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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 17, March 4, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 17, March 4, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2005 [EBook #15358]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team. (www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_FIVE CENTS._
+
+THE GREAT ROUND WORLD
+
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT
+
+    SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. MARCH 4, 1897  Vol. 1. NO. 17
+    $2.50 PER YEAR
+    [Entered at Post Office, New York City, as second-class matter]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+    A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
+
+    WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. PUBLISHER
+
+    NO. 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Great Round World Prize Competitions
+
+OPEN TO SUBSCRIBERS ONLY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For Commercial Maps of the United States.
+
+THE GREAT ROUND WORLD offers five prizes, each to be a book
+costing not over $2.50, and _to be selected by the winners_, for each of
+the best five commercial maps of the United States, to be sent in before
+February 1st. These maps are to be filled in, without assistance, by the
+contestants; Klemm's Relief Map of the United-States to be used for this
+purpose; one of these Relief Maps will be sent without charge to any
+subscriber who wishes to compete. Directions for the competition will be
+found in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, No. 4, under story of "Pioneer
+Settlers of Marietta, Ohio."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+For the Best Set of Political Maps.
+
+NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA.
+
+    One set will be sent without charge to any yearly subscriber who
+    wishes to compete.
+
+A pair of skates will be given to the boy or girl who will fill in and
+send the most complete set of political maps of the five continents by
+February 1st. These maps are to be the Klemm's Relief Maps, and the
+political divisions are to be represented entirely by color, with an index
+on the margin of the maps to show which colors represent the different
+nations. The skates given as this prize may be selected by the winner.
+
+
+
+
+School and College Text-Books
+
+AT WHOLESALE PRICES
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    At my New Store (FEBRUARY 1ST)
+        3 & 5 West 18th Street
+            _The St. Ann Building_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the greatly increased facilities I can now offer to my customers the
+convenience of an assortment of text-books and supplies more complete than
+any other in any store in this city. Books will be classified according to
+subject. Teachers and students are invited to call and refer to the
+shelves when in search of information; every convenience and assistance
+will be rendered them.
+
+Reading Charts, miscellaneous Reference Charts, Maps, Globes, Blackboards,
+and School Supplies at net prices singly or in quantity.
+
+All books removed from old store (more or less damaged by removal) will be
+closed out at low prices.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Mail orders promptly attended to All books, etc., subject to approval_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=William Beverley Hanson, 3 & 5 West 18th Street=
+=FORMERLY 59 FIFTH AVENUE=
+
+Copyrighted 1897, By WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND WORLD And WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   MARCH 4, 1897.   NO. 17
+
+The news from Cuba is not very encouraging.
+
+The reforms promised by Spain are not believed in by the Cubans, and the
+fighting is going on as fiercely as ever.
+
+General Gomez, who is the head of the insurgent army, declares that Cuba
+will never accept anything from Spain but absolute freedom.
+
+When he took command of the Cuban army, Gomez made this a condition of his
+acceptance. He did this because, years ago, when Cuba was fighting Spain,
+the Spaniards offered all the reforms the people asked for, and promised
+them everything they desired.
+
+The Cubans believed Spain, and laid down their arms, only to find that
+they had been deceived and cheated. Spain did not keep her word, and
+probably never had any intention of doing so.
+
+General Gomez does not mean to give her the chance of deceiving Cuba
+twice.
+
+The Cuban leader has issued orders to the sugar planters, forbidding them
+to grind their cane, and threatening to burn their plantations if they
+attempt to disobey him. He promises the planters a speedy ending to the
+war, and says he is absolutely sure of the final triumph of the Cuban
+arms.
+
+In the mean while, he has slipped past General Weyler, who is marching
+over the country, declaring it pacified.
+
+The truth of the matter is, that in the so-called pacified country, which
+lies between Weyler and Havana, the entire insurgent army is assembled and
+at work.
+
+In this very district that General Weyler declares to be so quiet, the
+rebels are using dynamite with deadly success. They are placing bombs on
+the railroad tracks, and trains are being blown up almost daily, killing
+many Spanish soldiers.
+
+News of encounters between the enemies is constantly being brought in.
+Every day some small fight occurs that does little for the cause, but
+shows that the Cubans are still unconquered.
+
+General Gomez had a long talk with the representative of one of our most
+reliable newspapers, and told him that he has over forty thousand soldiers
+fighting for freedom, but that unfortunately he has not enough guns or
+ammunition for more than half the number. He says that nearly every
+soldier carries a machete, which is a weapon in use among Spanish
+Americans. It is half knife, half cleaver, and is carried by the peasants
+for general use upon the plantations. It makes a formidable weapon, but
+is, of course, not so valuable as a rifle would be.
+
+General Gomez said that if his men were only well armed, he would give
+battle to Weyler, and would without doubt beat him. He declared that he
+could raise seventy-five thousand men in a month, if he only had the
+means of arming them.
+
+He spoke in a most determined way about the proposed reforms, and repeated
+that he would take nothing from Spain but freedom. He went on to say that
+the hatred of Spain was now so strong in Cuban hearts, that were the
+revolution to fail, he was sure that a large majority of Cubans would
+leave their homes, and go and live in a foreign country, rather than
+continue under the hated rule of Spain.
+
+He was asked what he thought about the way the United States was treating
+Cuba.
