faulty.
+It would, in my view, be more appropriate to say, God suffered it; or
+permitted it; and so it is. I do not believe that Ham's crimes were in
+accordance with the benevolent designs of Providence. The degradation
+and slavery entailed upon his posterity, was but a necessary
+consequence of his crimes, a just judgment, which a righteous God
+suffered to fall on his posterity. It was a violation of God's laws,
+which involved the African race in accursed slavery. God has attached
+certain punishments to the violation of certain laws, in other words,
+to the commission of certain crimes. The law is violated, otherwise,
+the crime is committed, and the penalty, or punishment falls on the
+head of the offender. Now all this is brought about in opposition to
+the will of God; for when God gave laws, he willed that man should
+obey those laws. If he says, "son honor thy father," and the son
+dishonors his father, he acts in opposition to God's will. And to
+secure obedience to his laws, and uphold moral order, he has attached
+to every crime its appropriate punishment.
+
+But every effect has a cause, and if one nation acquires an ascendancy
+over another, there is a reason in the nature of things, _why it is
+so_. There are reasons why individuals differ, and why they are found
+under different circumstances and conditions in this world. Why one
+becomes poor and another rich; why one acquires wealth and influence,
+while another becomes poor, indigent and miserable--it may be a slave
+to his wealthy neighbor. There is an internal cause; a constitutional
+difference in individuals, physically, mentally, and morally. So it is
+with nations. Locality, climate and other external causes have also
+had much agency in shaping and moulding the characters, and
+determining the destinies of nations. Nothing is more true than the
+trite saying, "that knowledge is power." The Author of our existence,
+"the giver of every good and perfect gift," conferred on Shem and
+Japheth, or rather, on their posterity, superior mental endowments.
+The African and the Anglo-Saxon races differ widely in their physical
+organizations; their mental susceptibilities, and their moral natures;
+and the advantages are in favor of the Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxons
+are a superior race. They are the best specimens of humanity--the
+noblest work of God. They excel in all those qualities and endowments
+that raise man above his fellow man. The whole posterity of Shem and
+Japheth are intellectually superior to the posterity of Ham. Locality
+has had its influence. The human species degenerate mentally and
+morally in a tropical climate.
+
+Vice saps the foundation, and gradually impairs and undermines the
+mental and moral constitutions of mankind. Ham being more vicious than
+his brothers, the mental and moral deterioration of his race,
+commenced in his own person, and was transmitted by him to his
+posterity. A man transmits his intellectual powers, his moral nature,
+or sentiments, as well as his physical organization to his progeny;
+and this he does with positive certainty, unless the mother possesses
+opposite qualities and properties. The children of the vicious are by
+nature more vicious than the children of the virtuous. Hence, we see
+that men by ordinary generation, transmit their own peculiar vices to
+their offspring. Every innate principle, passion and propensity of
+soul, body and mind, is transmitted from parent to child. This view of
+the subject need strike us with no surprise, if we would reflect, that
+men beget the souls, as well as the bodies of their children. I read
+in Genesis, that God breathed into Adam's nostrils the breath of life,
+"and that he became a living soul;" but I am not aware, that the
+Divine Being has breathed a soul into any other living being since the
+day he created Adam. No! When he breathed a soul into Adam he invested
+him with the power to procreate the souls as well as the bodies of his
+progeny. Hence, every man begets a soul and a body like his own,
+except so far as his own qualities and properties come in contact with
+opposite ones in the female; then, of course, some modification of the
+foetus may be expected. If an acid and an alkali are brought in
+contact, the result will be a neutral salt. We will generally find,
+however, that in what are called neutral mixtures, there is either a
+predominance of the acid, or the alkali. So it is with the children of
+parents possessing opposite propensities and qualities, either those
+of the father or the mother, are likely to predominate in the
+offspring.
+
+Slavery was entailed on Ham's posterity, in consequence of the
+indignity with which he treated his aged and pious father. Ham was a
+free agent; it was an act of his own. The Divine Being suffered him to
+transgress his laws; and foreseeing that it would involve his
+posterity in the curse of slavery, he foretold the result of the
+transgression, by the mouth of Noah, Ham's father.
+
+I have remarked in the preceding pages, that Ham was more wicked than
+his brothers; and that he transmitted his own corrupt nature to his
+offspring; and that in consequence of sin, his descendants sank into
+ignorance, barbarism and brutality which subjected them to the
+dominion of their more enlightened and virtuous brethren. Thus, we
+see, that it was the wickedness of Ham, which involved his race in
+ignorance, degradation and slavery. I repeat, that Ham entailed
+slavery on his own race; it was an effect of the violation of
+Jehovah's righteous laws; a just and righteous judgment. It is clear,
+from the foregoing remarks, that Ham transmitted the germs of slavery
+to his posterity, by ordinary generation.
+
+God permitted the transgression, and he also permitted the penalty to
+fall on the transgressors; and it then devolved on him, as Supreme
+Ruler of the universe, to regulate, govern, and control the
+transgressors, and the calamitous consequences of their transgression
+according to his own righteous will. "Justice and judgment are the
+habitation of his throne, and righteousness goeth before him." "The
+wrath of man shall praise thee, and the remainder of wrath wilt thou
+restrain." That the almighty and all-wise God governs both men and
+devils, and the consequences of their acts, in accordance with the
+strictest principles of righteousness, judgment and justice, we have
+no right to doubt. He, in his amazing condescension, illimitable
+goodness, and boundless mercy, has given us a revelation of his will,
+to regulate, govern, and control our actions; and all that comports
+with our best interests, or that is essential for us to know
+concerning himself and his government of our world, is revealed in
+this Holy Volume; and if there are some things in the moral government
+of God, which we cannot comprehend, we have no right to cavil. "The
+Judge of all the earth will do right."
+
+If either masters or servants wish to know the will of God concerning
+slavery--if they would learn their respective relations and duties, as
+masters, and servants, I must refer them to the Bible. There they will
+find a revelation of the will of God in relation to slavery, clearly
+set forth. If we have any other authority, or guide, I am not aware of
+it. I know of none. It is true, that I have heard something about a
+_higher law_ but from whence it came, "to whom related, or by whom
+begot," I know not. It is enough for us to know, that it did not come
+from God. Christians must take the Bible as their guide, and God as
+their master; and if others think that they can do better, let them
+try. Poor old Ham, I suppose, thought that he could do better; and
+he deserted the source of all mercy, goodness, truth, light and
+knowledge; and what was the consequence? Ignorance, barbarism,
+degradation and woe; ending in the accursed slavery of his race.
+Accursed of God! A curse entailed on sin--an individual curse--national
+curse! Too often, a curse to him that serves, and him that rules! God
+be merciful to the slave and his master. The master, as well as the
+slave, is entitled to our sympathies, and not to our maledictions.
+
+Whether the mental powers of Shem and Japheth, were originally
+superior to those of Ham, we know not. We know that the posterity of
+Shem and Japheth, are mentally superior to the posterity of Ham, at
+the present day. To me, it seems probable, that Ham came from the
+hands of his Creator, in every respect equal to Shem and Japheth; and
+that his mental and moral powers were debased by sin, and they thus
+acquired a superiority over him. But, supposing that Ham was
+originally inferior to his more fortunate brothers, he had no right to
+complain. Suppose that the Divine Being gave Ham one talent, Japheth
+two, and Shem four; he, in so doing, inflicted no wrong on Ham. To
+whom much is given, of the same much is required. In order to secure
+the blessing of God, it was only necessary for Ham to improve what he
+had received. God required no more at his hands. But it is evident,
+from the manner in which he conducted himself toward his heaven
+favored and pious father, that he was an egregious sinner, and the
+curse of God fell upon him, and his progeny. "The curse causeless
+shall not come."
+
+When the Almighty in his providence suffers a punishment to fall on a
+man, or a race of men, he has a good and sufficient reason for it. If
+He hides his face, or withhold his blessings, we may search for the
+cause in our own hearts. "It is your iniquities," (said the prophet),
+"that have separated you and your God." But to return to the
+sovereignty of God. He has the power.--He has the right. He, alone, is
+competent to decide what is best for us. "Hath not the potter power
+over the same lump of clay, to make one vessel to honor, and another
+to dishonor." He is under no obligation to any one; the best of us
+having forfeited all right, title, or claim to his mercy. Whatever
+mercies or blessings we may receive at the hands of Divine
+Benificence, are unmerited; undeserved on our part. The Divine Being
+is debtor to no one. There is no merit on our part, there can be none.
+God nevertheless has respect to character. Shem and Japheth, acted in
+accordance with Divine will, and He chose to confer on them certain
+favors and benefits. Ham incurred his displeasure, by violating his
+laws; and He left his posterity to those temporal misfortunes, which
+must necessarily grow out of moral infirmities, and mental
+disabilities.
+
+I think I have clearly shown that African slavery originated in the
+inferiority of the African race; and that the inferiority of the
+African race, originated in the violation of God's laws. Slavery is
+perpetuated by the cause that brought it into existence. I have
+alluded in the preceding pages to the mental disabilities and the
+moral defects and infirmities of the posterity of Ham; as subjecting
+them to degradation and slavery. Physical conformation and color,
+viz., the curly hair, the black skin, the flat nose, the broad flat
+foot, &c., have had no small share in subjecting the negro race to
+degradation and slavery. All other races of men shun and despise them
+on account of their physical peculiarities. This is the key to that
+universal prejudice against the African race, the world over. The
+negro race are then, slaves from necessity, viz., they are slaves
+because they are incapable of attaining to the rights and privilege of
+free men. And those rights and privileges they never can enjoy in the
+midst of the Anglo-Saxon race.
+
+We have seen in the preceding pages, that slavery and all the evils
+and calamities appertaining thereto, were entailed on Ham's posterity,
+as a penalty for the wilful violation of God's laws; and, I shall
+attempt to show before I bring this essay to a close, that in
+consequence of disobedience on the part of masters, as well as
+servants, that the evils and calamities of slavery fall not alone on
+him who serves, but also on him who rules. Therefore, the evils of
+slavery can only be mitigated, or removed by obedience to the
+requisitions of Divine revelations, on the part of masters and
+servants. This is the only remedy. There is no other. Here is a great
+principle of God's moral government of the world, which we should
+never lose sight of. It is a principle of universal application. All
+those evils that befal mankind in consequence of transgression, may be
+mitigated, or removed, or otherwise the penalty may be averted, by
+repentance and obedience to the requisitions of the Holy Bible.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+I shall now take a glance at slavery under the Mosaic dispensation.
+Whatever our views may be on the subject of slavery, if we have read
+our Bibles, we know that it was tolerated and regulated by the Divine
+Being among the children of Israel; no doubt for wise and beneficent
+purposes. I know that it is vain for us to attempt to elevate our
+minds to a clear comprehension of the moral government of God. There
+is much, I admit, that to us is incomprehensible. Finite beings,
+cannot fathom the Infinite mind of Jehovah. We can, however, if we
+will read our Bibles, learn the will of God concerning ourselves and
+our fellow creatures; at least so far as our respective duties are
+concerned. This may be learned from the Old, as well as the New
+Testament. Forms and ceremonies may change; but the eternal principles
+of truth, righteousness and justice, change not.
