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diff --git a/15232-8.txt b/15232-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7f2cc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/15232-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3914 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 51, October 19, +1850, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 51, October 19, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 2, 2005 [EBook #15232] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon Ingram, Keith +Edkins and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +{321} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 51.] +SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19 16. 1850. +[Price, with Supplement, 6d. Stamped Edition, 7d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- + Roberd the Robber, by R.J. King 321 + On a Passage in the Merry Wives of Windsor, and on Conjectural + Emendation 322 + Minor Notes:--Chaucer's Damascene--Long Friday--Hip, + hip, Hurrah!--Under the Rose--Albanian Literature 322 + QUERIES:-- + Bibliographical Queries 323 + Fairfax's Tasso 325 + Minor Queries:--Jeremy Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium--First + Earl of Roscommon--St. Cuthbert--Vavasour + of Haslewood--Bells in Churches--Alteration + of Title-pages--Weights for Weighing Coins--Shunamitis + poema--Lachrymatories--Egg-cups used by + the Romans--Meleteticks--Luther's Hymns--"Pair of + Twises"--Countermarks on Roman Coin 325 + REPLIES:-- + Gaudentio di Lucca 327 + Englemann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum, by + Professor De Morgan 328 + Shakspeare's Use of the Word "Delighted," by Samuel + Hickson 329 + Collar of Esses, by John Gough Nichols 329 + Sirloin, by T.T. Wilkinson, &c. 331 + Riots of London, by E.B. Price, &c. 332 + Meaning of "Gradely" 334 + Pascal and his Editor Bossut, by Gustave Masson 335 + Kings-skugg-sio, by E. Charlton, &c. 335 + Gold in California 336 + The Disputed Passage from the Tempest, by + Samuel Hickson, &c. 337 + "London Bridge is broken down," by Dr. E.F. Rimbault 338 + Arabic Numerals 339 + Caxton's Printing-office, by J. Cropp 340 + Cold Harbour 340 + St. Uncumber, by W.J. Thoms 342 + Handfasting 342 + Gray's Elegy--Droning--Dodsley's Poems 343 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Zündnadel Guns--Thompson + of Esholt--Minar's Books of Antiquities--Smoke + Money--Holland Land--Caconac, Caconacquerie--Discourse + of national Excellencies of England--Saffron + Bags--Milton's Penseroso--Achilles and the + Tortoise--Stepony Ale--North Side of Churchyards--Welsh + Money--Wormwood--Puzzling Epitaph--Umbrella--Pope + and Bishop Burgess--Book of + Homilies--Roman Catholic Theology--Modum Promissionis--Bacon + Family--Execution of Charles I., + and Earl of Stair--Watermarks on Writing-paper--St. + John Nepomuc--Satirical Medals--Passage in + Gray--Cupid Crying--Anecdote of a Peal of Bells, &c. 343 + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 350 + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted 351 + Notices to Correspondents 351 + Advertisements 351 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +ROBERD THE ROBBER. + +In the _Vision of Piers Ploughman_ are two remarkable passages in which +mention is made of "Roberd the robber," and of "Roberdes knaves." + + "Roberd the robbere, + On _Reddite_ loked, + And for ther was noght wherof + He wepte swithe soore." + Wright's ed., vol. i. p. 105. + + "In glotonye, God woot, + Go thei to bedde, + And risen with ribaudie, + The Roberdes knaves." + Vol. i. p. 3. + +In a note on the second passage, Mr. Wright quotes a statute of Edw. III., +in which certain malefactors are classed together "qui sont appellez +_Roberdesmen_, Wastours, et Dragelatche:" and on the first he quotes two +curious instances in which the name is applied in a similar manner,--one +from a Latin song of the reign of Henry III.: + + "Competenter per _Robert_, robbur designatur; + Robertus excoriat, extorquet, et minatur. + _Vir quicunque rabidus consors est Roberto_." + +It seems not impossible that we have in these passages a trace of some +forgotten mythical personage. "Whitaker," says Mr. Wright, "supposes, +without any reason, the 'Roberde's knaves' to be 'Robin Hood's men.'" (Vol. +ii. p. 506.) It is singular enough, however, that as early as the time of +Henry III. we find the term 'consors Roberto' applied generally, as +designating any common thief or robber; and without asserting that there is +any direct allusion to "Robin Hood's men" in the expression "Roberdes +knaves," one is tempted to ask whence the hero of Sherwood got his own +name? + +Grimm (_Deutsche Mythol._, p. 472.) has suggested that Robin Hood may be +connected with an equally famous namesake, Robin Goodfellow; and that he +may have been so called from the hood or hoodikin, which is a well-known +characteristic of the mischievous elves. I believe, however, it is now +generally admitted that "Robin Hood" is a corruption {322} of "Robin o' th' +Wood" equivalent to "silvaticus" or "wildman"--a term which, as we learn +from Ordericus, was generally given to those Saxons who fled to the woods +and morasses, and long held them against their Norman enemies. + +It is not impossible that "Robin o' the Wood" may have been a general name +for any such outlaws as these and that Robin Hood, as well as "Roberd the +Robbere" may stand for some earlier and forgotten hero of Saxon tradition. +It may be remarked that "Robin" is the Norman diminutive of "Robert", and +that the latter is the name by which we should have expected to find the +doings of a Saxon hero commemorated. It is true that Norman and Saxon soon +came to have their feelings and traditions in common; but it is not the +less curious to find the old Saxon name still traditionally applied by the +people, as it seems to have been from the _Vision of Piers Ploughman_. + +Whether Robin Goodfellow and his German brother "Knecht Ruprecht" are at +all connected with Robin Hood, seems very doubtful. The plants which, both +in England and in Germany, are thus named, appear to belong to the elf +rather than to the outlaw. The wild geranium, called "Herb Robert" in +Gerarde's time, is known in Germany as "Ruprecht's Kraut". "Poor Robin", +"Ragged Robin", and "Robin in the Hose", probably all commemorate the same +"merry wanderer of the night." + +RICHARD JOHN KING. + + * * * * * + +ON A PASSAGE IN "THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR," AND ON CONJECTURAL +EMENDATION. + +The late Mr. Baron Field, in his _Conjectures on some Obscure and Corrupt +Passages of Shakspeare_, published in the "Shakspeare Society's Papers," +vol. ii. p. 47., has the following, note on _The Merry Wives of Windsor_, +Act ii. Sc. 2.:-- + +"'_Falstaff._ I myself sometimes having the fear of heaven on the left +hand, and hiding mine honour in my necessity, am fain to shuffle, to hedge, +and to lurch; and yet you, you rogue, will esconce your _rags_, your +cat-a-mountain looks, your red-lattice phrases and your bold-beating oaths, +under the shelter of your honour.' + +"Pistol, to whom this was addressed, was an ensign, and therefore _rags_ +can hardly bear the ordinary interpretation. A _rag_ is a beggarly fellow, +but that will make little better sense here. Associated as the phrase is, I +think it must mean _rages_, and I find the word used for _ragings_ in the +compound _bard-rags_, border-ragings or incursions, in Spenser's _Fairy +Queen_, ii. x. 63., and _Colin Clout_, v. 315." + +Having on one occasion found that a petty larceny committed on the received +text of the poet, by taking away a superfluous _b_, made all clear, perhaps +I may be allowed to restore the abstracted letter, which had only been +_misplaced_ and read _brags_, with, I trust, the like success? Be it +remembered that Pistol, a braggadocio, is made up of _brags_ and slang; and +for that reason I would also read, with Hanmer, _bull-baiting_, instead of +the unmeaning "_bold-beating_ oaths." + +I well know with what extreme caution conjectural emendation is to be +exercised; but I cannot consent to carry it to the excess, or to preserve a +vicious reading, merely because it is warranted by the _old copies_. + +Regretting, as I do, that Mr. Collier's, as well as Mr. Knight's, edition +of the poet, should both be disfigured by this excess of caution, I venture +to subjoin a cento from George Withers, which has been inscribed in the +blank leaf of one of them. + + "Though they will not for a better + Change a syllable or letter, + Must the _Printer's_ spots and stains + Still obscure THE POET'S Strains? + Overspread with antique rust, + Like whitewash on his painted bust + Which to remove revived the grace + And true expression of his face. + So, when I find misplaced B's, + I will do as I shall please. + If my method they deride, + Let them know I am not tied, + In my free'r course, to chuse + Such strait rules as they would use; + Though I something miss of might, + To express his meaning quite. + For I neither fear nor care + What in this their censures are; + If the art here used be + Their dislike, it liketh me. + While I linger on each strain, + And read, and read it o'er again, + I am loth to part from thence, + Until I trace the poet's sense, + And have the _Printer's errors_ found, + In which the folios abound." + +PERIERGUS BIBLIOPHILUS. + +October. + + * * * * * + +Minor Notes. + +_Chaucer's Damascene._--Warton, in his account of the physicians who formed +the Library of the Doctor of Physic, says of John Damascene that he was +"Secretary to one of the caliphs, wrote in various sciences before the +Arabians had entered Europe, and had seen the Grecian philosophers." +(_History of English Poetry_, Price's ed., ii. 204.) Mr. Saunders, in his +book entitled _Cabinet Pictures of English Life_, "Chaucer", after +repeating the very words of this meagre account, adds, "He was, however, +more famous for his religious than his medical writings; and obtained for +his eloquence the name of the Golden-flowing" (p 183.) Now Mr. Saunders +certainly, whatever Warton did, has confounded Damascenus, the physician, +with Johannes Damascenus Chrysorrhoas, "the {323} last of the Greek +Fathers," (Gibbon, iv. 472.) a voluminous writer on ecclesiastical +subjects, but no physician, and therefore not at all likely to be found +among the books of Chaucer's Doctour, + + "Whose studie was but litel on the Bible." + +Chaucer's _Damascene_ is the author of _Aphorismorum Liber_, and of +_Medicinæ Therapeuticæ_, libri vii. Some suppose him to have lived in the +ninth, others in the eleventh century, A.D.; and this is about all that is +known about him. (See _Biographie Universelle_, s.v.) + +ED. S. JACKSON. + +_Long Friday, meaning of._--C. Knight, in his _Pictorial Shakspeare_, +explains Mrs. Quickly's phrase in _Henry the Fourth_--"'Tis a _long_ loan +for a poor lone woman to bear,"--by the synonym _great_: asserting that +_long_ is still used in the sense of great, in the north of England; and +quoting the Scotch proverb, "Between you and the long day be it," where +_we_ talk of the _great_ day of judgment. May not this be the meaning of +the name _Long Friday_, which was almost invariably used by our Saxon +forefathers for what we now call Good Friday? The commentators on the +Prayer Book, who all confess themselves ignorant of the real meaning of the +term, absurdly suggest that it was so called from the great _length of the +services_ on that day; or else, from the length of the fast which preceded. +Surely, The Great Friday, the Friday on which the great work of our +redemption was completed, makes better sense? + +T.E.L.L. + +_Hip, hip, Hurrah!_--Originally a war cry, adopted by the stormers of a +German town, wherein a great many Jews had taken their refuge. The place +being sacked, they were all put to the sword, under the shouts of, +_Hierosolyma est perdita_! From the first letter of those words (_H.e.p._) +an exclamation was contrived. We little think, when the red wine sparkles +in the cup, and soul-stirring toasts are applauded by our _Hip, hip, +hurrah!_ that we record the fall of Jerusalem, and the cruelty of +Christians against the chosen people of God. + +JANUS DOUSA. + +_Under the Rose_ (Vol. i., p. 214.).--Near Zandpoort, a village in the +vicinity of Haarlem, Prince William of Orange, the third of his name, had a +favourite hunting-seat, called after him the Princenbosch, now more +generally known under the designation of the Kruidberg. In the +neighbourhood of these grounds there was a little summer-house, making +part, if I recollect rightly, of an Amsterdam burgomaster's country place, +who resided there at the times I speak of. In this pavilion, it is said, +_and beneath a stucco rose_, being one of the ornaments of the ceiling, +William III. communicated the scheme of his intended invasion in England to +the two burgomasters of Amsterdam there present. You know the result. + +Can the expression of "being under the rose" date from this occasion, or +was it merely owing to coincidence that such an ornament protected, as it +were, the mysterious conversation to which England owes her liberty, and +Protestant Christendom the maintenance of its rights? + +JANUS DOUSA. + +Huis te Manpadt. + +_Albanian Literature.--Bogdano, Pietro, Archivescovo di Scopia, +L'Infallibile Verita della Cattolica Fede_, in Venetia, per G. Albrizzi, +MDXCI, is I think much older than any Albanian book mentioned by Hobhouse. +The same additional characters are used which occur in the later +publications of the Propaganda, in two parts, pp. 182. 162. + +F.Q. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL QUERIES. + +1. Has anything recently transpired which could lead bibliographers to form +an absolute decision with regard to the "unknown" printer who used the +singular letter R which is said to have originated with Finiguerra in 1452? +That Mentelin was the individual seems scarcely credible; and there is a +manifest difference between his type and that of the anonymous printer of +the _editio princeps_ of Rabanus Maurus, _De Universo_, the copy of which +work (illuminated, ruled, and rubricated) now before me was once in Heber's +possession; and it exhibits the peculiar letter R, which resembles an +ill-formed A, destitute of the cross stroke, and supporting a round O on +its reclined back. (Panzer, i. 78.; Santander, i. 240.) + +2. Is it not quite certain that the acts and decrees of the synod of +Würtzburg, held in the year 1452, were printed in that city previously to +the publication of the _Breviarium Herbiplense_ in 1479? The letter Q which +is used in the volume of these acts is remarkable for being of a double +semilunar shape; and the type, which is very Gothic, is evidently the same +as that employed in an edition of other synodal decrees in Germany about +the year 1470. + +3. When and where was the _Liber de Laudibus gloriosissime Dei genitricis +Marie semper Virginis_, by Albertus Magnus, first printed? I do not mean +the supposititious work, which is often confounded with the other one; but +that which is also styled _Super Evangelium_ Missus est _Quæstiones_. And +why are these Questions invariably said to be 230 in number, when there are +275 chapters in the book? Beughem asserts that the earliest edition is that +of Milan in 1489 (_Vid._ Quetif et Echard, i. 176.), but what I believe to +be a volume of older date is "sine ullâ notâ;" and a bookseller's +observation respecting it is, that it is "very rare, and unknown to De +Bure, Panzer, Brunet, and Dibdin." {324} + +4. Has any discovery made as to the author of the extraordinary 4to. tract, +_Oracio querulosa contra Inuasores Sacerdotum?_ According to the Crevenna +_Catalogue_ (i. 85.), the work is "inconnu à tous les bibliographes." +Compare Seemiller, ii. 162.; but the copy before me is not of the +impression described by him. It is worthy of notice, that at signature A +iiiij the writer declares, "nostris jam temporibus calchographiam, hoc est +impressioram artem, in nobilissima Vrbanie germe Maguncia fuisse repertam." + +5. Are we to suppose that either carelessness or a love of conjectures was +the source of Chevillier's mistake, not corrected by Greswell (_Annals of +Paris. Typog._, p. 6.), that signatures were first introduced, anno 1476, +by Zarotus, the printer, at Milan? They may doubtless be seen in the _Opus +Alexandride Ales super tertium Sententiarum_, Venet. 1475, a book which +supplies also the most ancient instance I have met with of a "Registrum +Chartarum." Signatures, however, had a prior existence; for they appear in +the _Mammetractus_ printed at Beron Minster in 1470 (Meermau, ii. 28.; +Kloss, p. 192.), but they were omitted in the impression of 1476. Dr. +Cotton (_Typ. Gaz._, p. 66.), Mr. Horne (_Introd. to Bibliog._, i. 187. +317), and many others, wrongly delay the invention or adoption of them till +the year 1472. + +6. Is the edition of the _Fasciculus Temporum_, set forth at Cologne by +Nicolaus de Schlettstadt in 1474, altogether distinct from that which is +confessedly "omnium prima," and which was issued by Arnoldus Ther Huernen +in the same year? If it be, the copy in the Lambeth library, bearing date +1476, and entered in pp. 1, 2. of Dr. Maitland's very valuable and accurate +_List_, must appertain to the third, not the second, impression. To the +latter this Louvain reprint of 1476 is assigned in the catalogue of the +books of Dr. Kloss (p. 127.), but there is an error in the remark that the +"Tabula" prefixed to the _editio princeps_ is comprised in _eight_ leaves, +for it certainly consists of _nine_. + +7. Where was what is probably a copy of the second edition of the _Catena +Aurea_ of Aquinas printed? The folio in question, which consists of 417 +unnumbered leaves, is an extremely fine one, and I should say that it is +certainly of German origin. Seemiller (i. 117.) refers it to Esslingen, and +perhaps an acquaintance with its water-marks would afford some assistance +in tracing it. Of these a rose is the most common, and a strigilis may be +seen on folio 61. It would be difficult to persuade the proprietor of this +volume that it is of so modern a date as 1474, the year in which what is +generally called the second impression of this work appeared. + +8. How can we best account for the mistake relative to the imaginary +Bologna edition of Ptolemy's _Cosmography_ in 1462, a copy of which was in +the Colbert library? (Leuglet du Fresnoy, _Méth. pour étud. l'Hist._, iii. +8., à Paris, 1735.) That it was published previously to the famous Mentz +Bible of this date is altogether impossible; and was the figure 6 a +misprint for 8? or should we attempt to subvert it into 9? The _editio +princeps_ of the Latin version by Angelus is in Roman letter, and is a very +handsome specimen of Vicenza typography in 1475, when it was set forth "ab +Hermano Leuilapide," alias Hermann Lichtenstein. + +9. If it be true, as Dr. Cotton remarks in his excellent _Typographical +Gazetteer_, p. 22., that a press was erected at Augsburg, in the monastery +of SS. Ulric and Afra, in the year 1472, and that Anthony Sorg is believed +to have been the printer, why should we be induced to assent to the +validity of Panzer's supposition that Nider's _Formicarius_ did not make +its appearance there until 1480? It would seem to be more than doubtful +that Cologne can boast of having produced the first edition, A.D. 1475/7; +and it may be reasonably asserted, and an examination of the book will +abundantly strengthen the idea, that the earliest impression is that which +contains this colophon, in which I would dwell upon the word "_editionem_" +(well known to the initiated): "Explicit quintus ac totus formicarii liber +uxta editionem fratris Iohannis Nider," &c., "Impressum Auguste per +Anthonium Sorg." + +10. In what place and year was _Wilhelmi Summa Viciorum_ first printed? +Fabricius and Cave are certainly mistaken when they say Colon. 1479. In the +volume, which I maintain to be of greater antiquity, the letters _c_ and +_t_, _s_ and _t_, are curiously united, and the commencement of it is: +"Incipit summa viciorum seu tractatus moral' edita [_sic_] a fratre +vilhelmo episcopo lugdunes. ordinsq. fratrû predicator." The description +given by Quetif and Echard (i. 132.) of the primary impression of Perault's +book only makes a bibliomaniac more anxious for information about it: "in +Inc. typ. absque loco anno et nomine typographi, sine numeris reclamat. et +majusculis." + +11. Was Panormitan's _Lectura super primo Decretalium_ indubitably issued +at Venice, prior to the 1st of April, 1473? and if so, does it contain in +the colophon these lines by Zovenzonius, which I transcribe from a noble +copy bearing this date? + + "Abbatis pars prima notis que fulget aliemis + Est vindelini pressa labore mei: + Cuius ego ingenium de vertice palladis ortum + Crediderim. veniam tu mihi spira dabis." + +12. Is it not unquestionable that Heroldt's _Promptuarium Exemplorum_ was +published at least as early as his _Sermones_? The type in both works is +clearly identical, and the imprint in the latter, at the end of _Serm._ +cxxxvi., vol. ii., is Colon. 1474, an edition unknown to very nearly all +bibliographers. For instance, Panzer and Denis commence with that of +Rostock, in 1476; Laire {325} with that of Cologne, 1478; and Maittaire +with that of Nuremberg, in 1480. Different statements have been made as to +the precise period when this humble-minded writer lived. Altamura (_Bibl. +Domin._, pp. 147. 