+
+This was rather a difficult question for him to answer, because he was
+talking to an American; but General Gomez is a brave man, and a sincere
+man, and he was not afraid to give his real opinion.
+
+He said, that while he did not think that the United States was allied
+with Spain to bring about the defeat of the Cubans, he thought the refusal
+to recognize the Cuban government, and the assistance given to Spain to
+stop filibustering, looked very much as if the United States was more
+friendly to Spain than to Cuba.
+
+This being the case, he said it was out of the question for the Cuban
+government to listen to the advice of the United States about the reforms
+that Spain offered. Cuba could not regard the United States as her friend,
+and would not therefore take any suggestions from her.
+
+Many people have supposed that even if the Cubans were successful, peace
+would not be restored to the island. There are so many negroes and
+"half-breed" white people among the Cubans, that the idea has got about
+that the white Cubans and colored Cubans would fight each other for the
+right to govern.
+
+General Gomez spoke with much feeling on this point.
+
+He said the colored people had borne their share in the revolution bravely
+and nobly, and that there never had been, and never would be, any
+distinction made between the white man and the man of African origin. All
+Cubans had fought shoulder to shoulder, as brother patriots should do, and
+brother patriots they would continue, white or colored.
+
+Only once did General Gomez show any excitement, and that was when
+Weyler's name was mentioned.
+
+"He is not a soldier, he is not a man, he is not a Christian!" he said.
+"If he were a true soldier, I would respect him; if his troops were true
+soldiers, I would respect them, even though they had come to hold Cuba in
+chains. But he is not a soldier, nor are his men soldiers; they are here
+to butcher and destroy. They think to exterminate us; but though Cuba may
+weep and bleed and burn, God is with us, and the right will come at last."
+
+He said that he had often thought over Weyler's cruelties, and considered
+whether he should not treat the Spanish prisoners in the same way. But he
+could not do so. The very thought of the cruelties ordered by Weyler, the
+murdering of innocent persons, the attacking of hospitals and killing the
+poor invalids, filled him with horror.
+
+He said that he was determined that Cuba should shed no innocent blood in
+the name of freedom.
+
+He was finally asked how long the war would continue, and his answer was
+very short.
+
+"Until Cuba is free!" he said
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is said that General Gomez cannot yet bear to speak about the death of
+Maceo, and of his own son, who perished at the same time.
+
+When the news was brought to him, he showed the true nobility of his
+character.
+
+Calling his soldiers together, he bade them harbor no thoughts of revenge
+for the act of treachery which had cost them so brave a leader, but to
+follow the example of those who had died for their country, and fight
+until death or success was their portion.
+
+It is said that Gomez, as a token of respect for the dead hero Maceo,
+ordered his army to keep "silence" for ten days; which means that nearly
+all of the usual noises in camp were suppressed, and stilled in mourning.
+
+While Gomez is showing the true qualities of a soldier, Weyler continues
+the atrocious method of warfare that more closely resembles that of the
+bloodthirsty red Indian, than of a civilized Christian general.
+
+He is openly in favor of ending the rebellion by killing every man, woman,
+and child who is in favor of Cuban liberty. This method is called
+"Extermination."
+
+The Marquis de Apezteguia has travelled all the way to Madrid, to tell the
+Prime Minister of Spain, Senor Canovas, the truth about Weyler, and to beg
+that he be recalled.
+
+He has told the Prime Minister how Weyler has been robbing the people, and
+how he has made millions of dollars out of the Cuban war; that he is a
+disgrace to Spain, and to the Spanish name, and that there is no chance of
+the Cubans accepting terms from Spain while he is in command.
+
+Weyler's treatment of the Cuban women is growing still more cruel.
+
+Several Cuban ladies of rank were seized by his secret police, and without
+being told what they were arrested for, were taken to prison, and put in a
+cell with the lowest female prisoners.
+
+After being kept in jail for twenty days, they were forced to march, with
+all the criminals, through the public streets. They had to pass between
+files of soldiers, the mob hooting and howling at them.
+
+They were then put in box-cars, which are cars without seats, like those
+we use for baggage. They travelled thus for more than twelve hours, packed
+closely together with criminals of every kind, and forced to stand up all
+the way.
+
+On arriving at Havana, they were first thrust into jail with the men.
+
+Thinking that this was perhaps a little too severe, they were removed to
+the House of Refuge. This proved to be a wretched, unclean place, far
+worse than the jail.
+
+The correspondents for the United States papers happened to hear of the
+arrival of these unfortunates, and went at once to the House of Refuge to
+see them.
+
+Imagine their horror when they found that one of these ladies was a
+countrywoman of their own, an American citizen.
+
+Word was sent at once to Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee, and then the
+correspondents clubbed together, and bought some beds and small comforts,
+and sent them to the ladies.
+
+General Lee at once tried to help the American lady, Mrs. Rodriguez, and
+finally got permission for her release.
+
+The other ladies said they wished they were Americans, that they might
+also be helped out of their miserable position.
+
+These ladies do not as yet know why they have been arrested. They all have
+relatives in the insurgent army, and suppose that is the reason for their
+punishment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Three Friends_, the filibustering steamer that has been in so much
+trouble, will soon know her fate.
+
+She is to be proceeded against for piracy.
+
+The officers, agents, and lawyers are not included in the new case, and so
+there is no danger of any of them having to pay the penalty of piracy,
+which the law says is hanging.
