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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Death of Lord Nelson, by William Beatty
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Death of Lord Nelson
+
+Author: William Beatty
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2005  [eBook #15233]
+Most recently updated: March 16, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DEATH OF LORD NELSON***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Steven Gibbs and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE OF THE DEATH OF LORD NELSON:
+
+WITH
+
+THE CIRCUMSTANCES PRECEDING, ATTENDING, AND
+SUBSEQUENT TO, THAT EVENT;
+
+THE PROFESSIONAL REPORT
+
+ON HIS LORDSHIP'S WOUND,
+
+AND
+
+SEVERAL INTERESTING ANECDOTES.
+
+BY WILLIAM BEATTY, M.D.
+
+Surgeon to the Victory in the Battle of Trafalgar,
+and now Physician to the Fleet under the Command
+of the Earl of St. Vincent, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+London:
+Printed By T. Davison, White-Friars;
+For T. Cadell and W. Davies, in the Strand.
+
+1807.
+
+
+
+
+_TO THE PUBLIC_.
+
+
+The Surgeon of the late illustrious Lord NELSON feels himself called
+upon, from the responsible situation which he held on the eventful day
+of the 21st of October 1805, to lay before the British Nation the
+following Narrative. It contains an account of the most interesting
+incidents which occurred on board the Victory. (Lord NELSON's flag-ship)
+from the time of her sailing from England, in the month of September,
+till the day of battle inclusively; with a detail of the particulars of
+HIS LORDSHIP'S Death, the mode adopted for preserving his revered
+Remains during the subsequent long passage of the Victory to England,
+and the condition of the Body when it was deposited in Greenwich
+Hospital. This short statement of facts is deemed a small but necessary
+tribute of respect to the memory of the departed Hero, as well as a
+professional document which the Public had a right to expect from the
+man who had the melancholy honour of being his principal medical
+attendant on that occasion: and is presumed to be not unappropriately
+concluded by observations on the state of HIS LORDSHIP'S health for some
+time previous to his fall; with his habits of life, and other
+circumstances, strongly proving that few men had a greater prospect of
+attaining longevity, on which account his premature death is the more to
+be deplored by his Country.
+
+It was originally intended that this Narrative should be published in
+the LIFE OF LORD NELSON, undertaken by the Rev. J.S. CLARKE and J.
+M'ARTHUR, Esq. and it will still form a part of that Work; but from the
+length of time which must necessarily elapse before so extensive and
+magnificent a Publication can be completed, the Author has been induced
+to print it in a separate form.
+
+
+
+
+Narrative
+
+
+Lord NELSON sailed from St. Helen's in the Victory, with the Euryalus
+frigate, on the morning of the 15th of September 1805, to take the
+command of the British Fleet cruizing before Cadiz. On the 18th he
+appeared off Plymouth; where he was joined by his Majesty's ships
+Thunderer and Ajax, with which he proceeded for his destined station. On
+the 20th he communicated by private signal with the squadron under the
+command of Rear-Admiral STIRLING, which passed within a few miles of the
+Victory; and the same day at noon, spoke his Majesty's ship Le Decade,
+having on board Rear-Admiral Sir RICHARD BICKERTON, who, was on his
+return to England for the recovery of his health.
+
+Some bad weather and adverse winds were experienced by the Victory in
+crossing the Bay of Biscay, and on the 27th Cape St. Vincent was seen.
+Lord NELSON had dispatched the Euryalus ahead on the preceding day, to
+acquaint Admiral COLLINGWOOD with his approach; and to direct that no
+salute should take place, nor any public compliments be paid to his
+flag, on his assuming the command, as he wished the Enemy to be kept
+ignorant of a reinforcement being received by the British Fleet. In the
+evening of the 28th, the Victory joined the Fleet; now consisting of
+twenty-seven ships of the line, including the Victory, Ajax, and
+Thunderer: the city of Cadiz was seen distant about fifteen miles, with
+the Combined Fleets at anchor; and Admiral LOUIS, with five or six ships
+under his command, close in shore, watching the motions of the Enemy.
+
+On the 29th, prompt and decisive measures were adopted to prevent the
+Enemy from receiving any supplies of provisions by sea, which His
+LORDSHIP was informed they were very much distressed for: cruizers were
+stationed off the Capes St. Vincent, St. Mary's, and Trafalgar; and the
+frigates Euryalus and Hydra were ordered to keep off the entrance of
+Cadiz. His LORDSHIP now retired with the Fleet to the vicinity of Cape
+St. Mary's, about fifty or sixty miles westward of Cadiz; keeping up a
+constant communication with the frigates in shore, by means of three or
+four ships of the line placed at convenient intervals for distinguishing
+the signals of each other. This distance from, the Enemy's port was
+preserved by His LORDSHIP, to prevent them from being speedily
+acquainted with the force of the Fleet under his command; and that he
+might avoid the necessity of bearing up in bad weather, and running
+with the Fleet through the Straits of Gibraltar when the westerly gales
+prevailed: as the inconvenience of being forced into the Mediterranean,
+had been felt by former Commanders in Chief; and would now have afforded
+a favourable opportunity to the Enemy of effecting their escape from
+Cadiz, or at all events have rendered their obtaining supplies less
+difficult.
+
+On the 1st of October Admiral LOUIS joined the Fleet, with a part of his
+squadron (the Canopus, Spencer, and Tigre), from before Cadiz; and
+departed the next day with those ships, the Queen, and the Zealous, for
+Gibraltar, to procure a supply of provisions, stores, and water, which
+they were much in want of. On the 4th he rejoined with his squadron;
+having received intelligence from the Euryalus by telegraph, that the
+French ships in Cadiz were embarking their troops, and preparing to
+sail. Lord NELSON however conceived this to be merely intended as a
+stratagem, to draw him nearer to Cadiz, for the purpose of obtaining a
+knowledge of his force; and therefore directed Admiral LOUIS to proceed
+in the execution of the orders before delivered to him.
+
+Between the 7th and the 13th, His LORDSHIP was reinforced by the Royal
+Sovereign, Belleisle, Defiance, Agamemnon, and Africa, from England, and
+the Leviathan from Gibraltar. The Agamemnon, Sir EDWARD BERRY, joined on
+the 13th;[1] with intelligence that she had been chased on the coast of
+Portugal a few days before by an Enemy's squadron, consisting of six
+sail of the line.
+
+On the 13th in the evening, Sir ROBERT CALDER, in his Majesty's ship
+the Prince of Wales, parted company with the Fleet, on his return to
+England. His departure Lord NELSON had some days before evinced an
+anxious wish to procrastinate, and was heard that very day to declare
+his firm belief that the Combined Fleets would be at sea in the course
+of ten days or a fortnight.[2]
+
+On the 18th the Donegal, Captain MALCOLM, left the Fleet for Gibraltar.
+On the 19th his Majesty's ships the Colossus, Mars, Defence, and
+Agamemnon, formed the cordon of communication with the frigates in
+shore: the Fleet was lying to. About half past nine in the morning, the
+Mars, being one of the ships nearest to the Fleet, repeated the signal
+from the ships further in shore, that "the Enemy were coming out of
+port." Lord NELSON immediately ordered the general signal to be made,
+with two guns, for a chace in the south-east quarter. The wind was now
+very light; and the breezes partial, mostly from the south-south-west.
+The Fleet made all possible sail; and about two o'clock the Colossus and
+Mars repeated signals from the ships in shore, communicating the welcome
+intelligence of "the Enemy being at sea." This cheered the minds of all
+on board, with the prospect of realizing those hopes of meeting the
+Enemy which had been so long and so sanguinely entertained. It was well
+known to His LORDSHIP, that all the Enemy's ships had the iron hoops on
+their masts painted black; whereas the British ships, with the exception
+of the Belleisle and Polyphemus, had theirs painted yellow: and as he
+considered that this would serve for a very good mark of distinction in
+the heat of battle, he made known this circumstance to the Fleet, and
+ordered the Belleisle and Polyphemus to paint their hoops yellow; but the
+evening being far advanced when the signal was made to them for this
+purpose, His LORDSHIP, fearing that it might not be distinctly
+understood, sent the Entreprenante cutter to them to communicate the
+order.
+
+During the night the Fleet continued steering to the south-east under
+all sail, in expectation of seeing the Enemy; and at day-break on the
+20th found itself in the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar, but
+nothing of the Enemy to be discovered. The Fleet now wore, and made sail
+to the north-west; and at seven in the morning the Phoebe was seen
+making signals for "the Enemy bearing north." At eight o'clock the
+Victory hove to; and Admiral COLLINGWOOD, with the Captains of the Mars,
+Colossus, and Defence, came on board, to receive instructions from His
+LORDSHIP; at eleven minutes past nine they returned to their respective
+ships, and the Fleet made sail again to the northward.
+
+In the afternoon the wind increased, and blew fresh from the south-west;
+which excited much apprehension on board the Victory, lest the Enemy
+might be forced to return to port. The look-out ships, however, made
+several signals for seeing them, and to report their force and bearings.
+His LORDSHIP was at this time on the poop; and turning round, and
+observing a group of Midshipmen assembled together, he said to them with
+a smile, "This day or to-morrow will be a fortunate one for you, young
+men," alluding to their being promoted in the event of a victory.
+
+A little before sunset the Euryalus communicated intelligence by
+telegraph, that "the Enemy appeared determined to go to the westward."
+His LORDSHIP upon this ordered it to be signified to Captain BLACKWOOD
+(of that ship) by signal, that "he depended on the Euryalus for keeping
+sight of the Enemy during the night." The night signals were so clearly
+and distinctly arranged by His LORDSHIP, and so well understood by the
+respective Captains, that the Enemy's motions continued to be made known
+to him with the greatest facility throughout the night: a certain number
+of guns, with false fires and blue lights announced their altering their
+course, wearing, and making or shortening sail; and signals
+communicating such changes were repeated by the look-out ships, from the
+Euryalus to the Victory.
+
+The Enemy wore twice during the night: which evolution was considered by
+His LORDSHIP as shewing an intention, on their part, of keeping the port
+of Cadiz open; and made him apprehend that on seeing the British Fleet,
+they would effect their retreat thither before he could bring them to a
+general action. He was therefore very careful not to approach their
+Fleet near enough to be seen by them before morning.
+
+The British Fleet wore about two o'clock in the morning; and stood on
+the larboard tack with their heads to the northward, carrying their
+topsails and foresails, and anxiously expecting the dawn of day. When
+that period arrived, the Combined Fleets were distinctly seen from the
+Victory's deck, formed in a close line of battle ahead on the starboard
+tack, standing to the south, and about twelve miles to leeward. They
+consisted of thirty-three ships of the line; four of which were
+three-deckers, and one of seventy guns: the strength of the British
+Fleet was twenty-seven ships of the line; seven of which were
+three-deckers, and three of sixty-four guns. Lord NELSON had, on the
+10th, issued written Instructions to the Admirals and Captains of the
+Fleet individually, pointing out his intended mode of attack in the
+event of meeting the Enemy;[3] and now, previously to appearing himself
+on deck, he directed Captain HARDY to make the necessary signals for the
+order and disposition of the Fleet accordingly.