+
+Prior to the Mosaic dispensation, we read that Abraham held servants,
+and that when Sarai treated her maid-servant unkindly, and she fled
+from her face, the angel of the Lord said unto her, "Return to thy
+mistress, and subject thyself under her hands." It is a notable fact,
+that when the law was delivered to Moses on Mount Sinai, he received
+from the hands of God Almighty the following words: "In it," (the
+Sabbath,) "thou shalt not do any work; thou, nor thy son, nor thy
+daughter, thy man-servant nor thy maid-servant." It appears that the
+Hebrews under peculiar circumstances became servants; and they were
+released, or went free on the seventh year. If, however, they
+preferred to remain with their masters, they then became servants
+forever. The Hebrews were not suffered to enslave each other, except
+for a limited time; their servants were taken from the heathen nations
+around them. See Leviticus, 25th Chapter, from the 39th to the 55th
+verses inclusive. Mention is frequently made of servants throughout
+the Old Testament. Men women and children were held in bondage by
+patriarchs, prophets, kings, and others. Moses delivered various laws
+to the children of Israel, for the guidance and regulation of both
+masters and servants. The holding of slaves is nowhere denounced as
+sinful in the Old Testament; on the contrary, the Hebrews were
+_permitted_ to buy slaves from the surrounding heathen nations.
+Masters were commanded in the Old as well as in the New Testament, to
+treat servants with kindness and humanity. Inhumanity, cruelty, and
+oppression being every where forbidden in the Bible.
+
+Having briefly alluded to the revealed will of God tinder the old
+dispensation, we will now hastily glance at the position occupied by
+Christ and his apostles in relation to this institution, and at their
+instructions and admonitions to masters and servants.
+
+It is clearly and indisputably true that their course with reference
+to masters and servants, and the doctrine which they taught, give no
+countenance to the wild and visionary views of the faction, known in
+the United States by the name of abolitionists. I cannot, however,
+stop here to draw fully the contrast, but it will be found in other
+parts of this work.
+
+Christ came to preach the gospel, and not abolitionism. Christ came to
+preach peace, and not to foment strife. He and his apostles taught
+servants to love and obey their masters, to serve them freely and
+cheerfully, and not to run away from them. No! No! They never incited
+servants to murder their masters, nor to murmur at their service; nor
+yet to steal all they could get, and then leave then. But there are
+those among us who have been guilty of all these things; and yet,
+notwithstanding, they have the audacity to tell us, at least those who
+have not embraced the views of Tom Paine, that they are Christians.
+The more consistent ones, I believe, are open infidels.
+
+Our Saviour said nothing that could be construed into a condemnation
+of the institution of slavery; nor yet did he invest his apostles with
+any authority to interfere with it. It was no part of their
+commission. Our Saviour preached the gospel of peace and glad tidings
+to the bond and the free, to masters and servants, to the poor, the
+maimed, the halt and the blind. He intermeddled not with the civil
+institutions of the day. On the contrary, he inculcated, both by
+precept and example, submission to the ruling authorities. His
+apostles followed in his footsteps, for they likewise enjoined on
+their followers, to be subject to the higher powers--to those in
+authority. They too, preached the gospel to the bond and the free,
+masters and servants; and gathered them together in the same fold, as
+brethren beloved--the sheep of one common shepherd, the servants of
+one common master--members of the same church--partakers of the same
+joys. But they did not in a solitary instance denounce the holding of
+slaves as sinful; nor yet enjoin it on masters to release their
+slaves. They carefully instructed both masters and servants in their
+relative duties, as masters and servants; and otherwise left the
+institution of slavery as they found it. How unlike the great apostles
+of modern reform! Many will no doubt be ready to ask, if slavery is an
+evil, why did not Christ and his apostles strike directly at its root,
+and eradicate it from the face of the earth? Others may impiously ask
+if it is an evil, why did the Almighty permit it, or why does he
+tolerate it? The latter interrogatory is fully considered in the
+preceding Chapter; but I will for obvious reasons make a few
+additional remarks in reply. I again beg such persons to recollect
+that we are but finite beings, and cannot, therefore, fully comprehend
+the Infinite Mind; and that God is moreover the Supreme Ruler of the
+universe, and that to Him belongs the right to govern and dispose of
+the work of his own hands, as he, in his infinite wisdom, sees fit and
+proper. We may observe His dealings with man, but we cannot in all
+cases say why he acts thus; nor have we any right to ask him, why hast
+them done thus? Slavery is a consequence of sin, and God, in his
+providence, suffered it to fall on the posterity of Ham as a just and
+righteous judgment--as a punishment suitable and proper--as a
+punishment proportioned to the magnitude of the crime. The Divine
+Being, no doubt, intended that the signal punishment inflicted on
+Ham's posterity, should be a warning to all future generations, in all
+future time, to warn them of the danger of violating his commands, and
+deter them from the commission of crime. God, no doubt, willed that it
+should continue until the crime was adequately punished, and future
+generations warned of the danger of violating his laws; and his own
+honor vindicated. We have reason to believe that God moreover willed,
+that in his own good time, this evil, as well as all other evils
+should be eradicated; and that the sons and daughters of Adam should
+enjoy universal freedom; and that "righteousness should cover the
+earth, as the waters cover the great deep." But God willed to bring
+about this result, not only in his own time, but in his own way. By
+his own appointed means as revealed in his Holy Word; and that we as
+co-workers with him, in the accomplishment of his designs, should be
+guided by his revealed will. So far as we deviate from the revealed
+will of God in the use of means, we sin against him, and are destined
+to disappointment. The Holy Scriptures justify the conclusion, that in
+the process of time, the Almighty disposer of events, will root out
+all evil from the face of the earth. "Every plant," (says Jesus
+Christ,) "that my heavenly father hath not planted shall be rooted
+up." But there are many evils so interwoven with the institutions of
+society, that they can only be rooted out by the general spread of the
+benign and purifying influences of the Gospel.
+
+Much has been said and written about slavery as an evil--a curse--a
+misfortune, &c. It is admitted on all hands that slavery is an evil;
+but it would be well for those who undertake to propose remedies for
+it, first to ascertain wherein the evil consists; or in other words,
+what are the circumstances which give rise to it. It is essential to
+the success in medical practice, that the physician correctly
+understands the disease which he proposes to treat. I have shown in the
+preceding Chapter that slavery originated in sin; or otherwise, that
+Ham entailed it on his posterity by violating the laws of God. The
+evils of slavery, to the present day, originate in the same cause, viz,
+a violation of God's commands; a failure on the part of masters and
+servants to comply with the requisitions of the Holy Bible. It is
+disobedience to God's commands, that makes slavery an evil and a curse.
+The curse of slavery originates in the disobedience of slaves, and the
+cruelty of masters. "Servants, be obedient to them that are your
+masters--masters give unto your servants that which is just and equal."
+Here, in a sentence of twenty words, the Apostle Paul prescribes a
+remedy for the evils of slavery, a remedy too, that has never failed--a
+remedy that will remove the curse of slavery; and under some
+circumstances, make it a blessing to both masters and servants. A
+compliance on the part of masters and servants with the requisitions of
+God's word, will disarm slavery of all its evils and terrors. It will
+bring peace and consolation to masters and servants. Herein is
+manifest, the wisdom and goodness of God. When the gospel was first
+promulgated slavery existed in the world, in a form, no doubt, which
+made it a sore evil--a grievous curse. The cries of the oppressed had
+come up before the throne of God. He was moved with compassion for
+masters and servants. Go, said He, to his beloved son, to yonder world,
+and remove the curse of slavery. Instruct servants to love and obey
+their masters, to serve them freely and cheerfully--without murmuring
+or repining--and to be content with their lot. Instruct masters to give
+unto their servants that which is just and equal. To never loose sight,
+in the treatment of their slaves, of the great principles of love,
+justice and humanity.
+
+Jesus Christ and his apostles went forth to preach the gospel of peace
+and glad tidings. Their object was to confer the largest possible
+amount of happiness on the bond and free, that they were capable of
+enjoying under the circumstances. The gospel contemplated the present
+happiness of the human race, as well as their future interests. It had
+no design of detracting anything from the happiness of masters or
+servants; on the contrary, it contemplated the augmentation of the
+happiness of all who should be brought under its influence. Slavery
+existed. Masters were cruel and oppressive, and slaves were
+disobedient. This condition of slavery made it a sore evil--a grievous
+calamity, to both masters and servants. The duty of the apostles was
+clear. It was to remove those evils as far as practicable. It was to
+instruct masters and servants in their relative duties; well knowing,
+that obedience on their part, would remove the evils of slavery, and
+make both masters and servants better and happier. Having done this,
+they could do no more. Any other course would have entailed misery on
+masters and servants; or otherwise would have deprived them of all
+access to both servants and masters. The apostles adopted and carried
+out the only practicable and effective means within their reach, of
+ameliorating the condition of servants. Go, ye ministers of Jesus
+Christ, and follow in their footsteps. And ye apostles of modern
+reform, from whence did ye derive your authority to speak evil of
+rulers? To oppose the execution of the laws of your country? to foment
+strife? to sow the seeds of discontent and rebellion among the slaves,
+and thereby incite masters to acts of cruelty and oppression? "Woe to
+you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites."
+
+We may speculate, wrangle, and contend about slavery in the United
+States for centuries to come, without bringing relief to the slave;
+for after all, there is but one course which can ensure relief to the
+servant, the master, and the nation--but one course by which we can
+bring about universal emancipation, and secure at the same time the
+peace, happiness and prosperity of the Union; and that is obedience on
+the part of ministers of the gospel, masters and servants, to the
+requisitions of God's word. Let ministers of the gospel imitate the
+example of Jesus Christ and his apostles; let masters and servants
+strictly observe what is enjoined on them in the New Testament; and
+let those not immediately interested, look around, and see if they
+cannot find objects of charity nearer home; and then will slavery soon
+cease to exist as an institution in this nation. This is the only safe
+and practicable means of accomplishing an object so desirable; and
+those who attempt to extirpate slavery in any other way, are openly,
+knowingly, wilfully and deliberately violating God's laws; and can
+expect nothing but the curse of Almighty God on their devoted heads.
+If they sow the whirlwind, they may expect to reap the storm. They
+will learn, when it is too late, that no good can result from fraud,
+falsehood and force.
+
+Hence, we see, why it is that the interference of abolitionists with
+slavery in the United States, has resulted in injury to masters and
+servants. They have refused to act in accordance with God's revealed
+will; consequently, they have augmented the evils, hardships and
+calamities of slavery. Thus it has been; thus it is; and thus it ever
+will be. God is immutable; his laws are unchangeable; and he that
+expects to accomplish good, must do it by His appointed means. "Ask
+for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein." Follow
+the example of Jesus Christ and his apostles, and then may ye expect
+to accomplish good for your fellow creatures, and enjoy the approving
+smiles of heaven.
+
+I shall close the present chapter with some quotations from the Bible.
+
+  "THUS SAITH THE LORD."
+
+  "And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his youngest son had
+  done unto him. And he said, cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants
+  shall he be unto his brethren." _Genesis_ ix, 24, 25.
+
+  "But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold thy maid is in thy hand; do to
+  her as it pleaseth thee. And when Sarai dealt hardly with her, she
+  fled from her face. And the angel of the Lord found her by a
+  fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to
+  Shur. And he said, Hagar, Sarai's maid, whence comest thou? and
+  whither wilt thou go? And she said, I flee from the face of my
+  mistress, Sarai. And the angel of the Lord said unto her, Return to
+  thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands." _Genesis_ xvi,
+  6-10.
+
+  "But in it (the Sabbath,) thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy
+  son, nor thy daughter, thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor
+  thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates." _Exodus_ xx,
+  10.
+
+  "Both thy bond-men, and thy bond-maids, which thou shalt have, shall
+  be of the heathen that are round about you; of them ye shall buy
+  bond-men and bond-maids. Moreover, of the children of the strangers
+  that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy and of their
+  families that are with you, which they begat in your land; and they
+  shall be your possession. And ye shall take them as an inheritance
+  for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession, they
+  shall be your bond-men forever." _Leviticus_ xxv. 44-47.
