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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Library Primer, by John Cotton Dana
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Library Primer
+
+Author: John Cotton Dana
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2005 [EBook #15327]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A LIBRARY PRIMER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Katherine Delany and the Project Gutenberg
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A Library Primer
+
+John Cotton Dana
+
+Third Edition
+
+Library Bureau, Chicago
+1903
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1899, by Library Bureau
+
+
+
+
+To Samuel S. Green, William I. Fletcher, and Charles A. Cutter
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+A library primer was published in the first six numbers of Public
+Libraries in 1896. It was quite largely made up of extracts from an
+article by Dr W.F. Poole on The organization and management of public
+libraries, which formed part of the report on Public libraries in the
+U.S., published by the U.S. Bureau of education in 1876; from W.I.
+Fletcher's Public libraries in America; from Mary W. Plummer's Hints
+to small libraries; and from papers in the Library journal and A.L.A.
+proceedings.
+
+At the request of a number of people interested I have revised,
+rewritten, and extended the original draft for publication in book
+form. Additional material has been taken from many sources. I have
+tried to give credit in good measure. The prevailing tendency among
+librarians is to share ideas, to give to one another the benefit of
+all their suggestions and experiences. The result is a large fund of
+library knowledge which is common property. From this fund most of
+this book is taken.
+
+The Library Primer is what its name implies. It does not try to be
+exhaustive in any part of the field. It tries to open up the subject
+of library management for the small library, and to show how large it
+is and how much librarians have yet to learn and to do.
+
+The City library,                                        J.C.D.
+Springfield, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAPTER                                                PAGE
+
+      I, The beginnings--Library law                      9
+
+     II, Preliminary work                                10
+
+    III, What does a public library do for a community?  12
+
+     IV, General policy of the library                   15
+
+      V, Trustees                                        17
+
+     VI, The librarian                                   20
+
+    VII, The trained librarian                           23
+
+   VIII, Rooms, building, fixtures, furniture            25
+
+     IX, Things needed in beginning work                 30
+
+      X, The Library Bureau                              35
+
+     XI, Selecting books                                 39
+
+    XII, Reference books for a small library             46
+
+   XIII, Reference work                                  53
+
+    XIV, Reading room                                    57
+
+     XV, List of periodicals                             61
+
+    XVI, Buying books                                    63
+
+   XVII, Ink and handwriting                             69
+
+  XVIII, Care of books                                   73
+
+    XIX, Accessioning                                    76
+
+     XX, Classifying                                     78
+
+    XXI, Decimal classification                          81
+
+   XXII, Expansive classification                        84
+
+  XXIII, Author numbers or book marks                    91
+
+   XXIV, Shelf list                                      92
+
+    XXV, Cataloging                                      94
+
+   XXVI, Preparing books for the shelf                   99
+
+  XXVII, Binding and mending                            103
+
+ XXVIII, Pamphlets                                      108
+
+   XXIX, Public documents                               110
+
+    XXX, Checking the library                           113
+
+   XXXI, Lists, bulletins, and printed catalogs         114
+
+  XXXII, Charging systems                               116
+
+ XXXIII, Meeting the public                             122
+
+  XXXIV, The public library for the public              123
+
+   XXXV, Advice to a librarian                          126
+
+  XXXVI, The librarian as a host                        128
+
+ XXXVII, Making friends for the library                 131
+
+XXXVIII, Public libraries and recreation                133
+
+  XXXIX, Books as useful tools                          134
+
+     XL, Village library successfully managed           135
+
+    XLI, Rules for the public                           137
+
+   XLII, Rules for trustees and employés                140
+
+  XLIII, Reports                                        146
+
+   XLIV, Library legislation                            147
+
+    XLV, A.L.A. and other library associations          152
+
+   XLVI, Library schools and classes                    154
+
+  XLVII, Library department of N.E.A.                   156
+
+ XLVIII, Young people and the schools                   157
+
+   XLIX, How can the library assist the school?         160
+
+      L, Children's room                                163
+
+     LI, Schoolroom libraries                           164
+
+    LII, Children's home libraries                      166
+
+   LIII, Literary clubs and libraries                   168
+
+    LIV, Museums, lectures, etc.                        170
+
+    LV, Rules for the care of photographs               171
+
+
+
+
+Library Primer
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The beginnings--Library law
+
+
+If the establishment of a free public library in your town is under
+consideration, the first question is probably this: Is there a statute
+which authorizes a tax for the support of a public library? Your state
+library commission, if you have one, will tell you if your state
+gives aid to local public libraries. It will also tell you about your
+library law. If you have no library commission, consult a lawyer and
+get from him a careful statement of what can be done under present
+statutory regulations. If your state has no library law, or none which
+seems appropriate in your community, it may be necessary to suspend
+all work, save the fostering of a sentiment favorable to a library,
+until a good law is secured.
+
+In chapters 44 and 45 will be found a list of state library
+commissions, important provisions in library laws, and the names of
+the states having the best library laws at present.
+
+Before taking any definite steps, learn about the beginnings of other
+libraries by writing to people who have had experience, and especially
+to libraries in communities similar in size and character to your own.
+Write to some of the new libraries in other towns and villages of
+your state, and learn how they began. Visit several such libraries, if
+possible, the smaller the better if you are starting on a small scale.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Preliminary work
+
+
+Often it is not well to lay great plans and invoke state aid at the
+very outset. Make a beginning, even though it be small, is a good
+general rule. This beginning, however petty it seems, will give a
+center for further effort, and will furnish practical illustrations
+for the arguments one may wish to use in trying to interest people in
+the movement.
+
+Each community has different needs, and begins its library under
+different conditions. Consider then, whether you need most a library
+devoted chiefly to the work of helping the schools, or one to be used
+mainly for reference, or one that shall run largely to periodicals and
+be not much more than a reading room, or one particularly attractive
+to girls and women, or one that shall not be much more than a cheerful
+resting-place, attractive enough to draw man and boy from street
+corner and saloon. Decide this question early, that all effort may be
+concentrated to one end, and that your young institution may suit the
+community in which it is to grow, and from which it is to gain its
+strength.
+
+Having decided to have a library, keep the movement well before
+the public. The necessity of the library, its great value to the
+community, should be urged by the local press, from the platform, and
+in personal talk. Include in your canvass all citizens, irrespective
+of creed, business, or politics; whether educated or illiterate.
+Enlist the support of teachers, and through them interest children and
+parents. Literary, art, social, and scientific societies, Chautauqua
+circles, local clubs of all kinds should be champions of the movement.
+
+In getting notices of the library's work in the newspapers, or in
+securing mention of it from the lecture platform, or in clubs, and
+literary, artistic, and musical societies, it is better to refrain
+from figures and to deal chiefly in general statements about what the
+library aims to do and what it has done.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+What does a public library do for a community?
+
+
+And what good does a public library do? What is it for?
+
+1) It supplies the public with recreative reading. To the masses of
+the people--hard-worked and living humdrum lives--the novel comes
+as an open door to an ideal life, in the enjoyment of which one may
+forget, for a time, the hardships or the tedium of the real. One of
+the best functions of the public library is to raise this recreative
+reading of the community to higher and higher levels; to replace trash
+with literature of a better order.
+
+2) A proper and worthy aim of the public library is the supplying of
+books on every profession, art, or handicraft, that workers in every
+department who care to study may perfect themselves in their work.
+
+3) The public library helps in social and political education--in the
+training of citizens. It is, of course, well supplied with books and
+periodicals which give the thought of the best writers on the economic
+and social questions now under earnest discussion.
+
+4) The highest and best influence of the library may be summed up
+in the single word, culture. No other word so well describes the
+influence of the diffusion of good reading among the people in giving
+tone and character to their intellectual life.
+
+5) The free reading room connected with most of our public libraries,
+and the library proper as well, if it be rightly conducted, is a
+powerful agent for counteracting the attractions of saloons and low
+resorts. Especially useful is it to those boys and young men who have
+a dormant fondness for reading and culture, but lack home and school
+opportunities.
+
+6) The library is the ever-ready helper of the school-teacher. It aids
+the work of reading circles and other home-culture organizations, by
+furnishing books required and giving hints as to their value and use;
+it adds to the usefulness of courses of lectures by furnishing
+lists of books on the subjects to be treated; it allies itself with
+university extension work; in fact, the extension lecture given in
+connection with the free use of a good library seems to be the ideal
+university of the people.
+
+The public library, then, is a means for elevating and refining the
+taste, for giving greater efficiency to every worker, for diffusing
+sound principles of social and political action, and for furnishing
+intellectual culture to all.
+
+The library of the immediate future for the American people is
+unquestionably the free public library, brought under municipal
+ownership, and, to some extent, municipal control, and treated as part
+of the educational system of the state. The sense of ownership in it
+makes the average man accept and use the opportunities of the free
+public library while he will turn aside from book privileges in any
+other guise.
+
+That the public library is a part of the educational system should
+never be lost sight of in the work of establishing it, or in its
+management. To the great mass of the people it comes as their first
+and only educational opportunity. The largest part of every man's
+education is that which he gives himself. It is for this individual,
+self-administered education that the public library furnishes the
+opportunity and the means. The schools start education in childhood;
+libraries carry it on.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Suggestions as to general policy of the library
+
+
+In general, remember always 1) that the public owns its public
+library, and 2) that no useless lumber is more useless than unused
+books. People will use a library, not because, in others' opinions,
+they ought to, but because they like to. See to it, then, that the new
+library is such as its owner, the public, likes; and the only test of
+this liking is use. Open wide the doors. Let regulations be few and
+never obtrusive. Trust American genius for self-control. Remember the
+deference for the rights of others with which you and your fellows
+conduct yourselves in your own homes, at public tables, at general
+gatherings. Give the people at least such liberty with their own
+collection of books as the bookseller gives them with his. Let the
+shelves be open, and the public admitted to them, and let the open
+shelves strike the keynote of the whole administration. The whole
+library should be permeated with a cheerful and accommodating
+atmosphere. Lay this down as the first rule of library management; and
+for the second, let it be said that librarian and assistants are to
+treat boy and girl, man and woman, ignorant and learned, courteous and
+rude, with uniform good-temper without condescension; never pertly.
+
+Finally, bear in mind these two doctrines, tempering the one with the
+other: 1) that the public library is a great educational and moral
+power, to be wielded with a full sense of its great responsibilities,
+and of the corresponding danger of their neglect or perversion; 2)
+that the public library is not a business office, though it should be
+most business-like in every detail of its management; but is a center
+of public happiness first, of public education next.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Trustees
+
+[Condensed from paper by C.C. Soule]
+
+
+1) _Size of the board_.--The library board should be small, in
+small towns not over three members. In cities a larger board has
+two advantages: it can include men exceptionally learned in library
+science, and it can represent more thoroughly different sections of
+the town and different elements in the population.
+
+2) _Term of office_.--The board should be divided into several groups,
+one group going out of office each year. It would be wise if no
+library trustee could hold office for more than three successive terms
+of three years each. A library can, under this plan, keep in close
+touch with popular needs and new ideas.
+
+3) _Qualifications_.--The ideal qualifications for a trustee of a
+public library--a fair education and love of books being taken for
+granted--are: sound character, good judgment, common sense, public
+spirit, capacity for work, literary taste, representative fitness.
+Don't assume that because a man has been prominent in political
+business or social circles he will make a good trustee. Capacity
+and willingness to work are more useful than a taste for literature
+without practical qualities. General culture and wide reading are
+generally more serviceable to the public library than the knowledge of
+the specialist or scholar. See that different sections of the town's
+interests are represented. Let neither politics nor religion enter
+into the choice of trustees.
+
+4) _Duties_.--The trustee of the public library is elected to preserve
+and extend the benefits of the library as the people's university. He
+can learn library science only by intelligent observation and study.
+He should not hold his position unless he takes a lively interest in
+the library, attends trustees' meetings, reads the library journals,
+visits other libraries than his own, and keeps close watch of the
+tastes and requirements of his constituency. His duties include the
+care of funds, supervision of expenditures, determination of the
+library's policy, general direction of choice and purchase of books,
+selection of librarian and assistants, close watch of work done, and
+comparison of the same with results reached in other libraries.
+
+A large board ordinarily transacts business through its chairman,
+secretary, treasurer, and one or more committees. It is doubtful if
+the librarian should act as secretary of the board. The treasurer, if
+he holds the funds in his hands, should always be put under bonds.
+It is well to have as many committees as can be actively employed in
+order to enlist the coöperation of all the trustees.
+
+The executive committee should take charge of the daily work of the
+library, of purchases, and of the care of the building; they should
+carry their duties as far as possible without assuming too much of the
+responsibility which properly belongs to the full board. It will be
+best to entrust the choice of books to a book committee appointed
+for that purpose purely. The finance committee should make and watch
+investments and see that purchases are made on most favorable terms.
+
+5) _Relations with the librarian_.--The trustees are the responsible
+managers of the library; the librarian is their agent, appointed
+to carry out their wishes. If they have, however, a first-class
+librarian, the trustees ought to leave the management of the library
+practically to him, simply supplementing his ability without impeding
+it. They should leave to a librarian of good executive ability the
+selection, management, and dismissal of all assistants, the methods
+and details of library work, and the initiative in the choice of
+books. A wise librarian the trustees may very properly take into their
+confidence, and invite his presence at all meetings, where his advice
+would be of service.
+
+6) _Other employés_.--Efficiency of employés can best be obtained
+through application of the cardinal principles of an enlightened
+civil service, viz., absolute exclusion of all political and personal
+influence, appointment for definitely ascertained fitness, promotion
+for merit, and retention during good behavior.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+The librarian
+
+
+If circumstances permit, the librarian should be engaged even before
+the general character of the library and plan of administration have
+been determined upon. If properly selected, he or she will be a person
+of experience in these matters, and will be able to give valuable
+advice. Politics, social considerations, church sympathies, religious
+prejudices, family relationship--none of these should be allowed to
+enter into his selection. Secure an efficient officer, even at what
+may seem at first a disproportionate expense. Save money in other
+ways, but never by employing a forceless man or woman in the position
+of chief librarian.
+
+Recent developments of schools of library economy, and recent rapid
+growth of public libraries throughout the country, have made it
+possible for any new library to secure good material for a librarian.
+If lack of funds or other conditions make it necessary to employ some
+local applicant, it will be wise to insist that that person, if not
+already conversant with library economy, shall immediately become
+informed on the subject. It will not be easy, it may not be possible,
+for trustees to inform themselves as to library organization and
+administration. They can, however, with very little difficulty, so
+far inform themselves as to be able to judge whether the person they
+select for their chief officer is taking pains to acquaint himself
+with the literature of the subject, or trying to get in touch with
+the knowledge and experience of others. They should not submit for
+a moment to ignorance or indifference on the part of their chosen
+administrator. Success or failure of a library, as of a business,
+depends on the ability of the man or woman at its head, and only
+trained men and women should be in charge. The business of the
+librarian is a profession, and a practical knowledge of the subject is
+never so much needed as in starting a new enterprise.
+
+The librarian should have culture, scholarship, and executive ability.
+He should keep always in advance of his community, and constantly
+educate it to make greater demands upon him. He should be a leader and
+a teacher, earnest, enthusiastic, and intelligent. He should be able
+to win the confidence of children, and wise to lead them by easy steps
+from good books to the best. He has the greatest opportunity of any
+teacher in the community. He should be the teacher of teachers. He
+should make the library a school for the young, a college for adults,
+and the constant center of such educational activity as will make
+wholesome and inspiring themes the burden of the common thought. He
+should be enough of a bookworm to have a decided taste and fondness
+for books, and at the same time not enough to be such a recluse as
+loses sight of the point of view of those who know little of books.
+
+As the responsible head of the institution, he should be consulted in
+all matters relating to its management. The most satisfactory results
+are obtained in those libraries where the chief librarian is permitted
+to appoint assistants, select books, buy supplies, make regulations,
+and decide methods of cataloging, classifying, and lending; all
+subject to the approval of the trustees. Trustees should impose
+responsibility, grant freedom, and exact results.
+
+To the librarian himself one may say: Be punctual; be attentive; help
+develop enthusiasm in your assistants; be neat and consistent in your
+dress; be dignified but courteous in your manner. Be careful in your
+contracts; be square with your board; be concise and technical;
+be accurate; be courageous and self-reliant; be careful about
+acknowledgments; be not worshipful of your work; be careful of your
+health. Last of all, be yourself.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The trained librarian in a small library
+
+Julia A. Hopkins, of the Rochester (N.Y.) Public library, in Public
+Libraries, December, 1897
+
+
+The value of training for the man or woman who shall take charge of a
+large city library is now so firmly established that no one thinks
+of discussing the question. If it is true that technical training is
+essential for the headship of a large library, why is it not equally
+necessary for that of a small library? Trained service is always of
+greater value than untrained service, be the sphere great or small. If
+a woman argued from the standpoint that, because the house she was to
+take charge of had only seven rooms instead of twenty she needed to
+know nothing of cooking, sweeping, and the other details of household
+work, I am afraid that her house and her family would suffer for her
+ignorance. So in many departments of library work the accident of size
+makes little or no difference; the work is precisely the same. The
+difference lies in the fact that the head of a large library oversees
+and directs the work done by others, where the village librarian
+must, in many cases, do all of the work himself. In the distinctly
+professional duties, such as the ordering, classifying, and cataloging
+of books, there is a difference only in amount between the greater and
+the less. And it is precisely these professional duties of which the
+person untrained in library work is in most cases wofully ignorant.
+
+It is inevitable that in starting a library there should be some
+mistakes made; but with a trained librarian in charge, these mistakes
+will be fewer in number. For example, what does the novice know of
+classification? He realizes that the books, for convenience in use,
+must be grouped in classes. If he has had the use of a good library
+(as a college student would) he has some idea as to how the class
+divisions are made, and knows also that there must be some sort of
+notation for the classes. Necessity being the mother of invention, he
+contrives some plan for bringing together books on the same subject.
+But with the addition of books to the library and the demand which
+growth makes, he finds that constant changes have to be made in order
+to get books into their right places; and then some day he awakens to
+the fact that there is some perfectly well-known and adopted system of
+classification which will answer all his purposes, and be a great deal
+more satisfactory in its adaptability to the needs of his library than
+the one he has been struggling to evolve. Then he exclaims in despair:
+If I had only known of that at the beginning! He feels that the hours
+which he has spent in rearranging his books, taking them out of one
+class and putting them into another, although hours of such hard work,
+are in reality so many hours of wasted time. And he is right; for
+every minute spent in unnecessary work is so much lost time. Not only
+that, but it is unnecessary expense, and one of the most important
+things which a small library has to consider is economy.
+
+Is it not of value to the library that its librarian should know how
+best to expend the money given him to use? that he should not have to
+regret hours of time lost over useless experiments? Surely if training
+teaches a librarian a wise expenditure of money and an economy of
+time, then training must be valuable.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Rooms, building, fixtures, furniture
+
+
+The trustees will be wise if they appoint their librarian before
+they erect a building, or even select rooms, and leave these matters
+largely to him. They should not be in haste to build. As a rule it
+is better to start in temporary quarters, and let the building fund
+accumulate while trustees and librarian gain experience, and the needs
+of the library become more definite. Plans should be made with the
+future enlargement of the building in view; libraries increase more
+rapidly than is generally supposed.
+
+Rooms of peculiar architecture are not required for the original
+occupation and organization of a library. The essential requirements
+are a central location, easy access, ample space, and sufficient
+light. The library and the reading room should be, if possible, on the
+same floor. Make the exterior attractive, and the entrance inviting.
+In arranging the rooms, or building, plan from the first, as already
+suggested, to permit visitors to go to the books themselves.
+
+A collection of the printed matter on library architecture should be
+carefully studied by both trustees and librarian before any plans are
+made. While no specific plan can be recommended that would suit all
+cases, there are a few general rules that meet with the approval
+of the library profession as a whole. They maybe thus summed up,
+following in the main a paper on the subject by C.C. Soule:
+
+"A library building should be planned for library work.
+
+Every library building should be planned especially for the kind of
+work to be done, and the community to be served.
+
+The interior arrangement ought to be planned before the exterior is
+considered.
+
+No convenience of arrangement should be sacrificed for mere
+architectural effect.
+
+The plan should be adapted to probabilities and possibilities of
+growth and development.
+
+Simplicity of decoration is essential in the working rooms and reading
+rooms.
+
+The building should be planned with a view to economical
+administration.
+
+The rooms for public use should be so arranged as to allow complete
+supervision with the fewest possible attendants.
+
+There should be throughout as much natural light as possible.
+
+Windows should extend up to the ceiling, to light thoroughly the upper
+part of every room.
+
+Windows in a book room should be placed opposite the intervals between
+bookcases.
+
+In a circulating library the books most in use should be shelved in
+floor cases close to the delivery desk.
+
+A space of at least five feet should be left between floor cases. (If
+the public is excluded, three feet is ample.)
+
+No shelf, in any form of bookcase, should be higher than a person of
+moderate height can reach without a stepladder.
+
+Shelving for folios and quartos should be provided in every book room.
+
+Straight flights are preferable to circular stairs.
+
+The form of shelving which is growing in favor is the arrangement
+of floor cases in large rooms with space between the tops of the
+bookcases and the ceiling for circulation of air and the diffusion of
+light.
+
+Modern library plans provide accommodations for readers near the books
+they want to use whatever system of shelving is adopted.
+
+Single shelves should not be more than three feet long, on account of
+the tendency to sag. Ten inches between shelves, and a depth of eight
+inches, are good dimensions for ordinary cases. Shelves should be made
+movable and easily adjustable. Many devices are now in the market for
+this purpose, several of which are good."
+
+Don't cut up your library with partitions unless you are sure they are
+absolutely necessary. Leave everything as open as possible. A light
+rail will keep intruders out of a private corner, and yet will not
+shut out light, or prevent circulation of air, or take away from the
+feeling of openness and breadth the library room ought to have.
+
+For interior finish use few horizontal moldings; they make traps for
+dust. Use such shades at the windows as will permit adjustment for
+letting in light at top or bottom, or both. The less ornamentation in
+the furniture the better. A simple pine or white-wood table is more
+dignified and easier kept clean than a cheaply carved one of oak. But
+get solid, honestly-made, simple furniture of oak or similar wood, if
+funds permit. Arm-chairs are not often desirable. They take up much
+room, are heavy to move, and are not easy to get in and out of at a
+table. In many cases simple stools on a single iron standard, without
+a revolving top, fastened to the floor, are more desirable than
+chairs. The loafer doesn't like them; very few serious students object
+to them.
+
+A stack room for small libraries is not advisable. Don't crowd your
+cases close together unless it is absolutely necessary.
+
+An excellent form of wooden case is one seven feet high, with shelves
+three feet long and seven and a half inches wide, supported on iron
+pegs. The pegs fit into a series of holes bored one inch apart in the
+sides of the case, thus making the shelves adjustable. These pegs can
+be bought in the market in several shapes. The shelves have slots cut
+in the under side at the ends to hold the projecting ends of the pegs,
+thus giving no obstructions to the free movement of the books. With
+some forms of pegs the slots are not needed. The uprights are made
+of inch and a half stuff, or even inch and an eighth. The shelves are
+inch stuff, finished to seven-eighths of an inch. The backs are
+half inch stuff, tongued and grooved and put in horizontally. This
+case-unit (3' x 7' x 8") may be doubled or trebled, making cases six
+and nine feet long; or it may be made double-faced. If double-faced,
+and nine feet long, it will hold about a thousand books of ordinary
+size when full. It is often well to build several of your cases short
+and with a single front--wall cases--as they are when in this form
+more easily adjusted to the growing needs of the library.
+
+A library can never do its best work until its management recognizes
+the duty and true economy of providing skilled assistants, comfortable
+quarters, and the best library equipment of fittings and supplies.
+
+For cases, furniture, catalog cases, cards, trays, and labor-saving
+devices of all kinds, consult the catalog of the Library Bureau.
+
+Very many libraries, even the smallest, find it advantageous to use
+for book cases what are known as "steel stacks." The demand for these
+cases has been so great from libraries, large and small, that shelving
+made from a combination of wood and steel has been very successfully
+adapted to this use, and at a price within the reach of all libraries.
+One of the principal advantages in buying such "steel stack" shelving,
+with parts all interchangeable, is that in the rearrangement of
+a room, or in moving into a new room or a new building, it can be
+utilized to advantage, whereas the common wooden book cases very
+generally cannot.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Things needed in beginning work--Books, periodicals, and tools
+
+
+The books and other things included in the following list--except
+those starred or excepted in a special note, the purchase of which
+can perhaps be deferred until the library contains a few thousand
+volumes--are essential to good work, and should be purchased, some of
+them as soon as a library is definitely decided upon, the others as
+soon as books are purchased and work is actually begun.
+
+I. BOOKS
+
+*American catalog of books in print from 1876-1896, 5v. with annual
+supplement. The Publishers' weekly, N.Y. Several of the volumes are
+out of print. All are expensive. They are not needed by the very small
+library. The recent years of the annual volumes are essential.
+
+Card catalog rules; accessions-book rules; shelf-list rules; Library
+Bureau, 1899, $1.25. These are called the Library school rules.
+
+Catalog of A.L.A. library; 5000v. for a popular library, selected by
+the American Library Association, and shown at the World's Columbian
+exhibition, Washington, 1893. Sent free from the United States Bureau
+of education.
+
+*English catalog, 1835-1896, 5v., with annual supplement. The annual
+supplements for recent years are needed by the small library; the
+others are not.
+
+Five thousand books, an easy guide to books in every department.
+Compiled for the Ladies' home journal, 1895. Curtis Publishing
+Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Paper, 10 cents. Out of print, but can
+probably be found second-hand.
+
+Fletcher, W.I. Public Libraries in America, 1894. Roberts Bros.,
+Boston, $1.
+
+Library Bureau catalog, containing list of library tools, fittings,
+and appliances of all kinds, 1898. To be obtained of the Library
+Bureau, Chicago, 215 Madison St.; Boston, 530 Atlantic Ave.; New York,
+250 Broadway; Philadelphia, 112 N. Broad St.; Washington, 1416 F St.,
+N.W.
+
+Plummer, M.W. Hints to small libraries, 1898. Truslove & Comba, N.Y.,
+50 cents.
+
+Public library handbook, by the Public library, Denver, 1894. Out of
+print.
+
+Publishers' trade list annual, 1900, v. 28. Office of the Publishers'
+weekly, N.Y., $2. Catalogs of all important American publishers bound
+together in one volume.
+
+Reference catalog of current literature, 1898. Catalogs of English
+publishers, bound in one volume and indexed. J. Whitaker & Sons,
+London, $5.
+
+Rules for an author and title catalog, condensed. See Cutter, Rules
+for a dictionary catalog, 1891, p. 99-103. Sent from the United States
+Bureau of education, Washington, free. These are the rules adopted by
+the American Library Association.
+
+*Sonnenschein, W.S. Best books, readers' guide, 1891. Sonnenschein,
+London, $8. Gives author, title, publisher and price of about 50,000
+carefully selected and carefully classified books.
+
+Sonnenschein, W.S. Reader's guide to contemporary literature
+(50,000v.), supplement to Best books, 1895. Sonnenschein, London,
+$6.50.
+
+*Subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs, Library Bureau,
+1898, $2. In a small library this is not needed, but it will save
+trouble to get it.
+
+Lawrence, I. Classified reading. A list with publishers and prices of
+books for the school, the library, and the home, 1898. Normal school,
+St Cloud, Minn., $1.25.