500.) places him in the year 1400. Quetif and Echard (i. +762.), Fabricius and Mansi (_Bibl. Med. et inf. Latin._), prefer 1418, on +the unstable ground of a testimony supposed to have proceeded from the +author himself; for whatever confusion or depravation may have been +introduced into subsequent impressions, the _editio princeps_, of which I +have spoken, does not present to our view the alleged passage, viz., "à +Christo autem transacti sunt _millequadringenti decem et octo_ anni," but +most plainly, "M.cccc. & liij. anni." (_Serm._ lxxxv., tom. ii.) To this +same "Discipulus" Oudin (iii. 2654.), and Gerius in the Appendix to Cave +(p. 187.), attribute the _Speculorum Exemplorum_, respecting which I have +before proposed a Query; but I am convinced that they have confounded the +_Speculum_ with the _Promptuarium_. The former was first printed at +Deventer, A.D. 1481, and the compiler of it enters upon his prologue in the +following striking style: "Impressoria arte jamdudum longe lateque per +orbem diffusa, multiplicatisque libris quarumcunque fere materiarum," &c. +He then expresses his surprise at the want of a good collection of +_Exempla_; and why should we determine without evidence that he must have +been Heroldus? + +R.G. + + * * * * * + +FAIRFAX'S TASSO. + +In a copy of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_, ed. 1600 (the first), which +I possess, there occurs a very curious variorum reading of the first stanza +of the first book. The stanza, as it is given by Mr. Knight in his +excellent modern editions, reads thus: + + "The sacred armies and the godly knight, + That the great sepulchre of Christ did free, + I sing; much wrought his valour and foresight, + And in that glorious war much suffer'd he; + In vain 'gainst him did hell oppose her might, + In vain the Turks and Morians armed be; + His soldiers wild, to brawls and mutines prest, + Reduced he to peace, so heaven him blest." + +By holding up the leaf of my copy to the light, it is easy to see that the +stanza stood originally as given above, but a cancel slip printed in +_precisely the same type_ as the rest of the book gives the following +elegant variation: + + "I sing the warre made in the Holy Land, + And the Great Chiefe that Christ's great tombe did free: + Much wrought he with his wit, much with his hand, + Much in that braue atchieument suffred hee: + In vaine doth hell that Man of God withstand, + In vaine the worlds great princes armed bee; + For heau'n him fauour'd; and he brought againe + Vnder one standard all his scatt'red traine." + +Queries.--1. Does the above variation occur in any or many other copies of +the edition of 1600? + +2. Which reading is followed in the second old edition? + +T.N. + +Demerary, September 11. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Jeremy Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium._--Book I. chap. 2. Rule 8. § 14.-- + + "If he (the judge) see a stone thrown at his brother judge, as happened + at Ludlow, not many years since." + +(The first ed. was published in 1660). Does any other contemporary writer +mention this circumstance? or is there any published register of the +assizes of that time? + +_Ibid._ Chap. 2. Rule 3. § 32.-- + + "The filthy gingran." + +Apparently a drug or herb. Can it be identified, or its etymology pointed +out? + +_Ibid._ §. 50.-- + + "That a virgin should conceive is so possible to God's power, that it + is possible in nature, say the Arabians." + +Can authority for this be cited from the ancient Arabic writers? + +A.T. + +_First Earl of Roscommon._--Can you or any of your correspondents put me on +any plan by which I may obtain some information on the following subject? +James Dillon, first Earl of Roscommon, married Helen, daughter of Sir +Christopher Barnwell, by whom he had seven sons and six daughters; their +names were Robert, Lucas, Thomas, Christopher, George, John, Patrick. +Robert succeeded his father in 1641, and of his descendants and those of +Lucas and Patrick I have some accounts; but what I want to know is, who are +the descendants of Thomas (particularly), or of any of the other three +sons? + +Lodge, in his _Peerage_, very kindly kills all the sons, Patrick included; +but it appears that he did not depart this life until he had left issue, +from whom the late Earl had his origin. If Lodge is thus wrong in one case, +he may be in others, and I have reason to believe that Thomas left a son +settled in a place in Ireland called Portlick. + +FRANCIS. + +_St. Cuthbert._--The body of St. Cuthbert, as is well known, had many +wanderings before it found a magnificent resting-place at Durham. Now, in +an anonymous _History of the Cathedral Church of Durham_, without date, we +have a very particular account of the defacement of the shrine of St. {326} +Cuthbert, in the reign of Henry VIII. The body was found "lying whole, +uncorrupt, with his face bare, and his beard as of a fortnight's growth, +with all the vestments about him as he accustomed to say mass withal." The +vestments are described as being "fresh, safe, and not consumed." The +visitors "commanded him to be carried into the Revestry, till the king's +pleasure concerning him was further known; and upon the receipt thereof the +prior and monks buried him in the ground under the place where his shrine +was exalted." Now, there is a tradition of the Benedictines (of whose +monastery the cathedral was part) that on the accession of Elizabeth the +monks, who were apprehensive of further violence, removed the body in the +night-time from the place where it had been buried to some other part of +the building. This spot is known only to three persons, brothers of the +order; and it is said that there are three persons who have this knowledge +now, as communicated from previous generations. + +But a discovery was made in 1827 of the remains of a body in the centre of +the spot where the shrine stood, with various relics of a very early period +and it was asserted to be the body of St. Cuthbert. This, however, has not +been universally assented to, and Mr. Akerman, in his _Archæological +Index_, has-- + + "The object commonly called St. Cuthbert's Cross" (though the + designation has been questioned), "found with human remains and other + relics of the Anglo-Saxon period, in the Cathedral of Durham in + 1827."--p. 144. + +There does seem considerable discrepancy in the statements of the remains +found in 1827 and the body deposited 1541. + +I will conclude with asking, Is there any evidence to confirm the tradition +of the Benedictines? + +J.R.N. + +_Vavasour of Haslewood.--Bells in Churches._--It is currently reported in +Yorkshire that three curious privileges belong to the chief of the ancient +Roman Catholic family of Vavasour of Haslewood: + +1. That he may ride on horseback into York Minster. + +2. That he may specially call his house a castle. + +3. That he may toll a bell in his chapel, notwithstanding any law +prohibiting the use of bells in places of worship not in union with the +Church of England. + +Is there any foundation for this report; and what is the real story? Is +there still a law against the use of bells as a summons to divine services +except in churches? + +A.G. + +_Alteration of Title-pages._--Among the advertisements in the last +_Quarterly_ and _Edinburgh Reviews_, is one which replies to certain +criticisms on a work. One of these criticisms was a stricture upon its +title. The author states that the reviewer had a _presentation copy_, and +ought to have inquired into the title under which the book was sold to the +_public_ before he animaverted upon the connexion between the title and the +work. It seems then that, in this instance, the author furnished the +Reviews with a title-page differing from that of the body of his +impression, and thinks he has a right to demand that the reviewers should +suppose such a circumstance probable enough to make it imperative upon them +to inquire what the real title was. Query, Is such a practice common? Can +any of your readers produce another instance? + +M. + +_Weights for Weighing Coins._--A correspondent wishes to know at what +period weights were introduced for weighing coins. + +He has met with two notices on the subject in passages of Cottonian +manuscripts, and would be glad of farther information. + +In a MS. Chronicle, Cotton. Otho B. xiv.-- + + "1418. Novæ bilances instituuntur ad ponderanda aurea Numismata." + +In another Cottonian MS., Vitell. A. i., we read-- + + "1419. Here bigan gold balancis." + +H.E. + +_Shunamitis Poema._--Who was the author of a curious small 8vo. volume of +179 pages of Latin and English poems, commencing with "Shunamitis Poema +Stephani Duck Latine redditum?" + +The last verse of some commendatory verses prefixed point out the author as +the son of some well-known character: + + "And sure that is the most distinguish'd fame, + Which rises from your own, not father's name. + London, 21 April, 1738." + +My copy has no title-page: a transcript of it would oblige. + +E.D. + +_Lachrymatories._--In many ancient places of sepulture we find long narrow +phials which are called lachrymatories, and are supposed to have been +receptacles for tears: can you inform me on what authority this supposition +rests? + +J.H.C. + +_Egg-cups used by the Romans._--That the Romans used egg-cups, and of a +shape very similar to our own, the ruins at Pompeii and other places afford +ocular demonstration. Can you tell me by what name they called them? + +J.H.C. + +_Sir Oliver Chamberlaine._--In Miss Lefanu's _Memoirs of Mrs. Frances +Sheridan_, the celebrated authoress of _Sidney Biddulph_, _Nourjahad_, and +_The Discovery_, and mother of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, it is stated that +"her grandfather, Sir {327} Oliver Chamberlaine," was an "English baronet." +The absence of his name in any of the Baronetages induces the supposition, +however, that he had received only the honour of knighthood; and the +connexion of his son with Dublin, that the statement of Whitelaw and Walsh, +in their history of that city, may be more correct,--viz. that "Sir Oliver +Chamberlaine was descended from a respectable English family that had been +settled in Dublin since the Reformation." I should be glad to be informed +on this point, and also respecting the paternity of this Sir Oliver, who is +not only distinguished as one of the progenitors of the Sheridans, but also +of Dr. William Chamberlaine, the learned author of the _Abridgement of the +Laws of Jamaica_, which he for some time administered, as one of the judges +in that island; and of his grandson, the brave, but ill-fated, Colonel +Chamberlaine, aide-de-camp to the president Bolivar. + +J.R.W. + +October 10. 1850. + +_Meleteticks._--In Boyle's _Occasional Reflections_ (ed. 1669), he uses the +word _meleteticks_ (pp. 8. 38.) to express the "way and kind of meditation" +he "would persuade." Was this _then_ a new word coined by him, and has it +been used by any other writer? + +P.H.F. + +_Luther's Hymns._--"In the midst of life we are in death," &c., in the +Burial Service, is almost identical with one of Luther's hymns, the words +and music of which are frequently closely copied from older sources. +Whence? + +F.Q. + +_"Pair of Twises."_--What was the article, carried by gentlemen, and called +by Boyle (R.B.), in his _Occasional Reflections_ (edit. 1669, p. 180.), "a +pair of _twises_," out of which he drew a little penknife? + +P.H.F. + +_Countermarks on Roman Coin._--Several coins in my cabinet of Tiberius, +Trajan, &c. bear the stamp NCAPR; others have an open hand, &c. I should be +glad to know the reason of this practice, and what they denote. + +E.S.T. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES. + +GAUDENTIO DI LUCCA. + +(Vol. ii., p. 247. 298.) + +The _Memoirs of Sig. Gaudentio di Lucca_ have very generally been ascribed +to Bishop Berkeley. In Moser's _Diary_, written at the close of the last +century (MS. penes me), the writer says,-- + + "I have been reading Berkeley's amusing account of _Sig. Gaudentio_. + What an excellent system of patriarchal government is there developed!" + +See the _Retrospective Review_, vol iv. p. 316., where the work is also +ascribed to the celebrated Bishop Berkeley. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +In the corrigenda and addenda to Kippis's _Biographia Britannica_, prefixed +to vol. iii. is the following note, under the head of _Berkeley_: + + "On the same authority [viz., that of Dr. George Berkeley, the bishop's + son,] we are assured that his father did not write, and never read + through, the _Adventures of Signor Gaudentio di Lucca_. Upon this head, + the editor of the _Biographia_ must record himself as having exhibited + an instance of the folly of building facts upon the foundation of + conjectural reasonings. Having heard the book ascribed to Bishop + Berkeley, and seen it mentioned as his in catalogues of libraries, I + read over the work again under this impression, and fancied that I + perceived internal arguments of its having been written by our + excellent prelate. I was even pleased with the apprehended ingenuity of + my discoveries. But the whole was a mistake, which, whilst it will be a + warning to myself, may furnish an instructive lesson to others. At the + same time, I do not retract the character which I have given of the + _Adventures of Signor Gaudentio di Lucca_. Whoever was the author of + that performance, it does credit to his abilities and to his heart." + +After this decisive testimony of Bishop Berkeley's son, accompanied by the +candid confession of error on the part of the editor of the _Biographia +Britannica_, the rumour as to Berkeley's authorship of _Gaudentio_ ought to +have been finally discredited. Nevertheless, it seems still to maintain its +ground: it is stated as probable by Dunlop, in his _History of Fiction_; +while the writer of a useful Essay on "Social Utopias," in the third volume +of _Chambers's Papers for the People_, No. 18., treats it as an established +fact. + +L. + +In addition to the remarks of your correspondent L., I may state that the +first edition in 1737, 8vo., contains 335 pages, exclusive of the +publisher's address, 13 pages. It is printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe, +in Paternoster Row. The second edition in 1748, 8vo., contains publisher's +address, 12 pages; the work itself 291 pages. + +I find no difference between the two editions, except that in the first the +title is _The Memoirs of Sigr. Gaudentio di Lucca_; and in the second, _The +Adventures of Sigr. Gaudentio di Lucca_; and that in the second the notes +are subjoined to each page, while in the first they follow the text in +smaller type, as _Remarks of Sigr. Rhedi_. The second edition is-- + + "Printed for W. Innys in Paternoster Row, and R. Manby and H.S. Cox on + Ludgate Hill, and sold by M. Cooper in Paternoster Row." + +With respect to the author, it must be observed that there is no evidence +whatever to justify its being attributed to Bishop Berkeley. Clara Reeve, +in her _Progress of Romana_, 1786, 8vo., mentions him as having been +supposed to be the author; {328} but her authority seems only to have been +the anonymous writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. xlvii. p. 13., +referred to by your correspondent. The author of an elaborate review of the +work in the _Retrospective Review_, vol. iv., advocates Bishop Berkeley's +claim, but gives no reasons of any validity; and merely grounds his +persuasion upon the book being such as might be expected from that great +writer. He was, however, at least bound to show some conformity in style, +which he does not attempt. On the other hand, we have the positive denial +of Dr. George Berkeley, the bishop's son (Kippis's _Biog. Brit._, vol. +iii., addenda to vol. ii.), which, in the absence of any evidence to the +contrary, seems to be quite sufficient. + +In a letter signed C.H., _Gent. Mag._, vol. vii. p. 317., written +immediately on the appearance of the work, the writer observes:-- + + "I should have been very glad to have seen the author's name prefixed + to it: however, I am of opinion that it its very nearly related to no + less a hand than that which has so often, under borrowed names, + employed itself to amuse and trifle mankind, in their own taste, out of + their folly and vices." + +This appears to point at Swift; but it is quite clear that he could not be +the author, for very obvious reasons. + +A correspondent of the _Gent. Mag._, who signs his initials W.H. (vol. lv. +part 2. p. 757), states "on very good authority" that the author was-- + + "Barrington, a Catholic priest, who had chambers in Gray's Inn, in + which he was keeper of a library for the use of the Romish clergy. Mr. + Barrington wrote it for amusement, in a fit of the gout. He began it + without any plan, and did not know what he should write about when be + put pen to paper. He was author of several pamphlets, chiefly + anonymous, particularly the controversy with Julius Bate on Elohim." + +Of this circumstantial and sufficiently positive attribution, which is +dated October, 1785, no contradiction ever appeared that I am aware of. The +person intended is S. Berington, the author of-- + + "Dissertations on the Mosaical Creation, Deluge, building of Babel, and + Confusion of Tongues, &c." London: printed for the Author, and sold by + C. Davis in Holborn, and T. Osborn in Gray's Inn, 1750, 8vo., pages + 466, exclusive of introduction, 12 pages. + +On comparing Gaudentio di Lucca with this extremely curious work, there +seems a sufficient similarity to bear out the statement of the +correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_, W.H. The author quoted in the +_Remarks of Sigr. Rhedi_, and in the _Dissertations_, are frequently the +same, and the learning is of the same cast in both. In particular, Bochart +is repeatedly cited in the _Remarks_ and in the _Dissertations_. The +philosophical opinions appear likewise very similar. + +On the whole, unless some strong reason can be given for questioning the +statement of this correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_, I conceive +that S. Berington, of whom I regret that so little is known, must be +considered to be the author of _The Memoirs of Gaudentio di Lucca_. + +JAS. CROSSLEY. + +Manchester, October 7. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ENGLEMANN'S BIBLIOTHECA SCRIPTORUM CLASSICORUM. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 296. 312.) + +The sort of defence, explanation, or whatever it may be called, founded +upon usage, and offered by ANOTHER FOREIGN BOOKSELLER, is precisely what I +wanted to get out, if it existed, as I suspected it did. + +If your correspondent be accurate as to Engelmann, it appears that no wrong +is done to _him_; it is only the public which is mystified by a variety of +title-pages, all but one containing a suppression of the truth, and the one +of which I speak containing more. + +I now ask you to put in parallel columns extracts from the title given by +Engelmann with the substitutes given in that which I received. + +"Schriftsteller--welche vom "Classics ... that have +Jahre 1700 bis zu Ende des appeared in Germany and the +Jahres 1846 besonders in adjacent countries up to the +Deutschland gedruckt worden end of 1846." +sind." + +I do not think it fair towards Mr. Engelmann, whose own title is so true +and so precise, to take it for certain, on anonymous authority, that he +sanctioned the above paraphrase. According to the German, the catalogue +contains works from 1700 to 1846, published _especially_ in Germany; +meaning, as is the fact, that there are some in it published elsewhere. +According to the English, all classics printed in Germany, and all the +adjacent countries, in all times, are to be found in the catalogue. I pass +over the implied compliment to this country, namely, that while a true +description is required in Germany, a puff both in time and space is wanted +for England. I dwell on the injurious effect of such alterations to +literature, and on the trouble they give to those who wish to be accurate. +It is a system I attack, and not individuals. There is no occasion to say +much, for publicity alone will do what is wanted, especially when given in +a journal which falls under the eyes of those engaged in research. I hope +those of your contributors who think as I do, will furnish you from time to +time with exposures; if, as a point of form, a Query be requisite, they can +always end with, Is this right? + +A. DE MORGAN. + +October 14. 1850. + + * * * * * {329} + +SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORD "DELIGHTED." + +(Vol. ii., pp. 113. 139. 200. 