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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15325-8.txt b/15325-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25f2779 --- /dev/null +++ b/15325-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1426 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 11, 2005 [EBook #15325] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (www.pgdp.net). + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + +TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF "CURRENT EVENTS": + +I take pleasure in announcing that I have purchased the entire +subscription list and good will of _Current Events_, and offer you in its +stead THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, a weekly newspaper for boys and +girls. + +You will receive one number of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD for each +number of _Current Events_ due you on your subscription. I make the +special offer, to send you THE GREAT ROUND WORLD every week until +December 31st, 1897, if you will remit the sum of $1.25 at once. + +My regular subscription price is $2.50. + +If there is any special feature or department of _Current Events_ which +the majority of the subscribers would like to have continued, I will take +great pleasure in arranging for it, and I trust that you may find THE +GREAT ROUND WORLD a satisfactory substitute for _Current Events_. + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. + +[Illustration: Rear Tenements, New York City] + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT] + + VOL. 1 FEBRUARY 18, 1897. NO. 15 + +There is a new cause for supposing that the Treaty with Great Britain will +either be defeated in the Senate, or else delayed for some time to come. + +This new trouble concerns the building of the Nicaragua Canal. + +It seems a remote cause, does it not? but it only shows how closely the +affairs of one nation are bound up with those of all the others. No matter +what our speech, our climate, or our color, we are all a portion of the +great human family, and the good of one is the good of all. + +The Nicaragua Canal is a water-way that will cross the narrow neck of land +that makes Central America. It will connect the Atlantic Ocean with the +Pacific Ocean. + +With the help of such a canal, ships in going to the western coast of +North or South America will not need to make the long and dangerous voyage +around Cape Horn. + +Cape Horn, you will see if you look on your map, is the extreme southerly +point of South America. + +=Copyrighted 1897, By WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.= + +There are so many storms and fogs there, that the Horn, as it is called, +is much dreaded by sailors. + +Since the invention of steam, all the steamships go through the Straits of +Magellan, and save the passage round the Horn; but there is not enough +wind for sailing vessels in the rocky and narrow straits, so they still +have to take the outside passage. + +The Straits of Magellan divide the main continent of South America from a +group of islands, called Tierra del Fuego, and Cape Horn is the most +southerly point of this archipelago. + +The journey down the coast of South America on the east, and up again on +the west, takes such a long time, that the desire for a canal across the +narrow neck of land which joins North and South America has been in men's +minds for many years. + +A railway was built across the Isthmus of Panama to shorten the distance, +and save taking the passage round the Horn. Travellers left their ship at +one side of the Isthmus, and took the train over to the other, where they +went on board another ship, which would take them the rest of their +journey. + +This plan greatly increased the expense of the journey, and the canal was +still so much wanted, that at last the Panama Canal was begun. + +You have all heard about the Panama Canal, which was to do the same work +that the Nicaragua Canal is to do, that is, to connect the Atlantic and +Pacific Oceans. You have probably heard how much time, labor, and human +life was wasted over it, and how much trouble its failure caused in +France. + +This Canal was to cut across the Isthmus at its very narrowest point. It +was worked on for years, every one believing that it would be opened to +ships before very long. Many of the maps and geographies that were printed +in the eighties said that the Panama Canal would be opened in 1888, or at +latest in 1889. + +No one expected what afterward happened. In 1889 the works were stopped +for want of money; the affairs of the Canal were looked into; it was found +that there had been dishonesty and fraud, and in 1892 the great Count +Ferdinand de Lesseps, who built the Suez Canal, and a number of other +prominent Frenchmen, were arrested for dealing dishonestly with the money +subscribed for the Canal. + +There was a dreadful scandal; many of the high French officials had to +give up their positions, and run away for fear of arrest. + +When the whole matter was understood, it was found that, for months before +the work was stopped, the men who had charge of the Canal had decided that +the work would cost such an enormous sum of money that it would be almost +an impossibility to complete it. + +They did not have the honesty to let this be known, but allowed people to +go on subscribing money, a part of which they put in their own pockets, +and spent the rest in bribing the French newspapers not to tell the truth +about the Canal. + +The worst of it was, that the money which had been subscribed was not from +rich people, who would feel its loss very little, but from poor people, +who put their savings, and the money they were storing away for their old +age, into the Canal; and when they lost it, it meant misery and poverty to +them. + +So the Panama Canal failed. + +But the project of making a canal was not given up. Two years before the +idea of digging at Panama had been thought of, the ground where the +Nicaragua Canal is being built had been surveyed, and thought better +suited to the purpose than Panama. + +The reason for this was, that at Panama a long and deep cut had to be made +through the mountains. This had to be done by blasting, in much the same +way that the rocks are cleared away to build houses. This is a long and +tedious work. + +The Nicaragua Canal will be 159 miles long, while the Panama, if it is +ever completed, will be only 59 miles; but of these 159 miles, 117 are +through the Nicaragua Lake and the San Juan River--water-ways already made +by nature. For the remaining distance, there are other river-beds that +will be used, and only 21 miles will actually have to be cut through. + +The main objection to this route for the Canal is, that there is a volcano +on an island in the Nicaragua Lake, and there are always fears of +eruptions and earthquakes in the neighborhood of volcanoes. A great +eruption of the volcano might change the course of a river, or alter the +face of the country so much, that the Canal might have to be largely +remade. + +The building of this Canal will cost hundreds of millions of dollars--two +hundred millions, it is said. + +Nicaragua is not a rich-enough country to be able to pay for this, and it +is here that the subject touches the closest interests of other countries, +and is serious enough to overthrow a much-desired treaty. + +If the Canal is to be built, it must be built by a country rich enough to +pay for it. + +The country which builds the Canal will have the right to collect a toll +from every vessel passing through, and also to defend it, and prevent the +ships of an enemy from using it. + +The United States is naturally anxious to be the country that controls the +Canal. But England does not appear to want us to have entire control. + +England owns the greater part of the Suez Canal, which joins the +Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. This Canal, you will see by looking at +the map, makes a short cut to Asia, and saves ships the long journey round +Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. + +England finds this Canal very useful; it makes a great deal of money for +her, and she would like to have just as large a share of the Nicaragua +Canal That is at least what the Senators say. + +When the Treaty was mentioned in the Senate, Senator Morgan at once +demanded that his Nicaragua Canal Bill should be acted upon. + +His bill provides that the United States Government shall furnish the +money for the Canal, and in return shall own nearly the whole of it, and +have the right to say who shall have charge of its affairs. + +No sooner had his request been made in the Senate, than a protest came +from Mr. Rodriguez, the Minister for the Greater Republic of South +America, who was received by President Cleveland a week or two ago. + +He said that Nicaragua would not consent to any such arrangement, and +would not allow the United States to have so much control of the Canal. He +added that if Senator Morgan's bill were passed, Nicaragua would not allow +the building of the Canal to go on without entirely new arrangements. + +The Senators are very angry about this. They think that Nicaragua has +been told to say this by England, to prevent the matter of the Canal being +settled before the Arbitration Treaty is made with England. + +They say if the Treaty is accepted in its present form, and ratified +before the Nicaragua Canal Bill is passed, England will have the right to +take a hand in the Canal question. + +An interest in the Nicaragua Canal would give England a right to use both +the short water-ways of the world, and, with her great navy, it would give +her rights that might be very dangerous to us. + +The excitement about the Canal has taken away all hope of the Treaty being +acted upon by Congress this session. When it does come up, the Senators +intend to have it so worded that the Nicaraguan affairs cannot be +interfered with by England. + +The idea of the Treaty seemed a splendid thing for us, and all lovers of +peace will grieve if some satisfactory understanding is not arrived at; +but we must not neglect our own best interests. + + * * * * * + +There is a good deal being said about King Oscar of Sweden and Norway +being chosen as the umpire, in case the members of the Arbitration +Committee are unable to agree. + +Many people are saying that King Oscar would not make a fair umpire, and +that he would lean to the side of England in every matter that came up. + +A treaty was made in Stockholm, in 1855, between Sweden and Norway, and +France and England, which they say binds King Oscar to agree with England. + +This treaty said that the King of Sweden agreed not to sell to Russia, or +allow her to use, any portion of his kingdom; and that if Russia made any +offers for land, the King of Sweden was to tell England and France at +once. + +England and France, in return for this, promised to help Sweden with men +and ships in case of any trouble with Russia. + +This treaty is not binding any longer. France has put it aside, and has +made friends with Russia on her own account. It would not be possible for +her to keep to her agreement if she wished to. + +The old agreement being broken, England and Sweden will have to make a new +one, to bind them together again. + +Nothing has been heard of such a treaty, so it is to be supposed that none +exists. + +In this case, there is no reason why Oscar of Sweden should not be the +umpire chosen. + +It would, of course, be more agreeable to us if the umpire were not a +European ruler. England would be sure to object to an American umpire, and +neither Asia nor Africa could give us a person capable of filling the +office, so it looks very much as though the only person to be found, who +understands diplomacy well enough to be of use, would be a European +sovereign. + +If the umpire must be such a person, King Oscar of Sweden is the most +desirable of them all. + +He is, besides, almost the only European ruler who is free to accept the +office. + +The royal families of Germany, Russia, Denmark, and Greece are all related +to England, and therefore could not be chosen. Austria and Italy are too +hemmed in by other countries, and too much bound by treaties, to be free +to give any decision that might offend Europe. + +Sweden and Norway are cut off from the rest of Europe by the Baltic Sea, +and for this reason have not needed to burden themselves with as many ties +as the other powers of the Continent. + +King Oscar is moreover a quiet, sensible man, who would be likely to help +the Committee to arrive at wise and just conclusions. + +There is another advantage in choosing King Oscar. The royal family of +Sweden is only eighty years old, and has not those centuries of traditions +behind it, which make other royal houses so difficult to deal with. + +Oscar II., the present King, is the grandson of the famous French Marshal, +Bernadotte, for whom Napoleon secured the throne of Sweden and Norway. + +He is a man who loves learning, and encourages clever people, and is very +simple in his ways. + +His eldest son, Prince Oscar, wished to marry one of the ladies of his +mother's household, Lady Ebba Munck, but she was not a person of +sufficient rank to marry the heir to a throne. + +A prince, you know, cannot marry any one he chooses. There are very strict +laws about this, and the marriage of a prince is not considered a marriage +at all, unless his wife is of royal blood. + +King Oscar told his son that the marriage was impossible, but when Prince +Oscar said he would rather give up his right to the throne than the lady +he loved, King Oscar permitted him to do so, and made a special decree, +allowing the marriage of his son with Lady Ebba. + +King Oscar could have prevented this if he had chosen, and it must have +caused him much pain to have his eldest son give up his right to the +throne, and to know that, if he and all his other sons died, neither +Prince Oscar nor any of his sons could ever come to the throne because of +this marriage. But he loved his son better than his pride, and so Prince +Oscar married Lady Ebba, and Prince Carl will be King of Sweden and Norway +when his father dies. + +Oscar of Sweden did a most kind and amiable thing for some of our +countrymen last year. + +A party of Americans were travelling in Norway, and two of them, Mr. and +Mrs. Youmans, of New York, were drowned in one of the lakes. They were +driving, and the horses becoming frightened, backed over the bank into the +water. + +Both Mr. and Mrs. Youmans were much respected and loved, their goodness +and charity were unbounded, and much sorrow was felt when the news of +their dreadful end was cabled to this country. + +King Oscar not only expressed his sorrow for the accident, but ordered +that a marble monument should be placed on the spot where they had met +their death. + +During the twenty-seven years that Oscar has been on the throne, his +country has been peaceful and prosperous. + + * * * * * + +From Cuba, the news comes that another gunboat has been captured. + +The story of the capture is that the boat, the _Cometa_, had been sent to +a certain post on the coast to prevent the landing of any filibustering +parties. + +The Cubans found that the vessel anchored at night, at a spot from which +she could easily be attacked from the shore. + +[Illustration: Attack on Spanish Gunboat.] + +One night they opened fire on the vessel, struck her in several places, +and damaged her. During the confusion on the ship, several boat-loads of +Cubans put off from the shore and boarded the _Cometa_. + +A terrible fight took place. The commander and half the sailors were +killed, and the rest surrendered. The Cubans then burned the vessel. + +This news comes from the Cuban side. + +The Spaniards deny that any such fight took place, and the Admiral of the +fleet declares that he will have the _Cometa_ come into Havana harbor, +with all her flags flying, to show that she has not been burned. + +It is so difficult to get at the truth of these reports. + +The news of General Weyler is, that he has left Havana once more, and is +marching through the western end of the island, to convince himself, and +the authorities in Spain, that the rebellion is over, and the island has +been pacified. + +He declares that he has not met a single Cuban in all his marches, that +there are no insurgents round Havana, and that sugar-grinding will be +begun very shortly. + +This is what General Weyler says of himself. + +The Cubans, on their side, say that it is true that Weyler never sees any +of the rebels, for the simple reason that he knows perfectly well where +they are, and carefully avoids going anywhere near them. + +They had a great plot laid to make him aware of their presence. + +They prepared an ambush for him--which means that they set a trap for him. +Weyler was walking into it, and in a few minutes would have been +surrounded by the Cubans, who had planned to take him prisoner, when +unfortunately one of the Cuban guns went off. The Spaniards were instantly +warned that they were in danger, made a hasty retreat, and the Cubans lost +their prize. + +The Cubans are in strong force round Havana; they are further than ever +from being pacified; the rebellion is by no means over, and Weyler's +telegrams are not deceiving any one any more. + +The General is not in favor in Spain, his reports are no longer believed, +and he will most likely be ordered home before long, and some one else be +sent to Cuba in his stead. + +Spain is in a very unhappy state at present. The people are angry at +having spent so much money, and wasted so many lives, over the wars in +Cuba and the Philippine Islands, without arriving at any result, and they +are blaming the Government for not trying to bring about peace. + +It is more than likely that a change in the government will soon take +place. + +The