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diff --git a/15329.txt b/15329.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd8c195 --- /dev/null +++ b/15329.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2006 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Apology For The Study of Northern +Antiquities, by Elizabeth Elstob + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Apology For The Study of Northern Antiquities + +Author: Elizabeth Elstob + +Release Date: March 11, 2005 [EBook #15329] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN APOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Louise Hope and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: +This text includes a number of citations from languages other than +English, and in scripts other than Roman. They are shown as: + *Saxon* + +Greek+ + ++Hebrew, Gothic++ + #black-letter type# (German, Middle English, Old French) + +Characters that could not be shown in 7-bit ascii have been +"unpacked": + edh, thorn > [dh], [th] + "ae" ligature (Latin, Saxon) > ae + eta, omega > e:, o: ] + + + + THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + + ELIZABETH ELSTOB + + An Apology for the Study of + Northern Antiquities + + (1715) + + + Introduction by + Charles Peake + + + Publication Number 61 + + Los Angeles + William Andrews Clark Memorial Library + University of California + + 1956 + + * * * * * + +GENERAL EDITORS +RICHARD C. BOYS, University of Michigan +RALPH COHEN, University of California, Los Angeles +VINTON A. DEARING, University of California, Los Angeles +LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL, Clark Memorial Library + +ASSISTANT EDITOR +W. EARL BRITTON, University of Michigan + +ADVISORY EDITORS +EMMETT L. AVERY, State College of Washington +BENJAMIN BOYCE, Duke University +LOUIS BREDVOLD, University of Michigan +JOHN BUTT, King's College, University of Durham +JAMES L. CLIFFORD, Columbia University +ARTHUR FRIEDMAN, University of Chicago +EDWARD NILES HOOKER, University of California, Los Angeles +LOUIS A. LANDA, Princeton University +SAMUEL H. MONK, University of Minnesota +ERNEST C. MOSSNER, University of Texas +JAMES SUTHERLAND, University College, London +H.T. SWEDENBERG, JR., University of California, Los Angeles + +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY +EDNA C. DAVIS, Clark Memorial Library + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION + +The answerers who rushed into print in 1712 against Swift's _Proposal +for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue_ were +so obviously moved by the spirit of faction that, apart from a few +debating points and minor corrections, it is difficult to disentangle +their legitimate criticisms from their political prejudices. As +Professor Landa has written in his introduction to Oldmiron's +_Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to Harley_ and Mainwaring's +_The British Academy_ (Augustan Reprint Society, 1948): "It is not +as literature that these two answers to Swift are to be judged. They +are minor, though interesting, documents in political warfare which +cut athwart a significant cultural controversy." + +Elizabeth Elstob's _Apology for the Study of Northern Antiquities_ +prefixed to her _Rudiments of Grammar for the English-Saxon Tongue_ +is an answer of a very different kind. It did not appear until 1715; +it exhibits no political bias; it agrees with Swift's denunciation +of certain current linguistic habits; and it does not reject the +very idea of regulating the language as repugnant to the sturdy +independence of the Briton. Elizabeth Elstob speaks not for a party +but for the group of antiquarian scholars, led by Dr. Hickes, who +were developing and popularizing the study of the Anglo-Saxon origins +of the English language--a study which had really started in the +seventeenth century. + +What irritated Miss Elstob in the _Proposal_ was not Swift's eulogy +or Harley and the Tory ministry, but his scornful reference to +antiquarians as "laborious men of low genius," his failure to +recognize that his manifest ignorance of the origins of the language +was any bar to his pronouncing on it or legislating for it, and his +repetition of some of the traditional criticisms of the Teutonic +elements in the language, in particular the monosyllables and +consonants. Her sense of injury was personal as well as academic. +Her brother William and her revered master Dr. Hickes were among the +antiquarians whom Swift had casually insulted, and she herself had +published an elaborate edition of _An English-Saxon Homily on the +Birthday of St. Gregory_ (1709) and was at work on an Anglo-Saxon +homilarium. Moreover she had a particular affection for her field +of study, because it had enabled her to surmount the obstacles to +learning which had been put in her path as a girl, and which had +prevented her, then, from acquiring a classical education. Her +_Rudiments_, the first Anglo-Saxon grammar written in English, was +specifically designed to encourage ladies suffering from similar +educational disabilities to find an intellectual pursuit. Her personal +indignation is shown in her sharp answer to Swift's insulting phrase, +and in her retaliatory classification of the Dean among the "light and +fluttering wits." + +As a linguistic historian she has no difficulty in exposing Swift's +ignorance, and in establishing her claim that if there is any refining +or ascertaining of the English language to be done, the antiquarian +scholars must be consulted. But it is when she writes as a literary +critic, defending the English language, with its monosyllables and +consonants, as a literary medium, that she is most interesting. + +There was nothing new in what Swift had said of the character of the +English language; he was merely echoing criticisms which had been +expressed frequently since the early sixteenth century. The number +of English monosyllables was sometimes complained of, because to +ears trained on the classical languages they sounded harsh, barking, +unfitted for eloquence; sometimes because they were believed to impede +the metrical flow in poetry; sometimes because, being particularly +characteristic of colloquial speech, they were considered low; and +often because they were associated with the languages of the Teutonic +tribes which had escaped the full refining influence of Roman +civilization. Swift followed writers like Nash and Dekker in +emphasizing the first and last of these objections. + +There were, of course, stock answers to these stock objections. +Such criticism of one's mother tongue was said to be unpatriotic or +positively disloyal. If it was difficult to maintain that English was +as smooth and euphonious as Italian, it could be maintained that its +monosyllables and consonants gave it a characteristic and masculine +brevity and force. Monosyllables were also very convenient for the +formation of compound words, and, it was argued, should, when properly +managed, be an asset rather than a handicap to the English rhymester. +By the time Swift and Miss Elstob were writing, an increasing number +of antiquarian Germanophils (and also pro-Hanoverians) were prepared +to claim Teutonic descent with pride. + +Most of these arguments had been bandied backwards and forwards +rather inconclusively since the sixteenth century, and Addison in +_The Spectator_ No. 135 expresses a typically moderate opinion on +the matter: the English language, he says, abounds in monosyllables, + which gives us an opportunity of delivering our thoughts in few + sounds. This indeed takes off from the elegance of our tongue, + but at the same time expresses our ideas in the readiest manner, + and consequently answers the first design of speech better than + the multitude of syllables, which make the words of other + languages more tunable and sonorous. + +It is likely that neither Swift nor Miss Elstob would have found much +to disagree with in that sentence. Swift certainly never proposed any +reduction in the number of English monosyllables, and the simplicity +of style which he described as "one of the greatest perfections in any +language," which seemed to him best exemplified in the English Bible, +and which he himself practised so brilliantly, has in English a very +marked monosyllabic character. + +But in his enthusiasm to stamp out the practice of abbreviating, +beheading and curtailing polysyllables--a practice which seemed to +him a threat to both the elegance and permanence of the language-- +he described it as part of a tendency of the English to relapse into +their Northern barbarity by multiplying monosyllables and eliding +vowels between the rough and frequent consonants of their language. +His ignorance of the historical origins of the language and his rather +hackneyed remarks on its character do not invalidate the general +scheme of his _Proposal_ or his particular criticisms of current +linguistic habits, but they did lay him open to the very penetrating +and decisive attack of Elizabeth Elstob. + +In her reply to Swift she repeats all the stock defenses of the +English monosyllables and consonants, but, by