234.) + +I should have been content to leave the question of the meaning of the word +_delighted_ as it stands in your columns, my motive, so kindly appreciated +by Mr. SINGER, in raising the discussion being, by such means to arrive at +the true meaning of the word, but that the remarks of L.B.L. (p. 234.) +recall to my mind a canon of criticism which I had intended to communicate +at an earlier period as useful for the guidance of commentators in +questions of this nature. It is as follows:--Master the grammatical +construction of the passage in question (if from a drama, in its dramatic +and I scenic application), deducing therefrom the general sense, before you +attempt to amend or fix the meaning of a doubtful word. + +Of all writers, none exceed Shakspeare in logical correctness and nicety of +expression. With a vigour of thought and command of language attained by no +man besides, it is fair to conclude, that he would not be guilty of faults +of construction such as would disgrace a school-boy's composition; and yet +how unworthily is he treated when we find some of his finest passages +vulgarised and degraded through misapprehensions arising from a mere want +of that attention due to the very least, not to say the greatest, of +writers. This want of attention (without attributing to it such fatal +consequences) appears to me evident in L.B.L.'s remarks, ably as he +analyses the passage. I give him credit for the faith that enabled him to +discover a sense in it as it stands; but when he says that it is perfectly +intelligible in its natural sense, it appears to me that he cannot be aware +of the innumerable explanations that have been offered of this very clear +passage. The source of his error is plainly referable to the cause I have +pointed out. + +It is quite true that, in the passage referred to, the condition of the +body before and after death is contrasted, but this is merely incidental. +The natural antithesis of "a sensible warm motion" is expressed in "a +kneaded clod" and "cold obstruction;" but the terms of the other half of +the passage are not quite so well balanced. On the other hand, it is not +the contrasted condition of each, but the separation of the body and +spirit--that is, _death_--which is the object of the speaker's +contemplation. Now with regard to the meaning of the term _delighted_, +L.B.L. says it is applied to the spirit "_not_ in its state _after death_, +but _during life_." I must quote the lines once more:-- + + "Ay, but to die, and go we know not where; + To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot; + This sensible warm motion to become + A kneaded clod; _and_ the delighted spirit + To bathe in fiery floods," &c. + +And if I were to meet with a hundred thousand passages of a similar +construction, I am confident they would only confirm the view that the +spirit is represented in the _then present_ state as at the termination of +the former clause of the sentence. If such had not been the view +instinctively taken by all classes of readers, there could have been no +difficulty about the meaning of the word. + +As a proof that this view of the construction is correct, let L.B.L. +substitute for "delighted spirit", _spirit no longer delighted_, and he +will find that it gives precisely the sense which he deduces from the +passage as it stands. If this be true, then, according to his view, the +negative and affirmative of a proposition may be used indifferently, in the +same time and circumstances giving exactly the same meaning. + +MR. SINGER furnishes another instance (Vol. ii., p. 241.) of the value of +my canon. I think there can be no doubt that his explanation of the meaning +of the word _eisell_ is correct; but if it were not, any way of reading the +passage in which it occurs would lead me to the conclusion that it could +not be a river. _Drink up_ is synonymous with _drink off_, _drink to the +dregs_. A child, taking medicine, is urged to "drink it up." The idea of +the passage appears to be that each of the acts should go beyond the last +preceding in extravagance:-- + + "Woo't weep? Woo't fight? Woo't fast? Woo't tear thyself? + Woo't drink up eisell?" + +And then comes the climax--"eat a crocodile?" Here is a regular succession +of feats, the last but one of which is sufficiently wild, though not +unheard of, and leading to the crowning extravagance. The notion of +drinking up a river would be both unmeaning and out of place. + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +September 18. 1850. + + * * * * * + +THE COLLAR OF ESSES. + +I shall look with interest to the documents announced by Dr. ROCK (Vol. +ii., p. 280.), which in his mind connect the Collar of Esses with the +"Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus" of the Salisbury liturgy: but hitherto I have +found nothing in any of the devices of livery collars that partakes of +religious allusion. I am well aware that many of the collars of knighthood +of modern Europe, headed by the proud order of the Saint Esprit, display +sacred emblems and devices. But the livery collars were perfectly distinct +from collars of knighthood. The latter, indeed, did not exist until a +subsequent age: and this was one of the most monstrous of the popular +errors which I had to combat in my papers in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. A +Frenchman named Favyn, at the commencement of the seventeenth century, +published {330} a folio book on Orders of Knighthood, and, giving to many +of them an antiquity of several centuries,--often either fabulous or +greatly exaggerated,--provided them all with imaginary collars, of which he +exhibits engravings. M. Favyn's book was republished in English, and his +collars have been handed down from that time to this, in all our heraldic +picture-books. This is one important warning which it is necessary to give +any one who undertakes to investigate this question. From my own experience +of the difficulty with which the mind is gradually disengaged from +preconceived and prevailing notions on such points, which it has originally +adopted as admitting of no question, I know it is necessary to provide that +others should not view my arguments through a different medium to myself. +And I cannot state too distinctly, even if I incur more than one +repetition, that the Collar of Esses was not a badge of knighthood nor a +badge of personal merit; but it was a collar of livery; and the idea +typified by livery was feudal dependence, or what we now call party. The +earliest livery collar I have traced is the French order of _cosses de +geneste_, or broomcods: and the term "order", I beg to explain, is in its +primary sense exactly equivalent to "livery:" it was used in France in that +sense _before_ it came to be applied to orders of knighthood. Whether there +was any other collar of livery in France, or in other countries of Europe, +I have not hitherto ascertained; but I think it highly probable that there +was. In England we have some slight glimpses of various collars, on which +it would be too long here to enter; and it is enough to say, that there +were only two of the king's livery, the Collar of Esses and the Collar of +Roses and Suns. The former was the collar of our Lancastrian kings, the +latter of those of the house of York. The Collar of Roses and Suns had +appendages of the heraldic design which was then called "the king's beast," +which with Edward IV. was the white lion of March, and with Richard III. +the white boar. When Henry VII. resumed the Lancastrian Collar of Esses, he +added to it the portcullis of Beaufort. In the former Lancastrian regions +it had no pendant, except a plain or jewelled ring, usually of the trefoil +form. All the pendant badges which I have enumerated belong to secular +heraldry, as do the roses and suns which form the Yorkist collar. The +letter S is an emblem of a somewhat different kind; and, as it proves, more +difficult to bring to a satisfactory solution than the symbols of heraldic +blazon. As an initial it will bear many interpretations--it may be said, an +indefinite number, for every new Oedipus has some fresh conjecture to +propose. And this brings me to render the account required by Dr. Rock of +the reasons which led me to conclude that the letter S originated with the +office of Seneschallus or Steward. I must still refer to the _Gentleman's +Magazine_ for 1842, or to the republication of my essays which I have +already promised, for fuller details of the evidence I have collected; but +its leading results, as affecting the origin of this device, may be stated +as follows:--It is ascertained that the Collar of Esses was given by Henry, +Earl of Derby, afterwards King Henry IV., during the life-time of his +father, John of Ghent, Duke of Lancaster. It also appears that the Duke of +Lancaster himself gave a collar, which was worn in compliment to him by his +nephew King Richard II. In a window of old St. Paul's, near the duke's +monument, his arms were in painted glass, accompanied with the Collar of +Esses; which is presumptive proof that his collar was the same as that of +his son, the Earl of Derby. If, then, the Collar of Esses was first given +by this mighty duke, what would be _his_ meaning in the device? My +conjecture is, that it was the initial of the title of that high office +which, united to his vast estates, was a main source of his weight and +influence in the country,--the office of Steward of England. This, I admit, +is a derivation less captivating in idea than another that has been +suggested, viz. that S was the initial of _Souveraine_ which is known to +have been a motto subsequently used by Henry IV., and which might be +supposed to foreshadow the ambition with which the House of Lancaster +affected the crown. But the objection to this is, that the device is traced +back earlier than the Lancastrian usurpation can be supposed to have been +in contemplation. It might still be the initial of _Souveraine_, if John of +Ghent adopted it in allusion to his kingdom of Castille: but, because he is +supposed to have used it, and his son the Earl of Derby certainly used it, +after the sovereignty of Castille had been finally relinquished, but also +before either he or his son can be supposed to have aimed at the +sovereignty of their own country, therefore it is that, in the absence of +any positive authority, I adhere at present to the opinion that the letter +S was the initial of Seneschallus or Steward. + +JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS. + +P.S.--Allow me to put a Query to the antiquaries of Scotland. Can any of +them help me to the authority from which Nich. Upton derived his livery +collar of the King of Scotland "de gormettis fremalibus equorum?"--J.G.N. + +_Collar of SS_ (Vol. ii., pp. 89. 194. 248. 280.).--I am surprised that any +doubt should have arisen about this term, which has evidently no +_spiritual_ or _literary_ derivation from the initial letters of +_Sovereign_, _Sanctus_, _Seneschallus_, or any similar word. It is (as MR. +ELLACOMBE hints, p. 248.) purely descriptive of the _mechanical_ mode of +forming the chain, not by round or closed links, but by hooks alternately +deflected into the shape of _esses_; thus, [Illustration: 3 sideways +capital letter S's]. Whether chains so made (being more susceptible of +ornament than other forms of links) may not have been in special use for +particular {331} purposes, I will not say; but I have no doubt that the +_name_ means no more than that the links were in the shape of the letter S. + +C. + + * * * * * + +SIRLOIN. + +Several correspondents who treat of Lancashire matters do not appear to be +sufficiently careful to ascertain the correct designations of the places +mentioned in their communications. In a late number Mr. J.G. NICHOLS gave +some very necessary corrections to CLERICUS CRAVENSIS respecting his note +on the "Capture of King Henry VI." (Vol. ii., p. 181.); and I have now to +remind H.C. (Vol. ii., p. 268.) that "Haughton Castle" ought to be "Hoghton +Tower, near Blackburn, Lancashire." Hoghton Tower and Whittle Springs have +of late been much resorted to by pic-nic parties from neighbouring towns; +and from the interesting scenery and splendid prospects afforded by these +localities, they richly deserve to be classed among the _lions_ of +Lancashire. It is not improbable that the far-famed beauties and rugged +grandeur of "The Horr" may, for the time, have rendered it impossible for +H.C. to attend to orthography and the simple designation "Hoghton Tower," +and hence the necessity for the present Note. + +The popular tradition of the knighting of the Sirloin has found its way +into many publications of a local tendency, and, amongst the rest, into the +graphic _Traditions of Lancashire_, by the late Mr. Roby, whose premature +death in the Orion steamer we have had so recently to deplore. Mr. Roby, +however, is not disposed to treat the subject very seriously; for after +stating that Dr. Morton had preached before the king on the duty of +obedience, "inasmuch as it was rendered to the vicegerent of heaven, the +high and mighty and puissant James, Defender of the Faith, and so forth," +he adds:-- + + "After this comfortable and gracious doctrine, there was a rushbearing + and a piping before the king in the great quadrangle. Robin Hood and + Maid Marian, with the fool and Hobby Horse, were, doubtless, enacted to + the jingling of morris-dancers and other profanities. These fooleries + put the king into such good humour, that he was more witty in his + speech than ordinary. Some of these sayings have been recorded, and + amongst the rest, _that well-known quibble which has been the origin of + an absurd mistake, still current through the county, respecting the + sirloin_. The occasion, as far as we have been able to gather, was + thus. Whilst he sat at meat, casting his eyes upon a noble _surloin_ at + the lower end of the table, he cried out, 'Bring hither that _surloin_, + sirrah, for 'tis worthy a more honourable post, being, as I may say, + not _sur_-loin, but _sir_-loin, the noblest joint of all;' which + ridiculous and desperate pun raised the wisdom and reputation of + England's Solomon to the highest."--_Traditions_, vol. ii. pp. 190-1. + +Most probably Mr. Roby's view of the matter is substantially correct; for +although _tradition_ never fails to preserve the remembrance of +transactions too trivial, or perhaps too indistinct for sober history to +narrate, the _existence_ of a tradition does not necessarily _prove_, or +even _require_, that the myth should have had its foundation in fact. + +Had the circumstance really taken place as tradition prescribes, it would +probably have obtained a greater permanency than oral recital; for during +the festivities at Hoghton Tower, on the occasion of the visit of the +"merrie monarch", there was present a gentleman after Captain Cuttle's own +heart, who would most assuredly have made a note of it. This was Nicholas +Assheton, Esq., of Downham, whose _Journal_, as Dr. Whitaker well observes, +furnishes an invaluable record of "our ancestors of the parish of Whalley, +not merely in the universal circumstances of birth, marriage, and death, +but acting and suffering in their individual characters; their businesses, +sports, bickerings, carousings, and, such as it was, religion." This worthy +chronicler thus describes the King's visit:-- + + "August 15. (1617). The king came to Preston; ther, at the crosse, Mr. + Breares, the lawyer, made a speche, and the corporn presented him with + a bowle; and then the king went to a banquet in the town-hall, and soe + away to Houghton: ther a speche made. Hunted, and killed a stagg. Wee + attend on the lords' table. + + "August 16, Houghton. The king hunting: a great companie: killed affore + dinner a brace of staggs. Verie hot: soe hee went in to dinner. Wee + attend the lords' table, abt four o'clock the king went downe to the + Allome mynes, and was ther an hower, and viewed them p[re]ciselie, and + then went and shott at a stagg, and missed. Then my Lord Compton had + lodged two brace. The king shott again, and brake the thigh-bone. A + dogg long in coming, and my Lo. Compton shott agn and killed him. Late + in to supper. + + "Aug. 17, Houghton. Wee served the lords with biskett, wyne, and + jellie. The Bushopp of Chester, Dr. Morton, p[re]ched before the king. + To dinner. Abt four o'clock, ther was a rush-bearing and piping affore + them, affore the king in the middle court; then to supp. Then abt ten + or eleven o'clock, a maske of noblemen, knights, gentlemen, and + courtiers, affore the king, in the middle round, in the garden. Some + speeches: of the rest, dancing the Huckler, Tom Bedlo, and the Cowp + Justice of Peace. + + "Aug. 18. The king went away abt twelve to Lathome." + +The journalist who would note so trivial a circumstance as the heat of the +weather, was not likely to omit the knighting of the Sirloin, if it really +occurred; and hence, in the absence of more positive proof, we are disposed +to take Mr. Roby's view of the case, and treat it as one of the thousand +and one pleasant stories which "rumour with her hundred tongues" ever +circulates amongst the peasantry of a district where some royal visit, or +{332} other unexpected memorable occurrence, has taken place. + +But this is not the only "pleasant conceit" of which the "merrie monarch" +is said to have delivered himself during his visit to Hoghton Tower. On the +way from Preston his attention was attracted by a huge boulder stone which +lay in the roadside, and was still in existence not a century ago. "O' my +saul," cried he, "that meikle stane would build a bra' chappin block for my +Lord Provost. Stop! there be letters thereon: unto what purport?" Several +voices recited the inscription:-- + + "_Turn me o're, an I'le tel thee plaine._" + +"Then turn it ower," said the monarch, and a long and laborious toil +brought to light the following satisfactory intelligence:-- + + "_Hot porritch makes hard cake soft,_ + _So torne me o'er againe._" + +"My saul," said the king, "ye shall gang roun' to yere place again: these +country gowks mauna ken the riddle without the labour." As a natural +consequence, Sir Richard Hoghton's "great companie" would require a +correspondingly great quantity of provisions; and the tradition in the +locality is, that the subsequent poverty of the family was owing to the +enormous expenses incurred under this head; the following characteristic +anecdote being usually cited in confirmation of the current opinion. During +one of the hunting excursions the king is said to have left his attendants +for a short time, in order to examine a numerous herd of horned cattle then +grazing in what are now termed the "Bullock Pastures," most of which had +probably been provided for the occasion. A day or two afterwards, being +hunting in the same locality, he made inquiry respecting the cattle, and +was told, in no good-humoured way, by a herdsman unacquainted with his +person, that they were all gone to feast the beastly king and his +gluttonous company. "By my saul," exclaimed the king, as he left the +herdsman, "then 'tis e'en time for me to gang too:" and accordingly, on the +following morning, he set out for Lathom House. + +In conclusion, allow me to ask the correspondents to the "NOTES AND +QUERIES," what is meant by "dancing the _Huckler_, _Tom Bedlo_, and the +_Cowp Justice of Peace_?" + +T.T. WILKINSON. + +Burnley, Lancashire, Sept. 21. 1850. + +_Sirloin._-In Nichols's _Progresses of King James the First_, vol. iii. p. +401., is the following note:-- + + "There is a laughable tradition, still generally current in Lancashire, + that our knight-making monarch, finding, it is presumed, no undubbed + man worthy of the chivalric order, knighted at the banquet in Hoghton + Tower, in the warmth of his honour-bestowing liberality, a loin of + beef, the part ever since called the _sirloin_. Those who would credit + this story have the authority of Dr. Johnson to support them, among + whose explanations of the word _sir_ in his dictionary, is that it is + 'a title given to the loin of beef, which one of our kings knighted in + a fit of good humour.' 