present Government is very angry with Weyler, because it has come to +light that many of the marches he has cabled about to Spain have not been +made at all. He has taken the train wherever he could, and if he has seen +no bands of insurgents from the car windows he has telegraphed that peace +was restored, and no more rebels were to be found in the province. + +The latest news of all is, that the Spanish Government in Madrid is +preparing a paper which will be sent to Cuba very shortly. It offers the +Cubans Home Rule, and gives them a great many rights that they do not now +possess. + +While the Cubans are pleased at this, they have not much faith in the +offer, and say that unless the United States promises to see that Spain +carries out her promises, they will not consider the offer at all. + +The principal Cubans are waiting to see the actual paper before they say +much about it. + +In the mean while, many of the Spanish soldiers are deserting from their +own ranks, and going over to the Cuban side. + +The Spaniards have been offering every inducement to get the Cubans to +desert, and go over to them, but hardly any have done so--the only person +of importance being the infamous Dr. Zertuccha, who betrayed Maceo. + +A telegram from Havana says that a major in the Spanish army, with 100 men +and 50,000 rounds of ammunition, joined General Gomez the other day. At +Puerto Principe, a Spanish colonel, with a whole company of well-armed +men, also went over to the Cubans. + +The Cubans think this is a very favorable sign for them, and look for a +speedy end to the war. + + * * * * * + +The filibustering steamers _Three Friends_ and _Dauntless_ have been +released. + +Their owners have had to promise to give them up again whenever they are +wanted. They have also had to give the court some money, which they will +lose if the ships are not brought back when the court calls for them. + +If the cases of piracy and filibustering against them are found to be +true, the ships will become the property of the Government, and the owners +will lose them altogether. + +The United States cruiser _Montgomery_ has been ordered to Key West, to +prevent filibustering parties going over to Cuba, and the _Raleigh_, which +has been doing this duty, has gone to be repaired. + + * * * * * + +People who are interested in the comfort of the poor of New York are very +glad to know that some dreadful rear tenement houses in Mott Street are to +be taken away by order of the Board of Health. + +We all read about tenement houses, and we all feel sorry that many of the +houses for the poor to live in are not as comfortably built as they might +be. + +Very few of us know the discomforts that the poor have to endure, who are +obliged to live in the old, badly planned tenement-houses. + +Poor people must live near their work, because they cannot afford to pay +car-fares back and forth every day. So the tenement-houses are generally +built in neighborhoods where the work is being done, and people have to +take them clean or dirty, well or badly built, because they must make +their home in that neighborhood. + +In some of the older and poorer tenements, many families live on the same +floor; they are crowded together in the most dreadful manner, and instead +of having plenty of light, air, and water to help make them endurable, +they have little or none of any of these necessary things. + +In these houses the want of water is one of the greatest evils. Instead of +giving each tenement a nice sink, and a water-boiler at the back of the +stove, so that people can have hot and cold water all the time, there is +no water put into any of the rooms. + +Outside on the landing there is water, and a rough sink, which the tenants +of each floor use in common. They have to go into the hall to fetch every +drop of water they use, and this is the only place they have to empty the +dirty water away. + +In some houses the sinks are not on every floor, and in these, the poor +women have to drag their heavy buckets of water up and down the stairs. + +The tenements are not heated. Each tenant has to keep his own rooms warm. + +Every drop of warm water they need for cooking or washing has first to be +boiled over the stove, and so the poor are forced to use a great deal more +coal than more well-to-do people need. + +It is not because they don't pay the landlords enough rent that the poor +have no comforts in their homes. So many families can be packed into one +floor, that landlords find tenement-houses pay them extremely well. + +Many of the tenement-houses have been allowed to get so dilapidated, that +the Board of Health has taken the matter in hand, and has been trying to +make the landlord have them properly drained, and cleaned, and repaired. + +It came to the knowledge of this board that there were some rear tenements +in Mott Street, which were in a frightful condition. + +They had been built at the back of some houses fronting on Mott +Street--in fact, they had been put in the little spot of ground that had +been the yard belonging to the front houses. + +They came up so close to the front buildings that, by stretching out your +arms, you could almost touch the front wall of one house and the back wall +of the other. The actual distance apart was a little over seven feet. + +This would have been bad enough, but worse was to come. After a time, +warehouses were built over the surrounding back yards, and at last these +poor tenements had brick walls round their sides and backs, to within +eight inches of the windows, and all the light they got was given them by +the seven-foot court that divided them from the houses in front. + +Just imagine the darkness and the stuffiness of these rooms. Think how +awful they must have been in the summer, with not a breath of air reaching +them from any quarter. The tenants were obliged to go up to the roof and +sleep there, for the rooms were unbearable. + +The people who lived on the lower floors paid less rent than those on the +top, because when you got up to the top floor there was a faint glimmer of +daylight. + +The tenants were put to the expense of burning lights all day long, +because neither sun nor light could reach them. + +When the Board of Health found out about these horrible places, and +learned that little children were being born and brought up in them, an +order was at once given that the rear tenements should be torn down. + +But the owner objected. He tried to pretend that his houses were fit for +people to live in, and went to law to prevent the Board of Health from +interfering. + +This was last September. Ever since then the matter has been in the courts +before the judge. + +People have still been living in these awful dens, getting sick, and +losing their children, and spending more money for doctors and medicine +than would have paid their car-fare to healthier and more comfortable +homes. + +The court has at last decided that these rear tenements are dangerous and +unhealthy, and the Board of Health will have them pulled down in a very +short time. + +Many of our wealthy people wish so sincerely that poor people should have +more comforts, that they are spending their money in building beautiful +model tenement-houses, which will give the tenants every possible comfort +for the same amount of money that they now have to pay for the dark, +wretched places they live in. + +One gentleman, Mr. D.O. Mills, felt so sorry for the men who had no homes, +and were obliged to take board in these wretched tenements, that he is +building a model lodging-house for them. + +This house is down-town, where the men need it. It is large enough for +1,500 men to sleep in, and for each to have a comfortable room to himself. + +The house is to be heated throughout, and there are to be elevators to +take the men upstairs. The arrangements for washing and bathing are +splendid, there is any amount of hot and cold water, and a laundry, with +all the newest arrangements for washing and drying clothes quickly, where +the men can go and wash their own clothes, and have them clean for the +morning. + +There are also comfortable rooms, where the men can read and write and +play games. All the books and papers and games will be ready for them in +the rooms, for it is Mr. Mills' wish to make the lodging-house a home to +the men, so they may find their amusement at home, and not be tempted to +go to saloons. + +All they are to be charged is twenty cents a night. For this they will +have all the comfort, warmth, and cleanliness that a man could wish for. + +There is to be a restaurant in the house, where the lodgers can buy their +meals. Their food will not be given them for the twenty cents, but it will +be made as cheap as possible, and will be of the best kind, and cooked in +the nicest way. + +It is to be hoped Mr. Mills' experiment will be such a success, that many +others will follow his example. This lodging-house is on Bleecker Street, +and work is already commenced on it. + + * * * * * + +A sailor who has just come back from Japan brings word that sixteen +American sailors are in prison in Siberia for trying to kill Russian +seals, and carry away their fur to market. + +The story the man tells is that in October, 1895, the American schooner +_Saitans_ was cruising in the Okhotsk Sea, off the Siberian coast. Some of +the men landed on an island, and while they were ashore a heavy gale +sprang up, and, to save herself, the _Saitans_ put out to sea, leaving the +men behind. + +They remained where they were for five days, and then they were found by a +Russian man-of-war. They were accused of trying to catch seals, and were +sent to prison for five months. + +The following May, one of the United States cruisers went to the port +where the men were imprisoned, and the officers saw them. + +The men begged the officers to do something for them, because they had +been told that when their five months' imprisonment was over, they were to +be arrested again, and sent back to prison once more. + +The officers asked the police about this, and were told that it was all +nonsense; the five months would be up in a few weeks, and the men set at +liberty. The officers were satisfied that this was the truth, and went +away. + +But when the five months were up, the sailors found that their fears were +only too well grounded. They were rearrested, and sent back to prison for +eighteen months. + +The sailor who brings this news says that, when he reached the port where +the men are imprisoned, he managed to be taken to see them, and found them +working on some Russian fortifications. + +He says the men were very unhappy, and had almost lost their courage. +Their second sentence will not be over till October, and they are afraid +that they will be rearrested, and imprisoned once more, unless something +is done for them. + +They declare that it was not their fault that they were on the island. +They insist that they were doing no harm, and their vessel put back to sea +and left them in their unhappy position. + + G.H.R. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +A New York newspaper has been making some experiments in signalling ships +at night, which, if as successful as it is claimed to be, will be of the +greatest service to sailors for all time to come. + +Ships have a regular way of talking to one another, by means of flags +arranged in certain ways. + +This form of signalling is comprehended by all sailors. It is a universal +language, and no matter from what country or in what seas ships may be +sailing, the language of the flags makes it possible for them to be +understood. + +There has been one difficulty with the flag-signals, and that has been +that they were useless at night. When it became too dark for the flags to +be seen, sailors had no other means of communication. + +The New York paper claims to have overcome this difficulty. + +In saying that ships have no means of communicating with each other, it +must not be forgotten that they can use lights and send certain messages +with them. But the flag system enables them to say exactly what they wish +to, while through the lights they can only show where they are, and call +for help in case of accident. + +The invention of the searchlight set men thinking, and at last the idea +struck one man that if the searchlight were turned on the flags, it ought +to be perfectly possible to see them in the darkest night. + +A few nights ago two tugs went down to Sandy Hook to try if the experiment +would work. To their great delight they found it did answer perfectly. +The tugs were stationed about a mile and a half apart, and could read with +ease the messages waved across the water. + +More experiments will be made, and if on further trial the method is found +to be practical, a great advance will have been made in navigation. + +From Amsterdam, another report comes of a method that has been invented, +to enable ships to speak directly with the shore at a distance of five +miles. + +This invention is in the nature of a powerful foghorn. It is, however, +made somewhat like a musical instrument, so that different tones can be +produced by it; and the idea is to have these tones arranged into a +signalling code, after the fashion of the flag-signals, so that a +conversation can be kept up in a similar way to that done with flags. +G.H.R. + + + + +LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS. + + +We have had a very large and interesting mail this week from the young +friends of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. + +We take pleasure in acknowledging and publishing R.R.'s graphic and clever +description of the fire near Wanamaker's in Philadelphia, Helen Z.C.'s +pleasant chat about a Chicago suburb, and Seymour U.P.'s nice little note +from Saranac Lake. + +We also acknowledge the receipt of relief maps for the competition from +Adrian Van A. and Harriot M., of Brooklyn. + + DEAR EDITOR: + + I have just arrived home from school. I wish to tell you of the + very large fire down-town. I go to school about one block from + where the fire was. The fire started in a grocery store + belonging to Hanson Brothers, about 7:30 o'clock. This grocery + is No. 1317 Market Street. From there the fire spread to an + umbrella store, which had the numbers 1309 to 1313 Market + Street. From there a spark set fire to Wanamaker's store; it + started there in the large clock tower, which soon after was a + mass of flames. It fell with a loud crash soon after. The fire + spread to the woodwork of the City Hall, where it was soon put + out. + + Wishing your magazine years of success, I am + Your reader, R.R. + + PHILA., Jan. 25th., 1897. + + + DEAR EDITOR: + + I like THE GREAT ROUND WORLD very much, and anticipate + their coming. + + I receive them from my auntie of New York City. She reads them + first, and then sends them to me. + + They are very enjoyable, and as I am just in the interesting + part of school, they help me very much. Perhaps you would like + to know where Maywood is. It is a suburb of Chicago. + + A very pretty place, and so much nicer than living in the city, + because here we have fresh air and green grass. + + Would you not rather live in the country? + + We have a park here which is kept in order by the town + authorities. This winter they have flooded it, and made a very + nice skating pond, which is free to all. + + So after school hours we boys and girls have a bonny time. + + Hoping to receive an answer, I remain, + Yours affectionately, HELEN Z.C. + + P.S.