+
+  "Art thou called being a servant? care not for it; but if thou
+  mayest be made free, use it rather." 1 _Cor._ vii, 21.
+
+  "Servants, be obedient to them who are your masters according to the
+  flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto
+  Christ. Not with eye service, as men-pleasers; but as the servants
+  of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; With good will
+  doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men: Knowing that
+  whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of
+  the Lord, whether he be bond or free. And ye masters, do the same
+  things unto them, forbearing threatening; knowing that your Master
+  also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with him."
+  _Ephesians_ vi, 5-10.
+
+  "Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh;
+  not with eye service, as men-pleasers; but in singleness of heart,
+  fearing God; And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord
+  and not unto men." _Col._ iii, 22, 23.
+
+  "Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal;
+  knowing that ye also hare a Master in heaven." _Col._ iv, 1.
+
+  "Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters
+  worthy of all honor, that the name of God and his doctrine be not
+  blasphemed. And they that have believing masters let them not
+  despise them, because they are brethren; but rather do them service,
+  because they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit.
+  These things teach and exhort. If any man teach otherwise and
+  consent not to wholesome words even the words of our Lord Jesus
+  Christ, and to the doctrine which is according to godliness, He is
+  proud, knowing nothing but doting about questions and strifes of
+  words, whereof cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings." 1
+  _Timothy_ vi, 1-5.
+
+  "Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters and to please
+  them well in all things; not answering again; Not purloining, but
+  showing all good fidelity; that they may adorn the doctrine of God
+  our Saviour in all things." _Titus_ ii, 9, 10.
+
+  "Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the
+  good and gentle, but also to the froward." 1 _Peter_ ii, 18.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+
+We have proof positive, that the relation of master and servant is not
+inconsistent with the word of God. "Servants, be obedient to them that
+are your masters according to the flesh." "Masters, give unto your
+servants, that which is just and equal." This is the language of Holy
+Writ. Among the converts of the apostles were slaveholders. They were
+converted as slaveholders; admitted into the church as slaveholders;
+and as such, retained in the church in full fellowship, enjoying all
+the privileges and immunities of the church. They were not required so
+far as we know, in any instance, to manumit their slaves. It is highly
+probable, that the best thing that they could do for them, for the
+time being, was to retain them as servants, and treat them according
+to the injunctions of the apostle; "Give unto your servants that which
+is just and equal."
+
+The case of Philemon and Onesimus, his servant, is fully to the point.
+Philemon, a convert of St. Paul, appears to have been a devoted
+Christian; and I infer, from the language of St. Paul, a teacher or
+preacher of the Gospel. He had a wicked servant, by name Onesimus.
+Onesimus, (if I may use modern parlance), ran away from his master,
+Philemon. St. Paul found him at Rome, and converted him. What then
+became of this fugitive slave? Did St. Paul conceal him, or did he
+advise him to flee still farther from his master, in order to elude
+pursuit and apprehension? Did he say to Onesimus, why brother
+Onesimus, you are now a Christian; Philemon, your master is a
+Christian; we are all Christians; and one Christian has no right,
+under any circumstances, to retain another in bondage? No! Thank God,
+St. Paul promulgated no such doctrine. What then did he say to
+Onesimus? Go home, and be subject to your master, Philemon. Love him
+and serve him, in the singleness of your heart. Do it freely and
+cheerfully; without murmuring or repining; and whatever service them
+shalt render unto thy master, Philemon, it shall be accounted unto
+thee, as service rendered unto the God of heaven. Dear brother
+Onesimus, thy condition is now changed; for, whereas Philemon was
+formerly thy master; he is now thy master and thy brother, and thou
+shalt obey him and love him as such. Go home brother; and here is a
+letter I have written to brother Philemon, your master. Onesimus
+returns home with this letter in his pocket. Anxious I have no doubt,
+to see his good old master. His feelings and views had undergone a
+change. He loved his master then; whereas, he formerly hated him, and
+fled from his service. No time is lost; he returns home in haste to
+his master. They meet. He approaches Philemon and extends his hand,
+while tears trickle down his cheeks. Master, (says he to Philemon), I
+have been a wicked and unfaithful servant; but thank God, I found St.
+Paul at Rome and he has converted me to Christianity; and here is a
+letter from brother Paul. And did you see brother Paul, exclaimed
+Philemon? Oh! yes, said Onesimus; his countenance lighting up and his
+eyes dancing in their sockets for joy. And is dear brother Paul well?
+How does he do? Oh! very well master, very well, indeed. Philemon then
+proceeds to open the letter, and what does he read therein?
+
+"I, Paul, the prisoner of Jesus Christ--unto Philemon, our dearly
+beloved brother--Grace to you and peace from God--Hearing of thy love
+and faith--Which thou hast toward the Lord Jesus Christ; I beseech
+thee for my son, Onesimus, That thou shouldst receive him forever."
+
+Receive him, said St. Paul, not only as a good and faithful servant,
+now profitable to thee; but receive him as a brother beloved--an heir
+of salvation. Here is clearly set forth the duty of ministers,
+masters, and servants; but, as I shall again and again refer to this
+subject, I will now proceed to show reasons why, the holding of slaves
+is not necessarily sinful under all circumstances.
+
+A slaveholder is under no obligation to emancipate his slave, provided
+the condition of the slave is made worse thereby. And it is obvious,
+that there are many cases, in which both master and slave would
+sustain injury, by the emancipation of the slave. Under such
+circumstances, there are as good reasons, why a slave should be
+retained in bondage, as there are, that a minor should be subject to
+his parents until he is twenty-one years of age; or that an idiot
+should be placed under the supervision and control of some one, during
+his natural life. The reason is based on inability and incompetency of
+the slave, the minor and the idiot. They are not qualified to reason
+and to judge, and are therefore incompetent to act; hence, it devolves
+on some one to reason and to judge for them, and to supervise and
+control their actions. The welfare of the slave, the minor, and the
+idiot, is subserved by subjecting them to the control of competent
+persons; and the peace, prosperity, and general good of all are
+promoted thereby.
+
+Before I proceed farther with the respective duties of masters and
+servants, I beg leave to present some solemn thoughts, for the
+consideration of Christian slaveholders. I have endeavored to show,
+that the holding of slaves is not sinful, _per se_; but if
+slaveholders fail to discharge the duties enjoined on them, the Divine
+Being will hold them accountable for their dereliction of duty. Such
+is the deceitfulness of our hearts, and such the proneness of our
+corrupt natures to wander from the path of duty, that it is necessary
+for us at all times to scrutinize well, the motives which prompt us to
+act, and to test all our actions by the only standard of truth, the
+Holy Scriptures. Our Saviour tells us, that it is easier for a camel
+to pass through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into
+the kingdom of heaven. Not that the possession and enjoyment of riches
+is necessarily sinful; but if those who have wealth, fail as good
+stewards, to use it according to the requisitions of the Bible, then
+are they guilty in the sight of God. So it is with slavery.
+Slaveholding is not necessarily sinful, but if slaveholders fail to
+discharge the duties enjoined on them in the New Testament; then are
+they guilty in the sight of God. And here lies the difficulty; when we
+point out to a rich man his duty, his corrupt and avaricious heart
+interposes and says, no; you would rob me of my goods, you would
+damage my pecuniary interests; I cannot, I will not yield to your
+requisitions. We sometimes encounter the same difficulty with
+slaveholders. They sometimes imagine that duty and interest, are
+antagonistic principles. They imagine, that if they discharge their
+duty to the slaves, their pecuniary interests will suffer thereby; and
+for this reason, I have sometimes thought, that it might be as
+difficult for a slaveholder to enter the kingdom of heaven, as for a
+rich man. "The love of money, the root of all evil," stands in the way
+in both cases. If duty and our worldly interest could always run in
+the same channel, then should we find it no difficult task to be
+Christians; but as they are sometimes opposing forces, antagonistic
+principles, the contest is difficult, and the result sometimes
+doubtful.[3] Duty, commands the rich man to feed the hungry and clothe
+the naked; but the rich man says, nay, Lord, my goods are my own; I
+procured them by honest labor, and must I now appropriate them to
+feeding the hungry and clothing the naked? What right have they to
+enjoy the fruits of my labor? Your requisition Lord, is unreasonable.
+I cannot, I will not comply. Duty, says to the slaveholder, "Give unto
+your servants that which is just and equal, forbearing threatening;"
+but the slaveholder says, nay Lord, my slave is my own property, I
+purchased him with my own money, and what right have you to dictate to
+me, how I shall treat my slave? Is he not my own, have I not the right
+to feed, clothe, work, and otherwise treat him, as seemeth good in
+mine own eyes; and who has the right to interfere? A compliance with
+your unreasonable demands will materially affect my pecuniary
+interests. My object is to amass wealth, to hoard up silver and gold;
+and I shall therefore so manage my affairs as to accomplish this
+object.
+
+    [3] By _worldly interest_, I wish to be understood, the accumulation
+    of wealth by any and every means, and the hoarding it up, regardless
+    of the wants and sufferings of those around us.
+
+He that sets up for himself, regardless of the peace, happiness, and
+comfort of his fellow creatures--he that hath a will of his own, and
+will not yield to the requisitions of God's word--he that will take
+his own way, regardless of the dictates of his better informed
+judgment--he that will go his own course, it matters not on whose
+rights he infringes--he that will consult his own interests, and at
+the same time trample under foot the dearest interests of others, has
+no right, or title, to the name of a Christian. If the Bible says do
+this, or abstain from that, the Christian has no right to demur; it
+matters not how repugnant it may be to the feelings and inclinations
+of his heart. He must cheerfully and heartily at all times, and under
+all circumstances, acquiesce in the will of a superior intelligence.
+He must be willing to sacrifice all; not only his earthly goods, but
+life itself, if God requires it at his hands. This is the doctrine of
+the Bible, and well did the Saviour say, "Strait is the gate and
+narrow is the way, that leadeth to life; and few there are that find
+it." "Many are called, but few are chosen." The Christian is not at
+liberty to consult his own personal interests and inclinations, when
+they are in opposition to the will of God. "Ye are not your own, (says
+the apostle), ye are bought with a price."
+
+It was impressed on my mind in early life, that there was much error
+and misconception among Christian slaveholders in general, in
+reference to their obligations to their slaves, and a long residence
+among them has but strengthened and confirmed those convictions. I
+have no reference here to those who view slave property in the same
+light, that they do every other species of property; but to
+conscientious and humane men. I allude to you, who profess to be the
+followers of the meek and lowly Jesus--you, who take the Bible for the
+man of your council--you, who profess to be the servants of that God
+who is no respector of persons--you, who profess to be under the
+influence of that religion which recognizes every man as a brother
+beloved, for whom Christ shed his precious blood.
+
+I beg leave to impress on your minds the solemn truth, that your
+slaves are human beings of like passions, feelings, and propensities
+as yourselves; that they have immortal souls; that their joys and
+their sorrows, their happiness, and their misery, are suspended on the
+treatment which they receive at your hands; and that not only their
+present happiness and misery, but in all probability, their eternal
+destiny may be influenced by your course of conduct toward them. These
+are weighty considerations--would to God I could impress their
+importance on your minds; and that you would give them that prayerful
+and serious attention winch they demand at your hands.
+
+In assuming the right to direct and control fellow beings, from their
+cradles to their graves, you have taken on yourselves responsibilities,
+onerous indeed; and whatever may be your feelings,--whatever may be
+your views--whatever may be your course toward these unfortunate
+beings, of one thing you may be assured, that you are destined to meet
+them at the bar of judgment, and that if you have failed to discharge
+the duties obligatory on you, God Almighty will require their souls at
+your hands.
