diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/15229.txt | 6319 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/15229.zip | bin | 0 -> 101272 bytes |
2 files changed, 6319 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/15229.txt b/old/15229.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6607da --- /dev/null +++ b/old/15229.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6319 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and Industries of +the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Review of the Resources and Industries of the State of Washington, 1909 + +Author: Ithamar Howell + +Release Date: March 2, 2005 [EBook #15229] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF WASHINGTON *** + + + + +Produced by Robert J. Hall + + + + +[Illustration: FRONTISPIECE.--WASHINGTON'S NEW CAPITOL BUILDING. +(Photo Engraved from a Drawing.) +CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW CAPITOL TO BE ERECTED ON THE FOUNDATION +ALREADY LAID AT OLYMPIA WAS AUTHORIZED AT THE 1909 SESSION OF THE +LEGISLATURE.] + + + + +[Page 1] +A REVIEW OF THE RESOURCES +AND INDUSTRIES +OF +WASHINGTON + +1909 + + + * * * * * + +PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE, FOR GRATUITOUS +DISTRIBUTION BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION + +I. M. HOWELL. + _Secretary of State_ + _Ex-Officio Commissioner_ + +GEO. M. ALLEN, + _Deputy Commissioner,_ + + +[Page 2] + OFFICE OF THE + BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION, + OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909. + +_To His Excellency M. E. Hay, Governor of Washington:_ + +We have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial Report of the +Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration for the year 1909, +dealing with the various resources and industries of Washington. + + Very respectfully, + +I. M. HOWELL. + _Secretary of State_, + _Ex-Officio Commissioner_. + +GEO. M. ALLEN, + _Deputy Commissioner,_ + + + + +[Page 3] +INTRODUCTION + + OFFICE OF THE + BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION, + OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909. + +This publication represents an effort to place before the general +public, and particularly the visitors at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific +Exposition, a brief description of the principal resources and +industries of the State of Washington. + +Its imperfections may be accounted for largely by reason of the +fact that funds for the purpose did not become available until the +first day of April of the current year. This necessitated unusual +haste in securing and preparing the material upon which the pamphlet +is based. However, we have endeavored to deal conservatively and +fairly with the various subjects under consideration, and to present +all the information possible within the limits of the space at +our disposal. + +Our purpose has been to supply the reader with an outline of the +salient facts which account for the marvelous growth and development +which the commonwealth is enjoying. To go largely into detail within +the scope of a pamphlet of this size would be, manifestly, an +impossibility. We might readily exhaust our available space in +dealing with one industry or in describing a single county. Details, +therefore, have been necessarily and purposely avoided. + +We have sought to bring the entire state within the perspective of +the reader, leaving him to secure additional facts through personal +investigation. Along this line, attention is called to the list of +commercial organizations and local officials presented +[Page 4] +in the statistical portion of this report. Nearly all the larger +communities of the state maintain organizations, equipped to supply +detailed facts relating to their particular locality. Much valuable +information may be obtained on application to these organizations +or to local officials. + +An expression of appreciation is due those who have assisted us +by supplying information and collecting photographs for use in +this publication. Without such aid the completion of the pamphlet +would have been materially delayed. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 1.--Fruit Farm Adjoining Town of Asotin, +Asotin County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 2--Asotin County Views.] + + + + +[Page 5] +GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON. + +The State of Washington as now constituted, was, prior to 1853, +a portion of the Territory of Oregon. During the year mentioned, +a new territory was carved from the old Oregon boundaries, which +the statesmen of that day evidently believed was marked by destiny +for the achievement of great things, for they conferred upon it +the name of Washington. + +That our state, thus highly distinguished, has already demonstrated +itself worthy of the exalted name, so happily bestowed upon it, the +most carping critic must admit. With a population now reaching up +toward a million and a half, and with all the forces that make for +industrial, commercial and agricultural supremacy in full swing, +and gathering new momentum yearly, Washington is moving onward +and upward toward a position among the very elect of our great +sisterhood of states. + +As briefly as the story may be told, the fundamental facts which +underlie the marvelous advancement made by the state during recent +years will be set forth in the pages of this pamphlet. + + +NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE. + +By virtue of its varied topography, Washington is naturally divided +into a number of districts or sections, each possessing its own +particular characteristics. + +Olympic Peninsula. + +The first of these districts may be described as consisting of that +section of the state including the Olympic mountains and extending +westward from them to the Pacific ocean. Within the limits of this +Olympic peninsula, as it is ordinarily termed, there is standing +one of the largest and most valuable tracts of virgin timber yet +remaining in the United States. + +[Page 6] +Puget Sound Basin. + +The second district includes the territory lying between the Olympic +and Cascade mountains, the chief physical feature of which is the +great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore front of this +important waterway exceeds 2,000 miles, and its length is broken +by numerous bays and harbors, upon which are located Seattle, the +state's metropolis, and the growing cities of Tacoma, Everett, +Bellingham and Olympia. The climate of this section is mild in winter +and cool in summer, extremes in either season being practically +unknown. Deep sea shipping enters the port of Puget Sound from every +maritime country on the globe, and the industrial and commercial +interests of this section are expanding with extraordinary rapidity. + +The Cascade Mountains. + +The Cascade mountains constitute the third of these natural divisions. +This range extends in a broken line across the width of the state, at +a distance of about 120 miles from the Pacific ocean. These mountains, +their rugged peaks capped with a mantle of eternal snow, their sides +covered with a heavy timber growth, and their valleys carrying +numerous sparkling mountain streams, with illimitable possibilities +for the development of power, are one of the important assets of +the state, the value of which has not as yet even been estimated. +The mineral wealth of the Cascades, only a slight knowledge of +which has as yet been secured, will ere long contribute largely +to the prosperity of the state, while the more moderate slopes of +the mountains serve a valuable purpose for the pasturage of numerous +flocks and herds. + +Okanogan Highlands. + +The fourth district is known as the Okanogan highlands, and occupies +that portion of the state lying north of the Columbia river and +east of the Cascade mountains. This section of the state contains +valuable timber and mineral wealth in addition to presenting many +attractive opportunities to the farmer and horticulturist. It has +been hampered thus far by +[Page 7] +lack of adequate transportation facilities, and for this reason +land may be had at exceptionally reasonable figures. + +Columbia River Basin. + +The Columbia river basin is by far the largest natural division of +the state, and, generally speaking, includes the section drained +by that river and its tributaries. Within the confines of this +district are the great irrigated and grain-growing sections of the +state, which are a source of constantly increasing wealth. + +This great "Inland Empire," as it has come to be called, has made +thousands of homeseekers independent, and is largely responsible for +the rise to commercial greatness of the splendid city of Spokane. +Other cities of growing importance lying within the Columbia river +basin are Walla Walla, North Yakima, Ellensburg and Wenatchee, +while scores of smaller communities are annually adding to their +population with the continued development of the districts of which +they are the immediate distributing centers. + +The Southeast. + +The Blue mountains form the chief natural characteristic of the +extreme southeastern section of the state, which constitutes the +sixth division. This is comparatively a small district, but one +that is highly favored by climatic and soil advantages, and it +is well timbered and watered. + +The Southwest. + +The southwest is the seventh and final division of the state. It +comprises an extensive district, fronting on the Columbia river and +the Pacific ocean. It is heavily wooded and its chief industries +are based upon its timber wealth. The taking and canning of fish and +oyster culture are also important industries, while fruit growing +and general farming are carried on upon a constantly increasing +scale. + + + + +[Page 8] +NATURAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON. + +Probably few other states in the Union excel Washington in the +great variety, abundance and value of the natural gifts prepared +and ripe for the hand of man within its borders. Preceding races +were content to leave its wealth to us, being themselves satisfied +to subsist upon that which was at hand and ready for consumption +with no effort but the effort of taking. The impenetrable forests +were to them a barrier to be let alone. For the minerals within the +mountains they had no use, and to gather wealth from the tillage +of the soil needed too much exertion. Fish and game and fruits all +ready to gather were all they sought, and the state had enough +of these to attract and hold a large population. But the vision +of the white man was different. His eye scanned the peaks of the +Cascades with its great eternal white Rainier having its head thrust +up among the clouds, and he realized that around and beneath them +must be a vast hoard of the precious metals. His eye caught the +dazzling grandeur of the white-capped Olympics, but he realized +that they held in reserve something more substantial to his needs +than scenery and hunting grounds. The impenetrable barriers of the +forest-covered foothills were to him a treasure worth the struggle +for an empire. He scanned the glittering waters of the bays and +inlets of Puget Sound and its great open way to the Pacific Ocean +and realized that it meant more to him and to his children than a +place to catch a few fish. He viewed the vast plains of "barren" +land within the great winding course of the Columbia river and +believed it worth more than pasturage for a few bands of ponies. + +The thousand tumbling water-falls that hastened the course of the +rivers toward the sea meant more than resting places for the chase. No +wonder the hardy pioneers whose vision saw the grandeur of Washington +and comprehended its meaning dared a mighty journey, vast hardships +and trying and dangerous hazards to save this empire to Uncle Sam. +Washington, saved by the energy and foresight of a few, has become the +[Page 9] +delightful home of a million and more, and their possession is +one that Alexander or Napoleon would have coveted, had they known. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 3.--Chehalis County Timber.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 4.--The Logging Industry in Chehalis County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 5.--View of Harbor, Aberdeen, Chehalis +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 6.--Limb Cut from a Chelan County Peach +Tree.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 7.--Six-Year-Old Winesap Apple Tree on +Farm of Blackmont Bros., Chelan County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 8.--Farm of Wm. Turner, Chelan County. +From Sage Brush to Bearing Orchard, Showing How Living Is Made +While Orchard Is Coming Into Bearing.] + + +FORESTS. + +From British Columbia to the majestic Columbia river and from the +Cascade mountains westward to the ocean a vast forest of magnificent +timber stretches out over mountain and hill and valley, covering +the whole landscape of western Washington in a mantle of living +green. The majestic fir trees, which, as small evergreens, adorn +the lawns of other climes, here stretch their ancient heads 300 +feet heavenward and give the logger a chance to stand upon his +springboard and, leaving a fifteen foot stump, cut off a log 100 +feet in length and 7 feet in diameter free from limbs or knots. Side +by side with these giants of fir are other giants of cedar, hemlock +and spruce crowded in groups, sometimes all alike and sometimes +promiscuously mingled, which offer to the logger often 50,000 feet +of lumber from an acre of ground. + +But these great forests of western Washington are not all the forests +within the state. The eastern slope of the Cascade mountains well +down toward the lands of the valleys is mostly covered with timber. +A belt from 30 to 50 miles wide stretching clear across the north +boundary of eastern Washington is mostly a forest, while a large +area in the southeastern corner of the state, probably 24 miles +square, is also forest covered. + +To estimate the amount of timber which can be cut from these vast +forest areas is difficult; estimates are not accurate, yet it is +probable that the lumber made will in time far exceed any estimate +yet placed upon this chief source of the wealth of the State of +Washington. Of the fir the estimate has been made that shows still +standing enough timber to make 120 billion feet; for the cedar the +estimate is 25 billion feet, while the same amount of 25 billion +feet is credited to hemlock; 12 billion feet of spruce are claimed, +12 billion feet of yellow pine and probably 6 billion feet of other +woods, including maple, alder, oak, yew, ash and many others, together +forming the great mass of 200 billion feet of lumber. Where forest +areas are cut off, the +[Page 10] +sun and air at once start to life seeds which lie dormant in the +shade and a new crop at once starts and the old ground is in a +few years reforested in nature's prodigal way, a thousand seeds +sprouting and growing where only one giant can ultimately stand. + +Of these timbers, the fir, largest in quantity, is also largest +in usefulness. For bridge work, shipbuilding, the construction of +houses, etc. it is unsurpassed. Cedar is lighter and more easily +worked and for shingles chiefly and many other special uses is +superior. Spruce is fine grained, odorless and valuable for butter +tubs, interior finish, shelving, etc. The hemlock is valuable not +only for the tannin of its bark, but as a wood for many purposes is +equal to spruce. The yellow pine, where it is plentiful is the main +wood used in house construction and for nearly all farm purposes. +The yellow pine is the chief timber in all eastern Washington. The +harder woods, maple, alder, ash, etc., are used where available +in furniture construction and for fuel, as are also all the other +woods. + + +COAL. + +Not content with covering half the surface of the state with forests +for fuel, the Creator hid away under the forests an additional +supply of heat and power sufficient to last its future citizens an +indefinite period. The white man was not slow to find and locate +the coal measures in many counties, notably in Kittitas, King, +Pierce, Lewis, Whatcom and Thurston, and to put it to the task of +driving his machinery. The coal measures of these counties are of +vast extent, and, although little developed yet, there are 3,000,000 +tons of coal mined annually in Washington. Other counties are known +to have coal measures beneath their forests, but as yet they have +not been opened up for commerce. + +The coal already mined includes both lignite and bituminous varieties +and furnishes fuel for the railroads, steamboats and power plants, +giving very satisfactory results. Much of the bituminous coal makes +an excellent article of coke and provides this concentrated carbon +for the various plants about the state engaged in smelting iron +and other metals. + +[Page 11] +The fixed carbon of the coal ranges from 48 to 65 per cent. and +the total values in carbon from 64 to 80 per cent. and the ash +from 3 to 17 per cent. The coal measures underlie probably the +great bulk of the foothills on both sides of the Cascades and some +of the Olympics, the Blue mountains of the southeast and some of +the low mountains in the northeastern part of the state. + +Besides these coals already mentioned, it is known that veins of +anthracite coal exist in the western part of Lewis county, the +extent and value of which have not been fully determined, and, owing +to the absence of transportation, are not on the market. + + +MINERAL ORES. + +The general topography of the state suggests at once the probability +of deposits of ores of the precious metals, and the cursory prospecting +already done justifies the outlook. Practically the entire mountain +regions are enticing fields for the prospector. Substantial rewards +have already been realized by many who have chanced the hardships, +and there are now in operation many mining enterprises which are +yearly adding a substantial sum to the output of the wealth of +the state. The ores occur chiefly in veins of low grade and great +width and known as base on account of the presence of sulphur, +arsenic and other elements compelling the ores to be roasted before +smelting. + +There are, however, some high grade ores in narrow fissures and in +a few localities free milling ores and placer deposits are found. +In most cases the free milling ores are the result of oxidation and +will be found to be base as water level is reached in the mining +process. + +Mining of precious metals is being prosecuted in Whatcom, Skagit, +Snohomish, King, Pierce, Lewis, Skamania, Cowlitz, Okanogan, Chelan, +Kittitas, Yakima, Klickitat, Ferry and Stevens counties. + +Of the metals the mines of the state are producing gold, silver, +lead, copper, quicksilver, zinc, arsenic, antimony, molybdenum, +[Page 12] +nickel, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, bismuth, sulphur, selenium, +tellurium, tin and platinum. + +There are also iron mines, and quarries of marble, granite, onyx, +serpentine, limestone and sandstone--beds of fire clay, kaolin, +fire and potter's clays, talc and asbestos and many prospects of +petroleum. + +Mining is suffering for the lack of transportation for the low +grade ores, but prospects are excellent for relief in this regard in +the near future. The era of wildcat exploitation has been relegated +to the past and legitimate mining is now getting a firmer hold +in the state, and we look for results within the next five years +which will astonish many who think themselves well informed. + + +FISHERIES. + +A glance at the map of the state will disclose a remarkable combination +of salt and fresh waters within the jurisdiction of the state of +such a character as to amaze one not familiar with it, but learned +in the habits of the finny tribe in general. + +The ocean is the great feeding ground. Out of its mysterious depths +the millions of fish come into fresh waters fat and rich from the +salt water vegetation. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 9.--Chelan County Views.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 10.--Farm and Dairy Scene Common to Clallam +County.] + +The great Columbia river in the south, Willapa harbor, Grays harbor, +the majestic straits of Fuca and the equally majestic straits of +Georgia on the north are all great open highways from the sea, not +only for merchandise laden ships, but for myriads of salt water +food fishes which annually traverse their bottoms. Into these open +mouths flows a great network of fresh water rivers and streams, +draining the entire area of the state and providing the spawning +waters for the fishes from the sea not only, but for millions of +strictly fresh water fishes. Not only these, but late years have +proven the shore waters of the state to produce also great numbers +of oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp. Nor is this all, because the +proximity of the state to the ocean gives it a great advantage +in profiting from the fishing industry among that class of the +finny hosts who refuse to leave their salt water homes. So that +from the whales of Bering sea to the speckled beauties that haunt +the mountain +[Page 13] +streams, through the long list of delectable salt and fresh water +food, the fisherman of Washington has an enticing and most profitable +chance to satisfy his love of sport and adventure not only, but +to increase his bank account as well. + + +SOILS AND LANDS. + +Washington is particularly blessed in having a diversity of soils, +all admirably adapted to some department of agriculture and giving +the state the opportunity of great diversity in the occupations +of its people. The central plateau of eastern Washington, made +up of level stretches and undulating hills, is all covered with a +soil composed of volcanic ash and the disintegration of basaltic +rocks which, together with some humus from decayed vegetation, +has made a field of surpassing fertility for the production of +the cereals with scant water supply; but under the magic touch of +irrigation it doubles its output and makes of it not only a grain +field but an orchard and garden as well. Underneath the forests +of eastern Washington, along the northern border of the state and +in its southeastern corner there is added a large proportion of +clay, a necessary element for perpetual pasturage, and widening +the field for fruit growing. + +In western Washington, upon the bench lands and on the hills and +foothills the forests are supported upon a gravelly soil, intermixed +with a peculiar shot clay which disintegrates with successive tillage +so that when the forests are removed the soil becomes ready for +all the grasses and grains and fruits. In the valleys more silt +and humus make up the soil, and when the cottonwoods, alders and +maples are gone there is left a soil deep and strong for the truck +gardener and general farmer, which will endure successive tillings +for ages. At the deltas of the rivers are large reaches of level +lands, some of which have to be diked to prevent the overflow of +the tides, which have had added the fertility of the salts of the +ocean and are probably the richest lands in the state fit for cereals +and root crops, not omitting the bulbs which have made the deltas +of Holland famous. There are also extensive peat beds which, +scientifically +[Page 14] +fertilized, will produce abundant returns to the intelligent farmer. + + +LANDS. + +The lands of the state are owned, some by Indian tribes, some by +the general government, some by the state, but largely by individual +citizens and corporations. + +Indian Lands. + +Of the Indian lands most of them have been "allotted" and the balance +will soon be thrown open to settlement. Of these the largest in +western Washington are the Quinault and Makah reservations and in +eastern Washington the great Colville reservation. This latter will +in time make two or three counties of great value, being adapted +to general farming, dairying, fruit growing and mining, and having +an abundance of forest area for fuel and building purposes. Those +in western Washington are timbered areas at present. + +Government Lands. + +The remnant of government lands are chiefly among the more barren +areas of eastern Washington and the poorer forest lands of western +Washington. The method of obtaining title to government lands is +generally known, and if not, can be obtained from the general land +offices, one of which is in Seattle, Olympia, Vancouver, Spokane, +Waterville, Walla Walla and North Yakima. The government still holds +title to nearly six million acres, and, while the best has been +acquired by others, the diligent searcher can still find homesteads +and desert claims worth energy and considerable expense to secure. + +State Lands. + +A recent estimate of the value of the state lands still in possession +makes them worth 56 million dollars. They include nearly 3,000,000 +acres, a large portion of which is heavily timbered. These lands +may be obtained from the state through the state land commissioner +by purchase outright on very easy terms, or may be leased for a +term of five to ten years at a low rental, the lessee receiving +virtually a first right to purchase. + +These state lands are as good as any in the state and offer to the +homeseeker a splendid opportunity for a start. + +[Page 15] +In this state there are also numerous tide lands, oyster lands, +and shore lands to be obtained at various prices, both from the +state and from private individuals who have already acquired title +from the state. + + +WATER POWER. + +It is probable that no state in the Union is better equipped for +creating power than the State of Washington. Numerous waterfalls +of magnitude are already successfully utilized. Among these the +most noted are the Spokane falls, capable of producing 400,000 +horse power; the Snoqualmie falls, with a sheer descent of 250 +feet, with a capacity of 100,000 horse power; Puyallup river at +one place is furnishing about 20,000 horse power; the Cedar river +has a capacity of 50,000 horse wer; the Nooksack falls with 15,000 +horse power already generated; Tumwater falls with 4,000 horse +power, with Chelan falls, the Meyers falls and the falls of Asotin +creek all in use to limited extent. The waters of the Yakima river +are also in use in part for power purposes, but more extensively +for irrigation. Besides these there are many minor streams already +harnessed. + +But the unused water powers of the state far exceed that portion +now developed. All its streams are mountain streams, excepting +perhaps, the Snake and Columbia rivers. These mountain rivers in +a flow of 50 to 200 miles make a descent of 2,000 to 5,000 feet +in reaching sea level, providing innumerable opportunities to use +the falls already created by nature, or to divert the waters and +produce artificial falls. + +No heritage of the state is of greater value and none more appreciated +than this water power. Since the introduction of electricity as +a lighting and motive force, its creation by water power looms +into immense importance. The exhibition of its achievements to +be seen in Washington today is amazing to the men whose vision +of light and power was first with the tallow dip and four-footed +beasts, and later with kerosene and steam. Electricity, created +by our water falls, lights our cities and farm homes, draws our +street cars and some railroad cars--pushes most of the machinery +used in manufactories, to the great satisfaction and profit of +our citizens. + + +[Page 16] +GAME. + +The State of Washington was once a paradise for the sportsman in +its every corner. Its desert lands were full of jack rabbits and +sage hens; over its mountains and foothills roamed herds of elk, +mountain goats, deer, and many bear, cougar and wild cats. In its +timbered valleys were pheasants and grouse in plenty. Upon its +waters and sloughs the wild ducks and geese were in vast flocks, +while its waters teemed with salmon in many varieties, and several +families of the cod tribe, sole, flounders, perch, mountain trout +and other fish. + +While these conditions cannot now be said to exist in full, yet +at certain seasons, and in some places, the same game, animals, +birds and fishes are in abundance, and the sportsman, while he +may not have his "fill," may satisfy a reasonable amount of his +craving for the excitement of the frontier. The state has deemed +it wise to restrict the time and place within which its game can +be taken and the amount a single individual shall kill. These +regulations suffice partly to preserve the game from extinction +and help replenish the state's treasury, and are considered wise +and reasonable. + + +SCENERY. + +If Washington is mighty in forest possession, provided with fuel +for centuries in its coal beds, rich in precious metals, with great +open waterways full of fish roads from the ocean and millions of +fishes in its inland waters, with game upon its thousand hills and +its vast plains loaded with waving grains and red with luscious +fruits, still its crowning glory is its matchless scenery. + +Towering above the clouds, with its head crowned with eternal snows, +its sides forever glistening with icy glaciers till their feet touch +the green tops of its foothills, near the center of the state, stands +in imposing grandeur the highest mountain of the states--grand, +old Mount Rainier. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 11.--Fish Cannery at Port Angeles, Clallam +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 12.--A Forest Scene in Clallam County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 13.--North Bank Bridge Over the Columbia +River at Vancouver, Clarke County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 14.--U. S. Army Post, Vancouver, Clarke +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 15.--Stock-Raising in Clarke County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 16.