--These "Sylvia's Caramels" you speak of in No. 3 are what + we call "Fudges." + + They are _very_ nice. We make them often. + + MAYWOOD, ILL., Jan. 25th, 1897. + + + TO THE EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD: + + I am an enthusiastic reader of your most interesting little + paper, and would like you to send me a "Who? When? and What?" + chart. + + I am up in the mountains for the winter, and there is fine + skating and tobogganing here, and I have also a fine big snow + house. We belong to the "Pontiac Club," and can therefore skate + whenever we want. Wishing your paper much success. I remain + + Your fond reader, SEYMOUR U.P. + + SARANAC LAKE, N.Y., Jan. 22d, 1897. + + +In reply to questions from Miss Lena Penn: + +George du Maurier died in London, October 8, 1896, of heart disease. + +There is a statue of Hans Christian Andersen in the market-place of +Copenhagen. He was the author of the famous Fairy Tales which have given +so much pleasure to so many millions of children. + +If there are any statistics of the population of the earth since Adam, we +are unaware of them. + +The population of the earth, estimated in 1891, was 1,487,900,000. + +At the death of the Emperor Augustus, the population of the earth was +estimated at 54,000,000. + + DEAR MR. EDITOR: + + My father receives your little paper, THE GREAT ROUND + WORLD, every week. I like it real well, and all the rest of + the people and children I have let take one of the copies liked + it so well I let them take more copies. I think it a very nice + little paper, and wish you success. I send you the following + extract, taken from "Wit and Wisdom," showing that the X-rays + are not a recent discovery altogether. + + THOMAS C. SCOTT. + BINGHAMTON, N.Y., Jan. 25th., 1897. + + "Dr. Milio, the celebrated surgeon of Kieff, while on a visit to + St. Petersburg, explained the means he had invented for + illuminating the body by means of the electric light to such an + extent that the human machine may be observed almost as if skin + and flesh were transparent. The Moscow _Gazette_ asserts that to + demonstrate the feasibility of his process, Dr. Milio placed a + bullet inside his mouth, and then lighted up his face, upon + which the bullet became distinctly visible through his cheek. + Dr. Milio did not propose to lay bare all the secrets of the + flesh, to explore the recesses of the heart, or to perform any + miracles, physical or metaphysical. But he claimed to have + discovered a new and effective way of dealing with gun-shot + wounds: first, by means of electric illumination, he discovered + the precise situation of the bullet; next, by means of + magnetism, he proposed to extract the bullet, provided always + that the bullet contained some portion of steel. Against leaden + bullets his system is powerless, and he therefore intended to + represent to the International Committee, which met at Geneva, + the desirability of recommending an admixture of steel in the + manufacture of all future bullets. Dr. Milio's experiments with + bullets containing only a slight admixture of steel are said to + have been thoroughly successful." + + +DEAR THOMAS: + +Your letter is very interesting. + +It has long been known that it is possible to see through matter if we +only knew just how. The X-ray has shown us the way. + + THE EDITOR. + + + TO THE EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD: + + In your edition of Jan. 21st, 1897, you wrote of the swallowing + up by the sea of Robinson Crusoe's Island, or the island of Juan + Fernandez. Now I have always heard this island called "Robinson + Crusoe's Island," and I think the reason is, that Alexander + Selkirk was cast away there, and on his adventures the story of + Robinson Crusoe was written by Daniel Defoe. But I have read + "Robinson Crusoe," and the island as described by him cannot be + the Island of Juan Fernandez, but must be one of the Windward + Islands in the Caribbean Sea, off the mouth of the great Orinoco + River in South America, and I think is the Island of Tobago; + this best fits the careful description of Daniel Defoe. + + In Crusoe's first exploration of the island he says: + + "I came in view of the sea to the west, and it being a very + clear day, I fairly descried land,... extending from the W. to + the W.S.W.... It could not be less than fifteen or twenty + leagues off." + + There is no land situated W.S.W. from Juan Fernandez. W.S.W. + from the island of Tobago lies the great island of Trinidad. + When Crusoe attempts to sail around the island he says: + + "I perceived a strong and most furious current." + + This could be no other than the current from the mouth of the + great Orinoco River. + + But what settles the matter is that after Crusoe had taught + Friday to speak English, he had a conversation with him, in + which Crusoe asks Friday: + + "How far it was from our island to the shore, and whether the + canoes were not often lost. He told me there was no danger; no + canoes ever lost; but after a little way out to sea, there was a + current and wind always one way in the morning, the other in the + afternoon. This I understood to be no more than the sets of the + tide, as going out or coming in; but I afterward understood it + was occasioned by the great draft and reflux of the mighty river + Oroonoko, in the mouth of which river, as I thought afterwards, + our island lay; and that this land which I perceived to the + W.S.W. was the great island Trinidad." + + I like your GREAT ROUND WORLD, Mr. Editor, but I like + Robinson Crusoe, too. I like to know just where he was cast + away, and hope if I am right you will tell other boys who read + "Robinson Crusoe" the true place, where Daniel Defoe describes + poor Crusoe as living all those weary years. + + EDGAR B. + Aged twelve years. + CHICAGO, ILL. + +MY DEAR YOUNG FRIEND: + +After the very careful work you have done on Robinson Crusoe, and the +evident affection you have for him, it seems a shame to have to tell you +that no such person as Crusoe existed. + +As we told in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, No. 11, a Scotchman named +Alexander Selkirk was put ashore on the island of Juan Fernandez, and +lived there four years and four months. + +When he was rescued and brought back to England, he wrote an account of +his life there. + +An English writer named Daniel Defoe saw this book of Selkirk's, and +thought it would make a wonderful story if it was well handled. Selkirk's +was a mere statement of what had happened to him, and while intensely +interesting, was not written to amuse people. + +Defoe created an imaginary person, whom he called Robinson Crusoe, dressed +up Selkirk's facts to suit the purpose of his story, and wrote the +wonderful and undying story of Robinson Crusoe. + +His geographical facts, no doubt, were purposely altered from Selkirk's, +and were made as graphic as possible, in order to add the semblance of +truth to his story. In the early years of the seventeenth century +geography was very little understood. The connection between Selkirk's +sufferings on Juan Fernandez, and the adventures of Robinson Crusoe have +always been so thoroughly understood that, as you read in your GREAT +ROUND WORLD, the island of Juan Fernandez has been called Crusoe's +Island, and Selkirk's cave and hut, Crusoe's. THE EDITOR. + + + EDITOR GREAT ROUND WORLD. + + DEAR SIR:--Your article on salting streets has greatly + roused your subscriber, my small son. + + Will you kindly tell him, through your magazine, _how_ the + children may help abate the terrible cruelty? What _action_ do + you suggest for them? He has interested a number of lads in the + subject, but does not know how to put forth effort--when the + discovery is made that the law is violated. + + Complain to party giving offence, to police, or what? + + Your magazine is warmly appreciated in this household by old and + young, and we hope for its continued prosperity. + + Very truly, + D.K. LIPPINCOTT'S MOTHER. + 194 FAIRMOUNT AVENUE, NEWARK, N.J. + + +DEAR MASTER LIPPINCOTT: + +I am delighted that you and your little friends are interested in the +matter of salting the streets, and that you are eager to put a stop to +such cruelty. + +In the first place, you can help by telling every one about it, and by +getting people, old and young, interested. Do you know that not one person +to whom I have spoken about it--aside from Dr. Johnson, the people at the +A.S.P.C.A., and Mr. Harison--knew anything about it? Strange, was it not? +A good many things are permitted because people do not know just how +dreadful they are. + +As to the method of learning just where salt has been used, I know only +the one of which the article tells you, and that is: if there is snow or +ice in other places, and the tracks are covered with water, then you may +know that there is a reason for it. And inasmuch as the water would be +twenty degrees below freezing, I believe that you could determine the +presence of salt by means of the mercury. If you had a thermometer which +would register that number of degrees, and were to plunge it into the +slush, the sensitive mercury would tell the story. + +As to the person to whom you should complain: at any of the offices of the +Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The New York Society is +at 10 East 22d Street, and there are branches or agents of the Society in +nearly every town of importance. + + Yours sincerely, + IZORA C. CHANDLER. + + + + +BOOK REVIEWS. + + +The editor is pleased to acknowledge the following clever account of Nora +Perry's "A Flock of Boys and Girls," published by Little, Brown & Co., +Boston. + + TO THE EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD: + + If any one wants to read an interesting book, I will tell you + one of Nora Perry's books, called "A Flock of Girls and Boys." + It is a collection of short stories, and tells of the scrapes + they got into and how they got out of them, and it has the + language boys and girls use every day. There is one story that I + was especially impressed with: the name of it is "Major Molly's + Christmas Promise." It was about a little girl who made a + promise to a little Indian girl; and she kept her promise; and + in doing that, although she did not know it, saved her mother's + and father's life, besides her friends having to go to war. + + MADELEINE H.P. + + + + +SIMPLE LESSONS IN THE + +STUDY OF NATURE + +By I.G. OAKLEY + + +This is a handy little book, which many a teacher who is looking for means +to offer children genuine nature study may be thankful to get hold of. + +Nature lessons, to be entitled to that name, must deal with what can be +handled and scrutinized at leisure by the child, pulled apart, and even +wasted. This can be done with the objects discussed in this book; they are +under the feet of childhood--grass, feathers, a fallen leaf, a budding +twig, or twisted shell; these things cannot be far out of the way, even +within the stony limits of a city. + +Nor are the lessons haphazard dashes at the nearest living thing; on the +contrary, they are virtually fundamental, whether with respect to their +relation to some of the classified sciences, or with reference to the +development of thought and power of expression in the child himself. + +The illustrations are few, and scarcely more than figures; it is not meant +to be a pretty picture-book, yet is most clearly and beautifully printed +and arranged, for its material is to be that out of which pictures are +made. It will be found full of suggestions of practical value to teachers +who are carrying the miscellaneous work of ungraded schools, and who have +the unspeakable privilege of dealing with their pupils untrammelled by +cast-iron methods and account-keeping examination records. + +=_Sample copy, 50 Cents, post-paid_= + + * * * * * + + =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON + 3 & 5 W. 18th St. ··· New York City= + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15325-8.txt or 15325-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/3/2/15325/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (www.pgdp.net). + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 11, 2005 [EBook #15325] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (www.pgdp.net). + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357"></a></p> +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.jpg" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + + + + + +<p><span class='smcap'>To the Subscribers of "Current Events":</span></p> + +<p>I take pleasure in announcing that I have purchased the entire +subscription list and good will of <i>Current Events</i>, and offer you in its +stead <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span>, a weekly newspaper for boys and +girls.</p> + +<p>You will receive one number of <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span> for each +number of <i>Current Events</i> due you on your subscription. I make the +special offer, to send you <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span> every week until +December 31st, 1897, if you will remit the sum of $1.25 at once.</p> + +<p>My regular subscription price is $2.50.</p> + +<p>If there is any special feature or department of <i>Current Events</i> which +the majority of the subscribers would like to have continued, I will take +great pleasure in arranging for it, and I trust that you may find <span class='smcap'>The +Great Round World</span> a satisfactory substitute for <i>Current Events</i>.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">W</span><span class='smcap'>illiam Beverley Harison.</span><br /> +<a name="Page_358" id="Page_358" ></a></p> +<p class="center"><b>Copyrighted 1897, By <span class='smcap'>William Beverley Harison.</span></b></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/2.jpg"><img src="./images/2-tb.jpg" alt="Rear Tenements, New York City" title="Rear Tenements, New York City" /></a><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359" ></a></p> + + + +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.jpg" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + +<h3> +<span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1 <span class='smcap'>February</span> 18, 1897. <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 15<br /> +</h3> + +<p>There is a new cause for supposing that the Treaty with Great Britain will +either be defeated in the Senate, or else delayed for some time to come.</p> + +<p>This new trouble concerns the building of the Nicaragua Canal.</p> + +<p>It seems a remote cause, does it not? but it only shows how closely the +affairs of one nation are bound up with those of all the others. No matter +what our speech, our climate, or our color, we are all a portion of the +great human family, and the good of one is the good of all.</p> + +<p>The Nicaragua Canal is a water-way that will cross the narrow neck of land +that makes Central America. It will connect the Atlantic Ocean with the +Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>With the help of such a canal, ships in going to the western coast of +North or South America will not need to make the long and dangerous voyage +around Cape Horn.</p> + +<p>Cape Horn, you will see if you look on your map, is the extreme southerly +point of South America.</p> + + +<p><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360" ></a>There are so many storms and fogs there, that the Horn, as it is called, +is much dreaded by sailors.</p> + +<p>Since the invention of steam, all the steamships go through the Straits of +Magellan, and save the passage round the Horn; but there is not enough +wind for sailing vessels in the rocky and narrow straits, so they still +have to take the outside passage.</p> + +<p>The Straits of Magellan divide the main continent of South America from a +group of islands, called Tierra del Fuego, and Cape Horn is the most +southerly point of this archipelago.</p> + +<p>The journey down the coast of South America on the east, and up again on +the west, takes such a long time, that the desire for a canal across the +narrow neck of land which joins North and South America has been in men's +minds for many years.</p> + +<p>A railway was built across the Isthmus of Panama to shorten the distance, +and save taking the passage round the Horn. Travellers left their ship at +one side of the Isthmus, and took the train over to the other, where they +went on board another ship, which would take them the rest of their +journey.</p> + +<p>This plan greatly increased the expense of the journey, and the canal was +still so much wanted, that at last the Panama Canal was begun.</p> + +<p>You have all heard about the Panama Canal, which was to do the same work +that the Nicaragua Canal is to do, that is, to connect the Atlantic and +Pacific Oceans. You have probably heard how much time, labor, and human +life was wasted over it, and how much trouble its failure caused in +France.</p> + +<p>This Canal was to cut across the Isthmus at its very narrowest point. It +was worked on for years, every one believing that it would be opened to<a name="Page_361" id="Page_361" ></a> +ships before very long. Many of the maps and geographies that were printed +in the eighties said that the Panama Canal would be opened in 1888, or at +latest in 1889.</p> + +<p>No one expected what afterward happened. In 1889 the works were stopped +for want of money; the affairs of the Canal were looked into; it was found +that there had been dishonesty and fraud, and in 1892 the great Count +Ferdinand de Lesseps, who built the Suez Canal, and a number of other +prominent Frenchmen, were arrested for dealing dishonestly with the money +subscribed for the Canal.</p> + +<p>There was a dreadful scandal; many of the high French officials had to +give up their positions, and run away for fear of arrest.</p> + +<p>When the whole matter was understood, it was found that, for months before +the work was stopped, the men who had charge of the Canal had decided that +the work would cost such an enormous sum of money that it would be almost +an impossibility to complete it.</p> + +<p>They did not have the honesty to let this be known, but allowed people to +go on subscribing money, a part of which they put in their own pockets, +and spent the rest in bribing the French newspapers not to tell the truth +about the Canal.</p> + +<p>The worst of it was, that the money which had been subscribed was not from +rich people, who would feel its loss very little, but from poor people, +who put their savings, and the money they were storing away for their old +age, into the Canal; and when they lost it, it meant misery and poverty to +them.</p> + +<p>So the Panama Canal failed.<a name="Page_362" id="Page_362" ></a></p> + +<p>But the project of making a canal was not given up. Two years before the +idea of digging at Panama had been thought of, the ground where the +Nicaragua Canal is being built had been surveyed, and thought better +suited to the purpose than Panama.</p> + +<p>The reason for this was, that at Panama a long and deep cut had to be made +through the mountains. This had to be done by blasting, in much the same +way that the rocks are cleared away to build houses. This is a long and +tedious work.</p> + +<p>The Nicaragua Canal will be 159 miles long, while the Panama, if it is +ever completed, will be only 59 miles; but of these 159 miles, 117 are +through the Nicaragua Lake and the San Juan River—water-ways already made +by nature. For the remaining distance, there are other river-beds that +will be used, and only 21 miles will actually have to be cut through.</p> + +<p>The main objection to this route for the Canal is, that there is a volcano +on an island in the Nicaragua Lake, and there are always fears of +eruptions and earthquakes in the neighborhood of volcanoes. A great +eruption of the volcano might change the course of a river, or alter the +face of the country so much, that the Canal might have to be largely +remade.</p> + +<p>The building of this Canal will cost hundreds of millions of dollars—two +hundred millions, it is said.