+
+Iles, George. List of books for girls and women and their clubs, 1895.
+Library Bureau, $1.
+
+World's library congress, papers prepared for, held at World's
+Columbian exposition, Chicago, 1893. United States Bureau of
+education, Washington, D.C., free. Covers very fully the entire field
+of library economy.
+
+II. PERIODICALS
+
+Book news, monthly. Wanamaker, Philadelphia, 50 cents. (Book reviews.)
+
+Dial, semi-monthly, 24 Adams St., Chicago, $2. (Book reviews, notes
+and essays.)
+
+Literature, weekly. Harper & Bros., N.Y., $4. (Current English and
+American literature.)
+
+Nation, weekly. New York, $3. (Book reviews, art, politics.)
+
+Publishers' weekly, the American book trade journal, 59 Duane St.,
+N.Y., $5. (Lists nearly all American and best English books as
+published.)
+
+Library journal, monthly, $5 a year, 58 Duane St., New York. This is
+the official organ of the American Library Association.
+
+Public libraries, monthly, $1 a year, 215 Madison St., Chicago.
+Presents library methods in a manner especially helpful to small
+libraries.
+
+New York Times Saturday review of books and art. The Times, N.Y., $1.
+
+Monthly cumulative book index. An author, title, and subject index to
+the books published during the current year, brought up to date in one
+alphabet each month. Morris & Wilson, Minneapolis, Minn., $1.50
+
+III. OTHER THINGS
+
+Accession book. See catalog of the Library Bureau. For a very small
+library a common blank-book will do.
+
+Agreement blanks, which the borrower signs before getting his
+borrower's card giving him the right to use the library. See chapter
+on charging systems.
+
+Book cards. See chapter on charging systems, and Library Bureau
+catalog.
+
+Book pockets. See Library Bureau catalog, and also chapter on charging
+systems.
+
+Borrowers' cards. Given to borrowers as evidence of their right to
+draw books. See chapter on charging systems.
+
+Borrowers' register, best kept on cards. See chapter on charging
+systems.
+
+Catalog cards. These are of two sizes and many thicknesses. Select
+what suits you. See Library Bureau catalog.
+
+Catalog case. See Library Bureau catalog. For a very small library a
+few japanned tin trays will serve. But your catalog will grow faster
+than you suppose.
+
+Cole size card; a sheet marked in such a way as to give one at a
+glance the proper letter to use in indicating the size of any book
+placed on it. See Library Bureau catalog. In a very small library not
+needed.
+
+Classification scheme. See chapters on classification.
+
+Cutter author table for book numbers. See chapter on book numbers. For
+a very small library one can use numbers only.
+
+Daters and ink pads for dating borrowers' cards, etc. The pencil
+daters are best. See chapter on charging systems.
+
+Ink. For all outside labels use Higgins' American drawing ink,
+waterproof. For book cards, borrowers' cards, etc., use any good
+black, non-copying ink. Carter's fluid is very good.
+
+Labels. Round ones are best and those ready gummed do well if
+carefully put on. Dennison's "88A" are good.
+
+Paste. Binder's paste is good; for library use it needs thinning.
+Higgins' photo mounter and other like bottled pastes are better.
+
+Rubber stamps and ink pad for marking books with name of library. See
+chapter on preparing books for the shelves.
+
+Shelf list cards. See Library Bureau catalog.
+
+Shelf list sheets (or cards). See Library Bureau catalog. In a very
+small library sheets of ordinary ruled writing paper will serve. It is
+better, however, to get the right thing at the start.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+The relation of the Library Bureau to libraries
+
+Geo. B. Meleney, Ch. Mgr., in Public Libraries, May, 1896
+
+
+The consideration of the relations of the Library Bureau to libraries
+brings us back to the organization of the American Library Association
+in 1876. At this gathering of the prominent librarians of the country,
+the discussion of methods brought out the lack of unanimity in, and
+the need of coöperation for, a uniform system in the various branches
+of library work. To carry out uniform methods requires uniform
+material, and this was hard to obtain. The American Library
+Association as such, of course, could not take up a business venture
+of this kind, but it was decided to advise an organization for keeping
+on sale such supplies and library aids as the association might decide
+were needed.
+
+The Library Bureau was then organized for this purpose, and has
+continued to keep the same relation toward the library association
+as was originally intended. Referring to the numbers of the Library
+Bureau catalogs, one may trace the history of the development not only
+of the appliances furnished by the Library Bureau, but also of ideas
+of library economy as they are gathered there from every source. It
+confined its attention at first to libraries only, the business being
+divided into four departments: employment, to bring together libraries
+and librarians; consultation, to give expert advice on any phase of
+any library question; publication, to publish the various needed
+helps (from point of usefulness to libraries rather than profit
+to publishers); supply, to furnish at lower prices all articles
+recommended by the A.L.A., and to equip any library with best known
+devices in everything needful. Among the things noticed in these
+departments are catalog cards, cases, trays, and outfits, book
+supports, blanks, book pockets, boxes, desks, inks, etc. Some
+specialties are noted in library devices, and helpful advice as to
+their economical use is given. The successive catalogs follow the
+same line, attention being directed toward all improvements in old
+material, and to all advanced work in library administration wherever
+found. Not all the material recommended was manufactured by the
+Library Bureau, but a generous spirit is shown in recommending any
+device, plan, or publication known to be helpful to the library
+profession. It has brought to notice many notable contributions to
+library literature, such as the Author table, by C.A. Cutter, of
+the Boston athenæum; Decimal classification and relative index and
+Library notes, by Melvil Dewey; _Library journal_; Library school
+rules; Perkins' manual; Linderfelt's rules; Sargent's Reading for the
+young; Lists of books for different clubs; Subject headings of A.L.A.,
+etc. The Library Bureau catalog itself is one of the best library aids
+ever published. These catalogs have always been sent free to library
+workers.
+
+Libraries grew in numbers and size largely because of the enthusiasm
+of earnest workers, but very frequently with hardly enough financial
+assistance to warrant more than the purchase of a few books, and
+frequently with limited knowledge of how to make the small store of
+use to the waiting public. The management of the Library Bureau at
+this time was certainly doing a missionary work; but its chief problem
+was the financial one, or how to make both ends meet, and it was not
+until library methods were introduced into business houses that
+this question was solved. The constant and untiring efforts of the
+management of the Library Bureau toward the assistance and upbuilding
+of the smaller and younger libraries have had much to do with the
+growth of library sentiment, which is now so apparent on every hand,
+and indirectly this knowledge of library work and library methods has
+done much to enlarge the facilities of the Library Bureau.
+
+From a very unpretentious concern, publishing a few library aids,
+manufacturing such library devices as could not be obtained elsewhere,
+and keeping for sale a few articles of library furnishing, the Library
+Bureau has grown to be a corporation of no small proportions, having
+numerous branches both in this country and Europe, maintaining a card
+factory, cabinet works in Boston and Chicago, and facilities for the
+manufacture of steel stacks unexcelled in this country.
+
+The Library Bureau, however, has never forgotten the cause of its
+birth or the teachings of its youth, as is clearly evidenced from year
+to year by the various undertakings and publications which a careful
+observer can clearly see are not put forward with any presage of
+success when viewed entirely from a business standpoint. This lesson
+is constantly taught to the employés of the Library Bureau, and they
+are positively instructed that, regardless of the promise of success
+in other directions, the attention to library requirements is the
+first demand.
+
+The Library Bureau maintains at its various offices persons thoroughly
+versed in library economy, for the express purpose of furnishing
+detailed information and aid to those younger members of the
+profession whom they have the pleasure and opportunity of assisting
+over the stumbling-blocks in their daily work. With this same idea in
+view it publishes from the Chicago office a monthly magazine called
+PUBLIC LIBRARIES, of an elementary character, which is entertaining,
+instructive, and inspiring, and helps to encourage a sentiment
+favorable to public libraries and to make librarianship a profession
+of high standing.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+Selecting books--Fitting the library to its owners
+
+
+The selection of books should be left to the librarian, under the
+general direction of trustees or book committee.
+
+There should be made at the start a collection of encyclopedias,
+dictionaries, gazetteers, and scientific compendiums, which should not
+be lent. The extent of this collection will depend on the scope and
+purposes of the library. No library, however small, can dispense with
+some books of reference. But for a small library don't buy expensive
+works. The Encyclopædia Britannica is an example of what not to get.
+
+There must be taken into consideration, in determining the character
+of the books to be purchased, these factors among others:
+
+a) Presence or absence of other libraries in the vicinity, and their
+character, if present.
+
+b) The avowed purposes of the free, tax-supported public library,
+to-wit: 1) To help people to be happy; 2) to help them to become wise;
+3) to encourage them to be good.
+
+c) The amount of money to be expended and the sum that will probably
+be available for each succeeding year.
+
+d) The manner in which the books are to be used; whether they are to
+be lent, or are to be used only for reference, or are to form both a
+reference and a lending library.
+
+e) The class of people by whom they are to be used, and if children,
+whether for school work only, or for general reading, or for both.
+
+f) The occupations and leading local interests of the community.
+
+g) The character and average degree of intelligence of the community.
+
+h) The habits, as to reading and study, of those who will use the
+library.
+
+The village library, in its early days, can well afford to begin at
+the level of the community's average reading. At the same time it
+must always try to go a little ahead of the demands of the people,
+and develop a taste and desire for the very best books it can get. The
+masses of the people have very little of literary culture. It is the
+purpose of the public library to develop this by creating in them the
+habit of reading. As a rule people read books which are above their
+own intellectual and moral standard, and hence are benefited by
+reading. The reading of books generally leads to the reading of better
+books.
+
+Then do not aim too high. Avoid trash, but do not buy literature which
+will not be read simply because it is standard or classic. Remember
+that the public library is a popular institution in every sense of the
+word; that it has become possible only by the approval of the majority
+of the population, and that the majority of the population is confined
+in its turn to a majority of people of the most commonplace kind.
+
+Do not pander to any sect, creed, or partisan taste. Buy largely
+books costing from 50 cents to $2, found in so many of the series now
+published. These are fresh, up-to-date, written for the most part by
+competent men, and are reliable. They are not dull, because no one can
+afford to be dull in a 12mo volume. As a general thing they are well
+made, supplied with maps and illustrations when needed, and have
+indexes. Put much of your money into the history, travel, and
+literature of your own country first, and then see what you have left
+for Greece and Rome. The common people nowadays should be encouraged
+in their interest in their own country, its description, history,
+politics, biography, mineral resources, literature. The people will
+inquire for these books, and they should be provided for them. Wait
+until the library is larger before investing much money in the history
+of worn out empires, simply because such and such a person wants them,
+or because some library anywhere from two to twenty times as large has
+them. Use common sense and much of it.
+
+Put into the people's hands books worthy of their respect, then insist
+that they be handled carefully and treated always with consideration.
+Expensive books; that is, books which are first-class in paper, ink,
+and binding, are generally better worth their cost than cheap ones.
+
+In the first purchases buy largely for children. They are the
+library's best pupils. They are more easily trained to enjoy good
+books than their elders. Through them the homes are best reached. They
+will, by their free use of the library, and by their approval of it,
+do much to add to its popularity. The best books for children will be
+enjoyed by all.
+
+In selecting fiction, get from the older librarians a statement of
+what are the most popular of the wholesome novels found on their
+shelves. A better guide than this it will be difficult to find.
+Fiction is of the greatest value in developing a taste for reading.
+Everyone should be familiar with the great works of imagination.
+Nearly all the greatest literature of the world is fiction. The
+educational value of the novel is not often questioned.
+
+But don't buy a novel simply because it is popular. If you follow that
+line you will end with the cheapest kind of stuff. Some librarians
+pretend that they must buy to please the public taste; that they can't
+use their own judgment in selecting books for a library which the
+public purse supports. Why these librarians don't supply the Police
+gazette it is difficult to understand. "The public" would like
+it--some of them. We select school committees and superintendents and
+teachers to run our schools. We ask them to inform themselves on the
+subject and give us the best education they can. They don't try to
+suit everybody. They try to furnish the best. Library trustees and
+librarian are in a like case. The silly, the weak, the sloppy, the
+wishy-washy novel, the sickly love story, the belated tract, the crude
+hodge-podge of stilted conversation, impossible incident, and moral
+platitude or moral bosh for children--these are not needed. It is as
+bad to buy them and circulate them, knowingly, as it would be for our
+school authorities to install in our schoolrooms as teachers romantic,
+giggling girls and smarty boys. Buy good novels, those the wise
+approve of, in good type, paper, and binding; keep plenty of copies of
+each on hand; put them where your readers can handle them; add a few
+each year of the best only of the latest novels, and those chiefly
+on trial (not to be bought again if found not to have real merit) and
+your public will be satisfied, and your library will be all the time
+raising the taste of the community.
+
+Some books should not be put, at least not without comment, into the
+hands of young people. Other books, some people think, should not be
+read by young people. Other books, some people think, should not be
+in a public library at all. A good course to follow in regard to such
+books is to consider the temper of your community and put into the
+library as many of them as are noteworthy in a literary way as your
+public and your resources permit.
+
+In other departments follow at first the guidance of some one of the
+good book lists now available.
+
+Other things being equal, American scientific books are preferable
+to those by foreign authors. In all departments select the latest
+editions, and, at first, the recent book rather than the older book.
+
+The proportion of books in the different departments of knowledge must
+vary greatly in different libraries. The following is a good general
+guide:
+
+                     Per cent.
+General works          .04
+Philosophy             .01
+Religion               .02
+Sociology              .09
+Philology              .01
+Science                .08
+Useful arts            .06
+Fine arts              .04
+Literature             .12
+Biography              .10
+History                .13
+Travels                .10
+Fiction                .20
+                      ____
+Total                  100
+
+Local interest should be fostered by buying freely books on local
+history and science and books by local authors.
+
+The librarian should keep informed of coming events, and see that the
+library is provided with the books for which there is sure to be a
+future demand. He should avoid personal hobbies and be impartial on
+all controversial questions. He should not be overconfident in his
+knowledge of what will elevate and refine the community.
+
+It is better to buy 10 extra copies of a wholesome book wanted by the
+public than one copy each of 10 other books which will not be read.
+
+Do not waste time, energy, and money--certainly not in the early days
+of the library--in securing or arranging public documents, save a few
+of purely local value. Take them if offered and store them.
+
+Do not be too much impressed by the local history plea, and spend
+precious money on rare volumes or old journals in this line.
+
+Certain work can judiciously be done toward collecting and preserving
+materials for local history that will involve neither expense nor
+much labor, and this the librarian should do. Do not turn the public
+library, which is chiefly to be considered as a branch of a live,
+everyday system of popular education, into a local antiquarian
+society; but simply let it serve incidentally as a picker-up of
+unconsidered trifles. A wide-awake, scholarly librarian will like his
+town, and delight in at least some study of its antecedents. And such
+a librarian need not be a crank, but must needs be an enterprising,
+wide-awake, appreciative student, who can scent the tastes and needs
+of posterity.
+
+Put no money into rare books. A book which was out of print 10 years
+or 200 years ago, and has not insisted upon republication since, has,
+ordinarily, no place in the active, free public library. If you get
+it, sell it and buy a live book.
+
+The free public library should encourage its readers to suggest books
+not in the library, by providing blanks for that purpose, and paying
+courteous attention to all requests.
+
+Ask by letter, by circulars, and by notes in the local papers, for
+gifts of books, money, and periodicals. Acknowledge every gift.
+Remember that one who has helped the library, be it ever so little,
+has thereby become interested in it, and is its friend.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+Reference books for a small library, compiled by C.A. Baker, of the
+Public library, Denver
+
+
+This list includes about 75 books, costing about $550. It is arranged
+alphabetically. It is subdivided into four lists, arranged according
+to relative importance. This subdivision is shown by the numbers
+prefixed to each entry.
+
+2. Adams, C.K. Manual of historical literature. 1889. O. Harper, cl.
+$2.50.
+
+1. Adams, O.F. Dictionary of American authors. 1897. O. Houghton,
+Mifflin, cl. $3.
+
+1. Adler, G.J. Dictionary of the German and English languages. 1893.
+Q. Appleton, mor. $5.
+
+4. Allibone, S.A. Critical dictionary of English literature. 1891, 3
+v. Q. Lippincott, sh. $22.50.
+
+4. Allibone, S.A. Supplement to the critical dictionary of English
+literature, by J.F. Kirk. 1892, 2 v. Q. Lippincott, sh. $15.
+
+1. Appleton's annual cyclopædia and register of important events. Q.
+Appleton, cl. $5.
+
+3. Appleton's cyclopædia of American biography. 1888-92, 6 v.Q.
+Appleton, cl. $30, half mor. $42.
+
+1. Appleton's cyclopædia of applied mechanics, ed. by P. Benjamin.
+1893, 2 v. Q. Appleton, sh. $15, half mor. $17.
+
+2. Appleton's modern mechanism, supplement to Cyclopædia of applied
+mechanics. 1892, 1 v. Q. Appleton, sh. $7.50, half mor. $8.50.
+
+2. Bartlett, J., ed. Familiar quotations. 1892. O. Little, cl. $3.
+
+3. Bliss, E.M., ed. Cyclopædia of missions, 2 v. 1891. Q. Funk &
+Wagnalls, cl. $12.
+
+1. Bliss, W.D.P. Cyclopædia of social reform, including political
+economy, science, sociology, statistics, anarchism, charities, civil
+service, currency, land, etc. 1897. Q. Funk & Wagnalls, cl. $7.50, sh.
+$9.50.
+
+3. Brannt, W.T. and Wahl, W.H. Technico-chemical receipt book. 1895.
+D. Baird, cl. $2.
+
+1. Brewer, E.C. Reference library, 1885-98. 4 v. O. Lippincott. $13.
+Dictionary of miracles, Historic notebook, Dictionary of phrase and
+fable, Reader's handbook.
+
+2. Brown, E. and Strauss, A. Dictionary of American politics. 1895. D.
+Burt, cl., $1.
+
+1. Bryant, W.C, ed. Library of poetry and song. 1876. Q. Fords,
+Howard, cl., $5.
+
+3. Century dictionary and cyclopædia. (Century dictionary and the
+Century cyclopædia of names combined with the atlas of the world.) 10
+v. Prices from $60 to $150. Often can be picked up second-hand.
+
+1. Century atlas of the world. 1897. F. Century Co., cl. $12.50, half
+mor. $15.
+
+1. Century cyclopædia of names, n.d. F. Century Co., cl. $10.50, buf.
+$12.50.
+
+(Note.--The two last are included in the Century dictionary and
+cyclopædia, but can be bought separately.)
+
+2. Chambers, R., ed. Book of days, 2 v. O. Lippincott. 1893. $7.
+
+2. Champlin, J.D. jr. Young folks' cyclopædia of common things. 1893.
+O. Holt, cl. $2.50.
+
+2. Champlin, J.D. jr. Young folks' cyclopædia of persons and places.
+1892. O. Holt, cl. $2.50.
+
+2. Champlin, J.D. jr. and Bostwick, A.E. Young folks' cyclopædia of
+games and sports. 1890. O. Holt, cl. $2.50.
+
+2. Channing, E. and Hart, A.B. Guide to the study of American history.
+O. Ginn. 1896. $2.
+
+1. Clement, C.E. Painters, architects, engravers, and their work.
+1881. D. Houghton, Mifflin, cl. $3. (Artists not living.)
+
+1. Clement, C.E. and Hutton, L. Artists of the 19th century and their
+work. 1885 D. Houghton & Mifflin, cl. $3.
+
+4. Cram's Bankers and brokers' railroad atlas; complete alphabetical
+index. 1898. F. Cram. $17.50.
+
+1. Cumulative index of periodicals, monthly and annual. 1898.
+Helman-Taylor Co., Cleveland, pa. $5.
+
+4. Cyclopædia of American biographies. J.H. Brown, ed. 1897. v. 1,
+A-C. Q. Cyclo. Pub. Co., Boston, half mor. $7.
+
+2. Fields, J.T. and Whipple, E.P., ed. Family library of British
+poetry. 1882. Q. Houghton, cl. $5, mor. $10.
+
+3. Fletcher, W.I., ed. A.L.A. index to general literature. 1893. Q.
+Houghton, cl. $5.
+
+1. Fletcher, W.I., ed., and Bowker, R.R. Annual literary index,
+including periodicals and essays. 1899. O. Publishers' weekly, cl.
+$3.50.
+
+3. Frey, A.R. Sobriquets and nicknames. 1888. O. Houghton, cl. $2.
+
+1. Goodholme, T.S. Domestic encyclopædia of practical information.
+1889. O. Scribners, cl. $5.
+
+1. Harper's book of facts. C.T. Lewis, ed. 1895. Q. Harper. Sub. only,
+$8.
+
+3. Harper's cyclopædia of British and American poetry. E. Sargent,
+ed. 1881. Q. Harper, hf. leather, $5.
+
+2. Harper's dictionary of classical literature and antiquities. H.T.
+Peck, ed. 1897. Q. Harper, cl. $6.
+
+4. Hastings, J. Dictionary of the Bible, 4 v. O. 1898. Clark, cl. 28s
+per vol., half mor. 34s. per vol.
+
+3. Haydn's dictionary of dates. B. Vincent, ed. 1895. O. Putnam, cl.
+$6, half mor. $9.
+
+2. Hazell's annual; record of men and topics of the day. 1899. D.
+Hazell, 3s. 6d.
+
+2. Hopkins, A.A. Scientific American cyclopædia of receipts, notes,
+and queries. 1892. O. cl. $5, sh. $6.
+
+1. Hoyt, J.K. Cyclopædia of practical quotations, English, Latin, and
+modern foreign. 1896. Q. Funk & Wagnalls, cl. $5, sh. $8.
+
+1. Jameson, J.F. Dictionary of United States history, 1492-1894. 1894.
+Q. Puritan Pub., cl. $2.75, half mor. $3.50.
+
+1. Johnson's universal cyclopædia. 1893, 8v. Q. Johnson, half mor.
+$56, cl. $48.
+
+2. King, M., ed. Handbook of the United States. 1891. O. King
+(Matthews, Northrop Co.), cl. $2.50.
+
+3. Larned, J.N., ed. History for ready reference, from the best
+historians, biographers, and specialists. 1894. 5 v. Maps. Nichols
+Co., Springfield, Mass. cl. $5 each, half mor. $6 each.
+
+2. Lalor, J.J., ed. Cyclopædia of political science, political
+economy, and political history of the United States. 1890-93. 3
+v. Q.C.E. Merrill, $15.
+
+1. Leypoldt, A.H. and Iles, G. List of books for girls and women.
+Dewey classification numbers with each entry. 1895. Library Bureau,
+cl. $1.
+
+1. Lippincott's gazetteer of the world. 1896. Q. Lippincott, sh. $8.
+
+4. Lippincott's universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and
+mythology, by J. Thomas. 1892. Q. Lippincott, in 1 v., sh. $8, half
+turkey $11; in 2 v., sh. $10.
+
+2. Lossing, B.J. Popular cyclopædia of United States history. 1893. 2
+v. Q. Harper, mor. $15.
+
+3. Lübke, W. Outlines of the history of art. 1891. 2 v. O. Dodd,
+Mead, half roan, $7.50.
+
+1. Matson, H. References for literary workers. 1893. O. McClurg,
+$2.50.
+
+1. Men and women of the time. 14th ed. 1895. O. Routledge. $5.
+
+3. Mineral industry, its statistics, technology, and trade, ed. by
+R.R. Rothwell, annual. O. Scientific Pub. Co, cl. $5.
+
+2. Mulhall, M.G. Dictionary of statistics. 1898. Ed. 4. Q. Routledge,
+cl. $8.
+
+3. Mulhall, M.G. Industries and wealth of nations. 1896. O. Longman,
+cl. $3.
+
+1. Patrick, D. and Gramme, F.H., eds. Chambers biographical
+dictionary. 1898. O. Lippincott, half mor. $3.50.
+
+4. Poole, W.F. and Fletcher, W. Poole's index to periodical
+literature. O. Houghton, Mifflin.
+  V. 1. in two parts, cl. $16, sh. $24.
+  V. 2. Jan. l882-Jan. 1887. cl. $8, sh. $10.
+  V. 3. Jan. l887-Jan. 1892. cl. $8, sh. $12.
+  V. 4. Jan. l892-Jan. 1897. cl. $10, sh. $12.
+In a small library having bound periodicals of recent date only,
+volume 4 alone is sufficient.
+
+1. Rand-McNally indexed atlas of the world. 1897. 2 v. 58 x 41 cm.
+Rand-McNally. cl. $18.50, half leather, $23.50.
+
+3. Riemann, H. Dictionary of music. O. Augenev, $3.75.
+
+2. Smith, H.P. and Johnson, H.K. Dictionary of terms, phrases, and
+quotations. 1895. O. Appleton, half leather, $3.
+
+3. Smith, W. Classical dictionary. New edition by Marindin. 1894. O.
+Appleton, $6.
+
+1. Smith, W. Dictionary of the Bible. 1884. O. Coates, cl. $2, half
+mor. $3.
+
+3. Smith, W. and Cheetham, S. Dictionary of Christian antiquities.
+1891. 2 v. O. Burr, Hartford, Conn., cl. $7, leather $8.
+
+1. Soule, R. Dictionary of English synonyms. 1895. O. Lippincott, cl.
+$2.25, mor. $2.75.
+
+1. Spiers, A. and Surenne, O. French and English pronouncing
+dictionary. 1891. Q. Appleton, half mor. $5.
+
+1. Standard dictionary of the English language, 2 v. Q. 1895. Funk &
+Wagnalls, half rus. $15; with Denison's reference index, $17.
+
+3. Statesmen's year book, 1899, v. 36. D. Macmillan, $3.
+
+2. Walsh, W.S. Handy book of literary curiosities. 1893. O.
+Lippincott, half leather, $3.50.
+
+2. Walsh, W.S. Curiosities of popular customs, and of rites,
+ceremonies, observances and miscellaneous antiquities. 1898. O.
+Lippincott, half leather, $3.50.
+
+1. Webster, N. International dictionary. Springfield, Mass. Merriam.
+1891. $10.
+
+2. Wheeler, W.A. Familiar allusions. 1891. D. Houghton, cl. $2.
+
+2. Wheeler, W.A. Explanatory and pronouncing dictionary of noted names
+of fiction. 1892. D. Houghton, cl. $2.
+
+3. Wheeler, W.A. and C.G. Who wrote it? D. Lee & Shepard, cl. $2.
+
+2. Whitaker's almanac. 1899. D. Whitaker, paper, 2s. 6d.
+
+Whitaker's directory of titled persons for the year 1898; a companion
+to his Almanac. D. Whitaker, paper, 2s. 6d.
+
+3. Who's who? annual; autobiographies of the leading men and women of
+the day; complete peerage, etc. 1899. D. Black, cl. 3s. 6d.
+
+1. World almanac and encyclopædia. 1898. D. New York World, pa. 25
+cents.
+
+2. Young, R. Analytical concordance to the Bible, n.d. Ed. 6. Q.
+Religious tract society, cl. 24s., mor. 30s.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+Reference work---Helping the inexperienced inquirer--Periodicals
+
+
+Reference work in libraries large and small has for its first rule:
+Meet the inquirer more than half way. To the stranger a library is
+often an oppressive place, an awesome place--in his imagination. He
+comes in shyly; everyone appears busy, his question suddenly seems to
+him trivial; he won't trouble these wise and busy people with it--and
+goes out.