--A Clarke County Fruit Ranch.] + +Through its center north and south the Cascade mountains in a zigzag +course lift their clustered peaks and mountain passes from four +to eight thousand feet above the sea, while Mount Olympus and his +colleagues higher still poke their inspiring +[Page 17] +front heavenward. Between these two white and green clad mountain +ranges, protected from the blizzards of the southwestern plains +and from the hurricanes from the ocean, lie in safety the placid +waters of Washington's great inland sea, matchless Puget Sound. + +Where else upon the globe is such a diversified stretch of tranquil +water, upon whose shores the ocean tides ebb and flow, upon whose +surface the navies of the world could maneuver to their heart's +content, while visible from shore to shore are the vast evergreen +forests, interlaced with winding waters and stretching gently upwards +till they reach the visible mountain peaks a hundred miles away, +thousands of feet skyward? + +Scarcely less enchanting is the view eastward from the Rainier's +lofty height--a vast stretch of hill and plain almost surrounded +by green mountain sides, through whose gray and green fields flow +the great winding courses of the mighty Columbia and the lazy Snake +rivers, while a multitude of smaller streams gleam through the +forest sides of the mountains over innumerable waterfalls. Here +within the foothills you gaze upon the largest lake within the +state, a beauty spot to enchant alike the artist and the sportsman. +Deep within its rocky sides and full of speckled beauties lying +like a mirror in the stretch of green hills about it, lies Lake +Chelan, and on its unruffled bosom a fleet of boats ply for fifty +miles beyond its outlet till reach the mining foothills of the +mountains. A hundred miles eastward, still among the scattered +pines of northeastern Washington, the Spokane river tumbles in +masses of foam and spray over a succession of rocky falls on its +way to the Columbia, while still further on the Pend d'Oreille +and upper reaches of the Columbia river flow close up among the +mountains and foothills and present a series of beautiful combinations +of rock, trees, hills and valleys, of forests and waterfalls of +magnificent beauty. Washington in its scenery is magnificent in +proportions, wonderful in its variety, grand and imposing in form +and feature--picturesque--enticing--"a thing of beauty and a joy +forever." + + + + +[Page 18] +PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON. + + +LUMBERING. + +The description of the resources of a state naturally suggests what +its industries are. The forests of western Washington inevitably lead +to the lumber industry and the fertile soil of eastern Washington +point as unerringly to agriculture. These are the two great industries +of the state. The lumberman and the farmer are in the majority. +Already there are sawmills enough in operation to cut up all the +standing timber in the state within fifty years. They employ probably +100,000 men. This includes those engaged in logging and the subsidiary +industries. + +Of the trees the fir is pre-eminently useful, and more than half of +the forests of the state are fir trees. It is of greater strength +than any of the others and hence is used for all structural work +where strength is of special importance. It is rather coarse grained, +but when quarter sawed produces a great variety of grains very +beautiful and capable of high finish and is extensively used for +inside finishings for houses as well as for frame work. Its strength +makes it ideal for the construction of ships. The yellow pine is +strong, medium grained and well fitted for general building purposes, +and is very extensively used in eastern Washington. + +Cedar is very light and close grained and is chiefly used for shingles, +and for this purpose has no superior. The cheaper grades are also +used for boxes and sheathing for houses and many other purposes. + +The spruce furnishes an odorless wood especially useful for butter +tubs; for shelving and similar uses it is superior to either the +fir or cedar. It is a white, close grained lumber, and appreciating +in value. + +The hemlock, whose bark produces tannin for the tanneries, is also +a close grained light wood coming more and more into +[Page 19] +general use, for many purposes, especially where it will not be +exposed to the weather. + +Logs frequently seven feet in diameter require big saws, and big +carriers 50 to 100 feet long, and hence Washington has probably +the largest sawmills in the world. + +Our lumber is used at home and shipped all over the world to make +bridges, ships, houses, floors, sash, doors, boxes, barrels, tubs, +etc. Factories for the manufacture of wood products are scattered +all over the state. Most of the sawmills and some factories are +driven by steam made by burning sawdust, slabs, and other refuse +of the mills. Coal and electricity, however, are both in use. + + +COAL MINING. + +The mining of coal for foreign and domestic purposes is one of +the most important of Washington's industries. The annual output +of the mines is about three million tons, worth about eight million +dollars; Fifty thousand tons of coke are made annually, worth at +the ovens about $300,000. The coal mining industry gives employment +to 6,000 men. The production of coal for 1907 was distributed as +follows: + + Kittitas County, tons 1,524,421 + King County, tons 1,446,966 + Pierce County, tons 612,539 + Lewis County, tons 101,275 + Thurston County, tons 33,772 + Whatcom County, tons 3,160 + Clallam County, tons 300 + +The coke nearly all comes from Pierce county. + +Nearly forty different corporations and individuals are engaged +in coal mining. The coals thus far commercially mined are chiefly +lignite and bituminous. These coal measures lie along the base of +the foothills, chiefly of the Cascade mountains. Higher up are +some mines of anthracite coals, not yet on the market for lack of +transportation. As far as discovered they are chiefly near the +headwaters of the Cowlitz river in Lewis county. Coal forms the +largest factory in furnishing steam for the mill roads. Some of +the railroads, notably the +[Page 20] +Northern Pacific and Great Northern, own their own mines and mine +the coal for their own engines and shops. + +It is also the main fuel supply for domestic uses, although fir +and yellow pine cordwood is extensively used when the cost of +transportation is not too great. + +Coal is also the chief fuel used in steamboats, both those plying +over inland waters and the ocean-going boats as well. Here also, +however, the fir wood proves a good substitute and is used to some +extent by local steamers on the Sound. + +Coal is also used to create both steam and electricity for most +of the large heating plants in the cities and in many factories +and manufacturing plants, flour mills, elevators, etc. The fact +that vast coal measures lie within 50 miles of the seaports of Puget +Sound is a very important factor in insuring the construction of +manufacturing establishments and the concentration of transportation +in these ports. + +Coal is also used in all the large cities for the manufacture of +illuminating gas and as a by-product of this industry coke, coal +tar, and crude creosote are produced. + +The coke from the ovens goes chiefly to the smelters for the reduction +of ores, both of the precious metals and iron. + + +METAL MINING. + +The mining industry other than coal is quite rapidly reaching importance +among our industries. There are in the state three large smelters, +whose annual output of precious metals far surpasses in value the +output of our coal mines. The ores for these values, however, do +not all come from the mines of this state. Other states, British +Columbia, Alaska, and some foreign countries help furnish the ores. +But Washington has within its borders a great mineralized territory, +not yet thoroughly prospected and very little developed, yet which +materially assists in supplying these smelters with their ores. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 17.--Ocean-Going Raft, Built at Stella, +Cowlitz County, by the Oregon Rafting Company.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 18.--COWLITZ COUNTY TIMBER. This Stick +Was 301 Feet Long and 36 Feet in Circumference at Stump.] + +The smelter at Everett receives a steady supply of arsenical ores +of copper, lead, gold, silver and zinc from the mines of Snohomish +county which are of magnitude sufficient to make profitable the +railroad which has been built to Monte Cristo +[Page 21] +purposely for these ores. This smelter has a special plant for +saving the arsenic in these ores, which materially adds to the +value of its output and is said to be the only one of its kind in +the nation. + +Besides the mines at Monte Cristo, there are copper mines being +successfully worked at Index, whose ores are shipped both to Everett +and Tacoma. + +At Tacoma is located one of the largest smelting and refining plants +in the nation, which draws its ores from all parts of the world. At +North Port in Stevens county is a smelter which is chiefly supplied +with ores from this state, supplemented by those of British Columbia. +At Republic in Ferry county are mines producing gold and silver +ores of such extent as to have induced the building of a branch +line of railroad to carry their ores to this smelter. There are +also in Stevens county large deposits of silver-lead ores, which +will be large producers as soon as better transportation is secured. +This last statement is also true regarding many mines in other +counties. + + +FISHING INDUSTRY. + +The business of catching, preserving and selling fish gives employment +probably to more than 10,000 men in this state and adds probably +four million dollars annually to its wealth production. The fishes +include salmon, which is the chief commercial species, cod in many +varieties, halibut, salmon trout, perch, sole, flounders, smelt, +herring, sardines, oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp from its salt +waters, and sturgeon, trout, perch, black bass, white fish and +many others from the fresh water. Great quantities of salmon and +halibut are shipped in ice-packed boxes, fresh from the waters, +to all parts of the nation. Of these fish, many salmon, halibut +and cod are caught in Alaskan waters and brought into this state +to be cured and prepared for the market. + +The salmon are chiefly packed in tin cans after being cooked; the +cod are handled as are the eastern cod, dried and salted. The business +of handling the smelts, herring, etc., is in its infancy, as is +also that of the shellfish. + +[Page 22] +The propagation of oysters, both native and eastern, is assuming +great importance in many places in the state. In Shoalwater bay, +Willipa bay, Grays harbor, and many of the bays and inlets of Puget +Sound, oysters are being successfully grown. In some instances +oyster farms are paying as much as $1,000 per acre. The state has +sold many thousand acres of submerged lands for this purpose. It +has also reserved several thousand acres of natural oyster beds, +from which the seed oysters are annually sold at a cheap price to +the oyster farmers, who plant them upon their own lands and market +them when full grown. + +The native oysters are much smaller than the eastern oysters and +of a distinct flavor, but command the same prices in the market. + + +AGRICULTURE. + +Cereals. + +The largest and most important industry in the state is without +doubt the cultivation of the soil. The great variety of the soils +and climatic conditions has made the state, in different parts, +admirably adapted to a large variety of farm products. Vast fields of +wheat cover a large proportion of the uplands of eastern Washington, +the average yield of which is greater than that of any other state +in the Union. + +The diked lands of western Washington produce oats at the rate +of 100 to 125 bushels per acre. In some counties in southeastern +Washington barley is more profitable than any other cereal, on +account of the large yield and superior quality. + +Corn is successfully raised in some of the irrigated lands, but is +not as profitable as some other crops and hence is not an important +factor in Washington's grain supply. Rye, buckwheat, and flax, are +successfully grown in many localities. In western Washington, +particularly, peas form an important ration for stock food and +are extensively raised for seed, excelling in quality the peas of +most other states. + +[Page 23] +Hops. + +Hops are a large staple product in many counties of the state. +They are of excellent quality, and the yield is large and their +cultivation generally profitable. The chief drawback is in the +fluctuations of the market price. + +Grass and Hay. + +Grass here, as elsewhere, is very little talked about, although it +is one of the large elements that make the profits of agriculture. +Saying nothing of the vast amount of grass consumed green, the +state probably produces a million tons of hay annually, averaging +$10 per ton in value. Western Washington is evergreen in pasturage +as well as forests and no spot in the Union can excel it for annual +grass production. + +East of the mountains a very large acreage is in alfalfa, with a +yield exceeding six tons per acre. + +Potatoes. + +On the alluvial soils of western Washington and the irrigated lands +of the eastern valleys, potatoes yield exceedingly heavy crops of +fine tubers, often from 400 to 600 bushels per acre. All other +root crops are produced in abundance. + +Beets. + +Extensive experiments have proved that the sugar beet can be raised +profitably in many counties and sugar is now on the markets of +the state, made within its borders from home-grown beets. + +Truck Gardening. + +Garden stuff is supplied to all the large cities chiefly from +surrounding lands in proper seasons, but much is imported from +southern localities to supply the market out of season. The soils +utilized for this purpose are the low alluvial valley lands and +irrigated volcanic ash lands. The yield from both is astonishing +to people from the eastern prairie states, and even in western +Washington, with its humid atmosphere and cool nights, tomatoes, +squashes and sweet corn are being generously furnished the city +markets. The warm irrigated lands of eastern +[Page 24] +Washington produce abundant crops of melons, cucumbers, squashes +and all other vegetables. + + +HORTICULTURE. + +The conditions for successful fruit growing are abundant, and peculiarly +adapted to produce excellence in quality and quantity in nearly all +parts of the state, but some localities have better conditions +for some particular fruits than others, e. g., western Washington +excels in the raising of raspberries and other small fruits of +that sort, its climate and soils being suited to the production +of large berries and heavy yields. + +Certain localities in eastern Washington excel in the yield of +orchard fruits, chiefly on irrigated lands. Owing to the abundant +sunshine, the fruits of eastern Washington are more highly colored +than those of other sections of the state. + +Taking the state as a whole, horticulture is rapidly assuming vast +importance. Thousands of acres are yearly being added to the area +of orchards, and remarkable cash returns are being realized from +the older plantings now in full bearing. + +This is true of all the common orchard fruits, apples, pears, peaches, +plums, cherries, etc. + +In western Washington large plantings of the small fruits are growing +in favor, some of the new fruits receiving especial attention. One +plantation of thirty acres is devoted exclusively to Burbank's +phenomenal berry. + +Grapes are being grown on both sides of the mountains, the eastern +side, however, giving this fruit much more attention. Cranberries +are being produced in quantities on some of the bog lands near +the sea coast. + +Nuts have been planted on both sides of the mountains in an experimental +way, and it has been found that walnuts, chestnuts, and filberts are +profitable. In the southeastern section of the state, nut growing +bids fair to develop into a considerable industry. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 19.--Royal Anne Cherry Tree, Owned by +J. H. Rogers, Lexington, Cowlitz County. Circumference of this +Tree Below First Limb, 72-3 Feet. Yield in 1907, 1,500 pounds.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 20.--Dairy Herd on Ranch of T. D. Dungan, +Kelso, Cowlitz County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 21.--Douglas County Fruit.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 22.--Douglas County Wheat at Tram Waiting +Shipment on Columbia River Boats.] + + +STOCK RAISING. + +The glory once enjoyed by this industry is rapidly changing color. +Formerly, a predominating feature of the state was its +[Page 25] +big herds feeding gratuitously on government lands. This condition +still exists to an extent, the forests being utilized, under regulations +by the government, but the herds are limited. + +Individual farms and small herds are now the order of the day and, +incidentally, better breeds are developing. This is true of horses, +cattle and sheep. The demand for horses is chiefly for the heavy +draft animals for use in the logging camps and on the streets of +the cities, and the demand is fairly well supplied, chiefly in +eastern Washington. + +Good cows and fat steers are always in demand, and Washington's +market for them is not fully supplied from the home farms. The +same is true regarding sheep and hogs. The phenomenal growth of +the seaport towns on Puget Sound and the difficulty in clearing +the lands in western Washington combine to make the consumption +exceed the home grown supply, and many are imported from neighboring +states. + +There is abundant room for expansion in stock raising in the state. +Conditions are admirable. Grass is abundant for pasturage, hay is +a prolific crop, the climate is mild, no pests afflict the cattle, +and the markets are at the door and always hungry. + + +THE DAIRY. + +There are few states in the Union equal to Washington in its possession +of natural conditions suited to make dairying profitable. In all of +western Washington, in the western part of eastern Washington, and +in both the northeastern and southeastern sections of the state, +the climate and soil conspire to make ideal grazing. Particularly +is this true in the western part of the state. All the grasses +grow in luxuriance, and with proper care and forethought there +may be secured almost twelve months of green feed annually. The +crops best adapted for use as ensilage grow well, making large +yields. Timothy, clover hay and alfalfa are the standbys for winter +feed so far as the coarse feed is concerned, and while mill stuffs +and all grains are high in price, so are correspondingly the products +of the dairy. Butter ranges from 25 cents to 40 cents per pound, +and milk sells in the coast cities for 10 cents per quart. + + +[Page 26] +POULTRY. + +Perhaps no part of agriculture is more profitable to the wise farmer +than his barnyard fowls, and in Washington this is exceptionally +true. Eggs retail in the coast towns at 25 cents to 60 cents per +dozen. Turkeys at Thanksgiving time are worth from 25 cents to 30 +cents per pound dressed, and other fowl in proportion. Conditions +can be made as ideal for poultry raising in this state as anywhere, +and with the market never satisfied, the poultry raiser has every +essential to success in his favor. + + +BEE CULTURE. + +Bee culture among the orchards and alfalfa fields of eastern Washington +is a side line which should not be neglected by the farmer or +horticulturist. Many are fully alert to the favorable conditions, +and Washington honey is on sale in the late summer in most of the +cities and towns until the supply is exhausted, and then that from +other states comes in to meet the demand. + +Pasturage for bees is also abundant in many parts of the western +half of the state, and many a rancher among the forest trees has +upon his table the products of his own apiary. + + +MANUFACTURING OTHER THAN LUMBER. + +The State of Washington has natural products either within its +own borders or nearby, to foster many manufacturing industries, +besides those having lumber for their raw material. + +In the Puget Sound basin are vast deposits of lime rock, which +is manufactured into commercial lime, supplying the home market +not only, but is being shipped also to foreign ports. These are +chiefly on San Juan island. + +Considerable granite of fine quality is used in building and cemetery +structures, from quarries in Snohomish and Skagit counties. Sandstone +is being used for building purposes and is of splendid texture. +Onyx of great variety and beauty is extensively quarried in Stevens +county. Marble of good quality is being sawed up to limited extent. +Quarries in southeastern Alaska furnish rather a better quality +and are more extensively worked. + +[Page 27] +Clays of great variety, including fire clays and those suitable +for terra cotta, are abundant, and large factories in King county +are turning out common and pressed brick of many colors and fine +finish, vitrified brick for street paving, terra cotta, stoneware, +drain tile, sewer pipe and other kindred products. + +At Concrete, a town of 1,200 people in Skagit county, two factories, +employing 500 men, are daily turning out 1,400 barrels of Portland +cement of fine quality, which is finding ready market in all the +large cities. + +At Irondale, in Jefferson county, a large plant has been in operation +turning out pig iron. It is now in process of being turned into +a steel plant and within a few months will be turning out steel +bars and pipes for sewer, gas and other purposes. The ores are +obtained from Whatcom and Skagit counties, some bog iron in the +immediate vicinity and additional ores from Vancouver island. More +than a half million dollars has already been invested and this +will probably reach a full million when the plant is in complete +operation. Although iron ores are present in the state in large +quantities, no other serious effort is being made to supply the +state with home made pig iron or its products. Here is a vast field +awaiting brains and capital. The above represent only a few of the +many lines of manufacturing that have been successfully developed +in Washington. + + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Commerce and transportation are two affinities, ever seeking each +other. They have found on Puget Sound an ideal trysting place. Here +the ships of the ocean reach immense placid waters, not duplicated +on either side of the continent, and for this reason the railroads +have come from the interior to meet them. From foreign ports all over +the world ocean carriers are bringing in great loads of merchandise +and passengers, and the railroads coming from the Atlantic coast +across the entire continent bring like loads of merchandise and +human freight, and here they are exchanged. Teas from China and +Japan for cotton from Galveston and cotton goods from Massachusetts; +[Page 28] +rice and silk, hemp, matting, tin, copper and Japanese bric-a-brac +are exchanged for grain, flour, fish, lumber, fruit, iron and steel +ware, paper, tobacco, etc. Merchandise of all sorts from Asia, +the Philippines, South America and Australia is here exchanged +for different stuffs raised or made in every part of the American +continent and some from Europe. This commerce, however, is in its +infancy. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways have +fattened on it for years. All their rivals have looked on with +envious eyes till now a mad rush is on among them all for vantage +ground. The Milwaukee, Canadian Pacific and Burlington systems +already run their trains here, while the Union Pacific and others +are rushing for terminals on Puget Sound tide water. And while +thus racing for the great long haul prizes, they are incidentally +giving to the state a complete system of transportation in all +its parts and for all its multitudinous productions. + +Of almost equal importance to the state is its great fleet of local +steamers which ply its inland waters, and the numerous electric +lines that are rapidly uniting its cities and villages and giving +a new and cheap method of migration. From the city of Spokane and +radiating in every direction, electric lines are in operation and +more are in course of construction, bringing the most distant points +of the great "Inland Empire" into close touch with its metropolis +and great distributing center. On the west side the same thing is +true, only in less degree. Between these two groups of transportation +facilities, and the commerce which the union of rail and tidewater +has created, the citizens of Washington have found innumerable +opportunities of employment. + +These opportunities are increasing and broadening every year with +the continued development of the state and in multiplied and varied +form they await the newcomer who possesses the ability to rise to +the demands of the situation. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 23.--FERRY COUNTY VIEWS. Plant of Karamin +Lumber Co., Karamin, Ferry County. (1) Track of Spokane & B. C. +Railway. (2) Track of Spokane Falls & Northern Ry.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 24.--Helphrey Ranch, Curlew, Ferry County.] + + + + +[Page 29] +OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON. + +Washington is a land of widely diverging natural conditions. Its +topographical characteristics vary from the low southern exposures +of the inland river valleys, where strawberries mature as early +as April, to the mountain summits of the Cascades and Olympics, +where winter reigns supreme the year round. Between these extremes +may be found every range of climate known to the semi-tropical +and temperate zones. + +For the Homeseeker. + +Our lands include those suitable for the successful raising both +of the more tender, as well as the hardier fruits. Every grain, +other than corn, yields splendid results, while the truck gardener, +small fruit grower, dairyman, stock raiser and, in fact, every man +who aims to secure a living and a competence from some form of farm +industry will find, if he looks for it, a spot within the confines +of this state that will meet his most exacting requirements. + +To insure success in any of the above lines requires pluck, energy, +stick-to-it-iveness, a determination to secure desired results, and +some capital. But given these, the man who is looking to Washington +as a favored location for the establishment of his household gods +need have no fear of the outcome. + +Land may be secured suitable for any of the different purposes +mentioned, and with proper care it may be made to yield beyond +the most sanguine expectations. A market is ready and waiting to +absorb every class of product at profitable prices. Transportation +facilities are already excellent and the millions now being expended +in new railway construction through the state give some idea of +what the future holds forth in this particular. + +[Page 30] +For the Business Man. + +To the business man a new state, developing as is the State of +Washington, naturally offers numerous and attractive opportunities. +New communities are springing up along the lines of the Milwaukee, +the Portland & Seattle, and other railways now in process of +construction, each demanding its quota of commercial enterprises, +while the older cities and towns are continually absorbing new +additions to their population, thus paving the way for new business +facilities. + +For the Investor. + +The investor will find an attractive field of action in Washington, +and with the exercise of caution and prudence may anticipate far +better returns than he has been accustomed to, without undue risk +of the impairment of his capital. Raw lands, timber lands, improved +farms, irrigated lands and city and town property are exhibiting +a steady increase in value and undoubtedly will continue to do so +for years to come. The capitalist may take his choice of any of +these forms of investment, or he may turn to private, industrial or +municipal securities which are constantly being offered on excellent +terms and based upon unimpeachable assets. + +For the Manufacturer. + +To the manufacturer this state offers all the conditions that may +be classed as prerequisite to success. Cheap electric power is +available in nearly every community of any size in the state, while +millions of horse power remain still undeveloped in the rivers and +mountain streams. Raw material is here, in abundance, and the markets +of the world are accessible through rail and water transportation. +The principal manufactured products of the state consist of lumber +and lumber products, flour, feed and various cereal foods, butter, +cheese, evaporated milk, crackers and candy, baking powder, soda, +fruit extracts, clothing, boots and shoes, baskets, bags, beer, +ice, brick and other clay products, iron products, wagons and +agricultural implements, turpentine, leather products, cordage, +saws, boilers, asbestos, water pipes, tin cans, railway equipment, +ships and +[Page 31] +boats, canned fruits and vegetables and a variety of other products. +Desirable locations are frequently offered free to those who will +establish manufacturing industries. + +For the Wage Earner. + +The wage earner who comes to this state sufficiently fortified +to maintain himself and family for a period may usually expect to +find satisfactory employment at good wages. Washington has never +been exploited as a poor man's paradise, but there is a tremendous +development in progress throughout the state in every line of industry +and there is a steady demand for mechanics and laborers of all +classes. + +The foregoing is intended to present in brief form an outline of +the opportunities that await the enterprising newcomer in this +state. Success is being achieved in all of the various lines touched +upon, by thousands who have located here in the past few years, +and as yet the resources of the state have scarcely been touched. +The future of Washington is big with promise, based upon results +already achieved, and in that future the newcomer may expect to +participate in proportion to the effort he expends. + + + + +[Page 32] +WASHINGTON'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. + +The importance of a complete and well rounded public educational +system has not been overlooked at any stage in the growth and +development of this commonwealth. From kindergarten to university +no link is wanting to supply the ambitious boy or girl with the +very best training that modern educational experts have evolved. + +The common school system of the state is based upon the theory +that every child must be educated, and that the state must provide +the facilities for the accomplishment of this purpose. This theory +has been carried out so thoroughly and intelligently that there is +scarcely a child in the state of school age who does not live within +easy reach of a school house. Moreover, attendance is compulsory and +no child is excused unless satisfactory reasons are presented to +the proper authorities. + + +EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENT. + +Upon admission of Washington to statehood a land endowment was +granted to the state by the federal government for common school +purposes which in round numbers totals nearly two and one-half +millions of acres. This land is offered for sale or lease by the +state, through the office of the state land commissioner, and the +proceeds constitute a permanent and irreducible fund to be invested +for educational purposes. + +In addition to the foregoing lands, the state university has an +endowment of 100,000 acres; the agricultural college, 90,000 acres; +the scientific school, 100,000 acres, and the state normal schools, +100,000 acres. As yet only a small portion of these lands has been +disposed of. The expense of maintaining our schools, therefore, +is met almost entirely by taxation. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 25.--View of the Country Near Curlew, Ferry +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 26.