</p> + +<p>Nicaragua is not a rich-enough country to be able to pay for this, and it +is here that the subject touches the closest interests of other countries, +and is serious enough to overthrow a much-desired treaty.</p> + +<p>If the Canal is to be built, it must be built by a country rich enough to +pay for it.</p> + +<p>The country which builds the Canal will have the <a name="Page_363" id="Page_363" ></a>right to collect a toll +from every vessel passing through, and also to defend it, and prevent the +ships of an enemy from using it.</p> + +<p>The United States is naturally anxious to be the country that controls the +Canal. But England does not appear to want us to have entire control.</p> + +<p>England owns the greater part of the Suez Canal, which joins the +Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. This Canal, you will see by looking at +the map, makes a short cut to Asia, and saves ships the long journey round +Africa and the Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p>England finds this Canal very useful; it makes a great deal of money for +her, and she would like to have just as large a share of the Nicaragua +Canal That is at least what the Senators say.</p> + +<p>When the Treaty was mentioned in the Senate, Senator Morgan at once +demanded that his Nicaragua Canal Bill should be acted upon.</p> + +<p>His bill provides that the United States Government shall furnish the +money for the Canal, and in return shall own nearly the whole of it, and +have the right to say who shall have charge of its affairs.</p> + +<p>No sooner had his request been made in the Senate, than a protest came +from Mr. Rodriguez, the Minister for the Greater Republic of South +America, who was received by President Cleveland a week or two ago.</p> + +<p>He said that Nicaragua would not consent to any such arrangement, and +would not allow the United States to have so much control of the Canal. He +added that if Senator Morgan's bill were passed, Nicaragua would not allow +the building of the Canal to go on without entirely new arrangements.</p> + +<p>The Senators are very angry about this. They think <a name="Page_364" id="Page_364" ></a>that Nicaragua has +been told to say this by England, to prevent the matter of the Canal being +settled before the Arbitration Treaty is made with England.</p> + +<p>They say if the Treaty is accepted in its present form, and ratified +before the Nicaragua Canal Bill is passed, England will have the right to +take a hand in the Canal question.</p> + +<p>An interest in the Nicaragua Canal would give England a right to use both +the short water-ways of the world, and, with her great navy, it would give +her rights that might be very dangerous to us.</p> + +<p>The excitement about the Canal has taken away all hope of the Treaty being +acted upon by Congress this session. When it does come up, the Senators +intend to have it so worded that the Nicaraguan affairs cannot be +interfered with by England.</p> + +<p>The idea of the Treaty seemed a splendid thing for us, and all lovers of +peace will grieve if some satisfactory understanding is not arrived at; +but we must not neglect our own best interests.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>There is a good deal being said about King Oscar of Sweden and Norway +being chosen as the umpire, in case the members of the Arbitration +Committee are unable to agree.</p> + +<p>Many people are saying that King Oscar would not make a fair umpire, and +that he would lean to the side of England in every matter that came up.</p> + +<p>A treaty was made in Stockholm, in 1855, between Sweden and Norway, and +France and England, which they say binds King Oscar to agree with England.</p> + +<p>This treaty said that the King of Sweden agreed not <a name="Page_365" id="Page_365" ></a>to sell to Russia, or +allow her to use, any portion of his kingdom; and that if Russia made any +offers for land, the King of Sweden was to tell England and France at +once.</p> + +<p>England and France, in return for this, promised to help Sweden with men +and ships in case of any trouble with Russia.</p> + +<p>This treaty is not binding any longer. France has put it aside, and has +made friends with Russia on her own account. It would not be possible for +her to keep to her agreement if she wished to.</p> + +<p>The old agreement being broken, England and Sweden will have to make a new +one, to bind them together again.</p> + +<p>Nothing has been heard of such a treaty, so it is to be supposed that none +exists.</p> + +<p>In this case, there is no reason why Oscar of Sweden should not be the +umpire chosen.</p> + +<p>It would, of course, be more agreeable to us if the umpire were not a +European ruler. England would be sure to object to an American umpire, and +neither Asia nor Africa could give us a person capable of filling the +office, so it looks very much as though the only person to be found, who +understands diplomacy well enough to be of use, would be a European +sovereign.</p> + +<p>If the umpire must be such a person, King Oscar of Sweden is the most +desirable of them all.</p> + +<p>He is, besides, almost the only European ruler who is free to accept the +office.</p> + +<p>The royal families of Germany, Russia, Denmark, and Greece are all related +to England, and therefore could not be chosen. Austria and Italy are too +hemmed in by other countries, and too much bound <a name="Page_366" id="Page_366" ></a>by treaties, to be free +to give any decision that might offend Europe.</p> + +<p>Sweden and Norway are cut off from the rest of Europe by the Baltic Sea, +and for this reason have not needed to burden themselves with as many ties +as the other powers of the Continent.</p> + +<p>King Oscar is moreover a quiet, sensible man, who would be likely to help +the Committee to arrive at wise and just conclusions.</p> + +<p>There is another advantage in choosing King Oscar. The royal family of +Sweden is only eighty years old, and has not those centuries of traditions +behind it, which make other royal houses so difficult to deal with.</p> + +<p>Oscar II., the present King, is the grandson of the famous French Marshal, +Bernadotte, for whom Napoleon secured the throne of Sweden and Norway.</p> + +<p>He is a man who loves learning, and encourages clever people, and is very +simple in his ways.</p> + +<p>His eldest son, Prince Oscar, wished to marry one of the ladies of his +mother's household, Lady Ebba Munck, but she was not a person of +sufficient rank to marry the heir to a throne.</p> + +<p>A prince, you know, cannot marry any one he chooses. There are very strict +laws about this, and the marriage of a prince is not considered a marriage +at all, unless his wife is of royal blood.</p> + +<p>King Oscar told his son that the marriage was impossible, but when Prince +Oscar said he would rather give up his right to the throne than the lady +he loved, King Oscar permitted him to do so, and made a special decree, +allowing the marriage of his son with Lady Ebba.<a name="Page_367" id="Page_367" ></a></p> + +<p>King Oscar could have prevented this if he had chosen, and it must have +caused him much pain to have his eldest son give up his right to the +throne, and to know that, if he and all his other sons died, neither +Prince Oscar nor any of his sons could ever come to the throne because of +this marriage. But he loved his son better than his pride, and so Prince +Oscar married Lady Ebba, and Prince Carl will be King of Sweden and Norway +when his father dies.</p> + +<p>Oscar of Sweden did a most kind and amiable thing for some of our +countrymen last year.</p> + +<p>A party of Americans were travelling in Norway, and two of them, Mr. and +Mrs. Youmans, of New York, were drowned in one of the lakes. They were +driving, and the horses becoming frightened, backed over the bank into the +water.</p> + +<p>Both Mr. and Mrs. Youmans were much respected and loved, their goodness +and charity were unbounded, and much sorrow was felt when the news of +their dreadful end was cabled to this country.</p> + +<p>King Oscar not only expressed his sorrow for the accident, but ordered +that a marble monument should be placed on the spot where they had met +their death.</p> + +<p>During the twenty-seven years that Oscar has been on the throne, his +country has been peaceful and prosperous.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>From Cuba, the news comes that another gunboat has been captured.</p> + +<p>The story of the capture is that the boat, the <i>Cometa</i>, had been sent to +a certain post on the coast to prevent the landing of any filibustering +parties.</p> + +<p>The Cubans found that the vessel anchored at night, at <a name="Page_368" id="Page_368" ></a><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369"></a>a spot from which +she could easily be attacked from the shore.</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/12.jpg"></a><img src="./images/12-tb.jpg" alt="Attack on Spanish Gunboat." title="Attack on Spanish Gunboat." /></p> + +<p>One night they opened fire on the vessel, struck her in several places, +and damaged her. During the confusion on the ship, several boat-loads of +Cubans put off from the shore and boarded the <i>Cometa</i>.</p> + +<p>A terrible fight took place. The commander and half the sailors were +killed, and the rest surrendered. The Cubans then burned the vessel.</p> + +<p>This news comes from the Cuban side.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards deny that any such fight took place, and the Admiral of the +fleet declares that he will have the <i>Cometa</i> come into Havana harbor, +with all her flags flying, to show that she has not been burned.</p> + +<p>It is so difficult to get at the truth of these reports.</p> + +<p>The news of General Weyler is, that he has left Havana once more, and is +marching through the western end of the island, to convince himself, and +the authorities in Spain, that the rebellion is over, and the island has +been pacified.</p> + +<p>He declares that he has not met a single Cuban in all his marches, that +there are no insurgents round Havana, and that sugar-grinding will be +begun very shortly.</p> + +<p>This is what General Weyler says of himself.</p> + +<p>The Cubans, on their side, say that it is true that Weyler never sees any +of the rebels, for the simple reason that he knows perfectly well where +they are, and carefully avoids going anywhere near them.</p> + +<p>They had a great plot laid to make him aware of their presence.</p> + +<p>They prepared an ambush for him—which means that they set a trap for him. +Weyler was walking into <a name="Page_370" id="Page_370" ></a>it, and in a few minutes would have been +surrounded by the Cubans, who had planned to take him prisoner, when +unfortunately one of the Cuban guns went off. The Spaniards were instantly +warned that they were in danger, made a hasty retreat, and the Cubans lost +their prize.</p> + +<p>The Cubans are in strong force round Havana; they are further than ever +from being pacified; the rebellion is by no means over, and Weyler's +telegrams are not deceiving any one any more.</p> + +<p>The General is not in favor in Spain, his reports are no longer believed, +and he will most likely be ordered home before long, and some one else be +sent to Cuba in his stead.</p> + +<p>Spain is in a very unhappy state at present. The people are angry at +having spent so much money, and wasted so many lives, over the wars in +Cuba and the Philippine Islands, without arriving at any result, and they +are blaming the Government for not trying to bring about peace.</p> + +<p>It is more than likely that a change in the government will soon take +place.</p> + +<p>The present Government is very angry with Weyler, because it has come to +light that many of the marches he has cabled about to Spain have not been +made at all. He has taken the train wherever he could, and if he has seen +no bands of insurgents from the car windows he has telegraphed that peace +was restored, and no more rebels were to be found in the province.</p> + +<p>The latest news of all is, that the Spanish Government in Madrid is +preparing a paper which will be sent to Cuba very shortly. It offers the +Cubans Home Rule, and <a name="Page_371" id="Page_371" ></a>gives them a great many rights that they do not now +possess.</p> + +<p>While the Cubans are pleased at this, they have not much faith in the +offer, and say that unless the United States promises to see that Spain +carries out her promises, they will not consider the offer at all.</p> + +<p>The principal Cubans are waiting to see the actual paper before they say +much about it.</p> + +<p>In the mean while, many of the Spanish soldiers are deserting from their +own ranks, and going over to the Cuban side.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards have been offering every inducement to get the Cubans to +desert, and go over to them, but hardly any have done so—the only person +of importance being the infamous Dr. Zertuccha, who betrayed Maceo.</p> + +<p>A telegram from Havana says that a major in the Spanish army, with 100 men +and 50,000 rounds of ammunition, joined General Gomez the other day. At +Puerto Principe, a Spanish colonel, with a whole company of well-armed +men, also went over to the Cubans.</p> + +<p>The Cubans think this is a very favorable sign for them, and look for a +speedy end to the war.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The filibustering steamers <i>Three Friends</i> and <i>Dauntless</i> have been +released.</p> + +<p>Their owners have had to promise to give them up again whenever they are +wanted. They have also had to give the court some money, which they will +lose if the ships are not brought back when the court calls for them.<a name="Page_372" id="Page_372" ></a></p> + +<p>If the cases of piracy and filibustering against them are found to be +true, the ships will become the property of the Government, and the owners +will lose them altogether.</p> + +<p>The United States cruiser <i>Montgomery</i> has been ordered to Key West, to +prevent filibustering parties going over to Cuba, and the <i>Raleigh</i>, which +has been doing this duty, has gone to be repaired.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>People who are interested in the comfort of the poor of New York are very +glad to know that some dreadful rear tenement houses in Mott Street are to +be taken away by order of the Board of Health.</p> + +<p>We all read about tenement houses, and we all feel sorry that many of the +houses for the poor to live in are not as comfortably built as they might +be.</p> + +<p>Very few of us know the discomforts that the poor have to endure, who are +obliged to live in the old, badly planned tenement-houses.</p> + +<p>Poor people must live near their work, because they cannot afford to pay +car-fares back and forth every day. So the tenement-houses are generally +built in neighborhoods where the work is being done, and people have to +take them clean or dirty, well or badly built, because they must make +their home in that neighborhood.</p> + +<p>In some of the older and poorer tenements, many families live on the same +floor; they are crowded together in the most dreadful manner, and instead +of having plenty of light, air, and water to help make them endurable, +they have little or none of any of these necessary things.<a name="Page_373" id="Page_373" ></a></p> + +<p>In these houses the want of water is one of the greatest evils. Instead of +giving each tenement a nice sink, and a water-boiler at the back of the +stove, so that people can have hot and cold water all the time, there is +no water put into any of the rooms.</p> + +<p>Outside on the landing there is water, and a rough sink, which the tenants +of each floor use in common. They have to go into the hall to fetch every +drop of water they use, and this is the only place they have to empty the +dirty water away.</p> + +<p>In some houses the sinks are not on every floor, and in these, the poor +women have to drag their heavy buckets of water up and down the stairs.</p> + +<p>The tenements are not heated. Each tenant has to keep his own rooms warm.</p> + +<p>Every drop of warm water they need for cooking or washing has first to be +boiled over the stove, and so the poor are forced to use a great deal more +coal than more well-to-do people need.</p> + +<p>It is not because they don't pay the landlords enough rent that the poor +have no comforts in their homes. So many families can be packed into one +floor, that landlords find tenement-houses pay them extremely well.</p> + +<p>Many of the tenement-houses have been allowed to get so dilapidated, that +the Board of Health has taken the matter in hand, and has been trying to +make the landlord have them properly drained, and cleaned, and repaired.</p> + +<p>It came to the knowledge of this board that there were some rear tenements +in Mott Street, which were in a frightful condition.</p> + +<p>They had been built at the back of some houses <a name="Page_374" id="Page_374" ></a>fronting on Mott +Street—in fact, they had been put in the little spot of ground that had +been the yard belonging to the front houses.</p> + +<p>They came up so close to the front buildings that, by stretching out your +arms, you could almost touch the front wall of one house and the back wall +of the other. The actual distance apart was a little over seven feet.</p> + +<p>This would have been bad enough, but worse was to come. After a time, +warehouses were built over the surrounding back yards, and at last these +poor tenements had brick walls round their sides and backs, to within +eight inches of the windows, and all the light they got was given them by +the seven-foot court that divided them from the houses in front.</p> + +<p>Just imagine the darkness and the stuffiness of these rooms. Think how +awful they must have been in the summer, with not a breath of air reaching +them from any quarter. The tenants were obliged to go up to the roof and +sleep there, for the rooms were unbearable.