+
+It is there that the rich and the poor, the bond and the free, the
+slave and his master, shall meet on a common level before a just and
+Almighty Judge; who, without respect of persons, colors, grades, or
+conditions in life, shall render unto every man according to his
+works, whether they be good or evil. In that dread day, it will avail
+you nothing, that in this world you were men of renown; that in this
+world the indigent and the ignorant, cowered in your presence, or were
+awed into submission by your superiority; or, that the summits of your
+superb and beautiful mansions vied with the clouds--that you added
+house to house, and field to field--that you amassed silver and gold
+as the dust of the earth--and that you were surrounded by all the
+elegancies and enjoyed all the comforts of life--rioted in excess and
+reveled in luxury. There you will stand before a just and scrutinizing
+God, divested of all those superfluities, and stripped of all that
+drapery, and those fascinating accomplishments, which attracted the
+attention and commanded the respect and admiration of your dependants
+and inferiors in this world.
+
+Having in the preceding pages, but incidentally alluded to the duties
+of servants, I will close the present chapter with a few remarks on
+that subject. "Servants obey in all things your masters according to
+the flesh," &c. Servants are taught in the New Testament, not only to
+obey their masters, but to do it in the fear of God, cheerfully,
+freely, and actively; not simply with a view to please their masters,
+but as a service or duty, which God requires of them and for which he
+will hold them accountable.
+
+It is a little remarkable, that so much should have been said and
+written about the cruel and harsh treatment of servants, and the
+duties of masters, and that the duties of servants should have been
+overlooked. Servants are commanded to be subject to their masters,
+"not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward." The
+non-observance of this command on the part of servants, has frequently
+engendered that peevishness and perverseness in masters to which the
+apostles alludes, viz. forwardness among servants, has engendered
+frowardness in masters. It is the duty of servants, to oppose the evil
+tempers and dispositions, and the inhumanity of masters, by opposite
+tempers and dispositions, and by an opposite course of conduct. This
+is the command of God; and by yielding obedience to this command, they
+would to some extent, at least, reform their masters, and secure to
+themselves kind treatment. It is their only hope; it is all they can
+do, that will be likely to ameliorate their conditions as slaves. If
+servants would obey the injunctions of Holy Writ, they would seldom be
+treated cruelly or unkindly. It is their own disobedience and
+perverseness that subjects them, for the most part, to cruel
+treatment. I know, from personal observation, that the unkind, the
+harsh, the cruel treatment of slaves, in a large majority of cases,
+originates in their failure to observe the injunctions of the inspired
+writers.
+
+I have shown that it is the duty of servants to "love" and "obey"
+their "masters," to "count them worthy of all honor," and "to please
+them well in all things;" and it now devolves on those who have taught
+a contrary doctrine, to either admit their error, or otherwise to
+throw away their Bibles. It is folly for persons to persist in a
+course so contrary to the word of God, and notwithstanding, to call
+themselves Christians. I know that there are many who will plead
+ignorance, when they are arraigned for their unscriptural views, and
+their unwarrantable interference with slavery. It is too true--poor
+souls, they are ignorant--deplorably ignorant; but in all seriousness
+I would ask, how is it in this land of Bibles, that a majority of
+those professing Christianity, should know but little more about the
+Sacred Scriptures, than the heathen who never saw a Bible? But they
+have no time to read the Bible, and what is worse, they have no taste
+for it. All their leisure moment are devoted to the reading abolition
+papers, Uncle Tom's Cabin, and other contemptible low, filthy novels!
+
+But how is it, that there are ministers of the gospel of all
+denominations of Christians, who are guilty of inculcating doctrines
+on the subject of slavery, that are directly opposed to teachings of
+Divine inspiration? Are they ignorant of the fact, "that slavery
+pervaded the whole Eastern world, at the introduction of
+Christianity;" and yet not one word was uttered by our Saviour and his
+apostles, in condemnation of it as a civil institution? Are they
+ignorant of the fact, that both masters and servants were admitted
+into the church of Christ, and that masters were required in no
+instance, so far as we know, to manumit their slaves? Are they
+ignorant of the fact, that Christ and his apostles taught masters and
+servants their relative duties, and otherwise left the institution of
+slavery as they found it? Have they ever read Paul's letter to
+Timothy? "Let as many servants as are under the yoke, count their
+masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and his doctrine be
+not blasphemed. And they that have believing masters, let them not
+despise them, because they are brethren? but rather do them service,
+&c. These things teach and exhort. _If any man teach otherwise, he is
+proud, knowing nothing, but doting about questions and strifes of
+words, whereof cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings,
+perverse disputings of men of corrupt minds, and destitute of the
+truth. From such withdraw thyself_."
+
+A more graphic description of the abolition clergymen of the present
+day could not be drawn. It is a picture of modern abolition drawn by
+the Omniscient God; and every word of it was originally applied to the
+subject of slavery and abolitionism. We have had strife, we have had
+railings, evil surmisings and perverse disputings; and we are indebted
+to corrupt fanatical clergymen for all these evils--for all this
+contention and slavery agitation--for all this envy, jealousy, hatred
+and sectional feeling--for all that endangers our peace and
+prosperity--our liberty, our happiness--and the perpetuity of this
+glorious Union. Yes, my fellow citizens, we are indebted to the
+emissaries of England, and native born American citizens, who from
+sinister motives have cloaked themselves with ministerial garb, for
+all the contention, all the evils, all the crime that has accrued or
+grown out of African slavery in the United States! St. Paul says, that
+they are "men of corrupt minds," and that they are "destitute of the
+truth;" and he moreover commands Timothy to "withdraw from such"
+characters. And in the name of God, I command every Christian, every
+patriot, every friend of republicanism, every gentleman of honor, to
+"withdraw" from such men. Excommunicate them, cast them off,--cast
+them out as evil spirits--have no fellowship with them, until they
+repent of their crimes and cease from the evil of their ways. They are
+enemies to "pure and undefiled religion," and traitors to their
+country; and as such, they should be viewed and treated by every good
+citizen.
+
+Many persons suppose that abolitionism is of modern origin; but it is
+an error, for we learn from the Epistle of Paul to Timothy, that it
+was agitating the church of Christ in the apostolic ages. St. Paul
+denounces those agitators as "men of corrupt minds;" and he moreover
+says unto Timothy, "from such withdraw thyself;" viz., excommunicate
+them--exclude them from the church, and have no fellowship with them.
+It is a fact, worthy of note, that primitive Christians never meddled
+with the civil institutions of the countries in which they resided.
+They were under all circumstances good and loyal subjects. But the
+efforts of the apostle Paul, to crush the monster abolitionism, did
+not entirely succeed, for it has continued to agitate the church, from
+that day to the present hour. Yes, the foul fiend, with head erect,
+and brazen front, is stalking over our beloved country to the present
+day!
+
+It appears that portions of the church, notwithstanding the solemn
+injunctions and admonitions of St. Paul, continued to interfere with
+the civil and domestic relations of master and servant. But the
+practice was condemned as unchristian, by nearly all the principal
+_fathers_. Particularly, Ignatius, Chrysostom and Jerome. Ignatius
+says, "let them (servants), serve their masters with greater
+diligence, and not be puffed up--and let them not desire their liberty
+to be purchased by the church." It was decreed by one of the ancient
+councils of the church,--"if any teach, that by virtue of religion or
+Christian instruction, that the slave may despise his master, or may
+withhold his service, let him be anathema," viz., let him be accursed
+of God, and separated or excommunicated from the church of Christ. Let
+the church have no fellowship, union, or communion with him, and let
+him be an off-cast from society.
+
+Mark the above, reader! It is the language of the apostle Paul, and
+the voice of the primitive church of Christ with reference to
+abolitionism. I have said nothing worse--I have not said more--I shall
+not say less. It is God's truth; harsh and severe as it may appear to
+some of you. And to abolitionists, I have only to say in conclusion,
+poor deluded souls, I sincerely pity you. Bow your heads with shame
+and grief--it may be, the Lord will have mercy upon you.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+
+I am not yet done with the obligations of masters to their slaves. I
+cannot hastily dismiss the subject. In it I feel an intense interest.
+Bear with me, my beloved friends and fellow citizens of the South. For
+I assure you, that if I know anything of my own heart, I am prompted
+to write by the best of motives and the kindest of feelings. To many
+of you I am personally known; and I flatter myself, that those who
+know me best, will not suspect me of improper motives or feelings. I
+have for you the highest respect, and for you I entertain the kindest
+feelings. I long resided in your midst, and was treated with kindness
+by you, in all the relations of life, whether private or public; and I
+feel myself bound to you by ties of gratitude, which neither time nor
+space can separate; by all those tender and endearing associations and
+relations in life, which must necessarily grow out of a long residence
+in the midst of a generous, humane and hospitable people. My regard
+and solicitude for my Southern friends is now a thousand fold greater
+than at any previous period of my life. And my anxiety for your peace,
+happiness, and permanent prosperity, becomes more and more ardent. But
+I must come directly to the point under investigation.
+
+Masters, I conceive, are under obligations to act with reference to
+the comfort and happiness of their slaves; and not solely with a view
+to their own pecuniary interests. If they fail to provide for their
+slaves comfortable houses, clothing suited to their various wants, and
+adapted to the varying and changeable seasons of the year, together
+with a supply of wholesome and nutritious food, they violate the
+commands of God. Their own interests, as well as duty, demand it at
+their hands. I do not contend that the master is bound to furnish the
+slave with clothing of the same material with which he clothes
+himself; nor do I contend, that in all cases, he is bound to provide
+for him the precise articles of food, on which he himself subsists.
+The occupations of the master and the slave may be different; and
+supposing that they are engaged in the same occupation, their
+feelings, views, appetites and propensities differ. In other words,
+their _wants_ differ. Hence, what would conduce to comfort in the case
+of the slave, would not, at all times, suffice for the master's
+happiness and comfort.
+
+Here is a fact which is not understood in the free States. Slaves are
+happy and content under circumstances in which a white man would be
+miserable. They are satisfied and content with food, on which the
+better portion of the white race can hardly subsist. Nor would soft
+beds and fine houses conduce to their comfort. There are many of them,
+who, if they were provided with downy beds, would prefer to repose on
+the hearth or the floor. They are by nature a happier people than the
+Anglo-Saxon race, and of course, less will suffice for their happiness
+and comfort. All that I contend for is, that the health, comfort and
+convenience of the slave, should be amply provided for by the master;
+or at least as far as practicable. I wish here, as well as elsewhere,
+to avoid the error of asking too much, for I have generally observed
+through life, that those who ask too much are likely to get nothing. I
+shall, therefore, contend for nothing more than the clear, obvious,
+and indisputable duty of slaveholders.
+
+Slaves do not, as a general rule, receive that attention in sickness
+from their masters, to which they are entitled. Humanity, as well as
+interest, should prompt their masters to be a little more attentive to
+them, under the afflictive dispensations of Providence. And the
+necessity is more apparent from the consideration of the fact, that
+slaves are ignorant, and universally entertain opinions in regard to
+dieting the sick, which, if practically carried out, will in all
+cases, endanger their lives. I allude to the notion prevalent among
+them, that the sick are in no danger, so long as they can by any means
+induce them to take food. The same error is common among the more
+ignorant class of white people; and it constitutes the worst
+difficulty that the physician encounters in the treatment of disease.
+I once remarked to an ignorant, drunken, degraded son of Belial, that
+if he was not a little more cautious in the use of certain articles of
+food, he would sooner or later destroy himself. "Oh! there is no
+danger," said he, "I shall never die while I can get plenty of fat
+'possum to eat, and whiskey to drink." So it is with ignorant persons;
+they know that food sustains life, and for that reason they believe,
+that as long as they are able to cram it down their throats, there is
+no danger.