+
+The vessel alone is the guilty party, and if her guilt is proved, she will
+be confiscated, which means, taken away from her owners.
+
+We spoke about the trial of the tug _Dauntless_ and the _Three Friends_ in
+No. 14 of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, and told how Judge Locke had set
+them at liberty, because he said that if no state of war existed in Cuba,
+the tugs could not be guilty of breaking any of the laws between nations.
+
+Attorney-General Harmon says that this decision of Judge Locke's makes the
+_Three Friends_ guilty of piracy, for in time of peace she fired a gun on
+the subjects of a friendly nation.
+
+It seems that whichever way they fix it, the _Three Friends_ is in
+trouble.
+
+The whole case rests upon the statement, made in certain New York
+newspapers, that the _Three Friends_ had a Hotchkiss gun in her bows, with
+which she fired on the Spanish gunboat that tried to prevent her landing
+her party.
+
+If this statement is true, the _Three Friends_ is guilty, and will have
+some difficulty in escaping from justice. But it is evident that her
+owners are going to deny the whole thing, and say that she had no gun on
+board.
+
+In Jacksonville, where she will be tried, the people are already saying
+that it is foolish to suppose that there was a gun on so small a tug as
+the _Three Friends_, and in Washington it is thought unlikely that it can
+be proved that a gun was on the boat.
+
+This makes the matter very interesting, because the New York newspapers
+which published the story will not like to have it proved that they print
+anything which is not true.
+
+They must do everything in their power to prove that the report _was_
+true, while the owners of the tug will make every effort to prove that it
+was false, and only a made-up story sent by the newspaper correspondent to
+give his paper an interesting item.
+
+These "interesting" items are so frequent that people are afraid to
+believe all they read in the papers.
+
+It is for this very reason that we have warned our readers that it is not
+safe to say "such and such a thing has happened" until time enough has
+passed to prove or contradict a statement; and this is the reason why we
+so often say, "it is said that this or that has happened." We want to be
+quite sure that a thing is true before we assert it as a fact.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There may be some false report of this character at the bottom of the
+trouble in Siam, which we were speaking about last week.
+
+The State Department has merely filed all the papers in relation to the
+outrage on Vice-Consul Kellet, and has decided to let the matter drop.
+
+Consul-General Barrett sent word that the King of Siam had not taken any
+notice of his demand for an inquiry into the matter; and the only reply
+given him was a polite note saying that his letter had been received.
+
+People who know, say that this means that the Government wishes to have
+the matter dropped. Otherwise word would have been sent to Bangkok that
+the Consul-General was to insist upon a proper explanation from the
+Siamese government.
+
+Meanwhile, the commander of the gunboat which was sent to Siam, has
+received orders to make inquiries. He is not to do this as an official, or
+on the part of the Government, but merely to find out the facts, and let
+the Government know if it is necessary to take any further notice of the
+affair.
+
+It seems that Mr. Olney thinks that Mr. Kellet may have been to blame, and
+that Mr. Barrett got excited, and made demands from the Siamese government
+without first stopping to find out the truth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is more trouble in Turkey, between the Turks and the Christians.
+
+This time the trouble is in Crete.
+
+Crete is a large island in the Grecian Archipelago, and lies just at the
+foot of Greece.
+
+It is a very celebrated island, and played a most important part in the
+affairs of Europe when Greece was the famous empire of the world.
+
+It has another claim for celebrity. It was the supposed birthplace of the
+heathen god Jupiter. Jupiter was a fabulous person, of course, but the
+Greeks believed in him, and declared that he was born on Mount Ida in the
+island of Crete. When you grow older and read your classics, you will
+learn a great deal about the heathen gods and goddesses whom the Greeks
+worshipped in the days before Christianity had come to enlighten the
+world.
+
+Crete, in the days of Grecian glory, was one of the most famous parts of
+that wonderful empire. From its favorable geographical position, it was at
+one time the place through which all the arts and wonders of Asia and the
+East were made known to the then rough and uncultivated Europeans.
+
+People from the East, and from the West, would meet on the island of
+Crete, and it became one of the most important points in Europe.
+
+After many ups and downs--you should read all about them in your Grecian
+history--Crete fell, with the rest of Greece, into the hands of the Turks.
+
+When the Greeks fought for and gained their freedom from the Turks in
+1827, Crete struggled bravely for liberty too, but she was not as
+fortunate as her sister land, and had to submit to the hated rule of the
+Turk.
+
+The Cretans are Greeks and Christians, and long to be under the rule of a
+Christian monarch.
+
+In 1869 they made another struggle for freedom, and appealed to the powers
+of Europe to free them.
+
+They asked to be allowed to join themselves to Greece, or else to be given
+liberty, under the protection of some Christian country.
+
+But they got no help, and the Turks still ruled in Crete.
+
+The present outbreak is but a renewal of the old feud. The recent murders
+of Christians in Armenia have made the Christians in Crete restless, and
+they are determined to make one more effort for freedom.
+
+The Greeks are anxious to aid the Cretans, and at the first word of the
+revolt in Crete sent war-ships to Canea, the port at which the fighting
+has taken place.
+
+The revolt appears to have been well planned, for the main cities of the
+island were soon in the possession of the Cretans, who only waited a
+signal from Greece to declare a union with that country, and to overthrow
+the rule of Turkey.