</p> + +<p>The people who lived on the lower floors paid less rent than those on the +top, because when you got up to the top floor there was a faint glimmer of +daylight.</p> + +<p>The tenants were put to the expense of burning lights all day long, +because neither sun nor light could reach them.</p> + +<p>When the Board of Health found out about these horrible places, and +learned that little children were being born and brought up in them, an +order was at once given that the rear tenements should be torn down.<a name="Page_375" id="Page_375" ></a></p> + +<p>But the owner objected. He tried to pretend that his houses were fit for +people to live in, and went to law to prevent the Board of Health from +interfering.</p> + +<p>This was last September. Ever since then the matter has been in the courts +before the judge.</p> + +<p>People have still been living in these awful dens, getting sick, and +losing their children, and spending more money for doctors and medicine +than would have paid their car-fare to healthier and more comfortable +homes.</p> + +<p>The court has at last decided that these rear tenements are dangerous and +unhealthy, and the Board of Health will have them pulled down in a very +short time.</p> + +<p>Many of our wealthy people wish so sincerely that poor people should have +more comforts, that they are spending their money in building beautiful +model tenement-houses, which will give the tenants every possible comfort +for the same amount of money that they now have to pay for the dark, +wretched places they live in.</p> + +<p>One gentleman, Mr. D.O. Mills, felt so sorry for the men who had no homes, +and were obliged to take board in these wretched tenements, that he is +building a model lodging-house for them.</p> + +<p>This house is down-town, where the men need it. It is large enough for +1,500 men to sleep in, and for each to have a comfortable room to himself.</p> + +<p>The house is to be heated throughout, and there are to be elevators to +take the men upstairs. The arrangements for washing and bathing are +splendid, there is any amount of hot and cold water, and a laundry, with +all the newest arrangements for washing <a name="Page_376" id="Page_376" ></a>and drying clothes quickly, where +the men can go and wash their own clothes, and have them clean for the +morning.</p> + +<p>There are also comfortable rooms, where the men can read and write and +play games. All the books and papers and games will be ready for them in +the rooms, for it is Mr. Mills' wish to make the lodging-house a home to +the men, so they may find their amusement at home, and not be tempted to +go to saloons.</p> + +<p>All they are to be charged is twenty cents a night. For this they will +have all the comfort, warmth, and cleanliness that a man could wish for.</p> + +<p>There is to be a restaurant in the house, where the lodgers can buy their +meals. Their food will not be given them for the twenty cents, but it will +be made as cheap as possible, and will be of the best kind, and cooked in +the nicest way.</p> + +<p>It is to be hoped Mr. Mills' experiment will be such a success, that many +others will follow his example. This lodging-house is on Bleecker Street, +and work is already commenced on it.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>A sailor who has just come back from Japan brings word that sixteen +American sailors are in prison in Siberia for trying to kill Russian +seals, and carry away their fur to market.</p> + +<p>The story the man tells is that in October, 1895, the American schooner +<i>Saitans</i> was cruising in the Okhotsk Sea, off the Siberian coast. Some of +the men landed on an island, and while they were ashore a heavy gale +sprang up, and, to save herself, the <i>Saitans</i> put out to sea, leaving the +men behind.<a name="Page_377" id="Page_377" ></a></p> + +<p>They remained where they were for five days, and then they were found by a +Russian man-of-war. They were accused of trying to catch seals, and were +sent to prison for five months.</p> + +<p>The following May, one of the United States cruisers went to the port +where the men were imprisoned, and the officers saw them.</p> + +<p>The men begged the officers to do something for them, because they had +been told that when their five months' imprisonment was over, they were to +be arrested again, and sent back to prison once more.</p> + +<p>The officers asked the police about this, and were told that it was all +nonsense; the five months would be up in a few weeks, and the men set at +liberty. The officers were satisfied that this was the truth, and went +away.</p> + +<p>But when the five months were up, the sailors found that their fears were +only too well grounded. They were rearrested, and sent back to prison for +eighteen months.</p> + +<p>The sailor who brings this news says that, when he reached the port where +the men are imprisoned, he managed to be taken to see them, and found them +working on some Russian fortifications.</p> + +<p>He says the men were very unhappy, and had almost lost their courage. +Their second sentence will not be over till October, and they are afraid +that they will be rearrested, and imprisoned once more, unless something +is done for them.</p> + +<p>They declare that it was not their fault that they were on the island. +They insist that they were doing no harm, and their vessel put back to sea +and left them in their unhappy position.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.H.R.</span><br /> +<a name="Page_378" id="Page_378" ></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2> + + +<p>A New York newspaper has been making some experiments in signalling ships +at night, which, if as successful as it is claimed to be, will be of the +greatest service to sailors for all time to come.</p> + +<p>Ships have a regular way of talking to one another, by means of flags +arranged in certain ways.</p> + +<p>This form of signalling is comprehended by all sailors. It is a universal +language, and no matter from what country or in what seas ships may be +sailing, the language of the flags makes it possible for them to be +understood.</p> + +<p>There has been one difficulty with the flag-signals, and that has been +that they were useless at night. When it became too dark for the flags to +be seen, sailors had no other means of communication.</p> + +<p>The New York paper claims to have overcome this difficulty.</p> + +<p>In saying that ships have no means of communicating with each other, it +must not be forgotten that they can use lights and send certain messages +with them. But the flag system enables them to say exactly what they wish +to, while through the lights they can only show where they are, and call +for help in case of accident.</p> + +<p>The invention of the searchlight set men thinking, and at last the idea +struck one man that if the searchlight were turned on the flags, it ought +to be perfectly possible to see them in the darkest night.</p> + +<p>A few nights ago two tugs went down to Sandy Hook to try if the experiment +would work. To their <a name="Page_379" id="Page_379" ></a>great delight they found it did answer perfectly. +The tugs were stationed about a mile and a half apart, and could read with +ease the messages waved across the water.</p> + +<p>More experiments will be made, and if on further trial the method is found +to be practical, a great advance will have been made in navigation.</p> + +<p>From Amsterdam, another report comes of a method that has been invented, +to enable ships to speak directly with the shore at a distance of five +miles.</p> + +<p>This invention is in the nature of a powerful foghorn. It is, however, +made somewhat like a musical instrument, so that different tones can be +produced by it; and the idea is to have these tones arranged into a +signalling code, after the fashion of the flag-signals, so that a +conversation can be kept up in a similar way to that done with flags. +G.H.R.<a name="Page_380" id="Page_380" ></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.</h2> + + +<p>We have had a very large and interesting mail this week from the young +friends of <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World.</span></p> + +<p>We take pleasure in acknowledging and publishing R.R.'s graphic and clever +description of the fire near Wanamaker's in Philadelphia, Helen Z.C.'s +pleasant chat about a Chicago suburb, and Seymour U.P.'s nice little note +from Saranac Lake.</p> + +<p>We also acknowledge the receipt of relief maps for the competition from +Adrian Van A. and Harriot M., of Brooklyn.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span><span class='smcap'>ear Editor:</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> I have just arrived home from school. I wish to tell you of the + very large fire down-town. I go to school about one block from + where the fire was. The fire started in a grocery store + belonging to Hanson Brothers, about 7:30 o'clock. This grocery + is No. 1317 Market Street. From there the fire spread to an + umbrella store, which had the numbers 1309 to 1313 Market + Street. From there a spark set fire to Wanamaker's store; it + started there in the large clock tower, which soon after was a + mass of flames. It fell with a loud crash soon after. The fire + spread to the woodwork of the City Hall, where it was soon put + out.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Wishing your magazine years of success, I am</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">Your reader, R.R.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span><span class='smcap'>hila.</span>, Jan. 25th., 1897.<br /> +<br /><br /></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span><span class='smcap'>ear Editor:</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> I like <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span> very much, and anticipate + their coming.<a name="Page_381" id="Page_381" ></a></p> + +<p> I receive them from my auntie of New York City. She reads them + first, and then sends them to me.</p> + +<p> They are very enjoyable, and as I am just in the interesting + part of school, they help me very much. Perhaps you would like + to know where Maywood is. It is a suburb of Chicago.</p> + +<p> A very pretty place, and so much nicer than living in the city, + because here we have fresh air and green grass.</p> + +<p> Would you not rather live in the country?</p> + +<p> We have a park here which is kept in order by the town + authorities. This winter they have flooded it, and made a very + nice skating pond, which is free to all.</p> + +<p> So after school hours we boys and girls have a bonny time.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Hoping to receive an answer, I remain,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">Yours affectionately, </span> <span class='smcap'>Helen Z.C.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>P.S.—These "Sylvia's Caramels" you speak of in No. 3 are what + we call "Fudges."</p> + +<p> They are <i>very</i> nice. We make them often.</p> + +<p> <span class='smcap'>Maywood, Ill.</span>, Jan. 25th, 1897.<br /><br /><br /></p></div> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span><span class='smcap'>o the Editor of The Great Round World:</span></p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p> I am an enthusiastic reader of your most interesting little + paper, and would like you to send me a "Who? When? and What?" + chart.</p> + +<p> I am up in the mountains for the winter, and there is fine + skating and tobogganing here, and I have also a fine big snow + house. We belong to the "Pontiac Club," and can therefore skate + whenever we want. Wishing your paper much success. I remain</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;">Your fond reader,</span> <span class='smcap'>Seymour U.P.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span><span class='smcap'>aranac Lake</span>, N.Y., Jan. 22d, 1897.<br /> +<br /><br /></p> + +<p>In reply to questions from Miss Lena Penn:</p> + +<p>George du Maurier died in London, October 8, 1896, of heart disease.</p> + +<p>There is a statue of Hans Christian Andersen in the market-place of +Copenhagen. He was the author of <a name="Page_382" id="Page_382" ></a>the famous Fairy Tales which have given +so much pleasure to so many millions of children.</p> + +<p>If there are any statistics of the population of the earth since Adam, we +are unaware of them.</p> + +<p>The population of the earth, estimated in 1891, was 1,487,900,000.</p> + +<p>At the death of the Emperor Augustus, the population of the earth was +estimated at 54,000,000.<br /><br /></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span><span class='smcap'>ear Mr. Editor:</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> My father receives your little paper, <span class='smcap'>The Great Round + World</span>, every week. I like it real well, and all the rest of + the people and children I have let take one of the copies liked + it so well I let them take more copies. I think it a very nice + little paper, and wish you success. I send you the following + extract, taken from "Wit and Wisdom," showing that the X-rays + are not a recent discovery altogether.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">T</span><span class='smcap'>homas C. Scott.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">B</span><span class='smcap'>inghamton</span>, N.Y., Jan. 25th., 1897.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dr. Milio, the celebrated surgeon of Kieff, while on a visit to + St. Petersburg, explained the means he had invented for + illuminating the body by means of the electric light to such an + extent that the human machine may be observed almost as if skin + and flesh were transparent. The Moscow <i>Gazette</i> asserts that to + demonstrate the feasibility of his process, Dr. Milio placed a + bullet inside his mouth, and then lighted up his face, upon + which the bullet became distinctly visible through his cheek. + Dr. Milio did not propose to lay bare all the secrets of the + flesh, to explore the recesses of the heart, or to perform any + miracles, physical or metaphysical. But he claimed to have + discovered a new and effective way of dealing with gun-shot + wounds: first, by means of electric illumination, he discovered + the precise situation of the bullet; next, by means of + magnetism, he proposed to extract the bullet, provided always + that the bullet contained some portion of steel. Against <a name="Page_383" id="Page_383" ></a>leaden + bullets his system is powerless, and he therefore intended to + represent to the International Committee, which met at Geneva, + the desirability of recommending an admixture of steel in the + manufacture of all future bullets. Dr. Milio's experiments with + bullets containing only a slight admixture of steel are said to + have been thoroughly successful."<br /><br /></p></div> + + +<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Thomas</span>:</p> + +<p>Your letter is very interesting.</p> + +<p>It has long been known that it is possible to see through matter if we +only knew just how. The X-ray has shown us the way.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">T</span><span class='smcap'>he Editor</span>.<br /> +<br /><br /></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span><span class='smcap'>o the Editor of The Great Round World:</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> In your edition of Jan. 21st, 1897, you wrote of the swallowing + up by the sea of Robinson Crusoe's Island, or the island of Juan + Fernandez. Now I have always heard this island called "Robinson + Crusoe's Island," and I think the reason is, that Alexander + Selkirk was cast away there, and on his adventures the story of + Robinson Crusoe was written by Daniel Defoe. But I have read + "Robinson Crusoe," and the island as described by him cannot be + the Island of Juan Fernandez, but must be one of the Windward + Islands in the Caribbean Sea, off the mouth of the great Orinoco + River in South America, and I think is the Island of Tobago; + this best fits the careful description of Daniel Defoe.</p> + +<p> In Crusoe's first exploration of the island he says:</p> + +<p> "I came in view of the sea to the west, and it being a very + clear day, I fairly descried land,... extending from the W. to + the W.S.W.... It could not be less than fifteen or twenty + leagues off."</p> + +<p> There is no land situated W.S.W. from Juan Fernandez. W.S.W. + from the island of Tobago lies the great island of Trinidad. + When Crusoe attempts to sail around the island he says:<a name="Page_384" id="Page_384" ></a></p> + +<p> "I perceived a strong and most furious current."</p> + +<p> This could be no other than the current from the mouth of the + great Orinoco River.</p> + +<p> But what settles the matter is that after Crusoe had taught + Friday to speak English, he had a conversation with him, in + which Crusoe asks Friday:</p> + +<p> "How far it was from our island to the shore, and whether the + canoes were not often lost. He told me there was no danger; no + canoes ever lost; but after a little way out to sea, there was a + current and wind always one way in the morning, the other in the + afternoon. This I understood to be no more than the sets of the + tide, as going out or coming in; but I afterward understood it + was occasioned by the great draft and reflux of the mighty river + Oroonoko, in the mouth of which river, as I thought afterwards, + our island lay; and that this land which I perceived to the + W.S.W. was the great island Trinidad."