+
+It is a little remarkable that the proprietors of slaves do not more
+generally enforce cleanliness among them. This is the more to be
+regretted, as cleanliness conduces not only to the health and comfort
+of the body, but also to the purity of the mind. I am aware that it
+would in most cases be difficult to enforce cleanliness among them, as
+they seem to be constitutionally a filthy race. This may originate
+partly, however, from, the peculiar circumstances under which they
+live, their ignorance, degradation, &c.
+
+But there are yet duties obligatory on slaveholders, to which I have
+not directly alluded, which bear heavily on my mind. Oh! that I could
+in appropriate language, impress their importance on the minds of my
+Southern friends. Oh! that in view of their responsibility to the
+Supreme Ruler of the universe, they would calmly, patiently, soberly,
+seriously and prayerfully reflect on the following remarks. Aid a worm
+of the dust, O God, to plead the cause of humanity. "Paul may plant,
+and Apollos may water," but thou, O God, "must give the increase."
+Thou knowest that in vain I admonish my Southern brethren, unless thy
+Spirit attends the warnings and admonitions herein given. May thy
+Spirit attend this little volume in its Southern tour. Give the
+hearing ear, and the understanding heart. May they hear, and give ear;
+and not only hear and give ear, but may they "work, while it is called
+day, for the night cometh, when no man can work."
+
+I allude to the mental and moral culture of the African population in
+the Southern States. I feel intensely on this subject; and could I
+arouse the Southern States to reflection and action, I should then
+feel as if the great work of my life was accomplished. I could then
+repose in peace and quiet on my dying pillow; assured, that ere long,
+my beloved country would, be redeemed from the curse of slavery.
+
+In whatever aspect we may view slavery, the ignorance of slaves
+presents itself to us, as the darkest spot in the picture. It is
+humiliating--a national reproach--an omission of duty, for which
+Almighty God will hold us accountable, that so little effort has been
+made to enlighten the minds, and elevate the characters of the African
+population in our midst. Here lies our great delinquency. "O shame!
+where is thy blush?" In the name of all that is sacred, how long is
+this state of things to continue? When, Oh! when will we arouse to a
+sense of our vast responsibilities to God, and our obligations to the
+African race? Several millions of fellow beings in our midst, not one
+in twenty of whom can read the Holy Bible! And yet it is our boast,
+that we are the most enlightened nation under the sun--the most
+virtuous and intelligent people under the canopy of heaven--a nation
+of Christians. God help us; for when I reflect on these things, I
+cannot avoid asking myself, is there any probability, that we shall
+ever get our eyes open, and help ourselves? It is the duty of every
+slaveholder to instruct his slaves so far as to enable them to read
+the Bible; and to furnish every slave with a copy of the will and word
+of God; to encourage them to read the same; and not only read it, but
+to make it the "man of their council." This, friendly slaveholder, is
+your obvious and indispensable duty, and you well know it. If you have
+neglected or overlooked this duty in time past, for your own sakes,
+for the sakes of your slaves, defer it no longer. There is no time to
+be lost; it is a matter of infinite importance, both to yourselves and
+your slaves. Commence it in good earnest, and may success attend your
+efforts. You are under moral obligations to enlighten the minds and
+elevate the characters of your slaves, as far as practicable. You
+should spare no pains, and no consideration whatever, of expediency,
+convenience or self-interest, should deter you from the faithful
+discharge of your duty.
+
+It appears clear to my mind that, in a qualified sense, a master
+sustains the same relation to a young slave, that he sustains to an
+orphan as a guardian; and that his relation and obligation to an
+orphan as guardian, does not differ materially from his obligations to
+a son or daughter. Suppose that he purchases a young slave with his
+money; he is legally his property during his natural life. Suppose
+that he becomes guardian to an orphan child; he acquires a legal right
+to control the child until he is twenty-one years of ago. Let him ask
+himself, what are his obligations to the orphan? Whatever they are, he
+is under the same obligations to the slave. But if he is at a loss as
+to what are his obligations to the orphan, let him ask himself what
+are his obligations to a son or a daughter? In a qualified sense, he
+is under the same obligations to the orphan that he is to a child, and
+ho is under the same obligations to the slave that he is to the
+orphan. They may differ in degree, but they cannot differ in kind.
+They are of the same kind, of the same quality, for the reason that
+the temporal wants and the eternal interests of the slave, the orphan,
+and the child are the same; and he, as master, guardian and father, is
+bound to make provision for them. He is morally bound to act with
+reference to the present happiness and eternal interests of the child,
+the orphan and the slave. As a general rule, whatever conduces to the
+happiness of the child, conduces to the happiness of the orphan, and
+whatever conduces to the happiness of the orphan, conduces to the
+happiness of the slave. They are each persons of like feelings,
+passions and propensities; requiring at his hands the same kind of
+training; the same moral and mental culture. I admit that the
+profession or occupation which they are destined to follow through
+life, may render it necessary that there should be some difference in
+their scholastic training and attainments; but it does not follow
+because a son is destined for the medical profession, and therefore
+requires a smattering of Latin and Greek, that an orphan who is
+expected to follow the occupation of farming, should not be a
+tolerable English scholar; nor, that a slave, though he remain a slave
+during his life, should not receive at his hands that amount of mental
+culture which is requisite to expand his mind, and elevate his
+character above that ignorance, superstition, degradation and vice, in
+which the African race are involved.
+
+The laws in conferring the right to hold slaves as property, did not
+invest any one with the right to act the tyrant. Every father is
+invested with the right to control his family; but he has no right to
+treat any member of his family harshly or unkindly. It is the duty of
+the father so to demean himself, and so to govern his family as to
+secure the good order, and promote the peace and happiness of every
+member of his household. A man's slaves are members of his household;
+and the same rules, laws and great cardinal principles, which regulate
+his conduct as a husband, father and guardian, should regulate his
+conduct as a master. He has a right to control every member of his
+family; it is a Divine right, conferred on him for the good of the
+whole; but in the exercise of this delegated authority, meekness,
+patience and forbearance should characterize every act of his life;
+and in his intercourse with every member of his family, white or
+black, his countenance in their presence, should be as the revivifying
+influence of the sun on the down-trodden vegetation of the earth,
+infusing hope, life and animation into all around him; and his words,
+yea, his commands, should descend as the gentle and genial showers on
+a parched and thirsty soil, and not in torrents of wrath, anger and
+indignation. Anger, clamor and strife should be banished from his
+household. His commands should be mild but firm; and unconditional
+submission and prompt obedience should be strictly enjoined on his
+children, dependants and slaves. Beloved by all, he would then move in
+the midst of his family with that dignity and grace which becometh the
+true Christian gentleman. Beloved, respected and venerated by every
+member of his family, he would find it no difficult task to enforce
+obedience, and thus to govern them according to the requisitions of
+God's word.
+
+Masters, I conceive, by pursuing the course indicated in the preceding
+pages, would discharge their duty to their slaves, and stand guiltless
+in the sight of God. The condition of the slaves would be ameliorated;
+their minds expanded and their manners improved; and thus, at some
+future period, if in the providence of God it should be their happy
+lot to attain the rights of freemen, then would they be qualified to
+appreciate the blessings of freedom, and not sink again into their
+original barbarism. Thus would they, as freemen, be competent to
+exercise the rights and privileges of free citizens; and, while rising
+in the scale of nations, they would point to our government as their
+great benefactor, who raised them from the lowest depths of savage
+barbarism and brutality, and conferred on them light, liberty and
+science, and inducted them into the doctrines of the Christian
+religion. Then would they view our nation as their great donor, from
+whom they received light, science and religion, and not as their
+oppressor.
+
+It is incumbent on me to state, in conclusion, that the clergy of the
+slave States have done all that was practicable, under the
+circumstances, to confer on the slaves the benefits and advantages of
+religious instruction. I doubt whether the poorer class of people,
+white or black, have had superior religious advantages in any part of
+Christendom, at least so far as it relates to the preaching of the
+gospel, and the ordinances of the church. The clergy of the different
+denominations have been untiring in their efforts to Christianize the
+African population. And it is a little remarkable that, in many
+instances, irreligious men,--men who make no pretentious to religion,
+men who rarely attend the preaching of the gospel themselves, should
+encourage their slaves to attend divine service, and, in some
+instances build churches and employ ministers for the benefit of their
+own slaves. Strange as it may appear, it is nevertheless true. But
+admitting the fact, and I cheerfully admit it, that all has been done
+that was practicable, under the circumstances, to Christianize the
+African race in the Southern States, yet the principles of
+Christianity have exerted on them but a partial influence, in
+consequence of their ignorance. No people can be brought fully under
+the influence of the Christian religion, unless their minds are at the
+same time enlightened and expanded by literature. Religion and
+literature are twin sisters; bound together by indissoluble ties, and
+the Divine Being never intended that they should be separated.
+Religious instruction without literary culture, can produce but a
+partial and superficial effect on the human mind; it can produce no
+strong, permanent and abiding influence. When the gospel is preached
+to an ignorant, illiterate, semi-savage people, the seed is sown in an
+incongenial soil, and the product will be in accordance with the soil
+in which the seed is sown. This accounts for a fact stated in the
+preceding pages, that slaves apparently pious, when liberated and
+exposed to certain temptations, were very likely to fall into their
+former habits and vices. It also accounts for the fact, that but few
+Africans can bear flattery and attention from the white race, it
+matters not how virtuous and pious they may be; it is certain to elate
+them, and to excite them to acts of indiscretion, and sometimes to
+acts grossly vicious. It is so common for Southern slaves who arc
+apparently pious, when exposed to temptation to fall into acts of
+gross immorality, that many unthinking persons in the South have come
+to the conclusion that there is no sincere piety among them; that they
+are insincere and hypocritical in their professions and pretentious. A
+gentleman once remarked to me, that he had never seen an African in
+whose piety he had entire confidence. It was a remark, I believe of
+Doctor Nelson, (the author of the celebrated work on infidelity,) that
+he had never seen but one or two consistently pious slaves. The doctor
+was long a resident of Tennessee, a practitioner of medicine and a
+minister of the gospel, and certainly had good opportunities for
+forming correct opinions on the subject; but it appears to me that
+such views are not only uncharitable, but also unphilosophical.
+Professors of the Christian religion of the African race are not less
+sincere than are the same class of persons among the white race. On
+the contrary a slave is more likely than his master to attach himself
+to a church from pure motives. Many considerations may induce a white
+man to make a profession of religion, which have no bearing, force, or
+influence whatever, on an African. But the slave is ignorant and
+degraded; and consequently he lacks moral stamina. He lacks that
+firmness and stability of character which result from mental culture.
+And moreover, his views of the Divine Being, of his attributes and his
+works are erroneous. He knows but little of his Creator or his works;
+but little about himself and his relations to his fellow creatures. He
+desires to do right, but he is too often unable to distinguish between
+right and wrong. But this is not all; for slaves are, to a great
+extent, devoid of what, (in ordinary parlance,) is called a sense of
+honor and shame; and too many white Christians, as well as black ones,
+require all the restraining motives and influences, that can be
+brought to bear on them, to keep them in the paths of rectitude. What
+is called the moral sense alone, would fail in a large majority of
+cases. The above remarks are as applicable to an ignorant, depraved
+and vicious class of white persons, which may be found every where, as
+they are to the Southern slaves and free negroes. I will here remark
+that all that is indispensably necessary to enable an individual to
+cultivate his mind, is a tolerable knowledge of his mother tongue, so
+far at least, as to be able to read and write it; and a few well
+selected books. It is neither necessary nor advisable to read many
+books; for most of reading men have read too many books, and have
+studied none. It is a little remarkable that Christians know so little
+about the Bible. I do not suppose that there is one in a hundred among
+them who ever read the sacred volume through; and a large majority of
+them know very little about it, except some very incorrect notions
+which they have gathered from sermons. It seems that some people
+imagine that attending church, and hearing sermons comprises the
+"whole duty of man." This is all very well so far as it goes; but I
+beg leave to remind such persons that our Saviour preached a sermon on
+the mount, near two thousand years ago, which is far superior to any
+sermon that has been preached from that day to the present time; and
+that they would do well to read it at least once a month.