'Surloin,' says Dr. Pegge (_Gent. Mag._, vol. + liv. p. 485.), 'is, I conceive, if not knighted by King James as is + reported, compounded of the French _sur_, upon, and the English _loin_, + for the sake of euphony, our particles not easily submitting to + composition. In proof of this, the piece of beef so called grows upon + the _loin_, and behind the small ribs of the animal.' Dr. Pegge is + probably right, and yet the king, if he did not give the sirloin its + name, might, notwithstanding, have indulged in a pun on the already + coined word, the etymology of which was then, as now, as little + regarded as the thing signified is well approved." + +JOHN J. DREDGE. + +_Sirloin._-Whence then comes the epigram-- + + "Our second _Charles_, of fame faeete, + On loin of beef did dine, + He held his sword pleased o'er the meat, + 'Rise up thou famed sir-loin!'" + +Was not a _loin_ of pork part of _James_ the First's proposed banquet for +the devil? + +K.I.P.B.T. + + * * * * * + +RIOTS OF LONDON. + +The reminiscences of your correspondent SENEX concerning the riots of +London in the last century form an interesting addition to the records of +those troubled times; but in all these matters correctness as to dates and +facts are of immense importance. The omission of a date, or the narration +of events out of their proper sequence, will sometimes create vast and most +mischievous confusion in the mind of the reader. Thus, from the order in +which SENEX has stated his reminiscences, a reader unacquainted with the +events of the time will be likely to assume that the "attack on the King's +Bench prison" and "the death of Allen" arose out of, and formed part and +parcel of, the Gordon riots of 1780, instead of one of the Wilkes tumults +of 1768. By the way, if SENEX was "personally either an actor or spectator" +in _this_ outbreak, he fully establishes his claim to the signature he +adopts. I quite agree with him that monumental inscriptions are not always +remarkable for their truth, and that the one in this case may possibly be +somewhat tinged with popular prejudice or strong parental feeling; but, at +all events, there can be but little doubt that poor Allen, whether guilty +or innocent, was shot by a soldier of the Scotch regiment, be his name what +it may; and further, the deed was not the effect of a random shot fired +upon the mob,--for the young man was chased into a cow-house, and shot by +his pursuer, away from the scene of conflict. {333} + +Noorthouck, who published his _History of London_, 1773, thus speaks of the +affair:-- + + "The next day, May 10. (1768,) produced a more fatal instance of rash + violence against the people on account of their attachment to the + popular prisoner (Wilkes) in the King's Bench. The parliament being to + meet on that day to open the session, great numbers of the populace + thronged about the prison from an expectation that Mr. W. would on that + occasion recover his liberty; and with an intention to conduct him to + the House of Commons. On being disappointed, they grew tumultuous, and + an additional party of the third regiment of Guards were sent for. Some + foolish paper had been stuck up against the prison wall, which a + justice of the peace, then present, was not very wise in taking notice + of, for when he took it down the mob insisted on having it from him, + which he not regarding, the riot grew louder, the drums beat to arms, + the proclamation was read, and while it was reading, some stones and + bricks were thrown. William Allen, a young man, son of Mr. Allen, + keeper of the Horse Shoe Inn in Blackman Street, and who, _as appeared + afterwards, was merely a quiet spectator_, being pursued along with + others, was unfortunately singled out and followed by three soldiers + into a cow-house, and shot dead! A number of horse-grenadiers arrived, + and these hostile measures having no tendency to disperse the crowd, + which rather increased, the people were fired upon, five or six were + killed, and about fifteen wounded; among which were two women, one of + whom afterwards died in the hospital." + +The author adds,-- + + "The soldiers were next day publicly thanked by a letter from the + Secretary-at-War in his master's name. McLaughlin, who actually killed + the inoffensive Allen, was withdrawn from justice and could never be + found, so that though his two associates Donald Maclaine and Donald + Maclaury, with their commanding officer Alexander Murray, were + proceeded against for the murder, the prosecution came to nothing and + only contributed to heighten the general discontent." + +With respect to the monument in St. Mary's, Newington, I extract the +following from the _Oxford Magazine_ for 1769, p. 39.:-- + + "Tuesday, July 25. A fine large marble tombstone, elegantly finished, + was erected over the grave of Mr. Allen, junr., in the church-yard of + St. Mary, Newington, Surry. It had been placed twice before, but taken + away on some disputed points. On the sides are the following + inscriptions:-- + + _North Side._ + + Sacred to the Memory of + William Allen, + + An Englishman of unspotted life and amiable disposition, [who was + inhumanely murdered near St. George's Fields, the 10th day of May, + 1768, by the Scottish detachment from the army.][1] + + "His disconsolate parents, _inhabitants of this parish_, caused this + tomb to be erected to an only son, lost to them and the world, in his + twentieth year, as a monument of his virtues and their affections." + +At page 53. of the same volume is a copperplate representing the tomb. On +one side appears a soldier leaning on his musket. On his cap is inscribed +"3rd Regt.;" his right hand points to the tomb; and a label proceeding from +his mouth represents him saying, "I have obtained a pension of a shilling a +day only for putting an end to thy days." At the foot of the tomb is +represented a large thistle, from the centre of which proceeds the words, +"Murder screened and rewarded." + +Accompanying this print are, among other remarks, the following:-- + + "It was generally believed that he was m----d by one Maclane, a + Scottish soldier of the 3d Regt. The father prosecuted, Ad----n + undertook the defence of the soldier. The solicitor of the Treasury, + Mr. Nuthall, the deputy-solicitor, Mr. Francis, and Mr. Barlow of the + Crown Office, attended the trial, and it is said, paid the whole + expence for the prisoner out of the Treasury, to the amount of a very + considerable sum. The defence set up was, that young Allen was not + killed by Maclane, but by another Scottish soldier of the same + regiment, one McLaughlin, who confessed it at the time to the justice, + as the justice says, though he owns he took no one step against a + person who declared himself a murderer in the most express terms.... + The perfect innocence of the young man as to the charge of being + concerned in any riot or tumult, is universally acknowledged, and a + more general good character is nowhere to be found. This McLaughlin + soon made his escape, therefore was a deserter as well as a murtherer, + yet he has had a discharge sent him with an allowance of a shilling a + day." + +Maclane was most probably the "Mac" alluded to by SENEX; but his account +differs in so many respects from cotemporaneous records that I have +ventured to trespass somewhat largely upon your space. I may add, that I by +no means agree in the propriety of erasing a monumental inscription of more +than eighty years' existence without some much stronger proof of its +falsehood; for I quite coincide with the remarks of Rev. D. Lysons, in his +allusion to this monument (_Surrey_, p. 393.), that + + "Allen was illegally killed, whether he was concerned in the riots or + not, _as he was shot apart from the mob at a time when he might, if + necessary, have been apprehended and brought to justice_." + +E.B. PRICE. + +September 30. 1850. + +The Rev. Dr. John Free[2] preached a sermon on the above occasion (which +was printed) from the {334} 24th chapter of Leviticus, 21st and 22nd +verses, "He that killeth a man," &c.; and he boldly and fearlessly +denominates the act as a murder, and severely reprehends those in authority +who screened and protected the murderer. The sermon is of sixteen pages, +and there is an appendix of twenty-six pages, in which are detailed various +depositions, and all the circumstances connected with the catastrophe. + +§ N. + +Your correspondent SENEX will find in Malcolm's _Anecdotes of London_ (Vol. +ii., p. 74.), "A summary of the trial of Donald Maclane, on Tuesday last, +at _Guildford Assizes_, for the murder of William Allen, Jun., on the 10th +of May last, in St. George's Fields." + +R. BARKER, JUN. + +A long account of this lamentable transaction may be found in every +magazine eighty-two years since. The riot took place in St. George's +Fields, May 10. 1768, and originated in the cry of "Wilkes and Liberty." + +GILBERT. + +[Footnote 1: A foot-note informs us that "a white-wash is put over these +lines between the crotchets."] + +[Footnote 2: Dr. Free was of Christ Church, Oxford, and perhaps some of +your readers may know where his biography is.] + + * * * * * + +MEANING OF "GRADELY." + +(Vol. ii., p. 133.) + +For the origin of this word, A.W.H. may refer to Brocket's _Glossary of +North Country Words_, where he will find-- + + "Gradely, decently, orderly. Sax. _grad_, _grade,_ ordo. Rather, Mr. + Turner says, from Sax. _gradlie_ upright; _gradely_ in Lanc., he + observes, is an adjective simplifying everything respectable. The + Lancashire people say, our _canny_ is nothing to it." + +The word itself is very familiar to me, as I have often received a scolding +for some boyish, and therefore not very wise or orderly prank, in these +terns:--"One would think you were not altogether gradely," or, as it was +sometimes varied into, "You would make one believe you were not _right in +your head;_" meaning, "One would think you had not common sense." + +H. EASTWOOD. + +Ecclesfield. + +_Gradely._--This word is not only used in Yorkshire, but also very much in +Lancashire, and the rest of the north of England. I have always understood +it to mean "good," "jolly," "out and out." Its primary meaning is "orderly, +decently." (See Richardson's _Dictionary_.) The French have _grade_; It. +and Sp., _grado_; Lat. _gradus_. + +AREDJID KOOEZ. + +_Gradely._--This word, in use in Lancashire and Yorkshire, means +_grey-headedly_, and denotes such wisdom as should belong to old age. A +child is admonished to do a thing _gradely_, _i.e._ with the care and +caution of a person of experience. + +E.H. + +_Gradely._--In Webster's and also in Richardson's _Dictionaries_ it is +defined, "orderly, decently." It is a word in common use in Lancashire and +Yorkshire, and also Cheshire. A farmer will tell his men to do a thing +gradely, that is, "properly, well." + +G.W.N. + +_Gradely._--In Carr's _Craven Dialect_ appears "_Gradely_, decently." It is +also used as an adjective, "decent, worthy, respectable." + +2. Tolerably well, "How isto?" "_Gradely._" Fr. _Gré_, "satisfaction"; _à +mon gré._ + +S.N. + +_Gradely._--Holloway[3] derives _gradely_ from the Anglo-Saxon _Grade_, a +step, order, and defines its meaning, "decently." He, however, fixes its +paternity in the neighbouring county of York. + +In Collier's edition of _Tim Bobbin_ it is spelt _greadly_, and means +"well, right, handsomely." + + "I connaw tell the _greadly_, boh I think its to tell fok by."--p. 42. + + "So I seete on restut meh, on drank meh pint o ele; boh as I'r naw + _greadly_ sleekt, I cawd for another," &c.--p. 45. + + "For if sitch things must be done _greadly_ on os teh aught to bee," + &c.--p. 59. + +Mr. Halliwell[4] defined it, "decently, orderly, moderately," and gives a +recent illustration of its use in a letter addressed to Lord John Russell, +and distributed in the Manchester Free Trade Procession. It is dated from +Bury, and the writer says to his lordship,-- + + "Dunnot be fyert, mon, but rapt eawt wi awt uts reef, un us Berry + foke'll elp yo as ard as we kon. Wayn helps Robdin, un wayn elp yo, if + yoan set obeawt yur work _gradely_." + +_Gradely._--I think this word is very nearly confined to Lancashire. It is +used both as an adjective and adverb. As an adjective, it expresses only a +moderate degree of approbation or satisfaction; as an adverb, its general +force is much greater. Thus, used adjectively in such phrases as "a gradely +man," "a gradely crop," &c., it is synonymous with "decent." In answer to +the question, "How d'ye do?" it means, "Pretty well," "Tolerable, thank +you." + +Adverbially it is (1.) sometimes used in sense closely akin to that of the +adjective. Thus in "Behave yourself gradely," it means "properly, +decently." But (2.) most frequently it is precisely equivalent to "very;" +as in the expressions "A gradely fine day," "a gradely good man"--which +last is a term of praise by no means applicable to the mere gradely man, +or, as such a one is most commonly described, a "gradely sort of man." + +Though one might have preferred a Saxon origin for it, yet in default of +such it seems most natural to connect it with the Latin _gradus_, +especially as the word _grade_, from which it is immediately formed, has a +handy English look about it, that would soon naturalise it amongst us. +_Gradely_ {335} then would mean "orderly, regular, according to degree." + +The difference in intensity of meaning between the adjective and the adverb +seems analogous to that between the adjectives proper, _regular_, &c., and +the same words when used in the vulgar way as adverbs. + +G.P. + +[Footnote 3: Dictionary of Provincialisms.] + +[Footnote 4: Dictionary of Provincial Words.] + + * * * * * + +PASCAL AND HIS EDITOR BOSSUT. + +(Vol. ii., p. 278.) + +Although I am not afraid of the fate with which that unfortunate monk met, +of whom it is said,-- + + "Pro solo puncto caruit Martinus Asello," + +yet a blunder is a sad thing, especially when the person who is supposed to +commit it attempts to correct others. + +Now the printer of the "NOTES AND QUERIES" has introduced, in my short +remark on Pascal, the _very error_ which has led the author of the article +in the _British Quarterly Review_, as well as many others, to mistake the +Bishop of Meaux for the editor of Pascal's works. Once more, that +unfortunate editor is BOSSUT, not BOSSUET; and if it may appear to some +that the difference of one letter in a name is not of much consequence, yet +it is from an error as trifling as this that people of my acquaintance +confound Madame de Staël with Madame de Staal-Delauney, in spite of +chronology and common sense. Again, by the leave of the _Christian +Remembrancer_ (vol. xiii. no. 55.), the elegant and accomplished scholar to +whom we owe the only complete text of Pascal's thoughts, is M. Faugère, not +Fougère. All these are minutiæ; but the chapter of minutiæ is an important +one in literary history. + +Another remarkable question which I feel a wish to touch upon before +closing this communication, is that of _impromptus_. Your correspondent MR. +SINGER (p. 105.) supposes Malherbe the poet to have been "ready at an +impromptu." But, to say the least, this is rather doubtful, unless the +extemporaneous effusions of Malherbe were of that class which Voiture +indulged in with so much success at the Hôtel de Rambouillet--sonnets and +epigrams leisurely prepared for the purpose of being fired off in some +fashionable "_ruelle_" of Paris. Malherbe is known to have been a very slow +composer; he used to say to Balzac that ten years' rest was necessary after +the production of a hundred lines: and the author of the _Christian +Socrates_, himself rather too fond of the file, after quoting this fact, +adds in a letter to Consart: + + "Je n'ai pas besoin d'un si long repos après un si petit travail. Mais + aussi d'attendre de moi cette heureuse facilité qui fait produire des + volumes à M. de Scudéry, ce serait me connaître mal, et me faire une + honneur que je ne mérite pas." + +Malherbe certainly had a most happy influence on French poetry; he checked +the ultra-classical school of Ronsard, and began that work of reformation +afterwards accomplished by Boileau. + +As I have mentioned Voiture's name, I shall add a very droll "_soi-disant_" +impromptu of his, composed to ridicule Mademoiselle Chapelain, the sister +of the poet. Like her brother, she was most miserly in her habits, and not +distinguished by that virtue which some say is next to godliness. + + "Vous qui tenez incessamment + Cent amans dedans votre manche, + Tenez-les au moins proprement, + Et faites qu'elle soit plus blanche. + + "Vous pouvez avecque raison, + Usant des droits de la victoire, + Mettre vos galants en prison; + Mais qu'elle ne soit pas si noire. + + "Mon coeur, qui vous est bien dévot, + Et que vous réduisez en cendre, + Vous le tenez dans un cachot + Comme un prisonnier qu'on va pendre. + + "Est-ce que, brûlant nuit et jour, + Je remplis ce lieu de fumée, + Et que le feu de mon amour + En a fait une cheminée?" + +GUSTAVE MASSON. + +Hadley, near Barnet. + + * * * * * + +KONGS-SKUGG-SIO. + +(Vol. ii., p. 298.) + +The author of the _Kongs-skugg-sio_ is unknown, but the date of it has been +pretty clearly made out by Bishop Finsen and others. (_V._ Finsen, +_Dissertatio Historica de Speculo Regali_, 1766.) There is only one +complete edition of this remarkable work, viz. that published at Soröe in +1768, in 4to. Bishop Finsen maintains the _Kongs-skugg-sio_ to have been +written from 1154 to 1164. Ericksen believes it not to be older than 1184; +while Suhm and Eggert Olafsen do not allow it to be older than the +thirteenth century. Rafn, and the modern editors of the _Grönlands +Historiske Mindesmærker_, p. 266., vol. iii., accept the date given by +Finsen as the true one. From the text of the work we learn that it was +written in Norway, by a young man, a son of one of the leading and richest +men there, who had been on terms of friendship with several kings, and had +lived much, or at least had travelled much, in Helgeland. Rafn and others +believe the work to have been written by Nicolas, the son of Sigurd +Hranesön, who was slain by the Birkebeiners on the 8th of September, 1176. +Their reasons for coming to this conclusion are given at full length in the +work above quoted. {336} + +The whole of the _Kongs-skugg-sio_ is well worthy of being translated into +English. It may, indeed, in many respects, be considered as the most +remarkable work of the old northerns. + +EDWARD CHARLTON. + +Newcastle-on-Tyne, Oct 7. 1850. + +If F.Q. will look into Halfdan Einersen's edition of _Kongs-skugg-sio_, +Soröe, 1768, the first time it was printed, he will find in the editor's +preliminary remarks all that is known of the date and origin of the work. +The author is unknown, but that he was a Northman and lived in Nummedal, in +Norway, and wrote somewhere between 1140 and 1270, or, according to Finsen, +about 1154; and that he had in his youth been a courtier, and afterwards a +royal councillor, we infer from the internal evidence the work itself +affords us. _Kongs-skugg-sio_, or the royal mirror, deserves to be better +known, on account of the lively picture it gives us of the manners and +customs of the North in the twelfth century; the state of the arts and the +amount of science known to the educated. It abounds in sound morals, and +its author might have sate at the feet of Adam Smith for the orthodoxy of +his political economy. He is not entirely free from the credulity of his +age and his account of Ireland will match anything to be found in Sir John +Mandeville. Here we are told of an island on which nothing rots, of another +on which nothing dies, of another on one-half of which devils alone reside, +of wonderful monsters and animals, and of miracles the strangest ever +wrought. He invents nothing. What he relates of Ireland he states to have +found in books, or to have derived from hearsay. The following extract must +therefore be taken as a specimen of Irish Folk-lore in the twelfth +century:-- + + "There is also one thing, he says, that will seem wonderful, and it + happened in the town which is called Kloena [Cloyne]. In that town + there is a church which is dedicated to the memory of a holy man called + Kiranus. And there it happened one Sunday, as the people were at + prayers and heard mass, that there descended gently from the air an + anchor, as if it had been cast from a ship, for there was a cable to + it, and the fluke of the anchor caught in the arch of the church-door, + and all the people went out of church, and wondered, and looked up into + the air after the cable. There they saw a ship floating above the + cable, and men on board; and next they saw a man leap overboard, and + dive down to the anchor to free it. He appeared, from the motions he + made with both hands and feet, like a man swimming in the sea. And when + he reached the anchor, he endeavoured to loosen it, when the people ran + forwards to seize the man. But the church in which the anchor stuck + fast had a bishop's chair in it. The bishop was present on this + occasion, and forbade the people to hold the man, and said that he + might be drowned just as if in water. And immediately he was set free + he hastened up to the ship, and when he was on board, they hauled up + the cable and disappeared from men's sight; but the anchor has since + laid in the church as a testimony of this." + +CORKSCREW. + + * * * * * + +GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. + +(Vol. ii., p. 132.) + +E.N.W. refers to Shelvocke's voyage of 1719, in which reference is made to +the abundance of gold in the soil of California. In Hakluyt's _Voyages_, +printed in 1599-1600, will be found much earlier notices on this subject. +California was first discovered in the time of the Great Marquis, as Cortes +was usually called. There are accounts of these early expeditions by +Francisco Vasquez Coronada, Ferdinando Alarchon, Father Marco de Niça, and +Francisco de Ulloa, who visited the country in 1539 and 1540. It is stated +by Hakluyt that they were as far to the north as the 37th degree of +latitude, which would be about one degree south of St. Francisco. I am +inclined, however, to believe from the narrations themselves that the +Spanish early discoveries did not extend much beyond the 34th degree of +latitude, being little higher than the Peninsular or Lower California. In +all these accounts, however, distinct mention is made of abundance of gold. +In one of them it is stated that the natives used plates of gold to scrape +the perspiration off their bodies! + +The most curious and distinct account, however, is that given in "The +famous voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South Sea, &c. in 1577", which +will be found in the third volume of Hakluyt, page 730., _et seq_. I am +tempted to make some extracts from this, and the more so because a very +feasible claim might be based upon the transaction in favour of our +Sovereign Lady the Queen. At page 737. I find: + + "The 5th day of June (1579) being in 43 degrees wards the pole Arctike, + we found the ayre so colde, that our men being grievously pinched with + the same, complained of the extremitie thereof, and the further we + went, the more the colde increased upon us. Whereupon we thought it + best for that time to seeke the land, and did so, finding it not + mountainous, but low plaine land, till we came within thirty degrees + toward the line. In which height it pleased God to send us into a faire + and good baye, with a good winde to enter the same. In this baye wee + anchored." + +A glance at the map will show that "in this baye" is now situated the +famous city of San Francisco. + +Their doings in the bay are then narrated, and from page 738. I extract the +following:-- + + "When they [the natives with their king] had satisfied themselves [with + dancing, &c.] they made signes to our General [Drake] to sit downe, to + whom the king and divers others made several orations, or rather + supplications, that hee would take their province or {337} kingdom into + his hand, and become their king, making signes that they would resigne + unto him their right and title of the whole land, and become his + subjects. In which, to persuade us the better, the king and the rest + with our consent, and with great reverence, joyfully singing a song, + did set the crowne upon his head, inriched his necke with all their + chaines, and offred unto him many other things, honouring him by the + name of Hioh, adding thereulto, as it seemed, a sign of triumph; which + thing our Generall thought not meet to reject, because he knew not what + honour and profit it might be to our countrey. Whereupon, in the name + and to the use of Her Majestie, he took the scepter, crowne, and + dignitie of the said country into his hands, wishing that the riches + and treasure thereof might so conveniently be transported to the + inriching of her kingdom at home, as it aboundeth in ye same. + + "Our Generall called this countrey Nova Albion, and that for two + causes; the one in respect of the white bankes and cliffes, which lie + towards the sea, and the other, because it might have some affinities + with our countrey in name, which sometime was so called." + +Then comes the curious statement: + + "_There is no part of earth heere to be taken up, wherein there is not + some probable show of gold or silver._" + +The narrative then goes on to state that formal possession was taken of the +country by putting up a "monument" with "a piece of sixpence of current +English money under the plate," &c. + +Drake and the bold cavaliers of that day probably found that it paid better +to rob the Spaniard of the gold and silver ready made in the shape of "the +Acapulco galleon," or such like, than to sift the soil of the Sacramento +for its precious grains. At all events, the wonderful richness of the +"earth" seems to have been completely overlooked or forgotten. So little +was it suspected, until the Americans acquired the country at the peace +with Mexico, that in the fourth volume of Knight's _National Cyclopædia_, +published early in 1848, in speaking of Upper California, it is said, "very +little mineral wealth has been met with"! A few months after, intelligence +reached Europe how much the reverse was the case. + +T.N. + + * * * * * + +THE DISPUTED PASSAGE PROM THE TEMPEST. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 259. 299.) + +When the learning and experience of such gentlemen as MR. SINGER and MR. +COLLIER fail to conclude a question, there is no higher appeal than to +plain common sense, aided by the able arguments advanced on each side. +Under these circumstances, perhaps you will allow one who is neither +learned nor experienced to offer a word or two by way of vote on the +meaning of the passage in the _Tempest_ cited by MR. SINGER. It appears to +me that to do full justice to the question the passage should be quoted +entire, which, with your permission, I will do. + + "_Fer._ There be some sports are painful; and their labour + Delight in them sets off: some kinds of baseness + Are nobly undergone; and most poor matters + Point to rich ends. This, my mean task + Would be as heavy to me as odious, but + The mistress, which I serve, quickens what's dead + And makes my labours pleasures: O, she is + Ten times more gentle than her father's crabbed, + And he's compos'd of harshness. I must remove + Some thousands of these logs, and pile them up + Upon a sore injunction: my sweet mistress + Weeps when she sees me work, and says, such baseness + Had ne'er like executor. _I forget_; + _But_ these sweet thoughts do even refresh my labour(s), + Most busy(l)est when I do it." + +The question appears to be whether "most busy" applies to "sweet thoughts" +or to Ferdinand, and whether the pronoun "it" refers to the act of +_forgetting_ or to "labour(s);" and I must confess that, to me, the whole +significancy of the passage depends upon the idea conveyed of the mind +being "most busy" while the body is being exerted. Every man with a spark +of imagination must many a time have felt this. In the most essential +particular, therefore, I think MR. SINGER is right in his correction but at +the same time agreeing with MR. COLLIER, that it is desirable not to +interfere with the original text further than is absolutely necessary, I +think the substitution of "labour" for "labours" is of questionable +expediency. What is the use of the conjunction "but" if not to connect the +excuse for the act of forgetting with the act itself? + +Without intending to follow MR. COLLIER through the course of his argument, +I should like to notice one or two points. The usage of Shakspeare's day +admitted many variations from the stricter grammatical rules of our own; +but no usage ever admitted such a sentence as this,--for though +elliptically expressed, MR. COLLIER treats it as a sentence,-- + + "Most busy, least when I do it." + +This is neither grammar nor sense: and I persist in believing that +Shakspeare was able to construct an intelligible sentence according to +rules as much recognised by custom then as now. + +But, indeed, does not MR. COLLIER virtually admit that the text is +inexplicable in his very attempt to explain it? He sums up by saying "that +in fact, his toil is no toil, and that when he is 'most busy' he 'least +does it,'" which is precisely the reverse of what the text says, if it +express any meaning at all. I will agree with him in preferring the old +text to any other text where it gives a perfect meaning; but to prefer it +here, when the omission of a single letter produces an image at once {338} +noble and complete, would, to my mind, savour more of superstition than +true worship. + +P.S. It should be observed that MR. COLLIER'S "least" is as much of an +alteration of the original text as MR. SINGER'S "busyest", the one adding +and the other omittng a letter. The folio of 1632, where it differs front +the first folio, will hardly add to the authority of MR. COLLIER himself. + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +Oct. 10. 1850. + +If one, who is but a charmed listener to Shakspeare, may presume to offer +an opinion to practised interpreters, I should suggest to MR. SINGER and +MR. COLLIER, another and a totally different reading of the passage in +discussion by them from the exquisite opening scene of the 3d Act of the +_Tempest_. + +There can be little doubt that "most busy" applies more poetically to +_thoughts_ than to _labours_; and, in so much, MR. SINGER'S reading is to +be commended. But it is equally true that, by adhering to the early text, +MR. COLLIER'S school of editing has restored force and beauty to many +passages which had previously been outraged by fancied improvements, so +that his unflinching support of the original word in this instance is also +to be respected. But may not both be combined? I think they may, by +understanding the passage in question as though a transposition had taken +place between the words "least" and "when". + + "Most busy _when least_ I do it," + +or,-- + + "Most busy when least employed." + +forming just the sort of verbal antithesis of which the poet was so fond. + +An actual transposition of the words may have taken place through the fault +of the early printers; but even if the _present order_ be preserved, still +the _transposed sense_ is, I think, much less difficult than the forced and +rather contradictory meaning contended for by MR. COLLIER. Has not _the +pause_ in Ferdinand's labour been hitherto too much overlooked? What is it +that has induced him to _forget_ his task? Is it not those delicious +thoughts, most busy in the _pauses_ of labour, making those pauses still +more refreshing and renovating? + +Ferdinand says-- + + "I forget,"-- + +and then he adds, _by way of excuse_,-- + + "_But_ the sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours, + Most busy when least I do it." + +More busy in thought when idle, than in labour when employed. The cessation +from labour was favourable to the thoughts that made it endurable. + +Malone quarrelled with the word "but", for which he would have substituted +"and" or "for". But in the _apologetic_ sense which I would confer upon the +last two lines of Ferdinand's speech, the word "but", at their +commencement, becomes not only appropriate but necessary. + +A.E.B. + +Leeds, October 8. 1850. + + * * * * * + +"LONDON BRIDGE IS BROKEN DOWN." + +(Vol. ii., p. 258.) + +Your correspondent T.S.D. does not remember to have seen that interesting +old nursery ditty "London Bridge is broken down" printed, or even referred +to in print. For the edification then of all interested in the subject, I +send you the following. + +The old song on "London Bridge" is printed in Ritson's _Gammer Gurton's +Garland_, and in Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes of England_; but both copies +are very imperfect. There are also some fragments preserved in the +_Gentleman's Magazine_ for September, 1823 (vol. xciii. p. 232.), and in +the _Mirror_ for November 1st of the same year. From these versions a +tolerably perfect copy has been formed, and printed in a little work, for +which I am answerable, entitled _Nursery Rhymes, with the Tunes to which +they are still sung in the Nurseries of England_. But the whole ballad has +probably been formed by many fresh additions in a long series of years, and +is, perhaps, almost interminable when received in all its different +versions. + +The correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ remarks, that "London +Bridge is broken down" is an old ballad which, more than seventy years +previous, he had heard plaintively warbled by a lady who was born in the +reign of Charles II., and who lived till nearly that of George II. Another +correspondent to the same magazine, whose contribution, signed "D.," is +inserted in the same volume (December, p. 507.), observes, that the ballad +concerning London Bridge formed, in his remembrance, part of a Christmas +carol, and commenced thus:-- + + "Dame, get up and bake your pies, + On Christmas Day in the morning." + +The requisition, he continues, goes on to the dame to prepare for the +feast, and her answer is-- + + "London Bridge is broken down, + On Christmas Day in the morning." + +The inference always was, that until the bridge was rebuilt some stop would +be put to the dame's Christmas operations; but why the falling of a part of +London Bridge should form part of a Christmas carol it is difficult to +determine. + +A Bristol correspondent, whose communication is inserted in that delightful +volume the _Chronicles of London Bridge_ (by Richard Thomson, of the London +Institution), says,-- + +"About forty years ago, one moonlight night, in a street in Bristol, his +attention was attracted by dance {339} and chorus of boys and girls, to +which the words of this ballad gave measure. The breaking down of the +bridge was announced as the dancers moved round in a circle, hand in hand; +and the question, 'How shall we build it up again?' was chanted by the +leader, whilst the rest stood still." + +Concerning the antiquity of this ballad, a modern writer remarks,-- + + "If one might hazard a conjecture concerning it, we should refer its + composition to some very ancient date, when, London Bridge lying in + ruins, the office of bridge master was vacant, and his power over the + river Lea (for it is doubtless that river which is celebrated in the + chorus to this song) was for a while at an end. But this, although the + words and melody of the verses are extremely simple, is all uncertain." + +If I might hazard another conjecture, I would refer it to the period when +London Bridge was the scene of a terrible contest between the Danes and +Olave of Norway. There is an animated description of this "Battle of London +Bridge," which gave ample theme to the Scandinavian scalds, in _Snorro +Sturleson_; and, singularly enough, the first line is the same as that of +our ditty:-- + + "London Bridge is broken down; + Gold is won and bright renown; + Shields resounding, + War horns sounding, + Hildur shouting in the din; + Arrows singing, + Mail-coats ringing, + Odin makes our Olaf win." + +See Laing's _Heimskringla_, vol. ii. p. 10.; and Bulwer's _Harold_, vol. i. +p. 59. The last-named work contains, in the notes, some excellent remarks +upon the poetry of the Danes, and its great influence upon our early +national muse. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + [T.S.D.'s inquiry respecting this once popular nursery song has brought + us a host of communications; but none which contain the precise + information upon the subject which is to be found in DR. RIMBAULT's + reply. TOBY, who kindly forwards the air to which it was sung, speaks + of it as a "'lullaby song,' well-known in the southern part of Kent and + in Lincolnshire." + + E.N.W. says it is printed in the collection of _Nursery Rhymes_ + published by Burns, and that he was born and bred in London, and that + it was one of the nursery songs he was amused with. NOCAB ET AMICUS, + two old fellows of the Society of Antiquaries, do not doubt that it + refers to some event preserved in history, especially, they add, as we + have a faint recollection "of a note, touching such an event, in an + almost used-up English history, which was read in our nursery by an + elder brother, something less than three-fourths of a century since. + And we have also a shrewd suspicion that the sequel of the song has + reference to the reconstruction of that fabric at a later date." + + J.S.C. has sent us a copy of the song; and we are indebted for another + copy to AN ENGLISH MOTHER, who has accompanied it with notices of some + other popular songs, notices which at some future opportunity we shall + lay before our readers.--ED.] + + * * * * * + +ARABIC NUMERALS. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 27. 61.) + +I must apologise for adding anything to the already abundant articles which +have from time to time appeared in "NOTES AND QUERIES" on this interesting +subject; I shall therefore confine myself to a few brief remarks on the +_form_ of each character, and, if possible, to show from what alphabets +they are derived:-- + +1. This most natural form of the first numeral is the first character in +the Indian, Arabic, Syriac, and Roman systems. + +2. This appears to be formed from the Hebrew [Hebrew: b], which, in the +Syriac, assumes nearly the form of our 2; the Indian character is +identical, but arranged vertically instead of horizontally. + +3. This is clearly derived from the Indian and Arabic forms, the position +being altered, and the vertical stroke omitted. + +4. This character is found as the fourth letter in the Phoenician and +ancient Hebrew alphabets: the Indian is not very dissimilar. + +5. and 6. These bear a great resemblance to the Syriac Heth and Vau (a +hook). When erected, the Estrangelo-Syriac Vau is precisely the form of our +6. + +7. This figure is derived from the Hebrew [Hebrew: z], zayin, which in the +Estrangelo-Syriac is merely a 7 reversed. + +8. This figure is merely a rounded form of the Samaritan Kheth (a +travelling scrip, with a string tied round thus, [Character]). The +Estrangelo-Syriac [Character] also much resembles it. + +9. Identical with the Indian and Arabic. + +0. Nothing; vacuity. It probably means the orb or _boundary_ of the +earth.--10. is the first boundary, [Hebrew: tchwm], Tekum, [Greek: Deka], +Decem, "terminus." Something more yet remains to be said, I think, on the +_names_ of the letters. Cf. "Table of Alphabets" in Gesenius, _Lex_., ed. +Tregelles, and "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., p. 434. + +E. S. T. + +_Arabic Numerals._--With regard to the subject of Arabic numerals, and the +instance at Castleacre (Vol. ii., pp. 27. 61.), I think I may safely say +that no archæologist of the present day would allow, after seeing the +original, that it was of the date 1084, even if it were not so certain that +these numerals were not in use at that time. I fear "the acumen of Dr. +Murray" was wasted on the occasion referred to in Mr. Bloom's work. It is a +very far-fetched idea, that the visitor must cross himself to discover the +meaning of the figures; not to mention the inconvenience, I might say +impossibility, {340} of reading them after he had turned his back upon +them,--the position required to bring them into the order 1084. It is also +extremely improbable that so obscure a part of the building should be +chosen for erecting the date of the foundation; nor is it likely that so +important a record would be merely impressed on the plaister, liable to +destruction at any time. Read in the most natural way, it makes 1480: but I +much doubt its being a date at all. The upper figure resembles a Roman I; +and this, with the O beneath, may have been a mason's initials at some time +when the plaister was renewed: for that the figures are at least sixty +years later than the supposed date, Mr. Bloom confesses, the church not +having been built until then. + +X.P.M. + + * * * * * + +CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. 142. 187. 233.) + +I confess, after having read MR. J.G. NICHOLS' critique in a recent number +of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," relative to the locality of the first +printing-press erected by Caxton in this country, I am not yet convinced +that it was not within the Abbey of Westminster. From MR. NICHOLS' own +statements, I find that Caxton himself says his books were "imprynted" by +him in the Abbey; to this, however, MR. NICHOLS replies by way of +objection, "that Caxton does not say in the church of the Abbey." + +On the above words of Caxton "in the Abbey of Westminster," Mr. C. Knight, +in his excellent biography of the old printer, observes, "they leave no +doubt that beneath the actual roof of some portion of the Abbey he carried +on his art." Stow says "that Caxton was the first that carried on his art +in the Abbey." Dugdale, in his _Monasticon_, speaking of Caxton, says, "he +erected his office in one of the side chapels of the Abbey." MR. NICHOLS, +quoting from Stow, also informs us that printing-presses were, soon after +the introduction of the art, erected in the Abbey of St. Albans, St. +Augustin at Canterbury, and other monasteries; he also informs us that the +scriptorium of the monasteries had ever been the manufactory of books, and +these places it is well known formed a portion of the abbeys themselves, +and were not in detached buildings similar to the Almonry at Westminster, +which was situated some two or three hundred yards distant from the Abbey. +I think it very likely, when the press was to supersede the pen in the work +of book-making, that its capabilities would be first tried in the very +place which had been used for the object it was designed to accomplish. +This idea seems to be confirmed by the tradition that a printer's office +has ever been called a chapel, a fact which is beautifully alluded to by +Mr. Creevy in his poem entitled _The Press_:-- + + "Yet stands the chapel in yon Gothic shrine, + Where wrought the father of our English line, + Our art was hail'd from kingdoms far abroad, + And cherish'd in the hallow'd house of God; + From which we learn the homage it received + And how our sires its heavenly birth believed. + Each printer hence, howe'er unblest his walls, + E'en to this day, his house a chapel calls." + +Mr. Nichols acknowledges that what he calls a vulgar error was current and +popular, that in some part of the Abbey Caxton did erect his press, yet we +are expected to submit to the almost unsupported dictum of that gentleman, +and renounce altogether the old and almost universal idea. With respect to +his alarm that the _vulgar error_ is about to be further propagated by an +engraving, wherein the mistaken draftsman has deliberately represented the +printers at work within the consecrated walls of the church itself, I may +be permitted to say, on behalf of the painter, that he has erected his +press not even on the basement of one of the Abbey chapels, but in an upper +story, a beautiful screen separating the workplace from the more sacred +part of the building. + +JOHN CROPP. + + * * * * * + +COLD HARBOUR. + +(Vol. i., p. 60.; Vol. ii., p. 159.) + +I beg leave to inform you that Yorkshire has its "Cold Harbour," and for +the origin of the term, I subjoin a communication sent me by my father:-- + +"When a youngster, I was a great seeker for etymologies. A solitary +farm-house and demesne were pointed out to me, the locality of which was +termed Cad, or Cudhaber, or Cudharber. Conjectures, near akin to those now +presented, occurred to me. I was invited to inspect the locality. I dined +with the old yeoman (aged about eighty) who occupied the farm. He gave me +the etymology. In his earlier days he had come to this farm; a house was +not built, yet he was compelled by circumstances to bring over part of his +farming implements, &c. He, with his men-servants, had no other shelter at +the time than a dilapidated barn. When they assembled to eat their cold +provisions, the farmer cried out, 'Hegh lads, but there's cauld (or caud) +harbour here.' The spot had no name previously. The rustics were amused by +the farmer's saying. Hence the locality was termed by them Cold Harbour, +corrupted, Cadharber, and the etymon remains to this day. This information +put an end to my enquiries about Cold Harbour." + +C.M.J. + +_Cold Harbour._--The goldfinches which have remained among the valleys of +the Brighton Downs during the winter are called, says Mr. {341} Knox, by +the catchers, "harbour birds, meaning that they have sojourned or +harboured, as the local