+
+HIS LORDSHIP came upon deck soon after day-light: he was dressed as
+usual in his Admiral's frock-coat, bearing on the left breast four stars
+of different orders which he always wore with his common apparel.[4] He
+displayed excellent spirits, and expressed his pleasure at the prospect
+of giving a fatal blow to the naval power of France and Spain; and spoke
+with confidence of obtaining a signal victory notwithstanding the
+inferiority of the British Fleet, declaring to Captain HARDY that "he
+would not be contented with capturing less than twenty sail of the
+line." He afterwards pleasantly observed that "the 21st of October was
+the happiest day in the year among his family," but did not assign the
+reason of this.[5] His LORDSHIP had previously entertained a strong
+presentiment that this would prove the auspicious day; and had several
+times said to Captain HARDY and Doctor SCOTT (Chaplain of the ship, and
+Foreign Secretary to the Commander in Chief, whose intimate friendship
+he enjoyed), "The 21st of October will be our day."
+
+The wind was now from the west; but the breezes were very light, with a
+long heavy swell running. The signal being made for bearing down upon
+the Enemy in two lines, the British Fleet set all possible sail. The lee
+line, consisting of thirteen ships, was led by Admiral COLLINGWOOD in
+the Royal Sovereign; and the weather line, composed of fourteen ships,
+by the Commander in Chief in the Victory. HIS LORDSHIP had ascended the
+poop, to have a better view of both lines of the British Fleet; and
+while there, gave particular directions for taking down from his cabin
+the different fixtures, and for being very careful in removing the
+portrait of Lady HAMILTON: "Take care of my Guardian Angel," said he,
+addressing himself to the persons to be employed in this business.
+Immediately after this he quitted the poop, and retired to his cabin for
+a few minutes: where he committed to paper the following short but
+devout and fervent ejaculation, which must be universally admired as
+truly characteristic of the Christian hero; and the codicil to his will,
+which follows it:
+
+"MAY the great GOD whom I worship grant to my Country, and for the
+benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious victory; and may no
+misconduct in any one tarnish it, and may humanity after victory be the
+predominant feature in the British Fleet! For myself individually, I
+commit my life to Him that made me; and may His blessing alight on my
+endeavours for serving my Country faithfully! To Him I resign myself,
+and the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen, Amen,
+Amen."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "OCTOBER 21st, 1805. _Then in sight of the Combined Fleets of
+   France and Spain, distant about ten miles_.
+
+   "WHEREAS the eminent services of EMMA HAMILTON, widow of the Right
+   Honourable Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON, have been of the very greatest
+   service to my King and Country, to my knowledge, without ever
+   receiving any reward from either our King or Country:
+
+   "First, that she obtained the King of Spain's letter, in 1796, to
+   his brother the King of Naples, acquainting him of his intention to
+   declare war against England; from which letter the ministry sent
+   out orders to the then Sir JOHN JERVIS, to strike a stroke if
+   opportunity offered, against either the arsenals of Spain or her
+   fleets:--that neither of these was done, is not the fault of Lady
+   HAMILTON; the opportunity might have been offered:[6]
+
+   "Secondly: the British Fleet under my command could never have
+   returned the second time to Egypt, had not Lady HAMILTON'S
+   influence with the Queen of Naples caused letters to be wrote to
+   the Governor of Syracuse, that he was to encourage the Fleet's
+   being supplied with every thing, should they put into any port in
+   Sicily. We put into Syracuse, and received every supply; went to
+   Egypt, and destroyed the French Fleet:
+
+   "Could I have rewarded these services, I would not now call upon my
+   Country; but as that has not been in my power, I leave EMMA Lady
+   HAMILTON therefore a legacy to my King and Country, that they will
+   give her an ample provision to maintain her rank in life.
+
+   "I also leave to the beneficence of my Country my adopted Daughter,
+   HORATIA NELSON THOMPSON; and I desire she will use in future the
+   name of NELSON only.
+
+   "These are the only favours I ask of my King and Country, at this
+   moment when I am going to fight their battle. May GOD bless my King
+   and Country, and all those I hold dear! My Relations it is needless
+   to mention: they will of course be amply provided for.
+
+    "NELSON and BRONTE.
+
+    "Witness  {HENRY BLACKWOOD.
+              {T.M. Hardy"
+
+The prayer and codicil were both written with HIS LORDSHIP'S own hand,
+within three hours before the commencement of the engagement.
+
+As the Victory drew near to the Enemy, HIS LORDSHIP, accompanied by
+Captain HARDY, and the Captains of the four frigates (Euryalus, Naiad,
+Sirius, and Phoebe) who had been called on board by signal to receive
+instructions, visited the different decks of the ship. He addressed the
+crew at their several quarters, admonishing them against firing a single
+shot without being sure of their object; and expressed himself to the
+Officers highly satisfied with the arrangements made at their respective
+stations.
+
+It was now plainly perceived by all on board the Victory, that from the
+very compact line which the Enemy had formed, they were determined to
+make one great effort to recover in some measure their long-lost naval
+reputation. They wore in succession about twenty minutes past seven
+o'clock; and stood on the larboard tack, with their heads toward Cadiz.
+They kept a good deal of sail set; steering about two points from the
+wind, with topsails shivering. Their van was particularly closed,
+having the Santissima Trinidada and the Bucentaur the ninth and tenth
+ships, the latter the flag-ship of Admiral VILLENEUVE: but as the
+Admirals of the Combined Fleets declined shewing their flags till the
+heat of the battle was over, the former of these ships was only
+distinguished from the rest by her having four decks; and Lord NELSON
+ordered the Victory to be steered for her bow.
+
+Several Officers of the ship now communicated to each other their
+sentiments of anxiety for HIS LORDSHIP'S personal safety, to which every
+other consideration seemed to give way. Indeed all were confident of
+gaining a glorious victory, but the apprehensions for HIS LORDSHIP were
+great and general; and the Surgeon made known to Doctor SCOTT his fears
+that HIS LORDSHIP would be made the object of the Enemy's marksmen, and
+his desire that he might be entreated by somebody to cover the stars on
+his coat with a handkerchief. Doctor SCOTT and Mr. SCOTT (Public
+Secretary) both observed, however, that such a request would have no
+effect; as they knew HIS LORDSHIP'S sentiments on the subject so well,
+that they were sure he would be highly displeased with whoever should
+take the liberty of recommending any change in his dress on this
+account: and when the Surgeon declared to Mr. SCOTT that he would avail
+himself of the opportunity of making his sick-report for the day,[7] to
+submit his sentiments to the Admiral, Mr. SCOTT replied, "Take care,
+Doctor, what you are about; I would not be the man to mention such a
+matter to him." The Surgeon notwithstanding persisted in his design, and
+remained on deck to find a proper opportunity for addressing His
+LORDSHIP; but this never occurred: as His LORDSHIP continued occupied
+with the Captains of the frigates (to whom he was explaining his
+intentions respecting the services they were to perform during the
+battle) till a short time before the Enemy--opened their fire on the
+Royal Sovereign, when Lord NELSON ordered all persons not stationed on
+the quarter-deck or poop to repair to their proper quarters; and the
+Surgeon, much concerned at this disappointment, retired from the deck
+with several other Officers.[8]
+
+The boats on the quarters of the ship, being found in the way of the
+guns, were now lowered, down, and towed astern. Captain BLACKWOOD, of
+the Euryalus, remained on board the Victory till a few minutes before
+the Enemy began to fire upon her. He represented to His LORDSHIP, that
+his flag-ship would be singled out and much pressed by the Enemy; and
+suggested the propriety therefore of permitting one or two ships of his
+line to go ahead of the Victory, and lead her into action, which might
+be the means of drawing in some measure the Enemy's attention from her.
+To this Lord NELSON assented, and at half past nine o'clock he ordered
+the Temeraire and Leviathan by signal (the former of which ships, being
+close to the Victory, was hailed by His LORDSHIP) to go ahead for that
+purpose; but from the light breeze that prevailed they were unable,
+notwithstanding their utmost efforts, to attain their intended stations.
+Captain BLACKWOOD foresaw that this would be the case; and as the
+Victory still continued to carry all her sail, he wished Captain HARDY
+to acquaint His LORDSHIP, that unless her sail was in some degree
+shortened, the two ships just mentioned could not succeed in getting
+ahead previously to the Enemy's line being forced: this however Captain
+HARDY declined doing, as he conceived His LORDSHIP'S ardour to get into
+battle would on no account suffer such a measure.[9]
+
+About half an hour before the Enemy opened their fire, the memorable
+telegraphic signal was made, that "ENGLAND EXPECTS EVERY MAN WILL DO HIS
+DUTY," which was spread and received throughout the Fleet with
+enthusiasm. It is impossible adequately to describe by any language, the
+lively emotions excited in the crew of the Victory when this propitious
+communication was made known to them: confidence and resolution were
+strongly pourtrayed in the countenance of all; and the sentiment
+generally expressed to each other was, that they would prove to their
+Country that day, how well British seamen _could_ "do their duty" when
+led to battle by their revered Admiral. The signal was afterwards made
+to "prepare to anchor after the close of the day;" and union-jacks were
+hoisted at the fore-topmast and top-gallant-stays of each ship, to serve
+as a distinction from the Enemy's, in conformity with orders previously
+issued by the Commander in Chief. By HIS LORDSHIP'S directions also, the
+different divisions of the Fleet hoisted the St. George's or white
+ensign, being the colours of the Commander in Chief: this was done to
+prevent confusion from occurring during the battle, through a variety of
+national flags.
+
+The Royal Sovereign now made the signal by telegraph, that "the Enemy's
+Commander in Chief was in a frigate." This mistake arose from one of
+their frigates making many signals. Lord NELSON ordered his line to be
+steered about two points more to the northward than that of his Second
+in Command, for the purpose of cutting off the retreat of the Enemy's
+van to the port of Cadiz; which was the reason of the three leading
+ships of Admiral COLLINGWOOD's line being engaged with the Enemy
+previously to those of the Commander in Chief's line.
+
+The Enemy began to fire on the Royal Sovereign at thirty minutes past
+eleven o'clock; in ten minutes after which she got under the stern of
+the St. Anna, and commenced a fire on her. Lieutenant PASCO, Signal
+Officer of the Victory, was heard to say while looking through his
+glass, "There is a top-gallant-yard gone." His LORDSHIP eagerly asked,
+"Whose top-gallant-yard is that gone? Is it the Royal Sovereign's?" and
+on being answered by Lieutenant PASCO in the negative, and that it was
+the Enemy's, he smiled, and said: "COLLINGWOOD is doing well."[10]
+
+At fifty minutes past eleven the Enemy opened their fire on the
+Commander in Chief. They shewed great coolness in the commencement of
+the battle; for as the Victory approached their line, their ships lying
+immediately ahead of her and across her bows fired only one gun at a
+time, to ascertain whether she was yet within their range. This was
+frequently repeated by eight or nine of their ships, till at length a
+shot passed through the Victory's main-top-gallant-sail; the hole in
+which being discovered by the Enemy, they immediately opened their
+broadsides, supporting an awful and tremendous fire. In a very short
+time afterwards, Mr. SCOTT, Public Secretary to the Commander in Chief,
+was killed by a cannon-shot while in conversation with Captain HARDY.