presenting them in +combination, and in a manner at once scholarly and forceful, she +makes the most convincing case against Swift. Unlike most of her +predecessors, Miss Elstob is not on the defensive. She is always ready +to give a sharp personal turn to her scholarly refutations--as, for +instance, when she demonstrates the usefulness of monosyllables in +poetry by illustrations from a series of poets beginning with Homer +and ending with Swift. There can be little doubt that Swift is +decisively worsted in this argument. + +It is not known whether Swift ever read Miss Elstob's _Rudiments_, +though it is interesting to notice a marked change of emphasis in +his references to the Anglo-Saxon language. In the _Proposal_ he had +declared with a pretense of knowledge, that Anglo-Saxon was "excepting +some few variations in the orthography... the same in most original +words with our present English, as well as with German and other +northern dialects." But in _An Abstract of the History of England_ +(probably revised in 1719) he says that the English which came in +with the Saxons was "extremely different from what it is now." The +two statements are not incompatible, but the emphasis is remarkably +changed. It is possible that some friend had pointed out to Swift that +his earlier statement was too gross a simplification, or alternatively +that someone had drawn his attention to Elizabeth Elstob's +_Rudiments_. + +All writers owe much to the labors of scholarship and are generally +ill-advised to scorn or reject them, however uninspired and +uninspiring they may seem. Moreover when authors do enter into dispute +with "laborious men of low genius" they frequently meet with more than +their match. Miss Elstob's bold and aggressive defense of Northern +antiquities was remembered and cited by a later scholar, George +Ballard, as a warning to those who underestimated the importance of +a sound knowledge of the language. Indeed, he wrote, "I thought that +the bad success Dean Swift had met with in this affair from the +incomparably learned and ingenious Mrs. Elstob would have deterred +all others from once venturing in this affair." (John Nichols, +_Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century_, +1822, IV, 212.) + +Charles Peake +University College, London + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + The + RUDIMENTS + of + GRAMMAR + + for the + English-Saxon Tongue, + First given in ENGLISH: + + with an + Apology + For the Study of + + NORTHERN ANTIQUITIES. + + Being very useful towards the understanding our + ancient _English_ POETS, and other WRITERS. + + + By ELIZABETH ELSTOB. + + + +Our Earthly Possessions are truly enough called a _PATRIMONY_, +as derived to us by the Industry of our _FATHERS_; but the Language +that we speak is our _MOTHER-TONGUE_; And who so proper to play the +Criticks in this as the _FEMALES. + + In a Letter from a Right Reverend Prelate to the Author. + + + LONDON. + + Printed by _W. Bowyer_: And Sold by J. BOWYER + at the _Rose_ in _Ludgate-street_, and C. KING + in _Westminster-hall_, 1715. + + * * * * * + + The + PREFACE + + to the + Reverend Dr. _Hickes_. + +SIR, + +Soon after the Publication of the Homily on St. Gregory, I was engaged +by the Importunity of my Friends, to make a Visit to _Canterbury_, as +well to enjoy the Conversations of my Friends and Relations there, +as for that Benefit which I hoped to receive from Change of Air, and +freer Breathing, which is the usual Expectation of those, who are used +to a sedentary Life and Confinement in the great City, and which +renders such an Excursion now and then excusable. In this Recess, +among the many Compliments and kind Expressions, which their +favourable Acceptance of my first Attempt in _Saxon_, had obtained for +me from the Ladies, I was more particularly gratified, with the new +Friendship and Conversation, of a young Lady, whose Ingenuity and +Love of Learning, is well known and esteem'd, not only in that Place, +but by your self: and which so far indear'd itself to me, by her +promise that she wou'd learn the _Saxon Tongue_, and do me the Honour +to be my _Scholar_, as to make me think of composing an _English +Grammar_ of that Language for her use. That Ladies Fortune hath so +disposed of her since that time, and hath placed her at so great +distance, as that we have had no Opportunity, of treating farther on +this Matter, either by Discourse or Correspondence. However though a +Work of a larger Extent, and which hath amply experienced your +Encouragement, did for some time make me lay aside this Design, yet +I did not wholly reject it. For having re-assumed this Task, and +accomplish'd it in such manner at I was able, I now send it to you, +for your Correction, and that Stamp of Authority, it must needs +receive from a Person of such perfect and exact Judgement in these +Matters, in order to make it current, and worthy of Reception from the +Publick. Indeed I might well have spared my self the labour of such +an Attempt, after the elaborate Work of your rich and learned +_Thesaurus_, and the ingenious Compendium of it by Mr. _Thwaites_; +but considering the Pleasure I my self had reaped from the Knowledge +I have gained from this Original of our Mother Tongue, and that others +of my own Sex, might be capable of the same Satisfaction: I resolv'd +to give them the Rudiments of that Language in an English Dress. +However not 'till I had communicated to you my Design for your Advice, +and had receiv'd your repeated Exhortation, and Encouragement to the +Undertaking. + +The Method I have used, is neither entirely new, out of a Fondness +and Affectation of Novelty: nor exactly the same with what has been +in use, in teaching the learned Languages. I have retain'd the old +Division of the Parts of Speech, nor have I rejected the other common +Terms of _Grammar_; I have only endeavour'd to explain them in such a +manner, as to hope they may be competently understood, by those whose +Education, hath not allow'd them an Acquaintance with the Grammars of +other Languages. There is one Addition to what your self and Mr. +_Thwaites_ have done on this Subject, for which you will, I imagine, +readily pardon me: I have given most, if not all the _Grammatical_ +Terms in true old _Saxon_, from _Aelfrick_'s Translation of _Priscian_, +to shew the _polite_ Men of our Age, that the Language of their +Forefathers is neither so barren nor barbarous as they affirm, with +equal Ignorance and Boldness. Since this is such an Instance of its +Copiousness, as is not to be found in any of the polite modern +Languages; and the _Latin_ itself is beholden to the _Greek_, not only +for the Terms, but even the Names of Arts and Sciences, as is easily +discerned in the Words, _Philosophy, Grammar, Logick, Rhetorick, +Geometry, Arithmetick_, &c. These Gentlemens ill Treatment of our +Mother Tongue has led me into a Stile not so agreeable to the Mildness +of our Sex, or the usual manner of my Behaviour, to Persons of your +Character; but the Love and Honour of one's Countrey, hath in all Ages +been acknowledged such a Virtue, as hath admitted of a Zeal even +somewhat extravagant. _Pro Patria mori_, used to be one of the great +Boasts of Antiquity; and even the so celebrated Magnanimity of _Cato_, +and such others as have been called Patriots, had wanted their Praise, +and their Admiration, had they wanted this Plea. The Justness and +Propriety of the Language of any Nation, hath been always rightly +esteem'd a great Ornament and Test of the good Sense of such a Nation; +and consequently to arraign the good Sense or Language of any Nation, +is to cast upon it a great Reproach. Even private Men are most +jealous, of any Wound, that can be given them in their intellectual +Accomplishments, which they are less able to endure, than Poverty +itself or any other kind of Disgrace. This hath often occasion'd my +Admiration, that those Persons, who talk so much, of the Honour of our +Countrey, _of the correcting, improving and ascertaining_ of our +Language, shou'd dress it up in a Character so very strange and +ridiculous: or to think of improving it to any degree of Honour +and Advantage, by divesting it of the Ornaments of Antiquity, or +separating it from the_ Saxon _Root, whose Branches were so copious +and numerous. But it is very remarkable how Ignorance will make Men +bold, and presume to declare that unnecessary, which they will not be +at the pains to render useful. Such kind of Teachers are no new thing, +the Spirit of Truth itself hath set a mark upon them;_ Desiring to be +Teachers of the Law, understanding neither what they say, nor +whereof they affirm, I _Tim._ I. 7. _It had been well if those wise +_Grammarians_ had understood this Character, who have taken upon them +to teach our Ladies and young Gentlemen, _The whole System of an +English Education_; they had not incurr'd those Self-contradictions +of which they are guilty; they had not mention'd your self, and your +incomparable Treasury of _Northern Literature _in so cold and +negligent a manner, as betrays too much of an invidious Pedantry: But +in those Terms of Veneration