+
+The signal seems not to have been long in coming, for, if the news can be
+believed, the union of Crete and Greece has already been proclaimed.
+
+This will probably mean a war between Greece and Turkey; indeed, it seems
+impossible that war can be prevented, for Turkey is not going to sit
+quietly down and allow her possessions to be taken from her.
+
+There is a report that a Greek ship entered Canea, the port of Crete, and
+did not salute the Turkish flag. This looks very like war.
+
+It is the custom for every vessel on entering a foreign port to salute the
+flag of that port, and a failure to do so is considered a very grave
+insult.
+
+The latest news seems very serious indeed, almost as if this Cretan matter
+were going to bring about the European war that has been so long feared.
+
+Russia has suddenly become very indignant with England, declaring that she
+has stirred up this Cretan trouble, so that, in the confusion that will
+follow, she may be able to secure some important ports in the
+Mediterranean Sea.
+
+The Russians have ranged themselves on the side of Turkey, and insist that
+the only way for peace to be restored in Crete is for Russian and French
+war-ships to occupy the ports, and force the people back into quiet.
+
+England will not submit to anything of this sort, and if Russia and France
+take such action, war is bound to follow.
+
+It must not be supposed that a war with Turkey is going to be an easy
+thing.
+
+The Turkish soldiers are a fine, well-drilled body of men; indeed, the
+English Minister to Greece stated that the Turkish soldiers were the
+finest he had ever seen.
+
+The Janizaries, the most famous regiment of soldiers in the world, are the
+body-guard of the Sultan of Turkey.
+
+Not only are they well-drilled and powerful men, but they fight absolutely
+without fear. A Turkish soldier will never run away--he fights till he
+conquers or dies. This is due to his religion, which teaches him that what
+is to be will be, and that if it is his fate to be killed he will be
+killed, whether he runs away or stays in the battle.
+
+So he stays--and does all the harm he can before his fate, whatever it may
+be, overtakes him.
+
+It is also his belief that if he is killed in battle his sins are forgiven
+him, and he will go straight to Paradise; so he has no fear of the fight,
+and makes a very stubborn and dangerous foe.
+
+In the mean while, the Sultan of Turkey has a little business of his own
+on hand.
+
+He is very much annoyed at the length of the conference of the Powers
+about the reforms he is to be asked to make.
+
+All the dead walls of Constantinople, where the Ambassadors are meeting,
+have been covered with placards and posters of a character to enrage the
+common people, and make them turn their thoughts to fresh massacres.
+
+It is said on good authority, that the placards come from the Sultan, and
+have been posted by his orders.
+
+It is also said that he hopes to provoke the people and cause fresh
+rioting, and so break up the conference which so much annoys him.
+
+Another massacre may be expected any moment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a movement on foot in New York, to prevent any more of the very
+high buildings being put up.
+
+It seems that no one has any idea of the danger from high buildings.
+
+The Board of Trade and Transportation, which is trying to get a bill
+passed in Albany, preventing any further work of this sort being done,
+asked the Chief of the Fire Department to come before it and give his
+opinion of these high structures.
+
+He told the committee, that at the present time the Fire Department could
+not fight a fire in any of these tall buildings. He said that none of the
+engines owned by the department could throw a stream of water higher than
+125 feet from the ground, and that all floors over that height would have
+to be left to burn.
+
+All the very high buildings are supposed to be fire proof, and Chief
+Bonner was asked what he thought about them. He laughed, and said there
+was no such thing as a fire-proof building, and that in fact the
+iron-framed structures, supposed to be fire-proof, were perhaps a little
+more dangerous than the old style of brick building. He said that these
+frames become heated and bend, pulling the walls down, so that they fall
+much more quickly than they used to, and make the firemen's work more
+difficult.
+
+The only absolutely fire-proof building that he knew of was the Public
+Library in Boston, where there was no wood at all used in the
+building--the doors and window frames even being of iron. He was sure that
+so long as wood was used in the construction of any part of a building, it
+was quite impossible to call it fire-proof.
+
+Several architects were asked to give their opinions, and also some
+engineers who had made a study of the laws of health.
+
+These men were all agreed that high buildings were unsanitary--which means
+bad for the health--and that they made all the lower buildings around them
+unsanitary too, by shutting off the light and air, and making them dark,
+and inclined to be damp.
+
+The general opinion was so much against these "sky-scrapers" that the
+Board of Trade and Transportation decided to send a bill to the
+Legislature in Albany, praying that the erection of such dangerous
+buildings might be stopped.
+
+They ask that no structure may be higher than 165 feet. This will allow
+for twelve and thirteen stories. It was proposed to run up some offices
+that would be twenty-two stories high, and it was this that frightened
+people into action on the subject.
+
+The Board of Trade and Transportation does some very good work for the
+citizens of New York.
+
+It is made up of men who have large business interests in the city, and
+they watch all the bills that are sent up to Albany, and all the work done
+by the Mayor and Aldermen, and take notice of every part of the city's
+government, to make sure that the best interests of the citizens are being
+cared for.
+
+This Board is of the greatest service to all New Yorkers. The business
+interests of a city demand that all the roads shall be kept in good
+repair, that the ways of reaching the city shall be many and easy, and
+that the fares shall not be too high.
+
+Over all these matters, and a great many more which we have not space to
+write about, the Board of Trade and Transportation watches faithfully and
+untiringly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was a meeting of the George Junior Republic Association the other
+day. Many interesting things were spoken of in regard to the settlement at
+Freeville.