+Lord NELSON being then near them, Captain ADAIR of the Marines, with the
+assistance of a Seaman, endeavoured to remove the body from His
+LORDSHIP'S sight: but he had already observed the fall of his Secretary;
+and now said with anxiety, "Is that poor SCOTT that is gone?" and on
+being answered in the affirmative by Captain ADAIR, he replied, "Poor
+fellow!"
+
+LORD NELSON and Captain HARDY walked the quarter-deck in conversation
+for some time after this, while the Enemy kept up an incessant raking
+fire. A double-headed shot struck one of the parties of Marines drawn up
+on the poop, and killed eight of them; when His LORDSHIP, perceiving
+this, ordered Captain ADAIR, to disperse his men round the ship, that
+they might not suffer so much from being together. In a few minutes
+afterwards a shot struck the fore-brace-bits on the quarter-deck, and
+passed between Lord NELSON and Captain HARDY; a splinter from the bits
+bruising Captain HARDY'S foot, and tearing the buckle from his shoe.
+They both instantly stopped; and were observed by the Officers on deck
+to survey each other with inquiring looks, each supposing the other to
+be wounded. His LORDSHIP then smiled, and said: "This is too warm work,
+HARDY, to last long;" and declared that "through all the battles he had
+been in, he had never witnessed more cool courage than was displayed by
+the Victory's crew on this occasion."
+
+The Victory by this time, having approached close to the Enemy's van,
+had suffered very severely without firing a single gun: she had lost
+about twenty men killed, and had about thirty wounded. Her
+mizen-topmast, and all her studding-sails and their booms, on both sides
+were shot away; the Enemy's fire being chiefly directed at her rigging,
+with a view to disable her before she could close with them.[11] At four
+minutes past twelve o'clock she opened her fire, from both sides of her
+decks, upon the Enemy; when Captain HARDY represented to His LORDSHIP,
+that "it appeared impracticable to pass through the Enemy's line without
+going on board some one of their ships." Lord NELSON answered, "I
+cannot help it: it does not signify which we run on board of; go on
+board which you please; take your choice."
+
+At twenty minutes past twelve, the tiller-ropes being shot away, Mr.
+ATKINSON, the Master, was ordered below to get the helm put to port;
+which being done, the Victory was soon run on board the Redoutable of
+seventy-four guns. On coming alongside and nearly on board of her, that
+ship fired her broadside into the Victory, and immediately let down her
+lower-deck ports; which, as has been since learnt, was done to prevent
+her from being boarded through them by the Victory's crew. She never
+fired a great gun after this single broadside. A few minutes after this,
+the Temeraire fell likewise on board of the Redoutable, on the side
+opposite to the Victory; having also an Enemy's ship, said to be La
+Fougueux, on board of _her_ on her other side: so that the extraordinary
+and unprecedented circumstance occurred here, of _four_ ships of the
+line being _on board of each other_ in the heat of battle; forming as
+compact a tier as if they had been moored together, their heads lying
+all the same way. The Temeraire, as was just before mentioned, was
+between the Redoutable and La Fougueux. The Redoutable commenced a heavy
+fire of musketry from the tops, which was continued for a considerable
+time with destructive effect to the Victory's crew: her great guns
+however being silent, it was supposed at different times that she had
+surrendered; and in consequence of this opinion, the Victory twice
+ceased firing upon her, by orders transmitted from the quarter-deck.
+
+At this period, scarcely a person in the Victory escaped unhurt who was
+exposed to the Enemy's musketry; but there were frequent huzzas and
+cheers heard from between the decks, in token of the surrender of
+different of the Enemy's ships. An incessant fire was kept up from both
+sides of the Victory; her larboard guns played upon the Santissima
+Trinidada and the Bucentaur; and the starboard guns of the middle and
+lower decks were depressed, and fired with a diminished charge of
+powder, and three shot each, into the Redoutable. This mode of firing
+was adopted by Lieutenants WILLIAMS, KING, YULE, and BROWN, to obviate
+the danger of the Temeraire's suffering from the Victory's shot passing
+through the Redoutable; which must have been the case if the usual
+quantity of powder, and the common elevation, had been given to the
+guns.--A circumstance occurred in this situation, which shewed in a most
+striking manner the cool intrepidity of the Officers and men stationed
+on the lower deck of the Victory. When the guns, on this deck were run
+out, their muzzles came into contact with the Redoutable's side; and
+consequently at every discharge there was reason to fear that the Enemy
+would take fire, and both the Victory and the Temeraire be involved in
+her flames. Here then was seen the astonishing spectacle of the fireman
+of each gun standing ready with a bucket full of water which as soon as
+his gun was discharged he dashed into the Enemy through the holes made
+in her side by the shot.
+
+It was from this ship (the Redoutable) that Lord NELSON received his
+mortal wound. About fifteen minutes past one o'clock, which was in the
+heat of the engagement, he was walking the middle of the quarter-deck
+with Captain HARDY, and in the act of turning near the hatchway with his
+face towards the stern of the Victory, when the fatal ball was fired
+from the Enemy's mizen-top; which, from the situation of the two ships
+(lying on board of each other), was brought just abaft, and rather
+below, the Victory's main-yard, and of course not more than fifteen
+yards distant from that part of the deck where His LORDSHIP stood. The
+ball struck the epaulette on his left shoulder, and penetrated his
+chest. He fell with his face on the deck. Captain HARDY, who was on his
+right (the side furthest from the Enemy) and advanced some steps before
+His LORDSHIP, on turning round, saw the Serjeant Major (SECKER) of
+Marines with two Seamen raising him from the deck; where he had fallen
+on the same spot on which, a little before, his Secretary had breathed
+his last, with whose blood His LORDSHIP's clothes were much soiled.
+Captain HARDY expressed a hope that he was not severely wounded; to
+which the gallant Chief replied: "They have done for me at last,
+HARDY."--"I hope not," answered Captain HARDY. "Yes," replied His
+LORDSHIP; "my backbone is shot through."
+
+CAPTAIN HARDY ordered the Seamen to carry the Admiral to the cockpit;
+and now two incidents occurred strikingly characteristic of this great
+man, and strongly marking that energy and reflection which in his heroic
+mind rose superior even to the immediate consideration of his present
+awful condition. While the men were carrying him down the ladder from
+the middle deck, His LORDSHIP observed that the tiller-ropes were not
+yet replaced; and desired one of the Midshipmen stationed there to go
+upon the quarter-deck and remind Captain HARDY of that circumstance, and
+request that new ones should be immediately rove. Having delivered this
+order, he took his handkerchief from his pocket and covered his face
+with it, that he might be conveyed to the cockpit at this crisis
+unnoticed by the crew.
+
+Several wounded Officers, and about forty men, were likewise earned to
+the Surgeon for assistance just at this time; and some others had
+breathed their last during their conveyance below. Among the latter were
+Lieutenant WILLIAM ANDREW RAM, and Mr. WHIPPLE Captain's Clerk. The
+Surgeon had just examined these two Officers, and found that they were
+dead,[12] when his attention was arrested by several of the wounded
+calling to him, "Mr. BEATTY, Lord NELSON is here: Mr. BEATTY, the
+Admiral is wounded."--The Surgeon now, on looking round, saw the
+handkerchief fall from His LORDSHIP's face; when the stars on his coat,
+which also had been covered by it, appeared. Mr. BURKE the Purser, and
+the Surgeon, ran immediately to the assistance of His LORDSHIP, and took
+him from the arms of the Seamen who had carried him below. In conveying
+him to one of the Midshipmen's births, they stumbled, but recovered
+themselves without falling. Lord NELSON then inquired who were
+supporting him; and when the Surgeon informed him, His LORDSHIP replied,
+"Ah, Mr. BEATTY! you can do nothing for me. I have but a short time to
+live: my back is shot through." The Surgeon said, "he hoped the wound
+was not so dangerous as His LORDSHIP imagined, and that he might still
+survive long to enjoy his glorious victory." The Reverend Doctor SCOTT,
+who had been absent in another part of the cockpit administering
+lemonade to the wounded, now came instantly to His LORDSHIP; and in the
+anguish of grief wrung his hands, and said: "Alas, BEATTY, how prophetic
+you were!" alluding to the apprehensions expressed by the Surgeon for
+His LORDSHIP's safety previous to the battle.
+
+His LORDSHIP was laid upon a bed, stripped of his clothes, and covered
+with a sheet. While this was effecting, he said to Doctor SCOTT,
+"Doctor, I told you so. Doctor, I am gone;" and after a short pause he
+added in a low voice, "I have to leave Lady HAMILTON, and my adopted
+daughter HORATIA, as a legacy to my Country." The Surgeon then examined
+the wound, assuring His LORDSHIP that he would not put him to much pain
+in endeavouring to discover the course of the ball; which he soon found
+had penetrated deep into the chest, and had probably lodged in the
+spine. This being explained to His LORDSHIP, he replied, "he was
+confident his back was shot through." The back was then examined
+externally, but without any injury being perceived; on which His
+LORDSHIP was requested by the Surgeon to make him acquainted with all
+his sensations. He replied, that "he felt a gush of blood every minute
+within his breast: that he had no feeling in the lower part of his body:
+and that his breathing was difficult, and attended with very severe pain
+about that part of the spine where he was confident that the ball had
+struck; for," said he, "I felt it break my back." These symptoms, but
+more particularly the gush of blood which His LORDSHIP complained of,
+together with the state of his pulse, indicated to the Surgeon the
+hopeless situation of the case; but till after the victory was
+ascertained and announced to His LORDSHIP, the true nature of his wound
+was concealed by the Surgeon from all on board except only Captain
+HARDY, Doctor SCOTT, Mr. BURKE, and Messrs. SMITH and WESTEMBURG the
+Assistant Surgeons.
+
+The Victory's crew cheered whenever they observed an Enemy's ship
+surrender. On one of these occasions, Lord NELSON anxiously inquired
+what was the cause of it; when Lieutenant PASCO, who lay wounded at some
+distance from His LORDSHIP, raised himself up, and told him that another
+ship had struck, which appeared to give him much satisfaction. He now
+felt an ardent thirst; and frequently called for drink, and to be fanned
+with paper, making use of these words: "Fan, fan," and "Drink, drink."