and Applause which are your just Tribute, +not only from the Learned of your own Countrey, but of most of the +other Northern Nations, whether more or less Polite: Who would any of +them have glory'd in having you their Native, who have done so much +Honour to the Original of almost all the Languages in Europe. + +But it seems you are not of so much Credit with these _Gentlemen_, who +question your Authority, and have given a very visible Proof of their +Ingenuity in an Instance which plainly discovers, that they cannot +believe their own Eyes. + + The _Saxons_, say they, if we may credit Dr. _Hickes_, had + various Terminations to their Words, at least two in every + Substantive singular: whereas we have no Word now in use, except + the personal Names that has so. Thus Dr. _Hickes_ has made six + several _Declensions_ of the _Saxon_ Names: He gives them three + _Numbers_; a Singular, Dual, and Plural: We have no Dual Number, + except perhaps in _Both_: To make this plainer, we shall + transcribe the six Declensions from that Antiquary's Grammar. + +I would ask these Gentlemen, and why not credit Dr. _Hickes_? Is he +not as much to be believ'd as those Gentlemen, who have transcribed +so plain an Evidence of the six Declensions to shew the positive +Unreasonableness and unwarrantable Contradiction of their Disbelief? +Did he make those six Declensions? or rather, did he not find them in +the Language, and take so much pains to teach others to distinguish +them, who have Modesty enough to be taught? They are pleased to say we +have no Word now in use that admits of Cases or Terminations. But let +us ask them, what they think of these Words, _God's Word_, _Man's +Wisdom_, the _Smith's Forge,_ and innumerable Instances more. For in +_God's Word_, &c. is not the Termination _s_ a plain Indication of a +Genitive Case, wherein the Saxon _e_ is omitted? For example_, *Godes +Word*, *Mannes Wisdom*, *Smi[dh]es Heor[dh]*. _Some will say, that were +better supplied by _his_, or _hers_, as Man _his_ Thought, the Smith +_his_ Forge; but this Mistake is justly exploded. Yet if these +Gentlemen will not credit Dr. _Hickes_, the _Saxon_ Writings might +give them full Satisfaction. The _Gospels_, the _Psalms_, and a +great part of the _Bible_ are in _Saxon_, so are the _Laws_ and +_Ecclesiastical Canons_, and _Charters_ of most of our _Saxon Kings_; +these one wou'd think might deserve their Credit. But they have not +had Learning or Industry enough to fit them for such Acquaintance, and +are forc'd therefore to take up their Refuge with those Triflers, +whose only Pretence to Wit, is to despise their Betters. This Censure +will not, I imagine, be thought harsh, by any candid Reader, since +their own Discovery has sufficiently declared their Ignorance: and +their Boldness, to determine things whereof they are so ignorant, has +so justly fix'd upon them the Charge of Impudence. For otherwise they +must needs have been ashamed to proceed in manner following. + + We might give you various Instances more of the essential + difference between the old _Saxon_ and modern _English_ Tongue, + but these must satisfy any reasonable Man, that it is so great, + that the _Saxon_ can be no Rule to us; and that to understand + ours, there is no need of knowing the _Saxon_: And tho' Dr. + _Hickes_ must be allow'd to have been a very curious Enquirer + into those obsolete Tongues, now out of use, and containing + nothing valuable, yet it does by no means follow (as is plain + from what has been said) that we are obliged to derive the + Sense, Construction, or Nature of our present Language from + his Discoveries. + +I would beseech my Readers to observe, the Candour and Ingenuity of +these Gentlemen: They tell us, _We might give you various Instances +more of the essential difference between the old _Saxon_ and modern +_English_ Tongue_; and yet have plainly made it appear, that they know +little or nothing of the old _Saxon_. So that it will be hard to say +how they come to know of any such _essential difference, as _MUST_ +satisfy any reasonabie Man_; and much more that this _essential +difference_ is so _great, that the _Saxon_ can be no Rule to us, +and that to understand ours, there is no need of knowing the _Saxon_. +_What they say, _that it cannot be a Rule to them_, is true; for +nothing can be a Rule of Direction to any Man, the use whereof he does +not understand; but if to understand the Original and Etymology of the +Words of any Language, be needful towards knowing the Propriety of any +Language, a thing which I have never heard hath yet been denied; then +do these Gentlemen stand self-condemned, there being no less than +four Words, in the Scheme of Declensions they have borrowed from +Dr. _Hickes_, now in use, which are of pure _Saxon_ Original, and +consequently _essential to the modern English_. I need not tell any +English Reader at this Day the meaning of _Smith_, _Word_, _Son_, and +_Good_; but if I tell them that these are Saxon Words, I believe they +will hardly deny them to be _essential to the modern English_, or that +they will conclude that the difference between the old _English_ and +the modern is so great, or the distance of Relation between them so +remote, as that the former deserves not to be remember'd: except by +such Upstarts who having no Title to a laudable Pedigree, are backward +in all due Respect and Veneration towards a noble Ancestry. + +Their great Condescension to Dr. _Hickes_ in allowing him to have been +a very curious Inquirer into those _obsolete Tongues, now out of use, +and containing nothing valuable in them_, is a Compliment for which I +believe you, Sir, will give me leave to assure them, that he is not at +all obliged; since if it signifies any thing, it imports, no less than +that he has employ'd a great deal of Time, and a great deal of Pains, +to little purpose. But we must at least borrow so much Assurance from +them, as to tell them, that your Friends, who consist of the most +learned sort of your own Countrey-men, and of Foreigners, do not think +those Tongues so obsolete and out of use, whose Significancy is so +apparent in Etymology; nor do they think those Men competent Judges to +declare, whether there be any thing contained in them valuable or not, +who have made it clear, that they know not what is _contain'd_ in +them. They would rather assure them, that our greatest Divines[A], +and Lawyers[B], and Historians[C] are of another Opinion, they wou'd +advise them to consult our Libraries, those of the two Universities, +the _Cottonian_, and my Lord Treasurers; to study your whole +_Thesaurus_, particularly your _Dissertatio Epistolaris_, to look into +Mr. _Wanleys_ large and accurate Catalogue of _Saxon_ Manuscripts, +and so with Modesty gain a Title to the Applause of having confest +their former Ignorance, and reforming their Judgment. I believe I +may farther take leave to assure them, that the Doctor is as little +concerned for their _Inference_, which they think _so plain from +what has been said, that they are not obliged to derive the Sense, +Construction, or Nature of our present Language from his Discoveries_. +He desires them not to _derive_ the _Sense_ and _Construction_ of +which they speak, in any other manner, than that in which the Nature +of the things themselves makes them appear; and so far as they are his +_Discoveries_ only, intrudes them on no Man. He is very willing they +should be let alone by those, who have not Skill to use them to their +own Advantage, and with Gratitude. + + [Footnote A: Archbishops _Parker_, _Laud_, _Usher_, Bishop + _Stillingfleet_, the present Bishops _of Worcester_, _Bath_ + and _Wells_, _Carlisle_, St. _Asaph_, St. _Davids_, _Lincoln_, + _Rochester_, with many other Divines of the first Rank.] + + [Footnote B: The Lord Chief Justice _Cook_, Mr. _Lombard_, + _Selden_, _Whitlock_, Lord Chief Justice _Hales_, and _Parker_, + Mr. _Fortescue_ of the Temple, and others.] + + [Footnote C: _Leland_, who writes in a Latin Style in Prose and + Verse, as polite and accurate as can be boasted of by any of + our modern Wits. _Jocelin_, _Spelman_, both Father and Son, + _Cambden_, _Whelock_, _Gibson_, and many more of all Ranks and + Qualities, whose Names deserve well to be mention'd with Respect, + were there room for it in this place.] + +But to leave these Pedagogues to huff and swagger in the heighth of +all their Arrogance. I cannot but think it great Pity, that in our +Considerations, for Refinement of the _English_ Tongue, so little +Regard is had to Antiquity, and the Original of our present Language, +which is the _Saxon_. This indeed is allow'd by an ingenious Person, +who hath lately made some Proposals for the Refinement of the +_English_ Tongue, _That the old _Saxon_, except in some few Variations +in the Orthography, is the same in most original Words with our +present _English_, as well as with the _German_ and other _Northern_ +Dialects; _which makes it a little surprizing to me, to find the same +Gentleman not long after to say, _The other Languages of _Europe_ +I know nothing of, neither is there any occasion to consider them: +_because, as