+
+You may not perhaps know what a wonderful association this Republic is.
+
+The Junior Republic was started in 1890 by Mr. William R. George.
+
+This kind-hearted man read a story in a newspaper, about a ragged boy in
+City Hall Park, eagerly watching a little yellow spot on the grass which
+he hoped was a dandelion. It told how, after a weary waiting until the
+policeman's back was turned, the boy dashed under the forbidden rail,
+stooped for the prize, only to find that it was a bit of orange peel.
+
+Mr. George was touched by the story of the boy's disappointment; the more
+he thought of it, and of the longing of a city child for the trees and
+flowers of the country, the more he grieved that so many little ones never
+had a chance of seeing the green fields, and enjoying the wonders of
+Nature.
+
+The result of it all was, that Mr. George collected twenty-two poor little
+ragged lads, and gave them a two weeks' outing at Freeville that summer.
+
+From this beginning, the whole wonderful plan of the Republic shaped
+itself in his mind.
+
+He thought that if he could get hold of the rough children of the streets,
+who have no kind parents to care for them, and use the summer holiday to
+influence them to good actions, he would be doing a great work for them.
+
+He felt that the best way to bring this about was to put them in a
+miniature world of their own, where they would have the same trials and
+temptations as in their city homes, but with the advantage of having some
+one at hand to show them the right way.
+
+His plan was to form a genuine republic, to which boys and girls would
+be equally welcome as citizens. The plan has been carried out, and the
+Junior Republic is a great success.
+
+It is an absolute republic, with a government like our own. It has its
+President, its Senators and Congressmen, and so forth.
+
+Mr. George is the President; the boy and girl citizens form the Congress,
+the Cabinet officers, the Judge, and the police.
+
+The Constitution of the United States, and the laws of New York State, are
+followed as closely as possible, and other laws are made to regulate the
+particular needs of the Republic.
+
+All citizens, boys and girls, are required to work. Nothing is given away
+in Freeville. The young citizens are paid for their work, and have to
+support themselves on their earnings.
+
+The boys and girls who will not work get no food.
+
+In all large cities and communities, the people who have money are obliged
+to pay a certain sum to help others who have none. Therefore men and women
+who do not work because they are old or ill, are provided with food and
+shelter from the money, or taxes, that the well-to-do have to pay.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In Freeville it is different. All the citizens are young and healthy, and
+able to work, so a law has been passed that no laws shall be made to raise
+money to keep the idle. No money is set aside to keep paupers, and those
+who do not work cannot eat. The result is, that there are no paupers or
+tramps in Freeville.
+
+The way the children earn their money, is by working from eight-thirty
+till noon every day at farming, landscape gardening, carpentry, cooking,
+millinery, and sewing.
+
+They are paid according to their skill, and are divided into three grades;
+unskilled, medium, and skilled labor.
+
+The children naturally try their best to improve, so that they may get
+higher wages, and thus they gradually progress, and learn their trades.
+
+They are paid every Saturday, like regular laborers, and out of the money
+they earn, they pay for their board and lodging through the week.
+
+There is a bank in which the thrifty can put their savings, and when they
+go back to the city they draw these savings out.
+
+The money used is not regular money, but Freeville money, made of
+cardboard, and at the end of the holiday the children are not given United
+States money for their savings, but the value of their little hoard in
+vegetables, fruit, and clothing.
+
+This summer outing teaches the rough boys of the city what their duties in
+life are, and shows them, better than words could do, that the boy or man
+who wants to be happy must work honestly and obey the law.
+
+Freeville has its boy policemen, who arrest all evildoers; its jail, where
+the offenders are locked up; and its gang of convicts, who are only given
+bread and water, and prison fare, and are kept at work the whole day,
+instead of from eight-thirty till noon.
+
+The records of the Republic show that boys who have gone into Freeville
+rough and bad, and have commenced their citizenship with idling and
+thieving, have in a few weeks become law-abiding citizens.
+
+So successful has this summer Republic been, that Mr. George has made up
+his mind to keep it going the whole year round.
+
+Over two hundred children were housed there last summer, and thirty-four
+boys are passing the winter there.
+
+Through the generosity of some wealthy people, a farm of forty-eight acres
+has been bought for the Republic, and this spring and summer it is
+intended to make room for a much greater number of "citizens."
+
+The Republic is supported by subscriptions, and the treasurer wants to
+raise ten thousand dollars, to carry out the many fine ideas Mr. George
+has in mind for this summer.
+
+England, Germany, and Japan have made inquiries into the work at
+Freeville, and Mr. George hopes that republics may be started in other
+countries.
+
+Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Illinois are starting republics of their
+own, and Mr. George has had word from the Junior Republic of California,
+that the plan is in working order there, and doing exceedingly well.
+
+                                              GENIE H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+THE SCHUBERT CENTENNIAL.
+
+
+A Schubert celebration was held in Vienna on the hundredth anniversary of
+the great composer's birth, which occurred on January 31st.
+
+Concerts of Schubert music were given, and an exhibition of his
+manuscripts and letters.
+
+An old battered piano which he had used was also shown. This is the only
+article which belonged to him that is known to exist, as he died in
+extreme poverty. It seems sad that his genius was not properly appreciated
+until after his death, and that he who was to give so much to the world of
+music should have been denied all but the barest necessities.