expression is, here during the season." Does not +this, with the fact of a place in Pembroke being called Cold Blow, added to +the many places with the prefix Cold, tend to confirm the supposition that +the numerous cold harbours were places of protection against the winter +winds? + +A.C. + +With regard to Cold Harbour (supposed "Coluber," which is by no means +satisfactory), it may be worth observing that Cold is a common prefix: thus +there is Cold Ashton, Cold Coats, Cold or Little Higham, Cold Norton, Cold +Overton, Cold Waltham, Cold St. Aldwins, --coats, --meere, --well, +--stream, and several _cole_, &c. Cold peak is a hill near Kendall. The +latter suggests to me a _Query_ to genealogists. Was the old baronial name +of Peche, Pecche, of Norman origin as in the Battle Roll? From the fact of +the Peak of Derby having been Pech-e _antè_ 1200, I think this surname must +have been local, though it soon became soft, as appears from the rebus of +the Lullingstone family, a peach with the letter é on it. I do not think +that _k_ is formed to similar words in Domesday record. + +Caldecote, a name of several places, may require explanation. + +AUG. CAMB. + +I beg to give you the localities of two "Cold Harbours:" one on the road +from Uxbridge to Amersham, 19œ miles from London (see Ordnance Map 7.); the +other on the road from Chelmsford to Epping, 13œ miles from the former +place (see Ordnance Map No. 1. N.W.). + +DISS. + +There are several Cold Harbours in Sussex, in Dallington, Chiddingly, +Wivelsfield, one or two in Worth, one S.W. of Bignor, one N.E. of Hurst +Green, and there may be more. + +In Surrey there is one in the parish of Bletchingley. + +WILLIAM FIGG. + +There is a farm called Cold Harbour, near St. Albans, Herts. + +S.A. + +After the numerous and almost tedious theories concerning Cold Harbours, +particularly the "forlorn hope" of the _Coal Depôts_ in London and +elsewhere, permit me to suggest one of almost universal application. +Respecting _here-burh_, an inland station for an army, in the same sense as +a "harbour" for ships on the sea-coast, a word still sufficiently familiar +and intelligible, the question seems to be settled; and the French +"auberge" for an inn has been used as an illustration, though the first +syllable may be doubtful. The principal difficulty appears to consist in +the prefix "Cold;" for why, it may be asked, should a bleak and "cold" +situation be selected as a "harbour"? The fact probably is that this +spelling, however common, is a corruption for "COL.". Colerna, in +Wiltshire, fortunately retains the original orthography, and in Anglo-Saxon +literally signifies the habitation or settlement of a colony; though in +some topographical works we are told that it was formerly written "Cold +Horne," and that it derives its name from its bleak situation. This, +however, is a mere coincidence; for some of these harbours are in warm +sheltered situations. Sir R.C. Hoare was right when he observed, that these +"harbours" were generally near some Roman road or Roman settlement. It is +therefore wonderful that it should not at once occur to every one +conversant with the Roman occupation of this island, that all these +"COL-harbours" mark the settlements, farms, outposts, or garrisons of the +Roman colonies planted here. + +J.I. + +Oxford. + +_Cold Harbour._--Your correspondent asks whether there is a "Cold Harbour" +in every county, &c. I think it probable, though it may take some time to +catalogue them all. There are so many in some counties, that ten on an +average for each would in all likelihood fall infinitely short of the +number. The Roman colonists must have formed settlements in all directions +during their long occupation of so favourite a spot as Britain. "Cold +Harbour Farm" is a very frequent denomination of insulated spots cultivated +from time immemorial. These are not always found in _cold_ situations. +Nothing is more common than to add a final _d_, unnecessarily, to a word or +syllable, particularly in compound words. Instances will occur to every +reader, which it would be tedious to enumerate. + +J.I. + + After reading the foregoing communications on the subject of the + much-disputed etymology of COLD HARBOUR, our readers will probably + agree with us in thinking the following note, from a very distinguished + Saxon scholar, offers a most satisfactory solution of the question:-- + +With reference to the note of G.B.H. (Vol. i, p. 60.) as well as to the +very elaborate letter in the "Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries" +(the paper in the _Archæologia_ I have not seen), I would humbly suggest +the possibility, that the word _Cold_ or _Cole_ may originally have been +the Anglo-Saxon Col, and the entire expression have designated _a cool +summer residence_ by a river's side or on an eminence; such localities, in +short, as are described in the "Proceedings" as bearing the name of Cold +Harbour. + +The denomination appears to me evidently the modern English for the A.-S. +Col Hereberg. Colburn, Colebrook, Coldstream, are, no doubt, analagous +denominations. + +[Greek: PH.] + + * * * * * {342} + +ST. UNCUMBER. + +(Vol. ii., p. 286.) + +PWCCA, after quoting from Michael Wodde's _Dialogue or Familiar Talke_ the +passage in which he says, "If a wife were weary of her husband _she offred +otes at Paules_ in London to St. Uncumber," asks "who St. Uncumber was?" + +St. Uncumber was one of those popular saints whose names are not to be +found in any calendar, and whose histories are now only to be learned from +the occasional allusions to them to be met with in our early +writers,--allusions which it is most desirable should be recorded in "NOTES +AND QUERIES." The following cases, in which mention is made of this saint, +are therefore noted, although they do not throw much light on the history +of St. Uncumber. + +The first is from Harsenet's _Discoverie, &c._, p.l34.: + +"And the commending himselfe to the tuition of S. Uncumber, or els our +blessed Lady." + +The second is from Bale's _Interlude concerning the Three Laws of Nature, +Moses, and Christ_: + + "If ye cannot slepe, but slumber, + Geve _Otes_ unto Saynt Uncumber, + And Beanes in a certen number + Unto Saynt Blase and Saynt Blythe." + +I will take an early opportunity of noting some similar allusions to Sir +John Shorne, St. Withold, &c. + +WILLIAM J. THOMS. + + * * * * * + +HANDFASTING. + +(Vol. ii., p. 282.) + +JARLTZBRG, in noticing this custom, says that the Jews seem to have had a +similar one, which perhaps they borrowed from the neighbouring nations; at +least the connexion formed by the prophet Hosea (chap. iii., v. 2.) bears +strong resemblance to _Handfasting_. The 3rd verse in Hosea, as well as the +2nd, should I think be referred to. They are both as follows: + + "So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver, and for an homer + of barley, and an half homer of barley: and I said unto her, Thou shalt + abide for me many days; thou shalt not play the harlot, and thou shalt + not be for another man; so will I also be for thee." + +Now by consulting our most learned commentators upon the meaning which they +put upon these two verses in connexion with each other, I cannot think that +the analogy of JARLTZBERG will be found correct. In allusion to verse 2, +"so I bought her," &c., Bishop Horsley says: + + "This was not a payment in the shape of a dowry; for the woman was his + property, if he thought fit to claim her, _by virtue of the marriage + already had_; but it was a present supply of her necessary wants, by + which he acknowledged her as his wife, and engaged to furnish her with + alimony, not ample indeed, but suitable to the recluse life which he + prescribed to her." + +And in allusion, in verse 3., to the words "Thou shall abide for me many +days," Dr. Pocock thus explains the context: + + "That is, thou shalt stay sequestered, and as in a state of widowhood, + till the time come that I shall be fully reconciled to thee, and shall + see fit again to receive thee to the privileges of a wife." + +Both commentators are here evidently alluding to what occurs after a +marriage has actually taken place. Handfasting takes place before a +marriage is consummated. + +A chapter upon marriage contracts and ceremonies would form an important +and amusing piece of history. I have not Picart's _Religious Ceremonies_ at +hand, but if I mistake not he refers to many. In Marco Polo's _Travels_, I +find the following singular, and to a Christian mind disgusting, custom. It +is related in section l9.:-- + + "These twenty days journey ended, having passed over the province of + Thibet, we met with cities and many villages, in which, through the + blindness of idolatry, a wicked custom is used; for no man there + marrieth a wife that is a virgin; whereupon, when travellers and + strangers, coming from other places, pass through this country and + pitch their pavilions, the women of that place having marriageable + daughters, bring them unto strangers, desiring them to take them and + enjoy their company as long as they remain there. Thus the handsomest + are chosen, and the rest return home sorrowful, and when they depart, + they are not suffered to carry any away with them, but faithfully + restore them to their parents. The maiden also requireth some toy or + small present of him who hath deflowered her, which she may show as an + argument and proof of her condition; and she that hath been loved and + abused of most men, and shall have many such favours and toys to show + to her wooers, is accounted more noble, and may on that account be + advantageously married; and when she would appear most honourably + dressed, she hangs all her lovers' favours about her neck, and the more + acceptable she was to many, so much the more honour she receives from + her countrymen. But when they are once married, they are no more + suffered to converse with strange men, and men of this country are very + cautious never to offend one another in this matter." + +J.M.G. + +Worcester, Oct. 1850. + +The curious subject brought forward by J.M.G. under this title, and +enlarged upon by JARLTZBERG (Vol. ii., p. 282.), leads me to trouble you +with this in addition. Elizabeth Mure, according to the _History and +Descent of the House of Rowallane_ by Sir William Mure, was made choyce of, +for her excellent beautie and rare virtues, by King Robert II., to be Queen +of Scotland; and if their union may be considered to illustrate in any way +the singular custom of _Handfasting_, it will be seen {343} from the +following extract that they were also married by a priest:-- + + "Mr. Johne Lermonth, chapline to Alexander Archbishop of St. Andrews, + hath left upon record in a deduction of the descent of the House of + Rowallane collected by him at the command of the said Archbishop (whose + interest in the familie is to be spoken of heirafter), that Robert, + Great Stewart of Scotland, having taken away the said Elizabeth Mure, + drew to Sir Adam her father ane instrument that he should take her to + his lawful wife, (which myself hath seen saith the collector), as also + ane testimonie written in latine by Roger Mc Adame, priest of our Ladie + Marie's chapel (in Kyle), that the said Roger maried Robert and + Elizabeth forsds. But yrafter durring the great troubles in the reign + of King David Bruce, to whom the Earl of Rosse continued long a great + enemie, at perswasion of some of the great ones of the time, the Bishop + of Glasgow, William Rae by name, gave way that the sd marriage should + be abrogate by transaction, which both the chief instrument, the Lord + Duglasse, the Bishope, and in all likelihood the Great Stewart himself, + repented ever hereafter. The Lord Yester Snawdoune, named Gifford, got + to wife the sd Elizabeth, and the Earl of Rosse's daughter was maried + to the Great Stewart, which Lord Yester and Eupheme, daughter to the + Earle of Rosse, departing near to one time, the Great Stewart, being + then king, openly acknowledged the first mariage, and invited home + Elizabeth Mure to his lawfull bed, whose children shortlie yrafter the + nobility did sweare in parliament to maintaine in the right of + succession to the croune as the only lawfull heirs yrof." + + "In these harder times shee bare to him Robert (named Johne + Fairneyear), after Earle of Carrick, who succeeded to the croune; + Robert, after Earl of Fyffe and Maneteeth, and Governour; and + Alexander, after Earle of Buchane, Lord Badyenoch; and daughters, the + eldest maried to Johne Dumbar, brother to the Earl of March, after + Earle of Murray, and the second to Johne the Whyt Lyon, progenitor of + the House of Glames, now Earle of Kinghorn." + +So much for the marriage of Elizabeth Mure, as given by the historian of +the House of Rowallane. Can any of your readers inform me whether Elizabeth +had any issue by her second husband, Lord Yester Snawdoune? If so, there +would be a relationship between Queen Victoria and the Hays, Marquesses of +Tweeddale, and the Brouns, Baronets of Colstoun. One of the latter family +received as a dowry with a daughter of one of the Lords Yester the +celebrated WARLOCK PEAR, said to have been enchanted by the necromancer +Hugo de Gifford, who died in 1267, and which is now nearly six centuries +old. In the _Lady of the Lake_, James Fitz-James is styled by Scott +"Snawdon's knight;" but why or wherefore does not appear, unless Queen +Elizabeth Mure had issue by Gifford. Robert II. was one of three Scottish +kings in succession who married the daughters of their own subjects, and +those only of the degree of knights; namely, David Bruce, who married +Margaret, daughter of Sir John Loggie; Robert II., who married Elizabeth, +daughter of Sir Adam Mure; and Robert III., who married Annabell, daughter +to Sir John Drummond of Stobhall. + +SCOTUS. + + * * * * * + +GRAY'S ELEGY.--DRONING.--DODSLEY'S POEMS. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 264. 301.) + +I only recur to the subject of Gray's Elegy to remark, that although your +correspondents, A HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD, and W.S., have given me a good deal +of information, for which I thank them, they have not answered either of my +Queries. + +I never doubted as to the true reading of the third line of the second +stanza of Gray's Elegy, but merely remarked that in one place the +penultimate word was printed _drony_, and other authorities _droning_. With +reference to this point, what I wanted to know was merely, whether, in any +good annotated edition of the poem, it had been stated that when Dodsley +printed it in his _Collection of Poems_, 1755, vol. iv., the epithet +applied to flight was _drony_, and not _droning_? I dare say the point has +not escaped notice; but if it have, the fact is just worth observation. + +Next, any doubt is not at all cleared up respecting the date of publication +of Dodsley's Collection. The Rev. J. Mitford, in his Aldine edition of +Gray, says (p. xxxiii.) that the first three volumes came out in 1752, +whereas my copy of "the _second edition_" bears the date of 1748. Is that +the true date, or do editions vary? If the second edition came out in 1748, +what was the date of the first edition? I only put this last question +because, as most people are aware, some poems of note originally appeared +in Dodsley's _Collection of Poems_, and it is material to ascertain the +real year when they first came from the press. + +THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Zündnadel Guns_ (Vol. ii., p. 247.).--JARLTZBERG "would like to know when +and by whom they were invented, and their mechanism." + +To describe mechanism without diagrams is both tedious and difficult; but I +shall be happy to show JARLTZBRG one of them in my possession, if he will +favour me with a call,--for which purpose I inclose my address, to be had +at your office. The principle is, to load at the breach, and the cartridge +contains the priming, which is ignited by the action of a pin striking +against it. It is one of the worst of many methods of loading at the +breach; and the same principle was patented in England by A.A. Moser, a +German, more than ten years ago. {344} + +It has already received the attention of our Ordnance department, and has +been tried at Woolwich. The letter to which JARTZBERG refers, dated Berlin, +Sept. 11., merely shows the extreme ignorance of the writer on such +subjects, as the range he mentions has nothing whatever to do with the +principle or mechanism of the gun in question. He ought also, before he +expressed himself so strongly, to have known, that the extreme range of an +English percussion musket is nearer _one mile_ than _150 yards_ (which +latter distance, he says, they do not exceed) and he would not have been so +astonished at the range of the Zündnadel guns being 800 yards, if he had +seen, as I have, a plain English two-grooved rifle range 1200 yards, with a +proper elevation for the distance, and a conical projectile instead of a +ball. + +The form and weight of the projectile fired from rifle, at a considerable +elevation, say 25º to 30º, with sufficient charge of gunpowder, is the +cause of the range and of the accuracy, and has nothing whatever to do with +the construction or means by which it is fired, whether flint or +percussion. The discussion of this subject is probably unsuited to your +publication, or I could have considerably enlarged this communication. I +will, however, simply add, that the Zündnadel is very liable to get out of +order, much exposed to wet, and that it does not in reality possess any of +the wonderful advantages that have been ascribed to it, except a facility +of loading, _while clean_, which is more than counterbalanced by its +defects. + +HENRY WILKINSON. + +_Thomson of Esholt_ (Vol. ii., p. 268.).--Dr. Whitaker tells us (Ducatus, +ii. 202.) that the dissolved priory of Essheholt was, in the 1st Edw. VI., +granted to Henry Thompson, Gent., one of the king's _gens d'armes_ at +Bologne. About a century afterwards the estate passed to the more ancient +and distinguished Yorkshire family of Calverley, by the marriage of the +daughter and heir of Henry Thompson, Esq., with Sir Walter Calverley. If +your correspondent JAYTEE consult Sims's useful _Index to the Pedigrees and +Arms contained in the Genealogical MSS. in the British Museum_, he will be +referred to several pedigrees of the family of Thomson of Esholt. Of +numerous respectable families of the name of Thompson seated in the +neighbourhood of York, the common ancestor seems to have been a James +Thompson of Thornton in Pickering Lythe, who flourished in the reign of +Elizabeth. (Vice Poulson's _Holderess_, vol. ii. p. 63.) All these families +bear the arms described by your correspondent, but _without_ the bend +sinister. The crest they use is also nearly the same, viz., an armed arm, +embowed, grasping a broken tilting spear. + +No general collection of Yorkshire genealogies has been published. +Information as to the pedigrees of Yorkshire families must be sought for in +the well-known topographical works of Thoresby Whitaker, Hunter, &c., or in +the MS. collections of Torre, Hopkinson, &c. + +In the _Monasticon Eboracense_, by John Burton M.D., fol., York, 1778, +under the head of "Eschewolde, Essold, Esscholt, or Esholt, in Ayredale in +the Deanry of the Ainsty," at pp. 139. and 140., your correspondent JAYTEE +will find that the site of this priory was granted, 1 Edward VI., 1547, to +Henry Thompson, one of the king's _gens d'armes_, at Boleyn; who, by Helen, +daughter of Laurence Townley, had a natural son called William, living in +1585 who, assuming his father's surname, and marrying Dorothy, daughter of +Christopher Anderson of Lostock in com. Lanc. prothonotary became the +ancestor of those families of the Thompsons now living in and near York. He +may see also Burke's _Landed Gentry_, article "Say of Tilney, co. Norfolk," +in the supplement. + +_Minar's Books of Antiquities_ (Vol. i., p. 277.).--A.N. inquires who is +intended by Cusa in his book _De Docta Ignorantia_, cap. vii., where he +quotes "Minar in his _Books of Antiquities_." Upon looking into the passage +referred to, I remembered the following observation by a learned writer now +living, which will doubtless guide your correspondent to the author +intended:-- + + "On the subject of the imperfect views concerning the Deity, + entertained by the ancient philosophical sects, I would especially + refer to that most able and elaborate investigation of them, Meiner's + very interesting tract, _De Vero Deo._"--(An Elementary Course of + Theological Lectures, delivered in Bristol College, 1831-1833, by the + Rev. W.D. Conybeare, now the Very Rev. the Dean of Llandaff. ) + +A.N. will not be surprised at Cusa Using the term "antiquitates" instead of +"De Vero Deo," if he will compare his expressions on the same subject in +his book _De Venatione Sapientiæ_, e.g.:-- + + "Vides nunc æternum illud _antiquissimum_ in eo campo (scilicet non + aliud) dulcissima venatione quæri posse. Attingis enim _antiquissimum_ + trinum et unum."--Cap. xiv. + +T.J. + +_Smoke Money_ (Vol. ii., pp. 120. 174.).--Sir Roger Twisden (_Historical +Vindication of the Church of England_, chap. iv. p. 77.) observes-- + + "King Henry, 153Ÿ, took them (Peter's pence) so absolutely away, as + though Queen Mary repealed that Act, and Paulus Quartus dealt earnestly + with her agents in Rome for restoring the use of them, yet I cannot + find that they were ever gathered and sent thither during her time but + where some monasteries did answer them to the Pope, and did therefore + collect the tax, that in process of time became, as by custom, paid to + that house which being after derived to the crown, and from thence, by + grant, to others, with as ample {345} profits as the religious persons + did possess them, I conceive they are to this day paid as an appendant + to the said manors, by the name of _Smoke Money_. + +J.B. + +_Smoke Money_ (Vol. ii., pp. 120, 269.).