+
+A good second rule is: Learn at once just exactly what the inquirer
+wishes to know. This is not always easy. Tact and a little patience
+will generally effect it.
+
+A good third rule is: Whenever possible show the inquirer how the
+answer is found, so that he may next time in some measure help
+himself. It is surprising how many, especially of the younger people
+in a community, can be taught within one year, on their occasional
+visits, to make the proper use of at least a few reference books.
+
+Another rule of very general application is: Go first to a dictionary.
+In many cases a question answers itself, or betrays where its answer
+may best be found, if it is once plainly stated. And nothing is better
+than reference to a few words in a dictionary for the clear statement
+of a question. The larger dictionaries, moreover, and notably the
+Century, will answer many more inquiries than even great readers often
+suppose.
+
+Many questions come up again and again. Of these, and of the
+references which answered them, notes should be kept on cards for
+future use. In fact it is well to keep an index in this way of the
+references looked up for all the more important inquiries.
+
+The following excellent advice is from an article on The use of
+periodicals in reference work, by Frederick Winthrop Faxon, in Public
+Libraries for June, 1898:
+
+"In all reference work periodicals play a large part. They may be
+roughly divided into two great classes, the technical and the popular.
+The former are indispensable to the scholar, or the expert, and in the
+rapid advancement of science are the only real sources of information.
+Text-books or treatises are out of date before published; therefore
+for a correct present view, or a complete history of the development
+of any science, the technical reviews and society transactions must be
+consulted. These will be the principal part of a scientific library,
+and should be in the large public and college libraries in order to
+cover advanced study.
+
+They have, on the other hand, little place in small libraries--they
+would seldom be of use, and are very expensive.
+
+"But the popular periodicals every library needs. In the better class
+of these reviews it is possible, if we know where to look, to find
+several articles on both sides of almost any subject. Furthermore,
+these are often written by the foremost authors or scientists, and are
+in a language intelligible to all. The amateur cannot give the time or
+patience to wade two-volume deep in the subject his club wishes him to
+treat in half an hour's speech. The magazine gives just what he wants
+in several pages. There are periodicals exclusively devoted to every
+branch of every science, and magazines which, in their files, include
+articles on all subjects. This mine of information has been opened up
+by Poole's index. Since 1881, when the third and enlarged edition
+of Poole's index was published, all this is common property for the
+asking. Grouped around Poole and keeping pace with the times are the
+Poole supplements, which ought, perhaps, to be named the Fletchers,
+covering the five-year periods since 1881, ending respectively 1886,
+1891, 1896. Then the Annual literary index gives a yearly index
+of subjects and authors, and serves as a supplement to the Poole
+supplement. For such as cannot be even a year without a periodical
+index we now have the admirable Cumulative index, bi-monthly, edited
+by the Cleveland public library. Thus all the principal periodicals
+since the beginning of the century may be consulted by reference to
+one or more of five single books or alphabets.
+
+"The Review of reviews must be mentioned as a useful monthly index to
+current periodical literature, but of little value for study reference
+as compared with the indexes just mentioned. An annual index issued by
+the Review of reviews, since 1890, is good in its way, though rather
+superficial. Sargent's Reading for the young, and its supplement,
+index the juvenile sets of St Nicholas, Harper's young people, and
+Wide Awake. Poole and the Cumulative are of little use without a fair
+assortment of the sets therein indexed.
+
+"Thus far 442 titles (practically all of them serials published since
+1800) have been indexed. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that
+most of these are necessary in a small library before Poole's index
+should be purchased or can be of use. Given Poole and a complete set
+of Littell's living age, and Harper's monthly, more reference work can
+be done than with twice the number of reference books not periodicals.
+A small collection of sets has enabled more than one struggling
+library to hold its own with the students and club members, and to
+accomplish work which could not have been done as well with many works
+of reference, the purchase of which would have exhausted the whole
+book fund."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+Reading room--Periodicals
+
+
+A free reading room is generally opened in connection with the
+library, and often proves its most attractive feature. It should be
+comfortably furnished and scrupulously clean. As the room is for the
+use of all clean and orderly people, quiet should be maintained to
+give all a chance to read and study without interruption. There should
+be no signs commanding things, and the fewest possible--and they
+unobtrusive--requesting things. Signs giving information helpful to
+readers are always permissible; but see that they harmonize with the
+furnishings of the room and are clean. Gray, or some modest tint, is
+preferable to white cardboard for all signs. The general atmosphere
+of the place should be such as one would wish to have in his own
+home--orderly, inviting, cheerful.
+
+The village library ought to preserve for reference a file of local
+papers; and it seems proper for it to provide for public use a few
+dailies or weeklies from the nearest cities. Further than this in this
+direction it would not seem expedient to go, because better work can
+be done, with the money newspapers would cost, in other directions.
+In fact, where the room is limited, as well as funds, it will often be
+better to provide no newspapers at all. Few are unable to get
+papers to read elsewhere. The library can well devote itself to
+the encouraging the reading of other things. Most people read the
+newspapers enough, library or no library. Many, save for the library,
+would not read the standard American and English periodicals.
+
+[Illustration: Magazine binder. (Reduced; various sizes.)]
+
+The young people are the library's most hopeful material. To them
+the librarian hopes to give, through books and journals, an added
+pleasure; and in them he hopes to awaken a taste for reading
+something--in time something good. To attract the children it will be
+wise to have on file a few juvenile journals and picture papers and
+illustrated magazines. As to the standard and popular monthlies
+and quarterlies there seems to be no question; they should be taken
+freely. The magazines furnish us with the best fiction, the best
+poetry, the best essays, the best discussions of all subjects, old
+and new, and the latest science. It is a question if many a village
+library would not do more, vastly more, to stimulate the mental life
+of its community, and to broaden its views and sympathies, and to
+encourage study, if it diverted a far larger part of its income than
+it now does from inferior books, and especially inferior novels, to
+weekly journals and popular and standard magazines. It is not yet
+fully impressed upon us that the thing the community needs is not a
+"library"--it may have a street lined with "libraries" and still dwell
+in the outer darkness--but contact with the printed page. Get
+this contact first, then, by means of attractive rooms, and clean,
+wholesome, interesting periodicals and books, and let the well rounded
+students' collection of books come on as it will.
+
+From 5 to 20 per cent can very often be saved on the cost of
+periodicals by ordering them through a reliable subscription agency.
+
+The custom is extending of taking extra numbers of the popular
+magazines and lending them as if they were books though generally for
+a shorter period and without the privilege of renewal. When this is
+done, put each magazine in a binder made for the purpose, and marked
+with the library's name, to keep it clean and smooth, and to identify
+it as library property. Similar binders are often put on the magazines
+which are placed in the reading rooms. (See Library Bureau catalog.)
+
+Complete volumes of the magazines are in great demand with the
+borrowing public. The magazine indexes now available will make useful
+to the student the smallest library's supply of periodical literature.
+
+In small reading rooms the periodicals that are supplied should be
+placed on tables where readers can consult them without application
+to the attendants. Files and racks for newspapers, special devices for
+holding illustrated journals, and other things of like nature, are to
+be found in great variety.
+
+Post up in the reading room a list of the periodicals regularly
+received; also a list of those in the bound files.
+
+A careful record should be kept of each magazine ordered, of the date
+when ordered, the date when the subscription begins and expires, the
+price paid, the agency from which it is ordered, and the date of that
+agency's receipted bill. If the list of journals taken is small this
+record can be kept very conveniently in a blank book. If it is large
+and constantly growing or changing, it is best kept on cards, a
+card to each journal, and all alphabetically arranged. It saves much
+trouble when dealing with an agency to have subscriptions coincide
+with the calendar year, disregarding the volume arrangements of the
+publishers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+List of periodicals for a small library
+
+[See also chapter List of things needed in beginning work.]
+
+
+Century magazine (monthly), illus. N.Y. Century Co. Ed. by R.W.
+Gilder, $4.
+
+Harper's new monthly magazine, illus. N.Y. Harper. Ed. by H.M. Alden,
+$4.
+
+Harper's round table (monthly), illus. N.Y. Harper, $1.
+
+St Nicholas (monthly), illus. N.Y. Century Co. Ed. by Mary Mapes
+Dodge, $3.
+
+Forum (monthly), N.Y. Forum Co., $3.
+
+Harper's weekly, illus. N.Y. Harper, $4.
+
+Youth's companion (weekly). Boston. Perry Mason Co., $1.75.
+
+McClure's magazine (monthly), illus. N.Y. Doubleday & McClure, $1.
+
+Ladies' home journal (monthly), illus. Phila. Curtis Pub. Co., $1.
+
+Independent (weekly). N.Y. $2.
+
+Outlook (weekly), illus. N.Y. $3.
+
+Engineering magazine (monthly). N.Y. $3.
+
+Life (weekly), illus. N.Y. $5.
+
+Nineteenth century (monthly). N.Y. Leonard Scott Co., $4.50.
+
+Review of reviews (monthly), illus. N.Y. Ed. by Albert Shaw, $2.50.
+
+Contemporary review (monthly). N.Y. Leonard Scott Co., $4.50.
+
+Critic (monthly), illus. N.Y. Critic Co., $2.
+
+Nation (weekly). N.Y. Evening Post Co., $3.
+
+Educational review (monthly), N.Y. Holt, $3.
+
+Kindergarten magazine (monthly), illus. Chicago Kindergarten
+Literature Co., $2.
+
+Appleton's popular science monthly, illus. N.Y. Appleton, $5.
+
+Scientific American (weekly), illus. N.Y. Munn, $3. With supplement,
+$7.
+
+Scientific American supplement (weekly), illus. N.Y. Munn, $5.
+
+Art amateur (monthly), illus. N.Y. Montague Marks. $4.
+
+Outing (monthly), illus. N.Y. Outing Co., $3.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+Buying books
+
+
+A good book for a library, speaking of the book as to its wearing
+qualities and as to the comfort of its users, is printed on paper
+which is thin and pliable, but tough and opaque. Its type is not
+necessarily large, but is clear-cut and uniform, and set forth with
+ink that is black, not muddy. It is well bound, the book opening
+easily at any point. The threads in the back are strong and generously
+put in. The strings or tapes onto which it is sewn are stout, and are
+laced into the inside edges of the covers, or are strong enough to
+admit of a secure fastening with paste and paper. In ordering books
+of which several editions are on the market, specify the edition you
+wish. When you have found a good edition of a popular author like
+Scott or Dickens, make a note of it on the shelf-list.
+
+In giving your orders, always try your local dealer first. If he
+cannot give you good terms, or, as is very likely to be the case, has
+not the information or the facilities which enable him to serve
+you well, submit a copy of the list to several large book dealers,
+choosing those nearest your town, and ask for their discounts. It is
+economical, generally, to purchase all your books through one dealer,
+thus saving letter writing, misunderstandings, freight, express, and
+general discomfort.
+
+Keep a record of all books ordered. The best form of record is on
+slips, using a separate slip for each book. These order slips should
+have on them the author's surname, brief title, number of volumes,
+abbreviated note of place, publisher, year, publisher's price if
+known, name of dealer of whom ordered, date when ordered, and if its
+purchase has been requested by anyone that person's name and address.
+
+For transmitting the order to the book dealer, a list on sheets
+should be made from the order slips, arranged either by publishers or
+alphabetically by authors. This list may be written on one side of the
+paper only, with copying ink, and a letter-press copy taken; or, make
+a carbon copy of the sheet sent to the dealer. The carbon copy has the
+advantage of being easier to handle and better to write on. The books
+as received should be checked by this copy, or by the order cards. The
+cards for books received should be put by themselves, alphabetically,
+and kept until the books they represent have been cataloged and the
+cards for them have been properly entered in the card catalog. You
+thus will have lists 1) of books ordered and not received; 2) of books
+received and not cataloged; 3) of books cataloged. If few books are
+bought this work is unnecessary.
+
+[Illustration: Simple form of order slip on plain paper. (Reduced;
+actual size, 7-1/2 x 12-1/2 cm.)
+
+Sent 27 Aug '93
+Fiske, J Discovery of America
+Houghton Miff. '93
+2v. 4.00
+
+Notify J. Winson
+1247 Arapahoe]
+
+Books will often be ordered at the request of interested persons.
+In such cases the name and address of the person asking for the book
+should be entered on the bottom of the order slip for that book. When
+the book comes, and has been made ready for use, send a note to this
+person, notifying him of the fact of its arrival.
+
+[Illustration: Order slip. (Reduced; actual size, 7-1/2 x 12-1/2 cm.)
+
+Library No. 10
+Order No. 21
+Ordered 6F96
+Of McC
+Received 9 Mr
+Cost $1.75
+Approved 7
+Not now ordered [Checkmark]
+Not in library [Checkmark]
+
+WRITE LEGIBLY
+Author's surname, followed by given names or initials: Howard, George
+Title: Second Marriages
+Edition: 2
+Place: N.Y.
+Publisher: Stone
+Year: 1889
+No. of Vols.
+Size: D
+Total Price: $2
+NOT in great haste
+NOT [stricken out] in haste
+I recommend the above for the library. Notice of receipt is NOT asked
+Signature: John Carr
+Address: Anderson
+Fill above as fully as possible. Cross out NOT, if notice is wanted,
+if in great need or special haste
+Put a ? before items of which you are not sure. Give reasons for
+recommending ON THE BACK.]
+
+Do not be tempted by a large discount to give orders to irresponsible
+persons. A library should secure from 25 to 35 per cent discount. Do
+not buy ordinary subscription books or books on the installment plan.
+Do not anticipate revenues, and do not spend all your money at once;
+if you do you will miss many a bargain, and have to go without books
+that are needed more than those you have bought. Buy good but not
+expensive editions. Do not spend on a single costly work, of interest
+to few and seldom used by that few, a sum that would buy 20 or perhaps
+100 volumes that would be in constant and profitable use by many.
+Buy no book unless by personal acquaintance, or upon competent and
+trustworthy testimony, it is worth adding to your library. Do not feel
+that you must buy complete sets of an author, or all of any "series";
+all the works of very few authors are worth having. Do not buy cheap
+editions of fiction; the paper, presswork, and binding is poor,
+and is simply a waste of money. The best is none too good in buying
+fiction, for it wears out fast, and has to be rebound, and then
+replaced. Do not buy a lot of second-hand fiction to put into the
+hands of the people. You cannot expect them to keep their books clean
+if you start them out with dirty pages, soiled plates, and a general
+hand-me-down air.
+
+Books for young people must be interesting. No amount of excellence in
+other directions will compensate for dull books.
+
+Do not trust too much to the second-hand dealer. Avoid subscription
+books. Do not buy of a book peddler; in nine cases out of ten you
+can find better and cheaper books at the stores. A well selected and
+judiciously purchased library, with such works of reference as are
+needed, will cost, on an average, $1.25 a volume.
+
+The following notes were prepared by a bookseller of experience, and
+should be carefully considered before beginning to buy books:
+
+Any bookseller worthy your patronage will be able to assist you by
+pointing out the most desirable edition for general library use.
+
+There is every reason for placing your orders with your local dealer
+so long as he can care for them intelligently. A large discount should
+not be the sole factor in deciding where to buy, but keep in mind
+this, a conscientious bookseller can save you money by carefully
+watching your interests in the very many details that pertain to
+bookbuying. Having decided on your bookseller agent, place all your
+orders with him. It will save you time, which is equivalent to money.
+Keep an exact duplicate copy of every order you place, and for this
+purpose a manifold book is preferable. In writing your orders never
+write on both sides of a sheet; arrange your items alphabetically by
+author, and make all your entries as complete and full as possible.
+This is particularly important in the case of books in the field of
+science, history, and biography. The more clear and definite your
+orders are made out, the more promptly and completely can your
+bookseller supply them.
+
+An ideal bookseller, qualified to act as your agent, is one who has
+familiarized himself with the various editions of books, and will
+always make selections with greater stress on quality than quantity;
+who will not send you the second edition of a scientific work when a
+third is out; who will avoid sending you expensive publications (even
+though you may have ordered them) until he is satisfied that you want
+them; who will exert himself to get desirable books that may be out
+of print or issued by an out-of-the-way publisher; who will always
+be prepared to advise you as to the latest work on any particular
+subject, as well as the best work.
+
+These points are of greater importance to the live librarian than is
+the percentage of discount. Say nothing about per cents; to do so is
+misleading and unsatisfactory always. No one understands you.
+
+It is safe to estimate that your purchases of fiction and juvenile
+literature will average inside of $1 per volume.
+
+A general list, including reference books, of say 4000v., would
+average about $1.25 per volume, or $5000.
+
+Make your purchases with the needs of your community clearly in mind,
+securing such books as will be constantly in use, and thereby get
+returns for your expenditure. The expensive publications and books
+that are called for only at rare intervals should be left to libraries
+with very large incomes, and to those making special collections.
+
+Where possible to do so avoid buying large bills of books at long
+intervals. It is better to spend an income of $600 per year in monthly
+installments of $50, than it is to buy twice a year $300 lots.
+
+The frequent purchase will bring you the new and talked of books while
+they are fresh in the minds of people, and there is greater economy of
+time in cataloging and shelving them.
+
+Second-hand books are rarely cheap at any price.
+
+Have confidence in your agent, for your interests are always his.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+Ink and handwriting
+
+
+For catalog cards and all other records use a non-copying black,
+permanent ink. Carter's record ink is good. It has been adopted, after
+careful investigation, by the state of Massachusetts for all official
+records. The New York state library school, at Albany, has issued a
+little handbook on "library handwriting," which recommends Carter's
+record, and says they use Stafford's blue writing ink for blue and his
+carmine combined for red.
+
+For all labels on the outside of books, and for all writing on
+surfaces which may be much handled, use Higgins' American drawing ink,
+waterproof.
+
+The vertical hand should be used in all library work. The following
+rules, with the illustrations, are taken from the Albany school
+handbook above referred to:
+
+Brief rules
+
+1 Ink. Use only standard library ink and let it dry without blotting.
+
+2 Position. Sit squarely at the desk and as nearly erect as possible.
+
+3 Alphabets. Follow the library hand forms of all letters, avoiding
+any ornament, flourish, or lines not essential to the letter.
+
+4 Size. Small letters, taking m as the unit, are one space or two
+millimeters high; i.e. one-third the distance between the rulings of
+the standard catalog card.
+
+Capitals and extended letters are two spaces high above the base line
+or run one space below, except t, the character &, and figures, which
+are one and one-half spaces high.
+
+5 Slant. Make letters upright with as little slant as possible, and
+uniformly the same, preferring a trifle backward rather than forward
+slant.
+
+6 Spacing. Separate words by space of one m and sentences by two m's.
+Leave uniform space between letters of a word.
+
+7 Shading. Make a uniform black line with no shading. Avoid hair line
+strokes.
+
+8 Uniformity. Take great pains to have all writing uniform in size,
+slant, spacing, blackness of lines and forms of letters.
+
+9 Special letters and figures. In both joined and disjoined hands dot
+i and cross t accurately to avoid confusion; e.g. Giulio carelessly
+dotted has been arranged under Guilio in the catalog. Cross t one
+space from line. Dot i and j one and one-half spaces from line. In
+foreign languages special care is essential.
+
+_Joined hand_. Connect all the letters of a word into a single word
+picture. Complete each letter; e.g. do not leave gap between body and
+stem of b and d, bring loop of f back to stem, etc.
+
+Avoid slanting r and s differently from other letters. They should be
+a trifle over one space in height. The small p is made as in print,
+and is not extended above the line as in ordinary script.
+
+_Disjoined hand_. Avoid all unnecessary curves. The principal down
+strokes in b, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, t, u, and the first
+line in e, should be straight.
+
+
+SPECIMEN ALPHABETS AND FIGURES
+
+[Illustration: Joined Hand]
+
+[Illustration: Disjoined Hand]
+
+Make all the small letters, except f, i, j, k, t, x and y, without
+lifting pen from paper.
+
+Make g and Q in one stroke, moving from left to right like the hands
+of a watch. Begin on the line.
+
+Take special pains with the letter r, as carelessly made it is easily
+mistaken for v or y.
+
+Make the upper part of B, R, and S a trifle smaller than the lower
+part.
+
+_Figures_. Make all figures without lifting the pen. Begin 4 with the
+horizontal line. Make the upper part of 3 and 8 smaller than the lower
+part; 8 is best made by beginning in the center.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+The care of books
+
+
+Books of moderate size should stand up on the shelves. Large books
+keep better if they are laid on their sides; when they stand, the
+weight of the leaves is a pull on the binding which tends to draw the
+books out of shape, and sometimes breaks them. Books which stand up
+should never be permitted to lean over, but should be kept always
+perfectly erect; the leaning wrenches them out of shape, and soon
+breaks the binding. A row of books which does not comfortably fill a
+shelf should be kept up at one end by a book support. There are
+several good supports on the market. The Crocker is excellent; so is
+the one described in the Library Bureau catalog.
+
+[Illustration: L.B. book supports. (Reduced.)]
+
+Books as they come from the dealer are not always perfect. To make
+sure that their purchases are in good condition some libraries collate
+all their books as soon as received, that is, look them through with
+care for missing pages, and injuries of any kind. Imperfect volumes
+are returned. But save with very expensive books this labor is
+unnecessary, and doesn't pay. The time spent on it easily amounts to
+more than the cost of replacing the very few books which may by chance
+be later found imperfect. In fact, any responsible dealer will usually
+replace an imperfect copy with a good one even if the former bears a
+library mark, and has been handled a little.
+
+Use care in cutting pages. Don't cut them with anything but a smooth,
+dull edge. Cut them at the top close to the fold in the back.
+
+The worst enemies of books are careless people.
+
+Another enemy is damp. It is bad for the binding; it is very bad for
+the paper.
+
+Gas, with heat, is very destructive to books, especially to the
+bindings.
+
+Books should occasionally be taken from their shelves and wiped with
+a soft cloth. The shelves should at the same time be taken down and
+cleaned thoroughly.
+
+Don't hold a book by one of its covers.
+
+Don't pile up books very high.
+
+Don't rub dust into them instead of rubbing it off.
+
+Don't wedge books tightly into the shelves.
+
+Those who use a public library are all desirous that its books be
+clean and neat, and with a little encouragement will take pretty good
+care of them. There are exceptions, of course, and especially among
+the children. These must be looked after and reasoned with.
+
+Don't cover your books. The brown paper cover is an insult to a good
+book, a reproach to every reader of it, an incentive to careless
+handling, and an expense without good return.
+
+A few simple rules like the following can be brought in an unobtrusive
+way to the attention of those who use the library. Always be sure that
+the library sets a good example in its handling of books.
+
+Keep books dry.
+
+Do not handle them when the hands are moist; of course never when the
+hands are soiled.
+
+Use them to read, and for nothing else.
+
+Never mark in them.
+
+Do not turn down their pages.
+
+Do not lay them face downwards.
+
+Do not strap them up tightly.
+
+Never let them fall.
+
+Open them gently.
+
+The book you are reading will go to others. Pass it on to them neat
+and clean, hoping that they will do the same by you.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+Accessioning books
+
+
+A careful record should be made of all books received. Use for this
+purpose what is called an accession book. This is a blank book, ruled
+and lettered and numbered especially for library invoices. (See the
+Library Bureau catalog.) It is the library's chief record, and should
+contain a complete history of every volume on its shelves. The items
+entered in the accession book concerning every volume in the library
+are commonly the following: date of entry; accession number;
+class number (religion, sociology, etc.); author; title; place of
+publication and name of publisher; date of publication; binding
+(cloth, leather, etc.); size (octavo, quarto, etc.); number of pages;
+name of dealer from whom purchased; cost; remarks (maps, plates, etc.;
+books rebound; magazines, etc.; lost, worn out, replaced by another
+book, etc.).
+
+[Illustration: Accession book, left-hand page. (Reduced size.)
+
+Date 29 5 '92
+
+   ACCESSION
+F.T.           CLASS   BOOK   VOL.  AUTHOR         TITLE
+        7581   428     B88           Bunce, O.B.   Don't
+7581.93   82           Z713          Zola, E.      Soil
+Scr.15.92 83   973.1   F54    v.1    Fiske, J.     Discovery of Amer.
+          84   973.1   F54    v.2       "             "
+          85                                                         ]
+
+[Illustration: Accession book, right-hand page. (Reduced size.)
+
+PLACE AND PUBLISHER   DATE   BINDING   SOURCE    COST    REMARKS
+N.Y.           App.   1885    pa.      Scribner     28   Bind No. 354
+L.        Vizetelly   1888    cl.        "          81   "    "   355
+B.            Ho.M.   1892c    "         "      } 2.97
+"               "       "      "         "      }                    ]
+
+Each book and each volume of a set has a separate accession number and
+a separate entry. Each entry occupies a line; each line is numbered
+from one up to such a number as the library has volumes. The number of
+each line, called the accession number, is written on the first page
+after the title-page of the book described on that line. The accession
+book is a life history of every book in the library. It forms such
+a record as any business-like person would wish to have of property
+entrusted to his care. It is also a catalog of all books in the
+library, and a useful catalog as long as the library is small. Never
+use an old accession number for a new book, even though the original
+book has disappeared from the library.
+
+Record should be made of all books, pamphlets, reports, bulletins,
+magazines, etc., received by the library as gifts; and every gift
+should be promptly and courteously acknowledged in writing, even if
+previously acknowledged in person. Keep this record in a blank book,
+alphabetizing all gifts by the names of the givers, with dates of
+receipt. Books given should appear on the accession register the same
+as books purchased.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+Classifying books
+
+
+The smallest public library should be classified and cataloged. This
+will make its resources more easily available, and will prevent the
+confusion and waste of labor which are sure to come if systematic
+treatment of the books is deferred. Get the best advice obtainable;
+consider the library's field and its possibilities of growth, and
+let the first work on the books be such as will never need to be done
+over.
+
+To classify books is to place them in groups, each group including,
+as nearly as may be, all the books treating of a given subject, for
+instance, geology; or all the books, on whatever subject, cast in a
+particular form--for instance, poetry; or all the books having to do
+with a particular period of time--for instance, the middle ages. Few
+books are devoted exclusively to one subject and belong absolutely
+in any one class. The classification of books must be a continual
+compromise. Its purpose is not accurately to classify all printed
+things, this can't be done; but simply to make certain sources of
+information--books--more available. Any classification, if it gets the
+books on a given subject side by side, and those on allied subjects
+near one another, is a good one.
+
+Books may be classified into groups in a catalog or list, yet
+themselves stand without order on the shelves. For convenience in
+getting for anyone all the books on a given subject, and especially
+for the help of those who are permitted to visit the shelves, all
+books should stand in their appropriate classes. Each book, therefore,
+should bear a mark which will tell in what class it belongs;
+distinguish it from all other books in that class; show where it
+stands on the shelves among its fellows of the same class; and
+indicate which one it is of several possible copies of the same book.
+This mark can be used to designate the book in all records of it,
+instead of the larger entry of its author and title.
+
+There are two classification systems worthy of consideration, the
+Dewey, or decimal, and the Cutter, or expansive. They are outlined in
+the following chapters. Don't try to devise a system of your own.
+
+Having decided on your system of classification, begin to classify.
+This is one of the many things which can only be learned by doing.
+Give fiction no class number, but an author number or "book-mark"
+only, as explained in a later chapter. Give all biography a single
+letter as its class number, and follow this by the author number.