I have before observ'd, it must be very difficult to +imagin, how a Man can judge of a thing he knoweth nothing of, whether +there can be occasion or no to consider it. I must confess I hope +when ever such a Project shall be taken in hand, for _correcting_, +_enlarging_, and _ascertaining_ our Language, a competent Number +of such Persons will be advised with, as are knowing, not only in +_Saxon_, but in the other Languages of _Europe_, and so be capable of +judging how far those Languages may be useful in such a Project. The +want of understanding this aright, wou'd very much injure the Success +of such an Undertaking, and the bringing of it to Perfection; in +denying that Assistance toward adjusting the Propriety of Words, which +can only be had from the Knowledge of the Original, and likewise in +depriving us of the Benefit of many useful and significant Words, +which might be revived and recalled, to the Increase and Ornament of +our Language, which wou'd be the more beautiful, as being more genuine +and natural, by confessing a _Saxon_ Original for their native Stock, +or an Affinity with those Branches of the other _Northern Tongues_, +which own the same Original. + +The want of knowing the _Northern Languages_, has occasion'd an unkind +Prejudice towards them: which some have introduced out of Rashness, +others have taken upon Tradition. As if those Languages were made up +of nothing else but Monosyllables, and harsh sounding Consonants; than +which nothing can be a greater Mistake. I can speak for the _Saxon_, +_Gothick_, and _Francick_, or old _Teutonick_: which for aptness of +compounded, and well sounding Words, and variety of Numbers, are by +those learned Men that understand them, thought scarce inferior to the +_Greek_ itself. I never cou'd find my self shocked with the Harshness +of those Languages, which grates so much in the Ears of those that +never heard them. I never perceiv'd in the Consonants any Hardness, +but such as was necessary. to afford Strength, like the Bones in a +human Body, which yield it Firmness and Support. So that the worst +that can be said on this occasion of our Forefathers is, that they +spoke at they fought, like Men. + +The Author of the _Proposal_, may think this but an ill Return, for +the soft things he has said of the Ladies, but I think it Gratitude +at least to make the Return, by doing Justice to the Gentlemen. I will +not contradict the Relation of the ingenious Experiment of his vocal +Ladies, tho' I could give him some Instances to the contrary, in my +Experience of those, whose Writings abound with Consonants; where +Vowels must generally be understood, and appear but very rarely. +Perhaps that Gentleman may be told that I have a _Northern_ +Correspondence, and a _Northern_ Ear, probably not so fine as he +may think his own to be, yet a little musical. + +And now for our _Monosyllables_. In the Controversy concerning which, +it must be examined, first whether the Charge which is exhibited +against the _Northern Languages_ is true, that they consist of nothing +but _Monosyllables_; and secondly, whether or no the Copiousness and +Variety of _Monosyllables_ may be always justly reputed a fault, and +may not sometimes as justly be thought, to be very useful and +ornamental. + +And first I must assert, that the ancient _Northern Languages_, do not +wholly nor mostly consist of _Monosyllables_. I speak chiefly of the +_Gothick_, _Saxon_, and _Teutonick_. It must be confest that in the +_Saxon_, there are many _Primitive_ Words of one Syllable, and this +to those who know the Esteem that is due to Simplicity and Plainness, +in any Language, will rather be judged a Virtue than a Vice: That is, +that the first Notions of things should be exprest in the plainest +and simplest manner, and in the least compass: and the Qualities +and Relations, by suitable Additions, and Composition of _Primitive_ +Words[D]; for which the _Saxon_ Language is very remarkable, as has +been before observed, and of which there are numerous Examples, in the +following Treatise of _Saxon Grammar_, and infinitely more might have +been added. + + [Footnote D: Of this the _Greeks_ give as a fair Example, when + they express the Original and Author of all Things, their +Pate:r + andro:nte theo:nte+, by their Monosyllable +Zeus+. As the _Hebrews_ + do by ++yah++, the _Goths_ the Ancestors of our _Saxon_ Progenitors + by the Word ++GO[TH]++, the _Saxons_, old _Germans_, _Teutons_, + _Francick_, and _English_, in the _Monosyllable_ *Go[dh]*, the + _Germans_ #Gott#, and the _French_ _Dieu_.] + +The second Enquiry is, whether or no the Copiousness and Variety +of _Monosyllables_ may be always justly reputed a fault, and may not +as justly be thought, to be very useful and ornamental? Were this a +fault, it might as justly be charged upon the learned Languages, +the _Latin_ and _Greek_: For the _Latin_ you have in _Lilly_'s Rules +concerning Nouns, several Verses, made up for the most part of +_Monosyllables_, I mention him not as a Classick, but because the +Words are Classical and _Monosyllables_; and in the _Greek_ there +are several as it were, idle _Monosyllables_, that have little +Significancy, except to make the Numbers in Verse compleat, or to +give a Fulness to their Periods, as the Verses of _Homer_ and other +_Greek Poets_ plainly evidence: An Instance or two may suffice; + + +Ex hou de: ta pro:ta diaste:te:n erisante.+ + +Here are four _Monosyllables_ in this Verse, + + +Te:n d' ego: ou luso:, prin min kai ge:ras epeisen.+ + +Here are six _Monosyllables_, and one cutting off. + + +All' ithi, me: m' erethize, sao:teros ho:s ke nee:ai. + Hos e:de: ta t' eonta, ta t' essomena, pro t' eonta.+ + + Hom. Il. I. l. 70. + +Here are seven _Monosyllables_; yet so far is _Virgil_ from being angry +with his Master _Homer_ on this Account, that he in a manner transcribes +his very Words, imitating him as near as the _Latin_ wou'd permit; + + Quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur. + +Here is the whole Sense of _Homer_ exprest, and five _Monosyllables_. +But Mr. _Dryden_, who has exprest the Sense of _Virgil_ with no less +Accuracy, gives you the whole Line in _Monosyllables; + + He sees what is, and was, and is to come. + +Mr. _Pope_ is equally happy in the Turn he has given to the Original, +who as he is an exact Master of Criticism, so has he all those +Accomplishments of an excellent Poet, that give us just Reason to hope +he will make the Father of the Poets speak to us in our own Language, +with all the Advantages he gave to his Works in that wherein they were +first written, and the modest Opinion he prescribes to his own, and other +Mens Poetical Performances, is no Discouragement to these Hopes; + + Whoever thinks a faultless Piece to see, + Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. + +And _Horace_, while he is teaching us the Beauties in the Art of Poetry, +gives no less than nine _Monosyllables_ in the compass of a Verse and a +half; + + _Sed nunc non_ erat _his_ locus: & fortasse cupressum + _Scis_ simulare. _Quid hoc si_, &c. + +Now if these are Beauties, as I doubt not but the _politer Criticks_ +will allow, I cannot see why our Language may not now and then be +tolerated in using _Monosyllables_, when it is done discreetly, and +sparingly; and as I do not commend any of our Moderns who contract +Words into _Monosyllables_ to botch up their Verses, much less such as +do it out of Affectation; yet certainly the use of _Monosyllables_ may +be made to produce a charming and harmonious Effect, where they fall +under a Judgment that can rightly dispose and order them. And indeed, +if a Variety and Copiousness of Feet, and a Latitude of shifting and +transposing Words either in Prose or Poetical Compositions, be of any +use, towards the rendering such Compactions sweet, or nervous, or +harmonious, according to the Exigencies of the several sorts of Stile, +one wou'd think _Monosyllables_ to be best accommodated to all these +Purposes, and according to the Skill of those who know how to manage +them, to answer all the Ends, either of masculine Force, or female +Tenderness; for being single you have a Liberty of placing them where, +and as you please; whereas in Words of many Syllables you are more +confined, and must take them as you find them, or be put upon the +cruel necessity of mangling and tearing them asunder. Mr. _Dryden_, +it is true, wou'd make us believe he had a great Aversion to +_Monosyllables_. Yet he cannot help making use of them sometimes in +entire Verses, nor conceal his having a sort of Pride, even where he +tells us he was forc'd to do it. For to have done otherwise would have +been a Force on Nature, which would have been unworthy of so great a +Genius, whose Care it was to study Nature, and to imitate and copy it +to the Life; and it is not improbable, that there might be somewhat of +a latent Delicacy and Niceness in this Matter, which he chose rather +to dissemble, than to expose, to the indiscreet Management of meaner +Writers. For in the first Line of his great Work the _Aeneis_, every +Word is a _Monosyllable_; and tho' he makes a seeming kind of