--I do not know whether any +additional information on _smoke money_ is required but the following +extracts may be interesting to your Querist:-- + + "At this daie the Bp. of Elie hath out of everie parish in + Cambridgeshire a certeine tribute called Elie Farthings, or _Smoke + Farthings_, which the church-wardens do levie, according to the number + of houses or else of chimneys that be in a parish."--MSS, Baker, xxix. + 326. + +The date of this impost is given in the next extract:-- + + "By the records of the Church of Elie, it appears that in the year + 1154, every person who kept a fire in the several parishes within that + diocese was obliged to pay one farthing yearly to the altar of S. + Peter, in the same cathedral."--MSS. Bowtell, Downing Coll. Library. + +This tax was paid in 1516, but how much later I cannot say. + +The readers of Macaulay will be familiar with the term "heart-money" +(_History_, vol. i. p. 283.), and the amusing illustrations he produces, +from the ballads of the day, of the extreme unpopularity of the tax on +chimneys, and the hatred in which the "chimney man" was held (i. 287.) but +this was a different impost frown that spoken of above, and paid to the +king, not to the cathedral. It was collected for the last time in 1690, +having been first levied in 1653, when, Hume tells us, the king's debts had +become so-- + + "Intolerable, that the Commons were constrained to vote him an + extraordinary supply of 1,200,000l., to be levied by eighteen months' + assessment, and finding upon enquiry that the several branches of the + revenue fell much short of the sums they expected, they at last, after + much delay, voted _a new imposition of 2s. on each hearth_, and this + tax they settled on the king during his life." + +The Rev. Giles Moore, Rector of Horstead Keynes, Sussex, notes in his +_Diary_ (published by the Sussex Archæological Society),-- + + August 18, 1663.--I payed fore 1 half yeares earth-money 3s. + +Other notices of this payment may be supplied by other correspondents. + +E. VENABLES. + +_Holland Land_ (Vol. ii., p. 267.).--Holland means _hole_ or _hollow +land_--land lower than the level of contiguous water, and protected by +_dykes_. So _Holland_, one of the United Provinces; so _Holland_, the +southern division of Lincolnshire. + +C. + +_Caconac, Caconacquerie_ (Vol. ii., p. 267.).--This is a misprint of yours, +or a misspelling of your correspondents. The word is _cacouac, +cacouacquerie_. It was a cant word used by Voltaire and his correspondents +to signify an _unbeliever_ in Christianity, and was, I think, borrowed from +the name of some Indian tribe supposed to be in a natural state of freedom +and exemption from prejudice. + +C. + +_Discourse of National Excellencies of England_ (Vol. ii., p. 248.).--_A +Discourse of the National Excellencies of England_ was not written by Sir +Rob. Howard, but by RICHARD HAWKINS, Whose name appears at length in the +title-page to some copies; others have the initials only. + +P.B. + +_Saffron Bags_ (Vol. ii., p. 217.).--In almost all old works on Materia +Medica the use of these bags is mentioned. Quincy, in his _Dispensatory_, +1730, p. 179., says:-- + + "Some prescribe it (saffron) to be worn with camphire in a bag at the + pit of the stomach for _melancholy_; and others affirm that, so used, + it will cure agues." + +Ray observes (_Cat. Plant. Angl._, 1777, p. 84.): + + "Itemque in sacculo suspenditur sub mento vel gutture ad dissipandam + sc. materiam putridam et venenatam, ne ibidem stagnans, inflammationen + excitet, ægrotumque strangulet." + +The origin of the "saffron bag", is probably to be explained by the strong +aromatic odour of saffron, and the high esteem in which it was once held as +a medicine; though now it is used chiefly as a colouring ingredient and by +certain elderly ladies, with antiquated notions, as a specific for +"striking out" the measles in their grandchildren. + +[Hebrew: t. a.] + +_Milton's "Penseroso"_ (Vol. ii, p. 153.).--H.A.B. desires to understand +the couplet-- + + "And love the high embower'd roof, + With antique pillars massy proof." + +He is puzzled whether to consider "proof" an adjective belonging to +"pillars," or a substantive in apposition with it. All the commentators +seem to have passed the line without observation. I am almost afraid to +suggest that we should read "pillars'" in the genitive plural, "proof" +being taken in the sense of _established strength_. + +Before dismissing this conjecture, I have taken the pains to examine every +one of the twenty-four other passages in which Milton has used the word +"proof." I find that it occurs only four times as an adjective in all of +which it is followed by something dependent upon it. In three of than thus: + + "---- not proof + Against temptation."--_Par. L._ ix. 298. + + "---- proof 'gainst all assaults."--_Ib._ x. 88. + + "Proof against all temptation."--_Par. R._ iv. 533. + +In the fourth, which is a little different, thus: + + "---- left some part + Not proof enough such object to sustain." + _Par. L._ viii. 5S5. + +{346} As Milton, therefore, has in no other place used "proof" as an +adjective without something attached to it, I feel assured that he did not +use it as an adjective in the passage in question. + +J.S.W. + +Stockwell, Sept. 7. + +_Achilles and the Tortoise_ (Vol. ii., p. l54.).--[Greek: Idiôtês] will +find the paradox of "Achilles and the Tortoise" explained by Mr. Mansel of +St. John's College, Oxon, in a note to his late edition of Aldrich's +_Logic_ (1849, p. 125.). He there shows that the fallacy is a material one: +being a false assumption of the major premise, viz., that the sum of an +infinite series is itself always infinite (whereas it may be finite). +Mansel refers to Plato, _Parmenid._ p. 128. [when will editors learn to +specify the editions which they use?] Aristot. _Soph. Eleuctr._ 10. 2. 33. +4., and Cousin, _Nouveaux Fragments, Zénon d'Elée._ + +T.E.L.L. + +_Stepony Ale_ (Vol. ii., p. 267.).--The extract from Chamberlayne certainly +refers to ale brewed at _Stepney._ In Playford's curious collection of old +popular tunes, the _English Dancing Master_, 1721, is one called "Stepney +Ale and Cakes;" and in the works of Tom Brown and Ned Ward, other allusions +to the same are to be found. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_North Side of Churchyards_ (Vol. ii., p. 253.).--In reference to the north +region being "the devoted region of Satan and his hosts," Milton seems to +have recognised the doctrine when he says-- + + "At last, + Far in the horizon to the north appear'd + From skirt to skirt a fiery region, stretched + In battailous aspect, and nearer view + Bristled with upright beams innumerable + Of rigid spears, and helmets throng'd, and shields + Various, with boastful argument pourtray'd, + The banded powers of Satan hasting on + With furious expedition."--Book vi. + +F.E. + +_Welsh Money_ (Vol. ii., p. 231.).--It is not known that the Welsh princes +ever coined any money: none such has ever been discovered. If they ever +coined any, it is almost impossible that it should all have disappeared. + +GRIFFIN. + +_Wormwood_ (Vol. ii., pp. 249. 315.).--The French gourmands have two sorts +of liqueur flavoured with wormwood; Crême d'Absinthe, and Vermouthe. In the +_Almanac des Gourmands_ there is a pretty account of the latter, called the +_coup d'après._ In the south of France, I think, they say it is the fashion +to have a glass brought in towards the end of the repast by girls to refit +the stomach. + +C.B. + +_Puzzling Epitaph_ (Vol. ii., p. 311.).--J. BDN has, I think, not given +this epitaph quite correctly. The following is as it appeared in the +_Times_, 20th Sept., 1828 (copied from the _Mirror_). It is stated to be in +a churchyard in Germany:-- + + "O quid tua te + be bis bia abit + ra ra ra + es + et in + ram ram ram + i i + Mox eris quod ego nunc." +The reading is-- + +"O superbe quid superbis? tua superbia te superabit. Terra es et in terram +ibis. Mox eris quod ego nunc." + +E.B. PRICE. + +October 14. 1850. + + [The first two lines of this epitaph, and many similar specimens of + learned trifling, will be found in _Les Bigarrures et Touches de + Seigneur des Accords,_ cap. iii., _autre Façons de Rebus_, p. 35., ed. + 1662.] + +_Umbrella_ (Vol. ii., pp. 25. 93.).--In the collection of pictures at +Woburn Abbey is a full-length portrait of the beautiful Duchess of Bedford, +who afterwards married the Earl of Jersey, painted about the year 1730. She +is represented as attended by a black servant, who holds an open umbrella +to shade her. + +Cowper's "Task," published in 1784, twice mentions the umbrella: + + "We bear our shades about us; self-deprived + Of other screen, the thin umbrella spread, + And range an Indian waste without a tree." + Book i. + +In book iv., the description of the country girl, who dresses above her +condition, concludes with the following lines-- + + "Expect her soon with footboy at her heels, + No longer blushing for her awkward load, + Her train and her umbrella all her care." + +In both these passages of Cowper, the umbrella appears to be equivalent to +what would now be called a parasol. + +L. + +_Pope and Bishop Burgess_ (Vol. ii., p. 310.).--The allusion is to the +passage in _Troilus and Cressida_: + + "The dreadful sagitary appals our numbers." + +which Theobald explained from Caxton, but Pope did not understand. + +C.B. + + [Not the only passage in Shakspeare which Theobald explained and Pope + did not understand; but more of this hereafter.] + +_Book of Homilies_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--Allow me to inform B. that the +early edition of Homilies {347} referred to in his Query was compiled by +Richard Taverner, and consists of a series of "postils" on the epistles and +gospels throughout the year. It appears to have been first printed in 1540 +(_Ames_, i. 407.), and was republished in 1841, under the editorial care of +Dr. Cardwell. + +C.H. + +St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + +_Roman Catholic Theology_ (Vol. ii., p. 279.).--I beg to refer M.Y.A.H. to +the _Church History of England_ by Hugh Tootle, better known by his +pseudonyme of Charles Dod (3 vols. folio, Brussels, 1737-42). A very +valuable edition of this important work was commenced by the Rev. M.A. +Tierney; but as the last volume (the fifth) was published so long ago as +1843, and no symptom of any other appears, I presume that this extremely +curious book has, for some reason or other, been abandoned. Perhaps the +well-known jealousy of the censor may have interfered. + +A useful manual of Catholic bibliography exists in the _Thesaurus Librorum +Rei Catholicæ_, 8vo. Würzburg, 1850. + +G.R. + +_Modum Promissionis_ (Vol. ii., p. 279.).--Without the context of the +passage adduced by C.W.B., it is impossible to speak positively as to its +precise signification. I think, however, the phrase is equivalent to +"formula professionis monasticæ." _Promissio_ frequently occurs in this +sense, as may be seen by referring to Ducange (s.v.). + +C.H. + +_Bacon Family_ (Vol. ii., p. 247.).--The name of Bacon has been considered +to be of Norman origin, arising from some fief so called.--See _Roman de +Rose_, vol. ii. p. 269. + +X.P.M. + +_Execution of Charles I. and Earl of Stair_ (Vol. ii., pp. 72. 140. +158.).--MATFELONENSIS speaks too fast when he says that "no mention occurs +of the Earl of Stair." I distinctly recollect reading in an old life of the +Earl of Stair an account of his having been sent for to visit a mysterious +person of extreme old age, who stated that he was the earl's ancestor +(grandfather or great-grandfather, but whether paternal or not I do not +remember), and that he had been the executioner of Charles I. + +T.N. + + [The story to which our correspondent alludes is, probably, that quoted + in Cecil's (Hone's) _Sixty Curious and Authentic Narratives_, pp. + 138-140., from the _Recreations of a Man of Feeling_. The peerage and + the pedigree of the Stair family alike prove that there is little + foundation for this ingenious fiction.] + +_Water-marks on Writing-paper_ (Vol. ii., p. 310.).--On this subject C., +will, I think, find all the information he seeks in a paper published in +the _Aldine Magazine_, (Masters, Aldersgate-st., 1839). This paper is +accompanied by engravings of the ancient water-marks, as well as those of +more modern times, and enters somewhat largely into the question of how far +water-marks may be considered as evidence of precise dates. They are not +always to be relied upon, for in December, 1850, there will doubtless be +thousands of reams of paper issued and in circulation, bearing the date of +1851, unless the practice is altered of late years. Timperley's +_Biographical, Chronological, and Historical Dictionary_ is much quoted on +the subject of "Water-marks." + +E.B. PRICE. + +_St. John Nepomuc_ (Vol. ii., pp. 209. 317.).--The statues in honour of +this Saint must be familiar to every one who has visited Bohemia, as also +the spot of his martyrdom at Prague, indicated by some brass stars let into +the parapet of the _Steinerne Brücke_, on the right-hand side going from +Prague to the suburb called the _Kleinseite_. As the story goes, he was +offered the most costly bribes by _Wenzel_, king of Bohemia, to betray his +trust, and after his repeated refusal was put to the torture, and then +thrown into the Moldau, where he was drowned. The body of the saint was +embalmed, and is now preserved in a costly silver shrine of almost fabulous +worth, in the church of St. Veit, in the Kleinseite. In Weber's _Briefe +eines durch Deutschland reisende Deutschen_, the weight silver about this +shrine is said to be twenty "centener." + +C.D. LAMONT. + +_Satirical Medals_ (Vol. ii., p. 298.).--A descriptive catalogue of British +medals is preparing for the press, wherein all the satirical medals +relating to the Revolution of 1688 will be minutely described and +explained. + +G.H. + +_Passage in Gray_ (Vol. i., p. 150.).--I see no difficulty in the passage +about which your correspondent; A GRAYAN inquires. The _abode_ of the +merits and frailties of the dead, _i.e._ the place in which they are +treasured up until the Judgment, is the Divine mind. This the poet, by a +very allowable figure, calls "Bosom." Homer's expression is somewhat +analogous. + + [Greek: "Tade panta theion en gounasi keitai."] + +E.C.H. + +_Cupid Crying_ (Vol. i., pp. 172. 308.).--Another translation of the +English verses, p. 172., which English are far superior to the Latin +original:-- + + "Perchi ferisce Venere + Il filio suo che geme? + Diede il fanciullo a Celia + Le freccie e l'arco insieme. + + Sarebbe mai possibile! + Ei nol voluto avea; + Ma rise Celia; ei subito + La Madre esser credea." + +E.C.H. {348} + +_Anecdote of a Peal of Bells_ (Vol. i., p. 382.).--It is related of the +bells of Limerick Cathedral by Mrs. S.C. Hall (_Ireland_, vol. i., p. 328. +note). + +M. + + [Another correspondent, under the same signature, forwards the legend + as follows + + "THOSE EVENING BELLS." + + "The remarkably fine bells of Limerick Cathedral were originally + brought from Italy. They had been manufactured by a young native (whose + name tradition has not preserved), and finished after the toil of many + years; and he prided himself upon his work. They were subsequently + purchased by a prior of a neighbouring convent, and, with the profits + of this sale, the young Italian procured a little villa, where he had + the pleasure of hearing the tolling of his bells from the convent + cliff, and of growing old in the bosom of domestic happiness. This, + however, was not to continue. In some of those broils, whether civil or + foreign, which are the undying worm in the peace of a fallen land, the + good Italian was a sufferer amongst many. He lost his all; and after + the passing of the storm, he found himself preserved alone, amid the + wreck of fortune, friends, family, and home. The convent in which the + bells, the chef-d'oeuvre of his skill, were hung, was rased to the + earth, and these last carried away to another land. The unfortunate + owner, haunted by his memories and deserted by his hopes, became a + wanderer over Europe. His hair grew gray, and his heart withered, + before he again found a home and friend. In this desolation of spirit + he formed the resolution of seeking the place to which those treasures + of his memory had finally been borne. He sailed for Ireland, proceeded + up the Shannon; the vessel anchored in the pool near Limerick, and he + hired a small boat for the purpose of landing. The city was now before + him; and he beheld St. Mary's steeple lifting its turreted head above + the smoke and mist of the old town. He sat in the stern, and looked + fondly towards it. It was an evening so calm and beautiful as to remind + him of his own native haven in the sweetest time of the year--the death + of spring. The broad stream appeared like one smooth mirror, and the + little vessel glided through it with almost a noiseless expedition. On + a sudden, amid the general stillness, the bells tolled from the + cathedral; the rowers rested on their oars, and the vessel went forward + with the impulse it had received. The old Italian looked towards the + city, crossed his arms on his breast, and lay back on his seat; home, + happiness, early recollections, friends, family--all were in the sound, + and went with it to his heart. When the rowers looked round, they + beheld him with his face still turned towards the cathedral, but his + eyes were closed, and when they landed they found him cold in death." + + MR. H. EDWARDS informs us it appeared in an early number of _Chambers' + Journal._ J.G.A.P. kindly refers us to the _Dublin Penny Journal_, vol. + i. p. 48., where the story is also told; and to a poetical version of + it, entitled "The Bell-founder," first printed in the _Dublin + University Magazine_, and since in the collected poems of the author, + D. H. McCarthy.] + +_Codex Flateyensis_ (Vol. ii., p. 278.).--Your correspondent W.H.F., when +referring to the _Orkneyinga Saga_, requests information regarding the +_Codex Flateyensis_, in which is contained one of the best MSS. of the Saga +above mentioned. W.H.F. labours under the misapprehension of regarding the +_Codex Flateyensis_ as a mere manuscript of the Orkneyinga Saga, whereas +that Saga constitutes but a very small part of the magnificent volume. The +_Codex Flateyensis_ takes its name, as W.H.F. rightly concludes, from the +island of Flatey in the Breidafiord in Iceland, where it was long +preserved. It is a parchment volume most beautifully executed, the initial +letters of the chapters being finely illuminated, and extending in many +instances, as in a fac-simile now before me, from top to bottom of the +folio page. The contents of the volume may be learned from the following +lines on the first page; I give it in English as the original is in +Icelandic:-- + + "John Hakonson owns this book, herein first are written verses, then + how Norway was colonised, then of Erik the Far-travelled, thereafter of + Olaf Tryggvason the king with all his deeds, and next is the history of + Olaf Haraldson, the saint, and of his deeds, _and therewith the history + of the earls of Orkney_, then is there Sverrers Saga; thereafter the + Saga of Hakon the Old, with the Saga of Magnus the king, his son, then + the deeds of Einar Sokkeson of Greenland, and next of Elga and Ulf the + Bad; and then begin the annals from the creation of the world to the + present year. John Thordarson the priest wrote the portion concerning + Erik the Far-travelled, and the Sagas of both the Olaves; but Magnus + Thorhallson the priest has written all that follows, as well as all + that preceded, and has illuminated all (the book). Almighty God and the + holy virgin mary give joy to those who wrote and to him who dictated." + +A little further on we learn from the text that when the book began to be +written there had elapsed from the birth of Christ 1300 and 80 and 7 years. +The volume was, therefore, commenced in 1387, and finished, as we judge +from the year at which the annals cease, in 1395. The death of Hakon +Hakonson is recorded in the last chapters of the Saga of that name, which +we see is included in the list of those contained in the _Codex +Flateyensis_. + +E. CHARLTON. + +Newcastle-on-Tyne, Oct. 6. 1850. + +_Paying through the Nose, and Etymology of Shilling_ (Vol. i., p. +335.).