+
+Distinguish all juvenile books, whether fiction or other, by writing
+before their numbers some distinguishing symbol.
+
+Take up first, in classification proper, the subjects of history and
+travel, which will be found comparatively easy.
+
+It is easier to classify 25 or 50 books at a time in any given class
+than it is to classify them singly as you come to them in the midst
+of books of other classes. Consequently, group your books roughly into
+classes before you begin work on them.
+
+As soon as a book is classified enter it at once in your
+shelf-list--explained in a later chapter--and see that an author-card
+for it is put in the author catalog--explained later--with its proper
+number thereon.
+
+If, after you have made up your mind, from an examination of the
+title-page, or table of contents, or a few pages here and there, what
+subject a book treats of in the main, you are still in doubt in what
+class to place it, consider what kind of readers will be likely to ask
+for it, and in what class they will be likely to look for it, and put
+it into that class. In doubtful cases the catalogs of other libraries
+are often good guides.
+
+Keep your classification as consistent as possible. Before putting a
+book, about which there is any opportunity for choice, in the class
+you have selected for it, examine your shelf-list and see that the
+books already there are of like nature with it.
+
+Classify as well as you can, and don't worry if you find you have made
+errors. There are always errors. Don't get into the habit of changing.
+Be consistent in classifying, and stick by what you have done.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+The Dewey or Decimal system of classification
+
+[From the Introduction to the Decimal classification and Relative
+index. Published by the Library Bureau, $5.]
+
+
+The field of knowledge is divided into nine main classes, and these
+are numbered by the digits 1 to 9. Cyclopedias, periodicals, etc.,
+so general in character as to belong to no one of these classes,
+are marked nought, and form a tenth class. Each class is similarly
+separated into nine divisions, general works belonging to no division
+having nought in place of the division number. Divisions are similarly
+divided into nine sections, and the process is repeated as often
+as necessary. Thus 512 means Class 5 (Natural science), Division 1
+(Mathematics), Section 2 (Algebra), and every algebra is numbered 512.
+
+The books on the shelves and the cards in the subject catalog are
+arranged in simple numerical order, all class numbers being decimals.
+Since each subject has a definite number, it follows that all books
+on any subject must stand together. The tables show the order in which
+subjects follow one another. Thus 512 Algebra precedes 513 Geometry,
+and follows 511 Arithmetic.
+
+In the book after the tables of the classes arranged in their
+numerical order is an index, in which all the heads of the tables
+are arranged in one simple alphabet, with the class number of each
+referring to its exact place in the preceding tables. This index
+includes also, as far as they have been found, all the synonyms or
+alternative names for the heads, and many other entries that seem
+likely to help a reader find readily the subject sought. Though the
+user knows just where to turn to his subject in the tables, by first
+consulting the index he may be sent to other allied subjects, where he
+will find valuable matter which he would otherwise overlook.
+
+The claims of the system may be summed up as follows: compared
+with other systems it is less expensive; more easily understood,
+remembered, and used; practical rather than theoretical; brief and
+familiar in its nomenclature; best for arranging pamphlets, sale
+duplicates, and notes, and for indexing; susceptible of partial
+and gradual adoption without confusion; more convenient in keeping
+statistics and checks for books off the shelves; the most satisfactory
+adaptation of the card catalog principle to the shelves. It requires
+less space to shelve the books; uses simpler symbols and fewer of
+them; can be expanded, without limit and without confusion or waste of
+labor, in both catalogs and on shelves, or in catalogs alone; checks
+more thoroughly and conveniently against mistakes; admits more readily
+numerous cross references; is unchangeable in its call-numbers, and so
+gives them in all places where needed, as given in no other system;
+in its index affords an answer to the greatest objection to class
+catalogs, and is the first satisfactory union of the advantages of the
+class and dictionary systems.
+
+The Decimal system is used by a large number of libraries in this
+country, and has gained recognition and has been put to use by some
+librarians and men of science in Europe.
+
+Divisions
+
+000 General Works
+010 Bibliography.
+020 Library Economy.
+030 General Cyclopedias.
+040 General Collections.
+050 General Periodicals.
+060 General Societies.
+070 Newspapers.
+080 Special Libraries. Polygraphy.
+090 Book Rarities.
+
+100 Philosophy
+100 Metaphysics.
+120 Special Metaphysical Topics.
+130 Mind and Body.
+140 Philosophical Systems.
+150 Mental Faculties. Psychology.
+160 Logic.
+170 Ethics.
+180 Ancient Philosophers.
+190 Modern Philosophers.
+
+200 Religion
+210 Natural Theology.
+220 Bible.
+230 Doctrinal Theol. Dogmatics.
+240 Devotional and Practical.
+250 Homiletic. Pastoral. Parochial.
+260 Church. Institutions. Work.
+270 Religious History.
+280 Christian Churches and Sects.
+290 Non-Christian Religions.
+
+300 Sociology
+310 Statistics.
+320 Political Science.
+330 Political Economy.
+340 Law.
+350 Administration.
+360 Associations and Institutions.
+370 Education.
+380 Commerce and Communication
+390 Customs. Costumes. Folk-lore.
+
+400 Philology
+410 Comparative.
+420 English.
+430 German.
+440 French.
+450 Italian.
+460 Spanish.
+470 Latin.
+480 Greek.
+490 Minor Languages.
+
+500 Natural Science
+510 Mathematics.
+520 Astronomy.
+530 Physics.
+540 Chemistry.
+550 Geology.
+560 Paleontology.
+570 Biology.
+580 Botany.
+590 Zoology.
+
+600 Useful Arts
+610 Medicine.
+620 Engineering.
+630 Agriculture.
+640 Domestic Economy.
+650 Communication and Commerce
+660 Chemical Technology.
+670 Manufactures.
+680 Mechanic Trades.
+690 Building.
+
+700 Fine Arts
+710 Landscape Gardening.
+720 Architecture.
+730 Sculpture.
+740 Drawing, Design, Decoration.
+750 Painting.
+760 Engraving.
+770 Photography.
+780 Music.
+790 Amusements.
+
+800 Literature
+810 American.
+820 English.
+830 German.
+840 French.
+850 Italian.
+860 Spanish.
+870 Latin.
+880 Greek.
+890 Minor Languages.
+
+900 History
+910 Geography and Description.
+920 Biography.
+930 Ancient History.
+940        Europe.        }
+950        Asia.          }
+960        Africa.        } Modern
+970        North America. }
+980        South America. }
+990        Oceanica and Polar Regions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+The Expansive classification: C.A. Cutter's
+
+
+The classification
+
+Those who have used it call it common-sense and up-to-date. They say
+that it is clear and easy to apply, and that it gives a suitable place
+for many classes of books for which other systems make no provision,
+or provide badly. It has been maturing for 20 years. Before it was
+printed it was applied (with a different notation) to the arrangement
+of a library of over 150,000 v. The experience thus gained has been
+supplemented as each part was prepared for the press by searching
+catalogs, bibliographies, and treatises on the subject classified.
+This ensured fullness. Overclassification, on the other hand, has
+been guarded against in four ways: 1) By not introducing at all
+distinctions that are purely theoretical or very difficult to apply;
+2) by printing in small type those divisions which are worth making
+only when a large number of books calls for much subdivision; 3) by
+warning classifiers in the notes that certain divisions are
+needed only in large libraries; 4) by printing separately seven
+classifications of progressive fullness, the first having only 11
+classes, which would be enough for a very small library; the second
+having 15 classes and 16 geographical divisions, suiting the small
+library when it has grown a little larger; the third having 30 classes
+and 29 geographical divisions; and so on, till the seventh would
+suffice for the very largest library. The same notation is used
+throughout, so that a library can adopt the fuller classification with
+the least possible change of mark.
+
+It often suggests alternative places for a subject, stating the
+reasons for and against each, so that classifiers have a liberty of
+choice according to the character of their libraries, or of their
+clientage, or their own preferences.
+
+
+The notation
+
+The original feature of this notation is the use of letters to mark
+non-local subjects and figures for places. This makes it possible to
+express the local relations of a subject in a perfectly unmistakable
+way, the letters never being used to signify countries, and the
+figures never being used for any other subjects but countries. Thus 45
+is England wherever it occurs; e.g. F being history and G geography,
+F45 is the history of England, G45 the geography of England. This
+local notation can be used not merely with the main classes, but in
+every subdivision, no matter how minute, which is worth dividing by
+countries. Whenever one wishes to separate what relates to England
+from other works on any subject one has only to add the two figures
+45. Whenever one sees 45 in the mark of a book one knows that the book
+so marked treats its subject with special reference to England. This
+"local list" by the figures from 11 to 99 gives marks to the 88 most
+important countries. The addition of a third and sometimes of a fourth
+figure gives marks for all the independent countries in the world.
+Parts of and places in countries are arranged alphabetically under
+each, and are marked either by the usual Cutter order-table, which
+has initial letters followed by figures, or by a special Cutter
+order-table composed of figures alone.
+
+Non-local subjects are marked with letters, first, to distinguish them
+from local subjects; and, second, because of the greater capacity.
+There are 26 main classes, A to Z. By adding a second letter these
+are divided into 676 parts, and these, by adding a third letter, into
+17,576 parts, making 18,278 in all, so that as one uses successively
+three, four, or five characters, one gets respectively 18 times, 46
+times, and 118 times the capacity of a decimal notation. The result
+is, short marks, numerous subdivisions, much greater elasticity, much
+greater power to properly express the relations of subjects to one
+another, and their relations to subordinate subjects, and much more
+opportunity of making the different portions of the classification
+correspond to each other.
+
+The first part of the classification, as published, contains the first
+six classifications and a combined index to them all. The seventh,
+the fullest classification, will have 10 sections. Five of them
+are published, each with its own index. Of two (Social sciences and
+Language and literature) about half is published. When these and the
+other three (Natural sciences, Industrial arts, Recreative and fine
+arts) are printed, a full index to the whole will be made.
+
+
+Expansive classification. Outline
+
+A    Generalia.
+A        General works.
+Ae       General encyclopedias.
+Ap       General periodicals.
+Ar       Reference works.
+As       General societies.
+
+B-D  Spiritual sciences.
+B        Philosophy.
+Ba-Bf      National Philosophies and Systems of philosophy.
+Bg         Metaphysics.
+Bh         Logic.
+Bi         Psychology.
+Bm         Moral Philosophy.
+Br       Religion, Natural theology.
+Bt       Religions
+Bu         Folk-lore.
+Ca         Judaism.
+Cb         Bible.
+Cc         Christianity.
+Cce           Patristics.
+Ce            Apologetics, Evidences.
+Cf            Doctrinal theology.
+Ck            Ethical theology.
+Cp            Ritual theology and church Polity.
+Cx            Pastoral theology.
+Cz            Sermons.
+D             Ecclesiastical history.
+Dk            Particular churches and sects.
+
+E-G  Historical sciences.
+E        Biography and Portraits.
+F-Fz     History.
+F          Universal history.
+F02        Ancient history.
+F03        Modern history.
+F04        Medieval history.
+F11-F99    History of single countries (using local list).
+Fa-Fw      Allied studies, as Chronology, Philosophy of history,
+                History of Civilization, Antiquities, Numismatics,
+                Chivalry, Heraldry.
+
+G        Geography, Travels.
+G11-G99    Single countries (using local list).
+Ga         Ancient geography.
+Gf         Surveying and Map-making.
+Gz         Maps.
+
+H    Social sciences.
+Hb       Statistics.
+Hc       Economics.
+He         Production.
+Hf         Labor.
+Hi         Slavery.
+Hj         Transportation.
+Hk         Commerce.
+Hm         Money.
+Hn         Banking.
+Hr         Private finance.
+Ht         Taxation and Public finance.
+Hu         Tariff.
+Hw         Property, Capital.
+Hz         Consumption.
+
+I        Demotics, Sociology.
+Ic         Crime.
+Ig         Charity.
+Ih         Providence.
+Ik         Education.
+
+J        Civics, Government, Political science.
+Ju         Constitutions and Politics.
+
+K        Law and Legislation.
+Kd         Public documents.
+
+L-Q  Natural sciences.
+L        General works, Metrics.
+           _L  Number and space._
+Lb       Mathematics.
+           _Lh-Lr  Matter and force._
+Lh       Physics.
+Lo       Chemistry.
+Lr       Astronomy.
+           _M-Q  Matter and life_
+M        Natural history.
+Mg       Geology, incl. Mineralogy, Crystallography,
+                Physical geography, Meteorology,
+                Paleontology.
+My       Biology.
+N        Botany.
+           Cryptogams.
+           Phanerogams.
+O       Zoology.
+           Invertebrates.
+P          Vertebrates.
+Pg            Mammals.
+Pw         Anthropology, Ethnology, Ethnography.
+Q      Medicine.
+
+Q-Z  Arts.
+R      General works, Exhibitions, Patents.
+Rd-Rg  Extractive arts.
+Rd         Mining.
+Re         Metallurgy.
+Rf         Agriculture.
+Rh         Horticulture.
+Ri         Silviculture.
+Rj         Animaliculture.
+Rq    Chemic arts.
+Rt    Electric arts.
+Ry    Domestic arts.
+Rz    Food and Cookery.
+S     Constructive arts, Engineering.
+Sg         Building.
+Sj         Sanitary engineering.
+Sl         Hydraulic engineering.
+St         Transportation and Communication.
+
+T     Fabricative arts, Machinery, Manufactures,
+                and Handicrafts.
+
+U     Protective arts, i.e., Military and Naval
+                arts, Life-preserving, Fire fighting.
+
+V     Athletic and Recreative arts, Sports and
+                Games.
+Vs        Gymnastics.
+Vt        Theater.
+Vv    Music.
+
+W     Fine arts, plastic and graphic.
+We        Landscape gardening.
+Wf        Architecture.
+Wj        Sculpture.
+Wk        Casting, Baking, Firing.
+Wm        Drawing.
+Wp        Painting.
+Wq        Engraving.
+Wr        Photography.
+Ws        Decorative arts, including Costume.
+
+X-Yf  Communicative arts (by language).
+X         Philology.
+X         Inscriptions.
+X         Language.
+Y         Literature.
+Yf            English Fiction.
+
+Z     Book arts (making and use of books).
+Za-Zk    Production.
+Za            Authorship.
+Zb            Rhetoric.
+Zd            Writing.
+Zh            Printing.
+Zk            Binding.
+Zl       Distribution (Publishing and Bookselling).
+Zp       Storage and Use (Libraries).
+Zt       Description (Zt Bibliography; Zx Selection of reading;
+                Zy Literary history; Zz National bibliography.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+Author-numbers, or book-marks
+
+
+The books in a given group or class should stand on the shelves in
+the alphabetical order of their authors' names, though this is not
+necessary in a small library. This result is best secured by adding to
+the class-mark of every book another mark, called an author-number or
+book-number or book-mark, made up of the first letter of the author's
+name and certain figures. Books bearing these author-numbers,
+if arranged first alphabetically by the letters, and then in the
+numerical order of the numbers following the letters, will always
+stand in the alphabetical order of the authors' names. Different books
+by the same author are distinguished from one another by adding other
+figures to the author-number, or by adding to the author-numbers the
+first letter of the title of each book.
+
+These book-marks cannot be chosen arbitrarily. They should be taken
+from the printed set of them worked out by Mr Cutter, and called the
+Cutter author-tables. (See Library Bureau catalog.)
+
+In a very small library the books in a given class can be
+distinguished one from another by writing after the class-number of
+each book the number of that book in its class. If the class-mark of
+religion, for example, is 20, the books successively placed in that
+class will bear the numbers 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, etc.
+
+Fiction should have author-numbers only. The absence of a class-number
+will sufficiently distinguish it from other classes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+The shelf-list
+
+
+Many books can be very properly put in any one of several different
+classes. In which one a given book should be placed will often be
+decided by noting where other like books have been placed. Books by
+authors of the same name will often fall into the same class, and to
+each of these a different author-number must be given. You must have
+at hand, then, a list of the books already classified, to see at once,
+in classifying the next book, what kinds of books and books by what
+authors are in each class. Every book in the library, as soon as it
+has been classified, and has received its proper author-number, should
+be entered in a list in the order first of its class-number, next of
+its author-number. This list is called the shelf-list. It is commonly
+kept on sheets, but many librarians believe it best kept on cards; a
+card for each different book. It is a catalog of all the books in the
+library arranged in the order in which they stand on the shelves. It
+is a subject-index of the library. It is indispensable in the work of
+properly placing, class-numbering, and author-numbering new books.
+It is a list from which it is very easy to check over the library and
+learn what books are missing or out of place. It includes usually
+only the class- and author-number, author's name, brief title, and
+accession number. This last enables one to refer at once from
+the brief entry of a certain book in the shelf-list to the full
+information in the accession book. There are advantages in adding to
+the shelf-list record the publisher and price. As soon as a book has
+received its class- and author-numbers, which together are sometimes
+called the "call-number," as being the mark to be used by the public
+in calling for a book, these numbers, or combinations of numbers and
+letters, should be written in the accession book in a column left for
+the purpose, on the line given up to the description of the book in
+hand. This enables one to refer at once from the accession entry of a
+given book to the shelf-list entry of the same book.
+
+[Illustration: Shelf list sheet. (Reduced; actual size. 10 x 25 cm.)
+Book No.  Accession No.   Vol.   Author    Title
+qG62      88390                  Goodrich  British eloquence
+M11         540           2      Macauley  Speeches
+            820
+W72       49408                  Windham]
+
+[Illustration: Shelf-list card. (Reduced; actual size, 5 x 12-1/2
+cm.)
+
+090 Slater
+S11  Book collecting
+                      3528]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+Cataloging books
+
+
+After the books are accessioned, classified, author-numbered or
+book-marked, and shelf-listed, they should be cataloged. A catalog
+is a labor-saving device in library work. From it both reader and
+attendant can ascertain whether the library has a certain book. By
+consulting the catalog for the class-number, the book may be looked
+for in its proper place, thus often saving hunting through the shelves
+in several classes.
+
+A printed list or catalog of the library is one of the first things
+that will be asked for by the public. It is useful especially for
+those who cannot well visit the library. But it is very expensive; it
+is out of date as soon as issued; it cannot often be sold; it requires
+training and experience to make it properly, and the money it will
+cost can be better spent otherwise. Do not issue one. Print lists of
+additions in newspapers. Post them in the library. Issue an occasional
+bulletin of the latest purchases if you think it will be popular. Put
+your time, skill, energy, and money into the making of a full card
+catalog; keep this up to date; give the public access to it; teach
+them how to use it, and you will find the printed catalog not needed.
+
+On cards prepared for the purpose [see chapter on Things needed (9)
+and Library Bureau catalog], a card for each book--and a book is a
+book although in several volumes--write the author's surname (if the
+book is anonymous write first the title), given name or names, if
+known, title, date of copyright, date of publication, call-number, and
+such other data as seem desirable. The price, for example, may be put
+here, and the size, indicating this by a letter. [See Cole size
+card in chapter on Things needed (9) and in Library Bureau catalog.]
+Arrange these cards alphabetically, by authors' names for an author
+catalog. This catalog will be in constant use in the purchasing of
+books, in classifying new purchases, etc. By the call-number one
+can refer from any entry in it to the entry of the same book in the
+shelf-list. To make possible a like reference to the accession book,
+write the accession number of each book near the bottom of the card
+on which it is entered. In making the catalog entries observe
+certain fixed rules of alphabetization, capitalization, punctuation,
+arrangement, etc., as set forth in the catalog rules which may be
+adopted. Only by so doing can you secure uniformity of entry, neatness
+in work, and the greatest possible meaning from every note, however
+much abbreviated.
+
+[Illustration: Author card. (Reduced; actual size, 7-1/2 x 12-1/2 cm.)
+
+973.2 Coffin, Charles Carleton, 1823-
+C65      _Old_ times in the colonies.
+      460 p. il. O  N.Y. c[1880]]
+
+Preserve this catalog with great care. It is the key to the records in
+shelf-list and accession book. In a small library the public may very
+properly use it. As soon as possible, if your library is to be
+quite large and much used, prepare for public use a duplicate of it,
+omitting all those entries in the original which are of use only to
+the librarian.
+
+The average reader more often remembers the titles of books than
+their authors. Add, therefore, to the author-list, in your public
+catalog--not in your private or official catalog, for which
+author-entries alone are sufficient--a title-list; a set of cards like
+the author cards, except that on each one the book's title is entered
+first instead of its author. Arrange author and title-lists in one
+alphabetical series.
+
+[Illustration: Title card. (Reduced; actual size, 7-1/2 x 12-1/2 cm.)
+
+973.2   Old times in the colonies
+C65   _Coffin_, C.C.]
+
+As the use of the library for reference work increases, the question
+will often be asked, has it any books on a certain subject? Add,
+therefore, to your author- and title-list a subject-list. Make this by
+writing a card for each book with the subject of which it treats the
+first word upon it. Arrange this also in the same alphabetical series
+with the other two. In some cases the book's title and its subject
+will be identical; for example, Geology, by Tompkins, or Washington's
+boyhood, by Jones. For such books one card answers for title and
+subject. For fiction no subject-card is necessary. On the other hand,
+many books have to do with more than one subject; a volume of essays,
+for example, or a group of biographical sketches. For such it is
+desirable to add to the subject-list by writing as many cards for each
+book as the importance of the several subjects therein and the space
+the author gives to them seem to demand. Each card will have for the
+first word of its entry the subject to which it refers, followed by
+the author and title of the book.
+
+Arrange these cards also alphabetically with all the others. Put on
+every card in the catalog the call-number of the book to which it
+refers. This author-title-subject-list, or dictionary catalog, will
+tell at a glance if the library has books a) by a certain author; b)
+with a given title; c) on a given subject. These are the questions
+most often asked.
+
+[Illustration: Subject card. (Reduced; actual size, 7-1/2 x 12-1/2
+cm.)
+
+973.2   U.S. history- colonial.
+C65  Coffin, Charles Carleton 1823-
+        _Old_ times in the colonies.
+        460 p. il. O  N.Y. c[1880]]
+
+There are in print several books giving rules for cataloging. Some of
+these are mentioned in the chapter on Things needed (9). In a small
+library which is always to be small it is not necessary to follow all
+the rules laid down in these books. It is much better, however, to
+do all the work, even in a very small library, according to the most
+approved methods. So to do brings you in touch with your fellows and
+gives you the comfort which comes from the consciousness of work well
+done, even if the amount of the work be small.
+
+In writing the subject-headings difficulties will soon arise unless
+you follow certain general rules and are careful also to be consistent
+in your work. For instance, at intervals during a few months you add
+to the library books on horses, cows, sheep, goats, camels, and pigs;
+some dealing with one animal, some with two or more. If for the first
+one you write a subject-card with the catch-word or entry-word at the
+top "Domestic animals," and for the next one "Farm animals," and for
+the next one "Animals, domestic," you will scatter the references to
+domesticated animals all through your catalog, to the despair of those
+who would use it. You can guard against this, and easily, if your
+catalog is small, by looking to see what you have already written
+every time you write a new subject-entry-word, and by following out a
+previously devised plan in the making of your entries. The safest
+way is to get a printed list of headings and catalog rules and follow
+them. (See chapter on Things needed, 9.)
+
+With a printed list of subject-headings at hand it is not difficult to
+keep your catalog consistent and reasonable.
+
+This same list of subject-headings will serve also as a guide in the
+writing of the cross-reference cards for your catalog, the cards, that
+is, which refer the searcher from the topic "pigs," for example, to
+"swine," or from both to "domestic animals."
+
+Of course the subject-headings' list must be systematically used, and
+must be marked and annotated to fit your special needs. This work,
+like classifying, can best be learned by doing.
+
+There are many ways of keeping your catalog cards. The thing to use is
+a set of trays made for the purpose. (See Library Bureau catalog.)
+The cards are extremely valuable, and expense should not be spared in
+providing for their safe keeping and handy use.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+Preparing books for the shelves
+
+
+All books should be marked with the name of the library. This is
+cheaply done with a rubber stamp and violet or red ink pad. An
+embossing stamp makes a good and indelible mark. The type used should
+be of moderate size and open faced. A perforating stamp now on the
+market marks a book neatly and most permanently. Mark books freely, to
+assure their being recognized as the library's property wherever seen.
+Have some definite pages on which stamps always appear. Many use the
+title-page, fifty-first or one hundred and first, and the last page.
+This need not interfere with marking elsewhere.
+
+[Illustration: Embossing stamp.]
+
+On the back of the book write the call-number. For this purpose use a
+tag or label. They can be had in several sizes; round ones are best.
+Paste the label where it will mar the book least, as near the middle
+as possible. It is well to put all labels at the same height from
+the bottom of the back, so far as this can be done without covering
+essential parts of the lettering. Four inches is a good height for the
+lower edge of all labels. Labels stick better if the place where they
+are to be pasted is moistened with a solution of ammonia and water, to
+remove varnish or grease. If this is done the mucilage or gum on the
+labels when purchased will be found usually to stick well. After the
+call-number is written, varnish the label with a thin solution of
+shellac in alcohol. Labels put on in this way will keep clean, remain
+legible, and rarely come off.
+
+If a charging system using a pocket is adopted, no book-plate is
+needed, if the pocket, that is, is pasted on the inside of the front
+cover and has the name of the library on it.
+
+When books are classified the call-number is written with hard pencil
+on a certain page, the same page in all books; a common place is the
+first right hand page after the title-page, and near the inner margin.
+
+This call-number should be written with ink on the pocket and book
+slip, which is kept in the pocket, or on the book-plate. It is
+advisable also to write the call-number in ink on some definite page
+bearing the library's stamp.
+
+If a book-plate is adopted let it be small and simple. Have a special
+plate for gifts, with space on it for writing the name of the giver.
+
+Books wear better if they are carefully opened in a number of places
+before they are placed on the shelves. This makes the backs flexible
+and less likely to break with rough handling. In cutting the leaves be
+sure that the paper knife does its work to the very back edge of the
+top folds, that it is never sharp enough to cut down into the leaves,
+and that it is held nearly parallel to the fold to be cut.
+
+The following is a list of things to be done before books are ready
+for use in a public library:
+
+1 Book notices and reviews are read and the library's needs and funds
+considered.
+
+2 Order slips are made out, arranged alphabetically, and compared
+with the catalog to see if the books listed on them are already in the
+library.
+
+3 Order list is made out, approved, and sent to dealer.
+
+4 Books arrive and are checked by the bill, and brief notes of date of
+purchase, initials of dealer, and price are written on the left margin
+of the second page after the title-page.
+
+5 Bill is checked for items and prices by order slips.
+
+6 Gifts when received are a) properly acknowledged; b) entered in gift
+book; c) marked with small gift-book plates pasted inside the front
+cover.
+
+7 Books are looked over (if you wish), collated, especially the
+expensive ones, to see if complete and sound.
+
+8 Books are entered in the accession book.
+
+9 Books are stamped with library stamp.
+
+10 Books are opened to loosen binding, and pages cut, if necessary.
+
+11 The book-plates are pasted inside the front cover--if book-plates
+are used.
+
+12 Pockets are pasted on the inside of front cover or wherever the
+system adopted places them.
+
+13 Labels are put on the backs.
+
+14 Books are classified, author-numbered and call-numbered.
+
+15 Books are entered on shelf-list.
+
+16 Catalog cards are written--author, title, and subject.
+
+17 Bulletin lists of the books are made out for posting up and for
+newspapers.