Apology, +yet he cannot forbear owning a secret Pleasure in what he had done. +"My first Line in the _Aeneis_, says he, is not harsh. + + "Arms and the Man I sing, who forc'd by Fate. + +"But a much better Instance may be given from the last Line of +_Manilius_, made _English_ by our learned and judicious Mr. _Creech_; + + "Nor could the World have born so fierce a Flame. + +"Where the many liquid Consonants are placed so artfully, that they give +a pleasing Sound to the Words, tho' they are all of one Syllable." + +It is plain from these last Words, that the Subject-matter, +_Monosyllables_, is not so much to be complain'd of; what is chiefly to +be requir'd, is of the Poet, that he be a good Workman, in forming them +aright, and that he _place them artfully_: and, however Mr. _Dryden_ +may desire to disguise himself, yet, as he some where says, Nature will +prevail. For see with how much Passion he has exprest himself towards +these two Verses, in which the Poet has not been sparing of +_Monosyllables_: "I am sure, says he, there are few who make Verses, +have observ'd the Sweetness of these two Lines in _Coopers Hill; + + "Tho deep, yet clear; tho gentle, yet not dull; + Strong without Rage, without o'erflowing full. + +"And there are yet fewer that can find the reason of that Sweetness, +I have given it to some of my Friends in Conversation, and they have +allow'd the Criticism to be just." + +You see, Sir, this great Master had his Reserves, and this was one of +the _Arcana_, to which every Novice was not admitted to aspire; this +was an Entertainment only for his best Friends, such as he thought +worthy of his Conversation; and I do not wonder at it, for he was +acquainted not only with the _Greek_ and_ Latin Poets_, but with the +best of his own Countrey, as well of ancient as of latter times, and +knew their Beauties and Defects: and tho' he did not think himself +obliged to be lavish, in dispersing the Fruits of so much Pains and +Labour at random, yet was he not wanting in his Generosity to such as +deserved his Friendship, and in whom he discern'd a Spirit capable of +improving the Hints of so great a Master. To give greater Probability +to what I have said concerning _Monosyllables_, I will give some +Instances, as well from such Poets as have gone before him, as those +which have succeeded him. It will not be taken amiss by those who +value the Judgment of Sir _Philip Sydney_, and that of Mr. _Dryden_, +if I begin with Father _Chaucer_. + + #Er it was Day, as was her won to do.# + +Again, + + #And but I have her Mercy and her Grace, + That I may seen her at the lefte way; + I nam but deed there nis no more to say.# + +Again, + + #Alas, what is this wonder Maladye? + For heate of colde, for colde of heate I dye.# + + _Chaucer_'s first Book of _Troylus_, fol. 159. b. + +And since we are a united Nation, and he as great a Poet, considering his +time, as this Island hath produced, I will with due Veneration for his +Memory, beg leave to cite the learned and noble Prelate, _Gawen Douglas_, +Bishop of _Dunkeld_ in _Scotland_, who in his Preface to his judicious +and accurate Translation of _Virgil_, p. 4. says, + + Nane is, nor was, nor zit sal be, trowe I, + Had, has, or sal have, sic craft in Poetry: + +Again, p. 5. + + Than thou or I, my Freynde, quhen we best wene. + +But before, at least contemporary with _Chaucer_, we find Sir _John +Gower_, not baulking _Monosyllables; + + #Myne Herte is well the more glad + To write so as he me bad, + And eke my Fear is well the lasse. + To _Henry_ the Fourth, + _King Salomon_ which had at his asking + Of God, what thyng him was leuest crave. + He chase Wysedom unto governyng + Of Goddes Folke, the whiche he wolde save: + And as he chase it fyl him for to have. + For through his Witte, while that his Reigne laste, + He gate him Peace, and Rest, into his laste.# + +Again, + + #Peace is the chefe of al the Worldes Welth, + And to the Heven it ledeth eke the way, + Peace is of Soule and Lyfe the Mannes Helth, + Of Pestylence, and doth the Warre away, + My Liege Lord take hede of that I say. + If Warre may be lefte, take Peace on Hande + Which may not be without Goddes Sande.# [E] + + [Footnote E:_ Besides the Purpose for which these Verses are here + cited, it may not be amiss to observe from some Instances of + Words contain'd in them, how necessary, at least useful, the + Knowledge of the _Saxon Tongue_ is, to the right understanding + our _Old English Poets_, and other Writers. For example, + #leuest#, this is the same with the _Saxon_ *leofost*, _most + beloved_, or _desirable_. #Goddes folke#, not _God his Folk_, + this has plainly the Remains of the _Saxon_ Genitive Case. + #Sande#, this is a pure _Saxon_ word, signifying _Mission_, + or _being sent_. See the _Saxon Homily_ on the Birth Day of + St. _Gregory_, p. 2. *He [dh]urh his raede & sande us fram [dh]eofles + biggengum aetbraed.* He through his Counsel and Commission rescued + us from the Worship of the Devil.] + +Nor were the _French_, however more polite they may be thought, than we +are said to be, more scrupulous in avoiding them, if these Verses are +upon his Monument; + + #En toy qui es fitz de Dieu le Pere, + Sauue soit, qui gist sours cest pierre.# + +This will be said to be old _French_, let us see whether _Boileau_ will +help us out, who has not long since writ the Art of Poetry; + + Mais moi, grace au Destin, qui n'ai ni feu ne lieu, + Je me loge ou je puis, & comme il plaist a Dieu. + + _Sat._ vi. + +And in that which follows, + + Et tel, en vous lisant, admire chaque traite, + Qui dans le fond de l'ame, & vous craint & vous hait. + +Let _Lydgate_, _Chaucer_'s Scholar also be brought in for a Voucher; + + #For _Chaucer_ that my Master was and knew + What did belong to writing Verse and Prose, + Ne'er stumbled at small faults, nor yet did view + With scornful Eye the Works and Books of those + That in his time did write, nor yet would taunt + At any Man, to fear him or to daunt.# + +Tho' the Verse is somewhat antiquated, yet the Example ought not to be +despised by our modern Criticks, especially those who have any Respect +for _Chaucer_. + +I might give more Instances out of _John Harding_, and our good old +Citizen, Alderman _Fabian_, besides many others: but out of that Respect +to the nice Genij of our Time, which they seldom allow to others, I will +hasten to the Times of greater Politeness, and desire that room may be +made, and attention given to a Person of no less Wit than Honour, the +_Earl of Surrey_, who at least had all the Elegancy of a gentle Muse, +that may deserve the Praises of our Sex, + + Her Praise I tune whose Tongue doth tune the Spheres, + And gets new Muses in her Hearers Ears. + Stars fall to fetch fresh Light from her rich Eyes, + Her bright Brow drives the Sun to Clouds beneath. + +Again, + + O Glass! with too much Joy my Thoughts thou greets. + +And again upon the Chamber where his admired _Geraldine_ was born; + + O! if _Elyzium_ be above the Ground, + Then here it is, where nought but Joy is found. + +And _Michael Drayton_, who had a Talent fit to imitate, and to celebrate +so great a Genius, of all our _English_ Poets, seems best to have +understood the sweet and harmonious placing of _Monosyllables_, and has +practised it with so great a Variety, as discovers in him a peculiar +Delight, even to Fondness; for which however, I cannot blame him, +notwithstanding this may be reputed the Vice of our Sex, and in him +be thought effeminate. But let the Reader judge for himself; + + Care draws on Care, Woe comforts Woe again, + Sorrow breeds Sorrow, one Griefe brings forth twaine, + If live or dye, as thou doost, so do I, + If live, I live, and if thou dye, I dye; + One Hart, one Love, one Joy, one Griefe, one Troth, + One Good, one Ill, one Life, one Death to both. + +Again, + + Where as thou cam'st unto the Word of Love, + Even in thine Eyes I saw how Passion strove; + That snowy Lawn which covered thy Bed, + Me thought lookt white, to see thy cheeke so red, + Thy rosye cheeke oft changing in my sight, + Yet still was red to see the Lawn so white: + The little Taper which should give the Light, + Me thought waxt dim, to see thy Eye so bright. + +Again, + + Your Love and Hate is this, I now do prove you, + You Love in Hate, by Hate to make me love you. + +And to the Countess of _Bedford_, one of his great Patronesses; + + Sweet Lady yet, grace this poore Muse of mine, + Whose Faith, whose Zeal, whose Life, whose All is thine. + +The next that I shall mention, is taken out of an ingenious Poem, +entituled, _The Tale of the Swans_, written by _William Vallans_ in +blank Verse in the time of Queen _Elizabeth_; for the reprinting of +which, we are obliged to that ingenious and most industrious Preserver +and Restorer of Antiquities, Mr. _Thomas Hearne_ of _Oxford_; + + Among the which the merrie Nightingale + With swete, and swete (her Brest again a Thorne.) + +In another Place, + + And in the Launde, hard by the Parke of _Ware_ + +Afterwards, + + To _Ware_ he comes, and to the Launde he flies. + +Again, + + And in this Pompe they hie them to the Head. + +I come now to the incomparable _Spencer_, against whose Judgment and +Practice, I believe scarce any Man will be so bold as to oppose himself; + + Assure your self; it fell not all to Ground; + For all so dear as Life is to my Heart, + I deem your Love, and hold me to you bound. + +Again, + + Go say his Foe thy Shielde with his doth bear. + +Afterwards, + + More old than _Jove_, whom thou at first didst breed. + +And, + + And now the Prey of Fowls in Field he lies. + +Nor must _Ben. Johnson_ be forgotten; + + Thy Praise or Dispraise is to me alike; + One doth not stroke me, nor the other strike. + +Again, + + Curst be his Muse, that could lye dumb, or hid + To so true Worth, though thou thy self forbid. + +In this Train of Voters for _Monosyllables_, the inimitable _Cowley_ +marches next, whom we must not refuse to hear; + + Yet I must on; what Sound is't strikes mine Ear? + Sure I Fames Trumpet hear. + +And a little after, + + Come my best Friends, my Books, and lead me on; + 'Tis time that I were gone. + Welcome, great Stagirite, and teach me now + All I was born to know. + +And commending _Cicero_, he says, + + Thou art the best of Orators; only he + Who best can praise thee, next must be. + +And of _Virgil_ thus, + + Who brought green Poesy to her perfect Age, + And made that Art, which was a Rage. + +And in the beginning of the next Ode, he wou'd not certainly have apply'd +himself to WIT in the harsh Cadence of _Monosyllables_, had he thought +them so very harsh; + + Tell me, O tell, what kind of thing is Wit, + Thou who Master art of it. + +Again, + + In a true Piece of Wit all things must be + Yet all things there agree. + +But did he believe such Concord to be inconsistent with the use of +_Monosyllables_, he had surely banished them from these two Lines; and +were I to fetch Testimonies out of his Writings, I might pick a Jury of +Twelve out of every Page. + +And now comes Mr. _Waller_, and what does he with his _Monosyllables_, +but, + + Give us new Rules, and set our Harp in Tune. + +And that honourable Peer whom be commends, the Lord _Roscommon_ thus +keeps him in Countenance; + + Be what you will, so you be still the same. + +And again, + + In her full Flight, and when she shou'd be curb'd. + +Soon after, + + Use is the Judge, the Law, and Rule of Speech, + +And by and by, + + We weep and laugh, as we see others do, + He only makes me sad who shews the way: + But if you act them ill, I sleep or laugh. + +The next I shall mention is my Lord _Orrery_, who, as Mr. _Anthony Wood_ +says, was a great Poet, Statesman, Soldier, and great every thing which +merits the Name of Great and Good. In his Poem to Mrs. _Philips_, he +writes thus; + + For they imperfect Trophies to you raise, + You deserve Wonder, and they pay but Praise; + A Praise which is as short of your great due. + As all which yet have writ come short of you. + +Again, + + In Pictures none hereafter will delight, + You draw more to the Life in black and white; + The Pencil to your Pen must yield the Place, + This draws the Soul, where that draws but the Face. + +But having thank'd these noble Lords for their Suffrage, we will proceed +to some other Witnesses of Quality: And first I beg leave to appeal to +my Lord Duke of _Buckinghamshire_, his Translation of _The Temple of +Death_; + + Her Chains were Marks of Honour to the Brave, + She made a Prince when e'er she made a Slave. + +Again, + + By wounding me, she learnt the fatal Art, + And the first Sigh she had, was from my Heart. + +My Lord _Hallifax_'s Muse hath been very indulgent to _Monosyllables_, +and no Son of _Apollo_ will dare to dispute his Authority in this +Matter. Speaking of the Death of King _Charles_ the Second, and his +Improvement of Navigation, and Shipping; he says, + + To ev'ry Coast, with ready Sails are hurl'd, + Fill us with Wealth, and with our Fame the World. + +Again, + + Us from our Foes, and from our selves did shield. + +Again, + + As the stout Oak, when round his Trunk the Vine + Does in soft Wreaths, and amorous Foldings twine. + +And again, + + In _Charles_, so good a Man and King, we see, + A double Image of the Deity. + Oh! Had he more resembled it! Oh why + Was he not still more like; and cou'd not die? + +My Lord _Landsdown_'s Muse, which may claim her Seat in the highest +Point of _Parnassus_, gives us these Instances of her Sentiments in our +Favour; + + So own'd by Heaven, less glorious far was he, + Great God of Verse, than I, thus prais'd by thee. + +Again on _Mira's_ singing, + + The Slave that from her Wit or Beauty flies, + If she but reach him with her Voice, he dies. + +In such noble Company, I imagin Mr. _Addison_ will not be ashamed to +appear, thus speaking of Mr. _Cowley_; + + His Turns too closely on the Reader press; + He more had pleas'd us, had he pleas'd us less. + +And of Mr. _Waller_, + + Oh had thy Muse not come an Age too soon. + +And of Mr. _Dryden_'s Muse, + + Whether in Comick Sounds or Tragick Airs + She forms her Voice, she moves our Smiles or Tears. + +And to his Friend Dr. _Sacheverell_, + + I've done at length, and now, dear Friend, receive + The last poor Present that my Muse can give. + And so at once, dear Friend and Muse, fare well. + +To these let me add the Testimony of that Darling of the Muses, Mr. +_Prior_, with whom all the Poets of ancient and modern Times of other +Nations, or our own, might seem to have intrusted the chief Secrets, and +greatest Treasures of their Art. I shall speak only concerning our own +Island, where his Imitation of _Chaucer_, of _Spencer_, and of the old +_Scotch Poem_, inscribed the _Nut-Brown Maid_, shew how great a Master +he is, and how much every thing is to be valued which bears the Stamp of +his Approbation. And we shall certainly find a great deal to countenance +the use of _Monosyllables_ in his Writings. Take these Examples; + + Me all too mean for such a Task I weet. + +Again, + + Grasps he the Bolt? we ask, when he has hurl'd the Flame. + +And, + + Nor found they lagg'd too slow, nor flew too fast. + +And again, + + With Fear and with Desire, with Joy and Pain + She sees and runs to meet him on the Plain. + +And, + + With all his Rage, and Dread, and Grief, and Care. + +In his Poem in answer to Mrs. _Eliz. Singer_, on her Poem upon _Love_ +and _Friendship_, + + And dies in Woe, that thou may'st live in Peace. + +The only farther Example of _Monosyllabick Verses_ I shall insert here, +and which I cannot well omit, is what I wou'd desire the Author to apply +to his own Censure of _Monosyllables_, they are these which follow; + + Then since you now have done your worst, + Pray leave me where you found me first. + + Part of the seventh Epistle of the first Book of _Horace_ + imitated, and address'd to a noble Peer, _p. ult_. + +After so many Authorities of the Gentlemen, these few Instances from +some of our Female Poets, may I hope be permitted to take place. I will +begin with Mrs. _Philips_ on the Death of the Queen of _Bohemia_; + + Over all Hearts and her own Griefs she reign'd. + +And on the Marriage of the Lord _Dungannon_, + + May the vast Sea for your sake quit his Pride, + And grow so smooth, while on his Breast you ride, + As may not only bring you to your Port, + But shew how all things do your Virtues court. + +To _Gilbert_ Lord Archbishop of _Canterbury_, + + That the same Wing may over her be cast, + Where the best Church of all the World is plac'd. + +Mrs. _Wharton_ upon the Lamentations of _Jeremiah_; + + Behold those Griefs which no one can repeat, + Her Fall is steep, and all her Foes are great. + +And my Lady _Winchelsea_ in her Poem entituled, _The Poor Man's Lamb_; + + Thus wash'd in Tears, thy Soul as fair does show + As the first Fleece, which on the Lamb does grow. + +Sir, from these numerous Instances, out of the Writings of our +greatest and noblest Poets, it is apparent, That had the Enmity +against _Monosyllables_, with which there are some who make so great +a Clamour, been so great in all Times, we must have been deprived of +some of the best Lines, and finest Flowers, that are to be met with in +the beautiful Garden of our _English_ Posie. Perhaps this may put our +Countreymen upon studying with greater Niceness the use of these kind +of Words, as well in the Heroick Compositions, as in the softer and +more gentle Strains. I speak not this, upon Confidence of any Judgment +I have in _Poetry_, but according to that Skill, which is natural to +the Musick of a _Northern Ear_, which, if it be deficient, as I shall +not be very obstinate in its Defence, I beg leave it may at least be +permitted the Benefit of Mr. _Dryden_'s Apology, for the Musick of old +Father _Chaucer_'s Numbers, "That there is the rude Sweetness of a +_Scotch_ Tune in it, which is natural and pleasing, tho' not perfect." + +Sir, I must beg your Pardon for this long Digression, upon a Subject +which many will think does not deserve it: but if I have herein +discover'd some of the greatest Beauties of our _English_ Poets, it +will be more excusable, at least for the respect that is intended to +so noble an Art as theirs. But to suspect the worst, considering that +I am now writing a Preface, I am provided with another Apology