+
+We publish an account of his life, written especially for THE GREAT
+ROUND WORLD.
+
+
+FRANZ SCHUBERT.
+
+Eighteen hundred and ninety-seven is the centennial year of Franz
+Schubert, the great composer, who was born in Vienna on the 31st of
+January, 1797. He was of humble lineage. His father, who also bore the
+name of Franz, was the son of a peasant, who studied in Vienna, and became
+assistant to his brother, a schoolmaster. He married Elizabeth Vitz, who
+had been in service as a cook in Vienna. Franz Peter Schubert was the
+thirteenth of a family of fourteen children, nine of whom died in infancy.
+His love of music was apparent when he was very young. A relative often
+took him to visit a pianoforte warehouse, and there, and on an old
+worn-out piano at home, the child studied his first exercises without a
+master. At the age of seven he had a teacher, Michael Holzer, who used to
+cry out, "When I wish to teach him anything, he always knows it already."
+When he was eleven years old he was employed as a solo singer and violin
+player in a church. A little later his father succeeded in getting him a
+position in the Emperor's Chapel, and he thus became a pupil in a music
+school, which was called the "Convict."
+
+It seems that the boys at the Convict endured many privations. The
+practice-room was unbearably cold in winter, and the young students were
+allowed to go without food for eight hours and a half, between a "poor
+dinner and a wretched supper." When he was about fifteen, Franz wrote to
+his brother, explaining his position, his hungry longing for a roll or an
+apple, and concluded in these words: "I rely on the teaching of the
+Apostle Matthew, who says, 'Let him that hath two coats give one to the
+poor.' Meanwhile I trust you will listen to the voice which unceasingly
+appeals to you to remember your loving, hoping, poverty-stricken--and once
+again I repeat poverty-stricken--brother Franz."
+
+His earliest composition for the piano is dated April, 1810. It was his
+habit to date all his pieces. In March, 1811, he composed a long vocal
+piece, "Hagar's Lament over Her Dying Son." His boy friends at the Convict
+were devoted to him, and were eager to play, sing, or copy any of his
+compositions. One of them, Josef Spaun, who was several years older than
+Schubert, and better off, helped him to procure all the music paper he
+needed.
+
+His first mass, in F, was composed and performed in 1814. It is said to be
+the most remarkable first mass ever produced, excepting Beethoven's in C.
+In 1815, when he was only eighteen years old, he composed the music for
+more than a hundred songs. The fine song, the "Erl King," was written in
+this year, and many of his boyish songs are among his finest productions.
+When he died in 1828, he left more than 1,100 compositions, the greater
+number of which had not then been published.
+
+In his lifetime, some of his songs were sold for a few pence, and he lived
+in poverty nearly all his days. Yet publishers have grown rich by the sale
+of his compositions, and his work is a delight to the world. The house in
+which he was born is marked by a marble tablet, and costly memorials have
+been raised in his honor. Some words that he spoke in the delirium of his
+last illness made his brother Ferdinand believe that he wished to be
+buried near Beethoven. This wish was fulfilled, and his grave lies near
+that of the great musician, for whom from his early boyhood he always had
+a profound reverence and admiration.
+
+                                            M. BOURCHIER SANFORD.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+There has lately been patented in England a system for making buttons,
+combs, brush-handles, billiard balls, and such like articles out of milk.
+
+The bone buttons and articles of that kind, which we have been using up to
+the present time, have been made of refuse from the slaughter-houses. This
+new process will only require milk.
+
+Any one who knows anything about dairy work knows what loppered milk is.
+It is the thick soured milk that one finds under the butter cream.
+
+This loppered milk is made into cottage cheese, and many people, in making
+their cottage cheese, stand it for a moment on the fire to thicken.
+
+Woe to the dairy wife who lets it stay too long!
+
+It becomes like little knobs of rubber, that nothing will soften. When one
+tries to bite it one's teeth rebound. It is the toughest kind of material.
+
+Mr. Callander, the Englishman who invented the milk buttons, must have had
+an encounter with some of this cottage cheese, and his trouble in chewing
+it must have made him wonder whether it wasn't intended for something else
+instead of food.
+
+He has found a means of making the loppered milk so solid, that three days
+after he has mixed it with some ingredients, the secret of which he will
+not tell, it is like celluloid, and is ready to be cut.
+
+It has a glossy surface, and is of a creamy color.
+
+It is said to be less brittle than bone or celluloid, and not likely to
+chip. Any one who has eaten cottage cheese that has been too long on the
+stove will believe that the new substance has powers of resistance that
+are quite unequalled.
+
+                                                        G.H.R.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.
+
+
+The Editor is pleased to acknowledge the letters from John Russell and
+Fred S. Hall, and to know that THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is enjoyed
+by them.
+
+It is difficult to answer Fred's inquiry, as to where we get our news. The
+only true answer is, from all over and everywhere. The Editor has eyes and
+ears open all the while to gather interesting facts for the paper's young
+readers.
+
+The Editor was pleased to receive the pleasant letter from I.L.G. Rice.
+The suggestion of an article on "Casting and Founding" is good, and will
+be adopted at the earliest possible moment.
+
+I.L.G. Rice must, however, bear in mind that expansion is thoroughly
+understood by scientists, and that Dr. Moissan was not doing the rough
+work of a foundry, but conducting a most delicate experiment, in which he
+brought into play all the scientific knowledge available.