+
+18 Call-numbers are written on the labels, the pockets, and the book
+slips.
+
+19 Labels are varnished.
+
+20 The call-number of each book is entered in the proper place on the
+line which that book occupies in the accession book.
+
+21 Books are placed on the library shelves for public use.
+
+22 Catalog cards, author, title, and subject, are arranged
+alphabetically in one series and distributed in catalog.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+Binding and mending
+
+
+Binding a book means not only covering it, but preserving it. Good
+binding, even at a high price, educates the public taste and promotes
+a desire to protect the library from injury and loss. Cheap binding
+degrades books and costs more in the end than good work.
+
+Keep in a bindery-book, which may be any simple blank book, or one
+especially made for the purpose (see Library Bureau catalog), a record
+of each volume that the library binds or rebinds.
+
+Enter in the bindery-book consecutive bindery number, book-number,
+author, title, binding to be used, date sent to bindery, date returned
+from bindery, and cost of binding.
+
+Books subject to much wear should be sewn on tapes, not on strings;
+should have cloth joints, tight backs, and a tough, flexible leather,
+or a good, smooth cloth of cotton or linen such as is now much used
+by good binders. Most of the expensive leather, and all cheap leather,
+rots in a short time; good cloth does not. Very few libraries can
+afford luxurious binding. Good material, strong sewing, and a moderate
+degree of skill and taste in finishing are all they can pay for. Learn
+to tell a substantial piece of work when you see it, and insist that
+you get such from your binder. The beginners' first business is to
+inform himself carefully as to character, value, cost and strength of
+all common binding materials.
+
+From binders, or from dealers in binding material, you can get samples
+of cloth, leather, tapes, string, thread, etc., which will help you to
+learn what to ask for from your local binder.
+
+The following notes are from a lecture by John H.H. McNamee before
+the Massachussets library club in 1896, on the Essentials of good
+binding:
+
+"Had I the ordering of bindings for any public or circulating library
+where books are given out to all classes of people, and subjected
+to the handling which such books must receive, I should, from my
+experience as a binder, recommend the following rules:
+
+For the smaller volumes of juveniles, novels, and perishable books (by
+which I mean books which are popular for a short time, and then may
+lie on the shelves almost as so much lumber), have each book pulled to
+pieces and sewed with Hayes' linen thread on narrow linen tapes, with
+edges carefully trimmed.
+
+Have the books rounded and backed, but not laced in. Have the boards
+placed away from the backs about one-fourth of an inch, in order to
+give plenty of room for them to swing easily and avoid their pulling
+off the first and last signatures of the book when opened. Give the
+back and joint a lining of super or cheese cloth. Have them covered
+with American duck or canvas pasted directly to the leaves, pressed
+well and given plenty of time to dry under pressure, and so avoid as
+much as possible all warping of boards and shrinkage of the cloth. For
+all large folios, newspapers and kindred works, use heavy canvas, as
+it is somewhat cheaper than sheep, and as easily worked. Have them
+sewed strongly on the requisite number of bands, every band laced into
+the boards, which should be made by pasting two heavy binder's boards
+together, to prevent warping and give solidity to the volume.
+
+The reason I say lace in large volumes is that the heavy books will
+sag and pull out of covers by their great weight unless tightly
+fastened to a solid board, thus giving the book a good foundation to
+stand on.
+
+For all periodicals not bound in leather I should prescribe the same
+treatment. These volumes can be lettered in ink on the canvas, or in
+gold on a colored leather label pasted on the cloth. But for all books
+which are destined to be bound in leather I should surely, and without
+any hesitation whatever, order morocco, and by this I mean goat skin,
+and I should go still further and demand a good German or French
+goat; boards hard and laced in at every band, super joints, full, open
+backs, lettering clear and distinct, and the paper on the sides to
+match the leather.
+
+I would also recommend that a schedule be used, giving a space for
+schedule number; then the name of book or books, or lettering to
+be used on each volume; space for the number of volumes, space for
+description of binding, and finally for price, thus giving the binder
+a complete order on a large sheet, which he is in no danger of losing.
+All he will have to do is to mark on the title of each volume, in
+small figures, its schedule number, and, when the books are done, put
+down the prices and add up the column of figures, and make out his
+statement as per the number of schedule.
+
+This method gives the librarian a complete list of volumes sent
+and returned, and by laying away these schedules she has for handy
+reference a very complete list of prices. It saves the binder from
+writing out the name of each volume on his bill, and as the librarian
+must keep a list of books sent, why not keep them this way as well as
+any other? I have mislaid or lost hundreds of lettering slips, which
+are the bane of a bookbinder's existence. Lay down some rules for
+the cutting of books, placing of plates, binding of covers, and
+advertisements, style of lettering, etc., and have your binder follow
+them.
+
+Don't ever cut with a folder before sending to binder, as it makes the
+sewing more difficult.
+
+Don't pull to pieces or take out titles and indexes. The binder always
+takes care of that.
+
+Don't take off ads, as it sometimes leaves unsightly tears or takes
+away pages, and if all leaves are paged the binder is at a loss to
+know if the book is complete.
+
+Don't ever use mucilage or glue. Your bookbinder will send you a
+little paste, or you can make it by boiling flour and water and
+sprinkling in a little salt. If you wish to keep it for a long time,
+mix a few drops of oil of cloves with it and seal up.
+
+Of course there are cases where some of these rules don't apply, such
+as volumes made up from leaves taken from several other volumes or
+pamphlets.
+
+In case of a book of this kind place every leaf in correct order, and
+write directions very carefully."
+
+Many books will need repair. A few hours spent in the bindery,
+studying the methods of putting a book together, will be helpful, not
+only in the matter of securing good binding, but in the repairing of
+books that have gone to pieces. Mend and rebind your books the minute
+they seem to need it. Delay is the extravagant thing in this case. If
+you are slow in this matter, leaves and sections will be lost, and the
+wear the broken-backed volume is getting will soon remove a part of
+the fold at the back of the several sections, and make the whole book
+a hopeless wreck forever.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+Pamphlets
+
+
+Save all pamphlets having to do with local history, and save also
+those of a general nature which promise ever to be of any importance.
+In a small library, however, or in any library in which money for
+salaries is limited, and the work to be done in the regular matter of
+attending to the public, lending books, etc., is great, do not waste
+time in trying to arrange or catalog pamphlets. Simply let them
+accumulate, arranging them roughly in classes. Bind at once only
+those that seem absolutely to demand it. In the history of almost any
+library the time will come when it will be possible to sort out
+pamphlets, arrange them properly, catalog such as are worth it, bind
+them singly or in groups, and incorporate them into the library. But
+any system of arranging and sorting pamphlets which does anything
+more than very roughly to arrange and store them, and attempts to make
+them, without much labor, accessible to the general public, is almost
+sure to be a failure. This is not true of pamphlets to which the
+public has not access. But pamphlets not fully cataloged and not
+accessible to the public are, no matter how scientifically arranged,
+almost useless plunder. To keep them clean and in order nothing is
+as good as a pamphlet case, which any boxmaker can make, of cardboard
+about 9 inches high, 7 inches deep, and 2 inches thick, open at the
+back. They will cost from 4 to 12 cents each, according to quality of
+board used and quantity ordered. For holding a few pamphlets together
+temporarily Ballard's "klips" are best. Sold by H.H. Ballard,
+Pittsfield, Mass.
+
+[Illustration: L.B. pamphlet case. (Various sizes.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+Public documents
+
+Adelaide R. Hasse, of the New York Public library
+
+
+How issued
+
+Government documents are issued in two sets or editions, viz.: the
+Congressional or sheep, and the Departmental or cloth. The annual
+reports of the heads of departments, with many of the serial and
+occasional publications of the various departments, are contained in
+the sheep set, and in addition, all the reports of committees, and
+records of the transactions of congress, except the debates which are
+contained in the Congressional record. The cloth set contains all the
+publications of the various departments, irrespective of the fact that
+some of them may have appeared in the sheep set.
+
+
+To whom issued
+
+The depository libraries receive the sheep set by law from the
+superintendent of documents. Each department has its own list of
+"exchanges" (i.e., designations) which receive gratis the publications
+of that department intended for general distribution. Non-depository
+libraries receive their documents regularly from the departments
+when on the department exchange list, or irregularly from their
+representatives in congress. "Remainder libraries" receive from the
+superintendent of documents such documents as can be supplied from the
+fractional quotas sent to him after the editions ordered for the
+use of congress have been equally divided among the senators and
+representatives.
+
+"Special libraries" are those libraries specially designated by
+members of congress to receive the publications of the geological
+survey.
+
+Many thousands of books have been sent on special application to
+libraries not on the list. The depository, remainder, and special
+libraries together now number over 1300.
+
+All the departments still control the distribution of their own
+publications, the superintendent of documents only distributing the
+sheep set, and such of the department publications as have been turned
+over to him by the departments for this purpose, or of which there
+have been remainders. Sometimes the number of copies of its own
+publications allotted to the department is very small and soon
+exhausted.
+
+Librarians and others who want full information about the
+distribution, present methods of issue, etc., of public documents,
+should send for the First annual report of the superintendent of
+documents. In addition there have been issued from his office, since
+its establishment in March, 1895, a check list of public documents,
+and since January, 1895, a monthly catalog of current publications.
+Both are mailed free upon application.
+
+
+Care in a library
+
+The question of the most economical, and at the same time satisfactory
+manner of caring for documents in a library, cannot be considered in
+the space of so brief an article as this necessarily must be. After
+all, it is a question that must be settled by each library for itself,
+since it rests chiefly upon the extent to which the library can afford
+duplication.
+
+Depository libraries have better opportunities than others for filling
+up the sheep set, and having this set they have the greater portion
+of those documents useful to the average library. A complete sheep
+set from the 15th Congress to the close of the 53d Congress numbers
+slightly over 3343V., and will require 860 feet of shelving, or six
+modern iron book stacks.
+
+Though it is done in a few cases, the subject classification of the
+sheep set is not to be recommended. Where subject classification, or
+the incorporation of the documents in the general library, is desired,
+the cloth set is preferable, and is in most cases procurable. If
+a library can afford shelf room for both, it will be found more
+satisfactory to keep the sheep set intact, and to make a selection
+of such reports from the cloth set as will be locally useful to the
+library.
+
+No small library should undertake to acquire any documents but those
+for which it has an actual use; only the largest libraries can afford
+the task of filling up sets of documents simply for the sake of having
+a complete record.
+
+Small libraries, and all libraries in need of any special report or
+document, can get it, in most cases, by applying to the superintendent
+of documents. Return all your duplicates to the superintendent of
+documents; arrangements for their transportation will be made by him
+upon notification, and anything he has that is needed will be sent in
+exchange.
+
+Do not try to collect a complete set of government documents; the
+government of the United States has not yet been able to do that.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+Checking the library
+
+
+Check the library over occasionally. It need not be done every year.
+It is an expensive thing to do, in time, and is not of great value
+when done; but now and then it must be gone through with. It is not
+necessary to close the library for this purpose. Take one department
+at a time and check it by the shelf-list. Make a careful list of all
+books missing. Check this list by the charging slips at the counter.
+For those still missing make a general but hasty search through the
+library. Go over each part of the library in this way. Then compile
+all lists of missing books into one list, arranged in the order of
+their call-numbers. Once or twice a week for several months go over
+the library with this list, looking for missing books. Even
+with access to the shelves, and with great freedom in matters of
+circulation, not many books will be found missing, under ordinary
+circumstances, at the end of a six months' search. Such books as are
+still missing at the end of any given period, together with those
+that have been discarded as worn out, and those that have been lost
+by borrowers, should be properly marked on the shelf-list, and should
+have an entry in the accession book, stating what has become of them.
+If they are not replaced, it will be advisable to withdraw the cards
+representing them from the card catalog, or to write on the cards the
+fact of withdrawal and the cause.
+
+Keep a record of all books withdrawn from the library for whatever
+reason.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+Lists, bulletins, printed catalog
+
+
+Give the public access to the card catalog if possible. If a
+dictionary catalog is made it will prove to be most helpful to the
+serious students. For the average reader, the person who wishes to get
+a recent book, the latest novel, etc., prepare lists of additions from
+month to month, post them up in some convenient place in the library,
+and put them in a binder to be left on desk or table in the delivery
+room.
+
+Print lists of additions, if possible, in the local papers; also
+publish reference lists having to do with current events and matters
+of popular interest. Oftentimes the newspapers will furnish, for a
+small sum, extra copies of the lists which they have printed. If the
+means warrant the expenditure, a periodical bulletin, appearing once
+a month, or even oftener, containing information about the library,
+notes on recent additions, suggestions as to the use of books, lists
+on special subjects, and lists of books lately added may prove useful.
+Such a bulletin can often be maintained without cost to the library by
+having it published by some one who will pay its expenses by means
+of advertisements. The very best way of bringing new books to
+the attention of readers is to print a list of additions, with
+call-numbers, as condensed as possible, and with no other matter, for
+free distribution in the library.
+
+In printing lists of books, make the classes covered special, not
+general. Give lists suitable for as many different needs and occasions
+as possible. There can't be too many of them. For instance, a teacher
+would find thoroughly helpful and practicable such classified lists
+of books as, for beginners in third and fourth grades, for the
+intermediate pupils, for boys, for girls, numerous references to the
+current events of the day; historical readings divided into periods
+and adapted to different grades; historical fiction under several
+forms of classification; biographies and biographical sketches suited
+to different ages; geographical aids, including travel, description,
+life, scenes, and customs in different countries; natural history and
+elementary science; the resources of the library available for the
+purpose of illustrating topics in history, art, and science; material
+for theme studies; special lists for anniversary days now so generally
+observed in schools, and so on.
+
+Lists in which the titles of the books come first are better liked by
+the general public than are author-lists. People commonly know books
+by name, not by author.
+
+Don't make the mistake of spending much money, at the library's
+beginning, for a printed catalog. A printed catalog, as stated in
+chapter 25, is not a necessity. It is useful, particularly for home
+use, to tell whether the library owns certain books; but with a good
+card catalog, newspaper lists, special lists, and the like, it is not
+a necessity. Few large libraries now publish complete catalogs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII
+
+Charging system
+
+
+On the inside of the front cover of every book in the library paste a
+manilla pocket. (See Library Bureau catalog.) Or paste, by the bottom
+and the upper corners, thus making a pocket of it, a sheet of plain,
+stout paper at the bottom of the first page of the first flyleaf. On
+this pocket, at the top, write the call-number of the book. Below
+this print information for borrowers, if this seems necessary. In this
+pocket place a book-card of heavy ledger paper or light cardboard. On
+this book-card, at the top, write the call-number of the book in the
+pocket of which it is placed.
+
+[Illustration: Card-pocket. (Reduced; actual size, 7 x 13-1/2 cm.)
+
+CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXTRACT FROM CITY ORDINANCE.
+
+SEC. 1.--Any person who shall willfully or maliciously cut, write
+upon, injure, deface, tear, or destroy any Book, Newspaper, Plate,
+Picture, Engraving, or Statue belonging to the Chicago Public Library,
+shall be liable to a fine of not less than five dollars, nor more than
+fifty dollars for every such offense.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXTRACT FROM RULES.
+
+27.--Books may be retained two weeks, and may be once renewed for the
+same period.
+
+30.--A fine of three cents a day shall be paid on each work, whether
+bound in one or more volumes, which is not returned according to the
+provisions of the preceding rules; and no other book will be delivered
+to the party incurring the fine until it is paid. * * *
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RECEIVED.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Acme Library Card Pocket.
+Under Pat. Sept. 26, '76, "Ref. Index File."
+Made by LIBRARY BUREAU,
+125 Franklin St., Chicago
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Keep your Card In this Pocket.]
+
+To every borrower the library issues a borrower's card. This card is
+made of heavy, colored tag-board, and contains the borrowers' name and
+address, and his number in the series of borrowers' numbers.
+
+The librarian, before delivering a book to a borrower, takes from the
+pocket the book-card, writes on it the number found at the top of the
+borrower's card, and after it, with a dater, stamps the day of the
+month. At the same time he stamps the same date on the borrower's
+card, and on the pocket in the book or on a dating slip pasted in the
+book opposite the pocket.
+
+[Illustration: Book card. (Reduced; actual size 12-1/2 x 7-1/2 cm.)
+
+340         D68
+Dole, E.P.
+Talks about law
+Ja. 4  826  Ja. 11
+F. 6   246  F. 15
+Ap. 1  836]
+
+The borrower's card he places in the book pocket, the book-card he
+retains as a record of the loan, and the borrower takes the book away.
+The book-card, with all others representing the books issued on the
+same day, he places in a tray behind a card bearing the date of
+the day of issue. All the book-cards representing books issued on a
+certain day are arranged in the order of their call-numbers.
+
+[Illustration: Tray for book-cards.]
+
+Under this system the borrower can tell, by looking at his card, on
+what date the book he has was taken from the library. If he wishes
+to renew it without taking it back to the library, he can do so by a
+letter stating that he took on a certain day a book bearing a certain
+number, and wishes it renewed.
+
+The librarian can tell, from the book-cards, what books are in
+circulation, and how many of each class were lent on a certain day.
+
+[Illustration: No. 1. Postal notice. (Reduced.)
+
+City Library Association
+Springfield, Mass. Feb. 14, 1899.
+
+The book noted below is now in the library and will be
+reserved for you until 9 P.M., Feb. 15.
+
+_Please present this notice and your library card._ A charge
+of two cents is made for this notice.
+
+JOHN COTTON DANA, _Librarian_.
+
+Per. S.M.J.
+
+_Book No._ 2173.54
+_Title, etc._ Ave Roma Immortalis.
+
+Reserve Postal, Form 1, Jan. 30. '98, 500]
+
+The borrower's number, written on the book-card of any given book in
+circulation, will give, through the register of borrowers, the
+name and address of the person having that book. Overdue books are
+automatically indicated, their cards remaining in the tray, behind
+the card indicating the date they were lent, after the day for their
+return has passed.
+
+When a borrower returns a book the librarian can learn, from the date
+on the pocket, whether or no a fine should be paid on it; if not, he
+can, if in haste, immediately take out the borrower's card from the
+book pocket, stamp the date of its return at the right of the date on
+which it was lent, thus canceling the charge against the borrower, and
+lay the book aside and look up its book-card later.
+
+[Illustration: No. 2. Registration card, face. (Reduced; actual size,
+7-1/2 x 12-1/2 cm.)
+
+Name.  Geo. Brown      No.   80
+Residence.  72 Vernon.
+Employment.  Machinist.
+Employer.  Smith & Wesson's.
+Place of business.   85 Main.]
+
+[Illustration: No. 3. Registration card, reverse. (Reduced; actual
+size, 7-1/2 x 12-1/2 cm.)
+
+                                                       Feb. 14, 1899.
+
+I hereby declare that I am a resident of the City of Springfield, and in
+consideration of the right to use the Free City Library, agree to comply
+with all Regulations provided for its government.
+
+George Brown.
+
+I hereby certify that the above subscriber is a fit person to enjoy the
+privileges of the City Library, and that I will be responsible for any
+loss or injury the Library may sustain from the permission given to draw
+books in consequence of this certificate.
+
+Signature (in ink)
+
+Residing at No.     Street.]
+
+Double and special borrowers' cards are not needed under this
+system. It accommodates itself readily to a "two-book" system. On the
+book-cards belonging to the second book, and all other books after
+the first, which any borrower may take, the librarian writes the
+borrower's number preceded by any letter or sign which will serve to
+indicate that these books are charged, not on the borrower's card, but
+to the borrower direct, on the strength of a general permission to him
+to take more than one book.
+
+[Illustration: No. 4. Overdue notice. (Postal card, reduced.)
+
+The City Library Association, Springfield, Mass. LITERATURE: ART:
+SCIENCE.
+
+The Library: Circulating Department.
+
+The rules of the library require all books to be returned in two
+weeks. Book No. G647.2 stands charged to you (Card No. 1906) as taken
+from the library Feb. 2. '99.
+
+You are incurring a fine of two cents for every day's detention.
+
+If you think a mistake has been made, please notify us.
+
+A charge of two cents is made for sending this notice.
+
+The City Library. Per B.
+
+Present this notice with your library card.]
+
+The postal notice no. 1, the registration cards 2 and 3, the notice
+that the book is overdue, no. 4, the fine slip, no. 5, all explain
+themselves.
+
+In most places, certainly in all small towns, a sufficient safeguard
+against the loss of books is found in the signature of the borrower
+himself. No guarantee need be called for. To ask for a guarantor for a
+reputable resident is simply to discommode two people instead of one.
+The application which the borrower signs should be brief and plain.
+Name, residence, place of business, and any necessary references,
+should be written in by the librarian on one side; the signature to an
+agreement to obey the library rules can be written by the applicant
+on the other. All borrowers agreements should be filed in alphabetical
+order. They should receive borrowers' numbers in the order of their
+issue, and the date. The borrowers' cards should state that they
+expire in a definite number of years from the date of issue, and
+the date of issue should be stamped on them. An index of borrower's
+agreements should be kept by their numbers. This need contain only the
+borrower's number, his name, and, when necessary, his address. It is
+conveniently kept in a book. It is better to keep it on cards.
+
+[Illustration: No. 5. Fine slip. (Reduced; actual size 12-1/2 x 7-1/2
+cm.)
+
+The City Library Assocation
+Springfield, Mass.
+
+Fines received  FEB 14
+
+No. 34. 5-82 D.
+
+ 4
+ 2
+16
+ 6
+22
+ 8
+ 2
+ 4
+ 6]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+Meeting the public
+
+
+If the public is not admitted to the shelves, it will be necessary
+to supply catalogs for public use as well as slips on which lists of
+books wanted can be made out; but the fullest possible catalogs and
+the finest appointments in the delivery room cannot take the place
+of direct contact between librarian or assistants and the public.
+Wherever possible, the person to whom the borrower applies for a book
+should go himself to the shelves for it.
+
+The stranger in the library should be made welcome. Encourage the
+timid, volunteer to them directions and suggestions, and instruct them
+in the library's methods. Conversation at the counter having to do
+with wants of borrowers should be encouraged rather than discouraged.
+No mechanical devices can take the place of face to face question and
+answer.
+
+The public like to handle and examine their books, and it is good for
+them to do it. They like the arrangements in the library to be
+simple; they object to red tape and rules. They like to have their
+institutions seem to assume--through, for example, the absence of
+signs--that they know how to conduct themselves courteously without
+being told. They don't like delays. They like to be encouraged to
+ask questions. They like to be consulted as to their wants, and as
+to changes in arrangements and methods. They like to feel at home in
+their library.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+The public library for the public
+
+
+The librarian of former times was almost invariably a bookworm, and
+was often a student properly so called. The older librarians of the
+present day, and the librarians of the great libraries of our cities,
+are also very commonly men of letters, men of learning, men who admire
+the student spirit and know how to appreciate it. The librarian of
+former days actually felt that the books of which he had charge were
+to be used, if they were used at all, chiefly, if not only, by persons
+who wished to make some careful and painstaking research; and the
+older librarians, and the librarians of the greater libraries of
+today, are also inclined to think that their libraries are best used,
+or at least are used as fully as they need be, when they are visited
+by those who are engaged in original investigation or serious study of
+some sort. As a fellow librarian once wrote me, for example, of one of
+his colleagues, "His whole trend is scholarly rather than popular; he
+appreciates genuine contributions to art, science, and industry, but
+has little taste for the great class of books that the main body of
+readers care for." This view of literature, libraries, and the use
+of books, and this special fondness for what may be called genuine
+contributions to art, science, and industry, are proper enough in
+their time and place; but it cannot be too often impressed upon
+the library world, and upon those who contribute to the support of
+libraries, and upon trustees and directors generally, that the thing
+that is of great consequence in the work of the free public library is
+not its product in the shape of books which are the results of careful
+research, or of books which are contributions to science, art, and
+industry; it is the work that the library does from day to day in
+stimulating the inquiring spirit, in adding to the interest in things,
+and in broadening the minds of the common people who form 90 per cent
+at least of the public library patrons. That is to say, the public
+library is chiefly concerned not in the products of education, as
+shown in the finished book, but in the process of education as shown
+in the developing and training of the library users, of the general
+public.
+
+It is from this common-folks-education point of view that the
+advocate of the open-shelf system looks upon the question of library
+administration. A free public library is not a people's post-graduate
+school, it is the people's common school.
+
+The more I see and learn of free public libraries the more I am
+convinced that a public library can reach a high degree of efficiency
+in its work only when its books are accessible to all its patrons. The
+free public library should not be managed for the use of the special
+student, save in special cases, any more than is the free public
+school. That it should be solely or chiefly or primarily the student's
+library, in any proper sense of the word, is as contrary to the spirit
+of the whole free public library movement as would be the making
+of the public schools an institution for the creation of Greek
+philologians. Everyone engaged in educational work, and especially
+those thus engaged who are most thoroughly equipped for the work in
+a literary way, and are most in touch with the literary and scholarly
+spirit, should have his attention called again and again to the needs
+of the crowd, the mass, the common people, the general run, the 90
+per cent who either have never been within a schoolroom, or left it
+forever by the time they were thirteen years of age. And his attention
+should be again and again called to the fact that of the millions of
+children who are getting an education in this country today, not over
+5 or 6 per cent at the outside, and perhaps even less than that, ever
+get as far, even, as the high-schools. The few, of course, rule
+and must keep the lamp burning, but the many must have sufficient
+education to know how to walk by it if democracy is to endure. And the
+school for the many is, and is to be, if the opinions of librarians
+are correct, the free public library; but it cannot be a school for
+the many unless the many walk into it, and go among its books, handle
+them, and so doing come to know them and to love them and to use them,
+and to get wisdom from them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV
+
+Advice to a librarian
+
+[From Public Libraries, June, 1897]
+
+
+As a matter of fact the position of librarian is more of an executive
+business affair than a literary one. Let me give you fair warning--it
+is in no sense your business to dictate to others as to what they may
+or may not, should or should not, read, and if you attempt to assume
+such responsibility you will make unnumbered enemies, and take upon
+yourself a thankless and uncalled-for task.
+
+Frankly, do you know what is good for me to read? Are you not very
+much in doubt what is best for yourself? Isn't there a doubt in the
+best and most candid minds upon this same subject? Let the board of
+directors assume the responsibilities, work carefully and cautiously
+for the things that are considered best by persons of some authority,
+the people with sound, healthy bodies and clean minds, and thoroughly
+distrust the literary crank. Don't be too sure of your own judgment;
+the other fellow may be right, especially as to what he wants and
+needs.
+
+Hang on to your tastes and prejudices for yourself, but don't impose
+them upon others. Cultivate your own tastes carefully by reading but
+little, and that little of the best; avoid the latest sensation until
+you are quite sure it is more than a sensation; if you have to buy
+it to please the patrons, have some convenient (literary) dog of good
+appetite and digestive organs, and try it on him or her and watch
+the general effect. You will be astonished how much you will find out
+about a book, its morals and manners, by the things they don't say.
+Our mutual friend's father, Mr D----, used to utterly damn a book to
+me when he said it was Just fair, and his It's a likely story, put
+things in the front ranks. Just get the confidence of as many readers
+as you can, grapple some of the most divergent minds with hooks of
+steel; and in finding out how little you know that is of any real
+value to anyone else, you will begin to be of some little value to
+yourself. Don't try to direct. The fellow that wants your direction
+will cause you to ooze out the information he needs, and you will
+hardly know that you have told him anything.