from +Mr. _Dryden_, who cautions his Reader with this Observation, _That the +Nature of a Preface is Rambling, never wholly out of the way, nor in +it_. Yet I cannot end this Preface, without desiring that such as +shall be employ'd in _refining_ and _ascertaining_ our _English +Tongue_, may entertain better Thoughts both of the _Saxon Tongue_, +and of the Study of Antiquities. Methinks it is very hard, that those +who labour and take so much pains to furnish others with Materials, +either for Writing, or for Discourse, who have not Leisure, or Skill, +or Industry enough to serve themselves, shou'd be allowed no other +Instances of Gratitude, than the reproachful Title of Men of _low +Genius_, of which low Genius's it may be observed, that they carry +some Ballast, and some valuable Loading in them, which may be +despised, but is seldom to be exceeded in any thing truly valuable, +by light and fluttering Wits. But it is not to be wonder'd, that Men +of Worth are to be trampled upon, for otherwise they might stand in +the way of these Assumers; and indeed were it not for the Modesty of +their Betters, and their own Assurance, they wou'd not only be put out +of the way of those Expectations that they have, but out of all manner +of Countenance. There is a Piece of History that I have met with in +the Life of _Archbishop Spotswood_, that may not unfitly be remembered +on this Occasion, shewing that studious Men of a private Character are +not always to be reputed Men of _low Genius:_ "Nor were his Virtues +(says the History) buried and confined within the Boundaries of his +Parish, for having formerly had a Relation to the noble Family of +_Lenox_, he was looked upon as the fittest Person of his Quality to +attend _Lodowic_, Duke of _Lenox_, as his Chaplain in that honourable +Embassy to _Henry_ the fourth of _France_, for confirming the ancient +Amity between both Nations; wherein he so discreetly carried himself, +as added much to his Reputation, and made it appear that Men bred up +in the Shade of Learning might possibly endure the Sun-shine, and when +it came to their turns, might carry themselves as handsomly abroad, +as they (whose Education being in a more pragmatick way) usually +undervalue them." + +But that of _low Genius_ is not the worst Charge which is brought +against the _Antiquaries_, for they are not allow'd to have so much +as common Sense, or to know how to express their Minds intelligibly. +This I learn from _a Dissertation on reading the Classicks, and +forming a just Stile_; where it is said, "It must be a great fault of +Judgment if where the Thoughts are proper, the Expressions are not so +too: A Disagreement between these seldom happens, but among Men of +more recondite Studies, and what they call deep Learning, especially +among your _Antiquaries_ and_ Schoolmen_." This is a good careless way +of talking, it may pass well enough for the _genteel Negligence_, in +short, such _Nonsense_, as _Our_ Antiquaries are seldom guilty of; +for Propriety of Thoughts, without Propriety of Expression is such a +Discovery, as is not easily laid hold of, except by such Hunters after +Spectres and Meteors, as are forced to be content with the Froth +and Scum of Learning, but have indeed nothing to shew of that deep +Learning, which is the effect of recondite Studies. And there was a +Gentleman, no less a Friend to polite Learning, but as good a judge of +it as himself, and who is also a Friend to Antiquities, who was hugely +pleased with the Humour of his saying _YOUR Antiquaries_, being very +ready to disclaim an Acquaintance with all such Wits, and who told +me the Antiquaries, were the Men in all the World who most contemn'd +_Your Men of Sufficiency and Self-conceit_. But here his Master +_Horace_ is quite slipt out of his Mind, whose Words are, + + Scribendi recte, sapere est & principium & fons. + Rem tibi Socraticae poterunt ostendere chartae: + Verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur. + +Thus translated by my Lord _Roscommon, + + Sound Judgment is the ground of writing well: + And when Philosophy directs your Choice + To proper Subjects rightly understood, + Words from your Pen will naturally flow. + +_Horace_'s _Sapere_, and my Lord _Roscommon_'s _Proper Subjects +rightly understood_, I take to be the same as _Propriety of Thought_, +and the _non invita sequentur, naturally flowing_, I take to import +the Fitness and Propriety of Expression. I also gather from hence, +that there is a very easy and natural Connexion between these two, and +these same Antiquaries of OURS, must be either very dull and stupid +Animals, or a strange kind of cross-gran'd and perverse Fellows, to be +always putting a Force upon Nature, and running out of a plain Road. +He must either insinuate that they are indeed such, or that _Horace_'s +Observation is not just, or that for the Word _invita_ we ought to +have a better reading, for which he will be forced to consult the +_Antiquaries_. I know not how some of the great Orators, he has +mention'd, will relish his Compliments upon the Score of Eloquence, +when he has said such hard things against Antiquaries; many of them, +and those of chief Note, were his Censure just and universal, must +of necessity be involv'd in it. For example, the late _Bishop_ of +_Rochester_, of whom, he says, "He was the correctest Writer of the +Age, and comes nearest the great Originals of _Greece_ and _Rome_, by +a studious Imitation of the Ancients." So that, as I take it, he was +an Antiquary: If he excludes _English Antiquities_, I desire him to +remember the present _Bishop_ of _Rochester_, of whom he has given +this true Character, "Dr. _Atterbury_ writeth with the fewest Faults, +and greatest Excellencies of any who have studied to mix Art and +Nature in their Compositions, _&c_." He hath however thought fit to +adorn the Subject of Antiquities with the Beauties of his Stile, +without any Force upon Nature, or the being obliged to forsake her +easy and unconstrain'd Method of applying proper Expressions to proper +Thoughts. The _Bishop_ of St. _Asaph_ hath shewn his Skill in +Antiquities, by more Instances than one; yet do I not find, that even +in the Opinion of this Gentleman, it hath spoil'd his Stile. I shall +add to these the late and present _Bishops_ of _Worcester_, the +former, Dr. _Stillingfleet_, is allow'd by all to have been one of +the most learned Men and greatest Antiquaries of his Age; and for the +present Bishop, who is also a learned Antiquary, take the Character +which is given of his Skill and Exactness in the _English_ Tongue from +[F]_Bishop Wilkins_; + + I must acknowledge my self obliged, saith he, to the continual + Assistance I have had from my most learned and worthy Friend, Dr. + _William Lloyd_, than whom (so far as I am able to judge) this + Nation could not have afforded a fitter Person, either for that + great Industry, or accurate Judgment, both in _Philological_, and + _Philosophical_ Matters, required to such a Work. And particularly, + I must wholly ascribe to him that tedious and difficult Task, of + suiting the Tables to the _Dictionary_, and the drawing up of the + _Dictionary_ itself, which, upon trial, I doubt not, will be found + to be the most perfect, that was ever yet made for the _English + Tongue_. + +I will only farther beg leave to mention, the _Bishop_ of_ Carlisle_, +_Your Self_, and Dr. _Gibson_, who for good Spirit, masterly Judgment, +and all the Ornaments of Stile, in the several ways of Writing, may be +equalled with the best and most polite. To conclude, if this Preface +is writ in a Stile, that may be thought somewhat rough and too severe, +it is not out of any natural Inclination to take up a Quarrel, but +to do some Justice to the Study of Antiquities, and even of our own +Language itself, against the severe Censurers of both; whose Behaviour +in this Controversy has been such, as cou'd not have the Treatment it +deserved in a more modest or civil manner. If I am mistaken herein, I +beg Pardon: I might alledge that which perhaps might be admitted for +an Excuse, but that I will not involve the whole Sex, by pleading +Woman's Frailty. I confess I thought it would be to little purpose +to write an _English Saxon Grammar_, if there was nothing of Worth +in that Language to invite any one to the study of it; so that I +have only been upon the Defensive. If any think fit to take up Arms +against me, I have great Confidence in the Protection of the Learned, +the Candid, and the Noble; amongst which, from as many as bear the +Ensigns of St. _George_, I cannot doubt of that help, that true +Chevalrie can afford, to any Damsel in Distress, by cutting off the +Heads of all those Dragons, that dare but to open their Mouths, or +begin to hiss against her. But, Sir, before I conclude, I must do +you the Justice to insert an extract of two Letters from the Right +Honourable _D. P._ to the Reverend Dr. _R. Taylor_, relating to your +_Thesaurus. Lingg. Vett. Septentrion._ which indeed might more +properly have been placed in the eighth Page of this Preface, had +it come sooner to my Hands. It is as follows, + + --"The _Dean_'s Present, which