+This he continued to repeat, when he wished for drink or the refreshment
+of cool air, till a very few minutes before he expired. Lemonade, and
+wine and water, were given to him occasionally. He evinced great
+solicitude for the event of the battle, and fears for the safety of his
+friend Captain HARDY. Doctor SCOTT and Mr. BURKE used every argument
+they could suggest, to relieve his anxiety. Mr. BURKE told him "the
+Enemy were decisively defeated, and that he hoped His LORDSHIP would
+still live to be himself the bearer of the joyful tidings to his
+country." He replied, "It is nonsense, Mr. BURKE, to suppose I can live:
+my sufferings are great, but they will all be soon over." Doctor SCOTT
+entreated His LORDSHIP "not to despair of living," and said "he trusted
+that Divine Providence would restore him once more to his dear Country
+and friends."--"Ah, Doctor!" replied His LORDSHIP, "it is all over; it
+is all over."
+
+Many messages were sent to Captain HARDY by the Surgeon, requesting his
+attendance on His LORDSHIP; who became impatient to see him, and often
+exclaimed: "Will no one bring HARDY to me? He must be killed: he is
+surely destroyed," The Captain's Aide-de-camp, Mr. BULKLEY, now came
+below, and stated that "circumstances respecting the Fleet required
+Captain HARDY'S presence on deck, but that he would avail himself of
+the first favourable moment to visit His LORDSHIP." On hearing him
+deliver this message to the Surgeon, His LORDSHIP inquired who had
+brought it. Mr. BURKE answered, "It is Mr. BULKLEY, my Lord."--"It is
+his voice," replied His LORDSHIP: he then said to the young gentleman,
+"Remember me to your father."
+
+An hour and ten minutes however elapsed, from the time of His LORDSHIP's
+being wounded, before Captain HARDY's first subsequent interview with
+him; the particulars of which are nearly as follow. They shook hands
+affectionately, and Lord NELSON said: "Well, HARDY, how goes the battle?
+How goes the day with us?"--"Very well, my Lord," replied Captain HARDY:
+"we have got twelve or fourteen of the Enemy's ships in our possession;
+but five of their van have tacked, and shew an intention of bearing down
+upon the Victory. I have therefore called two or three of our fresh
+ships round us, and have no doubt of giving them a drubbing." "I hope,"
+said HIS LORDSHIP, "none of _our_ ships have struck, HARDY."--"No, my
+Lord," replied Captain HARDY; "there is no fear of that." Lord NELSON
+then said: "I am a dead man, HARDY. I am going fast: it will be all over
+with me soon. Come nearer to me. Pray let my dear Lady HAMILTON have my
+hair, and all other things belonging to me." Mr. BURKE was about to
+withdraw at the commencement of this conversation; but HIS LORDSHIP,
+perceiving his intention, desired he would remain. Captain HARDY
+observed, that "he hoped Mr. BEATTY could yet hold out some prospect of
+life."--"Oh! no," answered HIS LORDSHIP; "it is impossible. My back is
+shot through. BEATTY will tell you so." Captain HARDY then returned on
+deck, and at parting shook hands again with his revered friend and
+commander.
+
+HIS LORDSHIP now requested the Surgeon, who had been previously absent a
+short time attending Mr. RIVERS, to return to the wounded, and give his
+assistance to such of them as he could be useful to; "for," said he,
+"you can do nothing for me." The Surgeon assured him that the Assistant
+Surgeons were doing every thing that could be effected for those
+unfortunate men; but on HIS LORDSHIP's several times repeating his
+injunctions to that purpose, he left him surrounded by Doctor SCOTT, Mr.
+BURKE, and two of HIS LORDSHIP'S domestics. After the Surgeon had been
+absent a few minutes attending Lieutenants PEAKE and REEVES of the
+Marines, who were wounded, he was called by Doctor SCOTT to HIS
+LORDSHIP, who said: "Ah, Mr. BEATTY! I have sent for you to say, what I
+forgot to tell you before, that all power of motion and feeling below my
+breast are gone; and _you_" continued he, "very well _know_ I can live
+but a short time." The emphatic manner in which he pronounced these last
+words, left no doubt in the Surgeon's mind, that he adverted to the case
+of a man who had some months before received a mortal injury of the
+spine on board the Victory, and had laboured under similar privations of
+sense and muscular motion. The case had made a great impression on Lord
+NELSON: he was anxious to know the cause of such symptoms, which was
+accordingly explained to him; and he now appeared to apply the situation
+and fate of this man to himself.[13] The Surgeon answered, "My Lord, you
+told me so before:" but he now examined the extremities, to ascertain
+the fact; when HIS LORDSHIP said, "Ah, BEATTY! I am too certain of it:
+SCOTT and BURKE have tried it already. _You know_ I am gone." The
+Surgeon replied: "My Lord, unhappily for our Country, nothing can be
+done for you;" and having made this declaration he was so much affected,
+that he turned round and withdrew a few steps to conceal his emotions.
+HIS LORDSHIP said: "I know it. I feel something rising in my breast,"
+putting his hand on his left side, "which tells me I am gone." Drink was
+recommended liberally, and Doctor SCOTT and Mr. BURKE fanned him with
+paper. He often exclaimed, "GOD be praised, I have done my duty;" and
+upon the Surgeon's inquiring whether his pain was still very great, he
+declared, "it continued so very severe, that he wished he was dead.
+Yet," said he in a lower voice, "one would like to live a little longer,
+too:" and after a pause of a few minutes, he added in the same tone,
+"What would become of poor Lady HAMILTON, if she knew my situation!"
+
+THE Surgeon, finding it impossible to render HIS LORDSHIP any further
+assistance, left him, to attend Lieutenant BLIGH, Messrs. SMITH and
+WESTPHALL Midshipmen, and some Seamen, recently wounded. Captain HARDY
+now came to the cockpit to see HIS LORDSHIP a second time, which was
+after an interval of about fifty minutes from the conclusion of his
+first visit. Before he quitted the deck, he sent Lieutenant HILLS to
+acquaint Admiral COLLINGWOOD with the lamentable circumstance of Lord
+NELSON'S being wounded.[14]--Lord NELSON and Captain HARDY shook hands
+again: and while the Captain retained HIS LORDSHIP'S hand, he
+congratulated him even in the arms of Death on his brilliant victory;
+"which," he said, "was complete; though he did not know how many of the
+Enemy were captured, as it was impossible to perceive every ship
+distinctly. He was certain however of fourteen or fifteen having
+surrendered." HIS LORDSHIP answered, "That is well, but I bargained for
+twenty:" and then emphatically exclaimed, "_Anchor_, HARDY, _anchor_!"
+To this the Captain replied: "I suppose, my Lord, Admiral COLLINGWOOD
+will now take upon himself the direction of affairs."--"Not while I
+live, I hope, HARDY!" cried the dying Chief; and at that moment
+endeavoured ineffectually to raise himself from the bed. "No," added he;
+"do _you_ anchor, HARDY." Captain HARDY then said: "Shall _we_ make the
+signal, Sir?"--"Yes," answered HIS LORDSHIP; "for if I live, I'll
+anchor."[15] The energetic manner in which he uttered these his last
+orders to Captain HARDY, accompanied with his efforts to raise himself,
+evinced his determination never to resign the command while he retained
+the exercise of his transcendant faculties, and that he expected Captain
+HARDY still to carry into effect the suggestions of his exalted mind; a
+sense of his duty overcoming the pains of death. He then told Captain
+HARDY, "he felt that in a few minutes he should be no more;" adding in a
+low tone, "Don't throw me overboard, HARDY." The Captain answered: "Oh!
+no, certainly not."--"Then," replied HIS LORDSHIP, "you know what to
+do:[16] and," continued he, "take care of my dear Lady HAMILTON, HARDY;
+take care of poor Lady HAMILTON. Kiss me, HARDY." The Captain now knelt
+down, and kissed his cheek; when HIS LORDSHIP said, "Now I am satisfied.
+Thank GOD, I have done my duty." Captain HARDY stood for a minute or two
+in silent contemplation: he then knelt down again, and kissed HIS
+LORDSHIP'S forehead. HIS LORDSHIP said: "Who is that?" The Captain
+answered: "It is HARDY;" to which HIS LORDSHIP replied, "GOD bless you,
+HARDY!" After this affecting scene Captain HARDY withdrew, and returned
+to the quarter-deck, having spent about eight minutes in this his last
+interview with his dying friend.
+
+Lord NELSON now desired Mr. CHEVALIER, his Steward, to turn him upon his
+right side; which being effected, HIS LORDSHIP said: "I wish I had not
+left the deck, for I shall soon be gone." He afterwards became very low;
+his breathing was oppressed, and his voice faint. He said to Doctor
+SCOTT, "Doctor, I have _not_ been a _great_ sinner;" and after a short
+pause, "_Remember_, that I leave Lady HAMILTON and my Daughter HORATIA
+as a legacy to my Country: and," added he, "never forget HORATIA." His
+thirst now increased; and he called for "Drink, drink," "Fan, fan," and
+"Rub, rub:" addressing himself in the last case to Doctor SCOTT, who
+had been rubbing HIS LORDSHIP'S breast with his hand, from which he
+found some relief. These words he spoke in a very rapid manner, which
+rendered his articulation difficult: but he every now and then, with
+evident increase of pain, made a greater effort with his vocal powers,
+and pronounced distinctly these last words: "Thank GOD, I have done my
+duty;" and this great sentiment he continued to repeat as long as he was
+able to give it utterance.
+
+HIS LORDSHIP became speechless in about fifteen minutes after Captain
+HARDY left him. Doctor SCOTT and Mr. BURKE, who had all along sustained
+the bed under his shoulders (which raised him in nearly a semi-recumbent
+posture, the only one that was supportable to him), forbore to disturb
+him by speaking to him; and when he had remained speechless about five
+minutes, HIS LORDSHIP'S Steward went to the Surgeon, who had been a
+short time occupied with the wounded in another part of the cockpit,
+and stated his apprehensions that HIS LORDSHIP was dying. The Surgeon
+immediately repaired to him, and found him on the verge of dissolution.
+He knelt down by his side, and took up his hand; which was cold, and the
+pulse gone from the wrist. On the Surgeon's feeling his forehead, which
+was likewise cold, HIS LORDSHIP opened his eyes, looked up, and shut
+them again. The Surgeon again left him, and returned to the wounded who
+required his assistance; but was not absent five minutes before the
+Steward announced to him that "he believed HIS LORDSHIP had expired."