</p> + +<p> I like your <span class='smcap'>Great Round World</span>, Mr. Editor, but I like + Robinson Crusoe, too. I like to know just where he was cast + away, and hope if I am right you will tell other boys who read + "Robinson Crusoe" the true place, where Daniel Defoe describes + poor Crusoe as living all those weary years.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 26em;">E</span><span class='smcap'>dgar B.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aged twelve years.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C</span><span class='smcap'>hicago, Ill</span>.<br /> +<br /><br /></p> + +<p><span class='smcap'>My Dear Young Friend</span>:</p> + +<p>After the very careful work you have done on Robinson Crusoe, and the +evident affection you have for him, it seems a shame to have to tell you +that no such person as Crusoe existed.</p> + +<p>As we told in <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span>, No. 11, a Scotchman named +Alexander Selkirk was put ashore on the island of Juan Fernandez, and +lived there four years and four months.<a name="Page_385" id="Page_385" ></a></p> + +<p>When he was rescued and brought back to England, he wrote an account of +his life there.</p> + +<p>An English writer named Daniel Defoe saw this book of Selkirk's, and +thought it would make a wonderful story if it was well handled. Selkirk's +was a mere statement of what had happened to him, and while intensely +interesting, was not written to amuse people.</p> + +<p>Defoe created an imaginary person, whom he called Robinson Crusoe, dressed +up Selkirk's facts to suit the purpose of his story, and wrote the +wonderful and undying story of Robinson Crusoe.</p> + +<p>His geographical facts, no doubt, were purposely altered from Selkirk's, +and were made as graphic as possible, in order to add the semblance of +truth to his story. In the early years of the seventeenth century +geography was very little understood. The connection between Selkirk's +sufferings on Juan Fernandez, and the adventures of Robinson Crusoe have +always been so thoroughly understood that, as you read in your <span class='smcap'>Great +Round World</span>, the island of Juan Fernandez has been called Crusoe's +Island, and Selkirk's cave and hut, Crusoe's. <span class='smcap'>The Editor</span>. +<br /><br /></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span><span class='smcap'>ditor Great Round World.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> <span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>:—Your article on salting streets has greatly + roused your subscriber, my small son.</p> + +<p> Will you kindly tell him, through your magazine, <i>how</i> the + children may help abate the terrible cruelty? What <i>action</i> do + you suggest for them? He has interested a number of lads in the + subject, but does not know how to put forth effort—when the + discovery is made that the law is violated.</p> + +<p> Complain to party giving offence, to police, or what?<a name="Page_386" id="Page_386" ></a></p> + +<p> Your magazine is warmly appreciated in this household by old and + young, and we hope for its continued prosperity.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">Very truly,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22.5em;">D.</span><span class='smcap'>K. Lippincott's Mother.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">194</span> <span class='smcap'>Fairmount Avenue, Newark, N.J.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Master Lippincott:</span></p> + +<p>I am delighted that you and your little friends are interested in the +matter of salting the streets, and that you are eager to put a stop to +such cruelty.</p> + +<p>In the first place, you can help by telling every one about it, and by +getting people, old and young, interested. Do you know that not one person +to whom I have spoken about it—aside from Dr. Johnson, the people at the +A.S.P.C.A., and Mr. Harison—knew anything about it? Strange, was it not? +A good many things are permitted because people do not know just how +dreadful they are.</p> + +<p>As to the method of learning just where salt has been used, I know only +the one of which the article tells you, and that is: if there is snow or +ice in other places, and the tracks are covered with water, then you may +know that there is a reason for it. And inasmuch as the water would be +twenty degrees below freezing, I believe that you could determine the +presence of salt by means of the mercury. If you had a thermometer which +would register that number of degrees, and were to plunge it into the +slush, the sensitive mercury would tell the story.</p> + +<p>As to the person to whom you should complain: at any of the offices of the +Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The New York Society is +at 10 East 22d Street, and there are branches or agents of the Society in +nearly every town of importance.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Yours sincerely,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">I</span><span class='smcap'>zora C. Chandler</span>.<br /> +<br /><br /><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387" ></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BOOK REVIEWS.</h2> + + +<p>The editor is pleased to acknowledge the following clever account of Nora +Perry's "A Flock of Boys and Girls," published by Little, Brown & Co., +Boston.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span><span class='smcap'>o The Editor Of The Great Round World:</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> If any one wants to read an interesting book, I will tell you + one of Nora Perry's books, called "A Flock of Girls and Boys." + It is a collection of short stories, and tells of the scrapes + they got into and how they got out of them, and it has the + language boys and girls use every day. There is one story that I + was especially impressed with: the name of it is "Major Molly's + Christmas Promise." It was about a little girl who made a + promise to a little Indian girl; and she kept her promise; and + in doing that, although she did not know it, saved her mother's + and father's life, besides her friends having to go to war.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">M</span><span class='smcap'>adeleine H.P.</span><br /> +<a name="Page_388" id="Page_388" ></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SIMPLE LESSONS IN THE</h2> + +<h2>STUDY OF NATURE</h2> + +<h3>By I.G. OAKLEY</h3> + + +<p>This is a handy little book, which many a teacher who is looking for means +to offer children genuine nature study may be thankful to get hold of.</p> + +<p>Nature lessons, to be entitled to that name, must deal with what can be +handled and scrutinized at leisure by the child, pulled apart, and even +wasted. This can be done with the objects discussed in this book; they are +under the feet of childhood—grass, feathers, a fallen leaf, a budding +twig, or twisted shell; these things cannot be far out of the way, even +within the stony limits of a city.</p> + +<p>Nor are the lessons haphazard dashes at the nearest living thing; on the +contrary, they are virtually fundamental, whether with respect to their +relation to some of the classified sciences, or with reference to the +development of thought and power of expression in the child himself.</p> + +<p>The illustrations are few, and scarcely more than figures; it is not meant +to be a pretty picture-book, yet is most clearly and beautifully printed +and arranged, for its material is to be that out of which pictures are +made. It will be found full of suggestions of practical value to teachers +who are carrying the miscellaneous work of ungraded schools, and who have +the unspeakable privilege of dealing with their pupils untrammelled by +cast-iron methods and account-keeping examination records.</p> + +<p class="center"><b><i>Sample copy, 50 Cents, post-paid</i></b></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p class="center"> +<b>WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON<br /> +3 & 5 W. 18th St. · · · New York City</b><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15325-h.htm or 15325-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/3/2/15325/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (www.pgdp.net). + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 11, 2005 [EBook #15325] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (www.pgdp.net). + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + +TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF "CURRENT EVENTS": + +I take pleasure in announcing that I have purchased the entire +subscription list and good will of _Current Events_, and offer you in its +stead THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, a weekly newspaper for boys and +girls. + +You will receive one number of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD for each +number of _Current Events_ due you on your subscription. I make the +special offer, to send you THE GREAT ROUND WORLD every week until +December 31st, 1897, if you will remit the sum of $1.25 at once. + +My regular subscription price is $2.50. + +If there is any special feature or department of _Current Events_ which +the majority of the subscribers would like to have continued, I will take +great pleasure in arranging for it, and I trust that you may find THE +GREAT ROUND WORLD a satisfactory substitute for _Current Events_. + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. + +[Illustration: Rear Tenements, New York City] + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT] + + VOL. 1 FEBRUARY 18, 1897. NO. 15 + +There is a new cause for supposing that the Treaty with Great Britain will +either be defeated in the Senate, or else delayed for some time to come. + +This new trouble concerns the building of the Nicaragua Canal. + +It seems a remote cause, does it not? but it only shows how closely the +affairs of one nation are bound up with those of all the others. No matter +what our speech, our climate, or our color, we are all a portion of the +great human family, and the good of one is the good of all. + +The Nicaragua Canal is a water-way that will cross the narrow neck of land +that makes Central America. It will connect the Atlantic Ocean with the +Pacific Ocean. + +With the help of such a canal, ships in going to the western coast of +North or South America will not need to make the long and dangerous voyage +around Cape Horn. + +Cape Horn, you will see if you look on your map, is the extreme southerly +point of South America. + +=Copyrighted 1897, By WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.= + +There are so many storms and fogs there, that the Horn, as it is called, +is much dreaded by sailors. + +Since the invention of steam, all the steamships go through the Straits of +Magellan, and save the passage round the Horn; but there is not enough +wind for sailing vessels in the rocky and narrow straits, so they still +have to take the outside passage. + +The Straits of Magellan divide the main continent of South America from a +group of islands, called Tierra del Fuego, and Cape Horn is the most +southerly point of this archipelago. + +The journey down the coast of South America on the east, and up again on +the west, takes such a long time, that the desire for a canal across the +narrow neck of land which joins North and South America has been in men's +minds for many years. + +A railway was built across the Isthmus of Panama to shorten the distance, +and save taking the passage round the Horn. Travellers left their ship at +one side of the Isthmus, and took the train over to the other, where they +went on board another ship, which would take them the rest of their +journey. + +This plan greatly increased the expense of the journey, and the canal was +still so much wanted, that at last the Panama Canal was begun. + +You have all heard about the Panama Canal, which was to do the same work +that the Nicaragua Canal is to do, that is, to connect the Atlantic and +Pacific Oceans. You have probably heard how much time, labor, and human +life was wasted over it, and how much trouble its failure caused in +France. + +This Canal was to cut across the Isthmus at its very narrowest point. It +was worked on for years, every one believing that it would be opened to +ships before very long. Many of the maps and geographies that were printed +in the eighties said that the Panama Canal would be opened in 1888, or at +latest in 1889. + +No one expected what afterward happened. In 1889 the works were stopped +for want of money; the affairs of the Canal were looked into; it was found +that there had been dishonesty and fraud, and in 1892 the great Count +Ferdinand de Lesseps, who built the Suez Canal, and a number of other +prominent Frenchmen, were arrested for dealing dishonestly with the money +subscribed for the Canal. + +There was a dreadful scandal; many of the high French officials had to +give up their positions, and run away for fear of arrest. + +When the whole matter was understood, it was found that, for months before +the work was stopped, the men who had charge of the Canal had decided that +the work would cost such an enormous sum of money that it would be almost +an impossibility to complete it. + +They did not have the honesty to let this be known, but allowed people to +go on subscribing money, a part of which they put in their own pockets, +and spent the rest in bribing the French newspapers not to tell the truth +about the Canal. + +The worst of it was, that the money which had been subscribed was not from +rich people, who would feel its loss very little, but from poor people, +who put their savings, and the money they were storing away for their old +age, into the Canal; and when they lost it, it meant misery and poverty to +them. + +So the Panama Canal failed. + +But the project of making a canal was not given up. Two years before the +idea of digging at Panama had been thought of, the ground where the +Nicaragua Canal is being built had been surveyed, and thought better +suited to the purpose than Panama. + +The reason for this was, that at Panama a long and deep cut had to be made +through the mountains. This had to be done by blasting, in much the same +way that the rocks are cleared away to build houses. This is a long and +tedious work. + +The Nicaragua Canal will be 159 miles long, while the Panama, if it is +ever completed, will be only 59 miles; but of these 159 miles, 117 are +through the Nicaragua Lake and the San Juan River--water-ways already made +by nature. For the remaining distance, there are other river-beds that +will be used, and only 21 miles will actually have to be cut through. + +The main objection to this route for the Canal is, that there is a volcano +on an island in the Nicaragua Lake, and there are always fears of +eruptions and earthquakes in the neighborhood of volcanoes. A great +eruption of the volcano might change the course of a river, or alter the +face of the country so much, that the Canal might have to be largely +remade. + +The building of this Canal will cost hundreds of millions of dollars--two +hundred millions, it is said. + +Nicaragua is not a rich-enough country to be able to pay for this, and it +is here that the subject touches the closest interests of other countries, +and is serious enough to overthrow a much-desired treaty. + +If the Canal is to be built, it must be built by a country rich enough to +pay for it. + +The country which builds the Canal will have the right to collect a toll +from every vessel passing through, and also to defend it, and prevent the +ships of an enemy from using it. + +The United States is naturally anxious to be the country that controls the +Canal. But England does not appear to want us to have entire control. + +England owns the greater part of the Suez Canal, which joins the +Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. This Canal, you will see by looking at +the map, makes a short cut to Asia, and saves ships the long journey round +Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. + +England finds this Canal very useful; it makes a great deal of money for +her, and she would like to have just as large a share of the Nicaragua +Canal That is at least what the Senators say. + +When the Treaty was mentioned in the Senate, Senator Morgan at once +demanded that his Nicaragua Canal Bill should be acted upon. + +His bill provides that the United States Government shall furnish the +money for the Canal, and in return shall own nearly the whole of it, and +have the right to say who shall have charge of its affairs. + +No sooner had his request been made in the Senate, than a protest came +from Mr. Rodriguez, the Minister for the Greater Republic of South +America, who was received by President Cleveland a week or two ago. + +He said that Nicaragua would not consent to any such arrangement, and +would not allow the United States to have so much control of the Canal. He +added that if Senator Morgan's bill were passed, Nicaragua would not allow +the building of the Canal to go on without entirely new arrangements. + +The Senators are very angry about this. They think that Nicaragua has +been told to say this by England, to prevent the matter of the Canal being +settled before the Arbitration Treaty is made with England. + +They say if the Treaty is accepted in its present form, and ratified +before the Nicaragua Canal Bill is passed, England will have the right to +take a hand in the Canal question. + +An interest in the Nicaragua Canal would give England a right to use both +the short water-ways of the world, and, with her great navy, it would give +her rights that might be very dangerous to us. + +The excitement about the Canal has taken away all hope of the Treaty being +acted upon by Congress this session. When it does come up, the Senators +intend to have it so worded that the Nicaraguan affairs cannot be +interfered with by England. + +The