I shall value as long as I live for + his sake. _Dom. Mabillon_ was the first that told me of that Work, + and said, that the Author was a truly learned Person, and not one + of those Writers who did not understand their Subject to the + bottom, but, said he, that learned Man is one of ten thousand." + + [Footnote F: See the Epistle to the Reader in the Essay towards + a Real Character, p. 3.] + +And in another Letter to the abovemention'd Dr._ Taylor_--. "When +_Dom. Mabillon_ first told me of it, he did not name the Author, so as +I understood who he was, but the Elogium he made of him, was indeed very +great, and I find that the _Dean_ in one Word, has done that worthy Man +Justice." This high Elogium of your self, and of your great Work, from so +renowned an Antiquary, as it is a great Defence and Commendation of the +_Old Northern Learning_, so is it the more remarkable, in that it was +given by one, against whom you had written in the most tender Point of +the Controversy, _De Re Diplomatica_, as may be seen in your _Lingg. +Vett. Septentr. Thesaur. Praefat. General._ p. _xxxvi_, &c. + +Sir, I once more heartily beg your Pardon for giving you so much +trouble, and beg leave to give you my Thanks for the great Assistance +I have received in the _Saxon_ Studies from your learned Works, and +Conversation; and in particular for your favourable Recommendation of +my Endeavours, in a farther cultivating those Studies, who with sincere +Wishes for your good Health, and all imaginable Respect for a Person of +your Worth and Learning, am, + + _SIR_, + + Your Most Obliged, + + Humble Servant, + + _Elizabeth Elstob._ + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + +_General Editors_ + +R.C. BOYS +University of Michigan + +RALPH COHEN +University of California, Los Angeles + +VINTON A. DEARING +University of California, Los Angeles + +LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL +Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library + +Corresponding Secretary: +Mrs. EDNA C. DAVIS, Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library + + +THE SOCIETY exists to make available inexpensive reprints (usually +facsimile reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century +works. The editorial policy of the Society remains unchanged. As in the +past, the editors welcome suggestions concerning publications. All income +of the Society it devoted to defraying cost of publication and mailing. + + * * * * * + +Publications for the eleventh year [1956-57] + +(At least six items, most of them from the following list, will be +reprinted.) + +_An Essay on the New Species of Writing Founded by Mr. Fielding_ (1751). + Introduction by James A. Work. + +Elizabeth Elstob, _An Apology for the Study of Northern Antiquities_ + (1715). Introduction by Charles Peake. + +G. W. _Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling_ (1703). + +Anon., _The Needful Attempt, to make Language and Divinity Plain and + Easie_ (1711). Introduction by David Abercrombie. + +_Prefaces to Fiction._ Selected, with an introduction, by Claude E. + Jones. + +Samuel Johnson. _Notes to Shakespeare, Vol. II, Histories._ Edited by + Arthur Sherbo. (A double issue) + +_Parodies of Ballad Criticism._ Selected, with an introduction, by + William K. Winsatt, Jr. + +_Two Funeral Sermons._ Selected, with an introduction, by Frank L. + Huntley. + +Richard Savage, _An Author to be Let_ (1732). Introduction by James + Sutherland. + + * * * * * + +PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + +*First Year (1946-1947)* + +Numbers 1-6 out of print. + + +*Second Year (1947-1948)* + + 7. John Gay's _The Present State of Wit_ (1711); and a section on Wit + from _The English Theophrastus_ (1702). + + 8. Rapin's _De Carmine Pastorali_, translated by Creech (1684). + + 9. T. Hanmer's (?) _Some Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet_ (1736). + +10. Corbyn Morris' _Essay towards Fixing the True Standards of Wit, + etc._ (1744). + +11. Thomas Purney's _Discourse on the Pastoral_ (1717). + +12. Essays on the Stage, selected, with an Introduction by Joseph + Wood Krutch. + + +*Third Year (1948-1949)* + +13. Sir John Falstaff (pseud.), _The Theatre_ (1720). + +14. Edward Moore's _The Gamester_ (1753). + +15. John Oldmixon's _Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to Harley_ + (1712); and Arthur Mainwaring's _The British Academy_ (1712). + +16. Nevil Payne's _Fatal Jealousy_ (1673). + +17. Nicholas Rowe's _Some Account of the Life of Mr. William Shakespeare_ + (1709). + +18. "Of Genius," in _The Occasional Paper_, Vol. III, No. 10 (1719); + and Aaron Hill's Preface to _The Creation_ (1720). + + +*Fourth Year (1949-1950)* + +19. Susanna Centlivre's _The Busie Body_ (1709). + +20. Lewis Theobold's _Preface to The Works of Shakespeare_ (1734). + +21. _Critical Remarks on Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa, and Pamela_ + (1754). + +22. Samuel Johnson's _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ (1749) and Two + _Rambler_ papers (1750). + +23. John Dryden's _His Majesties Declaration Defended_ (1681). + +24. Pierre Nicole's _An Essay on True and Apparent Beauty in Which from + Settled Principles is Rendered the Grounds for Choosing and Rejecting + Epigrams_, translated by J.V. Cunningham. + + +*Fifth Year (1950-1951)* + +25. Thomas Baker's _The Fine Lady's Airs_ (1709). + +26. Charles Macklin's _The Man of the World_ (1792). + +27. Out of print. + +28. John Evelyn's _An Apologie for the Royal Party_ (1659); and + _A Panegyric to Charles the Second_ (1661). + +29. Daniel Defoe's _A Vindication of the Press_ (1718). + +30. Essays on Taste from John Gilbert Cooper's _Letters Concerning + Taste_, 3rd edition (1757), & John Armstrong's _Miscellanies_ (1770). + + +*Sixth Year (1951-1952)* + +31. Thomas Gray's _An Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard_ (1751); + and _The Eton College Manuscript_. + +32. Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudery's Preface to _Ibrahim_ + (1674), etc. + +33. Henry Gally's _A Critical Essay_ on Characteristic-Writings (1725). + +34. Thomas Tyers' A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1785). + +35. James Roswell, Andrew Erskine, and George Dempster. _Critical + Strictures on the New Tragedy of Elvira, Written by Mr. David + Malloch_ (1763). + +36. Joseph Harris's _The City Bride_ (1696). + + +*Seventh Year (1952-1953)* + +37. Thomas Morrison's _A Pindarick Ode on Painting_ (1767). + +38. John Phillips' _A Satyr Against Hypocrites_ (1655). + +39. Thomas Warton's _A History of English Poetry_. + +40. Edward Bysshe's _The Art of English Poetry_ (1708). + +41. Bernard Mandeville's "A Letter to Dion" (1732). + +42. Prefaces to Four Seventeenth-Century Romances. + + +*Eighth Year (1953-1954)* + +43. John Baillie's _An Essay on the Sublime_ (1747). + +44. Mathias Casimire Sarbiewski's _The Odes of Casimire_, Translated + by G. Hils (1646). + +45. John Robert Scott's _Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts._ + +46. Selections from Seventeenth Century Songbooks. + +47. Contemporaries of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_. + +48. Samuel Richardson's Introduction to _Pamela_. + + +*Ninth Year (1954-1955)* + +49. Two St. Cecilia's Day Sermons (1696-1697). + +50. Hervey Aston's _A Sermon Before the Sons of the Clergy_ (1745). + +51. Lewis Maidwell's _An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of + Education_ (1705). + +52. Pappity Stampoy's _A Collection of Scotch Proverbs_ (1663). + +53. Urian Oakes' _The Soveriegn Efficacy of Divine Providence_ (1682). + +54. Mary Davys' _Familiar Letters Betwixt a Gentleman and a Lady_ (1725). + + +*Tenth Year (1955-1956)* + +55. Samuel Say's _An Essay on the Harmony, Variety, and Power of + Numbers_ (1745). + +56. _Theologia Ruris, sive Schola & Scala Naturae_ (1686). + +57. Henry Fielding's _Shamela_ (1741). + +58. Eighteenth Century Book Illustrations. + +59. Samuel Johnson's _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. I, Comedies, Part I. + +60. Samuel Johnson's _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. I, Comedies, Part II. + + * * * * * + +ERRATA + as changed by transcriber: + + _Introduction_, first paragraph: + (Augustan Reprint Society, 1948) + _printed text reads_ + (Auguston Reprint Society, 1948) + + + under _Publications for the eleventh year_: + + G. W. _Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling_ (1703). + + Anon., _The Needful Attempt, to make Language and Divinity Plain and + Easie_ (1711). Introduction by David Abercrombie. + + _printed text_ leaves no space between these two items + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Apology For The Study of Northern +Antiquities, by Elizabeth Elstob + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN APOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF *** + +***** This file should be named 15329.txt or 15329.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/3/2/15329/ + +Produced by David Starner, Louise Hope and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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