+The Surgeon returned, and found that the report was but too well
+founded: HIS LORDSHIP had breathed his last, at thirty minutes past four
+o'clock; at which period Doctor SCOTT was in the act of rubbing HIS
+LORDSHIP'S breast, and Mr. BURKE supporting the bed under his
+shoulders,[17]
+
+Thus died this matchless Hero, after performing, in a short but
+brilliant and well-filled life, a series of naval exploits unexampled in
+any age of the world. None of the sons of Fame ever possessed greater
+zeal to promote the honour and interest of his King and Country; none
+ever served them with more devotedness and glory, or with more
+successful and important results. His character will for ever cast a
+lustre over the annals of this nation, to whose enemies his very name
+was a terror. In the battle off CAPE ST. VINCENT, though then in the
+subordinate station of a Captain, his unprecedented personal prowess
+will long be recorded with admiration among his profession. The shores
+of ABOUKIR and COPENHAGEN subsequently witnessed those stupendous
+achievements which struck the whole civilized world with astonishment.
+Still these were only preludes to the BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR: in which he
+shone with a majesty of dignity as far surpassing even his own former
+renown, as that renown had already exceeded every thing else to be found
+in the pages of naval history; the transcendantly brightest star in a
+galaxy of heroes. His splendid example will operate as an everlasting
+impulse to the enterprising genius of the British Navy.[18]
+
+From the time of HIS LORDSHIP'S being wounded till his death, a period
+of about two hours and forty-five minutes elapsed; but a knowledge of
+the decisive victory which was gained, he acquired of Captain HARDY
+within the first hour-and-a-quarter of this period. A partial cannonade,
+however, was still maintained, in consequence of the Enemy's running
+ships passing the British at different points; and the last distant
+guns which were fired at their van ships that were making off, were
+heard a minute or two before His LORDSHIP expired.
+
+A steady and continued fire was kept up by the Victory's starboard guns
+on the Redoutable, for about fifteen minutes after Lord NELSON was
+wounded; in which short period Captain ADAIR and about eighteen Seamen
+and Marines were killed, and Lieutenant BLIGH, Mr. PALMER Midshipman,
+and twenty Seamen and Marines, wounded, by the Enemy's musketry alone.
+The Redoutable had been on fire twice, in her fore-chains and on her
+forecastle: she had likewise succeeded in throwing a few hand-grenades
+into the Victory, which set fire to some ropes and canvas on the booms.
+The cry of "Fire!" was now circulated throughout the ship, and even
+reached the cockpit, without producing the degree of sensation which
+might be expected on such an awful occasion: the crew soon extinguished
+the fire on the booms, and then immediately turned their attention to
+that on board the Enemy; which they likewise put out by throwing buckets
+of water from the gangway into the Enemy's chains and forecastle, thus
+furnishing another admirable instance of deliberate intrepidity. At
+thirty minutes past one o'clock, the Redoutable's musketry having
+ceased, and her colours being struck, the Victory's men endeavoured to
+get on board her: but this was found impracticable; for though the two
+ships were still in contact, yet the top-sides or upper-works of both
+fell in so much on their upper decks, that there was a great space
+(perhaps fourteen feet or more) between their gangways; and the Enemy's
+ports being down, she could not be boarded from the Victory's lower nor
+middle deck. Several Seamen volunteered their services to Lieutenant
+QUILLIAM, to jump overboard, swim under the Redoutable's bows, and
+endeavour to get up there; but Captain HARDY refused to permit this. The
+prize however, and the Victory, fell off from each other; and their
+separation was believed to be the effect of the concussion produced by
+the Victory's fire, assisted by the helm of the latter being put to
+starboard.
+
+MESSRS. OGILVIE and COLLINGWOOD, Midshipmen of the Victory, were sent in
+a small boat to take charge of the prize, which they effected.[19] After
+this, the ships of the Enemy's van that had shewn a disposition to
+attack the Victory, passed to windward; and fired their broadsides not
+only into her and the Temeraire, but also into the French and Spanish
+captured ships indiscriminately: and they were seen to back or shiver
+their topsails for the purpose of doing this with more precision.[20]
+The two Midshipmen of the Victory had just boarded the Redoutable, and
+got their men out of the boat, when a shot from the Enemy's van ships
+that were making off cut the boat adrift. About ten minutes after taking
+possession of her, a Midshipman came to her from the Temeraire; and had
+hardly ascended the poop, when a shot from one of those ships took off
+his leg. The French Officers, seeing the firing continued on the prize
+by their own countrymen, entreated the English Midshipmen to quit the
+deck, and accompany them below. The unfortunate Midshipman of the
+Temeraire was carried to the French Surgeon, who was ordered to give his
+immediate attendance to him in preference to his own wounded: his leg
+was amputated, but he died the same night. The Redoutable suffered so
+much from shot received between wind and water, that she sunk while in
+tow of the Swiftsure on the following evening, when the gale came on;
+and out of a crew originally consisting of more than eight hundred men,
+only about a hundred and thirty were saved: but she had lost above three
+hundred in the battle.[21]
+
+It is by no means certain, though highly probable, that Lord NELSON was
+particularly aimed at by the Enemy. There were only two Frenchmen left
+alive in the mizen-top of the Redoutable at the time of His LORDSHIP'S
+being wounded, and by the hands of one of these he fell. These men
+continued firing at Captains HARDY and ADAIR, Lieutenant ROTELY of the
+Marines, and some of the Midshipman on the Victory's poop, for some
+time afterwards. At length one of them was killed by a musket-ball: and
+on the other's then attempting to make his escape from the top down the
+rigging, Mr. POLLARD (Midshipman) fired his musket at him, and shot him
+in the back; when he fell dead from the shrouds, on the Redoutable's
+poop.
+
+The Writer of this will not attempt to depict the heart-rending sorrow,
+and melancholy gloom, which pervaded the breast and the countenance of
+every individual on board the Victory when His LORDSHIP'S death became
+generally known. The anguish felt by all for such a loss, rendered
+doubly heavy to _them_, is more easy to be conceived than described: by
+his lamented fall they were at once deprived of their adored commander,
+and their friend and patron.
+
+The battle was fought in soundings about sixteen miles to the westward
+of Cape Trafalgar; and if fortunately there had been more wind in the
+beginning of the action, it is very probable that Lord NELSON would
+still have been saved to his Country, and that every ship of the line
+composing the Combined Fleets would have been either captured or
+destroyed: for had the Victory been going fast through the water, she
+must have dismasted the Redoutable, and would of course have passed on
+to attack another ship; consequently His LORDSHIP would not have been so
+long nor so much exposed to the Enemy's musketry. From the same
+circumstance of there being but little wind, several of the Enemy's
+ships made off before the rear and bad-sailing ships of the British
+lines could come up to secure them.
+
+THE Victory had no musketry in her tops: as His LORDSHIP had a strong
+aversion to small arms being placed there, from the danger of their
+setting fire to the sails; which was exemplified by the destruction of
+the French ship L'Achille in this battle. It is a species of warfare by
+which individuals may suffer, and now and then a Commander be picked
+off: but it never can decide the fate of a general engagement; and a
+circumstance in many respects similar to that of the Victory's running
+on board of the Redoutable, may not occur again in the course of
+centuries. The loss sustained by the Victory amounted to fifty-five
+killed, and a hundred and two wounded;[22] and it is highly honourable
+to the discipline and established regulations of the ship, that not one
+casualty from accident occurred on board during the engagement.
+
+On the day after the battle, as soon as circumstances permitted the
+Surgeon to devote a portion of his attention to the care of Lord
+NELSON'S honoured Remains, measures were adopted to preserve them as
+effectually as the means then on board the Victory allowed. On the
+Surgeon's examining the nature of the wound, and the course of the
+ball, a quantity of blood was evacuated from the left side of the
+breast: none had escaped before. The ball was traced by a probe to the
+spine, but its lodgment could not at that time be discovered. There was
+no lead on board to make a coffin: a cask called a leaguer, which is of
+the largest size on shipboard, was therefore chosen for the reception of
+the Body; which, after the hair had been cut off, was stripped of the
+clothes except the shirt, and put into it, and the Cask was then filled
+with brandy.[23]
+
+In the evening after this melancholy task was accomplished, the gale
+came on with violence from the south-west, and continued that night and
+the succeeding day without any abatement. During this boisterous
+weather, Lord NELSON'S Body remained under the charge of a sentinel on
+the middle deck. The cask was placed on its end, having a closed
+aperture at its top and another below; the object of which was, that as
+a frequent renewal of the spirit was thought necessary, the old could
+thus be drawn off below and a fresh quantity introduced above, without
+moving the cask, or occasioning the least agitation of the Body. On the
+24th there was a disengagement of air from the Body to such a degree,
+that the sentinel became alarmed on seeing the head of the cask raised:
+he therefore applied to the Officers, who were under the necessity of
+having the cask spiled to give the air a discharge. After this, no
+considerable collection of air took place. The spirit was drawn off
+once, and the cask filled again, before the arrival of the Victory at
+Gibraltar (on the 28th of October): where spirit of wine was procured;
+and the cask, shewing a deficit produced by the Body's absorbing a
+considerable quantity of the brandy, was then filled up with it.
+
+On the 29th the Victory's Seamen and Marines dangerously wounded in the
+action, were sent on shore to the naval hospital at Gibraltar. The
+interval between this day and the 2nd of November was employed in
+repairing the damage sustained by the ship, erecting jury-masts, fitting
+her rigging, and completing her in every respect for the voyage to
+England. On the 2nd of November, preparations were made on board to
+receive the wounded from the hospital, who had unanimously entreated
+Captain HARDY not to leave them behind: but their embarkation could not
+be effected this day; and the Victory being ordered to quit the
+anchorage in Gibraltar Bay, to make room for the disabled ships and
+prizes daily arriving, she sailed in the evening for Tetuan Bay, for
+the purpose of taking on board a supply of fresh water, and awaiting
+there a favourable wind to pass the Straits. During the night however,
+and before the Victory gained the coast of Barbary, the wind, which had
+blown for several days from the west, shifted to the eastward, and a
+fresh breeze sprung up; she therefore changed her course, and stood back
+again for Gibraltar, where she arrived early in the morning. She then
+lay-to in the bay without anchoring, and the boats were immediately sent
+on shore for the wounded; who were all brought off by noon, except five
+of the worst cases who could not be removed.[24] In the afternoon the
+Victory and Belleisle sailed from Gibraltar Bay, and passed through the
+Straits during the night of the 4th. The next day at noon they joined
+the squadron under the command of Admiral COLLINGWOOD, then cruising off
+Cadiz; from which they parted company the same evening, and pursued
+their course together for England.
+
+When the Victory had proceeded some weeks on her voyage, adverse winds
+and tempestuous weather having prolonged the passage much beyond the
+period that is generally expected, it was thought proper to draw off the
+spirit from the cask containing Lord NELSON'S Body, and renew it; and
+this was done twice. On these occasions brandy was used in the
+proportion of two-thirds to one of spirit of wine.