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:--I have been thinking that I would write
+    you and tell you how much I like THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+    It interests me very much. I have looked for salt in the
+    streets, but have not seen any.
+
+    It was funny that the bottle that Mr. McCoy threw into the water
+    made such a journey.
+
+    I must stop now, but I still remain,
+
+                                            Your affectionate reader,
+    NEW YORK CITY.                               JOHN F. RUSSELL, JR.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:--I am very much pleased with your book,
+    THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. My father wrote you to-day. I am
+    very much interested in it.
+
+    I want to ask you a few questions.
+
+    Can you tell me where you get your news? I see you say that
+    Maceo was shot, after all. Do you think United States will
+    declare war with Spain? Could you send me a copy of THE
+    GREAT ROUND WORLD about the time the news of Maceo's death
+    was first heard of, if you have a spare one?
+
+    I must close now. Please direct the letter to
+
+    NORTH ADAMS, MASS.                          FRED S. HALL.
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:--Our teacher has been receiving all of
+    THE GREAT ROUND WORLD papers, and she reads to us every
+    morning.
+
+    We like the paper ever so much, and have learned a great deal
+    about both the Cuban war and our government. She also read us
+    the little note you had printed in the back, saying you would
+    answer (and be glad to) any question we might ask.
+
+    We pupils do not understand about the new platform at the end of
+    Brooklyn Bridge, and I am going to ask a few questions. Will the
+    platform carry you down as well as up? How many will it carry?
+    About how large is it? Is there more than one? If so, please
+    tell me how many.
+
+                                      From your friend,
+    CHEYENNE, WYO.                              ELSIE K. (age 11).
+
+
+
+DEAR ELSIE:
+
+In reply to your letter about the Brooklyn Bridge.
+
+It is only arranged to save people climbing up-stairs. It is easy enough
+to go down-stairs, but it is the climbing up that people dislike, and the
+new elevator is to save this trouble.
+
+It will take up three thousand passengers an hour, and if it is the
+success it promises to be, six of these lazy-man's staircases will be put
+into use.
+
+It is the same size as the staircase of which it is to take the place.
+
+
+
+
+
+=School Books Wanted=
+
+
+The following school books will be taken in exchange for subscriptions for
+"Great Round World" at prices named.
+
+Send books by express prepaid. Send none which are much soiled or worn;
+pages must not be torn nor missing. Mark package--"GREAT ROUND
+WORLD, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City, care William Beverley
+Harison."
+
+Put your name on package and send a list by mail with your subscription
+order.
+
+=We can use Standard School Books of all kinds, send List of any you may
+wish to dispose of.=
+
+=READERS=
+
+    Barnes'          First, 20c.   Second, 30c.   Third, 40c.
+    Appleton's           "  15c.       "   25c.      "   30c.
+    Cyr's                "  20c.       "   25c.      "   30c.
+    New Franklin         "  20c.       "   30c.      "   35c.
+    McGuffey's Revised   "  15c.       "   25c.      "   30c.
+    Stickney's           "  10c.       "   15c.      "   20c.
+    Swinton's            "  20c.       "   30c.      "   40c.
+    Information          "  30c.       "   30c.      "   30c.
+
+=HISTORIES. UNITED STATES=
+
+    Barnes'          Primary, 40c.   Large 1890 or later, 75c.
+    Eggleston's   First Book, 40c.     "                  75c.
+    Fiske's                            "                  75c.
+    Johnston's       Shorter, 40c.     "                  75c.
+    Montgomery's  Beginner's, 30c.     "                  75c.
+    Sheldon's                          "                  50c.
+    Thomas'                            "                  50c.
+
+
+=ARITHMETICS=
+
+    Bailey's       Mental, 15c.
+    Brooks'     New  "     15c.                New Written, 30c.
+    Atwood's       Part 1, 20c.                     Part 2, 35c.
+    Milne's      Elements, 25c.                   Standard, 40c.
+    Prince's   No. 1 to 7, 15c. each
+    Sanford's     Primary, 20c.              Common School, 35c.
+    Robinson's     New  "  10c.                  Rudiments, 25c.
+
+
+=GEOGRAPHIES--(These must have North and South Dakota)=
+
+    Appleton's, Barnes', Maury's, or Eclectic Elementary, 35c.
+    Monteith's First, 20c. Introduction 30c. Manual, 50c.
+
+
+=GRAMMARS=
+
+    Reed & Kellogg's Elementary, 20c.         Higher, 40c.
+    Whitney & Lockwood's,        35c.
+    Hyde's        First Lessons, 20c.    Second Book, 40c.
+    Tarbell's        First Book, 25c.       "      "  40c.
+
+
+=PRIMERS--10 Cents Each=
+
+Appleton's, Cyr's, Interstate, McGuffey's Revised, Riverside, Swinton's,
+Monroe's.
+
+
+=SPELLERS--10 Cents Each=
+
+McGuffey's Revised, Gilbert's School Studies, Modern, Harrington's (2
+parts in one), Babcock's, Patterson's Common School, Reed's, Sheldon's
+Word Studies, Swinton's.
+
+
+We can use, in addition to the ones named in this list, all kinds of
+dictionaries, late editions of French and German books, Algebras, Latin
+and Greek books, and in fact all kinds of late text-books. If you send a
+list, prices will be given.