--Odin, they say, laid a nose-tax on ever Swede,--a penny a nose. +(Grimm, _Deutsche Rechts Alterthümer_, p. 299.) I think people not able to +pay forfeited "the prominence on the face, which is the organ of scent, and +emunctory of the brain," as good Walker says. It was according to the rule, +"Qui non habet in ære, luat in pelle." Still we "count" or "tell noses," +when computing, for instance, how many persons of the company are to pay +the reckoning. The expression is used in England, if I am rightly informed, +as well as in Holland. {349} + +Tax money was gathered into a brass shield, and the jingling (_schel_) +noise it produced, gave to the pieces of silver exacted the name of +_schellingen_ (shillings). Saxo-Grammaticus, lib viii. p. 267., citatus +apud Grimm, l. 1. p. 77. The reference is too curious not to note it +down:-- + + "Huic (Fresiæ) Gotricus nom tam arctam, quam inusitatam pensionem + imposuit, de cujus conditione et modo summatim referam. Primum itaque + ducentorum quadraginta pedum longitudinem habentis ædificii structura + disponitur, bis senis distincta spatiis, quorum quodlibet vicenorum + pedum intercapedine tenderetur, prædictæ quantitatis summam totalis + spatii dispendio reddente. In hujus itaque ædis capite regio considente + quæstore, sub extremam ejus partem _rotundus_ e regione _elipeus_ + exhibetur. Fresonibus igitur tributum daturis mos erat singulos nummos + in hujus _scuti cavum_ conjicere, e quibus eos duntaxat in censum + regium ratio computantis eligeret, qui eminus exatoris aures clarioris + soni crepitaculo perstrinxissent quo evenit, ut id solum æs quæstor in + fiscum supputando colligeret, cujus casum remotiore auris indicio + persensisset, cujus vero obscurior sonus citra computantis defuisset + auditum, recipiebatur quidem in fiscum (!!!), sed nullum summæ + præstabat augmentum. Compluribus igitur nummorum jactibus quæstorias + aures nulla sensibili sonoritate pulsantibus, accidit, ut statam pro se + stipem erogaturi multam interdum æris partem inani pensione + consumerent, cujus tributi onere per Karolum postea liberati + produntur." + +JANUS DOUSA. + +Huis te Manpadt. + +_Small Words_ (Vol. ii., p. 305.).--Some of your correspondents have justly +recommended correctness in the references to authorities cited. Allow me to +suggest the necessity of similar care in quotations. If K.J.P.B.T. had +taken the pains to refer to the passage in Pope which he criticises (Vol. +ii., p. 305.), he would have spared himself some trouble, and you +considerable space. The line is not, as he puts it, "And ten _small_ +words," but-- + + "And ten _low_ words oft creep in one dull line." + +a difference which deprives his remarks of much of their applicability. + +[Greek: PH.] + +_Bilderdijk the Poet_ (Vol. ii., p. 309.).--There are several letters from +Southey, in his _Life and Correspondence_, written while under the roof of +Bilderdijk, giving a very agreeable account of the poet, his wife, and his +family. + +[Greek: PH.] + +_Fool or a Physician_ (Vol. i., p. 137.; vol. ii., p. 315.).--The writer +who has used this expression is Dr. Cheyne, and he probably altered it from +the alliterative form, "a man is a fool or a physician at forty," which I +have frequently heard in various parts of England. Dr. Cheyne's words are: +"I think every man is a fool or a physician at thirty years of age, (that +is to say), by that time he ought to know his own constitution, and unless +he is determined to live an intemperate and irregular life, I think he may +by diet and regimen prevent or cure any _chronical_ disease; but as to +_acute_ disorders no one who is not well acquainted with medicine should +trust to his own skill." + +Dr. Cheyne was a medical writer of the last century. + +A. G----T. + +_Wat the Hare_ (Vol. ii., p. 315.).--In the interesting, though perhaps +somewhat partial, account of the unsuccessful siege of Corfe Castle, during +the civil wars of the seventeenth century, which is given in the _Mercurius +Rusticus_, there is an anecdote which will give a reply to the Query of +your correspondent K. The commander of the Parliamentarian forces was Sir +Walter Erle; and it was a great joke with his opponents that the pass-word +of "Old Wat" had been given (by himself I believe) on the night of his last +assault on the castle. The chronicler informs us that "Old Wat" was the +usual notice of a hare being found sitting; and the proverbial timidity of +that animal suggested some odious comparisons with the defeated general. + +I have not the book at hand, but I am pretty sure that the substance of my +information is correct. + +C.W. BINGHAM. + +Bingham's Melcombe, Blandford. + +_Law Courts at St. Albans_ (Vol. i., p. 366.).--Although unable to answer +[Greek: S.], perhaps I may do him service by enabling him to put his Query +more correctly. The disease which drove the lawyers from London in the 6th +year of Elizabeth (1563) was not the _sweating sickness_ (which has not +returned since the reign of Edward VI.), but a plague brought into England +by the late garrison of Havre de Grâce. And it was at _Hertford_ that +Candlemas term was kept on the occasions. See Heylyn, _Hist. Ref._, ed. +Eccl. Hist. Soc. ii. 401. + +J.C.R. + +_The Troubles at Frankfort_ (Vol. i., p. 379.).--In Petheram's edition of +this work, it is shown that Whittingham, dean of Durham, was most likely +the author. That Coverdale was not, appears from the circumstance that the +writer had been a party in the "Troubles," whereas Coverdale did not reside +at Frankfort during any part of his exile. + +J.C.R. + +_Standing during the Reading of the Gospel_ (Vol. ii., p. 246.).-- + + "Apostolica auctoritate mandamus, dum sancta Evangelia in Ecclesia + recitantur, ut Sacerdotes, et cæteri omnes presentes, non sedentes, sed + venerabiliter curvi, in conspectu Evangelii stantes Dominica verba + intente audiant, et fideliter adorent."--Anastasius, i., apud _Grat. + Decret. De Consecrat. Dist._, ii. cap. 68. + +J. BE. {350} + +_Scotch Prisoners at Worcester_ (Vol. ii., p. 297.).--I cannot think that +the extract from the accounts of the churchwardens of St. Margaret's, +Westminster, at all justifies C.F.S. in supposing that the Scotch prisoners +were massacred in cold blood. The total number of these prisoners was +10,000. Of the 1,200 who were buried, the greater part most probably died +of their wounds; and though this number is large, yet we must bear in mind +that in those days the sick and wounded were not tended with the care and +attention which are now displayed in such cases. We learn from the +_Parliamentary History_ (xx. 58.), that on the 17th Sep. 1651, "the Scots +prisoners were brought to London, and marched through the city into +Tothill-fields." The same work (xx. 72.) states that "Most of the common +soldiers were sent to the English Plantations; and 1500 of them were +granted to the Guiney merchants and sent to work in the Gold mines there." +Large numbers were also employed in draining the great level of the Fens +(Wells, _History of the Bedford Level_, i. 228-244.). Lord Clarendon (book +xiii.) says, "Many perished for want of food, and, being enclosed in little +room till they were sold to the plantations for slaves, they died of all +diseases." + +C.H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, Oct. 5. 1850. + +_Scotch Prisoners at Worcester._--The following is Rapin's account of the +disposition of these prisoners, and even this statement he seems to doubt. +(Vol. ii. p. 585.) + + "It is pretended, of the Scots were slain [at Worcester] about 2000, + and seven or eight thousand taken prisoners, who being sent to London, + were sold for slaves to the plantations of the American + isles."--Authorities referred to: Phillips, p. 608., Clarendon, iii. p. + 320., Burnet's _Mem._ p. 432. + +J.C.B. + +"_Antiquitas Sæculi Juventus Mundi_" (Vol. ii., p. 218.).--A learned +friend, who although involved in the avocations of an active professional +career, delights "inter sylvas Academi quærere verum," has favoured me with +the following observation on these words:--"That the phrase _Antiquitas +sæculi juventus mundi_ is in Italics in Bacon's work does not, in my +opinion, prove it to be a quotation, any more than the words _ordine +retrogrado_ in the subsequent passage. Italics were used in Bacon's time, +and long afterwards, to to mark not only quotations, but emphatic words, +[Greek: gnômai], and epigrammatic sentences, of which you will every where +see instances. I have not the original edition of the work, but we have +here[5] the rare translation into English by Gilbert Wats, Oxford, 1640, +folio, through which the references to authors are given in the margin; but +there is no reference appended to this passage. I cannot of course decide +positively that the phrase is not a quotation, but I incline to the opinion +that it is not. It may be an adaptation of some proverbial expression; but +I prefer believing that it is Bacon's own mode of expressing that the +present times are more ancient (_i.e._ full of years) than the earliest, +and thus to show that the respect we entertain for authority is unfounded." + +Coleridge was of the same opinion (Introd. to _Encycl. Metrop._, p. 19.). +Had the phrase been a quotation, would not Bacon have said, "Sanè ut vere +_dictum est_," rather than "Ut vere _dicamus_." + +T.J. + +[Footnote 5: Primate Marsh's library, St. Patrick's, Dublin, which contains +about 18,000 volumes, including the entire collection of Stillingfleet, +Bishop of Worcester.] + +_The Lass of Richmond Hill_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.)--In reply to QUÆRO, I beg +to say that he will find the words of the above song in the _Morning +Herald_ of August 1, 1789, a copy of which I possess. It is here described +as a "favourite song, sung by Mr. Incledon at Vauxhall; composed by Mr. +Hook." + +J.B. + +Walworth. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The importance of Winchelsea as a convenient port for communication with +France, from the time of the Conquest to the close of the fifteenth +century, having led to a wish for a more extended history of that town than +is to be found in any work relating either to the Cinque Ports or to the +county of Sussex, Mr. Durrant Cooper determined to gather together the +existing materials for such a history as a contribution to the Sussex +Archæological Society. The industry, however, with which Mr. Cooper +prosecuted his search after original records and other materials connected +with the town and its varied history, was rewarded by the discovery of so +many important documents as to render it impossible to carry out his +original intention. The present separate work, entitled _The History of +Winchelsea, one of the Ancient Towns added to the Cinque Ports_, is the +result of this change; and the good people of Winchelsea have now to thank +Mr. Cooper for a history of it, which has been as carefully prepared as it +has been judiciously executed. Mr. Cooper has increased the amusement and +information to be derived from his volume, by the manner in which he has +contrived to make transactions of great historical importance illustrate +his narrative of events of merely local interest. + +The new edition of the _Pictorial Shakspeare_ which Mr. Charles Knight has +just commenced under the title of the "National Edition" cannot, we think, +prove other than a most successful attempt to circulate among all classes, +but especially among readers of comparatively small means, a cheap, +well-edited, and beautifully illustrated edition of the works of our great +poet. The text of the present edition is not printed, {351} like of its +precursor, in double columns, but in a distinct and handsome type extending +across the page; and as there is no doubt the notes will be revised so as +to incorporate the amendments and elucidations of the text, which have +appeared from our Colliers, Hunters, &c., since the _Pictorial Shakspeare_ +was first published, there can be little doubt but that this _National +Edition_ will meet with a sale commensurate with the taste and enterprise +of its editor and publisher, Mr. Knight. + +We have received the following Catalogues:--W. Waller and Son's (188. Fleet +Street) Catalogue Part III. for 1850 of Choice Books at remarkably low +prices, in the best condition; John Petheram's (94. High Holborn) Catalogue +Part CXVI. No. 10. for 1850 of Old and New Books; Williams and Norgate's +(14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden) Catalogue No. 1. of Second-hand Books +and Books at reduced Prices. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +GRIMALDI, ORIGINES GENEALOGICÆ. + +ANDERSON'S ROYAL GENEALOGIES. + +AN ACCOUNT OF THE REMAINS OF THE WORSHIP OF PRIAPUS, WITH A DISCOURSE ON +THE MYSTIC THEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENTS. BY R. PAYNE KNIGHT, 4to. 1786. + +SALVADOR'S "JESUS CHRIST ET SA DOCTRINE." + +SALVADOR'S "INSTITUTIONS DE MOÏSE ET DU PEUPLE HEBREU." + +BOSWELL'S JOHNSON. 12mo. edition. Murray, 1816. Vol. VI. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Notices to Correspondents. + +G.R.M., _who inquires respecting the oft-quoted line_, + + "Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis," + +_is referred to_ NOTES AND QUERIES, Vol. I., pp. 234. 419. _The germ of the +line is in the_ Delitiæ Poet. Germ., _under the poems of Mathias +Borbonius._ + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price_ 9s. 6d., _bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._ + +_The Monthly Part for September, being the Fourth of_ Vol. II., _is also +now ready, price_ 1s. + + * * * * * + + +INDIA OVERLAND MAIL.--DIORAMA. GALLERY OF ILLUSTRATION, 14. Regent Street, +Waterloo Place.--A Gigantic MOVING DIORAMA of the ROUTE of the OVERLAND +MAIL to INDIA, exhibiting the following Places, viz., Southampton Docks, +Isle of Wight, Osborne, the Needles, the Bay of Biscay, the Berlings, +Cintra, the Tagus, Cape Trafalgar, Tarifa, Gibraltar, Algiers, Malta, +Alexandria, Cairo, the Desert of Suez, the Central Station, Suez, the Red +Sea, Aden, Ceylon, Madras, and Calcutta--is now OPEN DAILY.--Mornings at +Twelve; Afternoons at Three; and Evenings at Eight.--Admission, 1s.; +Stalls, 2s. 6d.; Reserved Seats, 3s. Doors open half an hour before each +Representation. + + * * * * * + +JOURNAL FRANÇAIS, publié à Londres.--Le COURRIER de l'EUROPE, fondé en +1840, paraissant le Samedi, donne dans chaque numéro les nouvelles de la +semaine, les meilleurs articles de tous les journaux de Paris, la Semaine +Dramatique par Th. Gautier ou J. Janin, la Revue de Paris par Pierre +Durand, et reproduit en entier les romans, nouvelles, etc., en vogue par +les premiers écrivains de France. Prix 6d. + +London: JOSEPH THOMAS, 1. Finch Lane. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE.--An Advertisement of a New Edition of Shakspeare having +appeared from Mr. Vickers of Hollywell Street, accompanied by an +advertisement, in which he says he has "engaged the services," of Mr. +Halliwell as editor, Mr. Halliwell begs publicly to state he has no +knowledge whatever of Mr. Vickers; and that the use of Mr. Halliwell's name +in that advertisement is entirely made without his authority. + +Another advertisement of a similar work has been issued by Messrs. Tallis +and Co. of St. John Street, London, announcing the publication by them of +the Works of Shakspeare, edited, as the advertisement states, by Mr. +Halliwell. This announcement has also been made entirely without Mr. +Halliwell's sanction, Mr. H. having no knowledge of that firm. + +Avenue Lodge, Brixton Hill, Oct. 15. 1850. + + * * * * * + +THE CAXTON MEMORIAL.--Gentlemen are respectfully requested to withhold +their subscriptions to any engraving of-- + + CAXTON EXAMINING THE FIRST PROOF SHEET FROM HIS PRINTING PRESS IN + WESTMINSTER ABBEY, A.D. 1474, + +until they have seen the celebrated picture (now on view at HENRY +REMINGTON's, 137. Regent Street,) painted by W.E.H. WEHNERT. + +The Engraving is now in the hands of Mr. BACON, and will be in the highest +style of Mezzotinto, the size of Bolton Abbey, viz. 28 in. by 22 in. high. +Prospectuses and opinions of the Press forwarded on application. + + * * * * * + +IOLO MORGANWG.--Recollections and Anecdotes of EDWARD WILLIAMS, the Bard of +Glamorgan. With Illustrations and a Copious Appendix. By ELIJAH WARING. +Post 8vo., cloth, price 6s. + +London: CHARLES GILPIN, 5. Bishopsgate Without. + + * * * * * + +THE NEW SERIES OF ROYAL FEMALE BIOGRAPHIES. + +LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF SCOTLAND, and English Princesses, connected with the +regal succession of Great Britain. By AGNES STRICKLAND, author of "The +Lives of the Queens of England." + +This Series will be comprised in Six Volumes post 8vo., uniform in size +with "The Lives of the Queens of England," embellished with Portraits and +engraved Title-pages. + +Vol. I. will be published in October. + +WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London. + + * * * * * + +THE WEEKLY NEWS.--A Journal of the Events of the Week, Political, +Scientific, Literary and Artistic; with ORIGINAL COMMENT AND ELUCIDATION by +Writers of High Celebrity in their various Departments. 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Office of the WEEKLY NEWS, No. 1. +Catherine Street, Strand. + + * * * * * + +BEST FAMILY NEWSPAPER. + +BELL'S WEEKLY MESSENGER, which is now dispatched from London by the EVENING +MAIL on FRIDAY, has been established more than half a century, and is +admitted to be the BEST FAMILY NEWSPAPER of the day, THE MOST SCRUPULOUS +CARE BEING TAKEN TO PREVENT THE ADMISSION OF ALL OBJECTIONABLE MATTER, +EITHER IN THE SHAPE OF ADVERTISEMENTS OR OTHERWISE. The political +principles of BELL'S WEEKLY MESSENGER are embodied in the words +"_Protection to all Branches of Native Industry and Capital_;" but every +measure calculated to promote the moral, social, and religious welfare of +the community, will find in it a sincere and strenuous advocate. A SECOND +EDITION is published on SATURDAY MORNING, and can be received within TWELVE +MILES OF LONDON by FIVE O'CLOCK in the afternoon.--Orders received by any +Newsman, or at the Office, 2. Bridge-street, Blackfriars. {352} + +MR. PARKER _has recently published_:-- + +A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN GRECIAN, ROMAN, ITALIAN, AND GOTHIC +ARCHITECTURE. Exemplified by upwards of Eighteen Hundred Illustrations, +drawn from the best examples. Fifth Edition 3 vols. 8vo. cloth, gilt tops, +2l. 8s. + + "Since the year 1836, in which this work first appeared, no fewer than + four large editions have been exhausted. The fifth edition is now + before us, and we have no doubt will meet, as it deserves, the same + extended patronage and success. The text has been considerably + augmented by the enlargement of many of the old articles, as well as by + the addition of many new ones, among which Professor Willis has + embodied great part of his Architectural Nomenclature of the Middle + Ages; the number of woodcuts has been increased from 1100 to above + 1700, and the work in its present form is, we believe, unequalled in + the architectural literature of Europe for the amount of accurate + information it furnishes, and the beauty of its illustrations."--_Notes + and Queries._ + +AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE By JOHN HENRY PARKER, +F.S.A. 16mo. with numerous Illustrations. Price 4s. 6d. + +THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND AND DENMARK COMPARED. BY J.J.A. +WORSAAE, Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen, and by +WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society. With numerous +Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. + +RICKMAN'S GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. An Attempt to discriminate the different +Styles of Architecture in England. By the late THOMAS RICKMAN, F.S.A. With +30 Engravings on Steel by Le Keux, &c., and 465 on Wood, of the best +examples, from Original Drawings by F. Mackenzie, O. Jewitt, and P. H. +Delamotte. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 21s. + +THE ECCLESIASTICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL TOPOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND. Vol. I. DIOCESE +OF OXFORD. 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. + +AN INQUIRY INTO THE DIFFERENCE OF STYLE OBSERVABLE IN ANCIENT PAINTED +GLASS, With Hints on Glass Painting, Illustrated by numerous coloured +Plates from Ancient Examples. By an Amateur. 2 vols. 8vo. 1l. 10s. + +A BOOK OF ORNAMENTAL GLAZING QUARRIES, Collected and arranged from Ancient +Examples. By AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS, B.A. With 112 Coloured Examples. +8vo. 16s. + +A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF MONUMENTAL BRASSES, With a Descriptive Catalogue +of 450 "RUBBINGS," in the possession of the Oxford Architectural Society, +Topographical and Heraldic Indices, &c. With numerous Illustrations, 8vo. +10s. 6d. + +A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF SEPULCHRAL SLABS AND CROSSES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. +By the Rev. EDWARD L. CUTTS, B.A. 8vo., illustrated by upwards of 300 +engravings, 12s. + +THE CROSS AND THE SERPENT. Being a brief History of the Triumph of the +Cross, through a long series of ages, in Prophecy, Types, and Fulfilment. +By the Rev. WILLIAM HASLAM, Perpetual Curate of St. Michael's Baldiu, +Cornwall. 12mo., with numerous woodcuts, 5s. + +SOME OF THE FIVE HUNDRED POINTS OF GOOD HUSBANDRY, As well for the Champion +or open Country, as also for the Woodland or several, mixed in every month +with Huswifery, over and above the Book of Huswifery, with many lessons +both profitable and not unpleasant to the reader, once set forth by THOMAS +TUSSER, Gentleman, now newly corrected and edited, and heartily commended +to all true lovers of country life and honest thrift. 16mo. 2s. 6d. + + * * * * * + +JOHN HENRY PARKER, OXFORD AND LONDON. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, October 19. 1850. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 51, October +19, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 15232-8.txt or 15232-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/2/3/15232/ + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon Ingram, Keith +Edkins and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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