+
+I may be, and doubtless am, saying much that is quite unnecessary, but
+I have tried to bear in mind some of my own mistakes, and of others
+around me. I have been impressed with the fact that librarians seem
+to think that they must or ought to know everything, and get to think
+they do know. It is a delusion. One can't know it all, and only a
+hopeless case tries.
+
+Be more than content to be ignorant on many things. Look at your
+position as a high-grade business one, look after the working details,
+have things go smoothly, know the whereabouts and classification of
+the books, and let people choose their own mental food, but see to it
+that all that is put before them is wholesome.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI
+
+The librarian as a host
+
+Maude R. Henderson, in Public Libraries, September, 1896
+
+
+Each librarian needs to have an ideal for society; must have before
+him an end of which his work will be only a part.
+
+It is the peculiar position of the librarian to be so situated that
+with the consent of his trustees he may, simply by virtue of his
+office, be able to draw about him more of the elements of usefulness
+than almost any other person. Even a librarian who is a stranger is
+not taking matters unduly into his own hands in immediately availing
+himself of this privilege, for he is placed in the community where he
+can bring together those who have something to give and those who wish
+to receive. His invitation is non-partisan, non-sectarian, and without
+social distinctions.
+
+The object of this article upon the librarian as a host is to
+suggest methods of usefulness for the community through the forms of
+entertainment at the disposal of the librarian. A surprising number of
+people, not having attractive surroundings, and not having unbounded
+resources within themselves, lead dull lives. The theater is
+expensive, sometimes not available, often not attractive, and one of
+the attractions of a library evening will be that it is "some place to
+go," but does no violence either to their scruples or their ideas of
+economy. Many who will not identify themselves with clubs, from an
+aversion to organization, will appreciate the freedom from it here,
+for there will be no officers, no rules, no fees.
+
+If there is no especial note that the librarian thinks it would be
+well to sound, he may let it be known that the first of a series of
+entertainments to be given by the library, at the library, will
+be, for instance, a talk upon the Child in History, Our American
+Illustrators, or some attractive subject.
+
+There are always a number of specialists, even in small places, who
+can contribute liberally to these plans, thus relieving the librarian
+of any real work beyond that of planning, while it accomplishes the
+double purpose of engaging the interest of the speaker in the work
+of the library, and of furnishing the entertainment for others. The
+following suggestions, which have been prepared for the work of a
+small library, will give a more definite idea of the plan.
+
+Very often there will be found some one who, having a special fondness
+for one school of art, has made a collection of reproductions of its
+famous works in photographs, casts or engravings, who will willingly
+loan them for the illustration of a talk upon this theme, even if not
+quite as willingly giving the talk himself.
+
+A beautiful program for a musical evening would consist of the
+conversation or paper upon a certain musical form, such as the opera,
+symphony, or perhaps dance music, being illustrated and varied by the
+performance of examples of those forms. The organized musical clubs
+could here be of the greatest service in taking charge of the whole
+entertainment.
+
+An enthusiasm for a work or this kind may be somewhat crushed out by
+the press of regular duties, but the librarian may be greatly
+helped by the coöperation of organized clubs. Musical societies,
+Saengerbunds, the Elks, Daughters of the Revolution, and other
+societies are constantly preparing excellent entertainments, which it
+is hoped they will be willing to reproduce for those who have either
+not the leisure or the inclination to study. Such a movement does
+not in any way divert the energies of the library from their original
+aims, but is only another means of enhancing their efficacy. The
+resources of the library upon each of the subjects presented can be
+made known in many ways familiar to the librarian, such as posted
+lists, bulletins, and by the mention of them in the talks.
+
+Upon a night which the librarian might consider of interest to them,
+special invitations may be sent to the different organized societies
+of working people, such as the retail clerks, labor unions, etc,
+who might not include themselves readily in a general published
+invitation.
+
+It has been generally observed that more people are willing to read
+than know _what_ to read, and are always glad of help in selection.
+
+The originality of the librarian will develop many themes and schemes,
+and the work itself will doubtless show new veins which may be
+followed up. It may be that not many will avail themselves of any
+one invitation, but with a constant change of topic and manner of
+presentation, there cannot fail to be a great number, eventually,
+whose attention will be enlisted.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII
+
+Library patrons--Making friends of them
+
+
+Library patrons may be roughly divided into classes, thus: First--The
+adult student who, on rare occasions, calls to supplement the
+resources of his own collection of books with the resources of the
+public institution. This class is very small. Second--The dilettante,
+or amateur, who is getting up an essay or a criticism for some club or
+society, and wishes to verify his impression as to the color of James
+Russell Lowell's hair, or the exact words Dickens once used to James
+T. Fields in speaking of a certain ought-to-be-forgotten poem of
+Browning's. This class is large, and its annual growth in this country
+is probably an encouraging sign of the times. It indicates interest.
+Third--The serious-minded reader who alternately tackles Macaulay,
+Darwin, and Tom Jones with frequent and prolonged relapses--simply
+to rest his mind--into Mrs Wistar and Capt. King. This class is quite
+large, and though in too large a measure the victims of misplaced
+confidence in Sir John Lubbock and Frederick Harrison, they make
+excellent progress and do much to keep up the reading habit.
+Fourth--The "Oh, just-anything-good-you-know" reader. Her name is
+legion. She never knows what she has read. Yet the social student who
+failed to take into account the desultory, pastime reader, would miss
+a great factor in the spread of ideas. Fifth--The person who does not
+read. He is commoner than most suppose. He is often young, more
+often boy than girl, oftener young man than young woman. He commits
+eternally what Mr Putnam aptly calls the great crime against the
+library of staying away from it. He is classed among the patrons of
+the library somewhat as the western schoolma'am brought in knowledge
+of the capital of Massachusetts as part of her mental baggage: "Well,
+I know I ought to know it." He ought to be a library patron. How make
+him one? There are many methods, and all should be tried. The Pears'
+soap plan of printers' ink is one of the finest and best.
+
+If a library has or is a good thing for the community let it so be
+said, early, late, and often, in large, plain type. So doing shall
+the library's books enter--before too old to be of service--into that
+state of utter worn-out-ness which is the only known book-heaven.
+Another way, and by some found good, is to work the sinfully
+indifferent first up into a library missionary, and then transform
+him into a patron. A library is something to which he can give an old
+book, an old paper, an old magazine, with no loss to himself.
+Having given, the library is at once his field, a Timbuctoo for his
+missionary spirit, is in part his creation. Ever after he is its
+interested friend. He wants to know about it. He goes to see it. He
+uses it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII
+
+Public libraries and recreation
+
+W.I. Fletcher in Public Libraries, July, 1898
+
+
+There is nothing out of place in the comparing of the library to the
+school and the college, but its true mission is not to be so limited.
+To a large extent it is to be compared, as an object of public
+care and expense, with the park, the modern common, where there are
+flower-beds, rare plants in conservatories, lakes with boats in summer
+and skating in winter, and music by excellent bands. Not very strictly
+useful, these things, but recognized everywhere as ministering to the
+real culture of the people. Let this library, then, be the place where
+you will come, not merely to study and store your minds with so-called
+"useful" knowledge, but also often to have a good time; to refresh
+your minds and hearts with humor and poetry and fiction. Let the boys
+find here wholesome books of adventure, and tales such as a boy likes;
+let the girls find the stories which delight them and give their fancy
+and imagination exercise; let the tired housewife find the novels
+which will transport her to an ideal realm of love and happiness;
+let the hard-worked man, instead of being expected always to read
+"improving" books of history or politics, choose that which shall give
+him relaxation of mind and nerve, perhaps the Innocents abroad, or
+Josh Billings' "Allminax," or Samanthy at Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX
+
+Books as useful tools
+
+
+There is still too much of superstition and reverence mingled with
+the thought of books and literature, and study and studentship in the
+popular mind. Books are tools, of which here and there one is useful
+for a certain purpose to a certain person. The farmer consults his
+farm paper on the mixing of pig-feed; the cook takes from the latest
+treatise the rules for a new salad; the chemist finds in his journal
+the last word on the detection of poisons; the man of affairs turns
+to the last market reports for guidance in his day's transactions; and
+all have used books, have studied literature. The hammer and the
+poem, the hoe and the dictionary, the engine and the encyclopedia, the
+trowel and the treatise on philosophy--these are tools. One and all,
+they are expressions of the life of the race. But they are not, for
+that reason, to be reverenced. They are proper for man's service, not
+man for theirs. Approach books, then, as you would a sewing machine, a
+school, or a factory.
+
+Literature, after all, is simply all that's printed. In print are
+found the sum of the experience and observation of the whole race. Out
+of this print it is the librarian's business to help his fellows to
+draw such facts and suggestions as may aid them in their work.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL
+
+A village library successfully managed
+
+James R. Garfield, in Public Libraries, October, 1896
+
+
+Mentor, Ohio, is a village of but 500 people; therefore we are
+somewhat limited in our ability to raise funds for carrying on library
+work. But some six years ago 15 of us got together and began holding a
+series of meetings every month, something in the nature of the old New
+England township meeting, for the purpose of stirring up an interest
+in town affairs, and in doing that we considered it necessary to have
+some central point of interest around which we could all work, and
+we chose as that the library. There had never been a library in the
+village except a small circulating library. We all believed that the
+use of books and the greater knowledge of books would be a common
+center of interest around which we could all work and toward which we
+would be glad to give work. The result of five years' work in this
+way was that we now have a library of about 1600v., and two years ago,
+acting under a general law of the state, we became incorporated,
+and requested the village council to levy a tax for the work of the
+library. We at that time had about 1000v. The council very readily saw
+the advantage of this kind of work. They appreciated what was being
+done for the citizens and schools of the state, and therefore they
+levied a tax and turned the proceeds of the tax over to the library
+board. In this way, you will see, the library board is kept entirely
+aloof from politics. There are no elections by the people, nor is the
+board appointed by any political officers. It is a self-constituted
+body, a corporate body under the laws of this state, and as long as we
+maintain our corporate existence the village may turn over the funds
+to the library. We settled the difficulty of women's rights by having
+an equal number of both men and women on the board, and then in order
+to avoid the question of disruption of families we made the other
+member of the family who was not on an honorary member of the board.
+In this way we increased the number of workers and at the same time
+satisfied the desire of many people to hold office.
+
+But we found that 15, together with the supernumerary and honorary
+members, were unwieldy, and the work practically devolved upon very
+few of the members. Therefore, when we incorporated, we made an
+executive board consisting of five members, and they had absolute
+management of the library proper. They are elected every year from the
+members of the association, and have absolute control of the library.
+
+Although our library is supported by the village, we make it
+absolutely free to anyone who desires to use it. Those outside the
+village or township are required to put up a nominal deposit, merely
+for the safe return of the book. We made this the ideal toward which
+we are working--that the friendship of books is like the friendship
+of men, it is worth nothing and avails nothing unless it is used
+constantly and improved constantly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI
+
+Rules for the public
+
+
+Printed rules, telling the public how they may use the library, are
+best put in the form of information and suggestions. Thus published
+they do not give the impression of red tape and restrictions so much
+as of help in making access to the library's resources easier and
+pleasanter.
+
+The following suggestions and rules are copied with slight
+modification from a set in actual use.
+
+
+The Utopia free public library
+
+Information and suggestions
+
+
+GENERAL
+
+The library is open to everyone.
+
+Do not hesitate to ask questions.
+
+Suggestions of books for purchase and of changes in methods are asked
+for.
+
+
+CIRCULATING DEPARTMENT
+
+The circulating department is open from 10 to 9.
+
+All persons residing in the city of Utopia, and giving satisfactory
+reference, are entitled to use the circulating department of the
+library on subscribing to the following agreement:
+
+I hereby certify that I am a resident of the city of Utopia, and, in
+consideration of the right to use the free circulating department of
+the library, agree to comply with the regulations provided for its
+government.
+
+A card-holder is responsible for all books taken on his card.
+
+Immediate notice should be given of change of residence.
+
+The library card should be presented when a book is drawn, renewed, or
+returned.
+
+To renew a book, bring or send your card and the number of the book.
+
+Lost cards can be replaced at once on payment of 10 cents for renewal,
+or without charge after a delay of two weeks.
+
+One book, or one work if not in more than three volumes, may be taken
+at a time and kept two weeks, when it may be renewed for two weeks.
+
+Four weeks is the limit of time that a book can be retained in any one
+household.
+
+Books must be returned on the same card on which they are drawn.
+
+A book cannot be transferred from one account to another unless it is
+brought to the library.
+
+A fine at the rate of 2 cents per day is assessed on each book
+retained over time, payable on its return.
+
+A book retained more than a week beyond the time limited may be sent
+for at the expense of the delinquent.
+
+Books marked with a * in the catalogs are reference books, and are not
+lent.
+
+No pen or pencil marks should be made in the books.
+
+Any person who refuses to pay the fines or expenses mentioned, or
+wilfully violates any of the foregoing rules, forfeits thereby all
+right to the use of the library.
+
+Teachers, and for good cause others, can take out more than one book
+(other than fiction) at a time, for such a term as may have been
+agreed upon before the books leave the library. In the absence of such
+agreement the books can be kept for the usual time only.
+
+Persons not resident in the city may be allowed, at the discretion of
+the librarian, to take books on payment of $1 per year, and on signing
+an agreement to comply with the regulations of the library.
+
+
+REFERENCE DEPARTMENT
+
+The librarian and assistants are glad of opportunities to help
+those wishing to do reference work of any kind to a knowledge of the
+location of the books and the use of catalogs, indexes, and other
+aids.
+
+
+READING ROOM
+
+The reading room is open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week days; and on
+Sundays from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.
+
+Conversation and conduct inconsistent with quiet and order are
+prohibited.
+
+Back numbers of papers and periodicals may be had on application to
+the attendants.
+
+The books, papers, and periodicals should be carefully used, and
+neither marked nor cut.
+
+Persons who wilfully violate any of the foregoing rules thereby
+forfeit all right to the use of the reading room.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII
+
+Rules for the government of the Board of trustees and employés of the
+public library
+
+[Slightly modified from the rules of the Erie (Pa.) public library.]
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+MEETINGS OF THE BOARD
+
+Section 1. The regular meetings of the board of trustees shall be held
+on the Monday preceding the first Thursday of every month, at 8 p.m.
+
+Sec. 2. Special meetings shall be called by the president whenever,
+in his judgment, they may be necessary; or at the written request of
+three members of the board.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+QUORUMS
+
+Section 1. Five members of the board and two of any standing committee
+shall constitute a quorum, in either case, for the transaction of
+business.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+ORDER OF BUSINESS
+
+Section 1. The order of business at all regular meetings of the board
+shall be as follows:
+
+1. Roll call.
+
+2. Reading of the minutes.
+
+3. Petitions and communications.
+
+4. Hearing of citizens and others.
+
+5. Report of the secretary.
+
+6. Report of the librarian.
+
+7. Report of the book committee.
+
+8. Report of the finance committee.
+
+9. Report of the building committee.
+
+10. Report of special committees.
+
+11. Bills and pay-rolls.
+
+12. New business.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+OFFICERS
+
+Section 1. The officers of the board shall consist of a president,
+vice-president, and secretary, each of whom shall be elected at
+the regular meeting in January, to serve for one year. In case of a
+vacancy the board may elect a person to fill the unexpired term at any
+regular meeting. Temporary appointments may be made in the absence of
+the regular officers.
+
+Sec. 2. The president shall preside at the meetings of the board;
+appoint the various committees; certify all bills that have been
+recommended for payment by the board; prepare the annual report; see
+to the general enforcement of the rules; and perform such other duties
+as the board may direct. In conjunction with the finance committee,
+he shall make an estimate at the close of each fiscal year of the
+probable expenses for the ensuing year, and submit the same to the
+board for its action.
+
+Sec. 3. The vice-president shall perform the duties of the president
+in the latter's absence.
+
+Sec. 4. The secretary shall record all proceedings of the board; read
+the minutes of the preceding meeting, or meetings, at each regular
+meeting; keep a detailed account of receipts and expenses; report
+the same to the board monthly; file all communications, vouchers, and
+other papers; certify all bills that have been recommended for payment
+by the board; transmit all resolutions and recommendations that may
+require it to the board of education or the proper committee thereof;
+prepare an annual report of receipts and expenses; and perform such
+other duties as the board may require.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+Section 1. The standing committees of the board shall be a finance
+committee, a book committee, and a committee on building and grounds,
+each to consist of three members, to be named by the president at the
+regular meeting in February of each year.
+
+Sec. 2. The finance committee shall certify to the correctness of all
+bills and pay-rolls before their presentation to the board; require a
+voucher for all expenses; see that the accounts are properly kept;
+aid the president in making up his annual estimates; verify the fiscal
+reports of the secretary and librarian; and look after the financial
+affairs of the board generally.
+
+Sec. 3. The book committee shall be consulted by the librarian in the
+selection of all books, magazines, newspapers, etc.; prepare the rules
+for the management of the library; supervise the cataloging, labeling,
+and shelving of the various publications; have general charge of the
+book rooms; suggest suitable persons for employés (except the janitor
+and his assistants), and fix the duties of the same; require a list
+of all gifts, purchases and losses to be kept by the librarian, and
+verify his monthly and annual statements of the same.
+
+Sec. 4. The committee on building and grounds shall purchase and take
+charge of the furniture and fixtures in the Library building; look
+after all matters pertaining to the building and grounds (inclusive of
+sidewalks, lawns, heating, lighting, and ventilation), and suggest the
+proper persons to serve as janitor and assistants to the same. They
+shall require all parts of the premises to be kept in a neat, clean,
+and creditable condition, and report all defects that require repair
+or remedy.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+EXPENDITURES
+
+Section 1. Unless otherwise ordered by the board, no indebtedness
+shall be incurred without the previous approval of the proper
+committee.
+
+Sec. 2. No committee shall authorize an expense of more than $25 in
+any one month without having secured the sanction of the board in
+advance.
+
+Sec. 3. No bill shall be recommended to be paid by the board until it
+has been approved by the proper committee in writing.
+
+Sec. 4. All bills recommended for payment by the board shall be
+certified by the president and secretary.
+
+Sec. 5. When bids are asked for supplies, furniture, repairs, labor,
+etc., they shall be made under seal, and shall only be opened at a
+meeting of the board or of the committee to which the matter has been
+referred.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+TO BE IN WRITING
+
+Section 1. All reports, recommendations, and resolutions shall be
+submitted in writing.
+
+Sec. 2. Reports of committees shall be signed by two members thereof.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+EMPLOYÉS
+
+Section 1. The terms of all regular employés shall continue until
+their successors are appointed. They shall be subject, however, to
+removal for cause, at any time, by a vote of the board.
+
+Sec. 2. The president may suspend any employé, for cause, subject to
+the action of the board at its next meeting.
+
+Sec. 3. The salaries of employés shall be fixed before their election.
+
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+THE LIBRARIAN
+
+Section 1. Subject to the direction of the board and the several
+committees, the librarian shall have supervisory charge, control, and
+management of the Library building and all of its appurtenances, as
+well as of all the employés in and about the same.
+
+Sec. 2. He shall be held strictly responsible for the care and
+preservation of the property in charge of the board; the courtesy and
+efficiency of the library service; the accuracy of the records;
+the reliability of his accounts and statements; the classifying,
+cataloging, and shelving of the books; the enforcement of the rules;
+the cleanliness and good condition of the building, grounds, and
+sidewalks; and the proper heating, lighting, and ventilation of the
+building.
+
+Sec 3. He shall attend the meetings of the board and assist the
+secretary in keeping his minutes and accounts.
+
+Sec. 4. He shall keep an account, in permanent form, of all his
+receipts and expenses on behalf of the library, and report the same to
+the board monthly.
+
+Sec. 5. He shall make a monthly report of the operations of the
+library, including a list of all accessions to the various departments
+of the same, whether by gift or purchase, with such recommendations
+as, in his opinion, will promote its efficiency.
+
+Sec. 6. He shall keep record books of all accessions to the library by
+purchase, and of all gifts for its several departments, with the dates
+when received, and, in the case of donations, the names and places of
+residence of the donors.
+
+Sec. 7. He shall promptly and courteously acknowledge all gifts to the
+library or any of its departments.
+
+Sec. 8. He shall keep an account of the time of the several employés;
+prepare the pay-rolls in accordance therewith, and place the same
+before the finance committee in advance of each regular meeting.
+
+Sec. 9. He shall prepare an annual report showing, as fully as may be
+practical, the operation of the library and its several departments
+during the preceding year, with an inventory of the furniture, books,
+and other contents of the building.
+
+Sec. 10. The first assistant librarian shall perform the duties of the
+librarian during the latter's absence.
+
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+AMENDMENTS
+
+Section 1. Amendments hereto shall only be made at a regular meeting
+of the board, and must be proposed at least one month previous to
+final action on the same.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII
+
+Reports
+
+
+As far as the welfare of the library is concerned, the money spent in
+publishing an elaborate annual report can often be better invested in
+a few popular books, or, better still, in a few attractively printed
+statements of progress and of needs, distributed through the community
+on special occasions. If there must be an annual report for the
+general public--which will not read it--it should be brief and
+interesting, without many figures and without many complaints. Do not
+think it necessary, in making up your report, to adopt the form or
+the list of contents usually followed by libraries. Give the necessary
+figures as briefly as may be, and adapt the rest of the report to the
+library and its community.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV
+
+Library legislation
+
+Prank C. Patten, librarian Helena (Mont.) public library
+
+
+The modern library movement is embodying ideas that are yet to
+make public libraries about as common as public schools, and
+correspondingly important in educational value. After a generation
+of most remarkable growth of public libraries in number, size, and
+recognized usefulness, experience can now enlighten us in regard to
+plans of library support and organization. The best interests of the
+movement are served by embodying the results of this experience
+in law. Such a law, by setting forth a good plan, encourages the
+establishment and promotes the growth of these popular educational
+institutions.
+
+
+Outline of a good law
+
+The following outline (with explanatory notes) embraces the important
+provisions of a good state library law:
+
+1 _Establishment and maintenance._--Authorize the governing body in
+connection with the voters of any city, town, county, school district,
+or other political body that has power to levy and collect taxes,
+to establish and maintain a public library for the free use of the
+people. Provide also for joint establishment and maintenance, for
+aiding a free library with public money, and for contract with some
+existing library for general or special library privileges. Provide
+for maintenance by regular annual rate of tax. Authorize special
+tax or bonds to provide rooms, land, or buildings. Provide that on
+petition of 25 or 50 taxpayers the questions of establishment, rate of
+tax, and bonds shall first be decided by vote of the people at general
+or special election, to be changed only by another vote.
+
+Note.--It is believed that there need be no limit of rate placed in
+the state law, as a community is not at all likely to vote to tax
+itself too high for library support. The people of a small place will,
+in fact, often fail to realize that in order to raise money enough to
+accomplish their object the tax rate must be higher than in a large
+place. It is not impossible that communities will, by and by, spend
+about as much in support of their public libraries as in support of
+their public schools.
+
+2 _Management._--Establish an independent board of trustees and place
+the management wholly in its hands. Constitute the library a public
+corporation, with power to acquire, hold, transfer, and lease
+property, and to receive donations and bequests. Secure a permanent
+board with gradual change of membership, the number of members to be
+not less than three, and the term of office certainly to be not less
+than three years.
+
+Note.--In order to remove public library management from the
+influences of party politics, the library and its property should
+be wholly left to the control of trustees selected from citizens of
+recognized fitness for such a duty. Ex-officio membership in a library
+board should generally be avoided, especially in case of a small
+board; fitness for the position alone should be considered. Experience
+seems to show that in cities the proper board of trustees can best
+be secured through appointment by the mayor and confirmation by the
+council. It is a good way to provide for five trustees, one to be
+appointed each year for a term of five years. This number is large
+enough to be representative, and small enough to avoid the great
+difficulty in securing a quorum if the number is large. The length
+of term in connection with gradual change of membership encourages
+careful planning, and it secures the much needed continuity of
+management and political independence. And yet there is sufficient
+change of officers so that the board will not be too far removed from
+the public will.
+
+3 _Miscellaneous_.--State the purpose of a public library broadly,
+perhaps in the form of a definition. Make possible the maintenance of
+loan, reference, reading room, museum, lecture, and allied educational
+features, and of branches. Prescribe mode for changing form of
+organization of an existing library to conform to new law. Impose
+penalties for theft, mutilation, over-detention, and disturbance.
+Provide for distributing all publications of the state free to public
+libraries.
+
+Note.--It is probably most convenient to have the library year
+correspond with the calendar year. It is well to have the trustees
+appointed and the report of the library made at a different time
+of the year from either the local or general elections. The library
+is thus more likely to be free from the influences of party politics.
+To have a library treasurer is probably the better plan, but library
+money may be kept in the hands of the municipal treasurer as a
+separate fund, and be paid out by order of the board of trustees
+only.
+
+Libraries for schoolrooms, to be composed of reference books,
+books for supplementary reading, class duplicates, and professional
+books for teachers, should be provided for in the public
+school law. School funds should be used and school authorities
+should manage these libraries. The business of lending books
+for home use is better and more economically managed by a public
+library, having an organization that is independent of the
+school authorities.
+
+4 _A state central authority_.--Establish a state library commission;
+appointments on this commission to be made by the governor and
+confirmed by the senate, one each year for a term of five years. Make
+the commission the head of the public library system of the state
+with supervisory powers. Let the commission manage the state library
+entirely, and center all its work at that institution. Let it be
+the duty of the commission, whenever it is asked, to give advice and
+instruction in organization and administration to the libraries in
+the state; to receive reports from these libraries and to publish an
+annual report; to manage the distribution of state aid, and to manage
+a system of traveling libraries.
+
+Note.--Within a few years each of several states has provided for a
+state library commission, to be in some sense the head of the public
+library system of the state, as the state board of education is
+the head of the public school system of the state. By having small
+traveling libraries of 50 or 100v. each, to lend for a few months to
+localities that have no libraries, and by having a little state aid to
+distribute wisely, the state library commission is able to encourage
+communities to do more for themselves in a library way than they
+otherwise would. There may be cases where the work of the commission
+might better be centered at the state university library. The state
+library commission has proved to be a useful agency wherever tried,
+and the plan seems likely to spread throughout the country. In Wyoming
+the income from 30,000 acres of state land forms a library fund. It
+would seem probable that other states will adopt this plan. By far the
+most complete and successful state system that has yet been organized
+is that of New York, where all centers in the state library at Albany
+as headquarters.
+
+
+Reading matter on library legislation
+
+The report of the United States commissioner of education for 1895-96
+contains a compilation of the library laws of all the states. Every
+year new laws and amendments are enacted in several of the states,
+and the advance is very marked. The laws of New York, Massachusetts,
+Wisconsin, and Illinois are among the best.
+
+
+Essentials of a good law
+
+The three most essential things to be provided for in a good state
+library law are:
+
+1 A sure and steady revenue.
+
+2 Careful and consecutive management.
+
+3 A central library authority.