+
+It is but an act of justice to slaveholders for me to state, that the
+education of slaves in most of the slave States is barred by
+prohibitory laws. This is one of the fruits of abolition interference
+with slavery. I have remarked in Chapter 3, of this volume, that the
+abolition excitement in the North, about thirty-five years ago, cut
+off discussion in the South on the subject of slavery; and that the
+legislatures of the slave States in self-defence, or otherwise, in
+obedience to the imperious demands of self-preservation, enacted
+stringent laws in reference to the slave population, &c.; and that
+among them will be found enactments making the education of slaves a
+penal offense. It was the circulation of abolition tracts and papers
+among the slaves by Northern men, that first suggested this idea to
+the Southern legislatures. Previous to that time, many Christian
+slaveholders were educating their slaves. These laws are inoperative
+in many places in the South; and it affords me pleasure here to record
+the fact, that most of the slaves in Knoxville, Tennessee, the city in
+which I last resided while a citizen of the South, are able to read,
+and many of them can write. Well done, ye noble and generous sons and
+daughters of Knoxville.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+The subject of slavery for the last thirty-five years has been an
+exciting one in the United States. There has been much discussion, and
+what is worse, much angry contention on the subject. It has been a
+hobby for demagogues, and a fire-brand in the hands of factious
+disorganizers. Fanatics and false philanthropists have rolled it as a
+sweet morsel under their tongues. It has furnished them with a pretext
+to cry liberty! liberty! from the rising to the setting sun. Their
+whole souls, bodies, and minds, appear to have been absorbed in the
+contemplation of African slavery. They appeared to be wholly engrossed
+with this one idea, to be engulphed! swallowed up! lost! confounded
+and bewildered in visionary abstractions, and ever and anon, their
+plaintive notes were heard throughout the hills and dales, liberty and
+oppression, the burden of their songs. They seemed to consider all
+crime, all oppression, all injustice, all wrong, as merged in African
+slavery and its concomitant evils, and themselves the peculiar, the
+special guardians of the rights of man. The North and the South have
+been hissed on each other with demoniac fury, and have glutted their
+vengeance in attempts to "bite and devour each other." Truth, justice,
+and righteousness have been lost sight of, and a fair and impartial
+statement of facts has seldom been placed before the public; but in
+its stead, crimination and recrimination have been hurled from North
+to South, and from South to North.
+
+The North has arraigned the South, and the South has hurled defiance
+at the North; or, if the former set up a defense, it was little better
+than special pleading. Those who have read the foregoing pages are
+apprised, that it was no part of my design in this work, to exonerate
+either North or South, there is guilt enough everywhere to humble us
+all. But I have long considered the attacks of abolitionists on
+slaveholders, as devoid of truth and justice, and that their views on
+slavery, were in direct opposition to the revealed will of God.
+Abolitionism cannot be of God, because its views, plans, and
+machinations, are in direct opposition to the revealed will of God.
+Whosoever sows dissension or excites discontent among the slaves, and
+influences them to dishonor, despise, or forsake the service of their
+masters, in so doing, violates the positive injunctions of the Bible.
+Servants are commanded in the New Testament to obey, love, and serve
+their masters, and to resign themselves to the will of God, and be
+content with their lot. Servants are not only taught to obey their
+masters, but to account them worthy of all honor, and to endeavor to
+please them in all things. "If any man teach otherwise, (says the
+apostle), he is proud, knowing nothing." But abolitionists do teach
+otherwise; hence, we find many of the leaders of that party
+repudiating the Bible.
+
+I do not suppose that Northern people, where slavery is not legalized,
+are any better than the Southern people where it is legalized. Each
+section of the Union has its virtues and vices. I do not suppose that
+England, where slavery is not legalized, is any better than America
+where it is legalized. There is more or less injustice and oppression
+everywhere. It looks well in England to talk about oppression in the
+United States. "Thou hypocrite, first cast the beam out of thine own
+eye." Look at down trodden Ireland, thou despotic tyrant. And ye dukes
+and lords, ye pinks of mortality, professing to be Christians, have ye
+forgotten the words of Divine inspiration? "He that hath of this
+worlds goods, and seeth his brother have need, how dwelleth the love
+of God in him?" Look at your tenantry, the millions of miserable
+wretches on your own soil, whose condition is far worse than that of
+the African slaves in the United States? And ye bishops! ye overseers
+of the flock of Christ? with your princely salaries! surrounded by
+wealth, splendor, and luxury! Have ye ever thought of the millions,
+that are starving around you, not only for the bread of eternal life,
+but also for that which is essential to the sustenance of animal life!
+Woe to you, ye hypocrites. Ye wolves in sheep's clothing! Bow your
+heads with shame, and repent in sack-cloth, or else as surely as there
+is a God in heaven, you will have "your portion in the lake that
+burneth with fire and brimstone."
+
+Some people at the North are constantly harping on the subject of
+slavery, and yet lo! when some one emancipates a slave in the South,
+and he straggles off to the North, every one with whom he meets gives
+him a kick. Benevolent souls, look at the treatment which the Randolph
+negroes received in the state of Ohio. If slaves are emancipated where
+are they to go? Where will they find an asylum? Not in the North? For
+Northern legislatures are already telling them by prohibitory
+enactments, here, you cannot come. "O consistency! thou art a jewel, a
+pearl of great price," a virtue rarely met with.
+
+Abolitionists make a great noise about slavery, some of them, no
+doubt, conscientious and sincere; but there are many among them,
+should they remove to the South, that would in less than five years
+own a cotton farm or a sugar plantation well stocked with negroes.
+Facts have in many instances verified the truth of this assertion. Men
+have frequently emigrated from the free states to the South,
+professedly abolitionists, and after getting into one or two
+difficulties with the excitable Southerners, they would all at once
+throw off their garb of abolitionism, and then, they too, must have
+slaves. Perhaps they thought that a change of location justified a
+change of opinion; or, it may be, that they reasoned thus: poor
+creatures, they are in bondage, and why should they not as well belong
+to us as to any one else? We can treat them as well as any one. The
+Southern slaves, however, tell a different tale. They say that
+Northern men have no business with slaves, for the reason, that they
+are very hard masters. The negroes of the South have as little
+sympathy for the Yankees, as their pro-slavery masters.
+
+I have said that we all are guilty; yes, England is guilty! America is
+guilty! The Northern states are guilty! The Southern states are
+guilty! There is guilt everywhere! We should therefore beware how we
+censure one another. Mother England furnished her American colonies
+with slaves, and pocketed the money, and now she tells us, that we
+have no right to that property which she forced on us, when we were a
+weak and defenceless people, and could not do otherwise than obey her
+commands. The eagle eyed, shrewd, and sagacious Yankees, ever alive to
+all that pertains to their own pecuniary interests, with that
+keen-witted penetration and over-reaching foresight, for which they
+are remarkable, soon made the discovery, that slave labor in a
+Northern latitude, and on a comparatively barren soil, must prove
+unproductive. Hence, they strike a bargain with their Southern
+neighbors. The Yankees say to the Southern planters, gentlemen, you
+can employ these slaves profitably in the cultivation of tobacco and
+cotton. Your climate and soil is adapted to slave labor, ours is not,
+take our slaves, and let us have in return, gold and silver. It will
+be a profitable investment on your part, and will relieve us of a
+species of property, which, to us, is unprofitable. The Southern
+planters accept their offer and purchase their slaves, and what next?
+The Yankees turn around and say to the Southern men, you have no right
+to hold these slaves as property. Kentucky and Tennessee might now,
+with equal propriety and consistency sell their slaves to the Texan
+planters, pocket the money, turn on their heels and say, why
+gentlemen, it is true that we sold you these slaves, and you have paid
+us for them; but you have no right to hold them in bondage. Refund our
+money, cry the Texan planters. If you have sold us property which we
+have no right to hold as property, refund our money? No, say the
+sturdy Kentuckian and the stalwart Tennessean, not we. Help yourselves
+the best way you can, we have got your money, and we shall hold on to
+it. We make no children's bargains, and thus the matter ends.
+
+If slave labor had been profitable in the North, Northern men would
+have remained in possession of their slaves to the present day. No
+one, I suppose, doubts it, and it is a good and sufficient reason why
+they should be a little more modest in their denunciation of their
+Southern brethren. Slavery is perpetuated by selfishness. Northern
+men, to say the least, are as selfish as Southern men; and it would
+require nothing, but a change of location, to make them as oppressive
+task-masters. Where there is most selfishness, there we will find most
+oppression; provided, that surrounding circumstances are favorable.
+Most men, in this world, consult their own pecuniary interests. If
+they are enhanced by African slavery, African slaves they will have,
+provided they can get them; but if they cannot get African slaves,
+they will make slaves of unfortunate and ignorant individuals of their
+own color. It is the same dominant principle the world over. The
+Northern man with his leagues of land, surrounded by ignorant,
+indigent and impoverished families, is virtually a slaveholder. He
+gets all their labor, and what do they receive in return? A bare
+subsistence. Southern slaves get that. These tenants spend their lives
+in laboring for their landlords, and receive in return, barely a
+sufficiency of coarse food and coarse clothing, to keep soul and body
+together through a protracted and miserable existence; the condition
+of many of them being worse than that of a majority of Southern
+slaves. Most of operatives who live on their daily wages, do nothing
+more than earn their victuals and clothes, and slaves are generally as
+well clothed, and better fed than they are. It is clear to my mind,
+that a majority of slaves are better compensated for their labor, than
+the poorer class of people, North or South. I base this conclusion on
+the fact, that neither the one, nor the other, receive any thing more
+than their victuals and clothes, and the slave is better fed, and
+better clothed than the poor white man. This is neither a far-fetched
+conclusion, nor yet an exaggeration. It is literally true. I repeat,
+that the slaves of the South are generally better provided for, than
+the generality of the tenantry, North or South. Hence, the slave is
+better paid for his labor than the white man, under these
+circumstances, slaves are also exempt from those corroding cares,
+perplexities and anxieties, which embitter the lives of the poorer
+class of white people. He has but to finish his task, and eat and
+sleep; the cares of the family devolve on master and mistress. The
+storms of adversity, the losses and crosses incident to all families,
+pass over his humble hut. The poor white man has bread and meat
+to-day, but God only knows from whence it will come to-morrow. Not so
+with the slave, he knows well from whence his bread and meat is to
+come "for the morrow." Master is bound to make provision for him, and
+he feels no concern about the matter. "He takes no thought for the
+morrow." Well, but says one, the white man has liberty, poor as he may
+be. He can work to-day, and forbear to-morrow, if it suits his ease,
+convenience, or inclination. Very true, and the misfortune is, that he
+too often works to-day, and gets drunk to-morrow; or, otherwise,
+squanders away his time foolishly. Indigence and ignorance subject men
+to oppression in all countries, and under all circumstances, it
+matters not whether you call them slaves or freemen. There is
+oppression and injustice everywhere. It originates in the supreme
+selfishness of our natures--our self-love. It was the original design
+of Christianity to eradicate this principle from the human heart.