+
+At length the Victory arrived at Spithead, after a tedious passage of
+nearly five weeks from Gibraltar: and as no instructions respecting His
+LORDSHIP'S Remains were received at Portsmouth while the ship remained
+there, and orders being transmitted to Captain HARDY for her to proceed
+to the Nore, the Surgeon represented to him the necessity of examining
+the state of the Body; common report giving reason to believe that it
+was intended to lie in state at Greenwich Hospital, and to be literally
+exposed to the public. On the 11th of December therefore, the day on
+which the Victory sailed from Spithead for the Nore, Lord NELSON'S Body
+was taken from the cask in which it had been kept since the day after
+his death. On inspecting it externally, it exhibited a state of perfect
+preservation, without being in the smallest degree offensive. There
+were, however, some appearances that induced the Surgeon to examine the
+condition of the bowels; which were found to be much decayed, and likely
+in a short time to communicate the process of putrefaction to the rest
+of the Body: the parts already injured were therefore removed. It was at
+this time that the fatal ball was discovered: it had passed through the
+spine, and lodged in the muscles of the back, towards the right side,
+and a little below the shoulder-blade. A very considerable portion of
+the gold-lace, pad, and lining of the epaulette, with a piece of the
+coat, was found attached to the ball: the lace of the epaulette was as
+firmly so, as if it had been inserted into the metal while in a state of
+fusion.[25]
+
+The following is the professional Report on HIS LORDSHIP'S wound and
+death, made by the Surgeon on this occasion;
+
+    "_His Majesty's Ship Victory, at Sea,
+    11th December, 1805_.
+
+"About the middle of the action with the Combined Fleets on the 21st of
+October last, the late illustrious Commander in Chief Lord NELSON was
+mortally wounded in the left breast by a musket-ball, supposed to be
+fired from the mizen-top of La Redoutable French ship of the line,
+which the Victory fell on board of early in the battle. HIS LORDSHIP was
+in the act of turning on the quarter-deck with his face towards the
+Enemy, when he received his wound: he instantly fell; and was carried to
+the cockpit, where he lived about two hours.[26] On being brought below,
+he complained of acute pain about the sixth or seventh dorsal vertebra,
+and of privation of sense and motion of the body and inferior
+extremities. His respiration was short and difficult; pulse weak, small,
+and irregular. He frequently declared his back was shot through, that he
+felt every instant a gush of blood within his breast, and that he had
+sensations which indicated to him the approach of death. In the course
+of an hour his pulse became indistinct, and was gradually lost in the
+arm. His extremities and forehead became soon afterwards cold. He
+retained his wonted energy of mind, and exercise of his faculties, till
+the last moment of his existence; and when the victory as signal as
+decisive was announced to him, he expressed his pious acknowledgments,
+and heart-felt satisfaction at the glorious event, in the most emphatic
+language. He then delivered his last orders with his usual precision,
+and in a few minutes afterwards expired without a struggle.
+
+
+"_Course and site of the Ball, as ascertained since death._
+
+"The ball struck the fore part of HIS LORDSHIP'S epaulette; and entered
+the left shoulder immediately before the processus acromion scapulae,
+which it slightly fractured. It then descended obliquely into the
+thorax, fracturing the second and third ribs: and after penetrating the
+left lobe of the lungs, and dividing in its passage a large branch of
+the pulmonary artery, it entered the left side of the spine between the
+sixth and seventh dorsal vertebrae, fractured the left transverse process
+of the sixth dorsal vertebra, wounded the medulla spinalis, and
+fracturing the right transverse process of the seventh vertebra, made
+its way from the right side of the spine, directing its course through
+the muscles of the back; and lodged therein, about two inches below the
+inferior angle of the right scapula. On removing the ball, a portion of
+the gold-lace and pad of the epaulette, together with a small piece of
+HIS LORDSHIP'S coat, was found firmly attached to it.[27]
+
+"W. BEATTY."
+
+The Remains were wrapped in cotton vestments, and rolled from head to
+foot with bandages of the same material, in the ancient mode of
+embalming. The Body was then put into a leaden coffin, filled with
+brandy holding in solution camphor and myrrh.[28] This coffin was
+inclosed in a wooden one, and placed in the after-part of HIS LORDSHIP'S
+cabin; where it remained till the 21st of December, when an order was
+received from the Admiralty for the removal of the Body. The coffin that
+had been made from the mainmast of the French Commander's ship L'Orient,
+and presented to HIS LORDSHIP by his friend Captain HOLLOWELL, after
+the battle of the Nile, being then received on board, the leaden coffin
+was opened, and the Body taken out; when it was found still in most
+excellent condition, and completely plastic. The features were somewhat
+tumid, from absorption of the spirit; but on using friction with a
+napkin, they resumed in a great degree their natural character. All the
+Officers of the ship, and several of HIS LORDSHIP'S friends, as well as
+some of Captain HARDY'S, who had come on board the Victory that day from
+the shore, were present at the time of the Body's being removed from the
+leaden coffin; and witnessed its undecayed state after a lapse of two
+months since death, which excited the surprise of all who beheld it.
+This was the last time the mortal part of the lamented Hero was seen by
+human eyes; as the Body, after being dressed in a shirt, stockings,
+uniform small-clothes and waistcoat, neckcloth, and night-cap, was then
+placed in the shell made from L'Orient's mast, and covered with the
+shrouding. This was inclosed in a leaden coffin; which was soldered up
+immediately, and put into another wooden shell: in which manner it was
+sent out of the Victory into Commissioner GREY'S yacht, which was hauled
+alongside for that purpose. In this vessel the revered Remains were
+conveyed to Greenwich Hospital; attended by the Reverend Doctor SCOTT,
+and Messrs. TYSON and WHITBY.
+
+LORD NELSON had often talked with Captain HARDY on the subject of his
+being killed in battle, which appeared indeed to be a favourite topic of
+conversation with him. He was always prepared to lay down his life in
+the service of his Country; and whenever it should please Providence to
+remove him from this world, it was the most ambitious wish of his soul
+to die in the fight, and in the very hour of a great and signal victory.
+In this he was gratified: his end was glorious; and he died as he had
+lived, one of the greatest among men.
+
+The following Prayer, found in HIS LORDSHIP'S memorandum-book,--and
+written with his own hand on the night of his leaving Merton, at one of
+the places where he changed horses (supposed to be Guildford) on his way
+to join the Victory at Portsmouth,--is highly illustrative of those
+sentiments of combined piety and patriotic heroism with which he was
+inspired:
+
+_"Friday Night, 13th September_.
+
+"Friday night, at half past ten, drove from dear, dear Merton, where I
+left all which I hold dear in this world, to go to serve my King and
+Country. May the great GOD whom I adore, enable me to fulfil the
+expectations of my Country! and if it is His good pleasure that I should
+return, my thanks will never cease being offered up to the throne of His
+mercy. But if it is His good providence to cut short my days upon
+earth, I bow with the greatest submission; relying that He will protect
+those, so dear to me, that I may leave behind. His will be done!
+
+"AMEN, amen, amen."
+
+HIS LORDSHIP had on several occasions told Captain HARDY, that if he
+should fall in battle in a foreign climate, he wished his body to be
+conveyed to England; and that if his Country should think proper to
+inter him at the public expence, he wished to be buried in Saint Paul's,
+as well as that his monument should be erected there. He explained his
+reasons for preferring Saint Paul's to Westminster Abbey, which were
+rather curious: he said that he remembered hearing it stated as an old
+tradition when he was a boy, that Westminster Abbey was built on a spot
+where once existed a deep morass; and he thought it likely that the
+lapse of time would reduce the ground on which it now stands to its
+primitive state of a swamp, without leaving a trace of the Abbey. He
+added, that his actual observations confirmed the probability of this
+event. He also repeated to Captain HARDY several times during the last
+two years of his life: "Should I be killed, HARDY, and my Country not
+bury me, you know what to do with me;" meaning that his body was in that
+case to be laid by the side of his Father's, in his native village of
+Burnham Thorpe in Norfolk: and this, as has been before mentioned (in
+page 48), he adverted to in his last moments.
+
+An opinion has been very generally entertained, that Lord NELSON'S state
+of health, and supposed infirmities arising from his former wounds and
+hard services, precluded the probability of his long surviving the
+battle of Trafalgar, had he fortunately escaped the Enemy's shot: but
+the Writer of this can assert that HIS LORDSHIP'S health was uniformly
+good, with the exception of some slight attacks of indisposition arising
+from accidental causes; and which never continued above two or three
+days, nor confined him in any degree with respect to either exercise or
+regimen:[29] and during the last twelve months of his life, he
+Complained only three times in this way. It is true, that HIS LORDSHIP,
+about the meridian of life, had been subject to frequent fits of the
+gout: which disease however, as well as his constitutional tendency to
+it, he totally overcame by abstaining for the space of nearly two years
+from animal food, and wine and all other fermented drink; confining his
+diet to vegetables, and commonly milk and water. And it is also a fact,
+that early in life, when he first went to sea, he left off the use of
+salt, which he then believed to be the sole cause of scurvy, and never
+took it afterwards with his food.
+
+HIS LORDSHIP used a great deal of exercise, generally walking on deck
+six or seven hours in the day. He always rose early, for the most part
+shortly after day-break. He breakfasted in summer about six, and at
+seven in winter: and if not occupied in reading or writing dispatches,
+or examining into the details of the Fleet, he walked on the
+quarter-deck the greater part of the forenoon; going down to his cabin
+occasionally to commit to paper such incidents or reflections as
+occurred to him during that time, and as might be hereafter useful to
+the service of his country. He dined generally about half past two
+o'clock. At his table there were seldom less than eight or nine persons,
+consisting of the different Officers of the ship: and when the weather
+and the service permitted, he very often had several of the Admirals and
+Captains in the Fleet to dine with him; who were mostly invited by
+signal, the rotation of seniority being commonly observed by HIS
+LORDSHIP in these invitations. At dinner he was alike affable and
+attentive to every one: he ate very sparingly himself; the liver and
+wing of a fowl, and a small plate of macaroni, in general composing his
+meal, during which he occasionally took a glass of Champagne. He never
+exceeded four glasses of wine after dinner, and seldom drank three; and
+even these were diluted with either Bristol or common water.
+
+Few men subject to the vicissitudes of a naval life, equalled HIS
+LORDSHIP in an habitual systematic mode of living. He possessed such a
+wonderful activity of mind, as even prevented him from taking ordinary
+repose, seldom enjoying two hours of uninterrupted sleep; and on several
+occasions he did not quit the deck during the whole night. At these
+times he took no pains to protect himself from the effects of wet, or
+the night-air; wearing only a thin great coat: and he has frequently,
+after having his clothes wet through with rain, refused to have them
+changed, saying that the leather waistcoat which he wore over his
+flannel one would secure him from complaint. He seldom wore boots, and
+was consequently very liable to have his feet wet. When this occurred he
+has often been known to go down to his cabin, throw off his shoes, and
+walk on the carpet in his stockings for the purpose of drying the feet
+of them. He chose rather to adopt this uncomfortable expedient, than to
+give his servants the trouble of assisting him to put on fresh
+stockings; which, from his having only one hand, he could not himself
+conveniently effect.