+
+In attempting to alter or make new laws, these essentials should be
+kept clearly in mind, but special conditions peculiar to each state
+dictate modifications of any general plan. Anyone interested in
+the matter could read the general articles upon the subject and the
+various state laws, and then, with the assistance of the best legal
+talent to be obtained, frame an act appropriate to the conditions of
+his state.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLV
+
+A.L.A. and other library associations and clubs
+
+
+The American Library Association was organized in 1876. It holds
+annual meetings. It publishes its proceedings in volumes, of which
+those now in print may be purchased of the A.L.A. Publishing section,
+10-1/2 Beacon st., Boston, or of the secretary. It seeks in every
+practicable way to develop and strengthen the public library as
+an essential part of the American educational system. It therefore
+strives by individual effort of members, and where practicable by
+local organization, to stimulate public interest in establishing or
+improving libraries, and thus to bring the best reading within reach
+of all.
+
+Librarians, trustees, and persons interested may become members;
+the annual fee is $2. Membership entitles one to a copy of the
+proceedings; it has now about 800 members.
+
+Every person actively engaged in library work owes it to herself, as
+well as to her profession, to join the American Library Association.
+If the association is large, if its meetings are well attended, if its
+proceedings as published show that the problems of library work are
+carefully studied, if the published proceedings are widely circulated,
+it is easier to persuade the intelligent part of the public that
+the librarian's profession is serious, dignified, and calls to
+its membership men and women of ability and zeal. If the public is
+persuaded of these things, the position of the humblest as well as
+of the highest in the profession is thereby rendered better worth the
+holding. To attend diligently to one's business is sometimes a most
+proper form of advertising one's merits. To be a zealous and active
+member of the A.L.A. is to attend to an important part of one's
+business; for one can't join it and work with it and for it and not
+increase one's efficiency in many ways.
+
+State associations have been organized in the following states: New
+York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan,
+Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, California,
+Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa.
+
+The following states have state library commissions: Connecticut,
+Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Vermont,
+Wisconsin, Indiana, Colorado, Michigan, New Jersey, Minnesota.
+
+The following cities have library clubs: Buffalo, Chicago,
+Minneapolis, New York city, Washington city.
+
+An inquiry for information regarding any of these associations or
+clubs, addressed to any librarian in the states given, will receive
+attention.
+
+Much of what is said above about the A.L.A. applies with equal force
+to the association of one's state or neighborhood. Often, moreover, it
+is possible to attend a state association meeting at small expense of
+time or money.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVI
+
+Library schools and training classes
+
+
+As libraries have become more thoroughly organized, as they have
+become more aggressive in their methods, and as they have come to be
+looked upon by librarians and others as possible active factors in
+educational work, the proper management of them has naturally been
+found to require experience and technical knowledge as well as tact,
+a love of books, and janitorial zeal. It is seen that the best
+librarians are trained as well as born; hence the library school. The
+library school--a list of those now in operation will be found at
+the end of this chapter--does not confine itself to education in the
+technical details of library management. It aims first to arouse in
+its pupils the "modern library spirit," the wish, that is, to make
+the library an institution which shall help its owners, the public,
+to become happier and wiser, and adds to this work what it can of
+knowledge of books, their use, their housing, and their helpful
+arrangement. Perhaps the ideal preparation for a librarian today would
+be, after a thorough general education, two or three years in a good
+library school preceded and followed by a year in a growing library of
+moderate size.
+
+A few libraries have tried with much success the apprentice system of
+library training, taking in a class, or series of classes, for a
+few months or a year, and at the end of the period of apprenticeship
+selecting from the class additions to its regular corps.
+
+
+List of library schools and training classes
+
+New York state library school, Albany; Pratt institute library school,
+Brooklyn; Wisconsin summer school of library science, Madison; Drexel
+institute library school, Philadelphia, Pa.; University of Illinois
+state library school, Champaign; Amherst summer school library class,
+Amherst, Mass.; Los Angeles public library training class; Cleveland
+summer school of library science.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVII
+
+The Library department of the N.E.A.
+
+
+The Library department of the National educational association holds
+meetings annually at the same time and place with the N.E.A.
+
+The National educational association is the largest organized body of
+members of the teaching profession in the world. Its annual meetings
+bring together from 5000 to 15,000 teachers of every grade, from the
+kindergarten to the university. It includes a number of departments,
+each devoted to a special branch of educational work. The Library
+department was established in 1897. It has held successful meetings.
+It is doing much to bring together librarians and teachers. It is
+arousing much interest in the subject of the use of books by young
+people, briefly touched on in the later chapters of this book.
+
+Following the example of the N.E.A., many state and county
+associations of teachers throughout the country have established
+library departments. At these are discussed the many aspects of such
+difficult and as yet unanswered questions as: What do children most
+like to read? How interest them in reading? What is the best reading
+for them?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVIII
+
+Young people and the schools
+
+
+If possible give the young people a reading room of their own, and a
+room in which are their own particular books. These special privileges
+will not bar them from the general use of the library. Make no age
+limit in issuing borrowers' cards. A child old enough to know the use
+of books is old enough to borrow them, and to begin that branch of its
+education which a library only can give. The fact that a child is a
+regular attendant at school is in itself almost sufficient guarantee
+for giving him a borrower's card. Certainly this fact, in addition to
+the signature of parent, guardian, or adult friend, even if the signer
+does not come to the library, will be guarantee enough.
+
+Teachers should be asked to help in persuading children to make the
+acquaintance of the library, and then to make good use of it. To get
+this help from teachers is not easy. They are generally fully occupied
+with keeping their pupils up to the required scholarship mark. They
+have no time to look after outside matters.
+
+Visits to teachers in their schoolrooms by librarian or assistant will
+often be found helpful. Lists of books adapted to schoolroom use, both
+for the teacher and for pupils, are good, but are very little used
+when offered, unless followed up by personal work. Brief statements of
+what the library can do and would like to do in the way of helping on
+the educational work of the community will be read by the occasional
+teacher. Teachers can sometimes be interested in a library through the
+interest in it of the children themselves. The work of getting young
+people to come to the library and enjoy its books should go hand in
+hand with the work of persuading teachers to interest children in the
+library. It is not enough to advertise the library's advantages in
+the papers, or to send to teachers a printed statement that they are
+invited and urged to use the institution; nor is it enough to visit
+them and say that the books in the library are at their service.
+These facts must be demonstrated by actual practice on every possible
+opportunity. A teacher who goes to a library and finds its privileges
+much hedged about with rules and regulations will perhaps use it
+occasionally, certainly not often. Appropriate books should be put
+directly into their hands, the educational work of this, that, and the
+other teacher should be noted, and their attention called to the new
+books which touch their particular fields.
+
+Teachers' cards can be provided which will give to holders special
+privileges. It is a question, however, if such a system is necessary
+or worth while. Under the charging system already described any
+teacher can be permitted to take away as many books as she wishes, and
+a record of them can be easily and quickly made. To give "teachers'
+cards," with accompanying privileges, is to limit to some extent the
+rights of all others. And yet teachers may very often properly receive
+special attention. In a measure they are part of the library's staff
+of educational workers. But these special attentions or favors should
+be offered without proclaiming the fact to the rest of the community.
+Many cannot see why a teacher should receive favors not granted to
+all.
+
+Take special pains to show children the use of indexes, and indeed of
+all sorts of reference books; they will soon be familiar with them and
+handle them like lifelong students. Gain the interest of teachers in
+this sort of work, and urge them to bring their classes and make a
+study of your reference books.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIX
+
+How the library can assist the school
+
+Channing Folsom, superintendent of schools, Dover, N.H., in Public
+Libraries, May, 1898
+
+
+We have to consider the teacher, the school, the pupil, the home. The
+teacher is likely to be conservative; to have fallen into ruts; to
+be joined to his idols; to make the text-book a fetish; to teach a
+particular book rather than the subject, so that the initiative in
+works of coöperation must come from the library side.
+
+If, then, the library is equally conservative, if the librarian and
+the trustees look upon their books as too sacred or too precious to
+be handled by boys and girls, the desired coöperation will never be
+attained.
+
+In beginning the desired work the librarian must have a well-defined
+idea of what is to be done and how. There should be a well-defined
+line of differentiation between material which the school should
+furnish and that properly belonging to the library province.
+
+Of course all text-books, all supplementary reading matter for
+classroom use, all ordinary reference books, should be furnished by
+the school authorities. But the more extensive and the more expensive
+dictionaries, gazetteers, cyclopedias, and books for topical reference
+cannot be so furnished. If they are to be used by public school
+pupils, the library must supply them, and make access to them as easy
+and as pleasant as possible.
+
+It is within the scope of the library to improve the taste in reading
+among the pupils of the schools by compiling lists of the best books
+upon the shelves, and distributing these lists to the pupils. Such
+lists may be classified as suitable to different grades or ages, or
+by subjects, as, History of different countries or epochs, Biography,
+Travels, Nature work, Fiction, etc.
+
+The possible good that may be achieved in this way is immeasurable.
+Although, according to Dogberry, to write and read comes by nature,
+we must remember that a taste for good reading is not innate but
+acquired, and that it is not ordinarily acquired under unfavorable
+conditions. To ensure the acquirement of this taste by the child, good
+reading must be made as accessible as the bad, the librarian and
+the teacher must conspire to put good reading, interesting reading,
+elevating reading in his way. The well-read person is an educated
+person. The taste for good reading once acquired is permanent. There
+is little danger of backsliding. It grows with indulgence. One writer
+says: No man having once tasted good food or good wine, or even good
+tobacco, ever voluntarily turns to an inferior article. So with our
+reading habits; a taste for good reading once acquired becomes a joy
+forever.
+
+Teachers do not realize, as does the librarian, the low tone of the
+reading taste of the community. When they fully understand this,
+together with the fact that the acquirement of a reading habit and
+a love for good literature are largely dependent, in a majority of
+cases, upon the public school training, then will the librarian have
+to bestir himself to supply the demand for good books made by the
+school.
+
+The habit thus formed, the taste thus acquired, will be of infinitely
+more value to them than the information gained. The latter may soon
+be forgotten, the former will stay with them through life; but the
+influence of good books taken into the homes of our school children,
+from the library or from the school, does not stop with the children
+themselves. It is impossible that such books should go into even an
+ignorant, uncouth, unlettered family without exerting an elevating and
+refining influence.
+
+Thus the school opens to the library the broadest field for doing
+the greatest good to the greatest number, the shortest avenue to the
+masses.
+
+But the consciousness of good done will not be the only reward for
+the library. The reflex action upon the library of this intimate
+connection with the school will be highly beneficial. A generation
+will grow up trained to associate the library and the school as
+instrumentalities of public education, demanding alike its moral and
+financial support, a generation that in town meetings and in city
+councils will advocate generous appropriations for the public library
+as well as for the public school.
+
+Thus, your bread cast upon the waters shall return unto you after many
+days.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER L
+
+Children's room
+
+
+In recent years a number of the larger libraries of the country have
+given up a portion of the delivery room, or a separate room entire,
+to the use of children. All of these special arrangements for children
+thus far reported have been successful. The plan that seems to give
+the greatest satisfaction, is to place in a room opening from the
+delivery room, and perhaps forming in effect a part of it, the books
+in the library especially adapted to the use of young people up to
+about 14 years of age. Such of these books as are not fiction are
+classified as closely as are the books in the main part of the
+library, and are arranged by their numbers on the shelves.
+
+In this room the children have free access to the shelves. An
+attendant in charge gives special attention to the wants of the young
+visitors, and as far as possible gives guidance in the selection and
+instruction in the use of the books. A collection of reference books
+adapted to the young is sometimes added to the books which circulate.
+
+Even in the very small library a corner for young people will usually
+be found an attractive and useful feature. It draws the young folks
+away from the main collection, where their presence sometimes proves
+an annoyance. It does not at all prevent the use, by the younger
+readers, of the books of the elders if they wish to use them, and it
+makes much easier some slight supervision, at least, of the former's
+reading.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LI
+
+Schoolroom libraries
+
+
+"Schoolroom library" is the term commonly applied to a small
+collection, usually about 50v., of books placed on an open shelf in
+a schoolroom. In a good many communities these libraries have
+been purchased and owned by the board of education, or the school
+authorities, whoever they may be. If they are the property of the
+school board they commonly remain in the schoolroom in which they are
+placed. As the children in that room are changed each year, and as the
+collections selected for the different grades are usually different,
+the child as he passes through the rooms comes into close contact with
+a new collection each year. There are some advantages in having the
+ownership and control of these libraries remain entirely in the hands
+of the school board and the superintendent. The library, however,
+is generally the place in the community in which is to be found the
+greatest amount of information about books in general, the purchasing
+of them, the proper handling of them in fitting them for the shelves,
+cataloging, binding, etc., and the selection of those best adapted to
+young people. It is quite appropriate therefore, that, as is in many
+cities the case, the public library should supply the schools with
+these schoolroom libraries from its own shelves, buying therefor
+special books and often many copies of the same book.
+
+If schoolroom libraries do come from the public library, they can
+with very little difficulty be changed several times during the school
+year. With a little care on the part of the librarian and teachers,
+the collection of any given room can be by experience and observation
+better and better adapted to the children in that room as time goes
+on.
+
+There are many ways of using the schoolroom library. The books forming
+it should stand on open shelves accessible to the pupils whenever the
+teacher gives permission. They may be lent to the children to take
+home. Thus used they often lead both children and parents to read more
+and better books than before, and to use the larger collections of
+the public library. They may be used for collateral reading in the
+schoolroom itself. Some of them may be read aloud by the teacher. They
+may serve as a reference library in connection with topics in history,
+geography, science, and other subjects.
+
+Wherever introduced these libraries have been very successful.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LII
+
+Children's home libraries
+
+
+In a few cities the following plan for increasing the amount of good
+reading among the children of the poorer and less educated has been
+tried with great success. It is especially adapted to communities
+which are quite distant from the public library or any of its
+branches. It is, as will be seen, work which is in the spirit of the
+college settlement plan. The "home libraries," if they do no more,
+serve as a bond of common interest between the children and their
+parents, and the persons who wish to add to their lives something of
+interest and good cheer. As a matter of fact they do more than this.
+They lead not a few to use the library proper, and they give to at
+least a few boys and girls an opportunity for self-education such as
+no other institution yet devised can offer.
+
+A home library is a small collection of books, usually only 15 or 20,
+with one or two young folks' periodicals, put up in a box with locked
+cover. The box is so made that it will serve as a bookcase and can be
+hung on a wall or stood on the floor or a table. In the neighborhood
+in which it is to be placed a group of four or five children is
+found--or perhaps a father or a mother--who will agree to look after
+the books. To one of these, called the librarian, is given the key of
+the box, and the box itself is placed in the spot selected; perhaps
+a hallway or a living room. Under a few very simple regulations the
+librarian lends the books in the home library to the young people of
+the neighborhood. If the experiment is successful the first set of
+books is changed for another, and the work continues. Or perhaps
+the library is enlarged; and perhaps even grows into a permanent
+institution.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIII
+
+Literary clubs and libraries
+
+Evva L. Moore, Withers' public library
+
+[Public Libraries, June, 1897]
+
+
+In your community are a number of literary clubs; if there are not, it
+lies within the power of the librarian to create them: an evening club
+composed of men and women; a ladies' club for the study of household
+economics; a young ladies' club for the study of music or some
+literary topic; a club for young men in which to study sociology;
+a novel club for the study of the world's great fiction. For
+constitutions suitable for such clubs, account of administration,
+organization, etc., consult the Extension bulletin no. 11 of the
+university of the state of New York, and Bulletin no. 1, June, 1896,
+of the Michigan State library, and List of books for women and girls
+and their clubs.
+
+The study club is one of the best means of extending the influence
+of your library; of securing the attention and hold of the people.
+It awakens thought, arouses discussions, puts into circulation books
+which otherwise might stand idle on the shelves.
+
+It is necessary to study carefully the courses of study of the
+different clubs, and to do this the programs must be on file in the
+library. If they are printed (and encourage this) so much the better;
+if in manuscript they can be used with small inconvenience.
+
+If the program is prepared week by week only, make arrangements to
+have it sent immediately to the library; also watch your local paper
+for notices.
+
+No doubt the officers of the various clubs come to you for suggestions
+when arranging the course of study for the year, and to inquire as
+to the resources of the library on the subject in hand, in order that
+every effort may be made to fill the gaps in the library collection.
+When a request of this kind comes, suggestions and assistance may be
+obtained from the two bulletins mentioned above, as, in addition to
+information along the lines of organization, they contain outlines of
+study.
+
+Harper's bazaar devotes a page each week to club women and club work.
+University-extension bulletins and courses of study offer numerous
+suggestions.
+
+The literary clubs of the smaller towns without libraries, within a
+radius of a few miles of your own small town, copying after their
+more pretentious sister along literary lines, should have your
+encouragement and assistance. Lend all the books that you can spare on
+as easy terms as are compatible with your rules; in short, institute
+traveling libraries on a small scale.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIV
+
+Museums, lectures, etc.
+
+
+A museum in connection with the library, either historical or
+scientific, or an art gallery, may be made a source of attraction, and
+of much educational value. The collecting of antiquities, or natural
+history specimens, or rare bindings, or ancient books or manuscripts,
+is generally taken up by societies organized for such purposes. The
+library should try to bring these collections into such relations
+with itself as to add to its own attractiveness, and to make more
+interesting and instructive the collections.
+
+A library can often very happily advertise itself, and encourage
+the use of its books, by establishing a series of lectures.
+Entertainments, somewhat of the nature of receptions, or exhibits of
+the library's treasures in the library itself, will sometimes add to
+the institution's popularity, and will always afford a good excuse for
+sending to leading people in the community a note reminding them of
+the library's existence and perhaps of its needs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LV
+
+Rules for the care of photographs
+
+Henry W. Kent, Slater museum, Norwich, Conn.
+
+
+I. Accessioning
+
+The _accession book_ should be ruled in columns under the following
+headings:
+
+A, Accession number; B, Author; C, Title; D, Gallery; E, Photographer
+and place of publication; F, Date of publication; G, Photographer's
+number; H, Process; I, Size of print; J, Size of mount; K, Cost; L,
+Cost of mounting; M, Remarks.
+
+A Accession number. The consecutive Museum number to be either written
+or printed. This column should be used to give the date of accession.
+
+B Author. For photographs of paintings give one important name.
+
+For photographs of sculpture give sculptor's name, where known.
+
+For photographs of architecture give name of city followed by country
+in parentheses. London (Eng.)
+
+C Title. For photographs of painting and sculpture use short, catch
+title, bringing, where possible, the important name first.
+
+For photographs of architecture, make first word a word descriptive
+of the kind of building: Temple of Mars; Cathedral of Notre Dame;
+Basilica of S. Paolo.
+
+D Gallery. This column is used for sculpture and painting only. Enter
+official name of gallery under name of city, followed by country in
+parentheses, and separated by hyphen: London (Eng.)-National Gallery;
+Paris (France)-Louvre.
+
+E Photographer and place of publication. Use the last name of
+publisher, followed by name of city abbreviated. Alinari, Fio.; Braun,
+Pa.; Hanfstaengl, Mün.
+
+F Date. The high grade photographs have the date of their publication
+on the mount.
+
+G Publisher's number. To be found on all prints.
+
+H Process. State whether silver print, platinotype, carbon (give color
+b. for black, br. for brown, g. for gray), autotype, collotype, etc.
+
+I Size of print. Give size in centimeters, giving width first.
+
+J Size of mount. Use the following notation:
+
+F for size measuring 22x28 inches, and upwards.
+
+Q for size measuring 18x22 inches up to 22x28.
+
+O for size measuring 14x18 inches up to 18x22.
+
+D for all sizes under O.
+
+K Cost. Give cost of imported prints in foreign money; give total of
+bill in American money.
+
+L Cost of mounting.
+
+M Remarks. This column will be found useful for date of remounting
+prints.
+
+Enter all prints in the order of the publisher's bill.
+
+Write the accession number on the back of mount (see under Labeling)
+and on author card.
+
+II. Card cataloging
+
+Photographs of paintings and sculpture should be entered under the
+following heads: A, Author, B, Title, C, Gallery, D, School of painter
+or sculptor.
+
+Use Library Bureau card, no. 33r.
+
+A Author card. This should show, a, author's name, dates of birth and
+death, and school; b, Title of work; c, Kind of work; d, Gallery; e,
+Imprint; f, Accession number; g, Classification or storage number.
+
+
+[Illustration: Painting card; author, with full name to precede list
+of words.
+
+                 1
+Giorgione, II. (Giorgio _Barbarelli_) called.
+    1477-1511.             _Italian-Venetian_
+
+A]
+
+Aa Enter author on first blue line between red lines, under his best
+known name, even if a nickname, giving full name with nicknames and
+their translations after it, in parentheses. Give dates of birth and
+death in parentheses, followed by name of the school to which the
+artist belonged. Make cross-references from all forms under which the
+author might be looked for.
+
+(It will be found convenient to give all this data on one card, to
+precede the list of the artist's works, using on all following cards
+the first, or well-known name, only.)
+
+[Illustration: Painting card; author, showing title of work, kind of
+work, gallery, etc.
+
+                 2
+Q  Giorgione, II.
+G43h   _Holy Family_.            _Easel-picture_.
+
+_Venice_(Italy)-PalazzoGiovanelli.
+Naya, Venice. 993.               Silver, 27x35cm.
+
+A]
+
+Ab Write the title on second blue line, at the right of red lines.
+Make it as brief as possible, using the important name in it, first.
+Christ, Baptism of; Christ, Betrayal of; Virgin Mary, Coronation of;
+St John, Birth of; St Peter, Martyrdom of.
+
+Ac Indicate after the title whether it is an easel-picture, fresco,
+statue, relief, or a part of a larger work.
+
+Ad Give on fourth blue line, at left of red lines, the official name
+of gallery, preceded by city, with country in parentheses. London
+(Eng.)-National Gallery.
+
+Ae Give the imprint on fifth blue line, beginning at the right of red
+lines: name of photographer, place of publication, date, number of
+print, process, size of print in cm., bottom by height.
+
+B Title card. This card should show, a, Title, b, Author.
+
+[Illustration: Painting card; title, with different authors and
+galleries.
+
+             Holy Family.                        See
+        _Buonarotti_.         Florence (It.)-Palazzo Uffizi.
+Q-G43h  _Giorgigne II_.       Venice (It.)-Palazzo Giovanelli.
+        _Ghirlandaio II_.     Florence (It.)-Palazzo Uffizi.
+
+B]
+
+Ba Give on first blue line, beginning at the left of red lines, a full
+title, but as in Ab make the important name or word the first word.
+Christ, Baptism of; Christ, Betrayal of; St John, Birth of; Portrait
+of Pope Julius.
+
+Bb Give on second blue line, between red lines, the one well known or
+important author's name; the first one used in Aa.
+
+The title card becomes in most cases a series card, since the title of
+an often-represented subject attracts to itself many names of artists.
+In such cases arrange the authors' names alphabetically, in columns,
+and against them write the names of the galleries where the works are
+to be found. Give class and author number in blue ink at the left.
+
+C Gallery card. This card is a series card, and should show, a, name
+of gallery; b, names of the artists and their works in the gallery.
+
+Ca Give official name of gallery preceded by the name of the city
+where it is located, with country in parentheses.
+
+Cb Enter alphabetically, names of authors, with the title of their
+works, one author to a line. Give at the left, classification numbers
+in blue ink.
+
+[Illustration: Painting card; gallery, with authors and titles of
+works.
+
+       Venice (Italy) - Palazzo Giovanelli
+
+Q-G43h    Giargione II.   Holy Family.
+
+C]
+
+D School card. This should show under the names American, English,
+French, German, Italian-Florentine, Italian-Venetian, Italian-Umbrian,
+Italian-Parmesan, Spanish, etc., all the artists of the school
+arranged alphabetically, with the number of their works written in, in
+pencil.
+
+[Illustration: Painting card; school, all authors of school arranged
+alphabetically with number of works written in pencil.
+
+       School.
+          Italian-Venetian.
+Q-G43h _Giorgione_, il.     _Veronese_
+
+D]
+
+Photographs of Architecture should be cataloged according to the
+foregoing rules, except in the following cases:
+
+Author card. For author, give the name of the city where the building
+or detail is found, followed by the country in parentheses.
+
+For title make the first word descriptive of the kind of building, and
+after the name of the building give the point from which the view
+was taken, affixed to the words interior or exterior: Temple of Zeus,
+Exterior from the east. Cathedral of Notre Dame, Interior of nave
+looking east.
+
+Instead of gallery, give style of building, using words Egyptian,
+Assyrian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance,
+Modern, etc., followed by adjective indicating country.
+
+Imprint the same.
+
+Gallery card will not be needed.
+
+[Illustration: Architecture card; author, showing place, kind of
+building, and style.
+
+Q  Poitiers (France).
+P75    Cathedral.     Interior of Nave, looking East.
+
+_Gothic_ French
+         _Robett, Paris_ 348        Silver, 28x33 cm.
+
+A]
+
+For school card use S style card.
+
+Style card. This should show all photographs arranged by cities, under
+styles, under general term Architecture.
+
+
+Architecture, Gothic--Italian.
+Architecture, Gothic--Spanish.
+Architecture, Gothic--English, perpendicular.
+Architecture, Gothic--English, pointed.
+
+[Illustration: Architecture card; style, showing place, etc.
+
+Architecture - Gothic.          French
+    _Abbeyville_   Ch. of S. Wulfrand
+    _Amiens_       Cathedral
+    _Auxerre_
+
+S]
+
+The cards for the three divisions, architecture, painting, and
+sculpture, should be kept in separate alphabets.
+
+
+III. Classification
+
+Arrange the photographs of sculpture and painting alphabetically by
+authors where known; where not known, by subjects under the various
+sizes.
+
+Arrange the photographs of architecture alphabetically by cities,
+under the sizes.
+
+Indicate the arrangement on cards by two numbers, in blue ink: the
+Classification number and the Author number.
+
+Classification number. This is indicated by the letters F, Q, O, D.
+
+Author number. Use the C: A. Cutter Letter alphabetic-order table for
+book authors, and add to the number so gained the first one or two
+letters (as the number of prints may require) of the title of the
+print; or the numerals 1, 2, and 3 may be used.
+
+Write these two numbers in blue ink on the cards, as follows:
+
+Author card. Class number on the first line of upper left-hand corner;
+author number below it.
+
+On other cards. Write at the left of first red line the two numbers on
+one line separated by a hyphen.
+
+
+IV. Labeling
+
+Give author's name in full, with dates, in parentheses, and school,
+beginning directly under left-hand corner of print.
+
+Give title, same as on title card, only reversing the form, beginning
+under the middle of print and running out to the right-hand corner.
+
+Some collections have more or less descriptive matter on the mount,
+but this is to be discouraged.
+
+Give the Gallery or Style at lower left-hand corner of mount 1 inch
+from either edge. Use waterproof or India ink in all cases.
+
+[Illustration: Showing proper method of entering descriptive matter on
+mounted photographs.]
+
+Stamp name of collection with rubber stamp on back of mount in upper
+left-hand corner, 1-1/2 inches from upper and side edges.
+
+The stamp should give full name and place of museum or library,
+leaving room above for class and author number, and below for
+accession number.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Class ____  Author ____
+Slater Memorial Museum
+  Norwich, Conn.
+No. ____]
+
+
+V. Storage
+
+Store sizes Q, O, and D, in drawers of a cabinet, which may be easily
+removed to table, or in pigeonholes; stand the mounts on long edges,
+with backs to the front, so that classification and author numbers may
+be easily seen in turning them over.
+
+Store size F in drawers, but lying flat. These should be taken out of
+the drawer and laid on a table when being handled. The drawers for the
+smaller sizes should be box-shaped, with sides cut down somewhat to
+allow the prints to be easily turned. Those for the large size should
+have no front, but the case containing them should have doors.