+
+
+
+
+=History and Manuals of Vertical Writing=
+
+    By JOHN JACKSON
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Theory and Practice of Vertical Writing,   $1.25
+    Teaching of Vertical Writing,                .50
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+John Jackson, the originator of this system of vertical writing, is the
+only teacher who has had the years of practice in teaching it that make
+these the standard manuals for teachers and students. The adoption of
+vertical writing abroad and in this country is largely due to his
+persistent work and the marvellous results of his teaching. His series of
+copy-books were the first to be used in this country, and are considered
+by experienced teachers, who are not to be misled by mere beauty of
+engravers work, to contain the only practical well-graded course of
+instruction leading from primary work to the rapid and now justly
+celebrated =telegraph hand=--for these books are the only ones containing
+copies in this rapid writing. The telegraph hand is the style used by the
+best telegraph operators in the country--and these writers are universally
+acknowledged to be the most rapid writers, and writers of a hand which of
+necessity must be most legible.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Copy-Books (10 numbers),     96 cents per dozen
+    Copy-Pads (8 numbers),       96 cents per dozen
+
+BOTH SERIES CONTAIN SIMILAR COPIES.
+
+Sample sets to teachers (post-paid), 75 cents
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON
+    3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City=
+
+
+
+
+
+SIMPLE LESSONS IN THE
+
+STUDY OF NATURE
+
+By I.G. OAKLEY
+
+
+This is a handy little book, which many a teacher who is looking for means
+to offer children genuine nature study may be thankful to get hold of.
+
+Nature lessons, to be entitled to that name, must deal with what can be
+handled and scrutinized at leisure by the child, pulled apart, and even
+wasted. This can be done with the objects discussed in this book; they are
+under the feet of childhood--grass, feathers, a fallen leaf, a budding
+twig, or twisted shell; these things cannot be far out of the way, even
+within the stony limits of a city.
+
+Nor are the lessons haphazard dashes at the nearest living thing; on the
+contrary, they are virtually fundamental, whether with respect to their
+relation to some of the classified sciences, or with reference to the
+development of thought and power of expression in the child himself.
+
+The illustrations are few, and scarcely more than figures; it is not meant
+to be a pretty picture-book, yet is most clearly and beautifully printed
+and arranged, for its material is to be that out of which pictures are
+made. It will be found full of suggestions of practical value to teachers
+who are carrying the miscellaneous work of ungraded schools, and who have
+the unspeakable privilege of dealing with their pupils untrammelled by
+cast-iron methods and account-keeping examination records.
+
+    =_Sample copy, 50 Cents, post-paid_=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON
+    3 & 5 W. 18th St. . . . New York City=
+
+
+
+
+
+=KLEMMS'=
+
+=RELIEF PRACTICE MAPS.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=LIST OF MAPS.=
+
+    Small size, 9-1/2 x 11 { Plain,                       5 cents each.
+                           { With Waterproofed surface   10   "    "
+
+    Europe, Asia, Africa; North America, South America, East Central
+    States, New England, Middle Atlantic States, South Atlantic
+    States, Palestine, Australia.
+
+
+    Large size, 10 x 15 { Plain,                     10 cents each.
+                        { With Waterproofed Surface, 15   "     "
+
+    United States, British Isles, Roman Empire, Western Europe,
+    North America, South America, Asia.
+
+    (POSTAGE ON SINGLE MAPS, 5 CENTS.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"I would advise =Sunday-school teachers= to use, in connection with the
+lessons of 1897, =Klemm's Relief Map of the Roman Empire=. Every scholar
+who can draw should have a copy of it. Being blank, it can be beautifully
+colored: waters, blue; mountains, brown; valleys, green; deserts, yellow;
+cities marked with pin-holes; and the journeys of Paul can be traced upon
+it."--MRS. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, _President International Union of
+Primary Sabbath-School Teachers of the United States_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=DESCRIPTION OF THE MAPS.=
+
+These maps are made in two forms, both with beautifully executed relief
+(embossed)--the cheaper ones of plain stiff paper similar to drawing paper
+(these are to be substituted for and used as outline map blanks), the
+others covered with a durable waterproof surface, that can be quickly
+cleaned with a damp sponge, adapted to receive a succession of markings
+and cleansings. Oceans, lakes, and rivers, as well as land, appear in the
+same color, white, so as to facilitate the use of the map as a
+=_geographical slate_=.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON
+    _3 & 5 W. 18th St. ... New York City_=
+
+
+
+EXTRA EYES
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Have you ever seen the beautiful colors in a fly's wing? or the hole
+through a hair, or the little seed babies in the different seeds? Probably
+not unless you have some extra eyes to see them with. We call these EXTRA
+EYES, MICROSCOPES, Microscope is a name made from two Greek words, MICROS,
+"small," and SKOPEIN, "to view," and is an instrument to look at small
+things.
+
+A very nice one is shown in the following picture; it has glass plates to
+put these small things on, a mirror to reflect the light under them, and
+all of the little instruments necessary. The price is $2.00, and this
+covers the entire cost of a nice strong box with a place for each part,
+which will be sent to any address for this price.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+=William Beverley Harison, 3 and 5 West 18th St., N.Y. City.=
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 17, March 4, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+***** This file should be named 15358.txt or 15358.zip *****
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