+"Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." "Whatsoever ye would that
+men should do to you, do ye even so to them." This is the language of
+the author of our religion. The great apostle had direct reference to
+the selfishness of our hearts when he said, "the love of money is the
+root of all evil." While selfishness is the dominant principle of our
+hearts, we can neither love God, nor yet our neighbor. The Holy spirit
+can never enter our hearts, while this principle reigns supreme
+within. He has been trying to expel the monster from the hearts of the
+human family, for nearly two thousand years; but as yet he has
+accomplished his object but partially. He pleads for entrance, but too
+often pleads in vain. We must relinquish our self-love, before we can
+love God supremely, and our neighbor as ourselves.
+
+Selfishness, self-love, or the love of money, as the apostle terms it,
+stands in the way of all that is noble, generous, and just, in our
+intercourse with our fellow creatures. It is "the root of all evil,"
+all injustice, all oppression, all unrighteousness, all that mars our
+peace and happiness in this world, all tumults, all strife, all
+contention, all war, all blood-shed, all hatred, all misery in time,
+and all our woes to all eternity.
+
+There are times when my heart sickens within me. I feel, I know that
+there is oppression and wrong in our world, and that millions of my
+fellow creatures are interested in perpetuating those wrongs. I know
+that wherever the human foot has trodden the soil, that _might
+triumphs over right_, that the strong oppress the weak, that the poor
+and dependent too often become the servants of the rich; that the man
+of quick discernment, too often overreaches and takes advantage of his
+simple, less gifted, and unsuspecting neighbor. That the master, the
+land-lord, those who are endowed with superior knowledge, those who
+are in possession of wealth, power, and influence, too often become
+oppressive, tyrannical and cruel to their inferiors, servants and
+dependants. I know that these evil exist, and that many believe that
+they would sustain damage by any attempt to mitigate, or remove them.
+Self-love, self-interest, the love of money, the love of ease, the
+love of wealth, splendor, and power, stand in the way of any
+reformation. Their prejudices, too, that have grown with their growth,
+and ripened with their years, must be removed. They moreover imagine
+that not only their self-interests, but their honor, their ease and
+convenience, their all--all that they hold dear in the world, will be
+endangered by any attempt to eradicate the evils alluded to. Will
+they, under these circumstances, listen to the calls of suffering
+humanity, the voice of reason, the laws of Divine revelation, and the
+stern dictates of conscience? Can we expect it, when so many interests
+are involved, when so many prejudices must be broken down, and old
+institutions rooted up, and a new order of things introduced? Can
+moral obligation, a sense of duty, the dictates of conscience,
+overcome that instinctive passion of the human soul, the love of gain?
+Oh! the love of money, that mighty leveller of power, the golden
+serpent that beguiles us to transgress the laws of God, to disregard
+the rights of man, and to burst asunder the common ties of humanity,
+which were designed in the wisdom and beneficence of the adorable
+Creator to bind us all together--the world, every member of the human
+family of all nations, kindred, and tongues, high and low, rich and
+poor, bond and free, into one common brotherhood. Will men ever
+reflect, that we are all brothers, descendants of the same earthly
+parent, children of the same heavenly father, having common interests,
+alike the subjects of joy and sorrow; that the author of our existence
+is no respecter of persons; and, finally, that we must all stand
+before a just and righteous Judge, and give an account of the deeds
+done in the body, "whether they be good or evil." These are solemn
+thoughts, and we look in vain for a correction of the evils under
+which the world groans, unless the minds of men can be disentangled
+from worldly pursuits, and can be impressed with their responsibility
+to the Author of their existence, and the obligation to each other.
+Here all our hopes must center, and to this end must all our efforts
+tend, if our object is the regeneration of the human race. Men must
+understand their true interests, their relations and obligations to
+each other, and their accountability to God, before they will "cease
+to do evil and learn to do well." If either the writer or the reader,
+expects to do anything in behalf of suffering humanity, he must never
+lose sight of the corruption of our natures, and the great fountain of
+error and misconception, self-love, as the source of all that mars the
+peace and happiness of the human family. And what is of paramount
+importance, we must bear in mind, that without Divine aid, we write in
+vain, we read in vain, that God alone can accomplish the great work,
+and that we are but instruments in his hands. We must then, with
+unwearied patience and diligence, do our duty, and leave the event to
+him who has all power in heaven and earth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+The memorable words of our Saviour, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God,
+with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind; and
+thy neighbor as thyself," comprise the whole duty of man. God requires
+nothing more of any man. He that loves God will yield a ready and
+cheerful obedience to all his commands; and he that loves his
+neighbor, cannot, under any circumstances, or in any condition of
+life, do his neighbor injustice or wrong. I have shown in the
+preceding Chapter, that all oppression, all injustice, that all the
+evils and calamities which befal the human family, originate in, or
+are perpetuated by our self-love. Selfishness, self-interest, or
+otherwise self-aggrandizement, is the mainspring of all our actions if
+we are devoid of love to God and man. This innate principle of our
+hearts, the love of money, the love of ease, wealth, power and fame,
+must be overcome before we can love God and our neighbor; or otherwise
+discharge those duties incumbent on us as Christians, good citizens,
+and philanthropists. While self-love or selfishness is the dominant
+principle in our hearts, we can be neither humane, just, nor generous
+in our intercourse with our fellow creatures. It is impossible. Under
+these circumstances we must and will invade their rights; provided
+that our interests are enhanced thereby. I have said that this innate
+principle of cupidity must be overcome before we can love God or our
+neighbor. The question present itself, how? By what means or agency?
+The gospel of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ was promulgated for
+this special purpose. By what agency? Through the pervading influence
+of the Holy Ghost shed abroad in our hearts, purifying our corrupt
+natures. To whom was this gospel committed? The church of Christ. We
+look then to the church of Christ for its promulgation, and an
+application of its principles. But some branches of the church are so
+corrupt that we can no longer look to them as the depositories of
+truth, righteousness and justice. Our Saviour sowed good seed, and the
+devil sowed tares; and the tares have grown and multiplied until they
+have nearly superseded the product of the good seed. But the
+difficulty does not stop here, for we find, at this time, multitudes
+who have crept into every branch of Christ's church, who give
+incontestible evidence that they are under the influence of the worst
+passions and propensities of the human heart. Who are devoid of every
+principle of the Christian religion. What is their object? What are
+the motives of such persons when they attach themselves to the
+different branches of Christ's church? Search your hearts ye whited
+sepulchers, and tell me what was your leading object when you became
+church members? Tell me, was it to serve God? No, for ye continue to
+serve the devil with more alacrity than formerly. Shall I hold you up,
+naked and deformed as ye are, or shall I forbear? The truth must be
+told, be the consequence what it may. It was not your intention when
+ye entered the pale of the church, to place yourselves in such a
+position as would enable you more effectually to serve either the
+Author of your existence, or the father of lies. You made a profession
+of religion in order to serve yourselves. You designed nothing more
+nor less than to make a profession of religion subserve your business,
+profession or avocation; or else, give you character and notoriety in
+the world. Here now is the principle of self-love, selfishness,
+self-aggrandizement, prompting men to attach themselves to the
+different branches of Christ's church.
+
+The politician contemplated, no doubt, that by becoming a church
+member he would secure the suffrages and the influence of a large
+portion of the members of that church to which he attached himself.
+The merchant by the same manoeuvre, expected to sell more goods; and
+the physician was aware that it would afford him an excellent
+opportunity to _brother and sister_ himself into a better practice.
+The lawyer expected to get large fees from avaricious and contentious
+church litigants. For church members will engage in lawsuits, the
+authority of John Wesley, and the still higher authority of St. Paul
+to the contrary, notwithstanding. The mechanic too, must have the
+patronage and influence of the church. Neighbor B., over the way, is a
+regular church member in good standing; and I must become one too, in
+order to compete with him in business. Dear me, says the farmer to his
+beloved spouse, don't you see that we are raising a large and
+promising family of children; and we must make them respectable. How,
+my dear, says the good lady; by dressing our daughters in silks, and
+our sons in broadcloth? No, no, says the close-fisted farmer, there is
+a cheaper and readier way to accomplish it; though I have no objection
+to seeing the children decently clothed. Have you not observed that
+all the respectable families in this neighborhood are Methodist,
+Presbyterians, or Baptists, (as the case may be,) and in order to
+become respectable, we too must go and join the church. These are the
+corrupt, the impure, the abominable motives, which too often lead men
+to attach themselves to churches; and these are the considerations
+which are too often presented to non-professors by ministers, as well
+as private members. I regret to say it--I blush while I record it: I
+have frequently seen professors of religion approach non-professors
+with all the sanctimoniousness which they could possibly assume, and
+abruptly address them in the following words: "Come, my friend, you
+must be religious; you must get religion and join the church." The
+poor sinner objected--difficulties interposed--he could not, at least
+at the present time; begs leave to be excused until a more convenient
+season. "Well, but--come my friend, you may find it greatly to your
+advantage. We are numerous, we are respectable, we are influential, we
+can aid you in your business, and elevate your character in society."
+This is no fancy sketch, I have seen it with my own eyes, and heard it
+with my own ears, a thousand times; and I beg those who honor this
+work with a perusal, to reflect for one moment, and I think that they
+can call to mind similar circumstances. I am loathe to wound the
+feelings of any one, but a practice so well calculated to corrupt the
+church of Christ, so contrary to the spirit of Christianity, must and
+shall be exposed. It is thus that men are frequently drawn into
+churches, by appeals to the worst passions and propensities that
+characterize the human heart. By appeals to their cupidity! their love
+of fame! their love of power! By touching the mainspring or the root
+of all evil--love of money! What can be expected of those on whom such
+unhallowed means are brought to bear? They were begotten by
+unrighteousness, "conceived in sin, and brought forth in iniquity." No
+wonder churches are corrupt.
+
+It behoves us to inquire in what, this ungodly procedure, on the part
+of professors of the Christian religion, originates. It originates in
+an undue desire on the part of ministers and church members to
+strengthen their party. It is the same spirit that actuated the
+Pharisees of old, when our Saviour told them, "ye compass sea and land
+to make a proselyte;" and what then, after they had succeeded, why he
+is then "seven-fold more a child of hell than yourselves." No wonder,
+nothing else can be expected, when people are induced to attach
+themselves to churches from such impure motives. I never yet saw such
+extra efforts made to get some poor, indigent, ignorant, insignificant
+individual into a church. But if the man has wealth or influence we
+generally find all hands at the bellows.
+
+There are a class of religionists in the world, and there are more or
+less of them among all denominations of Christians, who are never
+easy, never satisfied, never content, unless they are cramming their
+own peculiar notions down other people's throats. Their object is not
+to change men's hearts, but to change their opinions. They take up the
+New Testament and read Christ's sermon on the Mount; but they find
+nothing in it to answer their purpose. It is but an ordinary
+production in their estimation. They pass on through Matthew, Mark,
+Luke and John. How stale, how dull, how uninteresting these gospels,
+they are led to exclaim. They see but little beauty in the God-like
+teaching; or the inimitable example of Christ. His last agonies, his
+death on the cross is insufficient to move their callous hearts. But
+on they pass through the Acts of the Apostles, and the Epistle to the
+Romans; but, oh! stop, they have found it at last? Reader, what do you
+suppose that they have found? What were they in search of? Why some
+text of Scripture which seem to support their own peculiar notions on
+the subject of Baptism, Election, Predestination, the Final
+Perseverance of the saints, &c. The zeal of such persons to propagate
+their opinions is not more remarkable than the confident, dogmatic
+manner in which they express them. It is remarkable that professors of
+religion who are most ignorant and depraved, those who have embraced
+the grossest errors, are the most confident, arrogant and intolerant
+in their efforts to force their opinions on others. It may be set down
+as a maxim, that where there is most ignorance and error--that those
+whose creeds contain the least truth, are under all circumstances the
+most forward to engage in controversy with others.