idea of the Treaty seemed a splendid thing for us, and all lovers of +peace will grieve if some satisfactory understanding is not arrived at; +but we must not neglect our own best interests. + + * * * * * + +There is a good deal being said about King Oscar of Sweden and Norway +being chosen as the umpire, in case the members of the Arbitration +Committee are unable to agree. + +Many people are saying that King Oscar would not make a fair umpire, and +that he would lean to the side of England in every matter that came up. + +A treaty was made in Stockholm, in 1855, between Sweden and Norway, and +France and England, which they say binds King Oscar to agree with England. + +This treaty said that the King of Sweden agreed not to sell to Russia, or +allow her to use, any portion of his kingdom; and that if Russia made any +offers for land, the King of Sweden was to tell England and France at +once. + +England and France, in return for this, promised to help Sweden with men +and ships in case of any trouble with Russia. + +This treaty is not binding any longer. France has put it aside, and has +made friends with Russia on her own account. It would not be possible for +her to keep to her agreement if she wished to. + +The old agreement being broken, England and Sweden will have to make a new +one, to bind them together again. + +Nothing has been heard of such a treaty, so it is to be supposed that none +exists. + +In this case, there is no reason why Oscar of Sweden should not be the +umpire chosen. + +It would, of course, be more agreeable to us if the umpire were not a +European ruler. England would be sure to object to an American umpire, and +neither Asia nor Africa could give us a person capable of filling the +office, so it looks very much as though the only person to be found, who +understands diplomacy well enough to be of use, would be a European +sovereign. + +If the umpire must be such a person, King Oscar of Sweden is the most +desirable of them all. + +He is, besides, almost the only European ruler who is free to accept the +office. + +The royal families of Germany, Russia, Denmark, and Greece are all related +to England, and therefore could not be chosen. Austria and Italy are too +hemmed in by other countries, and too much bound by treaties, to be free +to give any decision that might offend Europe. + +Sweden and Norway are cut off from the rest of Europe by the Baltic Sea, +and for this reason have not needed to burden themselves with as many ties +as the other powers of the Continent. + +King Oscar is moreover a quiet, sensible man, who would be likely to help +the Committee to arrive at wise and just conclusions. + +There is another advantage in choosing King Oscar. The royal family of +Sweden is only eighty years old, and has not those centuries of traditions +behind it, which make other royal houses so difficult to deal with. + +Oscar II., the present King, is the grandson of the famous French Marshal, +Bernadotte, for whom Napoleon secured the throne of Sweden and Norway. + +He is a man who loves learning, and encourages clever people, and is very +simple in his ways. + +His eldest son, Prince Oscar, wished to marry one of the ladies of his +mother's household, Lady Ebba Munck, but she was not a person of +sufficient rank to marry the heir to a throne. + +A prince, you know, cannot marry any one he chooses. There are very strict +laws about this, and the marriage of a prince is not considered a marriage +at all, unless his wife is of royal blood. + +King Oscar told his son that the marriage was impossible, but when Prince +Oscar said he would rather give up his right to the throne than the lady +he loved, King Oscar permitted him to do so, and made a special decree, +allowing the marriage of his son with Lady Ebba. + +King Oscar could have prevented this if he had chosen, and it must have +caused him much pain to have his eldest son give up his right to the +throne, and to know that, if he and all his other sons died, neither +Prince Oscar nor any of his sons could ever come to the throne because of +this marriage. But he loved his son better than his pride, and so Prince +Oscar married Lady Ebba, and Prince Carl will be King of Sweden and Norway +when his father dies. + +Oscar of Sweden did a most kind and amiable thing for some of our +countrymen last year. + +A party of Americans were travelling in Norway, and two of them, Mr. and +Mrs. Youmans, of New York, were drowned in one of the lakes. They were +driving, and the horses becoming frightened, backed over the bank into the +water. + +Both Mr. and Mrs. Youmans were much respected and loved, their goodness +and charity were unbounded, and much sorrow was felt when the news of +their dreadful end was cabled to this country. + +King Oscar not only expressed his sorrow for the accident, but ordered +that a marble monument should be placed on the spot where they had met +their death. + +During the twenty-seven years that Oscar has been on the throne, his +country has been peaceful and prosperous. + + * * * * * + +From Cuba, the news comes that another gunboat has been captured. + +The story of the capture is that the boat, the _Cometa_, had been sent to +a certain post on the coast to prevent the landing of any filibustering +parties. + +The Cubans found that the vessel anchored at night, at a spot from which +she could easily be attacked from the shore. + +[Illustration: Attack on Spanish Gunboat.] + +One night they opened fire on the vessel, struck her in several places, +and damaged her. During the confusion on the ship, several boat-loads of +Cubans put off from the shore and boarded the _Cometa_. + +A terrible fight took place. The commander and half the sailors were +killed, and the rest surrendered. The Cubans then burned the vessel. + +This news comes from the Cuban side. + +The Spaniards deny that any such fight took place, and the Admiral of the +fleet declares that he will have the _Cometa_ come into Havana harbor, +with all her flags flying, to show that she has not been burned. + +It is so difficult to get at the truth of these reports. + +The news of General Weyler is, that he has left Havana once more, and is +marching through the western end of the island, to convince himself, and +the authorities in Spain, that the rebellion is over, and the island has +been pacified. + +He declares that he has not met a single Cuban in all his marches, that +there are no insurgents round Havana, and that sugar-grinding will be +begun very shortly. + +This is what General Weyler says of himself. + +The Cubans, on their side, say that it is true that Weyler never sees any +of the rebels, for the simple reason that he knows perfectly well where +they are, and carefully avoids going anywhere near them. + +They had a great plot laid to make him aware of their presence. + +They prepared an ambush for him--which means that they set a trap for him. +Weyler was walking into it, and in a few minutes would have been +surrounded by the Cubans, who had planned to take him prisoner, when +unfortunately one of the Cuban guns went off. The Spaniards were instantly +warned that they were in danger, made a hasty retreat, and the Cubans lost +their prize. + +The Cubans are in strong force round Havana; they are further than ever +from being pacified; the rebellion is by no means over, and Weyler's +telegrams are not deceiving any one any more. + +The General is not in favor in Spain, his reports are no longer believed, +and he will most likely be ordered home before long, and some one else be +sent to Cuba in his stead. + +Spain is in a very unhappy state at present. The people are angry at +having spent so much money, and wasted so many lives, over the wars in +Cuba and the Philippine Islands, without arriving at any result, and they +are blaming the Government for not trying to bring about peace. + +It is more than likely that a change in the government will soon take +place. + +The present Government is very angry with Weyler, because it has come to +light that many of the marches he has cabled about to Spain have not been +made at all. He has taken the train wherever he could, and if he has seen +no bands of insurgents from the car windows he has telegraphed that peace +was restored, and no more rebels were to be found in the province. + +The latest news of all is, that the Spanish Government in Madrid is +preparing a paper which will be sent to Cuba very shortly. It offers the +Cubans Home Rule, and gives them a great many rights that they do not now +possess. + +While the Cubans are pleased at this, they have not much faith in the +offer, and say that unless the United States promises to see that Spain +carries out her promises, they will not consider the offer at all. + +The principal Cubans are waiting to see the actual paper before they say +much about it. + +In the mean while, many of the Spanish soldiers are deserting from their +own ranks, and going over to the Cuban side. + +The Spaniards have been offering every inducement to get the Cubans to +desert, and go over to them, but hardly any have done so--the only person +of importance being the infamous Dr. Zertuccha, who betrayed Maceo. + +A telegram from Havana says that a major in the Spanish army, with 100 men +and 50,000 rounds of ammunition, joined General Gomez the other day. At +Puerto Principe, a Spanish colonel, with a whole company of well-armed +men, also went over to the Cubans. + +The Cubans think this is a very favorable sign for them, and look for a +speedy end to the war. + + * * * * * + +The filibustering steamers _Three Friends_ and _Dauntless_ have been +released. + +Their owners have had to promise to give them up again whenever they are +wanted. They have also had to give the court some money, which they will +lose if the ships are not brought back when the court calls for them. + +If the cases of piracy and filibustering against them are found to be +true, the ships will become the property of the Government, and the owners +will lose them altogether. + +The United States cruiser _Montgomery_ has been ordered to Key West, to +prevent filibustering parties going over to Cuba, and the _Raleigh_, which +has been doing this duty, has gone to be repaired. + + * * * * * + +People who are interested in the comfort of the poor of New York are very +glad to know that some dreadful rear tenement houses in Mott Street are to +be taken away by order of the Board of Health. + +We all read about tenement houses, and we all feel sorry that many of the +houses for the poor to live in are not as comfortably built as they might +be. + +Very few of us know the discomforts that the poor have to endure, who are +obliged to live in the old, badly planned tenement-houses. + +Poor people must live near their work, because they cannot afford to pay +car-fares back and forth every day. So the tenement-houses are generally +built in neighborhoods where the work is being done, and people have to +take them clean or dirty, well or badly built, because they must make +their home in that neighborhood. + +In some of the older and poorer tenements, many families live on the same +floor; they are crowded together in the most dreadful manner, and instead +of having plenty of light, air, and water to help make them endurable, +they have little or none of any of these necessary things. + +In these houses the want of water is one of the greatest evils. Instead of +giving each tenement a nice sink, and a water-boiler at the back of the +stove, so that people can have hot and cold water all the time, there is +no water put into any of the rooms. + +Outside on the landing there is water, and a rough sink, which the tenants +of each floor use in common. They have to go into the hall to fetch every +drop of water they use, and this is the only place they have to empty the +dirty water away. + +In some houses the sinks are not on every floor, and in these, the poor +women have to drag their heavy buckets of water up and down the stairs. + +The tenements are not heated. Each tenant has to keep his own rooms warm. + +Every drop of warm water they need for cooking or washing has first to be +boiled over the stove, and so the poor are forced to use a great deal more +coal than more well-to-do people need. + +It is not because they don't pay the landlords enough rent that the poor +have no comforts in their homes. So many families can be packed into one +floor, that landlords find tenement-houses pay them extremely well. + +Many of the tenement-houses have been allowed to get so dilapidated, that +the Board of Health has taken the matter in hand, and has been trying to +make the landlord have them properly drained, and cleaned, and repaired. + +It came to the knowledge of this board that there were some rear tenements +in Mott Street, which were in a frightful condition. + +They had been built at the back of some houses fronting on Mott +Street--in fact, they had been put in the little spot of ground that had +been the yard belonging to the front houses. + +They came up so close to the front buildings that, by stretching out your +arms, you could almost touch the front wall of one house and the back wall +of the other. The actual distance apart was a little over seven feet. + +This would have been bad enough, but worse was to come. After a time, +warehouses were built over the surrounding back yards, and at last these +poor tenements had brick walls round their sides and backs, to within +eight inches of the windows, and all the light they got was given them by +the seven-foot court that divided them from the houses in front. + +Just imagine the darkness and the stuffiness of these rooms. Think how +awful they must have been in the summer, with not a breath of air reaching +them from any quarter. The tenants were obliged to go up to the roof and +sleep there, for the rooms were unbearable. + +The people who lived on the lower floors paid less rent than those on the +top, because when you got up to the top floor there was a faint glimmer of +daylight. + +The tenants were put to the expense of burning lights all day long, +because neither sun nor light could reach them. + +When the Board of Health found out about these horrible places, and +learned that little children were being born and brought up in them, an +order was at once given that the rear tenements should be torn down. + +But the owner objected. He tried to pretend that his houses were fit for +people to live in, and went to law to prevent the Board of Health from +interfering. + +This was last September. Ever since then the matter has been in the courts +before the judge. + +People have still been living in these awful dens, getting sick, and +losing their children, and spending more money for doctors and medicine +than would have paid their car-fare to healthier and more comfortable +homes. + +The court has at last decided that these rear tenements are dangerous and +unhealthy, and the Board of Health will have them pulled down in a very +short time. + +Many of our wealthy people wish so sincerely that poor people should have +more comforts, that they are spending their money in building beautiful +model tenement-houses, which will give the tenants every possible comfort +for the same amount of money that they now have to pay for the dark, +wretched places they live in. + +One gentleman, Mr. D.O. Mills, felt so sorry for the men who had no homes, +and were obliged to take board in these wretched tenements, that he is +building a model lodging-house for them. + +This house is down-town, where the men need it. It is large enough for +1,500 men to sleep in, and for each to have a comfortable room to himself. + +The house is to be heated throughout, and there are to be elevators to +take the men upstairs. The arrangements for washing and bathing are +splendid, there is any amount of hot and cold water, and a laundry, with +all the newest arrangements for washing and drying clothes quickly, where +the men can go and wash their own clothes, and have them clean for the +morning. + +There are also comfortable rooms, where the men can read and write and +play games. All the books and papers and games will be ready for them in +the rooms, for it is Mr. Mills' wish to make the lodging-house a home to +the men, so they may find their amusement at home, and not be tempted to +go to saloons. + +All they are to be charged is twenty cents a night. For this they will +have all the comfort, warmth, and cleanliness that a man could wish for. + +There is to be a restaurant in the house, where the lodgers can buy their +meals. Their food will not be given them for the twenty cents, but it will +be made as cheap as possible, and will be of the best kind, and cooked in +the nicest way. + +It is to be hoped Mr. Mills' experiment will be such a success, that many +others will follow his example. This lodging-house is on Bleecker Street, +and work is already commenced on it. + + * * * * * + +A sailor who has just come back from Japan brings word that sixteen +American sailors are in prison in Siberia for trying to kill Russian +seals, and carry away their fur to market. + +The story the man tells is that in October, 1895, the American schooner +_Saitans_ was cruising in the Okhotsk Sea, off the Siberian coast. Some of +the men landed on an island, and while they were ashore a heavy gale +sprang up, and, to save herself, the _Saitans_ put out to sea, leaving the +men behind. + +They remained where they were for five days, and then they were found by a +Russian man-of-war. They were accused of trying to catch seals, and were +sent to prison for five months. + +The following May, one of the United States cruisers went to the port +where the men were imprisoned, and the officers saw them. + +The men begged the officers to do something for them, because they had +been told that when their five months' imprisonment was over, they were to +be arrested again, and sent back to prison once more. + +The officers asked the police about this, and were told that it was all +nonsense; the five months would be up in a few weeks, and the men set at +liberty. The officers were satisfied that this was the truth, and went +away. + +But when the five months were up, the sailors found that their fears were +only too well grounded. They were rearrested, and sent back to prison for +eighteen months. + +The sailor who brings this news says that, when he reached the port where +the men are imprisoned, he managed to be taken to see them, and found them +working on some Russian fortifications. + +He says the men were very unhappy, and had almost lost their courage. +Their second sentence will not be over till October, and they are afraid +that they will be rearrested, and imprisoned once more, unless something +is done for them. + +They declare that it was not their fault that they were on the island. +They insist that they were doing no harm, and their vessel put back to sea +and left them in their unhappy position. + + G.H.R. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +A New York newspaper has been making some experiments in signalling ships +at night, which, if as successful as it is claimed to be, will be of the +greatest service to sailors for all time to come. + +Ships have a regular way of talking to one another, by means of flags +arranged in certain ways. + +This form of signalling is comprehended by all sailors. It is a universal +language, and no matter from what country or in what seas ships may be +sailing, the language of the flags makes it possible for them to be +understood. + +There has been one difficulty with the flag-signals, and that has been +that they were useless at night. When it became too dark for the flags to +be seen, sailors had no other means of communication. + +The New York paper claims to have overcome this difficulty. + +In saying that ships have no means of communicating with each other, it +must not be forgotten that they can use lights and send certain messages +with them. But the flag system enables them to say exactly what they wish +to, while through the lights they can only show where they are, and call +for help in case of accident. + +The invention of the searchlight set men thinking, and at last the idea +struck one man that if the searchlight were turned on the flags, it ought +to be perfectly possible to see them in the darkest night. + +A few nights ago two tugs went down to Sandy Hook to try if the experiment +would work. To their great delight they found it did answer perfectly. +The tugs were stationed about a mile and a half apart, and could read with +ease the messages waved across the water. + +More experiments will be made, and if on further trial the method is found +to be practical, a great advance will have been made in navigation. + +From Amsterdam, another report comes of a method that has been invented, +to enable ships to speak directly with the shore at a distance of five +miles. + +This invention is in the nature of a powerful foghorn. It is, however, +made somewhat like a musical instrument, so that different tones can be +produced by it; and the idea is to have these tones arranged into a +signalling code, after the fashion of the flag-signals, so that a +conversation can be kept up in a similar way to that done with flags. +G.H.R. + + + + +LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS. + + +We have had a very large and interesting mail this week from the young +friends of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. + +We take pleasure in acknowledging and publishing R.R.'s graphic and clever +description of the fire near Wanamaker's in Philadelphia, Helen Z.C.'s +pleasant chat about a Chicago suburb, and Seymour U.P.'s nice little note +from Saranac Lake. + +We also acknowledge the receipt of relief maps for the competition from +Adrian Van A. and Harriot M., of Brooklyn. + + DEAR EDITOR: + + I have just arrived home from school. I wish to tell you of the + very large fire down-town. I go to school about one block from + where the fire was. The fire started in a grocery store + belonging to Hanson Brothers, about 7:30 o'clock. This grocery + is No. 1317 Market Street. From there the fire spread to an + umbrella store, which had the numbers 1309 to 1313 Market + Street. From there a spark set fire to Wanamaker's store; it + started there in the large clock tower, which soon after was a + mass of flames. It fell with a loud crash soon after. The fire + spread to the woodwork of the City Hall, where it was soon put + out. + + Wishing your magazine years of success, I am + Your reader, R.R. + + PHILA., Jan. 25th., 1897. + + + DEAR EDITOR: + + I like THE GREAT ROUND WORLD very much, and anticipate + their coming. + + I receive them from my auntie of New York City. She reads them + first, and then sends them to me. + + They are very enjoyable, and as I am just in the interesting + part of school, they help me very much. Perhaps you would like + to know where Maywood is. It is a suburb of Chicago. + + A very pretty place, and so much nicer than living in the city, + because here we have fresh air and green grass. + + Would you not rather live in the country? + + We have a park here which is kept in order by the town + authorities. This winter they have flooded it, and made a very + nice skating pond, which is free to all. + + So after school hours we boys and girls have a bonny time. + + Hoping to receive an answer, I remain, + Yours affectionately, HELEN Z.C. + + P.S.--These "Sylvia's Caramels" you speak of in No. 3 are what + we call "Fudges." + + They are _very_ nice. We make them often. + + MAYWOOD, ILL., Jan. 25th, 1897. + + + TO THE EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD: + + I am an enthusiastic reader of your most interesting little + paper, and would like you to send me a "Who? When? and What?" + chart. + + I am up in the mountains for the winter, and there is fine + skating and tobogganing here, and I have also a fine big snow + house. We belong to the "Pontiac Club," and can therefore skate + whenever we want. Wishing your paper much success. I remain + + Your fond reader, SEYMOUR U.P. + + SARANAC LAKE, N.Y., Jan. 22d, 1897. + + +In reply to questions from Miss Lena Penn: + +George du Maurier died in London, October 8, 1896, of heart disease. + +There is a statue of Hans Christian Andersen in the market-place of +Copenhagen. He was the author of the famous Fairy Tales which have given +so much pleasure to so many millions of children. + +If there are any statistics of the population of the earth since Adam, we +are unaware of them. + +The population of the earth, estimated in 1891, was 1,487,900,000. + +At the death of the Emperor Augustus, the population of the earth was +estimated at 54,000,000. + + DEAR MR. EDITOR: + + My father receives your little paper, THE GREAT ROUND + WORLD, every week. I like it real well, and all the rest of + the people and children I have let take one of the copies liked + it so well I let them take more copies. I think it a very nice + little paper, and wish you success. I send you the following + extract, taken from "Wit and Wisdom," showing that the X-rays + are not a recent discovery altogether. + + THOMAS C. SCOTT. + BINGHAMTON, N.Y., Jan. 25th., 1897. + + "Dr. Milio, the celebrated surgeon of Kieff, while on a visit to + St. Petersburg, explained the means he had invented for + illuminating the body by means of the electric light to such an + extent that the human machine may be observed almost as if skin + and flesh were transparent. The Moscow _Gazette_ asserts that to + demonstrate the feasibility of his process, Dr. Milio placed a + bullet inside his mouth, and then lighted up his face, upon + which the bullet became distinctly visible through his cheek. + Dr. Milio did not propose to lay bare all the secrets of the + flesh, to explore the recesses of the heart, or to perform any + miracles, physical or metaphysical. But he claimed to have + discovered a new and effective way of dealing with gun-shot + wounds: first, by means of electric illumination, he discovered + the precise situation of the bullet; next, by means of + magnetism, he proposed to extract the bullet, provided always + that the bullet contained some portion of steel. Against leaden + bullets his system is powerless, and he therefore intended to + represent to the International Committee, which met at Geneva, + the desirability of recommending an admixture of steel in the + manufacture of all future bullets. Dr. Milio's experiments with + bullets containing only a slight admixture of steel are said to + have been thoroughly successful." + + +DEAR THOMAS: + +Your letter is very interesting. + +It has long been known that it is possible to see through matter if we +only knew just how. The X-ray has shown us the way. + + THE EDITOR. + + + TO THE EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD: + + In your edition of Jan. 21st, 1897, you wrote of the swallowing + up by the sea of Robinson Crusoe's Island, or the island of Juan + Fernandez. Now I have always heard this island called "Robinson + Crusoe's Island," and I think the reason is, that Alexander + Selkirk was cast away there, and on his adventures the story of + Robinson Crusoe was written by Daniel Defoe. But I have read + "Robinson Crusoe," and the island as described by him cannot be + the Island of Juan Fernandez, but must be one of the Windward + Islands in the Caribbean Sea, off the mouth of the great Orinoco + River in South America, and I think is the Island of Tobago; + this best fits the careful description of Daniel Defoe. + + In Crusoe's first exploration of the island he says: + + "I came in view of the sea to the west, and it being a very + clear day, I fairly descried land,... extending from the W. to + the W.S.W.... It could not be less than fifteen or twenty + leagues off." + + There is no land situated W.S.W. from Juan Fernandez. W.S.W. + from the island of Tobago lies the great island of Trinidad. + When Crusoe attempts to sail around the island he says: + + "I perceived a strong and most furious current." + + This could be no other than the current from the mouth of the + great Orinoco River. + + But what settles the matter is that after Crusoe had taught + Friday to speak English, he had a conversation with him, in + which Crusoe asks Friday: + + "How far it was from our island to the shore, and whether the + canoes were not often lost. He told me there was no danger; no + canoes ever lost; but after a little way out to sea, there was a + current and wind always one way in the morning, the other in the + afternoon. This I understood to be no more than the sets of the + tide, as going out or coming in; but I afterward understood it + was occasioned by the great draft and reflux of the mighty river + Oroonoko, in the mouth of which river, as I thought afterwards, + our island lay; and that this land which I perceived to the + W.S.W. was the great island Trinidad." + + I like your GREAT ROUND WORLD, Mr. Editor, but I like + Robinson Crusoe, too. I like to know just where he was cast + away, and hope if I am right you will tell other boys who read + "Robinson Crusoe" the true place, where Daniel Defoe describes + poor Crusoe as living all those weary years. + + EDGAR B. + Aged twelve years. + CHICAGO, ILL. + +MY DEAR YOUNG FRIEND: + +After the very careful work you have done on Robinson Crusoe, and the +evident affection you have for him, it seems a shame to have to tell you +that no such person as Crusoe existed. + +As we told in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, No. 11, a Scotchman named +Alexander Selkirk was put ashore on the island of Juan Fernandez, and +lived there four years and four months. + +When he was rescued and brought back to England, he wrote an account of +his life there. + +An English writer named Daniel Defoe saw this book of Selkirk's, and +thought it would make a wonderful story if it was well handled. Selkirk's +was a mere statement of what had happened to him, and while intensely +interesting, was not written to amuse people. + +Defoe created an imaginary person, whom he called Robinson Crusoe, dressed +up Selkirk's facts to suit the purpose of his story, and wrote the +wonderful and undying story of Robinson Crusoe. + +His geographical facts, no doubt, were purposely altered from Selkirk's, +and were made as graphic as possible, in order to add the semblance of +truth to his story. In the early years of the seventeenth century +geography was very little understood. The connection between Selkirk's +sufferings on Juan Fernandez, and the adventures of Robinson Crusoe have +always been so thoroughly understood that, as you read in your GREAT +ROUND WORLD, the island of Juan Fernandez has been called Crusoe's +Island, and Selkirk's cave and hut, Crusoe's. THE EDITOR. + + + EDITOR GREAT ROUND WORLD. + + DEAR SIR:--Your article on salting streets has greatly + roused your subscriber, my small son. + + Will you kindly tell him, through your magazine, _how_ the + children may help abate the terrible cruelty? What _action_ do + you suggest for them? He has interested a number of lads in the + subject, but does not know how to put forth effort--when the + discovery is made that the law is violated. + + Complain to party giving offence, to police, or what? + + Your magazine is warmly appreciated in this household by old and + young, and we hope for its continued prosperity. + + Very truly, + D.K. LIPPINCOTT'S MOTHER. + 194 FAIRMOUNT AVENUE, NEWARK, N.J. + + +DEAR MASTER LIPPINCOTT: + +I am delighted that you and your little friends are interested in the +matter of salting the streets, and that you are eager to put a stop to +such cruelty. + +In the first place, you can help by telling every one about it, and by +getting people, old and young, interested. Do you know that not one person +to whom I have spoken about it--aside from Dr. Johnson, the people at the +A.S.P.C.A., and Mr. Harison--knew anything about it? Strange, was it not? +A good many things are permitted because people do not know just how +dreadful they are. + +As to the method of learning just where salt has been used, I know only +the one of which the article tells you, and that is: if there is snow or +ice in other places, and the tracks are covered with water, then you may +know that there is a reason for it. And inasmuch as the water would be +twenty degrees below freezing, I believe that you could determine the +presence of salt by means of the mercury. If you had a thermometer which +would register that number of degrees, and were to plunge it into the +slush, the sensitive mercury would tell the story. + +As to the person to whom you should complain: at any of the offices of the +Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The New York Society is +at 10 East 22d Street, and there are branches or agents of the Society in +nearly every town of importance. + + Yours sincerely, + IZORA C. CHANDLER. + + + + +BOOK REVIEWS. + + +The editor is pleased to acknowledge the following clever account of Nora +Perry's "A Flock of Boys and Girls," published by Little, Brown & Co., +Boston. + + TO THE EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD: + + If any one wants to read an interesting book, I will tell you + one of Nora Perry's books, called "A Flock of Girls and Boys." + It is a collection of short stories, and tells of the scrapes + they got into and how they got out of them, and it has the + language boys and girls use every day. There is one story that I + was especially impressed with: the name of it is "Major Molly's + Christmas Promise." It was about a little girl who made a + promise to a little Indian girl; and she kept her promise; and + in doing that, although she did not know it, saved her mother's + and father's life, besides her friends having to go to war. + + MADELEINE H.P. + + + + +SIMPLE LESSONS IN THE + +STUDY OF NATURE + +By I.G. OAKLEY + + +This is a handy little book, which many a teacher who is looking for means +to offer children genuine nature study may be thankful to get hold of. + +Nature lessons, to be entitled to that name, must deal with what can be +handled and scrutinized at leisure by the child, pulled apart, and even +wasted. This can be done with the objects discussed in this book; they are +under the feet of childhood--grass, feathers, a fallen leaf, a budding +twig, or twisted shell; these things cannot be far out of the way, even +within the stony limits of a city. + +Nor are the lessons haphazard dashes at the nearest living thing; on the +contrary, they are virtually fundamental, whether with respect to their +relation to some of the classified sciences, or with reference to the +development of thought and power of expression in the child himself. + +The illustrations are few, and scarcely more than figures; it is not meant +to be a pretty picture-book, yet is most clearly and beautifully printed +and arranged, for its material is to be that out of which pictures are +made. It will be found full of suggestions of practical value to teachers +who are carrying the miscellaneous work of ungraded schools, and who have +the unspeakable privilege of dealing with their pupils untrammelled by +cast-iron methods and account-keeping examination records. + +=_Sample copy, 50 Cents, post-paid_= + + * * * * * + + =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON + 3 & 5 W. 18th St. ... New York City= + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 15, February 18, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15325.txt or 15325.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/3/2/15325/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (www.pgdp.net). + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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