+
+Note.--Be very careful in handling photographs never to rub or pull
+one over another; always turn them from side to side, like the leaves
+of a book.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+Accession book, 33, 77;
+ for photographs, 171;
+ sample page, 76.
+
+Accession number for photographs, 171;
+ in accession book, 76-77;
+ on shelf list, 93;
+ on catalog cards, 95.
+
+Accessioning photographs, 171-172.
+
+Additions, lists of, 94, 114.
+
+Advertising a library, 10-11, 132, 158, 170.
+
+Advice to a librarian, 126-127.
+
+Age limit for borrowers, 157.
+
+Agents, _see_ Book dealers.
+
+Agreement blanks, 33, 119-121.
+
+Alphabetical arrangement, dictionary catalog, 97, 102;
+for photographs, 177-178.
+
+Alphabets, 69;
+ specimen page, 71.
+
+Amendments to rules of library board, 145.
+
+American catalog of books, 30.
+
+A.L.A. catalog, 30.
+
+American library association, fee, 152;
+ members, 152-153;
+ objects, 152.
+
+Amherst summer school library class, 155.
+
+Ancient manuscripts, collections, 170.
+
+Annual literary index, 55.
+
+Annual report, 146.
+
+Antiquities, collections, 170.
+
+Appointment of librarian, 20, 23, 25.
+
+Appointment of library assistants, 18.
+
+Appointment of trustees, 148.
+
+Apprentice classes, 154.
+
+Architecture card, author, 177;
+ style, 177;
+ title, 176.
+
+Art entertainments, 129.
+
+Art galleries, 170.
+
+Assistant librarian, duties of, 145.
+
+Associations, _see_ Library associations.
+
+Author card, 95;
+ for architecture, 176-177;
+ for painting and sculpture, 172-174.
+
+Author catalog, 95-96.
+
+Author-list, 96, 115.
+
+Author-number explained, 91;
+ for photographs, 178;
+ on shelf list, 93.
+
+Author table, _see_ Cutter author table.
+
+Author's name, in accession book, 77;
+ in catalog, 94;
+ in shelf list, 93;
+ on order slip, 64.
+
+Baker, C.A., Reference books for a small library, 46-52.
+
+Ballard's klips, 109.
+
+Beginning work, things needed in, 30-34.
+
+Beginnings of the library, 9-10.
+
+Best books (Sonnenschein), 31.
+
+Bills, checking, 64, 101.
+
+Binders for magazines, 58-59.
+
+Bindery-book, 103.
+
+Bindery number, 103, 105.
+
+Bindery schedule, 105-106.
+
+Binding, 63, 103-106;
+ materials, 103-104;
+ cloth, 103-104;
+ leather, 103, 105;
+ sewing, 103-104;
+ backs, 103-104;
+ joints, 103-104;
+ lettering, 105-106;
+ titles and indexes, 106;
+ advertisements, 106;
+ periodicals, 105;
+ folios, 104-105;
+ newspapers, 104;
+ fiction, 104;
+ juveniles, 104;
+ rules for, 106.
+
+Biography, classification of, 79.
+
+Blanks, agreement, 33, 119-121;
+ order slip, 63-64;
+ request, 45, 65.
+
+Board, see Trustees.
+
+Book-buying, _see_ Buying books.
+
+Book committee, 142.
+
+Book cards, 33, 116-117-118-119; _see also_ Book slip.
+
+Book dealers, 63, 66-67-68.
+
+Book-lists, _see_ Lists.
+
+Book news (monthly), 32.
+
+Book-numbers, 91.
+
+Book-plates, 100-101.
+
+Book-pockets, 33, 100-101, 116-117-118-119.
+
+Book-reviews, 32, 101.
+
+Book-slip, 100, 102; _see also_ Book card.
+
+Book supports, 73.
+
+Books, as useful tools, 134;
+ for girls and women and their clubs (Iles), 32;
+ needed in beginning work, 30-32;
+ overdue, 118;
+ reference, _see_ Reference books;
+ renewal of, 118;
+ selection of, _see_ Selection of books.
+
+Bookcases, 26-27;
+ steel, 28;
+ wooden, 28.
+
+Borrowers, age limit, 157;
+ cards for, 33, 116-117, 119-120, 157-158;
+ index to, 121;
+ information for, 137;
+ numbers for, 117-118, 121;
+ register of, 33, 118, 121;
+ responsibility of, 120, 138.
+
+Buildings and grounds committee, 142.
+
+Buildings, library; _see_ Library buildings.
+
+Bulletins, 94, 102, 114, 130; _see also_ Lists.
+
+Buying books, 18, 63-68;
+ ordering, 64, 67;
+ agents, 63, 66-67-68;
+ price, 65-66-67-68;
+ discounts, 63, 65-66-67;
+ editions, 63, 65-66-67;
+ binding, type, quality of paper, 63;
+ complete sets, 66;
+ series, 66;
+ second-hand books, 66, 68;
+ fiction, 66;
+ for children, 66-67;
+ new books, 68;
+ when to buy, 68;
+ _see also_ Selection of books.
+
+Call-number, defined, 93;
+ in book, 100, 102;
+ on book-slip, 100, 102, 116;
+ on pocket, 100, 102,116;
+ on label, 99-100, 102;
+ in accession book, 93, 102;
+ on shelf-list, 93;
+ on catalog-cards, 95, 97;
+ in charging system, 117.
+
+Capitalization, 95.
+
+Card catalog rules, 30, 95-97;
+ for photographs, 172-177.
+
+Card pocket, _see_ Book pocket.
+
+Care of books, brief rules for, 75;
+ dusting books, 74;
+ handling books, 74, 100-101;
+ covering books, 75;
+ cutting leaves, 74, 101;
+ gas, heat, damp, 74.
+
+Carter's ink, 34, 69.
+
+Cases, _see_ Bookcases; Catalog cases.
+
+Catalog, arrangement of, 102;
+ author, 95-96;
+ dictionary, 97;
+ duplicate, 95;
+ on cards, 94;
+ printed, 94, 115;
+ of A.L.A. library, 30;
+ subject headings for, 96-98;
+ trays for holding, 98.
+
+Catalog cards, 33, 94-98, 102.
+
+Catalog case, 33, 98.
+
+Catalog rules, 30, 94-98.
+
+Cataloging books, 94-98.
+
+Cataloging photographs, 172-177.
+
+Chairs, 27-28.
+
+Change of residence, 138.
+
+Charging system explained, 117.
+
+Check list of public documents, 111.
+
+Checking bills, 64, 101.
+
+Checking the library, 113.
+
+Children's books, _see_ Juvenile books.
+
+Children's cards, 157.
+
+Children's home libraries, 166-167.
+
+Children's privileges, 157.
+
+Children's rooms, 157, 163.
+
+Circulating department, 122, 137.
+
+Class number, decimal, 81;
+ expansive, 85;
+ explained, 79;
+ for photographs, 178;
+ in accession book, 77;
+ on shelf list, 93;
+ in catalog, 94.
+
+Classification, defined, 78;
+ decimal, 79, 81-83;
+ expansive, 79, 84-90;
+ of photographs, 178;
+ how to classify, 79-80;
+ biography, 79;
+ fiction, 79;
+ history and travel, 79;
+ juvenile books, 79;
+ in the catalog, 78;
+ on the shelves, 78-79.
+
+Classification scheme, 34.
+
+Classified reading (Lawrence), 32.
+
+Cleveland summer school of library science, 155.
+
+Cloth bindings, 103-104.
+
+Club women, 169.
+
+Club work, 169.
+
+Clubs, 130;
+ constitutions for, 168;
+ organization of, 168;
+ programs, 168;
+ _see also_ Library clubs, literary clubs, musical clubs.
+
+Cole size card, 33, 95.
+
+Collating books, 74, 101.
+
+Commissions, free library, 149-150, 153.
+
+Community and the library, 10, 12.
+
+Complete sets, 66.
+
+Conversation in the library, 122, 139.
+
+Co-operation of teachers, 157-159, 160-162.
+
+Copyright date on catalog cards, 95.
+
+Covers for books, 75.
+
+Crocker book support, 73.
+
+Cross-reference cards, 98.
+
+Cumulative index, 55.
+
+Cutter's author table, 34, 91;
+ expansive classification, 79, 84-90;
+ rules for a dictionary catalog, 31.
+
+Date, copyright, on catalog cards, 95.
+
+Date in charging system, 117, 118, 119;
+ of publication, in accession book, 77;
+ on catalog cards, 95;
+ on order slip, 64.
+
+Daters, 34, 117.
+
+Dating slip, 117.
+
+Dealers, _see_ Book dealers.
+
+Decimal classification, 79, 81-83.
+
+Delivery room, 122.
+
+Dennison's labels, 34.
+
+Denver public library handbook, 31.
+
+Depository libraries, 110-111.
+
+Dewey, or Decimal system of classification, 79, 81-83.
+
+Dial (semi-monthly), 32.
+
+Dictionaries, aid in reference work, 53.
+
+Dictionary catalog, Cutter's rules for, 31;
+ value of, 114;
+ defined, 97.
+
+Discarded books, 113.
+
+Discounts, 63, 65-66-67.
+
+Disjoined handwriting, 70-71.
+
+Drexel institute library school, 155.
+
+Duplicate catalog, 95.
+
+Duplicates for school use, 149.
+
+Dusting books, 74.
+
+Duties of a librarian, 126-127, 144;
+ of trustees, 18.
+
+Editions, 63, 65-66-67.
+
+Education through libraries, 13, 124-125, 133, 156, 160-162, 166, 170;
+ _see also_ Influence of the library.
+
+Embossing stamps, 99.
+
+Employés, appointment of, 18, 144;
+ salaries of, 144;
+ suspension of, 144.
+
+English catalog, 30.
+
+Engravings, 129.
+
+Entertainments, _see_ Library entertainments.
+
+Essentials of good binding (McNamee), 104-106.
+
+Exhibits, 170.
+
+Expansive classification (Cutter), 79, 84-90.
+
+Expenditures, 143.
+
+Expiration of privileges, 121.
+
+Faxon, F.W., Use of periodicals in reference work, 54-56.
+
+Fiction, author-numbers for, 91;
+ binding for, 104;
+ cataloging, 96;
+ cheap editions of, 66;
+ classification of, 79;
+ price per volume, 67;
+ selecting, 41-42.
+
+Figures, 71-72.
+
+Finance committee, 142.
+
+Fine slip, 121.
+
+Fines, 118, 138.
+
+Five thousand books, compiled for the Ladies' home journal, 31.
+
+Fixtures for libraries, 26-27-28.
+
+Fletcher, W.I., Libraries and recreation, 133;
+ public libraries in America, 31.
+
+Folios, binding for, 104-105.
+
+Folsom, Channing, how the library can assist the school, 160-162.
+
+Forfeiture of privileges, 138-139.
+
+Free library commissions, 149-150.
+
+Function of the library, 12, 15-16, 124-125, 133, 149.
+
+Furniture for libraries, 27-28-29.
+
+Gallery card, for painting and sculpture, 175.
+
+Garfield, J.R., village library successfully managed, 135-136.
+
+Gift book, 101;
+ plates, 100-101.
+
+Gifts, 132;
+ acknowledgment of, 45, 77, 101, 145.
+
+Glue, 106.
+
+Guarantor, 120, 157.
+
+Handwriting, brief rules for, 69-72.
+
+Hasse, A.R.. public documents, 110-112.
+
+Henderson, M.R., Librarian as host, 128-130.
+
+Higgins' ink, 34, 69;
+ photo mounter, 34.
+
+Hints to small libraries (Plummer), 31.
+
+History and travel, classification of, 79.
+
+Home libraries, 166-167.
+
+Hopkins, J.A., The trained librarian in a small library, 23-24.
+
+How the library can assist the school (Folsom), 160-162.
+
+Iles, George, Books for girls and women and their clubs, 32.
+
+Imprint, for photographs, 174, 176;
+ on catalog cards, 95.
+
+Index, annual literary, 55;
+ cumulative, 55;
+ monthly cumulative book, 33;
+ Poole's, 55;
+ relative, 81;
+ to borrowers, 121.
+
+Indexes, their use taught, 159;
+ to periodicals, 55.
+
+Influence of the library, 12;
+ _see also_ Education through libraries.
+
+Information for borrowers, 137.
+
+Ink, 34, 69;
+ for photograph labels, 179;
+ pads, 34, 99.
+
+Inquiries, how to answer, 53.
+
+Inventory taking, 113.
+
+Joined handwriting, 70-71.
+
+Juvenile books, binding for, 104;
+ classification of, 79;
+ periodicals, 58;
+ price per volume, 67;
+ selecting, 41, 66.
+
+Kent, H.W., Rules for the care of photographs, 171-180.
+
+Labeling photographs, 178-179.
+
+Labels for backs of books, 99-100, 102;
+ gummed, 34;
+ ink for, 34, 69;
+ ink for photograph, 179;
+ varnishing, 100, 102.
+
+Law, library, 9.
+
+Lawrence, I., Classified reading, 32.
+
+Leather for bindings, 103, 105.
+
+Lectures, 129, 149, 170.
+
+Legislation, _see_ Library legislation.
+
+Librarian, advice to a, 126-127;
+ and trustees, 18-19;
+ annual report of, 145-146;
+ appointment of, 20, 23, 25;
+ as a host (Henderson), 128, 130;
+ duties of a, 144;
+ monthly report of, 145;
+ qualifications of, 20-22, 123, 154;
+ the trained (Hopkins), 23-24.
+
+Libraries, establishment and maintenance of, 147;
+ function of, 12, 15-16, 124-125, 133, 148;
+ management of, 15, 19, 148.
+
+Libraries and communities, 10, 12.
+
+Libraries and clubs, 168-169.
+
+Libraries and education, 13, 124-125, 133.
+
+Libraries and politics, 148.
+
+Libraries and the public, 15, 122, 124-125.
+
+Libraries and recreation (Fletcher), 133.
+
+Libraries and schools, 13, 157-159, 160-162.
+
+Library advertising, _see_ Advertising a library.
+
+Library assistants, appointment of, 18.
+
+Library associations, 152-153.
+
+Library beginnings, 9-10.
+
+Library board, _see_ Trustees.
+
+Library buildings and the community, 26.
+
+Library buildings, architecture, 25-26;
+ convenience, 26;
+ decoration, 26;
+ exterior, 25-26;
+ fixtures, 26-27-28;
+ furniture, 27-28-29;
+ interior, 26-27;
+ partitions, 27;
+ requirements, 25;
+ stairs, 27;
+ windows, 26.
+
+L.B. book support, 73.
+
+L.B. pamphlet case, 108.
+
+L.B. steel stacks, 37.
+
+Library Bureau, relation to libraries (Meleney), 35-38;
+ catalog of, 29, 31, 35-36;
+ organization of, 35;
+ publications of, 36, 38;
+ cabinet works of, 37;
+ card factory of, 37;
+ consultation department, 35, 38;
+ employment department, 35;
+ supply department, 36.
+
+Library clubs, 153.
+
+Library entertainments, 128-130, 170.
+
+Library journal (monthly), 32.
+
+Library law, 9;
+ essentials of a good, 151;
+ outline of a good, 147;
+ _see also_ Library legislation.
+
+Library league, 75.
+
+Library literature, 30-33, 36.
+
+Library legislation (Patten), 147;
+ reference list on, 150;
+ _see also_ Library law.
+
+Library patrons, 131.
+
+Library policy, 15-16.
+
+Library rooms, 25-26-27.
+
+Library school rules, 30.
+
+Library schools and training classes, aim and scope of, 154.
+
+Library schools and training classes, list of, 155.
+
+Light in libraries, 26.
+
+List of books for girls and women (Iles), 32, 168;
+ of books needed in beginning work, 30-32;
+ of periodicals for a small library, 61-62;
+ of periodicals needed in beginning work, 32-33;
+ of reference books, 46-52;
+ of things needed in beginning work, 33-34;
+ of things to be done to prepare books for shelves, 101-102.
+
+Lists, of additions, 114;
+ for reference, 114-115, 157, 161;
+ for schools, 115, 157, 161;
+ _see also_ Bulletins.
+
+Literary clubs and libraries (Moore), 168-169.
+
+Literature, its use, 134.
+
+Literature, library, see Library literature.
+
+Literature (weekly), 32.
+
+Loan department, 122, 133.
+
+Local history, books on, 44.
+
+Local history pamphlets, 108.
+
+Los Angeles public library training class, 155.
+
+Lost cards, 138.
+
+McNamee, J.H.H., Essentials of good binding, 104-107.
+
+Magazine binder, 58.
+
+Magazine record, in blank book, 60;
+ on cards, 60.
+
+Management of the library, 15, 19, 148.
+
+Manuscripts, _see_ Ancient manuscripts.
+
+Marking books, 99, 101.
+
+Meeting of board of trustees, 140.
+
+Meleney, G.B., Relation of the Library Bureau to libraries, 35-38.
+
+Men's and Women's clubs, 168.
+
+Mending, _see_ Repair.
+
+Missing books, 113.
+
+Monthly cumulative book index, 33.
+
+Moore, E.L., Literary clubs and libraries, 168-169.
+
+Morocco for bindings, 105.
+
+Mucilage, 106.
+
+Museums, 149, 170.
+
+Musical clubs, 129, 168.
+
+Musical entertainments, 129.
+
+Nation (weekly), 32.
+
+National educational association, 156.
+
+Natural history collections, 170.
+
+New books, 68.
+
+New York state library commission, 150.
+
+New York state library school, 155.
+
+New York Times, 33.
+
+Newspaper lists, 94, 115.
+
+Newspapers, binding for, 104;
+ files and racks for, 59;
+ for the reading room, 57.
+
+Non-depository libraries, 110.
+
+Non-residents, 139.
+
+Novel clubs, 168.
+
+Officers of board of trustees, 18.
+
+Open shelves, 15, 25, 122, 124-125, 163.
+
+Order list, 101.
+
+Order sheet, 64, 67.
+
+Order slip, 63-64, 101.
+
+Overdue books, 118, 138.
+
+Overdue notice, 120.
+
+Ownership, marks of, 99, 101.
+
+Pages, cutting, 74, 101;
+ entry in accession book, 77.
+
+Painting card, author, 173;
+ gallery, 175;
+ school, 176;
+ title, 174.
+
+Pamphlet case, 108-109.
+
+Pamphlets, cataloging, 108-109;
+ classifying, 108-109;
+ klips for, 109;
+ local history, 108.
+
+Paper, best quality for books, 63.
+
+Paste, 34, 106.
+
+Patten, F.C., Library legislation, 147.
+
+Patrons, 131.
+
+Penalties, 149.
+
+Perforating stamp, 99.
+
+Periodicals, binder for, 58-59;
+ binding for, 105;
+ circulation of, 59;
+ cost, 59;
+ for children, 58;
+ indexes to, 55;
+ list for a small library, 61-62;
+ needed in beginning work, 32-33;
+ record of, 60;
+ use in reference work, 54-56.
+
+Photographs, 129;
+ accessioning, 171-172;
+ cataloging, 172-177;
+ classifying, 178;
+ labeling, 178-179;
+ storage, 180;
+ handling, 180.
+
+Placards, _see_ Signs.
+
+Place of publication, in accession book, 77;
+ on order slip 64.
+
+Planning library buildings (Soule), 25-29.
+
+Plummer, M.W., Hints to small libraries, 31.
+
+Pocket, _see_ Book pocket.
+
+Policy of the library, 15-16.
+
+Politics and libraries, 148.
+
+Poole's index, 55.
+
+Postal notice, 118.
+
+Pratt institute library school, 155.
+
+Preliminary work, 10.
+
+Preparing books for the shelves, 99-102.
+
+President of library board, 141.
+
+Printed catalogs, 94, 115.
+
+Printed rules, 137.
+
+Privileges, expiration of, 121.
+
+Privileges for children, 157;
+ forfeiture of, 138-139;
+ teachers, 138, 158.
+
+Process, photograph, 172.
+
+Professional books for teachers, 149.
+
+Public, contact with the, 122;
+ rules for the, 137-139.
+
+Public documents, 44;
+ care in a library, 111-112;
+ check list, 111;
+ collecting, 44;
+ congressional, 110-112;
+ departmental, 110-112;
+ how issued, 110;
+ to whom issued, 110-111.
+
+Public libraries (monthly), 32, 38.
+
+Public libraries in America (Fletcher), 31.
+
+Public library handbook, 31.
+
+Publication, date of; _see_ Date of publication.
+
+Publication, place of; _see_ Place of publication.
+
+Publisher's name, in accession book, 77;
+ on order slip, 64.
+
+Publishers' trade list annual, 31.
+
+Publishers' weekly, 32.
+
+Punctuation, 95.
+
+Purchase of books, _see_ Buying books.
+
+Qualifications of librarian, 20-22, 123, 154.
+
+Qualifications of trustees, 17.
+
+Quorum of library board, 140.
+
+Rare bindings, collections, 170.
+
+Rare books, 44-45.
+
+Readers, 27.
+
+Readers' guide to contemporary literature (Sonnenschein), 32.
+
+Reading habits, 161-162.
+
+Reading lists, _see_ Reference lists.
+
+Reading room, character of, 57;
+ for children, 157, 163;
+ newspapers for, 57;
+ periodicals for, 58-60;
+ rules for, 139;
+ value of, 12-13.
+
+Receptions, 170.
+
+Recreation, 133.
+
+Reference books, for a small library (Baker), 46-52;
+ for schools, 149, 160, 165;
+ how indicated, 138;
+ selecting, 39.
+
+Reference catalog of current literature, 31.
+
+Reference department, 139.
+
+Reference list on library legislation, 150.
+
+Reference lists, for schools, 115, 157, 161;
+ on cards, 54;
+ special subject, 114.
+
+Reference work, for children, 159, 160, 163, 165;
+ suggestions, 53;
+ use of dictionaries, 53;
+ use of periodicals, 54-56.
+
+Register of borrowers, _see_ Borrowers.
+
+Regulations, _see_ Rules for the public.
+
+Relation of the Library Bureau to libraries (Meleney), 35-38.
+
+Relative index, 81.
+
+Remainder libraries, 110, 111.
+
+Renewal of books, 118, 138.
+
+Repair, 106.
+
+Report, annual, 146;
+ of librarian, 145;
+ of trustees, 143.
+
+Request blanks, 45.
+
+Responsibility of borrowers, 120, 138, 157.
+
+Review of reviews, 55.
+
+Rooms, library, 25-26-27.
+
+Rubber stamps, 34, 99.
+
+Rules, accession-book, 30, 77;
+ card catalog, 30, 95-97;
+ for an author and title catalog, condensed, 31;
+ for a dictionary catalog, 31, 97;
+ for binding, 106;
+ for care of books, 75;
+ for government of trustees and employés, 140-145;
+ for handwriting, 69-72;
+ for the care of photographs (Kent), 171-180;
+ for the public, 15, 122, 137-139;
+ library school, 30;
+ shelf-list, 30, 92-93;
+ for planning library buildings (Soule), 25-29.
+
+Sargent's reading for the young, 55.
+
+School card for painting and sculpture, 175-176.
+
+School libraries, 149, 160, 164-165.
+
+Schoolroom libraries, _see_ School libraries.
+
+Schools and libraries, 13, 157-159, 160-162, 164.
+
+Schools, reference books for, 149, 160, 165.
+
+Schools, reference lists for, 115, 157, 161.
+
+Second-hand books, 66, 68.
+
+Secretary of library board, 141.
+
+Selection of books, extra copies, 42, 44;
+ fiction, 41-42;
+ for children, 41;
+ for reference, 39;
+ history, travel, literature, 41;
+ local history, 44;
+ natural science, 43;
+ price, 40, 41;
+ proportion in each department, 43;
+ public documents, 44;
+ rare books, 44, 45;
+ request blanks, 45, 65;
+ suggestions, 39;
+ with reference to the community, 40, 43, 68;
+ _see also_ Buying books.
+
+Series, 66.
+
+Shelf-list cards, 34, 93.
+
+Shelf-list rules, 30, 92, 93.
+
+Shelf-list sheets, 34, 92.
+
+Shelves, for folios and quartos, 27;
+ form, 27;
+ height, 26;
+ size, 27.
+
+Signs, 57, 122.
+
+Size card, 33.
+
+Size letter, 95.
+
+Size notation for photographs, 172, 178, 180.
+
+Size of board of trustees, 17.
+
+Societies, _see_ Clubs.
+
+Sonnenschein, W.S., Best books, 31;
+ readers' guide to contemporaneous literature, 32.
+
+Soule, C.C., Rules for planning library buildings, 25-29;
+ trustees, 17, 19.
+
+Special libraries, 111.
+
+Specialists, 129.
+
+Stafford's ink, 69.
+
+Stacks, 28, 37.
+
+Stamp, embossing, 99,
+ perforating, 99,
+ rubber, 34, 99;
+ rubber, for labeling photographs, 179.
+
+Stamping books, 99, 101.
+
+State library commissions, 149-150, 153.
+
+State library associations, 153.
+
+Storage of photographs, 180.
+
+Study clubs, 168.
+
+Style card for architecture, 177.
+
+Subject card, illustration, 97.
+
+Subject headings, 32, 96-98.
+
+Subject-list, 96.
+
+Supplementary reading for schools, 149, 160.
+
+Supplies, 29-30-34, 36.
+
+Supports, 73.
+
+Tables, 27.
+
+Tax levy for libraries, 147-148.
+
+Teachers' cards, 158.
+
+Teachers, coöperation of, 157-159-160-162.
+
+Teachers' privileges, 138, 158.
+
+Teachers, professional books for, 149.
+
+Things needed in beginning work, 33-34.
+
+Time limit for retaining books, 138.
+
+Title, in accession book, 77;
+ in catalog, 95;
+ on order slip, 64;
+ on shelf-list, 93.
+
+Title card, illustration, 96;
+ for architecture, 176;
+ for painting and sculpture, 174-175.
+
+Title-lists, 96, 115.
+
+Tools, 30-34.
+
+Tools, books as useful, 134.
+
+Trained librarian in a small library (Hopkins), 23-34.
+
+Training classes, 154-155.
+
+Transfer of accounts, 138.
+
+Traveling libraries, 150, 169.
+
+Tray, for book cards, 117;
+ for catalog cards, 98.
+
+Trustees, appointment of, 148;
+ committees, 18, 142;
+ duties, 18;
+ meeting of board of, 140;
+ officers, 18, 141;
+ qualifications, 17;
+ relations with the librarian, 18-19;
+ reports, 143;
+ size of board, 17;
+ term of office, 17, 148.
+
+Two-book system, 120.
+
+Type, size of, 63.
+
+U.S. documents, _see_ Public documents.
+
+University of Illinois state library school, 155.
+
+Varnish for labels, 100.
+
+Vertical hand, 69.
+
+Village library successfully managed (Garfield), 135-136.
+
+Volume entry in accession book, 76.
+
+Wisconsin summer school of library science, 155.
+
+Women on library board, 136.
+
+Women's clubs, 168-169.
+
+Work-number, _see_ Book-number.
+
+World's library congress papers, 32.
+
+Writing _see_ Handwriting.
+
+Young ladies' clubs, 168.
+
+Young men's clubs, 168.
+
+Young people, reading for; _see_ Juvenile books.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Library Primer, by John Cotton Dana
+
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