+
+Truth is quiet--error is noisy and boisterous; truth is meek--error is
+proud and self-sufficient; truth is modest--error is bold and forward;
+truth is diffident--error is confident and assuming; truth is resigned
+to the will of God--error is self-willed. To arrive at the truth is
+not the design of such persons. It is not their eternal interests, nor
+those of their fellow creatures that stimulate them to effort. They
+read the Scriptures, not as honest inquirers after truth, but with a
+view of finding something that will give support to some preconceived
+opinion, doctrine, creed or ceremony. That will give support to some
+abstruse doctrine, form or ceremony, which has no direct reference,
+whatever, to their eternal interests, nor to their duty and
+obligations to their Creator, nor yet to their fellow creatures. Their
+motives and intentions are dishonest, their professions insincere and
+hypocritical, and it is not in the power of their bigoted and corrupt
+minds to comprehend, "whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things
+are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure,
+whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.--SECTION I.
+
+Abolition editors. Their statements false,
+
+Letter writers travel South--Misrepresentations,
+
+Northern men mislead by abolition papers, and Uncle Tom's Cabin,
+
+Sectional hatred is engendered thereby, and the Union endangered.
+Slavery agitation has retarded emancipation, riveted the chains of
+slavery, and inflicted injury on masters and servants,
+
+The revolutionary designs and tendencies of abolitionism,
+
+The Union based on the slavery compromise,
+
+Those who invade the rights of the South, are guilty of not only a
+civil, but also of a moral trespass. The primitive church was
+subordinate to the civil authorities. Language of Christ and his
+Apostles,
+
+Contrast between Christ and his Apostles, and the apostles of modern
+reform,
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+Is universal emancipation safe or practicable? What would be the
+consequences?
+
+Idleness, vagrancy and crime, the fruits of emancipation,
+
+There is not a free negro in the limits of the United States,
+
+Universal prejudice against the African race. The African no where
+allowed the ordinary privileges of the white man,
+
+Free negroes of Baltimore--their appeal to the people of the United
+States. Judge Blackford. Dr. Miller,
+
+Slavery agitation of foreign origin. Slavery not extinct in the
+British dominions. The English poor,
+
+White slavery and negro slavery,
+
+The condition of African slaves in the United States better than the
+mass of European laborers. Slavery exists in every part of the British
+dominions,
+
+British Asiatic Journal. Dr. Bowering. Duke of Wellington. Sir Robert
+Peel and the London Times,
+
+Madame Stowe has caricatured, slandered and misrepresented her
+country, to please the English people. She is invited to England.
+
+Reflections. The wreck of nations. Cardinal virtues. Bigotry and
+fanaticism. Advice to ladies,
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+Declaration of an English nobleman. Destruction of the government of
+the United States, by the Sovereigns of Europe. Their allies, aiders
+and abettors in the United States. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Mrs. Stowe in
+England,
+
+_Isms and Schisms. Tomism_ in England and America,
+
+England a nation of murderers, thieves, and robbers. Their hypocrisy,
+
+Mrs. Stowe in England. Their object in fanning the flame of discord
+among us,
+
+John Bull. Mrs. Stowe and her coadjutors. Graham's Magazine,
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+Popularity of Uncle Tom's Cabin in England and America. Its designs,
+tendencies, injustice, falsehood, &c.
+
+The Bible. Cupidity and hypocrisy,
+
+The "inward man." Self deception,
+
+Mrs. Stowe's object in writing her book,
+
+Its reception. The conclusion of the whole matter. Yankee ingenuity.
+Hypocrisy,
+
+"Gain is godliness," and their pretended godliness is all for gain.
+English emissaries and abolition editors. Motives that prompt the
+abolition party to action. Sympathy for the African race a mere
+pretense, or affectation of superior sanctity,
+
+Every man is conscious that he ought to be a Christian, therefore
+every man wishes to be esteemed such. Affected piety. Bible
+Christianity,
+
+England's inconsistency. John Bull a bigoted, meddlesome old
+hypocrite. "Charity begins at home." Treatment of free negroes North,
+by abolitionists,
+
+
+SECTION V.
+
+Harsh epithets applied to Southern slaveholders by abolitionists,
+
+The Sacred Record. God alone was competent to decide what was best for
+masters and servants, individuals and nations. Every departure from
+the Sacred Oracles is practical infidelity,
+
+The Bible alone is a safe and sure guide. Nothing can mitigate the
+evils of slavery, but a rigid observance of its precepts on the part
+of masters and servants,
+
+The African derives no benefit from emancipation if he remain among
+us. Mrs. Stowe would have us substitute greater evils for lesser--"out
+of the frying pan into the fire." She has told a wondrous story,
+
+Uncle Tom's Cabin. Free negroes' tales. Negro novels, village gossip,
+busy-bodies, idlers, loafers and liars,
+
+Slavery is not an evil under all circumstances. It would have proved a
+blessing to the slaves, if masters and servants had complied with the
+requisitions of the Bible. None so much to blame as abolitionists. The
+condition of an individual may be such, that he is fit for nothing but
+a slave,
+
+The evil consists in the incompetence of the individual, and not in
+that condition or station in life, to which his incompetency subjects
+him. Hence, the evils of slavery have their origin in its abuses,
+
+The African in his native state. Negroes transported to the United
+States. Slavery in Africa. Captives taken in war. Cruelty of negro
+overseers. Ignorant men hard masters. African masters,
+
+One portion of the African race are slaves to another--the larger
+portion slaves. American and African slavery,
+
+The slaves of the South have superior religions advantages. Southern
+clergy,
+
+
+SECTION VI.
+
+Is it the duty of American slaveholders to liberate their slaves? The
+consequences of universal emancipation,
+
+Crime committed by free negroes. Negro convicts, North. Prison system.
+Pauper expenditures. Crime among free negroes, North and South,
+contrasted,
+
+The religious condition of the African race, North and South,
+contrasted. Why is it, that the free blacks, North, derive so little
+benefit from the Christian ministry?
+
+The argument mainly relied on, to prove the sinfulness of American
+slavery. Every institution subject to abuse,
+
+White and black concubines. Illegitimate children,
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Which side of the question are you on, Sir?
+
+Ultraists North and South. Writers who disseminate erroneous views.
+Uncle Tom's Cabin a work of that class,
+
+The Author of our existence made us to differ mentally and physically,
+
+We all look through different glasses, some view objects through a
+microscope--exaggeration is their _forte_. Their minds were cast in a
+fictitious mould,
+
+It is a dire calamity that this class of writers have taken hold of
+the subject of slavery,
+
+Slavery an evil--but what shall we do with it? Sympathy for the
+African race, the object of Mrs. Stowe's book--right and proper, if
+properly directed, but blindfold sympathy not likely to result in any
+good,
+
+Slaves of the South proper objects of sympathy--so are their masters.
+Uncle Tom's Cabin, a gross misrepresentation,
+
+Is it right for Mrs. Stowe to present slaveholders, _en masse_, to the
+whole civilized world, as a set of hell-deserving barbarians?
+
+No good can result from misrepresentation. "The wrath of man worketh
+not the righteousness of God." Mrs. Stowe may inculcate resistance to
+the laws of her country, but so did not Christ and his Apostles,
+
+What atrocious crimes have been perpetrated in the name of liberty!
+"Show me the company you keep, and I will tell you who you are,"
+
+Are there no laws to protect slaves? The Southern slave is not
+amenable to the civil laws for his conduct, except in a qualified
+sense,
+
+The punishment of slaves is much more lenient than the punishment of
+white men for similar crimes. Transportation of slaves for crime,
+
+Ah! don't touch my purse! Your sympathies never leak out in that way.
+Slaveholders called murderers, &c.,
+
+White and black slavery. Hunger and cold are hard _masters_--worse
+than Southern slaveholders. Condition of free negroes, North.
+Universal prejudice against negroes--their freedom but nominal, &c.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+The improbability of Mrs. Stowe's tale. Those who receive their
+impressions of Southern slavery from abolition papers, are incapable
+of expressing correct opinions on the subject,
+
+Anecdote of a lawyer. Abolition editors,
+
+Wonders and humbugs. Jo. Smith's Bible. Uncle Tom's Cabin and
+Spiritual Rappers. Mrs. Stowe's narrative untrue. Her story of Uncle
+Tom, &c. The improbability of her tale,
+
+Eliza and her child. Maid servants in the South,
+
+Southern men and their wives. Eliza flees precipitately across the
+river on floating fragments of ice,
+
+Mrs. Stowe has calumniated her country. The moral influence of the
+great American Republic is destroyed,
+
+Clerical knaves and fools. N. England infidelity,
+
+My country is my pride, my country is my boast, my country is my all.
+We listen with pleasure to a recital of the vices of our neighbors,
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Abolition excitement in the North, thirty-five years ago. Discussion,
+public sentiment, and treatment of Southern slaves, previous to that
+time,
+
+The effects of anti-slavery excitement in the North, on the South.
+Discussion cut off--the enactment of rigid laws, &c. Benjamin Lundy,
+
+Why was it, that the abolition excitement in the North produced such a
+panic in the South? Shocking doctrines and incendiary publications,
+
+Who was it that crashed in embryo the reform that was in progress
+thirty-five years ago? Henry Clay's Letter,
+
+A legitimate conclusion. The object of abolitionists, dissolution of
+the Union, civil war, &c.
+
+The tendency and spirit of abolitionism. A confederacy, North and
+South,
+
+The whig and the democratic parties,
+
+Col. Benton and Gen. Cass. Parties and party spirit,
+
+Hale, Julian and Giddings. Ambition. A summary of my leading
+objections to _abolitionism_,
+
+_Negro stealing a virtue_. Detroit Free Press,
+
+Tom Corwin and the abolitionists,
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Would the condition of the slaves in the United States be ameliorated
+by emancipation, under existing circumstances?
+
+Historical facts. Manumitted slaves. Vice among slaves and free
+negroes--contrast,
+
+The condition of Southern slaves made worse by emancipation. Under no
+circumstances can the white man and the African meet on terms of
+equality,
+
+Nature has imposed an impassable barrier between the two races,
+
+Physical conformation and mental characteristics. Indolence and
+poverty of the African race,
+
+Universal emancipation--effects and consequences,
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Evils of slavery. Is the happiness of individuals under all
+circumstances diminished, by depriving them of liberty?
+
+The demoralizing influence of slavery,
+
+The liberality of Southern people,
+
+Northern and Southern peculiarities. Slander and seduction,
+
+Vices, North and South. Slave labor unproductive--the reason why?
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+The evils of slavery continued. The poorer class of whites, South,
+
+The higher and lower classes, North and South. Politeness of Southern
+gentlemen,
+
+Anecdotes,
+
+The slave and his master. Slaves content and happy,
+
+Why is it, that the African race are happy, in a state of servitude?
+
+An old infidel and his slave,
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+The evils of slavery continued. Agitation and sectional hatred. _God
+save the Union_,
+
+Ambitions demagogues. Dangers of agitation,
+
+Is there no remedy? Difficulties. The course of the Worth toward the
+South should be kind and conciliatory,
+
+The schemes of abolitionists potent for evil. By what means can
+slavery be abolished?
+
+Colonization. Kindness and conciliation,
+
+Territory should be set apart for free blacks,
+
+Aversion of slaves to a removal to Africa,
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The holding of slaves not sinful under all circumstances--Curse
+denounced on Ham, &c., &c.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Slavery under the Mosaic Dispensation--Christ and his Apostles,
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Paul,--Philemon,--and Onesimus. Solemn thoughts,
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The respective duties of masters and servants, &c.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Demagogues--Disorganizes--Abolitionists, &c.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+The love of God--Self-love--Truth and error,
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin, by A. Woodward
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A REVIEW OF UNCLE TOM'S CABIN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 15698.txt or 15698.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/6/9/15698/
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+