+
+From these circumstances it may be inferred, that though Lord NELSON'S
+constitution was not of that kind which is generally denominated strong,
+yet it was not very susceptible of complaint from the common occasional
+causes of disease necessarily attending a naval life. The only bodily
+pain which HIS LORDSHIP felt in consequence of his many wounds, was a
+slight rheumatic affection of the stump of his amputated arm on any
+sudden variation in the state of the weather; which is generally
+experienced by those who have the misfortune to lose a limb after the
+middle age. HIS LORDSHIP usually predicted an alteration in the weather
+with as much certainty from feeling transient pains in this stump, as he
+could by his marine barometer; from the indications of which latter he
+kept a diary of the atmospheric changes, which was written with his own
+hand.
+
+HIS LORDSHIP had lost his right eye by a contusion which he received at
+the siege of Calvi, in the island of Corsica. The vision of the other
+was likewise considerably impaired: he always therefore wore a green
+shade over his forehead, to defend this eye from the effect of strong
+light; but as he was in the habit of looking much through a glass while
+on deck, there is little doubt, that had he lived a few years longer,
+and continued at sea, he would have lost his sight totally.
+
+The Surgeon had, on the occasion of opening HIS LORDSHIP'S Body, an
+opportunity of acquiring an accurate knowledge of the sound and healthy
+state of the thoracic and abdominal viscera, none of which appeared to
+have ever been the seat of inflammation or disease. There were no morbid
+indications to be seen; other than those unavoidably attending the human
+body six weeks after death, even under circumstances more favourable to
+its preservation. The heart was small, and dense in its substance; its
+valves, pericardium, and the large vessels, were sound, and firm in
+their structure. The lungs were sound, and free from adhesions. The
+liver was very small, in its colour natural, firm in its texture, and
+every way free from the smallest appearance of disorganization. The
+stomach, as well as the spleen and other abdominal contents, was alike
+free from the traces of disease. Indeed all the vital parts were so
+perfectly healthy in their appearance, and so small, that they resembled
+more those of a youth, than of a man who had attained his forty-seventh
+year; which state of the body, associated with habits of life favourable
+to health, gives every reason to believe that HIS LORDSHIP might have
+lived to a great age.
+
+The immediate cause of HIS LORDSHIP'S death was a wound of the left
+pulmonary artery, which poured out its blood into the cavity of the
+chest. The quantity of blood thus effused did not appear to be very
+great: but as the hemorrhage was from a vessel so near the heart, and
+the blood was consequently lost in a very short time, it produced death
+sooner than would have been effected by a larger quantity of blood lost
+from an artery in a more remote part of the body. The injury done to the
+spine must of itself have proved mortal, but HIS LORDSHIP might perhaps
+have survived this alone for two or three days; though his existence
+protracted even for that short period would have been miserable to
+himself, and highly distressing to the feelings of all around him.
+
+W. BEATTY.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] By this ship His LORDSHIP received some newspapers from England, one
+of which contained a paragraph stating that General MACK was about to be
+appointed to the command of the Austrian armies in Germany. On reading
+this, His LORDSHIP made the following observation: "I know General MACK
+too well. He sold the King of Naples; and if he is now entrusted with an
+important command, he will certainly betray the Austrian monarchy."
+
+[2] CAPTAIN HARDY left England in a bad state of health, with which he had
+been afflicted during the last twelve months; but was now in a progressive
+state of amendment. Lord NELSON asked the Surgeon this day, "how long he
+thought it might be before Captain HARDY'S perfect recovery;" and on the
+Surgeon's answering that "he hoped not more than a fortnight,"--"Ah!"
+replied His LORDSHIP, "before a fortnight the Enemy will be at sea, the
+business will be done, and we shall be looking out for England."
+
+[3] These Instructions will be found at the end of the Narrative.
+
+[4] HIS LORDSHIP did not wear his sword in the Battle of Trafalgar: it had
+been taken from the place where it hung up in his cabin, and was laid ready
+on his table; but it is supposed he forgot to call for it. This was the
+only action in which he ever appeared without a sword.
+
+[5] It has been since recollected that on the 21st of October 1757, His
+LORDSHIP'S maternal uncle, Captain SUCKLING, in the Dreadnought, in company
+with two other line of battle ships, attacked and beat off a French
+squadron of four sail of the line and three frigates, off Cape Francois.
+The French Commodore was towed into Cape Francois; and the English ships,
+being too much disabled to follow up their success, bore away to Jamaica to
+refit.
+
+[6] This phrase has been subjected to misconstruction; to the Writer of
+these pages, however, both the purport and expression of it seem very
+clear, thus; "_might have been_ offered" (though it _was not_).
+
+[7] The Victory's sick-report for this day numbered only ten convalescents,
+who all attended their respective quarters during the battle; and the whole
+Fleet was in a high state of health. Indeed the excellent health enjoyed by
+the crew of the Victory from December 1804 up to this period, is perhaps
+unprecedented: and is attributable solely to Captain HARDY'S attention to
+their subordination, temperance, warm clothing, and cleanliness; together
+with the means daily adopted to obviate the effects of moisture, and to
+accomplish the thorough ventilation of every part of the ship.
+
+The Victory arrived at Spithead from the memorable and arduous chace of the
+Enemies' Fleets to Egypt and the West Indies, in August 1805: and
+notwithstanding the operation of the unfavourable circumstances of rapid
+change of climate, and the privation of refreshments experienced in that
+chace, as well as frequent increase of numbers (as in the West Indies there
+were at one time embarked in her above 990 souls), there was not now a
+single hospital-patient on board, nor did any occur during the several
+weeks of her stay in England; with which Lord NELSON expressed himself
+highly pleased when he joined the ship again, on the 14th of September, at
+St. Helen's. The Victory's casualties from the 29th of December 1804 to the
+20th of October following, were only five fatal cases (one of these by
+accidental injury), and two patients sent to a naval hospital.
+
+[8] It has been reported, but erroneously, that His LORDSHIP was actually
+requested by his Officers to change his dress, or to cover his stars.
+
+[9] His LORDSHIP just at this time found fault with the Officer commanding
+on the forecastle, because the lee (or starboard) lower studding-sail had
+not been set sooner; a circumstance which, though trivial in itself, shews
+how well Captain HARDY knew His LORDSHIP'S sentiments.
+
+[10] His LORDSHIP in a few minutes after this called Lieutenant PASCO, Mr.
+OGILVIE, and some other Officers, near him, and desired them to set their
+watches by the time of that which His LORDSHIP wore.
+
+[11] The Enemy's fire continued to be pointed so high throughout the
+engagement, that the Victory did not lose a man on her lower deck; and had
+only two wounded on that deck, and these by musket-bulls.
+
+[12] The reader may judge of the Surgeon's feelings at this momentous
+period, when informed that that excellent young Officer Mr. RAM was one of
+his dearest friends.
+
+[13] The instance here alluded to occurred in the month of July, in the
+Victory's return to Europe from the West Indies; and the man survived the
+injury thirteen days. HIS LORDSHIP, during the whole of that time,
+manifested much anxiety at the protracted sufferings of an individual whose
+dissolution was certain, and was expected every hour.
+
+[14] CAPTAIN HARDY deemed it his duty to give this information to Admiral
+COLLINGWOOD as soon as the fate of the day was decided; but thinking that
+HIS LORDSHIP might feel some repugnance to this communication, he left
+directions for Lieutenant HILLS to be detained on deck at his return, till
+he himself (Captain HARDY) should come up from the cockpit. Lieutenant
+HILLS was dispatched on this mission from the Victory, at the very time
+when the Enemy's van ships that had tacked were passing her to windward and
+firing at her.
+
+[15] Meaning that in case of HIS LORDSHIP'S surviving till all resistance
+on the part of the Enemy had ceased, Captain HARDY was then to anchor the
+British Fleet and the prizes, if it should be found practicable.
+
+[16] Alluding to some wishes previously expressed by HIS LORDSHIP to
+Captain HARDY respecting the place of his interment.
+
+[17] IT must occur to the reader, that from the nature of the scene passing
+in the cockpit, and the noise of the guns, the whole of His LORDSHIP'S
+expressions could not be borne in mind, nor even distinctly heard, by the
+different persons attending him. The most interesting parts are here
+detailed.
+
+[18] Immediately after HIS LORDSHIP expired, Captain HARDY went on board
+the Royal Sovereign, to communicate the melancholy event, and the nature of
+HIS LORDSHIP'S last orders, to Admiral COLLINGWOOD.
+
+[19] The Redoutable lay alongside and still foul of the Temeraire for some
+time after this, and till several Seamen were sent from the latter to the
+assistance of the two Officers and men belonging to the Victory who had
+before taken possession of the prize.
+
+[20] These were the ships commanded by Admiral DUMANNOIR, and afterwards
+captured by the squadron under the command of Sir RICHARD STRACHAN. They
+were nearly half an hour in passing to windward, during the whole of which
+time they continued firing on the British ships.
+
+[21] About twenty of the Redoutable's guns were dismounted in the action.
+Those on that side of her lower deck opposed to the Victory, were all
+dismounted except five or six.
+
+[22] Many of those who were slightly wounded did not apply for assistance
+till after the public return of killed and wounded had been transmitted to
+Admiral COLLINGWOOD, which therefore reports a smaller number than here
+stated.
+
+[23] Brandy was recommended by the Surgeon in preference to rum, of which
+spirit also there was plenty on board. This circumstance is here noticed,
+because a very general but erroneous opinion was found to prevail on the
+Victory's arrival in England, that rum preserves the dead body from decay
+much longer and more perfectly than any other spirit, and ought therefore
+to have been used: but the fact is quite the reverse, for there are several
+kinds of spirit much better for that purpose than rum; and as their
+appropriateness in this respect arises from their degree of strength, on
+which alone their antiseptic quality depends, brandy is superior. Spirit of
+wine, however, is certainly by far the best, when it can be procured.
+
+[24] Of the Victory's wounded, three died before she reached Gibraltar, one
+on the day of her arrival there, and another at the naval hospital at that
+place a few days afterwards: all the rest got well on board except the five
+left at Gibraltar, and five others not perfectly recovered from their
+wounds in January following; when the Victory being put out of commission
+at Chatham, they were sent to the Sussex hospital-ship at Sheerness.
+
+[25] The ball was _not_ fired from a rifle piece.
+
+[26] It was not deemed necessary to insert in this Report the precise time
+which HIS LORDSHIP survived his wound. This, as before stated, was in
+reality two hours and three quarters.
+
+[27] FIG. 1. in the annexed Plate represents the Ball in the exact state in
+which it was extracted. Drawn by Mr. W.E. DEVIS, who was then on board the
+Victory.
+
+FIG. 2. (drawn also by Mr. DEVIS) shews the Ball in its present state; as
+set in crystal by Mr. YONGE, and presented to the Writer of this Narrative
+by Sir THOMAS HARDY.
+
+The Ball, in perforating the epaulette, passed through many of the silk
+cords supporting the bullions, and through the pad and a doubling of silk
+besides; as the bag of the pad was composed of yellow silk. This
+circumstance militates strongly against an opinion entertained by some,
+that silk possesses in an eminent degree the power of resisting the force,
+or arresting the velocity, of a musket or pistol ball.
+
+[28] The stock of spirit of wine on board was exhausted and from the sound
+state of the Body, brandy was judged sufficient for its preservation.
+
+[29] These complaints were the consequence of indigestion, brought on by
+writing for several hours together. HIS LORDSHIP had one of these attacks
+from that cause a few days before the battle, but on resuming his
+accustomed exercise he got rid of it. This attack alarmed him, as he
+attributed it to sudden and violent spasm; but it was merely an unpleasant
+symptom (_globus hystericus_) attending indigestion.
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX._
+
+
+_INSTRUCTIONS_
+
+_Issued by_ LORD NELSON _to the Admirals and Captains of his Fleet,
+several days previous to the Battle_.
+
+
+Victory, off Cadiz, 10th of October, 1805.
+
+GENERAL MEMORANDUM _sent to the Commanders of Ships_.
+
+Thinking it almost impossible to bring a Fleet of forty sail of the line
+into a line of battle in variable winds, thick weather, and other
+circumstances which must occur, without such a loss of time that the
+opportunity would probably be lost of bringing the Enemy to battle in
+such a manner as to make the business decisive, I have therefore made up
+my mind to keep the Fleet in that position of sailing, with the
+exception of the First and Second in Command, that the order of sailing
+is to be the order of battle: placing the Fleet in two lines, of sixteen
+ships each with an advanced squadron of eight of the fastest-sailing
+two-decked ships; which will always make, if wanted, a line of
+twenty-four sail, on whichever line the Commander in Chief may direct.
+
+The Second in Command will, after my intentions are made known to him,
+have the entire direction of his line; to make the attack upon the
+Enemy, and to follow up the blow until they are captured or destroyed.
+
+If the Enemy's Fleet should be seen to windward in line of battle, and
+that the two lines and advanced squadron could fetch them, they will
+probably be so extended that their van could not succour their rear. I
+should therefore probably make the Second in Command's signal to lead
+through about their twelfth ship from their rear; or wherever he could
+fetch, if not able to get so far advanced. My line would lead through
+about their centre: and the advanced squadron to cut three or four ships
+ahead of their centre, so as to ensure getting at their Commander in
+Chief, on whom every effort must be made to capture.
+
+The whole impression of the British Fleet must be, to overpower from two
+or three ships ahead of their Commander in Chief (supposed to be in the
+centre) to the rear of their Fleet.
+
+I will suppose twenty sail of the Enemy's line to be untouched: it must
+be some time before they could perform a manoeuvre to bring their force
+compact to attack any part of the British Fleet engaged, or to succour
+their own ships; which indeed would be impossible, without mixing with
+the ships engaged. The Enemy's Fleet is supposed to consist of forty-six
+sail of the line; British, forty:[30] if either is less, only a
+proportional number of Enemy's ships are to be cut off; British to be
+one-fourth superior to the Enemy cut off.
+
+Something must be left to chance: nothing is sure in a sea-fight, beyond
+all others; shot will carry away masts and yards of friends as well as
+foes: but I look with confidence to a victory before the van of the
+Enemy could succour their rear; and then that the British Fleet would
+most of them be ready to receive their twenty sail of the line, or to
+pursue them should they endeavour to make off.
+
+If the van of the Enemy tack, the captured ships must run to leeward of
+the British Fleet: if the Enemy wear, the British must place themselves
+between the Enemy and captured, and disabled British ships: and should
+the Enemy close, I have no fear for the result.
+
+The Second in Command will, in all possible things, direct the movements
+of his line, by keeping them so compact as the nature of the
+circumstances will admit. Captains are to look to their particular line
+as their rallying-point; but in case signals cannot be seen or clearly
+understood, no Captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside
+that of an Enemy.
+
+Plan of the intended attack from to-windward, the Enemy in line of
+battle ready to receive an attack:
+
+             --------- Advanced squadron.}
+    ------------------ Weather line.     } British.
+    ------------------ Lee line.         }
+
+    -------------------------------------------------
+                       Enemy's line.
+
+The divisions of the British Fleet will be brought nearly within
+gun-shot of the Enemy's centre. The signal will be made for the lee line
+to bear up together; to set all their sail, even studding-sails, in
+order to get as quickly as possible to the Enemy's line; and to cut
+through, beginning from the twelfth ship from the Enemy's rear. Some
+ships may not get through their exact place, but they will always be at
+hand to assist their friends. If any are thrown in the rear of the
+Enemy, they will effectually complete the business of twelve sail of the
+Enemy.
+
+Should the Enemy wear together, or bear up and sail large, still the
+twelve ships composing in the first position the Enemy's rear, are to be
+the object of attack of the lee line, unless otherwise directed by the
+Commander in Chief: which is scarcely to be expected; as the entire
+management of the lee line, after the intentions of the Commander in
+Chief are signified, is intended to be left to the Admiral commanding
+that line.
+
+The remainder of the Enemy's Fleet, thirty-four sail, are to be left to
+the management of the Commander in Chief; who will endeavour to take
+care that the movements of the Second in Command are as little
+interrupted as possible.
+
+    NELSON AND BRONTE.
+
+    By Command of the Vice Admiral.
+    JNO. SCOTT.
+
+
+MEMORANDUM BOOK
+
+_The following interesting Extracts are faithfully copied from_ HIS
+LORDSHIP'S _Memorandum Book, written entirely with his own hand_.
+
+
+Saturday, September 14th, 1805. At six o'clock arrived at Portsmouth;
+and having arranged all my business, embarked at the bathing-machines
+with Mr. ROSE and Mr. CANNING, who dined with me. At two got on board
+the Victory, at St. Helen's.
+
+Wednesday, Sept. 25th, 1805. Light airs southerly. Saw the rock of
+Lisbon S.S.E. ten leagues. At sunset the Captain of the Constance came
+on board, and sent my letters for England to Lisbon, and wrote to
+Captain SUTTON[31] and the Consul. The Enemy's Fleet had not left Cadiz
+the 18th of this month, therefore I yet hope they will wait my arrival.
+
+Saturday, Sept. 28th, 1805. Fresh breezes at N.N.W. At day-light bore
+up, and made sail. At nine saw the AEtna cruising. At noon saw eighteen
+sail. Nearly calm. In the evening joined the Fleet under Vice Admiral
+COLLINGWOOD. Saw the Enemy's Fleet in Cadiz, amounting to thirty-five or
+thirty-six sail of the line.
+
+Sunday, Sept. 29th. Fine weather. Gave out the necessary orders for the
+Fleet. Sent Euryalus to watch the Enemy with the Hydra off Cadiz.
+
+Wednesday, October 9th. Fresh breezes easterly. Received an account from
+BLACKWOOD, that the French ships had all bent their top-gallant-sails.
+Sent the Pickle to him, with orders to keep a good look-out. Sent
+Admiral COLLINGWOOD the Nelson truth.[32] At night wind westerly.
+
+Monday, Oct. 14th. Fine weather: westerly wind. Sent Amphion to
+Gibraltar and Algiers. Enemy at the harbour's mouth. Placed Defence and
+Agamemnon from seven to ten leagues west of Cadiz; and Mars and Colossus
+five leagues east of the Fleet, whose station is from fifteen to twenty
+west of Cadiz: and by this chain I hope to have a constant
+communication with the frigates off Cadiz.
+
+Wednesday, Oct. 16th. Moderate breezes westerly. All the forenoon
+employed forming the Fleet into the order of sailing. At noon fresh
+breezes W.S.W. and squally. In the evening fresh gales. The Enemy as
+before, by signal from Weazle.
+
+Thursday, Oct. 17th. Moderate breezes north-westerly. Sent the Donegal
+to Gibraltar, to get a ground-tier of casks. Received accounts by the
+Diligent storeship, that Sir RICHARD STRACHAN was supposed in sight of
+the French Rochefort squadron; which I hope is true.
+
+Friday, Oct. 18th. Fine weather: wind easterly. The Combined Fleets
+cannot have finer weather to put to sea.
+
+Saturday, Oct. 19th. Fine weather: wind easterly. At half past nine the
+Mars, being one of the look-out ships, made the signal that the Enemy
+were coming out of port. Made the signal for a general chace S.E. Wind
+at south; Cadiz bearing E.S.E. by compass, distance sixteen leagues. At
+three the Colossus made the signal that the Enemy's Fleet was at sea. In
+the evening made the signal to observe my motions during the night; for
+the Britannia, Prince, and Dreadnought, to take stations as most
+convenient; and for Mars, Orion, Belleisle, Leviathan, Bellerophon, and
+Polyphemus, to go ahead during the night, and to carry a light, standing
+for the Straits' mouth.
+
+Sunday, Oct. 20th. Fresh breezes S.S.W., and rainy. Communicated with
+Phoebe, Defence, and Colossus, who saw near forty sail of ships of war
+outside of Cadiz yesterday evening; but the wind being southerly, they
+could not get to the mouth of the Straits. We were between Trafalgar and
+Cape Spartel. The frigates made the signal that they saw nine sail
+outside the harbour. Sent the frigates instructions for their guidance;
+and placed the Defence, Colossus, and Mars, between me and the frigates.
+At noon fresh gales, and heavy rain: Cadiz N.E. nine leagues. In the
+afternoon Captain BLACKWOOD telegraphed that the Enemy seemed determined
+to go to the westward;--and _that_ they shall _not_ do, if in the power
+of NELSON AND BRONTE to prevent them. At five telegraphed Captain
+BLACKWOOD, that I relied upon his keeping sight of the Enemy. At five
+o'clock Naiad made the signal for thirty-one sail of the Enemy N.N.E.
+The frigates and look-out ship kept sight of the Enemy most admirably
+all night, and told me by signal which tack they were upon. At eight we
+wore, and stood to the S.W.; and at four wore and stood to the N.E.
+
+Monday, Oct. 21st. At day-light saw Enemy's Combined Fleets from east to
+E.S.E. Bore away. Made the signal for order of sailing, and to prepare
+for battle. The Enemy with their heads to the southward. At seven the
+Enemy wearing in succession.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Then follow the Prayer and Codicil already inserted in pages_ 14 _and_
+15 _of the Narrative, which conclude_ HIS LORSHIP'S _manuscript_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] With such an inferiority of force as this, HIS LORDSHIP confidently
+expected not only to gain a decisive victory, but (to use his own favourite
+phrase) "completely to _annihilate the Enemy's Fleet_!"
+
+[31] Of his Majesty's ship Amphion, then in the Tagus.
+
+[32] It is presumed that HIS LORDSHIP here meant the preceding
+Instructions, which were transmitted the next day to the whole Fleet.
+
+
+
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