--Three-Year-Old Orchard, Near Pasco, +Franklin County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 27.--Combined Harvester Operating in the +Wheat Fields of Franklin County. This Machine Cuts, Threshes and +Sacks the Grain, Depositing the Filled Sacks on the Ground as it +Moves Through the Field.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 28.--(1) A Jefferson County Country Home. +(2) A logging Railroad, Jefferson County. (3) Prize Products, Jefferson +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 29.--JEFFERSON COUNTY RURAL VIEWS. Field +of Oats and Vetch Yielding 5 Tons Per Acre. Herd of High-Grade +Holstein Dairy County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 30.--View of Waterfront, Port Townsend, +Jefferson County.] + + +HIGHER INSTITUTIONS. + +The University of Washington occupies a campus of 350 acres, located +entirely within the limits of the city of Seattle. +[Page 33] +The buildings of the university consist of the administration building, +science hall, chemistry building, engineering building, power house, +dormitories for men and women, and other smaller buildings. In addition +to the foregoing, the university will come into the possession +of a number of commodious structures at the conclusion of the +Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. For the current year, the enrollment +of students at the university is 1,838. The faculty consists of +115 members and for the ensuing biennial period the legislature +appropriated the sum of $673,000 for the support of the institution. + +The State College of Washington is located at Pullman, in Whitman +county. This institution emphasizes technical and scientific education +and in its agricultural departments has accomplished remarkable results. +It is annually giving the state a number of highly trained experts in +modern agricultural science, and the farming interests of the state +have been greatly assisted by the work of the college. Instruction is +given in civil engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, +geology, botany, chemistry, zoology, economic science and history, +modern languages, domestic economy, besides the practical operation +of a dairy farm and other branches of agricultural industry. The +institution, in addition to its land endowment, receives annual +assistance from the federal government and a biennial appropriation +from the state legislature. + +The state also maintains three normal schools, located respectively +in the cities of Bellingham, Ellensburg and Cheney. These institutions +have a combined attendance of about 850 and are the recruiting +ground for securing instructors in the public schools. + +At Vancouver is the State School for the Deaf and Blind. The defective +youth of the state are cared for in a well equipped institution +located at Medical Lake, in Spokane county, and at Chehalis is +the state training school for incorrigibles. + + + + +[Page 34] +LOGGED-OFF LANDS. + +The problem of making a home and providing a competency for old +age upon the lands in western Washington is somewhat different +and more difficult than doing the same upon the prairie lands of +the east. As they come to the hands of the would-be tiller of the +soil, they present a forbidding and disagreeable aspect. The loggers +have left them with considerable standing timber, with the tops of +the giants of the forests lying where they fell, scattered over +the land and covering it with an almost impenetrable mass of great +limbs and brush and dead logs. If seen in the summer, there is +added the view of a mass of green vegetation, rank and to a large +extent covering up the mass of dead stuff left by the loggers with +the huge stumps sticking up through it all, mute monuments of the +lost wealth of the forest. In some instances this is somewhat relieved +by the fact that, either by accident or design, the fire has been +there and swept through it all, leaving nothing but blackened and +smouldering emblems of its prior greatness. In this case, however, +only the lighter part of the refuse has been destroyed. The great +stumps of fir and cedar are there still, blackened and perhaps +with their dead hearts burned out. Great and small decaying logs +are there, some too wet to burn, some with the bark alone burned +off, and some with the dead centers burned out, scattered about +or piled in crisscross masses as they had fallen during the ages +of the forest's growth. In either case it looks different from +the smooth surface of the sagebrush plains about to be converted +into irrigated farms or the clean face of the prairie lands covered +with grass and ready and longing for the plow. But with all their +forbidding aspects, black with a portentous cloud of hard labor +and long waiting, their known hidden wealth lures on the hardy +pioneer to the task. He throws off his coat, rolls up his sleeves, +gathers together his tools, and with the indomitable courage of +the Anglo-Saxon +[Page 35] +tackles the problem, works and fights and rests by turns till within +a few years he finds himself triumphant. Eventually, beneath his own +orchard trees laden with fruit, and in the comfort and delight of +his big home fireplace, he contemplates the rewards of his struggle, +as he sees his cows complacently chewing their cuds in his green +pastures and listens to the neigh of his fat horses, and at his +table, laden with all the bounty of his rich lands, thanks his Maker +for the successful completion of a hard struggle and the enjoyment +it has brought to him and his family. + + +MODERN METHODS. + +Having thus presented the picture in perspective, we will now work +out some of the details which help to rob it of its difficulty and +add to its attractiveness. If the lands have not been burned off, +and in many instances where this has been done, the rancher will +find a lot of cedar logs, perhaps partially burned, and possibly +long black stubs that it will be wise to save. Cut into proper +lengths and put into piles for preservation, they will make his raw +material for fencing, barns, etc. The cedar is straight-grained, +splits easy, and true, and to the rancher is very valuable, taking +the place of sawed lumber for a great many farm purposes. Having +carefully saved the cedar, the rancher will fire his clearing, thus +getting rid of a large share of the logger's waste with practically +no labor. To the task of disposing of the remaining logs and stumps +he will bring modern tools and methods into action. The axe and +shovel and hand lever have given place to gunpowder, the donkey +engine, derrick and winch. Stump powder puts all the big stumps +into pieces easily. The modern stump-puller lifts out the smaller +stumps with ease. The donkey engine and derrick pull together and +pile the stumps and logs into great heaps, and once more the friendly +fire helps out; and while the dusky woodlands are lighted up with +passing glory the rancher sleeps to wake up and find his fields +almost ready for his plow, nor has the task had half the hard labor +nor consumed half the time that years ago would have been expended +in clearing the same amount of oak and maple and hickory land in +the valley +[Page 36] +of the Mississippi. It should be said, however, that what is gained +in time and saved in labor costs money. The expense of clearing the +logged-off land by these modern methods and tools will run from +$40 to $150 per acre, dependent upon various conditions, number +and size of stumps, etc. + +There are in western Washington thousands of acres which are being +pastured and tilled, from which the large stumps have not been +removed. In these instances the same methods can be used, handling +all the small logs and stumps and litter, and after the first burning, +carefully repiling and burning the refuse and then seeding to grass. +In the ashes and loose soil, grass seed readily starts, and a single +season will suffice to provide fairly good pasturage, which will +annually grow better. + + +COST OF LABOR AND MATERIAL. + +The following table, taken from the report of a government inspector, +will give an idea of the cost of the different materials and labor +used in clearing logged-off land: + +Cost of removing stumps from 1 foot to 4 feet in diameter from 120 +acres of land in 1907: + +========================================================================== + | | | | | Labor. + MONTH. | Powder,| Fuse, | Caps, | Stumps, |-------------------- + | lbs. | ft. | No. | No. | Hours. | Dollars. +-----------------|--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|----------- + June | 13,700 | 10,100 | 2,400 | 2,135 | 2,380 | $650.00 + July | 1,750 | 2,050 | 400 | 239 | 260 | 87.00 + August | 2,750 | 2,700 | 700 | 445 | 324 | 114.90 + September | 1,950 | 2,160 | 500 | 383 | 324 | 126.37 + October | 1,250 | 1,000 | 300 | 237 | 198 | 77.53 + November | 2,350 | 3,100 | 800 | 378 | 283 | 114.97 + |--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|----------- + Total | 23,750 | 21,100 | 5,100 | 3,818 | 3,709 | $1,170.77 + Av. pr. Stump | 6.22 | 5.52 | 1.33 | | 0.987 | 0.3006 + Av. Cost, cents | 19.76 | 2.37 | .87 | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The average cost of the removal of each stump is shown below: + + _Cents._ + Powder 49.76 + Fuse 2.37 + Caps .87 + Labor 30.66 + ----- + Total 83.06 + +The average cost of the materials used was as follows: Powder, +per pound, 8 cents; fuse, per 100 feet, 43 cents; caps, per 100, +65 cents. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 31.--View of Second Avenue, Seattle, During +Parade of Marines from Atlantic Fleet, May 26, 1908.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 32.--A Corner of the Seattle Public Market. +Truck Gardeners Find Ready Sale for Their Wares Here the Year Round.] + +[Page 37] +There are probably two and one-third million acres of logged-off +lands in the state, of which only half a million are under tillage +or pasturage. The same report shows the distribution of these lands +as follows: + +=========================================================================== + | Acreage | Acreage | Acreage in | Total | Per cent. + COUNTY. |merchantable| logged |cultivation.| acreage. | suitable for + | timber. | off. | | | agriculture. +-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------- + Chehalis | 583,200 | 112,748 | 11,216 | 807,432 | 90 + Clallam | 296,611 | 195,933 | 11,784 | 504,329 | 75 + Clarke | 190,000 | 108,661 | 51,570 | 350,231 | + Cowlitz | 500,000 | 25,000 | 20,000 | 704,000 | 75 + Island | 8,013 | 99,866 | 9,317 | 117,196 | 75 + Jefferson | 186,647 | 59,427 | 4,657 | 254,385 | 50 + King | 640,000 | 110,000 | 74,857 | 1,243,000 | + Kitsap | 45,429 | 171,364 | 7,978 | 224,771 | + Lewis | 543,995 | 160,425 | 47,059 | 884,050 | 65 + Mason | 240,211 | 150,430 | 7,540 | 398,181 | + Pacific | 367,827 | 62,720 | 23,042 | 453,139 | + Pierce | 413,044 | 150,000 | 27,915 | 658,052 | 75 + San Juan | 10,000 | 80,000 | 4,000 | 95,684 | + Skagit | 306,759 | 149,923 | 45,605 | 502,287 | 25 + Snohomish | 258,005 | 270,422 | 20,908 | 558,336 | + Thurston | 291,200 | 120,000 | 13,680 | 428,005 | + Wahkiakum | 74,564 | 67,337 | 3,642 | 145,544 | 50 + Whatcom | 78,405 | 258,302 | 35,059 | 371,766 | +-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------- + Total | 5,033,911 | 2,352,109 | 428,829 | 8,700,388 | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +There are a great many acres of these lands that can be slicked +up and burned over and prepared for seeding, not disturbing the +stumps, at an expense of about $10 per acre. Thus treated, good +pasturage can be secured cheaply. In time some of the stumps will +rot out and be easily removed. When the stumps are not too thick, +the lands can be successfully prepared and planted to orchards +without removing the stumps, and their unsightly appearance can be +turned into a thing of beauty and great profit by planting evergreen +blackberries and loganberries about them, using the stumps for +trellises. These berries in the climate of western Washington are +wonderfully prolific and find a greedy market. + + +COMPENSATIONS. + +There are several facts about making farms out of logged-off lands +which should not be lost sight of, because they largely compensate +for the labor spent in the undertaking. One of these is that the +problem of fuel is solved for a lifetime and for the coming generation. +Five acres can be left untouched as a reserve and in a remarkably +few years it will re-forest itself. +[Page 38] +The growth of trees under the humid atmosphere of western Washington +is astonishing, and a very few years will suffice to provide one +with a wood lot to last a generation. Meanwhile some of the fir +logs and alder and maple trees will be preserved from the fire and +piled up to provide fuel for the years until the wood lot furnishes +a fresh green supply. + +Then, too, as has already been suggested, the fence question, no +small item in a prairie country, is satisfactorily answered with no +expenditure but for labor. The cedar logs, splitting with ease, can +be turned into rails or boards or posts--preferably the former--and +the rails put on top of each other between two posts fastened together +at the top make as good a hog-tight and cattle-proof fence as can +be desired, and these rails will last in the fence for a century. +For the house, doubtless more satisfaction can be had by patronizing +the nearest saw-mill, although many houses made out of split cedar +timbers and boards are in the state, proofs at once of the usefulness +of this timber and the hardihood and ingenuity of the rancher. +But for the barn and stable, pig-stye, hennery, chicken-coop and +fruit boxes, and a great many other things, the rancher patronizes +his reserve log pile instead of the lumber yard, and saves time +and labor in so doing. Another fact which compensates the rancher +in western Washington in the struggle for a home which will provide +a safe and generous support in his old age is that during all the +labor and waiting he is enjoying a delightful climate, in which no +blizzard drives him from his work. No cyclone endangers his life +and fortune. No snakes lurk in the underbrush. No clouds of dust +blind his eyes. No sultry summer suns make him gasp for breath, +and no intense cold freezes his face or feet. He can work if he +wishes as many days as there are in the year, and know that every +stroke of his axe or mattock is a part of his capital safely invested +that will pay back an annual dividend for a lifetime. No soil will +respond to his energy more quickly or more generously. + +There is one more possible compensation. Fir logs and stumps and +roots and bark are all full of pitch. Factories are now in operation +that are turning this wood into charcoal and +[Page 39] +saving and refining all the by-products, particularly turpentine, +wood alcohol, pitch and tar. These factories are successful and +paying dividends, but are on a large scale and permanently located. +It is probable that some genius will soon evolve a movable plant, +capable of serving the same purpose, which can go from one ranch +to another. When this is done, it will be found that the refuse +left by the logger is worth several times more than the cost of +getting it off the land with powder and fire, and, instead of being +a burden upon the land of $100 per acre, will become a matter of +merchandise to be sold for much more and removed from the land +with no expense to the owner. + +As a final word, it should be remembered that, after these lands +are put under good tillage, every acre can be made to return more +than the cost of clearing annually. Western Washington has never +been able to produce enough to feed its wonderfully increasing +population. Meats, vegetables, fruits, poultry, eggs, etc., are +all constantly coming in from outside to supply the markets. This +condition keeps prices high. It has been so for twenty years, and +will be for twenty years to come. From $100 to $500 per acre per +year can be had from fruits and vegetables. The same can be realized +from poultry, nor will the dairy fall far behind when the scrub +cow is abandoned and a choice thoroughbred animal takes its place +and the soil is intensely tilled and fertilized. + +The logged-off lands when first looked at are black and big labor and +difficulties. When the problem is intelligently understood--undertaken +with comprehension and some capital and plenty of grit--the solution +is easy and the rewards ample and gratifying. + + + + +[Page 40] +IRRIGATION IN WASHINGTON. + +The lands which require irrigation in the state are chiefly the lower +lands in the valleys of the rivers east of the Cascade mountains. + +The winds from the Pacific, though heavily laden with moisture, +are forced to surrender the greater portion to western Washington, +as they meet the cold heights of the mountain ranges. The mountains +themselves receive a very heavy fall of snow in winter, which fills +the lakes and sources of the rivers on the eastern side, providing +a large amount of water available for irrigation purposes, for +lands not too far distant. Within fifty miles from the mountain +peaks there is a drop of about 4,000 feet. The sides of the valleys +in the main are gradual slopes. These conditions make irrigation +very feasible. Its wonderful results have been seen and the process +of irrigation has found a wide field within the past few years. + + +THE IRRIGATION AREA. + +Not only the Yakima valley, where this method of farming had its +beginning in the state, but many other places, are now being made +productive which were once thought wholly worthless on account of +their aridity. Among these are the Wenatchee valley, the Entiat, +the Methow, the Chelan, and the Okanogan--all on the slope of the +Cascades. The immediate low lands of the Columbia and Snake rivers +and considerable of the narrow valleys of the small streams emptying +into them have in many instances been irrigated. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 33.--King County Rural Views.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 34.--HOW THE HILLS MAKE WAY FOR THE SKYSCRAPERS +IN SEATTLE. 1907--Last of Hotel Washington. 1908--New Hotel Washington.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 35.--A Portion of the City of Seattle +Overlooking the Harbor.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 36.--Torpedo-Boat Destroyer in Government +Drydock at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 37.--Steamship Dakota in Government Drydock +at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 38.--A Kittitas County Apple Tree.] + + +WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT. + +The work of reclaiming the arid lands has been wonderfully accelerated +and widened in scope by the national government. The projects of the +reclamation service now include practically all of the available +waters of the Yakima valley for irrigating the lands therein. In +Yakima county alone there are probably +[Page 41] +260,000 acres now under ditch, and probably 50,000 more will be +reclaimed this season. This is probably not more than half the +lands in the county capable of irrigation. The fact that the general +government is in control of these projects insures as wide and +just a distribution of the available waters as possible. The cost +of irrigation, which is from $50 to $60 per acre, is paid by the +owners of the land in ten annual payments. There is also an annual +charge for maintaining the canals from $1.25 to $1.50 per acre. +These projects of the government cover the lands in Benton and +Kittitas counties also--both of these counties being in the Yakima +valley. The government is also engaged in managing an extensive +project in the southern part of Okanogan county, where probably +50,000 acres will be reclaimed. + +There is a large acreage in Franklin and Walla Walla counties, +about the junctions of the Snake and Columbia rivers, to which +Pasco is central, which is arid. The government has once turned +this project down, but is now reconsidering it, and it is reported +that these lands will soon be put under ditch by the joint action +of the government and the Northern Pacific railway, which owns +a large portion of the lands. + +Meanwhile private enterprises are reclaiming extensive tracts in +Klickitat county, and in fact nearly all the counties bordering on +the Columbia and Snake rivers in eastern Washington. It is probable +that there are more lands capable of irrigation in the state than can +be irrigated with available waters. This fact adds to the importance +of the question of what to do with arid lands when no water can be +put upon them. + + +METHODS OF IRRIGATION. + +There are three methods in use in supplying water to the arid lands. +The first and the one most generally adopted for obvious reasons is +the gravity system. The waters are impounded in lakes or artificial +reservoirs and carried thence in large main canals, winding about +the hills so as to secure a low uniform grade. Once established, +no other force is needed but the usual flow of the water. + +[Page 42] +Another method resorted to when the gravity system is impossible +is to pump the water from the big rivers into smaller reservoirs +leading to the canals, the pumps being kept busy only during the +months in which the water is needed. This method is quite successful, +but requires a somewhat larger annual expenditure. It is being +used in some extensive projects, the water being taken out of the +Columbia river. + +The third method is in securing the water by means of artesian +wells. This method is naturally limited to small areas, the projects +being undertaken by individual private owners. Several spots have +been found in the arid belt where this method is successful. + + +SOILS. + +The soils over the entire areas of eastern Washington on the arid +lands is a volcanic ash mixed with disintegrated basaltic rocks and +some humus, varying in depth and in the amount of sand it contains. +The low lands are usually more sandy and warmer and earlier in season. +The depth of this soil is in some places 80 feet and generally so +deep as to insure great permanency to its fertility. It readily +absorbs and holds moisture, and is admirably adapted to artificial +watering. In some spots there is an injurious surplus of alkali. +It is generally covered with sagebrush and has the appearance of +sterility, but upon cultivation under irrigation, produces wonderful +results in quantity and quality of grains and grasses and fruits +and vegetables. + + +GRAINS. + +Wheat, oats and corn are successfully grown, but not in large acreage, +because larger profits can be realized from other crops. + + +HOPS AND POTATOES. + +Hops, for example, which can be produced at a cost of 7-1/2 cents +per pound, yield from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds per acre, and potatoes, +yielding from 300 to 500 bushels per acre, and receiving the highest +market price, are both more profitable than wheat or oats. + + +[Page 43] +ALFALFA. + +Alfalfa, yielding from eight to ten tons per acre, and commanding +from $6.00 to $12.00 per ton, is a very profitable crop. Much wheat +and oats are cut when in the milk and sold for hay, and yield better +returns than when matured and threshed. + + +FRUITS. + +The smaller fruits are very profitable under irrigation, yielding +from $300 to $500 net per acre, while apples, pears, peaches, grapes, +etc., often far exceed these figures, sometimes yielding as much +as $1,000 per acre net. + +DAIRYING. + +Dairying is extensively followed on the irrigated lands, particularly +in Kittitas county, where the cool atmosphere is very favorable, +and the farmers find that turning timothy and clover, alfalfa and +grain hay into butter fat is more profitable than wheat-raising. + + +PREPARATION OF LAND. + +There is a good deal of this arid land which will have to be freed +from the sagebrush and smoothed over before it will be fit for +irrigation. This expense, together with building headgates and +lateral ditches, building flumes and seeding to alfalfa, will cost +from $15.00 to $20.00 per acre, depending upon the character of +the surface, the size of the sagebrush, and amount of flumes, etc. +Some, however, very smooth lands can be prepared for seeding at +less expense. + + +DISPOSITION OF CROPS. + +The hay crops are in large part sold on the ground and fed to cattle +and sheep which have summered in the mountain ranges and are carried +through the winters on the farms in the valleys. What is left after +supplying this demand is baled and shipped by rail to the markets +on Puget sound, Portland or Spokane. The Sound country is also the +chief purchaser of the fruits, although many winter apples, on +account of their superior quality, are shipped to eastern markets. + +[Page 44] +Potatoes and other vegetables usually go west, although an occasional +season finds the eastern market depleted, and then the shipments +go to the best market. + +Hops are sold to be delivered at railroad stations and go east, +many even to Europe. + + +VALUE OF LANDS. + +The irrigated lands are yearly appreciating in value, mindless of +the large acreage annually added to the supply. This is largely +due to the fact that they are bought up and held for speculative +purposes. However, there are still many farms in the hands of first +purchasers from the government, and others still to be had directly +from the government and others from the Northern Pacific company, +not yet under ditches, which may ultimately be reclaimed. These +latter can be had from $7.00 to $25.00 per acre. The lands already +under ditch, or which will soon be irrigated certainly, are held +from $50 to $100 raw and from $125 to $200 with water rights paid +for. Much land is on the market, already planted or to be planted +to orchards, and cared for, for a term of years until the orchards +are in bearing, which can be purchased on easy terms, ranging in +price from $200 to $500 per acre. + + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Nearness to transportation is a valuable factor in determining +the price of lands--whether under irrigation or otherwise. The +lands being irrigated in eastern Washington are, for the most part, +adjacent to competing railways and water craft on both the Columbia +and Snake rivers. Projects are in contemplation by the government +and state to remove all obstructions from the Columbia river and +give a great navigable stream from Kettle Falls to the mouth of +the river. This will add to the shipping facilities by increasing +the number of boats which will ply the river and be of great help +to all farmers holding lands adjacent. Numerous trolley lines are +already running in many directions--and more are projected--among the +irrigated farms connecting with the cities of Spokane, North Yakima, +[Page 45] +and Walla Walla. These add greatly to the facility and cheapness +of transportation. + + +CLIMATE. + +The character of the climate is well suggested by the crops which +can be harvested. They include peaches, apricots, grapes, figs, +tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other things which require +a warm summer and warm soil. Very little moisture comes upon the +land in the summer. The winters are moderately cold, with some +snow, which is joyfully hailed by the farmers, for all moisture +is quickly absorbed by the soil and held for summer's use. The +spring season is two or three weeks earlier than in the Puget sound +basin. Moderate winds prevail during the summer months, coming from +the east and west by turns, and prevent excessive sultry weather. + + +OCCUPATIONS. + +Aside from the ordinary agricultural pursuits suggested by the +foregoing, which includes grain-growing, horticulture, dairying and +truck gardening, should be mentioned stock-raising, particularly +of sheep, many thousands of which are yearly wintered in the valleys +and summered on the ranges. Bee culture and poultry-raising are +also both becoming important. + +In closing, it should be said that the activity of the government +and private investors together has given a great impetus to the +settlement of these arid lands, and the population is rapidly +increasing, being made up of a miscellaneous assortment of Uncle +Sam's energetic, wideawake, industrious citizens, building homes +and making fortunes more rapidly, probably, than in any other part +of irrigated regions in his domain. + +The doors are open, too, for the newcomers, for ten times the population +now there can well be made prosperous. + + + + +[Page 46] +THE COUNTIES AND MORE IMPORTANT CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON + + +ADAMS COUNTY + +LOCATION. + +Adams county is in the center of southeastern Washington, cut out +of the once great desert plateau, covered with sage brush. It has +developed into one of the most important food-producing counties +of the state. It has a population of about 13,000 and covers 1,908 +square miles of territory. + +CLIMATE. + +Its climate is not different from that of the balance of the district +in which it is situated, and, although some days in winter are +severely cold and some in summer hot, its dry atmosphere softens +the asperity of its cold, and its generous crop yields are full +compensation for the heat of the summer's sun. Its mean temperature +ranges from 30 degrees to 40 degrees in winter and from 50 to 74 +degrees in summer. Its usual coldest days are 20 degrees to 25 +degrees and its hottest ranging above 100 degrees. Its rain and +snow give about 12 inches of water. It has one small stream, a +tributary of the Palouse river. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific railway cutting the county diagonally from +northeast to southwest and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway +across its southeast corner and near its south and west borders +furnish good facilities for handling its generous wheat crops. To +these are soon to be added the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the +Portland & Seattle, and the North Coast roads, giving the county +very superior railroad facilities. + +INDUSTRIES. + +Wheat is its great staple crop, and the last year out of a crop +acreage of 275,000 gave to the world nearly 6,000,000 bushels, an +average of upwards of 20 bushels to the acre. When this average is +compared with that of the wheat fields of the Mississippi valley, +it is no wonder that the value of its realty has increased for +the purposes of taxation more than 300 per cent. in the past six +years. Horses, cattle, hogs and sheep are to a limited extent raised +on the farms, and are important adjuncts to its prosperity. + +[Page 47] +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +RITZVILLE is the county seat, and has a city hall, electric lights +and water system, flour and feed mills, and is the chief distributing +center of the county. + +LIND will be one of the important points on the Chicago, Milwaukee +& St. Paul railway, now building across the county. + +WASHTUCNA also is to have another outlet for its wheat over the +Portland & Seattle railway, projected and building. All these towns +have good schools, churches, warehouses, mercantile establishments, +and all enjoy an abundance of prosperity from the marketing of +the crops. + + +ASOTIN COUNTY + +LOCATION. + +Asotin county occupies the extreme southeastern corner of the state, +being separated from Idaho on the east by the Snake river and from +Oregon on the south by the state boundary. Its population is about +7,500, its area 640 square miles. + +It takes in a portion of the Blue mountains, from which numerous +small streams furnish abundant water for all domestic farm purposes +and for irrigating quite a large area of lands, which makes the +county ideal for the stock-raiser and fruit-grower. + +INDUSTRIES. + +The irrigation of the low lands has had a wonderful effect in +stimulating the fruit industry, and resulted in a great advance +in land values, particularly about Clarkston and Cloverland, while +the cool water of the mountain streams and their grassy slopes +make the dairy business especially profitable. General farming, +however, is still the standby of the bulk of the population. At +Clarkston the lands irrigated and planted to orchards have reached +in many instances a value of $1,000 per acre, the waters being +taken out of Asotin creek. About Cloverland, waters from George +creek have wrought almost an equal increase in values. Cloverland +is on a plateau about 2,500 feet above sea level, and the lands +irrigated and planted to winter apples are paying handsome dividends +to their fortunate owners. On ordinary farm lands wheat yields 25 +to 50 bushels per acre and barley from 40 to 60 bushels per acre. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The transportation is limited to the power of steamboats on the +Snake river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway, which +is reached at Lewiston, across the river from Clarkston. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +ASOTIN, the county seat, situated about seven miles south of Clarkston, +on the Snake river, has about 1,500 people within its borders. It +[Page 48] +has a flour mill, warehouses, churches, schools, public library, +light and water systems, and is a prosperous, thriving town. + +CLARKSTON, an important commercial center, is situated on the flats +of the Snake river, in the northeast part of the county. Its population +somewhat exceeds that of Asotin. It has all the business institutions +of a thriving town, is the main distributing point for a large +area, and is rapidly growing. + +CLOVERLAND, CRAIGIE AND ANATONE are thriving smaller towns. + + +BENTON COUNTY + +Benton county is bounded north, east and south by the Columbia +river and west by Yakima and Klickitat counties. It has an area +of 1,600 square miles and a population of about 9,000 people. + +TOPOGRAPHY. + +The Yakima river traverses the center of the county in a very crooked +course, through the valley of which the Northern Pacific railroad +winds its way to the top of the Cascades. Both north and south of +the valley of the Yakima are extensive hill and plateau lands, +which are being rapidly utilized for general farming. The valley +lands are arid and useless without irrigating water. + +IRRIGATION. + +Extensive irrigation projects are in successful operation and projected +to bring a very large portion of the valley lands into successful +use, for these lands, when irrigated, are of unsurpassed fertility. +Lands capable of irrigation have rapidly risen in value during the +past few years because of the immense yields of all crops under +irrigation. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific railway through its center, the Portland & +Seattle around its southern and eastern border and the North Coast +coming into the Yakima valley from the northeast and the southeast, +together with the shipping on the Columbia river, give abundant +means of marketing its products, while several local electric roads +are projected to connect its towns and help to open up the newly +developed portions of the county. + +IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES. + +General farming on the uplands, truck-gardening and fruit-raising +on the irrigated lower lands are the chief occupations. On account +of the great fertility of the volcanic soils and the early springs, +Benton county is able to supply the large towns with fruits and +vegetables some two weeks earlier than most other sections, giving +it quite an advantage in prices. The county is rapidly growing +in population and prosperity. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 39.--Stacking Hay in Kittitas County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 40.--New Training School, Ellensburg, Kittitas +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 41.--Sheep-Raising in Klickitat County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 42.--Wheat-Raising in Klickitat County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 43.--Eighty-Acre Orchard in Klickitat County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 44.--Manufacturing Scenes, Chehalis, Lewis +County.] + +[Page 49] +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +PROSSER, its chief town and county seat, is on the Yakima river +and Northern Pacific railway in the western central part of the +county, and has about 2,000 population. It is the chief distributing +center of the county. It has three weekly newspapers, six churches, +good water supply, banks, stores, warehouses, lumber yards, etc. + +KENNEWICK, at the easterly center of the county, on the Northern +Pacific and Portland & Seattle railroads and on the Columbia river, +is a town of much importance, having about 1,500 people. It is +noted for the remarkable earliness of its fruits and vegetables. It +has the usual business, church and school establishments, including +an ice and cold storage plant. + +KIONA, on the Yakima river, midway between Prosser and Kennewick, +CARLEY AND PETERSON, in the southern portion of the county, on the +Columbia river, are all growing and prospering smaller towns. + + +CHEHALIS COUNTY + +Chehalis county is central among the counties bordering on the +Pacific, the towns about Grays Harbor being its seaports. It has +an area of 2,600 square miles and a population of 35,000. + +RESOURCES. + +Its industries arise out of its vast timber belts, its fertile +low lands, and its fisheries. It is said to have 800,000 acres of +magnificent timber lands, the great bulk of it unmarketed. Logging +and the manufacture of wood products make up its chief occupation, +though general farming and fruit-raising is rapidly gaining. The +lands of the county when reclaimed from the forests are fertile +and respond generously to the labor of the husbandman. In 1906, +15,000 apple trees were planted in the county. The fishing industry, +including the canning of salmon, sardines, clams and oysters, is +a thriving industry and destined to develop into much larger +proportions. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Grays Harbor is open to the ocean, but is splendidly protected +and has safe anchorage. It is the largest lumber shipping port in +the state. The Humptulips and Chehalis rivers empty their waters +into the bay, and are both navigable for some distance. + +In addition, the Northern Pacific railroad skirts both sides of +the bay and a logging railroad from Shelton, in Mason county, has +nearly reached the ocean, going through the county from east to +west. Other railroads have surveying parties in the field, and +a conflict is on to share the vast lumber-carrying trade of the +county with the Northern Pacific, which has till now monopolized +it. + +Chehalis county is one of the most important counties in the state, +and offers an abundant opportunity for Yankee energy to exercise itself +[Page 50] +in almost every avenue of business. Its opportunities and resources +are numerous and vast. The newcomer may look long and find no better +place for his talents. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +MONTESANO is the county seat, located at the head of navigation +on the Chehalis river, and on the Northern Pacific railway. It +has a population of about 3,500. It has sawmills, sash and door +factories, and is surrounded by a prosperous farming community, +dairying being very remunerative. + +ABERDEEN is the commercial metropolis of the county. Nearly $15,000 +is daily paid out to wage-earners. Much commerce from the ocean is +centering here, 736 vessels clearing from Grays Harbor in 1907. Seven +hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars has been appropriated by +congress for the improvement of the harbor. The city has terminal +rail rates, and the Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. +Paul railroads are hustling after its trade. The business portion +of the city is built of stone, brick or cement. It has eleven large +sawmills, many shingle mills and various other factories for utilizing +the products of its timber, besides fish and clam canneries and other +factories. Its population, now about 15,000, is rapidly growing. + +HOQUIAM, Aberdeen's nearby neighbor, has a population crowding +11,000, and is a hustling manufacturing and commercial center, not +different in its general business from Aberdeen. + +ELMA, twelve miles east of Montesano, is a town of 2,700. + +COSMOPOLIS, south of the river from Aberdeen, has about 1,200, and +is a sawmill town. + +OAKVILLE, MAKRHAM and SATSOP are small growing towns on the Northern +Pacific railway. Many other embryo towns will in time grow into +prosperous business centers. + + +CHELAN COUNTY + +Chelan county is one of picturesque beauty and abundance of both +developed and undeveloped wealth. It faces the Columbia river eastward, +while its back rests against the peaks of the Cascades, 5,000 to +6,000 feet above the sea. Lake Chelan is the largest fresh water +body in the state, fifty miles long and one to four wide, and lies +400 feet higher than the Columbia river. + +Chelan county has 2,000 square miles, much of it mountainous and +full of minerals. Its population is at present about 14,000. + +RESOURCES. + +Horticulture, agriculture, lumbering, stock-raising, mining and +dairying all flourish on the bountiful natural fitness of the county +for these occupations. The climate is attractive. It is a sunshiny +county. + +[Page 51] +TRANSPORTATION. + +Steamers ply up and down the Columbia river. The Great Northern +railway crosses the county through the valley of the Wenatchee +river and the Washington & Great Northern railway is projected along +the western boundary of the Columbia river. + +PRODUCTS. + +All kinds of temperate zone fruits mature here in wonderful perfection +and abundance. The valleys run with water from the mountains to +irrigate the lands, and furnish vast power, much of it undeveloped. +Hills in the western part of the county are timbered and all the +vacant lands are grass covered. Over 1,000,000 fruit trees have +been planted in the last three years in the county. + +The mountain foothills are full of mineral veins of copper, gold, +silver, lead and molybdonite. Some have been producing for twenty +years. Trout in the streams and game on the hills add to its +attractiveness. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +WENATCHEE is the county seat and largest town, having about 3,500 +people. It is located on the Columbia river near where the Great +Northern railway crosses it. It is the chief distributing center +for the county and much other territory, chiefly north of it. + +LEAVENWORTH, westward of Wenatchee, and also on the railroad, has +a population of 1,200 and is a division point. + +CHELAN, at the foot of Lake Chelan, has about 700 people. + +CASHMERE, on the railroad, is of about equal size. + +LAKESIDE, PESHASTIN and ENTIAT are smaller towns, all thriving and +growing. + + +CLALLAM COUNTY + +Clallam county occupies 2,000 square miles of the northwestern +part of the Olympic peninsula, having 35 miles of shore land on +the Pacific and 90 miles on the straits. The Olympic mountains +and foothills cover the southern half mostly, while the northern +half is made up of lower hills and valleys. Several large lakes +nestle among the mountains; one of them, Lake Crescent, is a famous +summer resort. Lake Crescent is known as the home of the celebrated +Beardslee trout. The eastern and southern parts have a rainfall +sometimes nearing 100 inches annually, while in the eastern northerly +part it is about 20 to 25 inches only. + +An important section of the county is that known as Sequim Prairie +This is a level district of about 5,000 acres, located three miles +back from Port Williams. Most of it is under irrigation, and the +soil thus treated produces marvelous crops. + +[Page 52] +RESOURCES. + +Lumber, fish, agricultural products and coal comprise its chief +resources. The timber of the county is very vast and very little +exploited. Its proximity to the ocean makes it very advantageous +for all fishing industries. Its valleys are noted for the fertility +of their soils, and many a farmer has grown wealthy from their +cultivation. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Facilities for getting about are limited to boats and wagons. A +splendid boat service is maintained with Seattle and other Sound +ports, and a system of public roads is now in process of construction +that will be unexcelled in the state. Several surveying parties +are now in the woods and it is believed that Grays Harbor and the +Straits of Juan de Fuca will be soon united with railroad iron +and Clallam county will come to its own. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES. + +PORT ANGELES, located about 60 miles from the ocean on the Straits +of Fuca, is the largest town and county seat. It has a splendid +harbor, with fine anchorage, furnishing a safe refuge for ships +when the storms rage outside. + +DUNGENESS and SEQUIM, three miles from PORT WILLIAMS, are important +farming centers, both noted for their dairy products, and contribute +largely to make Clallam the second county in the state in the value +of its dairy products. + +QUILLAYUTE, FORKS, BEAVER, BLYN and GETTYSBURG are other small +settlements waiting for the railroads to open up the country and +render their natural resources available for the good of the world. + + +CLARKE COUNTY + +Clarke county lies on the north shore of the Columbia river, opposite +Portland, Oregon. It has 600 square miles of territory. It was +one of the earliest settled parts of the state, and its timber +as yet uncut is large. It is extremely well watered. The Columbia +and Lewis rivers border it on three sides with navigable waters. +It has a mild climate, very fertile soil, and splendid markets +at its doors, abundant rainfall, and agriculture is successfully +carried on without irrigation. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific railway connects its various towns with both +Portland and Seattle, and the North Bank and Oregon & Washington +railroad, paralleling the Northern Pacific, will add greatly to +the facility and cheapness of its transportation. From Vancouver +northeasterly a road is in operation nearly across the county, +headed for North Yakima and the East. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 45.--Mt. St. Helens and Reflection in Spirit +Lake, Lewis County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 46.--LEWIS COUNTY SCENES. Dairy Farm and +Hop Field. A Valley Ranch.] + +[Page 53] +INDUSTRIES. + +Much of the southern part of the county is devoted to fruit-raising, +prunes being a very prominent factor in the county's output. General +agriculture, with dairying, are very profitable, and to these are +to be added fishing, lumbering and mining. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +VANCOUVER has a population of about 8,000, and is rapidly growing. +It is the county seat, and is connected with Portland, Oregon, +by a trolley line. The Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Oregon +Railroad & Navigation and North Bank railroads all compete for its +traffic. It is the central distributing point of the county, and +is the United States military headquarters for Washington, Oregon +and Alaska. It is well represented in business establishments, +including barrel factory, fruit cannery, ship yard, iron foundry, +shoe factory, and others. + +LA CENTER, ETNA, NACOLT, AMBOY and BRUSH PRAIRIE are smaller towns, +all holding out an inviting hand to the newcomer, and offering +desirable opportunities for new business in both merchandising and +agriculture, as well as in lumbering and its kindred industries. +Clarke county is one well worth investigating by intending settlers, +both on account of its latent possibilities and because of its +peculiarly desirable climatic conditions, and its abundant competing +transportation facilities, both by rail and water. + + +COLUMBIA COUNTY + +Columbia county is one of the four counties in southeastern Washington, +lying on the Oregon state line and south of the Snake river. A forest +reserve in the Blue mountains covers much of the southern portion of +the county, which is heavily timbered. The Northern part of the +county is made up of rolling prairie lands, of great fertility on +account of the large proportion of clay added to the volcanic ash, +which composes most of the soils of eastern Washington. Irrigation +is here unnecessary, and abundant crops reward the agriculturist. +The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous, inclining to much +outdoor life the year around. + +PRODUCTS. + +Columbia county is essentially an agricultural county, but of late +years is branching out into fruit-raising and dairying with marked +success. Apples and pears predominate among the fruits, though +all others do well. Wheat is, however, still its great product, +and both the Northern Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation +railroads are in operation through the northern part of the county +to carry away its rich grain harvests. + +The citizens of Columbia county are among the most prosperous of +the state, its average of per capita wealth being exceeded by only +three other counties. + +[Page 54] +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +DAYTON, the county seat, has a population of about 3,500 people, +is situated about in the center of the county, and is the chief +town for the county's exports, as well as the distributor of its +merchandise. It is a substantially built city, with flour and feed +mills, and general mercantile establishments of importance. All the +public interests, including schools and churches, are generously +provided for. Its chief exports are grain, fruit, livestock and +wool. + +STARBUCK, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point +of no mean importance on the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway. + + +COWLITZ COUNTY + +Cowlitz county lies immediately north of Clarke county, bordering +about 40 miles on the Columbia river. It has about 1,100 square +miles of territory, and about 13,000 people. The southwestern portion +is largely composed of level valley lands, while its northeastern +part is occupied by the foothills of Mount St. Helens. The drainage +is all westerly and southerly into the Columbia river. Cowlitz river +is navigable as far as Castle Rock, and is an important factor in +the transportation problem. + +RESOURCES. + +Timber is the great source of industry at present, the county having +about two-thirds of its area heavily covered and unexploited. About +40 saw and shingle mills are engaged in disposing of its logs. +Agriculture follows close on the heels of the lumberman everywhere +in western Washington, and nowhere are better results in general +farming and dairying obtained than in Cowlitz county. + +Cowlitz coal fields have not yet been largely utilized, but will +be extensively developed in time. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Aside from the river navigation, this county is well supplied with +transportation facilities by rail. The valley of the Cowlitz river +affords the natural highway for roads between the Columbia river +and Puget sound, and is already traversed by the Northern Pacific, +while the Union Pacific systems and the North Coast road are projected +over practically parallel lines through the county. From Kalama +all three systems extend south to Portland and Vancouver. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +KALAMA, on the bank of the Columbia river at the ferry crossing of +the Northern Pacific railway, is the chief town and county seat. +There are here extensive electric power plants and a gravity water +system. The chief industries grow out of the lumbering and fishing +interests. It has about 1,250 people, but is just now rapidly growing, +owing to its superb transportation facilities by both rail and +water. + +[Page 55] +KELSO and CASTLE ROCK are both important towns on the railroads +and Cowlitz river, each having about 1,500 people. At Kelso, which +is near the Columbia river, considerable fish are caught and packed, +yet the timber furnishes the chief industry. Fruit and dairying +and general agriculture provide a large part of the support for +the town merchants. + +OSTRANDER, CARROLTON, CATLIN, ARIEL and LEXINGTON are smaller towns, +all prospering and being built up into substantial business centers +by the steadily increasing development of the latent resources of +the county. + +This county offers many opportunities for business to the newcomer +in either merchandising, manufacturing or farming. + + +DOUGLAS COUNTY + +Douglas county occupies the big bend of the Columbia river, having +about 1,800 square miles of territory. Formerly there were 4,500 +square miles. The last legislature carved the county in two, giving +Grant county the southeastern part, about 2,700 square miles of +territory, and leaving 1,800 to the northeastern part, with the old +name. The bend of the Columbia on the northeast and Grant county +on the southeast, compose its boundary. This division boundary +follows the northeastern bank of the Grand coulee, and following +its general direction meets the Columbia river where the Great +Northern railroad touches its valley, thus putting all of that +railroad in this new county, excepting only a few miles of the +railroad along the banks of the river in the southeastern corner +of Douglas county. Douglas county is essentially a high plateau, +some of it 1,500 feet above the main bank. Waterville is the county +seat, and considerable land along the valley of the Columbia is +being irrigated and proving to be of great value for fruit and +grain growing. + +In the southeastern part of the county are some lands covered with +black basaltic rocks, but the great bulk of the lands are rich +in a volcanic ash soil, and produce large crops of grain without +irrigation. A wrong view of the county can easily be impressed +upon the traveler by rail; he will see so many of the basaltic +rocks from the car windows but once up out of the canyon which +the railroad follows, he will find himself in view of an expanse +of wheat fields so vast and rich as to astonish him. + +RESOURCES. + +As already indicated, this county is essentially a grain producer. +Wheat and oats are marketed in large quantities. Fruit-growing +and stock-raising are important adjuncts to the county's wealth. +It is comparatively new, and lands can be had at very reasonable +prices. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +As now constituted, Douglas county will rely wholly upon the steamboat +crafts on the river to get its grain to market. Its trade, however, +[Page 56] +is too vast to be passed by, and already two lines of railroad, +the Washington & Great Northern and North Coast, are projecting +into the very center of its vast wheat fields. With these roads +completed as projected, Douglas county will have easy access to +both water and rail transportation, and renewed importance will +be given to its farming industries. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +WATERVILLE is its chief town and county seat. It is among the wheat +fields, in a broad plain, about seven miles east of the Columbia +river, to which it is connected by good roads for stages and freight +wagons. It has one of the U. S. general land offices. It has good +schools and churches, water and electric lighting systems, both +owned by the city. It has a population of about 1,200 people, and +is well supplied with business houses, flour and feed mills, a +brick yard, bank, etc. + +BRIDGEPORT, a town of some 400 people, is situated in the northern +part of the county on the Columbia river east of its junction with +the Okanogan river, and is an important wheat-shipping point, having +a regular steamboat service. A bank, flour mill, warehouses and +general stores are serving the community, but other industries +await the newcomer. + +DOUGLAS, FARMER, JAMESON, MANSFIELD and HOLLISTER are growing +agricultural centers. + + +FERRY COUNTY + +Ferry county is about in the center of the northern part of eastern +Washington, stretching from the northern boundary of the state +to the Columbia river, which marks its southern and southwestern +boundary. The southern half of the county is within the Colville +Indian reservation, and is therefore wholly undeveloped. The lands, +however, have in fact been allotted and the remainder will be thrown +open for settlement in the near future. + +Altogether it has an area of 2,200 square miles, and a population +of 5,000. It is principally composed of low mountains, well timbered, +with valleys furnishing fine grazing. + +CLIMATE. + +The climate of the county is such as prevails generally in northeastern +Washington--a couple of months of snow in winter, affording plenty +of sleighing, skating, etc. Summers are very pleasant, and spring +and fall delightful. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 47.--A Ranch Scene in Lincoln County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 48.--Harvest Time in Lincoln County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 49.--View of Spokane River in Lincoln County, +Showing Possibility of Power Development.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 50.--Mason County Timber.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 51.--Dairy Scene in Mason County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 52.--Oyster Beds in Mason County.] + +RESOURCES. + +The bulk of the resources of this county are yet dormant. The mountains +are full of minerals; timber is abundant; grassy hillsides are +tempting to the sheep and cattle, while the soil is rich, and when +tilled will be found to produce excellent crops. The county has +a fine future for wealth from all these sources, and, while the +mines are +[Page 57] +first to be made productive, without doubt the fruits and cereals +will come into their own in time and furnish much of its wealth. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Two railroads reach the center of the northern half of the county, +terminating at Republic, the county seat. These railroads have +pushed in here after the precious metals mined in the vicinity. + +The Columbia river is navigable most of its course on the county +boundary, barring some obstructions which the national government +will remove and thus open up to river navigation to the ocean the +fruits of toil in Ferry county. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +REPUBLIC, the county seat, is the only large town in the county, +and has a population of about 1,250 people. + +It is the distributing point for supplies for the mines and ships +out much ore for the smelters. + +Ferry county altogether offers exceptional opportunities for the +homeseeker in a variety of occupations, as already indicated. + + +FRANKLIN COUNTY + +Franklin county occupies the basin formed by the junction of the +Columbia and Snake rivers, being bounded east, south and west by +them. The southern portion of the county is scarcely 300 feet above +sea level, and the soil is fine and sandy. The northern part of +the county is somewhat higher and composed of successive benches +till they reach an altitude of 1,000 feet. It is only a few years +since these lands were all considered barren and useless. Yet in +1906 these bench lands in this county added 1,500,000 bushels of +wheat to the world's supply and in the following season nearly +doubled that output. + +There are no forests, the land being covered with bunchgrass and +sagebrush. + +IRRIGATION. + +Along the rivers some farmers have irrigated small parcels of land +by pumping water, but the bulk of the irrigable lands are awaiting +the action of the U. S. Reclamation Service, which it is thought +will ultimately be engaged in an extensive irrigation problem to +reclaim thousands of acres now arid and barren. The warm climate +of these low Bandy lands has already been proven to be immensely +advantageous to the gardener and fruit-grower, and the lands wonderfully +productive when the magic influence of plenty of water renders the +sources of plant life soluble. + +The wheat crops now being produced come from the bench lands without +irrigation. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific railway passes diagonally through the county +and crosses the Columbia river near Pasco. The Oregon Railroad & +[Page 58] +Navigation railway taps the wheat belt in the northern part of +the county and the North Coast is projected through it, while the +Portland & Seattle follows the north bank of the Snake river along +its southwestern boundary, thus giving the county four systems +of railroad, besides the Columbia river steamboats. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +PASCO is the county seat, in the extreme southern portion of the +county, near the Columbia river, and is more noted as a railroad +center than as a shipping point, on account of the fact that the +surrounding lands are as yet unirrigated. It has a population of +about 1,800, and is just now enjoying new vigor and much building +in anticipation of its future usefulness as a commercial center +for distribution of both merchandise and agricultural products. + +CONNELL, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point +of importance, and has two railroad lines and a third one coming. +In addition to the cereals, many sheep and horses are being raised +and shipped out of the county from this vicinity. + + +GARFIELD COUNTY + +Garfield county is the second from the southeast corner of the +state, and extends from the Snake river on the north to the state +boundary on the south. It has 627 square miles of territory and +a population of about 7,000. + +The southern portion is included in the Wenaha forest reserve, and +is quite heavily timbered. The northern portion is an extremely +prolific farming region, made up of undulating lands with deep +rich soil, composed of clays and volcanic ash. No irrigation is +necessary, and very heavy crops of grain are annually matured. + +RESOURCES. + +As already intimated, the chief source of income for the county +comes from the tillage of the soil. Of the crops raised, barley is +in the lead, having furnished 1,800,000 bushels in 1907, which places +this county second of all counties in the state in the production of +this cereal. Wheat and oats are also largely produced. Stock-raising +in the southern ranges of the county is very profitable, and much +fruit is of late years being produced. Indeed, Garfield county is +well up to the front in the per capita wealth of its citizens. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +POMEROY is the county seat and chief distributing center of the +county. It is situated in the north central part of the county, +on the Pataha river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway. +It has a population of nearly 2,000. + +It is lighted with electricity, has a gravity water system, and all +the machinery for doing all the business naturally coming to a town +[Page 59] +of its size. It has a fine high school and graded schools, churches, +newspapers, banks, warehouses, big stocks of goods, fire department, +cet. + + +GRANT COUNTY + +Grant county occupies about 2,700 square miles of what was formerly +Douglas county, comprising the lands southeast of the Grand and +Moses coulees, bordering on the southwest on the Columbia river, +with Adams and Lincoln counties on its eastern border. + +Ephrata is the county seat, on the Great Northern railway. The +northern part of the county is traversed by the Great Northern +railroad, and has developed into a vast region of grain production +without irrigation, although originally supposed to be valueless +for cereal-raising. + +The southern part is new and comparatively undeveloped, but is +crossed by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, just now +giving this new county great impetus. The southern portion of the +county has long been a grazing ground for herds of cattle and horses, +but it is thought now it will be turned into a prosperous region +of small farms. + +While the county is cut by several coulees, it is chiefly composed +of large areas of bench lands, comparatively level, barring a range +of hills in its southwestern corner called Saddle mountains. There +is considerable water in the county, Moses lake being quite a large +body of water with bordering swampy lands, about in the center, +and Wilson creek, in the northern and Crab creek, in the southern +part, furnishing considerable stock water. + +LANDS. + +The lands tributary to the Great Northern railway already produce +great quantities of grain and livestock, and these will continue +to be its staple crops until irrigation may come in and stimulate +fruit production, for which it is thought much of the lands will +be suitable. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Both the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railway systems are in +the grain fields of the northern part of the county. The Milwaukee +road crosses the southern part, the N. & S. is projected along its +western border, paralleling the Columbia river, which is navigable, +thus affording all the county, excepting the central portion, good +facilities for marketing its products. As the county develops, +beyond question branch lines will penetrate this portion, and Grant +county will become as well supplied as any other portion of the +state with facilities for commerce. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +EPHRATA, the county seat, is a small village on the Great Northern +railway about midway of the county and the center of a large +wheat-growing section. Its transformation into an important town +is rapidly +[Page 60] +going on, the new county government calling for a variety of new +occupations to center here. + +WILSON CREEK, near the eastern border of the county, is a larger +town whose chief industry is marketing grain. It is an important +distributing point, with prospects of larger growth. + +QUINCY is a station on the Great Northern and is also an important +wheat-shipping point. + +SOAP LAKE, on a lake of the same name, is noted as a resort for +the rheumatic. + +BACON, COULEE CITY, and HARTLINE are stations on the Northern Pacific +railway in the northeastern part of the county. + +Grant county is new, but has large undeveloped resources, and is +awaiting the newcomer with abundant offerings for his energy and +labor. + + +ISLAND COUNTY + +Island county is entirely composed of a group of islands in Puget +sound, the largest two being Whidby and Camano. It has a land area +of 227 square miles and a population of about 5,000. + +RESOURCES. + +Lumber, agricultural products and fish make up the county's resources. +Considerable of the timber, particularly from Whidby island, has been +removed, and wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruits, poultry, butter, +eggs, etc., are now shipped out to the splendid nearby markets at +the chief seaport towns on Puget Sound. + +The soils in the northern part of Whidby island are of remarkable +fertility, some of them producing as much as 100 bushels of wheat +per acre and immense crops of potatoes. + +In season the waters of the county abound in salmon and other salt +water fish, and many of the citizens of the county find profitable +employment in connection with the fishing industry. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +COUPEVILLE is a town of some 400 people and the county seat, situated +on a beautiful bay in the northern part of Whidby island. It is +chief distributing point for the county, has a sawmill, shingle +mill, fruit-drying establishment, stores, churches, schools, a +newspaper, etc. + +OAK HARBOR, further north, is the center of a large farming and +logging district. Two canneries are in successful operation. + +UTSALADY, SAN DE FUCA, CAMANO, CLINTON, and LANGLEY are smaller +villages gradually becoming summer resorts for people from the +large cities of the sound. Steamboats furnish good transportation +from all parts of the county. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 53.--An Okanogan County Orchard in Bloom.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 54.--A View of the Country Along the Okanogan +River in the Vicinity of the Okanogan Irrigation Project.] + + +[Page 61] +JEFFERSON COUNTY + +Jefferson county is the second county south of the entrance of +Puget sound, stretching from the Pacific ocean eastward over the +peaks of the Olympic mountains to Hood's canal, and turning north +gets a long waterfront also on Puget sound, and taps the Straits +of Fuca. It has a population of 11,000 people and 2,000 square +miles of territory. + +RESOURCES. + +The resources of this county are largely undeveloped, and yet it +is one of the oldest settled counties in the state. Originally its +entire area, barring a few small patches, was heavily timbered, +and it is estimated that the county still has twenty billion feet of +standing timber. Its soil is remarkably fertile, and the products +of its farms have long been famous. + +The Olympic mountains contain veins of precious metals, iron and +manganese, none of which have as yet been thoroughly developed. + +Fishing for salmon, sardines, shrimps, clams and crabs is a very +important industry. + +SOILS, CLIMATE AND PRODUCTS. + +The soils of the county are largely sedimentary, having been washed +down from the mountains for ages, assisted by the decomposition of +vegetable matter accumulated through centuries. In the valleys, where +most of the farming is being done, these soils produce remarkable +crops under the influence of the charming climate the county affords. + +The rainfall in the eastern part of the county is moderate, but +ample for all purposes; the average rainfall is about 20 inches. +The temperature rarely exceeds 80 degrees in summer, while the +winter months average about 45 degrees. + +Such soils and such climatic conditions combine to force wealth +upon every industrious tiller of the soil. Clover yields from four +to six tons per acre. + +Oats and vetches for ensilage purposes yield five to seven tons +per acre. Fifty to seventy-five tons of cabbage or mangles per +acre are not uncommon, and onions and potatoes produce from six +to ten tons. The fruit trees, particularly cherries, apples, and +pears, produce wonderful crops. Cattle can graze ten months in the +year or more, and the products of the dairies of Jefferson county +cannot be excelled. + +Because of the light rainfall and moderate weather, this county is +admirably suited to poultry-raising. Green food can be had twelve +months in the year. Runs can always be open, and with proper care +hens can be made to pay $3.00 per year each. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +PORT TOWNSEND, at the entrance of Puget sound, is the county seat +and chief commercial center of the county. It has a population of +[Page 62] +about 6,000. It is the headquarters for many government institutions, +including the U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue cutter service, +marine hospital service, hydrographic service, quarantine service, +and U. S. artillery for the Puget sound district. + +Three great forts; Worden, Flagler, and Casey, are located here, +forming the chief defense to Puget sound. Fort Worden joins the +city limits. The present garrison force is 2,000. The scenery from +the city is grand and beyond compare. + +Its business interests are varied and extensive. Two canneries +for salmon and sardines are here located, boiler works, a machine +shop for building electric and gasoline engines, a shipyard, sash +and door factory, lumber mills, and shingle mills, a by-product +plant producing wood alcohol, turpentine, etc. + +The city is substantially built and its homes are artistically created. + +The harbor has twenty-five miles of waterfront and fine anchorage +of from nine to eighteen fathoms, and is an ideal refuge for all +seagoing craft. + +The city has gas and electric lights, paid fire department, fine +churches, splendid schools, and a magnificent gravity water system +furnishes the town of Irondale, Hadlock and Forts Worden and Flagler, +having plenty of water to spare for thousands mote. + +IRONDALE is practically a suburb of Port Townsend, having the only +pig iron plant in the state. It is an extensive and growing concern, +using bog iron from the vicinity and other ores from different +sources. + +PORT LUDLOW, DUCKABUSH, BOGACHIEL, PORT DISCOVERY, QUILCENE, and +CHIMACUM are small villages scattered about the county and are +centers of agricultural activity. + + +KING COUNTY + +King county is distinguished by having Seattle for its county seat. +The county is an empire in itself, stretching from the shores of +Puget sound to the peaks of the Cascade mountains, and containing +more than 2,000 square miles of territory. It also includes Vashon, +one of the large islands of the sound. + +RESOURCES. + +King county's sources of revenue are varied and extensive. Its +lumber industry, growing out of the vast forests within its borders +not only, but from the cutting of logs brought in from other sections +of the state, is immense. + +Its agricultural lands are not surpassed in fertility by any, and +include not only the alluvial deposits in its river bottoms, but +great areas of shot clay and other soils splendidly adapted to +fruit culture. + +Its mining industries include not only very great acreage of coal +measures, which have been producing coal for commercial purposes for +local and foreign trade for thirty years and are scarcely scratched +as yet, but also fissure veins of the precious metals--gold, silver, lead, +[Page 63] +copper, antimony, arsenic, and also iron, asbestos, fire clays, +kaolin, granite, sandstones, lime ledges, and others. + +Its fishing industries in its own waters and from the ocean give +employment to a large number of men and its fish are shipped even +as far east as Boston, Massachusetts. + +Its power capacity, in addition to its wood and coal, includes +great falls and rapids and many large streams which are already +harnessed, but only in part, and driving vast quantities of machinery +in this and adjoining counties. + +In commercial possibilities King county is unrivaled. Its combination +of lakes, rivers and salt water harbors have no superior on the +globe, and the fact of its supremacy is demonstrated by the tabulated +statistics of state officers, which show that King county possesses +one-fifth of the population of the state and has more than one-quarter +in value of taxable property of the state, and pays one-fourth of +taxes collected within the state borders. + +In scenery, which is no mean asset of the county, it is also +unsurpassed. Vast ranges of mountains, sheets of fresh and salt +water, rivers, hills and plains, forests, and grassy fields combine +and interlace in a thousand directions to entrance and delight +the artistic eye. + +In game, including bear, deer, mountain goats, cougar, grouse, +pheasants, quail, mountain trout, salmon and other fishes, make +many a paradise for the sportsman. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +In addition to its salt waterways, with 75 miles of shore lands, +and its navigable fresh water lakes, there are centering in the +county coming in from all directions seven transcontinental lines of +railroads, making King county and its metropolis a great distributing +center for the commerce between the American continent and the +continents of Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Besides these +steam roads, electric trolley lines are making a network of +inter-communication between all parts of King county not only, but +reaching out into the adjoining counties. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +SEATTLE is the county seat and great metropolis of King county and +the state, with a population crowding, if not exceeding, 275,000 +people. It covers the hills and lowlands surrounding Elliot bay, an +indentation of Puget sound, and a part of the land between the sound +and Lake Washington, a freshwater lake of great beauty paralleling +the sound for 23 miles and from one to three miles wide. It also +includes two smaller lakes, whose sloping shores are covered with +the homes of its citizens. From its hills the snow-capped mountains +of the Cascade and Olympic ranges and Mount Rainier's towering +peak are visions of surpassing beauty. A constant stream of coming +and going water craft from all quarters of the globe frequent its +harbor. Its business buildings of brick, stone, iron and concrete +tower heavenward over four avenues, and many cross streets and +miles of its low lands are +[Page 64] +covered with railroad tracks, warehouses and manufacturing plants. + +Its grammar schools, high schools, and State University are equipped +with magnificent buildings and grounds. Its streets and homes are +brilliantly lighted with electricity from its own power plants, +while the purest water, sufficient for a million people, flows +through its water mains, all owned and controlled by the city. + +A multitude of factories are providing a small part of the merchandise +and composes the groundwork of her commerce. + +The shores of Elliot bay are lined with wharves accommodating the +largest sea-going ships. Its last assessed valuation of property +was $203,168,680, and its tax to be raised $975,210. + +More than 150 miles of street-car tracks are within her borders +and a nickel pays for a 15-mile ride. + +GEORGETOWN, in the southern part of Seattle, but not a part of +it as yet, has a population of about 5,000, and is an important +manufacturing center. Here are the car shops of Seattle Electric +Company, gas works, foundries, breweries, machine shops, brick +and tile works and many other industries. + +RENTON, ISSAQUAH, RAVENSDALE, BLACK DIAMOND, and NEW CASTLE are +coal mining towns. + +KENT, AUBURN, KIRKLAND, VASHON, NORTH BEND, TOLT, FALL CITY, and +MAPLE VALLEY are agricultural towns of importance. + + +KITSAP COUNTY + +Kitsap county is nearly surrounded by the waters of Puget sound +and Hood's canal, forming the larger part of the great peninsula +which these waters would make an island were a six-mile ridge in +Mason county opened up to them. It has extensive and numerous bays +and inlets, with magnificent anchorage, and contains in its center +the great Port Orchard navy yard, destined to become one of the +largest seats in the United States for Uncle Sam's naval activities. + +RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. + +The chief resource of the county is in the lumber. Some of the largest +mills of the state are located within its borders. + +It is estimated that there are yet 200,000 acres of uncut timber in +its borders, and its mills are turning out 600,000 feet of lumber +daily, besides vast quantities of shingles. + +The fishing industry now includes oyster culture, which is rapidly +becoming very important. About the county are located many villages +supported by the tillage of the soil from its reclaimed forest +lands. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Kitsap county has no railroads, but its waterways are so vast and +intricate that all its corners are reached by steamers, and travel +is cheap and freight conveniently handled in all parts of the county. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 55.--An Okanogan County Valley, Palmer +Lake.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 56.--McGowan Seining Grounds, Sand Island, +Pacific County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 57.--Oyster Culture in Willapa Harbor, +Pacific County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 58.--View of the Waterfront at Raymond, +Pacific County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 59.--A View of a Portion of Tacoma's Harbor, +Showing Ships Waiting to Load Lumber and Wheat for Foreign Ports.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 60.--Railroad Yards and a Corner of the +Business Section, Tacoma.] + +[Page 65] +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +PORT ORCHARD, the county seat, is on the bay of the same name and +opposite the navy yard. It is the chief distributing point for a +larger part of the cultivated lands of the county, and exports not +only agricultural products, but also shingles. The surrounding lands +are well suited for dairying, fruit-growing and poultry-raising, +which is also true of the entire county. + +BREMERTON, adjoining the navy yard, is the largest town in the +county, having about 4,000 people and rapidly growing. It has a +fire department, electric light and water systems, newspapers, +banks, about 1,000 or more wage-earners and is a hustling town. + +CHARLESTON is another smaller town adjoining the navy yard on the +west and rapidly growing. + +PORT BLAKELEY is an important milling and shipbuilding town of +nearly 2,000 people, opposite Seattle. Its lumber goes to all parts +of the world. + +PORT GAMBLE is a sawmill town of importance contributing to swell +the large output of lumber shipped out of the county. + +CHICO, TRACYTON, KEYPORT, PAULSBO, SEABECK, CRYSTAL SPRINGS, COLBY, +BANGOR, BURLEY, PORT MADISON, and OLALLA are all small villages, +making progress as agricultural centers and as furnishing summer +homes for business men. + + +KITTITAS COUNTY + +Kittitas county is located about in the center of the state, and +takes in the upper reaches and most of the watershed of the Yakima +river. It has a population of about 20,000 in an area of 2,400 +square miles. On its northwestern side it is bordered by two ranges +of the Cascade mountains, while its southwestern side lies on the +Columbia river. + +Among the sources of the Yakima river are three large lakes, Keechelus, +Kachess and Cle-Elum, most beautiful bodies of mountain water and +the sources of the great irrigation systems now fathered by the +national government and making the Yakima valley a veritable garden +pot of orchards and vegetables, grasses and flowers. + +RESOURCES. + +The central portion of the county is a valley comprising 250,000 +acres, about one-fourth of which is under irrigation, and has long +been noted for its prolific crops of hay and many herds of dairy +cows. + +The foothills of the mountains have precious metals, coal and iron. +The streams abound in trout and much game is in the mountains. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads, +coming into the county from the south and west, cross at Ellensburg +[Page 66] +and then follow the valley of the Yakima to the crest of the Cascades +giving abundant facilities for making markets east and west to all +parts of the country. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +ELLENSBURG, the county seat, is situated on a level bench in the +Yakima valley and on the railroads. It is a town of upwards of 5,500 +people, and is substantially built, chiefly of brick. There are +creameries, flourmills, sawmills, and warehouses, banks, breweries +newspapers, electric lights, and gravity water system, churches, +schools, among which is one of the state normal schools. It is +also a division point on the Northern Pacific railway, and is the +chief distributing point in the county for farm products and +merchandise. + +ROSLYN is the chief coal-mining town, situated on the railroad well +up in the foothills of the mountains. It has about 4,500 people. +It has gravity water and electric lights, and is a substantial, +thriving and growing town. From the coal mines in the vicinity the +best coals of the state are mined in large quantities and shipped +all over the state. + +CLE_ELUM is another coal mining town, on the Northern Pacific railway, +with a population of about 2,500. Tributary to Cle-Elum is a wide +mining territory, for which it is the chief distributing point. + +THORPE is a smaller village likely to develop into an important +trading point. + + +KLICKTAT COUNTY + +Klickitat county is central among the southern tier of counties +of the state, bordering 80 miles on the Columbia river, with an +average width of 20 miles. It has a population of about 14,000 +and an area of 1,800 square miles. + +There is a great variety in its climate, the elevation varying from +100 to 3,500 feet above the sea level. + +The soil is chiefly volcanic ash, disintegrated basalt and alluvium. +It is deep and much of it sub-irrigated. The principal crops are +wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn. + +The wheat lands yield from 15 to 40 bushels per acre. + +Among the fruits raised are apples, peaches, pears, cherries, English +walnuts, almonds, plums, prunes, grapes, apricots, and all the +small fruits. + +Wheat lands vary in price from $10 to $50 per acre. It is estimated +that 7,000 acres will be planted to fruit and nut trees this current +year, while last year 75,385 apple trees, 14,675 peach trees, and +17,345 grape vines were planted. + +RESOURCES. + +As already indicated, the strength of the county is in its soil +and agriculture is its great source of wealth. Stock-raising is a +chief industry, the slopes of the mountains on its northern boundary +furnishing +[Page 67] +abundant pasturage. The southeastern part is fast developing into +a fruit-growing region, while agriculture and grain-growing is +more general in the central and southern portion. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Columbia river, with a railroad on each side of it and numerous +ferries, makes ample provision for transportation, while the Goldendale +branch reaches well up into the center of the county. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +GOLDENDALE, the county seat and metropolis, is located in the center +of the county, 120 miles east of Portland. It is the terminus of +the Goldendale branch of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway, +making connection with the main line at Lyle. It is located in +the heart of a splendid agricultural section and at the edge of +the great timber belt. + +WHITE SALMON, located in the splendid fruit section, is a thriving +town. It is an important railroad point on the North Bank and is the +outlet for the products of an extensive fruit, timber and dairying +region. + +CLIFFS, the division point of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway, +is the trading center of many square miles of territory. The best +nut land in the county is located near here. + +BICKLETON, the trading point of an extensive wheat section, is in +the eastern part of the county. An electric road has been surveyed, +which will, when completed, give this town railway connection. + +LYLE, ROOSEVELT, COLUMBUS, BINGEN, and CENTERVILLE are growing trading +points. + + +LEWIS COUNTY + +Lewis county is one of the largest counties in western Washington, +having an area of 2,593 square miles of territory and about 40,000 +people. It occupies a large part of the drainage basins of two +large rivers, the Cowlitz and Chehalis--one emptying its waters +into the Columbia river and the other into Grays harbor. It reaches +from the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles toward the ocean, but +is cut off 30 miles from the coast, and is about 30 miles wide. +Mount Rainier is just north of its extreme eastern portion and +about one-fourth of the county is within the Rainier forest reserve. + + +RESOURCES. + +At present the chief industry of the county consists of manufacturing +its forests into the various forms of lumber and its products, the +lumber cut aggregating four hundred million feet and two hundred +million shingles. + +Next in importance probably are the precious metal and coal deposits +of the county, which have, however, been but little developed. +The coal measures include bituminous, lignite and anthracite, and +are of great extent in the foothills of the eastern part of the +county. Two systems of railroads have been projected into these +fields, and the nearest, carrying lignite and bituminous coals, +are being commercially developed. +[Page 68] + +Agriculture, including especially dairying and fruit culture, takes +the place of the forests as they are removed and bids fair to reach +in importance, in time, the lumber and coal resources. To this +end, the soil fertility, the mild climate and cool mountain waters +conspire. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Lewis county is in the path of all railroads coming in from the +south or through the Columbia gap in the Cascades. Already the +Northern Pacific railway and the Union Pacific railway cross the +county, and the North Coast contemplates traversing the entire +Cowlitz valley, while the Tacoma Eastern is already into the +northwestern part of the county on its way toward the same goal. +The county cannot be too well supplied, for its vast treasures +when developed will furnish immense products for transportation. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +CHEHALIS and CENTRALIA are the two twin cities of the county--less +than five miles apart and of about equal importance. From Chehalis +the Northern Pacific railway branches off, following the upper +reaches of Chehalis river and ending on Willapa bay, while from +Centralia the same road branches, following the lower Chehalis +river, to Grays harbor. + +CHEHALIS is the county seat, with a population of 5,000 and rapidly +growing, and has electric lights, sanitary sewerage system, paved +streets, fine business blocks, and a large and growing trade. Near +the city is located the State Training School. + +CENTRALIA has a population of about 7,000 people, chiefly engaged +in running sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories, and +other woodworking plants. It has a large city hall, ten churches, +fine schools, banks, business houses, water systems, fire department, +and is a hustling, thriving town. + +WINLOCK is a town of 1,200 people on the railroad in the southern +part of the county, and a distributing point of much importance. + +PE ELL is a town of 1,000 people on the South Bend branch of the +Northern Pacific railway, chiefly engaged in milling and agricultural +pursuits. + +MCCORMICK, LITTELL, KOSMOS, LITTLE FALLS, ADNA, DRYAD, DOTY, and +KOPIAH, are all centers of industry in various parts of the county. + +Lewis county as a whole offers wonderful opportunities for newcomers +in all pursuits--commercial, agricultural, and mining. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 61.--Tacoma High School and Stadium. Rose +Arbor in Point Defiance Park, Tacoma.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 62.--A Red Raspberry Field in the Puyallup +Valley, Pierce County.] + + +[Page 69] +LINCOLN COUNTY + +Lincoln county, adjoining Spokane county on the west, is one of +eastern Washington's great granaries. Its northern boundary is +defined by the Columbia and Spokane rivers. The bulk of its lands +are rolling prairies of great fertility. It has about 2,300 square +miles of territory and about 25,000 people. + +TOPOGRAPHY. + +The bulk of the county consists of the rolling prairie land +characteristic of the great wheat belt of the state. There are +some mineral lands in the northern part of the county and here +and there will be found considerable stretches of timber. In its +northern portion the county is well watered by the Columbia and +Spokane rivers, while in the southwestern section and elsewhere +numerous small creeks and lakes occur. + +RESOURCES. + +The great resource of Lincoln county is its wheat fields, which +in 1907 produced to exceed 8,000,000 bushels. Other cereals and +hay are important crops. Along its northern part, particularly +on the bottom lands of the rivers, much fruit is grown, including +peaches and all the small fruits. Diversified farming is growing +in favor among the farmers. Compared with other counties of the +state, Lincoln county ranks as follows in the number of its stock: +Horses, second place; hogs, second place; cattle, sixth place. +The county also stands fourth in the number of its school houses +and spends annually $100,000 for school support. + +In wealth per capita, Lincoln county leads the state, showing for +assessment purposes an average holding of real estate of $1,163 +and $226 in personalty. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The county is traversed from west to east its entire length by the +Great Northern and the central Washington branch of the Northern +Pacific railroads, some distance from its side lines, so that very +little of the county is more than 12 miles from a railroad shipping +point. There are 170 miles of railroad tracks in the county. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +DAVENPORT, the county seat and largest town in the county, is situated +on the central Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railway +near the middle eastern portion of the county, and has a population +of about 2,800 people. Its business blocks are chiefly built of +brick. It owns its own water system, is lighted with electricity, +has fine school buildings and churches. Its court house cost about +$80,000. It is surrounded by splendid farms and annually ships +out about 1,250,000 bushels of wheat. + +[Page 70] +WILBUR, a town of 1,500 people, on the Northern Pacific railway, +is a very important shipping and distributing center. It has large +flour mills, warehouses, five churches, and schools, electric lights, +and water system, bank, newspaper, parks, and important commercial +institutions. + +ALMIRA, in the western part of the county, on the Northern Pacific +railway, is another prosperous and growing grain center with about +600 people. + +HARRINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, is a town of some 1,200 +people. It has a beautiful location, commands the trade of a large +farming county, ships grain and livestock, and is a prosperous +and growing town. + +CRESTON, EGYPT, and BLUESTEM are smaller growing commercial centers. + + +MASON COUNTY + +Mason county lies on the upper reaches of Puget sound, having the +Olympic mountains at its north, where about one-fourth of the county +is in the Olympic forest reserve. Its total area is about 900 square +miles, and it has a population of about 6,000. Hood's canal penetrates +well into the center of the county in its great bend, giving it a +very long salt-water shore line. From the Olympic mountains numerous +streams flow into the Puget sound, while others empty their waters +into Gray's harbor. + +The county is a great forest of splendid timber, which has been +only to a limited degree cut out. The soil of the foothills and +valleys Is composed chiefly of shot clays and alluvial deposits, +making good farming, stock-raising and fruit-growing lands. + +RESOURCES. + +Logging and its allied industries constitute the main industries +of the county, Much of the logs are shipped out of the county to +feed sawmills in other parts of the Sound. + +Raising and marketing oysters is an important source of wealth to +the county. + +There is already considerable acreage for farming and stock-raising, +stock finding pasturage the year round. This industry will grow +as the land is cleared. + +The county affords splendid hunting and fishing in season. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The county is so cut into by the inlets and bays of the sound that +it has splendid transportation facilities by steamer to all the +sound ports. The Northern Pacific railway reaches its southern +boundary. No other railroads traverse the county but its logging +railroads, which can give only a limited service. + +[Page 71] +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +SHELTON is the county seat, situated on an arm of the sound at the +terminus of the logging railroad, and has about 1,200 inhabitants. +Steamers from its wharves reach all the parts of the sound directly +or by connection with others. + +The logging industry, manufacturing lumber, cultivating oysters, +fishing and farming are the chief industries of its people. It has +four churches, good schools, a newspaper, good stocks of goods, +volunteer fire department, electric lights, gravity water system. + +The logging industry, which centers here, employs 2,000 men and +pays out $120,000 a month. + +LAKE CUSHMAN is a summer resort in the mountains famous for its +big trout catches. + +ALLYN, on an arm of the sound, is central to much oyster lands, +logging camps and fruit orchards. + +ARCADIA, also on the sound, is central to considerable stock-raising +and lumbering. + +DETROIT is a prosperous village, proud of the grapes grown on some +of its logged-off lands. + +MATLOCK is a town on the logging railroad and central to large logging +operations. + + +OKANOGAN COUNTY. + +Okanogan, the largest county in the state, lies on the northern +boundary just east of the Cascade peaks. It has an area of 4,500 +square miles and a population estimated at 13,000. + +About one-fourth of the county, a district of great latent resources, +is still within the Colville Indian reservation, but is soon to +be thrown open to settlement. + +RESOURCES. + +This county is endowed with great natural resources and a delightful +climate, and is destined to become thickly populated. + +The mountains and their foothills have large and numerous veins +of metals and are covered also with extensive forests. The rolling +hills of the south and center are rich in agricultural possibilities, +suitable for stock, and great crops of cereals and fruits. The +Okanogan river and its branches drain the greater portion of the +county, rising in British Columbia and flowing south through the +center of the county and joining the Columbia river on the south +boundary. The Methow river drains a large portion of the western +part and makes a paradise for the frontiersman along its sloping +sides. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Until now the rivers and wagon roads are the only paths of commerce. +But into this blossoming empire the railroads are looking with +longing eyes. The Great Northern, however, has already tapped the +[Page 72] +northern boundary and projected a line down the Okanogan and Columbia +rivers to Wenatchee. Other railroads will follow, as the prize is +too great not to be divided. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +CONCONULLY, the county seat, is situated among the foothills and +mines west of the Okanogan river. In addition to the mining industry, +the raising of sheep and cattle is followed by the citizens. The +town has a population of about 500 people. + +OROVILLE is the chief town on the railroad, near the northern border, +and is the terminus of the road. It has about 500 people and is +growing. It is an important ore-shipping point, surrounded also +by good fruit-raising and agricultural lands, yet unirrigated. + +BREWSTER, at the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers, +has a population of about 200, and is an important grain and +fruit-shipping point. + +OKANOGAN is on the river of the same name, about midway between +Brewster and Conconully, and to this point the steamers ply in +the higher waters of the river. + +TWISP is a growing village in the Methow valley, devoted chiefly to +fruit-growing and mining. It is an important distributing center. + +PATEROS has steamer connection with Wenatchee, and is an importing, +growing center. + +BECK, BONAPARTE, ANGLIN and BODIE are other new and growing commercial +centers. + +CHESAW, in the northern part, and NESPELIM, in the southeastern +part, are important locations. + + +PACIFIC COUNTY. + +Pacific county is the extreme southern county, which borders on the +ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river. Although a small county +with only 900 square miles, it has about 100 miles of salt-water +frontage. Willapa harbor, at the northwest, is capable of being +made accessible to all ocean ships, while Shoalwater bay, a body +of water 20 miles long and separated from the ocean by a long slim +peninsula, furnishes probably the best breeding ground In the state +for oyster culture. The county at large is an immense forest, in +the center of which is a range of hills dividing the watershed so +that some of the streams flow into the Columbia river at the south, +some west into Willapa harbor, and others, through the Chehalis +river, reach Grays harbor. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 63.--Modern Sanitary Dairy Barn, on Farm +of Hon. W. H. Paulhamus, Sumner, Pierce County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 64.--Views in Rainier National Park, Reached +by Railroad and Driveway from Tacoma.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 65.--San Juan County Views.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 66.--Purse Seiners' Camp at Eagle Gorge, +San Juan County.] + +RESOURCES. + +As already indicated, its timber and its fisheries are the great +sources of wealth for the county, although stock-raising, dairying, +fruit-growing and general farming are constantly growing in importance. +[Page 73] +The county probably has eleven billion feet of standing timber, +and daily cuts with its 64 sawmills about 775,000 feet of lumber +and one million shingles. + +Both native and cultivated oysters are largely marketed, as are +also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. A splendid market for all farm +products is afforded by the mills and lumber camps and summer campers +on the beach. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, cutting the +county centrally east and west. On the long ocean beach from the +mouth of the Columbia river northward is a railroad about 20 miles +long, made profitable by the extensive patronage of the summer +campers. Added to these are the water crafts which frequent the +harbor and the Columbia river, and altogether make access to all +parts of the county easy. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +SOUTH BEND, the county seat, situated near the mouth of the Willapa +river, is a rapidly growing town of 3,000 people and destined to become +an important ocean port. The harbor is capacious, well protected, +has fine anchorage, and is handicapped only by a few feet of mud at +the bottom, which Uncle Sam will soon remove. At low tide there +is now from 20 to 30 feet of water in the channel of the river and +at South Bend it is 1,000 feet wide. South Bend is the terminus +of the Northern Pacific railway. It has electric lights, water +works, good schools, fine churches, bank, sawmills, planing-mills, +sash and door factories, fish canneries, newspapers, etc., and +is about to build a $50,000 courthouse. + +RAYMOND, a new manufacturing town on the harbor and railroad, a +few miles from South Bend, has 2,500 people and is rapidly growing +in importance. Raymond is not yet five years old; has a monthly +payroll of $100,000; sawmills and factories representing an invested +capital of $4,900,000, employing 1,200 men; an electric light plant; +a city telephone system, owned by local capital; a salt-water fire +protection system; is about to build two bridges, costing $30,000 +each, and is adding new manufacturing plants at the rate of one a +month. The city gives free factory sites, and has both rail and +ocean transportation from factory locations to the markets of the +world. + +ILWACO is a fishing post of importance near the southwest shore +of the county, with 900 population. + +CHINOOK, FRANKFORT and KNABTON are other fishing points on the +Columbia river of importance. NAHCOTTA is an ocean summer resort. + + +[Page 74] +PIERCE COUNTY. + +Pierce county, though not the largest, is one of the most important +counties in the state. Its area of 1,800 square miles occupies +much of the upper reaches of Puget sound on both sides and extends +southeasterly, taking in the Rainier National Park of 2,225,000 +acres, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma) 14,526 feet above sea level and +less than 60 miles from salt water, covered with eternal snow, an +endless scene of majestic grandeur, giving the county a greater +variety of elevations and more beautiful and startling scenery than +any other county in the United States. Its northeastern boundary +is the White river, its southwestern boundary the Nisqually river. +It has about 125 miles of salt-water shore lands, with innumerable +bays and inlets and several important islands. Originally one vast +forest, much of it now is covered with fruitful fields of grain, +grass and orchards. + +Its climate is mild and salubrious, its soils of great variety +and fertility, and its mountains and foothills full of coal and +precious metals. + +RESOURCES. + +The resources of Pierce county are varied and of great value. Its +central part is one great coal field, covered with forests, producing +annually about 1,000,000 tons of coal. Gold, silver and copper are +among its precious metals, but not extensively mined as yet. + +Its rivers possess almost immeasurable water power. One plant on +the Puyallup river at Electron has an ultimate capacity of 40,000 +horse-power, 20,000 horse-power of which is now in use. The city of +Tacoma is engaged in the construction of a plant on the Nisqually +for municipal use, the capacity of which will be 20,000 horse-power. +The 12,000 horse-power plant at Snoqualmie Falls also furnishes +current for city lighting, street railway and manufacturing purposes +in Tacoma. + +All the cereals are successfully raised; dairying is one of the +most important industries; fruit-growing, particularly in small +fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries, +etc., is very profitable and is engaging a great deal of attention. +Fish are caught in quantities and shipped to eastern markets, but +Pierce county's greatest natural wealth is in its vast forests. +An idea of the value can be had when it is said that $6,000,000 +worth of lumber was cut in 1908 in Tacoma alone. In addition to +these great natural resources, Pierce county's commercial industries +are so great as to place it in the front rank of counties of the +Northwest. The great sawmills, woodworking plants and factories of +various kinds in the city of Tacoma alone employ 11,800 people, and +the value of their output last year amounted to over $43,000,000.00. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Pierce county is fast becoming a network of transcontinental railroads +centering in Tacoma, which, coupled with the steamboat traffic on +the Sound, gives the county splendid traffic facilities. Pierce county +[Page 75] +for years was a non-competitive railroad point, the Northern Pacific +being the only road to enter its vast fields of wealth. Within the +last two years, however, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the +Union Pacific system, and the Great Northern, realizing the wealth +of the county and the importance of Tacoma as a manufacturing center, +the value of her perfect harbor for shipping, the vastness of her +great stretch of level tidelands for factory sites and terminal +yards, and the low cost at which freight can be transferred from the +rails to the sails or _vice versa_, have entered the field and are +now spending $11,000,000 on construction and terminal work in the +city of Tacoma. The addition of these new roads means a wonderful +impetus to the trade of Tacoma. The Tacoma Eastern railroad, a +beautiful scenic route, beginning at Tacoma, runs in a southeasterly +direction through a wonderfully fertile country and vast forests +of splendid timber, to Rainier National Park and Mount Rainier +(Mt. Tacoma). Several trolley lines are in operation, reaching all +the near-by towns and connecting Tacoma and Seattle. + +In addition to these lines, many steamboats and crafts of all kinds, +plying the waters of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean, find abundant +wharfage and anchorage in the harbor of Tacoma. The products of +the world in large quantities pass through Tacoma in process of +distribution. A constant stream of small crafts, running about +the waters of the county, accommodate the local traffic. + +CITIES AND TOWNS. + +TACOMA, with a population of about 125,000, is the county seat of +Pierce county, and situated on Commencement bay. Its harbor, one +of the finest in the world, and its railroad terminals, unexcelled +on the Pacific Coast, as already indicated, are the center of a +vast commerce by rail and water. At its door is an immense amount +of water power, already developed, driving her street cars and the +machinery in many of her factories. Coal and coke are in abundance +within a few miles of the city, the coal being used extensively +for steam and conveyed from the trains to the boats by immense +electric bunkers. The coke is largely utilized in the largest lead +and copper reduction plant on the coast. The great Guggenheim smelter +at Tacoma reduces and turns out annually lead, copper, gold and silver +worth about $10,000,000. Along her wharves are immense elevators, +grain warehouses and flouring mills. Tacoma yearly ships out more +grain than any other city on Puget sound. In and around the city +are large saw and shingle mills, which last year cut 527,604,000 +feet of lumber and 434,000,000 Shingles. Her factories and shops +have $24,000,000 invested and employ 11,800 wage-earners, and her +large flour mills ship their products to all parts of the world. +Her packing-house products amounted to $5,000,000 in 1908. The +largest car shops west of the Mississippi are located here. Her +downtown streets are lined by large business blocks; she has 185 +miles of street and suburban railway, and over 75 miles of paved +streets. + +[Page 76] +There are four daily newspapers, 8 banks, 1,120 acres in parks, +and many beautiful and expensive public buildings. The city hall +cost $200,000; the court house, $500,000; her high school building, +the most beautiful on the coast, cost a half million dollars, and the +United States government is completing a $500,000 federal building. + +PUYALLUP is one of Pierce county's prosperous towns, having about +7,000 population, in the wealthy Puyallup valley. This is the center +or a great fruit-growing district, in which the farmers have combined +and market their crops through an association, sending their berries +in patent refrigerator cars into far-away markets. It is also quite +a large manufacturing center, with a payroll of $45,000 per month. + +BUCKLEY, with a population of 1,500, is the center of large sawmilling, +farming and mining industries. + +ORTING is a town with 800 people, chiefly engaged in gardening +and farming. The State Soldiers' Home is located near, and adds +considerable trade to the town. + +SUMNER has a population of 1,000, is located in the Puyallup valley, +and its people form a part of the farmers' association, engaged +in fruit-growing, dairying and gardening. + +STEILACOOM is one of the most beautiful little summer resort towns +on Puget sound and is connected with Tacoma by two electric lines. + +SYLVAN, GIG HARBOR, ROSEDALE, ELGIN, LONG BRANCH, BLANCHARD, and +BEE are very prosperous villages of Pierce county, and are located +on the shores of Puget sound. + +SPANAWAY, EATONVILLE, ALDERTON, ELBE, MERIDIAN, KAPOWSIN, and MCMILLAN +are villages in the interior, on the railroads. + +WILKESON, SOUTH PRARIE, CARBONADO, FAIRFAX, PITTSBURG, and MELMONT +are coal-mining towns of importance. + + +SAN JUAN COUNTY. + +San Juan county is a group of islands lying between the waters +of the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the southeast +shore of Vancouver island. It has about 200 square miles of territory +and about 4,500 people. + +There are three large islands and several smaller ones. The islands +are covered with soil and timber not different from the main land +adjoining. Heavy timber in the forests, fine clay loams in the +bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, big ledges of lime rock +and other minerals and great shoals of fish in the waters are the +foundations for prosperity for the citizens of the county. + +RESOURCES. + +The soils of the islands yield generously to good tillage, and +wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay yield large crops. Dairying +is profitable. Poultry-raising and fruit-growing, are especially +attractive. Sheep and +[Page 77] +cattle find splendid pasture. Great quantities of salmon and other +fish are taken in the waters, and game-deer and wild fowl--are +abundant. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 67.--Two Views of the Lime Works at Roche +Harbor, San Juan County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 68.--A Typical Farm Scene in Skagit County.] + +TRANSPORTATION. + +There is no transportation save by water, but the islands are in +the way of traffic from so many different directions that all parts +are well served by steamboats. + +ISLANDS AND TOWNS. + +SAN JUAN ISLAND is the largest of the group, and its chief industries +are farming, raising stock, salmon-fishing, and manufacturing lime. + +FRIDAY HARBOR, on this island, is the county seat and largest town, +with about 500 people. A telephone system is in operation throughout +the island. + +ROCHE HARBOR is the home of great lime kilns. + +ORCAS ISLAND is the leading fruit-growing district of the county. + +EAST SOUND, near the center of the island, at the foot of Mount +Constitution, is a picturesque and charming fruit-growing section +and summer resort. + +ORCAS is an important center of the fruit and sheep raising industries. + +LOPEZ ISLAND is a beautiful stretch of fertile agricultural land, +much of it under tillage, and is the home of a prosperous community +of farmers and stock-growers. + +LOPEZ is the chief commercial center, with a cannery and creamery. + + +SKAGIT COUNTY. + +Skagit county is the next county to the northwest corner of the +state, stretching from Rosario straits to the peaks of the +Cascades--about 100 miles east and west and 24 miles north and +south. Its area is 1,800 square miles, with a population of about +35,000. + +It is a county of great diversities in climate, topography and +resources. The Skagit river and its branches drain nearly the entire +county from the mountains to the saltwater. Its deltas are great +flat fields of wonderful fertility. Its valleys also, where cleared +of forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Its upper lands carry +a great burden of forests and are full of hidden treasures. + +RESOURCES. + +The resources of the county are its forests and minerals, its +agricultural products, and fishes. Its great cereal crop is of +oats; hops, fruits, hay and barley follow in the order named in +importance, while the products of the dairy are rapidly multiplying. +Its minerals include the precious metals, iron, lead, coal, marble, +limestone, granite, sandstone, etc. + +[Page 78] +TRANSPORTATION. + +Aside from its water transportation, the Great Northern and the +Northern Pacific railways cross its westerly end and send a branch +line through the valley of the Skagit river well up towards the +mountains and to the salt water at Anacortes. And other roads are +building, while there are 168 miles of modern graveled wagon roads. +The facilities for getting about are excellent. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +MT. VERNON is the county seat, with about 4,000 people. It is on +the Great Northern railway, on the navigable Skagit river, and is +a city of much commercial importance to the agricultural district +around it. The soil in the vicinity is renowned for its great fertility +and astonishing crops of oats, hay and grass. Creameries and a +milk-condensing plant are supported profitably to all concerned. + +ANACORTES is the chief town of the county, on the salt water. It +has about 6,000 people, and is a center of lumbering and fishing. +Factories for drying, salting, and canning salmon, halibut, and +cod are increasing industries. There is also a fertilizing plant +and a plant producing charcoal and the by-products of combustion, +wood alcohol, turpentine, etc. + +SEDRO-WOOLLEY, on both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern +railways, has a population of 4,000, engaged in lumber industries, +fruit, and vegetables, canning, dairying and gardening. It has a +monthly payroll of $125,000. + +BURLINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, has 1,800 people, and +factories for making various wood products, concrete blocks, lumber, +shingles and condensed milk. + +LA CONNER is a great oat and hay shipping point. It is at the mouth +of the Skagit river and on tide water, and has 800 people. + +HAMILTON, at the head of navigation on the Skagit river, is a mining +and lumbering town of 300 people. + +BAY VIEW, SAMMISH, MINKLER, PRAIRIE, FIR, and BIRDSVIEW are other +shipping points. + +BAKER, on a branch of the Great Northern railway, has 400 people, +and is a center of cement factories. + + +[Page 79] +SKAMANIA COUNTY. + +Skamania county, in the south central part of the state, has its +southern boundary on the Columbia river, with Lewis county to the +north. It is chiefly within the forest reserve, and includes Mount St. +Helens on the west and Mount Adams on its eastern border. Altogether +it has an area of 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and about +3,000 people. + +The north fork of the Lewis river drains the most of the mountainous +region, while a lot of small streams drain the southern part, emptying +into the Columbia river. + +The climate is a mean between that of eastern and western Washington, +and is very mild and salubrious. The soil of the valleys in the +region of the Columbia river is very fertile. + +RESOURCES. + +The chief resource of the county is in its timber and lumber, yet +its mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming better known and +appreciated yearly. The fruit raised in its valleys is of excellent +flavor, early in season, and the soil is generous in its yield. +Splendid pasturage in the foothills encourages stock-raising, and +fishing in the Columbia river is profitably followed by some of +the citizens. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Boats on the Columbia river and a railroad on each side of it are +the means of transportation, and ample for the residents of the +county in its southern portion. The coming of the North Bank railroad +has given a decided stimulus to the growth of the county. + +DEVELOPMENT. + +Skamania county has developed slowly and the bulk of its natural +wealth is still practically untouched. Its minerals, well known +to be valuable, are attracting the attention of prospectors, while +the forests, fisheries and farming lands will furnish a competence +to hundreds of additional familles. The scenery, combined with +the fishing and hunting afforded, are additional attractions that +will prove alluring to many newcomers. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +STEVENSON, a small town on the Columbia river and railroad, is the +county seat and has a population of about 450. + +Tributary to Stevenson is considerable improved land, and the people +are engaged in stock-raising, fruit-growing and farming. + +BUTLER is a town of about 300 people on the railroad and river. + +CARSON, CAPE HORN, MT. PLEASANT and BEAR PRAIRIE are smaller villages, +destined to become centers of commercial distribution. + + +[Page 80] +SNOHOMISH COUNTY. + +Snohomish county extends 36 miles in width from the Sound to the +peaks of the Cascade mountains, adjoining King county on the north. +It has an area of some 2,500 square miles of territory, a population +of about 63,000 people, and a great storehouse of wealth in its +natural resources. It is one of the largest and richest counties in +the state, with a mild and healthful climate, magnificent scenery, +great diversity of landscape, innumerable water falls and plenty +of game. + +RESOURCES. + +The forests of Snohomish are very extensive and but little depleted. +Fir, cedar, hemlock and spruce are its chief trees. Nearly one-half +of the area of the county is heavily mineralized with veins of +gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, iron, and other ores. There +are also vast ledges of marble, granite and other building stones. + +In diversified agricultural possibilities, few counties can excel +Snohomish. Its general soils in its valleys are alluvial, and produce +astonishing crops; about the deltas of its rivers, the riches of +the salt water and the mountains have combined to make a soil that +will endure for ages and annually astonish the husbandman with +its generosity. Upon its uplands, its clay and decaying herbage +have combined for ages to create a soil wonderfully adapted to +produce grass and fruits, and the industrious are luxuriating in +nature's prodigality. + +Rainfall is abundant, but not excessive, and crops of the cereals +and fruits are never failures. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +This county is splendidly provided with transportation facilities; +many steamboats ply its salt waters and part way up the three great +rivers that flow into the Sound. Two transcontinental railroads +cut the western part of the county in two. The trunk line of the +Great Northern follows the valley of one river from the southeast +to the coast, while two branch lines run up the other two great +valleys, past the center of the state, toward the mountains, while +a dozen spurs and short logging and coal roads act as feeders to +the main lines, thus giving all the towns of the county access +to all the Sound markets, and those of the east and the ports of +the Pacific ocean. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +EVERETT, situated upon a fine harbor on the shores of Puget Sound near +the mouth of the Snohomish river, is the county seat and metropolis +of the county. It has a population of 35,000, and is fast developing +into a commercial and manufacturing center of importance. + +The largest steamers afloat can find wharfage at her docks and +safe anchorage in her waters. It has upwards of 3,000 men employed +in its factories and mills, with a monthly payroll aggregating +$230,000. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 69.--Codfish and Salmon Packing Plants +at Anacortes, Skagit County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 70.--Plant for the Manufacture of Portland +Cement, Located in Skagit County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 71.--Snohomish County Views.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 72.--Snohomish County Industrial Scenes.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 73.--Street Scene in Stanwood, Snohomish +County. A Pony Farm at Everett, Snohomish County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 74.--City and Town Views, Snohomish County.] + +[Page 81] +They are engaged in the manufacture of lumber, shingles, sash and +doors; in railroad shops, pulp and paper mills, and smelters; in +running tug boats, driving piles, making iron castings, and tanning +hides; packing meats and fish; making turpentine, charcoal, flour, +butter, and many other commodities. Its banks have $4,000,000 on +deposit. Its paper mills produce 26 tons of paper daily. Its smelter +is a constant producer of the precious metals and their by-products. + +The city is substantially built, having all the conveniences of a +modern city, with wide streets and wide sidewalks; has both gas and +electricity for lights, and a good water system. Some of its streets +are paved with preserved wooden blocks and some with asphalt. + +Everett is a sub-port of entry of the Puget sound country. The +United States has spent half a million dollars improving the mouth +of the Snohomish river for a fresh-water harbor. + +SNOHOMISH is a city of 4,000 people, on the Snohomish river, which +is navigable, and is connected with Everett by a street car line. +It is also on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways, +and is the distributing center for a large agricultural district. +It has a number of shingle and sawmills, and is headquarters for +a good deal of the mining industry of the county. + +STANWOOD is a town of about 800 people, on the Sound and railway, +in the northwestern part of the county. It is a center of farming +interests and lumber industries. + +ARLINGTON is a mining and lumbering town on the Northern Pacific +railway, well up toward the mountains. It has a population of 2,000 +and is growing. + +MONROE is a town of 2,400 people, on the line of the Great Northern +railway, in the center of a large farming and milling industry. + +EDMONDS, a town of 2,000 people, is on the Sound and Great Northern +railway, near the King county line; chiefly engaged in sawing lumber +and making shingles. + +SULTAN, GRANITE FALLS, GOLD BAR, DARRINGTON, and MONTE CRISTO are +all centers of mining and other industries. + +MARYSVILLE, MUKILTEO, SILVANA, GETCHELL, and PILCHUCK are centers +of lumbering and farming. + + +SPOKANE COUNTY + +Spokane county lies in the extreme eastern section of the state. +The area of the county is 1,680 square miles. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The transportation facilities are the best of the Inland Pacific +Northwest. Three transcontinental railroads--the Northern Pacific, +Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Great Northern--traverse the +County from east to west; a fourth transcontinental line, the Oregon +Railway & Navigation company, enters from the southwest, and a fifth +transcontinental road, the Spokane International (C. P. R.), enters +[Page 82] +the county from the northeast and terminates at Spokane. The Spokane +Falls & Northern extends north into British Columbia and to Republic +and Oroville, Wash. Electric trolley lines connect Spokane with +the outlying towns in every direction. The total railway mileage +in the county is approximately 429 miles. + +TOPOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIES. + +The northern portion of the county is somewhat mountainous, and +is covered with a fine growth of pine and tamarack timber; much of +this section is suitable for agriculture, while all is adapted to +grazing. The central part of the county is rolling and is traversed +by the Spokane river; the central section to the west of the city +of Spokane is fine agricultural land, while to the east of Spokane +is the Spokane valley, which is rapidly being brought into a high +state of cultivation by means of irrigation. There are about 40,000 +acres in this valley capable of irrigation; 3,000 acres are now +irrigated and under cultivation. The southern portion of the county +is rolling, and comprises some of the finest agricultural land in the +state. Large areas of this section are utilized for wheat-raising, +while here are grown the finest sugar beets in the world. + +Lumbering is a considerable industry, while stock-raising and dairying +are also extensively engaged in. Over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat +are grown annually. The flour mills of the county have a combined +capacity of 3,600 barrels daily. + +In fruit-growing Spokane is one of the leading counties of the +state. The value of the fruit produced in the county amounts to +nearly $3,000,000 annually. The following table shows the distribution +of the five important fruits. + + _Trees planted_ 1908-- _Total._ + [*]Apples, 253,630 713,567 + Pears, 15,470 39,232 + Peaches, 59,323 94,769 + Cherries, 56,405 106,909 + Plums and Prunes, 11,815 29,128 + Miscellaneous 2,910 10,000 + ------- --------- + 399,553 Total planted 1,003,615 + +[Footnote *: Is 25 percent. of the total number of apple trees planted +in the state in 1908.] + +SCHOOLS. + +There are 165 school districts in the county and eighteen towns +where graded schools are maintained. The total valuation of assessed +property with improvements (1908) is $77,120,360; personal property, +$10,527,030. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 75.--(1) Spokane Club Building, Spokane. +(2)Riverside Avenue, Looking East from Post Street, Spokane.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 76.--Spokane River and Bridge at Spokane, +Showing Fill for New Concrete Structure to Cost $500,000.] + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +SPOKANE, situated on the Spokane river, is the county seat of Spokane +county, and is the metropolis of eastern Washington, having a +[Page 83] +population estimated at 120,000. Spokane is the center of a great +wheat-raising section and is the principal mining and commercial +center between the Cascades and the Rocky mountains. A conservative +estimate of the total value of manufactured products for 1908 is +$17,000,000. There are over 12,000 wage-earners, receiving over +$10,000,000 annually. The principal industrial establishments are +lumber mills, flour mills, machine shops, agricultural machinery, +brick plants, iron works, foundries, pottery, cereal food, furniture, +etc. + +The industrial prosperity of the city is due largely to the mines +in the vicinity, the great agricultural resources of the surrounding +country, and to the extensive water power which offers special +inducements to manufacturers. The Spokane river here has a total +fall of 132 feet, which furnishes a minimum of 33,000 horse-power, +of which 15,000 horse-power is developed. + +There are four national banks, with a combined capital of $3,425,000. +The city owns its own water works, from which an annual revenue +of more than $325,000 is derived. + +The educational facilities are excellent. There are twenty-three +public school buildings, constructed of brick and stone, and costing +$1,450,000. There are three daily newspapers, having a combined +circulation of 45,000. Here is located the U. S. circuit court; +the headquarters of the U. S. district court, eastern division; +U. S. military post (Fort Wright); the government headquarters +of the postal inspector service, known as the Spokane division, +which includes the states of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, +and the territory of Alaska, and a U. S. land office. Postoffice +receipts for 1908 amounted to $360,504. + +CHENEY, 10 miles southwest of Spokane, is a town of 1,500 people. +Here is located one of the state normal schools, having about 400 +students. + +MEDICAL LAKE is an important town, having the Eastern Washington +Hospital for the Insane near-by, It is a noted health resort. + +ROCKFORD is an important agricultural town of 1,200 people. + +HILLYARD is an important place of 1,500 people, having the car shops +of the Great Northern railway as its chief business. + + +STEVENS COUNTY + +Stevens county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state, +has an area of 4,500 square miles and a population of about 24,000. +It is a county of great and diverse resources, is splendidly watered +with large rivers, the Columbia bounding it on the west, and the +Spokane on part of its southern line. Three ranges of low mountains +extend across the county nearly north and south. Between these the +Colville river and the Pend d'Oreille flow generally northerly +through grand and beautiful valleys. + +[Page 84] +RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONS. + +Agriculture in all its branches, lumbering and kindred pursuits, +and the mining of precious metals and building stones make up its +chief sources of wealth. + +AGRICULTURE. + +The farms in the Colville valley are noted for their heavy hay +crops, producing abundantly all the cereals, including corn, the +clovers, timothy and alfalfa. + +Dairying and stock-raising are important industries. To these the +climate and soils are well adapted. Some lands have been irrigated +with great benefit, but the bulk of the farming is successful without +irrigation. + +Fruit-raising is receiving deep interest of late, and the county +bids fair to compete for honors with the very best localities in +the state for the hardier fruits. + +Lumbering and saw-milling engage the attention of a large number +of the people, the product of the mills finding a ready market +in the farming region, large cities and mining camps. + +Mining of the precious metals is a growing and an attractive industry. +The ores include gold, silver, lead, copper, tungsten and iron, while +quarries of limestone, marble, onyx, fire-clay, etc., abound. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +In addition to the navigable waters of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille +rivers, which traverse the outskirts of the county, the Great Northern +railway through the Colville valley from the southern to the northern +boundary, reaches most of the agricultural and mining centers and +renders good service. The western part of the county, comparatively +undeveloped, deserves much more attention. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +COLVILLE is both the county seat and principal town in the county, +having a population of 1,600 people, and is a growing town, a +distributing center on the railroad, surrounded by prosperous farming +communities. + +NORTHPORT is the center of much mining activity and has a large +smelter for the reduction of ores of the precious metals. It has +a population of 1,200. + +CHEWELAH is a center of agriculture, mining and lumbering industries +in the center of the county, having about 1,000 people. + +NEWPORT, in the southeastern part of the county, is an important +agricultural distributing center. A dozen other smaller towns offer +great opportunities to the homeseeker. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 77.--Raising Potatoes in Young Orchard, +Spokane County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 78.--Basalt Columns, Spokane River at Spokane.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 79.--STEVENS COUNTY VIEWS. "Where the +Elephant Drinks," a Remarkable Crag on the Bank of the Pend d'Oreille +River. A Typical Fruit Ranch. Flume Creek Falls.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 80.--Stevens County Timber. Cedar Forest. +White Pine Forest. Yellow Pine Forest.] + + +[Page 85] +THURSTON COUNTY + +Thurston county is known as having the state capital, Olympia, +within its borders, and as including the extreme southern reaches +of Puget sound. It is a county of wooded hills and valleys with +a few open prairies well watered by mountain streams, chief of +which is the Nisqually, which forms its dividing line from Pierce +county, and the Des Chutes river, which makes a splendid waterfall +of some 85 feet, a few miles south of Olympia. It has an area of +about 700 square miles, 100 miles of salt-water shore, a population +of about 20,000, and a delightful climate and magnificent scenery of +lofty mountains; great expanse of inland salt water, and green-clad +islands and fields in every direction. + +RESOURCES. + +The county is one of the oldest settled portions of the state, +and has a great variety of natural resources, among which are its +timber areas, its agricultural fields, its coal mines, its fisheries, +including clam and oyster beds, gray sandstone quarries, and a +great variety of clays. + +INDUSTRIES. + +The sawmills of the county are still a very important industry +and shiploads of lumber are sent out from its wharves. All the +cereals and grasses yield abundant crops; root crops are extensive; +fruit of great variety and fine flavor is very prominent. Dairying +is flourishing, the county having more dairies than any other in +the state. Coal mining is in its infancy, but has progressed far +enough to demonstrate the existence of vast areas of lignite coal, +having some six veins and having a combined thickness of 61 feet +of coal. About 50,000 sacks of oysters are annually marketed. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Northern Pacific railway connects Olympia with all the important +Sound ports and the east, and all the transcontinental roads coming +to the Sound from the south will pass through the county. Together +with its salt-water deep harbors, these give the county splendid +competition and variety of commercial facilities. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES. + +OLYMPIA, the chief town of the county, at once the county seat, +state capital and county metropolis, is situated on one of the +deep-water inlets of Puget sound. Its population is about 12,000. +While it has a beautiful sandstone structure, now used for capitol +purposes, the state is about to erect a new capitol building, to +cost $1,000,000. The foundation is already built. Olympia has one +of the U. S. land offices and the U. S. surveyor-general's office. +It is lighted and furnished with power for street-car and other +purposes from the power of Tumwater falls. The city is a beautiful +one of fine homes, shaded streets and parks, surrounded by a very +prosperous agricultural community, +[Page 86] +producing great quantities of fruit, dairy and poultry products. + +Several other smaller towns on the railroads are local centers of +commercial activity. + + +WAHKIAKUM COUNTY + +Wahkiakum is a small county, having only 275 square miles of territory, +located on the Columbia river in the southwestern corner of the +state, near the ocean. Its population is about 4,000. The county +is heavily timbered and well watered. In many parts of the county +the soil is exceptionally fertile. The climate is mild, but somewhat +humid. In the northern part are some low mountains, from which the +drainage is south through the county to the Columbia river. + +RESOURCES. + +The resources of the county consist in its timber, its fertile soil, +and the fish in the river and ocean. + +INDUSTRIES. + +Logging, saw-milling, and industries growing out of these; agriculture, +dairying, and fishing are the chief occupation of its people. There +are several logging concerns in the county and large saw-mills. +Fish canneries dot its river shores; several creameries and dairies +are manufacturing butter, while its farms produce hay, potatoes, +fruits, cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other products, chiefly +for the Portland market. Many of its citizens are fishermen and +some make considerable sums trapping fur animals in the winters. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +The Columbia river is the great highway of the county; no railroads +are within its borders or near. Owing to the small area of the +county, this condition is no great drawback, as all the people have +ready access to the river wharves. + +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +CATHLAMET, on the Columbia, is the county seat, with about 500 people, +and is the chief distributing center of the county. + +ROSBURG, DEEP RIVER, BROOKFIELD, ALTOONA, and SKAMOKAWA are centers +of industry. This county offers exceptional opportunities for the +frontiersman. + + +WALLA WALLA COUNTY + +Walla Walla is the county of many waters. It is the most western +of the southeastern counties of the state, and is bounded north +and west by the Snake and Columbia rivers. It has 1,296 square +miles and a population of about 30,000. The elevation varies from +350 feet at the Columbia river to 2,500 feet along its eastern +border. It is a succession of plains and rolling hills, covered +with bunch-grass, with some trees along the streams. Its soil varies +from quite sandy volcanic ash in the low lands near the Columbia to a +[Page 87] +heavier clay loam in the eastern parts. In common with much of +eastern Washington, these lands increase in fertility with successive +cultivations. The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 81.--Farm Scene Near Colville, Stevens +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 82.--View of Calispell Valley and Pend +d'Oreille River, Stevens County.] + +RESOURCES. + +Walla Walla county is essentially agricultural. Its chief resource +is its soil fertility. This is such that few farmers can be found +who have not bank accounts. + +PRODUCTS. + +The annual production of wheat in Walla Walla county is about 5,000,000 +bushels. Barley is also a profitable crop. Oats and some corn are +also raised. Large crops of alfalfa hay are annually marketed, +chiefly from irrigated lands. Fruit of all kinds is abundant. There +are 2,500 acres devoted to orchards. Market gardening is an important +and growing industry. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +There are 310 miles of railroads in this county, both the Northern +Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company railroads competing +for the traffic. In addition to the railroads, steamboats are plying +the rivers around the edge of the county, giving additional facilities +for transportation. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +WALLA WALLA, the county seat, has a population of about 22,000 and +is the commercial center for the southeastern part of the state. +Its streets are paved. The city owns its own system of water, at +a cost of $600,000. It is lighted with electricity and gas, has +large banks and business houses, U. S. land office, U. S. courts, +U. S. cavalry post, an Odd Fellows' home, and a Home for Widows +and Orphans. There are manufacturing industries employing 400 men, +turning out $2,000,000 of productions annually. An electric system +of street cars traverses the streets and is projected into several +other near-by towns. + +WAITSBURG is an important agricultural town of about 1,600 people, +in the western part of the county, having both railroad systems, +and ships great quantities of grain. It has large flouring mills, +warehouses, fine schools and churches, and is a prosperous, thriving +town. + +A large number of shipping points on both systems of railroads are +growing commercial centers. + + +WHATCOM COUNTY + +Whatcom county lies on the boundary of British Columbia, stretching +from the Straits of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade mountains--24 +miles wide and 100 miles long, The eastern half or more of the +county is included in the national forest reserve, with Mount Baker, +10,827 feet high, in the center of the county. It is one of the +important counties on tide water, and has an area of 2,226 square +miles and a population of about 70,000. + +[Page 88] +The climate is not different from the general Puget sound climate +being mild and healthful. There are no severe storms, no sultry +heat and no severe cold. + +RESOURCES. + +It is estimated that Whatcom county has three billion feet of standing +timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. The western half +of the county, outside of the lumbering, etc., is blessed with +a wealth of soil responding to the farmer's labor generously. + +The eastern half of the county is essentially a mountainous, +forest-covered mining region, and has in store many veins of nearly +all the metals. + +Game of great variety of animals and fowls and fish are abundant. + +INDUSTRIES. + +The people of Whatcom county are engaged in lumbering and running +saw-mills, one of the largest of the state being in this county; +manufacturing of various kinds from the raw products in the county, +including shingle mills and shingle machinery factory, salmon canneries, +planing mills, barrel factories, Portland cement factory, and many +others. Of no small importance is farming, fruit-growing and dairying. +Prospecting and mining engage the attention and labor of a large +number of citizens. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Aside from having a long salt-water coast, open to traffic from +the ocean, with splendid harbors, the county is traversed in all +its agricultural half by a network of railroads, by the Northern +Pacific, Great Northern, B. B. and B. C. railroads. These furnish +exceptional means of traffic to all industries excepting the mining. +The county has also an admirable system of wagon roads, some planked, +some graveled and some graded and drained, covering about 700 miles. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 83.--Products of Thurston County Waters.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Thurston County Stick. 14,000 Feet. +Sandstone Quarry, Tenino, Thurston County. Logging with Oxen. Early +Days in Thurston County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Five Combined Harvesters at Work on +a Walla Walla County Wheat Farm.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 86.--Ploughing the Ground for Wheat-Growing, +Walla Walla County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 87.--Bird's-Eye View of a Portion of +Bellingham, Whatcom County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 88.--Typical Farm Scenes in Whatcom County.] + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +BELLINGHAM, on a salt-water bay of the same name, is the county +seat, and commercial metropolis not only for this county but much +other territory. It has a population of about 40,000 people. Into +it all the railroads center, while the harbor is one of the best +in Washington. It is largely a manufacturing town, having plants +for the production of sash, doors, columns, tin cans, boilers, +engines, flour and feed, canned fish, condensed milk, and many +others. It is a substantial, live business community of wide-awake +people, and growing rapidly. It has a gravity water system, electric +lights, and gas plant. + +BLAINE is a city of about 3,000 inhabitants, situated close to the +Canadian line and on the Great Northern railway. Timber and lumber +manufactures are the chief sources of its prosperity. Fishing and the +canning of salmon are also important industries. The railroad +[Page 89] +company has recently expended considerable sums in improving its +facilities. Blaine is a growing community. + +SUMAS, on the Canadian border, is a lumbering town of 1,100 people. + +LYNDEN is an agricultural center of 1,200 citizens. + +FERNDALE is a lumber center of 1,000 people. Besides, there are a +dozen smaller business centers in the county, growing and prosperous. + + +WHITMAN COUNTY + +Whitman county is one of the chief agricultural counties of the +state, lying immediately south of Spokane county and on the Idaho +state line, having the Snake river for its southern boundary. The +county is a plateau of rolling prairie lands, a large portion of +which is farmed, watered by a number of streams, which are utilized +for irrigation purposes in some of the bottom lands--although the +rainfall is sufficient to mature crops, and no irrigation is had +on the great bulk of the farms. The area is about 2,000 square +miles. The population is about 40,000. The soil is a strong mixture +of volcanic ash and clay of great fertility and permanence. Twenty +years of wheat-growing still leaves the soil able to produce from +25 to 50 bushels per acre. + +RESOURCES. + +All the resources of the county originate in this splendid soil. +For growing all the cereals and fruits and vegetables it has no +superior. The county is well settled, and probably no county can +excel Whitman county in the per capita wealth of its farmers. The +products of the county are varied, and include wheat, oats, barley +and hay, all giving splendid yields--wheat from 30 to 50 bushels, +oats 60 to 100 bushels, barley from 50 to 80 bushels, and hay from +4 to 6 tons per acre. Potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables +produce fine crops. + +The hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries, +are successfully raised in all parts of the county, while on the +bottom lands, along the Snake river, peaches, melons, etc., are +produced in abundance. Seventy-five carloads of fruit go out annually +from one orchard. + +Wheat gives up five and one-half million bushels to the farmers +each year. Oats one and three-fourths million and barley about +one-half million bushels. Whitman county has more banks than any +county in eastern Washington besides Spokane. + +TRANSPORTATION. + +Whitman county is as well, or better, provided with railroads than +any agricultural county in the state. The Northern Pacific, O. +R. & N., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the S. & I. railroads +are all interlaced about its grain-fields. These all connect with +Spokane, and give access to all eastern and western markets. + +[Page 90] +PRINCIPAL TOWNS. + +COLFAX, the county seat, situated near the center of the county, on +the railroads and Palouse river, is the largest town in the county, +with about 3,600 population. The town owns its own water system, has +electric lights, fine court-house, banks, mills, warehouses, etc. + +PULLMAN is a town of 3,000 people, near which is located the Washington +State College, a large educational institution supported by the state, +having about 1,000 students. It is an important grain-shipping +point. It has a public water system, electric lights, and is a +thriving and growing commercial center. + +PALOUSE is a railroad center of 2,500 people, a large shipping point +for grain, live stock, fruits and pottery. + +OAKESDALE is a town of 1,500 people, having three railroads, and +is an important shipping point. + +TEKOA has a population of about 1,400, is a railroad center, and +is a large shipper of fruits and grain. + +GARFIELD has a population of 1,000, and ships much grain and other +produce. + +ROSALIA has 1,000 population, and is an important grain center. + +This county has a dozen other shipping points where from 300 to 700 +people are supported by the business originating on the tributary +farms. + +YAKIMA COUNTY + +Yakima county is one of the large and important counties in the +state, having the Yakima Indian reservation included within its +boundaries. Its area is 3,222 square miles and it has a population of +about 38,000. It is watered by the Yakima river and its tributaries, +and through its valleys the railroads from the east find their +easiest grade toward the Cascade passes. It is a county of level +valleys and plateaus, having a soil made up chiefly of volcanic +ash and disintegrated basaltic rocks, of great depth, which yields +fabulously in cereal and grass crops, fruits and vegetables with +the magic touch of irrigation. Artificial watering is 30 years old +in this valley, and yet only a very small area was thus treated +until the matter was taken up by the national government. But now +vast areas are being provided with water, and the consequent growth +and development of the county is wonderful. + +A series of lakes in the mountains are being utilized as reservoirs, +and from these lakes the waters are being distributed in many directions +in the large irrigating canals. When the projects now under way are +completed, more than 200,000 acres will be under ditches. + +RESOURCES. + +Yakima's wealth consists in the combination of its soil and water +and climate. The county, lying east of the Cascade mountains, in +[Page 91] +large part at a low elevation, receives somewhat severe heat in +the summer, which gives the opportunity successfully to ripen the +less hardy fruits--peaches, apricots, grapes, etc. The county has +half a million bearing trees and two and one-half million young +trees growing in its orchards. + +INDUSTRIES. + +Naturally the industries of the county consist in exploiting its +natural resources, and so we find Yakima citizens busy in raising +fruits, hay, grain, and garden vegetables, to supply the big cities +of the Sound. Its last year's contribution will probably exceed +ten million dollars in value. + +Of the items which compose this large sum, fruit is probably chief +in importance. Alfalfa and grain-hay is an important item, as is +also the crop of melons and potatoes. The combined fields of alfalfa +and orchards make ideal bee pasturage, and Yakima honey is a constant +factor of barter in the Sound cities. The upland farms produce +quantities of all grains--wheat, oats, and barley--and some field +corn is successfully raised in the warmer parts. Sheep, cattle +and horses are also exported. Hops are a large crop. + +PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS. + +NORTH YAKIMA is at once the county seat and chief metropolis of +the entire Yakima valley, having a population of about 12,000. It +is situated on the Northern Pacific railway and Yakima river, and +is the distributing center for both merchandise and farm products +for a large surrounding territory. + +The State Fair, supported by the state, holds annual exhibits here. +It has extensive fruit canneries, flour mills, lumber mills, other +woodworking factories, large warehouses, paved streets, big business +blocks, fine churches, schools, banks, newspapers, etc. + +SUNNYSIDE, a town built up among the irrigated farms, has a population +of 1,500. Here are a cannery, pulp mill, creameries, etc. + +TOPPENISH and MABTON are commercial centers of importance of about +700 inhabitants each, and growing. + + + + +[Page 92] +STATISTICAL APPENDIX. + +STATISTICS OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON. + + ======================================================================= + NAME. | County. | Mayor. | Clerk. + -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------ + Aberdeen | Chehalis | E. B. Benn | P. F. Clarke + Almira | Lincoln | J. C. Johnson | Peter Wallerich + Anacortes | Skagit | W. V. Wells | M. C. Baker + Arlington | Snohomish | Peter Larson | Homer L. Huddle + ASOTIN | Asotin | J. B. Jones | J. P. Fulton + Auburn | King | L. C. Smith | Geo. C. Meade + BELLINGHAM | Whatcom | J. P. De Mattos | F. B. Graves + Blaine | Whatcom | T. J. Quirt | J. W. G. Merritt + Bremerton | Kitsap | L. E. Mallette | Paul Mehner + Buckley | Pierce | D. S. Morris | W. B. Osbourn + Burlington | Skagit | P. M. Moody | I. A. Marchant + Camas | Clarke | John Cowan | F. B. Barnes + Cashmere | Chelan | C. A. Huston | A. J. Amos + Castle Rock | Cowlitz | T. W. Robin | G. F. McClane + CATHLAMET | Wahkiakum | J. T. Nassa | T. M. Nassa + Centralia | Lewis | J. P. Guerrier | W. H. Hodge + Charleston | Kitsap | N. A. Palmer | M. M. Bausman + CHEHALIS | Lewis | Wm. West | W. A. Westover + Chelan | Chelan | C. C. Jackson | W. M. Emerson + Cheney | Spokane | L. Walter | J. W. Minnick + Chewelah | Stevens | W. H. Brownlow | T. L. Montgomery + Clarkston | Asotin | D. B. Parks | E. A. Bass + Cle Elum | Kittitas | L. R. Thomas | S. E. Willis + COLFAX | Whitman | Wm. Lippitt | H. Bramwell + Colton | Whitman | W. H Renfro | L. F. Gibbs + COLVILLE | Stevens | L. B Harvey | A. B. Sansburn + CONCONNULLY | Okanogan | C. H. Lovejoy | Wm. Baines + Cosmopolis | Chehalis | L. B. Hogan | W. S. McLaughlin + Coulee City | Grant | F. W. McCann | A. Kirkpatrick + Creston | Lincoln | F. A. Duncan | D. F. Peffley + Cunningham | Adams | F. W. Parker | A. J. Haile + DAVENPORT | Lincoln | W. C. Graham | Lee Odgers + DAYTON | Columbia | H. C. Benbow | R. O. Dyer + Deer Park | Spokane | W. D. Phillips | R. G. Cole + Edmonds | Snohomish | Jas Brady | G. M. Leyda + Elberton | Whitman | R. A. Cox | J. W. Berkstresser + ELLENSBURG | Kittitas | W. J. Peed | J. J. Poyser + Elma | Chehalis | C. E. Gouty | E. S. Avey + Endicott | Whitman | C. L. Wakefield | M. A. Sherman, Jr. + EPHRATA | Grant | Dr. Chaffee | Lee Tolliver + EVERETT | Snohomish | Newton Jones | C. C. Gilman + Fairfield | Spokane | C. A. Loy | M. Walser + Farmington | Whitman | E. E. Paddock | C. H. Bass + Ferndale | Whatcom | J. B. Wilson | C. Kelley + Garfield | Whitman | H. S. McClure | J. L. Rogers + Georgetown | King | John Mueller | John Beek + GOLDENDALE | Klickitat | Allen Bonebrake | J. R. Putman + Granite Falls| Snohomish | C. E. Willoughby | C. T. Smith + Hamilton | Skagit | H. I. Bratlie | S. H. Sprinkle + Harrington | Lincoln | A. G. Mitchum | W. W. Gwinn + Hartline | Grant | E. A. Whitney | T. E. Jenkins + Hatton | Adams | J. M. Batten | W. C. Sallee + Hillyard | Spokane | M. H. Gordon | J. L. Cramer + Hoquiam | Chehalis | Dr. T. C. Frary | Z. T. Wllson + Ilwaco | Pacific | W. P. Rowe | J. A. Howerton + Index | Snohomish | H. L. Bartlett | H. F. Wilcox + Kahlotus | Franklin | E. R. Doughty | E. L. Chittenden + KALAMA | Cowlitz | A. L. Watson | E. N. Howe + Kelso | Cowlitz | M. J. Lord | Max Whittlesey + Kennewick | Benton | L. E. Johnson | G. N. Calhoun + Kent | King | M. M. Morrill | L. E. Price + Kettle Falls | Stevens | H. L. Childs | A. R. Squire + Kirkland | King | R. H. Collins | J. S. Courtright + LaConner | Skagit | J. F. Dwelley | J. S. Church + Lakeside | Chelan | Jos. Darnell | S. B. Russell + Latah | Spokane | W. H. Taylor | Chas. White + Leavenworth | Chelan | Lewis J. Nelson | G. A. Hamilton + Lind | Adams | J. T. Dirstine | Day Imus + Little Falls | Lewis | E. C. Brown | G. E. Grow + Lynden | Whatcom | Walter Elder | F. W. Bixby + Mabton | Yakima | T. W. Howell | W. H. Ashton + Marysville | Snohomish | W. H. Roberts | B. D. Curtiss + Medical Lake | Spokane | M. J. Grady | R. R. McCorkell + Milton | Pierce | C. H. Weekes | W. J. Keller + Monroe | Snohomish | J. H. Campbell | Arthur Root + MONTESANO | Chehalis | Geo. W. Winemire | R. H. Fleet + MT. VERNON | Skagit | Wm. Dale | J. S. Bowen + Newport | Stevens | E. S. Appel | Ed Beitton + NORTH YAKIMA | Yakima | P. M. Armbruster | J. G. Brooker + + ========================================================= + | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop. + NAME. | Organization. | Cens. 1900 | 1909 + -------------|------------------|------------|----------- + Aberdeen | E. Beinfohr | 3,747 | 15,000 + Almira | | | 500 + Anacortes | Gus Hensler | 1,476 | 6,000 + Arlington | Lot Davis | | 2,400 + ASOTIN | E. H. Dammarell | 470 | 1,500 + Auburn | Geo. C. Meade | 489 | 1,500 + BELLINGHAM | L. Baldrey | 11,062 | 41,000 + Blaine | J. J. Pinckney | 1,592 | 3,500 + Bremerton | R. S. Hayward | | 4,000 + Buckley | W. B. Osbourn | 1,014 | 1,500 + Burlington | I. A. Marchant | | 1,800 + Camas | | | 1,200 + Cashmere | C. M. Banker | | 1,000 + Castle Rock | G. F. McClane. | 750 | 1,300 + CATHLAMET | | | 500 + Centralia | F. W. Thomas | 1,600 | 7,000 + Charleston | A. F. Shepherd | | 1,000 + CHEHALIS | H. C. Coffman | 1,775 | 5,000 + Chelan | C. E. Rusk | | 900 + Cheney | L. R. Houck | 781 | 1,600 + Chewelah | E. D. Germain | | 1,500 + Clarkston | R. B. Hooper | | 2,500 + Cle Elum | | | 2,500 + COLFAX | C. R. Lorne | 2,121 | 3,500 + Colton | J. B. Ellsworth | 251 | 500 + COLVILLE | L. E. Jesseph | 594 | 2,000 + CONCONNULLY | W. S. McClure | | 500 + Cosmopolis | | 1,004 | 1,200 + Coulee City | G. T. Walter | | 300 + Creston | | | 500 + Cunningham | A. J. Haile | | 350 + DAVENPORT | F. W. Anderson | 1,000 | 2,800 + DAYTON | F. W. Guernsy | 2,216 | 3,500 + Deer Park | W. D. Phillips | | 1,100 + Edmonds | E. M. Allen | 474 | 2,000 + Elberton | A. B. Metz | 297 | 600 + ELLENSBURG | Wayne Murray | 1,737 | 5,500 + Elma | E. S. Avey | 894 | 2,700 + Endicott | | | 600 + EPHRATA | | | + EVERETT | E. E. Johnston | 7,838 | 35,000 + Fairfield | O. H. Loe | | 500 + Farmington | C. H. Bass | 434 | 780 + Ferndale | Percy Hood | | + Garfield | F. H. Michaelson | 697 | 1,350 + Georgetown | C. A. Thorndyke | | 5,500 + GOLDENDALE | C. W. Ramsay | 788 | 1,200 + Granite Falls| W. R. Moore | | 800 + Hamilton | Thos. Conby | 392 | 500 + Harrington | | | 1,200 + Hartline | | | 300 + Hatton | | | 600 + Hillyard | J. L. Cramer | | 2,500 + Hoquiam | W. C. Gregg | 2,608 | 11,000 + Ilwaco | A. A. Seaborg | 584 | 900 + Index | | | 500 + Kahlotus | | | 300 + KALAMA | E. N. Howe | 554 | 1,250 + Kelso | W. M. Signor | 694 | 2,500 + Kennewick | S. Z. Hendersen | | 1,500 + Kent | B. A. Bowen | 755 | 3,000 + Kettle Falls | E. A. Blakeley | | 600 + Kirkland | W. R. Stevens | | 750 + LaConner | W. E. Schreeker | 564 | 800 + Lakeside | | | 400 + Latah | Chas. White | 253 | 500 + Leavenworth | | | 1,500 + Lind | R. S. Hamilton | | 1,400 + Little Falls | W. A. Willis | | 800 + Lynden | R. W. Green | 365 | 1,500 + Mabton | G. T. Morgan | | 1,200 + Marysville | P. E. Coffin | 728 | 1,500 + Medical Lake | W. H. Mills | 516 | 1,400 + Milton | J. S. Williams | | 650 + Monroe | L. P. Tallman | | 2,500 + MONTESANO | | 1,194 | 3,500 + MT. VERNON | Frank Pickering | 1,120 | 4,000 + Newport | R. S. Anderson | | 1,500 + NORTH YAKIMA | H. P. James | 3,124 | 12,000 + + ==================================================== + NAME. | Transportation Lines. + -------------|-------------------------------------- + Aberdeen | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines. + Almira | Northern Pacific railway. + Anacortes | G. N. Ry. and two lines of steamers. + Arlington | Northern Pacific railway. + ASOTIN | River steamers. + Auburn | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry. + BELLINGHAM | G. N., N. P., B. B. & B. C. railways; + | steamers to all Sound ports. + Blaine | Great Northern railway. + Bremerton | Steamers to Seattle and Tacoma. + Buckley | Northern Pacific railway. + Burlington | Great Northern railway. + Camas | Portland & Seattle Ry.; river st'rs. + Cashmere | Great Northern railway. + Castle Rock | Northern Pacific railway. + CATHLAMET | Steamboats. + Centralia | Northern Pacific railway. + Charleston | Steamers to Seattle. + CHEHALIS | Northern Pacific railway. + Chelan | Steamers on river and lake. + Cheney | N. P. Ry.; Spokane Electric Ry. + Chewelah | S. F. & N. branch G. N. Ry. + Clarkston | O. R. & N. and N. P. Rys.; steamers. + Cle Elum | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Ris. + COLFAX | O. R. & N.; S. & I. Electricity. + Colton | Branch Northern Pacific railway. + COLVILLE | Spokane Falls & Northern railway. + CONCONNULLY | Stage. + Cosmopolis | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines. + Coulee City | Northern Pacific railway. + Creston | W. C. branch N. P. Ry. + Cunningham | Northern Pacific railway. + DAVENPORT | Central Washington railway. + DAYTON | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways. + Deer Park | Great Northern railway. + Edmonds | Great Northern Ry. and steamers + Elberton | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry. + ELLENSBURG | Northern Pac. and Milwaukee Rys. + Elma | N. P. Ry., two branches. + Endicott | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry. + EPHRATA | Great Northern railway. + EVERETT | N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers. + Fairfield | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry. + Farmington | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways. + Ferndale | Great Northern railway. + Garfield | O. R. & N., N. P. and S. & I. Rys. + Georgetown | One Interurban, 3 steam railways. + GOLDENDALE | Spokane, Portland & Seattle Ry. + Granite Falls| Branch of Northern Pacific railway. + Hamilton | G. N. Ry.; Skagit river steamers. + Harrington | Great Northern railway. + Hartline | Northern Pacific railway. + Hatton | Northern Pacific railway. + Hillyard | Elec. interurb.; G. N. and S. F. & N. + Hoquiam | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers. + Ilwaco | O. R. & N. railway and steamers. + Index | Great Northern railway. + Kahlotus | O. R. & N. and S. P. & S. railways. + KALAMA | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers. + Kelso | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers. + Kennewick | N. P. Ry.; P. & S. Ry. and steamers. + Kent | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry. + Kettle Falls | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways. + Kirkland | N. P. Ry. and ferry to Seattle. + LaConner | Boat and stage. + Lakeside | Stage and steamer. + Latah | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + Leavenworth | Great Northern railway. + Lind | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + Little Falls | Northern Pacific railway. + Lynden | B. B. & B. C. railway. + Mabton | Northern Pacific railway. + Marysville | Great Northern Ry. and steamers. + Medical Lake | N. P. and W. W. P. Electric Rys. + Milton | Puget Sound Electric railway. + Monroe | Great Northern railway. + MONTESANO | Northern Pacific railway. + MT. VERNON | Great Northern railway. + Newport | Great Northern Ry. and steamers. + NORTH YAKIMA | Northern Pacific railway. + +NOTE 1.--County seats in black face type. + +NOTE 2.--Population estimates for 1909 were supplied by local +authorities, the school census, upon which the estimates of this +Bureau are usually based, not being available at the time this +publication was compiled. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 89.--Dairying, a Growing Industry in Whatcom +County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 90.--Whatcom County Bulb Gardens.] + +[Page 94] + ======================================================================= + NAME. | County. | Mayor. | Clerk. + -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------ + Oakesdale | Whitman | R. J. Neergaard | F. S. Baer + Oakville | Chehalis | J. E. Fitzgerald | J. W. Scott + Ocosta | Chehalis | C. C. Flowers | Andrew Wallace + Odessa | Lincoln | F. J. Guth | W. M. Nevins + Okanogan | Okanogan | H. J. Kerr | T. B. Collins + OLYMPIA | Thurston | Mitchell Harris | J. R. Dever + Oroville | Okanogan | E. A. McMahon | C. S. Taylor + Orting | Pierce | Frank Lotz | C. W. Van Scoyoc + Palouse City | Whitman | C. H. Farnsworth | G. D. Kincaid + PASCO | Franklin | C. S. O'Brien | L. D. Conrad + Pataha | Garfield | D. Evens | Chas. Ward + Paulsbo | Kitsap | A. B. Moe | Paul Paulson + Pe Ell | Lewis | August Mayer | C. W. Boynton + POMEROY | Garfield | H. C. Krouse | H. St. George + PORT ANGELES | Clallam | E. E. Seevers | C. W. Fields + PT. ORCHARD | Kitsap | R. E. Bucklin | Wm. C. Bading + PT. TOWNSEND | Jefferson | Max Gerson | Geo. Anderson + Prescott | Walla Walla | Jos. Utter | R. B. Smith + PROSSER | Benton | Albert Smith | Lon Boyle + Pullman | Whitman | H. V. Carpenter | Geo. N. Henry + Puyallup | Pierce | J. P. Melrose | J. L. La Plante + Quincy | Grant | F. T. Campbell | R. C. Wightmar + Raymond | Pacific | A. C. Little | J. H. Callahan + Reardan | Lincoln | W. S. Bliss | W. H. Padley + Renton | King | Benj. Ticknor | A. W. Ticknor + REPUBLIC | Ferry | Jno. Stack | M. H. Joseph + RITZVILLE | Adams | W. R. Peters | J. L. Cross + Rockford | Spokane | J. Kindschuh | A. B. McDaniel + Rosalia | Whitman | R. P. Turnley | F. S. Chetal + Roslyn | Kittitas | J. G. Green | Thos. Ray + Roy | Pierce | A. W. Wert | C. W. Elder + Ruston | Pierce | J. P. Garrison | V. D. Goss + SEATTLE | King | Jno. F. Miller | H. W. Carroll + Sedro-Woolley| Skagit | C. E. Bingham | T. J. Morrow + SHELTON | Mason | G. W. Draham | F. C. Mathewson + Snohomish | Snohomish | C. H. Lamprey | E. Thistlewaite + Snoqualmie | King | Otto Reinig | + SOUTH BEND | Pacific | W. P. Cressy | C. H. Mills + Spangle | Spokane | J. H. Gruenwald | M. H. Sullivan + SPOKANE | Spokane | C. H. Moore | C. A. Fleming + Sprague | Lincoln | J. W. Shearer | J. V. Muzzy + Springdale | Stevens | Jacob Keller | A. E. Bidgood + Stanwood | Snohomish | A. B. Klaeboe | G. M. Mitchell + Starbuck | Columbia | H. A. Johnson | B. A. Whiting + Steilacoom | Pierce | E. Church | M. P. Potter + STEVENSON | Skamania | A. Fleischhauer | R. C. Sly + St. John | Whitman | W. S. Ridenour | W. S. Mott + Sultan | Snohomish | W. W. Morgan | T. W. Musgrove + Sumas | Whatcom | R. S. Lambert | L. Van Valkenburg + Sumner | Pierce | R. R. White | E. D. Swezey + Sunnyside | Yakima | H. W. Turner | H. F. Wright + TACOMA | Pierce | J. W. Linck | L. W. Roys + Tekoa | Whitman | T. H. Follett | J. S. Woods + Tenino | Thurston | L. J. Miller | S. M. Peterson + Toledo | Lewis | J. H. Douge | W. H. Carpenter + Toppenish | Yakima | C. W. Grant | T. W. Johnston + Tukwila | King | Joel Shomaker | E. F. Greene + Tumwuter | Thurston | A. Whitemarsh | A. J. Colby + Uniontown | Whitman | Peter Friesoh | J. J. Gans + VANCOUVER | Clarke | J. P. Kiggins | F. W. Bier + Waitsburg | Walla Walla | R. M. Breeze | J. B. Lowndagin + WALLA WALLA | Walla Walla | Eugene Tausick | T. D. S. Hart + Wuputo | Yakima | J. F. Douglas | H. E. Trimble + Washtucna | Adams | G. W. Bassett | C. E. Wilson + WATERVILLE | Douglas | J. M. Hunter | J. E. Walker + Waverley | Spokane | Fred Dashiell | A. L. Robinson + WENATCHEE | Chelan | J. A. Gellatly | S. R. Sumner + White Salmon | Klickitat | G. F. Jewett | W. C. Manly + Wilbur | Lincoln | W. W. Foley | T. W. Maxwell + Wilson Creek | Grant | W. H. O'Larey | F. E. Snedicor + Winlock | Lewis | H. A. Baldwin | C. E. Leonard + Woodland | Cowlitz | L. M. Love | D. W. Whitlow + Yacolt | Clarke | W. J. Hoag | Wm. W. Eaton + + ========================================================= + | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop. + NAME. | Organization. | Cens. 1900 | 1909 + -------------|------------------|------------|----------- + Oakesdale | | 928 | 1,200 + Oakville | O. H. Fry | | 600 + Ocosta | | | 150 + Odessa | H. L. Cole | | 1,200 + Okanogan | T. B. Collins | | 600 + OLYMPIA | John M. Wilson | 4,082 | 12,000 + Oroville | F. A. De Vos | | 800 + Orting | M. C. Hopkins | 728 | 1,000 + Palouse City | G. D. Kincaid | 929 | 3,000 + PASCO | W. D. Fales | 254 | 1,800 + Pataha | | | 250 + Paulsbo | Paul Paulson | | 800 + Pe Ell | P. M. Watson | | 1,000 + POMEROY | | 953 | 1,800 + PORT ANGELES | J. M. Davis | 2,321 | 2,500 + PT. ORCHARD | | 754 | 900 + PT. TOWNSEND | P. C. Peterson | 3,443 | 5,000 + Prescott | T. B. Grumwell | | 650 + PROSSER | H. W. Carnahan | 229 | 2,000 + Pullman | B. F. Campbell | 1,308 | 3,000 + Puyallup | J. P. Leavitt | 1,884 | 7,000 + Quincy | Geo. W. Downer | | 400 + Raymond | W. R. Struble | | 2,500 + Reardan | H. G. Burns | | 800 + Renton | P. W. Houser | | 3,000 + REPUBLIC | M. H. Joseph | 2,500 | 1,250 + RITZVILLE | J. L. Cross | 761 | 2,600 + Rockford | J. W. Lowe | 433 | 1,200 + Rosalla | A. A. Wonnell | 379 | 1,400 + Roslyn | | 2,786 | 4,500 + Roy | | | 400 + Ruston | | | 800 + SEATTLE | C. B. Yandell | 80,671 | 275,000 + | Geo. E. Boos | | + Sedro-Woolley| M. B. Holbrook | 885 | 3,450 + SHELTON | G. C. Angle | 883 | 1,200 + Snohomish | W. W. Reed | 2,101 | 4,000 + Snoqualmie | | | 400 + SOUTH BEND | F. G. McIntosh | 711 | 3,000 + Spangle | E. C. Rohweder | 431 | 450 + SPOKANE | L. G. Monroe | 36,848 | 120,000 + | A. W. Jones | | + Sprague | J. S. Freese | 695 | 1,500 + Springdale | | | 500 + Stanwood | L. Livingstone | | 1,000 + Starbuck | J. B. Atkinson | | 750 + Steilacoom | Mr. Annis | | 1,000 + STEVENSON | R. C. Sly | | 400 + St. John | G. W. Case, Jr | | 700 + Sultan | T. W. Musgrove | | 500 + Sumas | Lars Barbo | 319 | 1,500 + Sumner | R. R. White | 531 | 1,000 + Sunnyside | J. A. Vince | | 1,600 + TACOMA | P. L. Sinclair | 37,714 | 125,000 + | O. F. Cosper | | + Tekoa | J. P. Burson | 717 | 1,200 + Tenino | | | 1,000 + Toledo | H. H. Hurst | 285 | 500 + Toppenish | J. G. Hillyer | | 2,000 + Tukwila | E. F. Greene | | 700 + Tumwuter | | 270 | 1,500 + Uniontown | W. H. Oyler | 404 | 500 + VANCOUVER | H. S. Bartow | 4,006 | 8,000 + Waitsburg | W. S. Guntle | 1,011 | 1,600 + WALLA WALLA | A. C. Moore | 10,049 | 22,000 + Wuputo | | | 500 + Washtucna | | | 400 + WATERVILLE | Jas. G. Tuttle | 482 | 1,200 + Waverley | Jno. Reycraft | | 500 + WENATCHEE | D. N. Gellatly | 451 | 5,000 + White Salmon | J. M. Lewis | | 600 + Wilbur | T. W. Maxwell | | 1,500 + Wilson Creek | F. E. Snedicor | | 500 + Winlock | C. E. Leonard | | 1,600 + Woodland | E. F. Bryant | | 800 + Yacolt | C. J. Dorsey | | 500 + + ==================================================== + NAME. | Transportation Lines. + -------------|-------------------------------------- + Oakesdale | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways. + Oakville | Northern Pacific railway. + Ocosta | Steamers and railway. + Odessa | Great Northern railway. + Okanogan | River steamers. + OLYMPIA | N. P. Ry.; P. T. & S. Ry.; steamers. + Oroville | Great Northern railway. + Orting | Northern Pacific railway. + Palouse City | Four railroads. + PASCO | N. P. Ry.: P. & S. Ry.; steamers. + Pataha | Oregon Railway & Nav. Co's Ry. + Paulsbo | Steamers to Seattle. + Pe Ell | Northern Pacific railway. + POMEROY | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + PORT ANGELES | Steamer and stage lines. + PT. ORCHARD | Steamers, Seattle and Tacoma. + PT. TOWNSEND | P. T. & S. Ry. and Sound steamer. + Prescott | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + PROSSER | Northern Pacific railway. + Pullman | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways. + Puyallup | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; Elec. line Tac. + Quincy | Great Northern railway. + Raymond | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers. + Reardan | Central Washington railway. + Renton | Steam and electric railways. + REPUBLIC | Great Northern branch line. + RITZVILLE | Northern Pacific railway. + Rockford | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + Rosalla | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Rys. + Roslyn | Northern Pacific railway. + Roy | Northern Pacific and Tac. East. Rys. + Ruston | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers. + SEATTLE | N. P.; G. N.; Mil.; C. P. R.; Bur.; C. + | & P. S.; P. S. E. Rys.; S. S. lines. + Sedro-Woolley| N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers. + SHELTON | Steamers to Olympia. + Snohomish | G. N., N. P. and C. P. Rys.; steamers. + Snoqualmie | Northern Pacific railway. + SOUTH BEND | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers. + Spangle | Branch Northern Pacific railway. + SPOKANE | N. P.; G. N.; O. R. & N.; P. & S.; Spok. + | Int.; W. W. P. and S. & I. Rys. + Sprague | Northern Pacific railway. + Springdale | Spokane Falls & Northern railway. + Stanwood | Rail and steamer. + Starbuck | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + Steilacoom | Electric railway and steamers. + STEVENSON | Portland & Seattle railway. + St. John | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry. + Sultan | Great Northern railway. + Sumas | C. P. Ry.; N. P. Ry. G. N. Ry. + Sumner | Northern Pacific railway. + Sunnyside | Northern Pacific railway. + TACOMA | N. P.; Mil.; T. & E.; U. P. and G. N. + | Rys.; Electric and S. S. lines. + Tekoa | O. R. & N. and Milwaukee Rys. + Tenino | Northern Pacific and P. T. & S. Rys. + Toledo | Northern Pacific Ry.; River steamer. + Toppenish | Northern Pacific railway. + Tukwila | Puget Sound Electric railway. + Tumwuter | Port Townsend & Southern railway. + Uniontown | Northern Pacific railway. + VANCOUVER | N. P., P. & S. Rys. and steamers. + Waitsburg | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways. + WALLA WALLA | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways. + Wuputo | Northern Pacific railway. + Washtucna | O. R. & N.; S., P. & S. railways. + WATERVILLE | Stage and steamer. + Waverley | O. R. & N. and Electric railways. + WENATCHEE | Great Northern Ry.; Col. river strs. + White Salmon | S. P. & S. Ry., and river steamer. + Wilbur | Northern Pacific railway. + Wilson Creek | Great Northern railway. + Winlock | Northern Pacific railway. + Woodland | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers + Yacolt | Northern Pacific railway. + + +[Page 96] + STATE OFFICERS, COMMISIONS, BOARDS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF WASHINGTON. +=========================================================================== + OFFICE. | Name. | P. O. Address. +-----------------------------|--------------------------|------------------ +Governor | M. E. Hay | Olympia. +Governor's Private Secretary | Frank M. Dallam, Jr | Olympia. +Secretary of State | I. M. Howell | Olympia. +Assistant Secretary of State | Ben R. Fish | Olympia. +Auditor | C. W. Clausen | Olympia. +Deputy Auditor | F. P. Jameson | Olympia. +Treasurer | John G. Lewis | Olympia. +Deputy Treasurer | W. W. Sherman | Olympia. +Attorney General | W. P. Bell | Olympia. +Assistant Attorney General | W. V. Tanner | Olympia. + " " " | W. F. McGill | Olympia. + " " " | Geo. A. Lee | Spokane. +Commissioner of Public Lands | E. W. Ross | Olympia. +Assistant Comm'r of Public | Frank C. Morse | Olympia. + Lands | | +Insurance Commissioner | John H. Shively | Olympia. +Deputy Insurance Commissioner| S. A. Madge | Olympia. +Superintendent Public | Henry B. Dewey | Olympia. + Instruction | | +Assistant Supt. Public | J. M. Layhue | Olympia. + Instruction | | +Deputy Supt. Public | F. F. Nalder | Olympia. + Instruction | | +Adjutant General | Geo. B. Lamping | Seattle. +Commissioner of Labor | Chas. F. Hubbard | Olympia. +State Librarian | J. M. Hitt | Olympia. +Law Librarian | C. W. Shaffer | Olympia. +Traveling Library | Mrs. Lou J. Diven, Supt. | Olympia. +Board of Control | Eugene Lorton | Walla Walla. + | H. T. Jones | Olympia. + | H. E. Gilham | Olympia. +State Grain Inspector | E. C. Armstrong | Colfax. +Dairy and Food Commissioner | L. Davies | Davenport. +State Fish Commissioner | Jno. L. Riseland | Bellingham. +Commissioner of Statistics | I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio | Olympia. +Deputy Commissioner of | Geo. M. Allen | Seattle. + Statistics | | +Horticultural Commissioner | F. A. Huntley | Tacoma. +Coal Mine Inspector | D. C. Botting | Seattle. +Inspector of Oils | F. A. Clark | Seattle. +Public Printer | E. L. Boardman | Olympia. +Bank Examiner | J. L. Mohundro | Seattle. +Hotel Inspector | J. H. Munger | Seattle. +A.-Y.-P. E. Commission | Geo. E. Dickson. | Ellensburg. + | Chairman | + | L. P. Hornberger, Sec. | Seattle. + | W. A. Halteman, | Seattle. + | Exec. Commis. | + | M. M. Godman | Seattle. + | R. W. Condon | Port Gamble. + | J. W. Slayden | Steilacoom. + | L. H. Burnett | Aberdeen. +Railway Commission | H. A. Fairchild, Chairman| Olympia. +Tax Commission | T. D. Rockwell, Chairman | Olympia. +Fire Warden and Forester | J. R. Welty | Olympia. +Highway Commissioner | J. M. Snow | Olympia. +Board of Accountancy | Alfred Lister, Sec'y | Tacoma. +Bureau Inspection Public | C. W. Clausen, | Olympia. + Offices | Ex-officio Chief | +Board of Health | E. E. Hegg, Sec'y | Seattle. +Board of Barber Examiners | Chas. W. Whisler | Seattle. +Board of Medical Examiners | Dr. J. Clinton McFadden, | Seattle. + | Secy. | +Board of Pharmacy | P. Jensen, Sec'y | Tacoma. +Board of Dental Examiners | E. B. Edgars | Seattle. + | | +EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. | | + | | +University of Washington | Thomas Franklin Kane, | Seattle. + | Pres. | +State College | E. A. Bryan, Pres. | Pullman. +State Normal School | H. C. Sampson, Principal | Cheney. +State Normal School | E. C. Mathes, Principal | Bellingham. +State Normal School | W. E. Wilson, Principal | Ellensburg. +School for Deaf | Thos. P. Clark, | Vancouver. + | Superintendent | +School for Blind | Geo. H. Mullin, Principal| Vancouver. +State Training School | C. C. Aspinwall | Chehalis. + | | +OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS. | | + | | +Soldiers' Home | Gen. Geo. W. T. | Orting. + | Tibbetts, Com. | + " " | Willis L. Ames, Com. | Port Orchard. +Insane Asylum | A. P. Calhoun. Supt. | Fort Steilacoom. + " " | J. M. Semple, Supt. | Medical Lake. +State Penitentiary | C. S. Reed, Warden | Walla Walla. +State Reformatory | Cleon B. Roe, Supt. | Monroe. +Institution for Feeble Minded| S. C. Woodruff, Supt. | Medical Lake. + +[Illustration: Plate No. 91.--Overflow Wheat Warehouse, at Pullman, +Whitman County.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 92.--A Yakima County Vineyard.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 93.--Yakima County Potatoes--600 Bushels +to the Acre.] + +[Illustration: Plate No. 94.--A Yakima County Orchard Scene.] + +[Page 97] +STATEMENT SHOWING AREA OF STATE SCHOOL AND GRANTED LANDS IN EACH COUNTY. +AREA SOLD BY DEEDS AND CONTRACTS OF SALE. COMPILED FOR PERIOD UP TO +AND INCLUDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1908. +========================================================================== + | | | | Total | + | Total area | Total | Area | area sold | Remaining + COUNTIES. | of school | area | under | by deed | area + | and granted| deeded. | contract | and under | unsold. + | lands. | | of sale. | contract. | +------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------ +Adams | 85,632.25 | 1,063.30 | 12,320.00 | 13,383.30 | 72,248.95 +Asotin | 26,906.56 | 161.90 | 1,360.00 | 1,521.90 | 25,384.66 +Benton | 92,937.68 | 1,626.75 | 8,629.90 | 10,256.65 | 82,681.03 +Chehalis | 77,064.41 | 7,883.93 | 1,823.85 | 9,707.78 | 67,356.63 +Chelan | 52,526.50 | 212.34 | 1,074.70 | 1,287.04 | 51,239.46 +Clallam | 77,514.28 | 2,914.42 | 320.00 | 3,234.42 | 74,279.86 +Clarke | 36,972.16 | 3,694.27 | 1,585.85 | 5,280.12 | 31,692.04 +Columbia | 24,640.00 | 5,084.00 | 1,620.00 | 6,704.00 | 17,936.00 +Cowlitz | 85,373.80 | 6,364.43 | 1,063.73 | 7,428.16 | 77,945.00 +Douglas | 313,235.66 | 3,416.62 | 64,211.62 | 67,628.52 | 245,607.14 +Ferry | 21,219.51 | | | | 21,219.51 +Franklin | 40,731.85 | 101.83 | 3,720.00 | 3,821.83 | 36,910.02 +Garfield | 21,298.47 | 2,179.21 | 1,760.00 | 3,939.21 | 17,359.26 +Island | 16,202.70 | 4,679.93 | 1,350.25 | 6,030.18 | 10,172.52 +Jefferson | 87,358.34 | 12,760.91 | 1,306.77 | 14,067.68 | 73,290.66 +King | 86,020.13 | 15,667.80 | 5,195.95 | 20,863.75 | 65,156.38 +Kitsap | 27,157.40 | 12,178.10 | 1,794.70 | 13,972.80 | 13,184.60 +Kittitas | 129,590.97 | 4,648.01 | 1,840.00 | 6,488.01 | 123,102.96 +Klickitat | 77,280.86 | 2,340.84 | 4,143.17 | 6,484.01 | 70,796.85 +Lewis | 86,566.86 | 4,328.31 | 2,106.01 | 6,434.32 | 80,132.54 +Lincoln | 84,088.45 | 4,818.00 | 12,620.00 | 17,438.00 | 66,650.45 +Mason | 48,057.72 | 4,750.53 | 651.98 | 5,402.51 | 42,655.21 +Okanogan | 90,517.34 | 399.55 | 12,487.62 | 12,887.17 | 77,630.17 +Pacific | 60,529.29 | 2,187.81 | 1,401.90 | 3,589.71 | 56,939.58 +Pierce | 62,118.55 | 8,899.98 | 2,056.82 | 10,956.80 | 51,161.75 +San Juan | 4,765.63 | 366.35 | 205.25 | 571.60 | 4,194.03 +Skagit | 92,191.75 | 4,551.83 | 1,718.17 | 6,270.00 | 85,921.75 +Skamania | 44,699.55 | 5,690.08 | 988.50 | 6,678.58 | 38,020.97 +Snohomish | 47,937.99 | 7,545.13 | 5,392.45 | 12,927.58 | 35,000.41 +Spokane | 67,457.64 | 6,943.59 | 15,360.20 | 22,303.79 | 45,153.85 +Stevens | 164,063.72 | 561.19 | 4,748.50 | 5,309.69 | 158,754.03 +Thurston | 33,443.79 | 4,286.82 | 1,636.87 | 5,923.69 | 27,520.10 +Wahkiakum | 26,053.26 | 1,795.95 | 451.55 | 2,257.50 | 23,795.76 +Walla Walla | 50,536.97 | 6,785.98 | 7,219.46 | 14,005.44 | 36,531.53 +Whatcom | 41,196.49 | 2,729.50 | 4,591.52 | 7,321.02 | 33,875.47 +Whitman | 80,351.82 | 14,583.47 | 21,322.96 | 35,906.43 | 44,445.39 +Yakima | 143,102.97 | 3,927.59 | 5,169.50 | 9,097.09 | 134,005.88 + |------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------ + Totals |2,607,343.32|172,130.53 |215,259.75 |387,390.28 |2,219,953.04 + +NOTE:--The statement of total area of school and granted lands +by counties includes only approved indemnity selected, approved +granted lands, and school sections 16 and 36 in place. + +[Page 98] + UNAPPROPRIATED FEDERAL LANDS OF WASHINGTON. +=========================================================================== + | Area unappropriated | + LAND | and unreserved | Brief description of + DISTRICT |-----------------------------| character of unappropriated + AND | | Unsur- | | and unreserved land. + COUNTRY. |Surveyed.| veyed. | Total. | +-------------|---------|---------|---------|------------------------------- +North Yakima:| _Acres._| _Acres._| _Acres._| + Benton | 27,062| | 27,062| Rolling prairie, hilly, + | | | | grazing. + Douglas | 15,003| | 15,003| Grazing, prairie, hilly, + | | | | and timber. + Kittitas | 149,351| 245,967| 395,318| Grazing, arid prairie, + | | | | and timber. + Yakima | 126,072| 274,500| 400,572| + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 317,488| 520,467| 837,955| + |=========|=========|=========| +Olympia: | | | | + Chehalis | 1,491| | 1,491| Mountainous timbered lands. + Jefferson | 860| | 860| Do. + King | 560| | 560| Do. + Kitsap | 40| | 40| Do. + Lewis | 40| | 40| Do. + Mason | 2,537| | 2,537| Do. + Pacific | 80| | 80| Do. + Pierce | 571| | 571| Do. + Thurston | 207| | 207| Do. + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 6,886| | 6,386| + |=========|=========|=========| +Seattle: | | | | + Clallam | 1,240| 1,840| 3,080| Mountainous and broken; good + | | | | supply of excellent timber. + King | 680| 11,680| 12,360| Broken and mountainous. + San Juan | 324| | 324| Broken, with little timber. + Skagit | 2,475| 25,540| 28,015| Broken, heavily timbered, and + | | | | mountainous. + Snohomish | 320| 5,484| 5,804| Do. + Whatcom | 840| 8,923| 9,768| Do. + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 5,879| 53,467| 59,346| + |=========|=========|=========| +Spokane: | | | | + Adams | 26,512| | 26,512| Arid lands, valuable for fruit + | | | | and grain. + Douglas | | l,500| l,500| Arid lands. + Ferry | 165,526| 379,732| 545,258| Farming, grazing, timber, and + | | | | mineral. + Lincoln | 35,632| 4,448| 40,080| Farming and grazing. + Okanogan | 13,343| 114,756| 128,099| Farming, grazing, and mineral. + Spokane | 2,896| 3,094| 5,990| Do. + Stevens | 409,093| 711,981|1,121,044| Mountainous, farming, and + | | | | mineral. + Whitman | 2,053| | 2,053| Grazing lands. + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 655,055|1,215,511|1,870,566| + |=========|=========|=========| +Vancouver: | | | | + Clarke | 4,787| | 4,787| Timbered and agricultural. + Cowlitz | 16,703| 7,080| 23,783| Do. + Klickitat | 61,553| 2,600| 64,153| Timbered, agricultural, + | | | | grazing + Lewis | 8,013| 4,995| 13,008| Timbered and agricultural. + Pacific | 1,981| | 1,981| Do. + Skamania | 7,418| | 7,418| Do. + Wahkiakum | 316| | 316| Timbered. + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 100,771| 14,675| 115,446| + |=========|=========|=========| +Walla Walla: | | | | + Adams | 15,188| | 15,188| Prairie, farming, and + | | | | grazing lands. + Asotin | 83,631| 13,293| 96,924| Mountainous, some timber, and + | | | | prairie. + Benton | 40,395| | 40,395| Desert, grazing, some timber, + | | | | prairie, and farming. + Columbia | 15,203| 152,279| 167,482| Mountainous, some timber, + | | | | and prairie. + Franklin | 42,363| | 42,368| Prairie, grazing lands; + | | | | no timber. + Garfield | 45,468| 44,539| 90,007| Farming, grazing, and timber. + Klickitat | 24,926| | 24,926| Grazing and farming; some + | | | | timber. + Walla Walla| 15,522| | 15,522| Do. + Whitman | 15,835| | 15,835| Prairie, farming, and grazing + | | | | lands. + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 298,531| 210,111| 508,642| + |=========|=========|=========| +[Page 99] +Waterville: | | | | + Chelan | 321,518| 9,880| 331,398| Mountainous, timber, farming. + Douglas | 435,207| 44,890| 480,097| Prairie, farming, and grazing. + Okanogan | 206,990| 218,175| 425,165| Mountainous, timber, and + | | | | farming. + |---------|---------|---------| + Total | 963,715| 272,945|1,236,660| + |=========|=========|=========| + State total |2,347,825|2,287,176|4,635,001| + + +CLIMATIC SUMMARY FOR WASHINGTON. + +PREPARED BY GEO. N. SALISBURY, + +Of the Weather Bureau at Seattle. + +The following tables represent averages of observations, covering ten +years or more. The stations included in the list are so distributed +as to indicate the climatic conditions in every portion of the +state. + + SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON. + STATION: ABERDEEN. + +======================================================================== + | | | | |_Number of_| + | | | _Precip-_| | _days--_| + | _Temperature_ | | _itation_| |-----------| + | _in degrees_ | | _in_ | | _With Pre-_ + MONTH. | _Fahrenheit_ | | _inches._| | _cipitation_ + | | | | | Cloudy | + |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly | |_Prevailing_ + |Highest | Lowest | | | Snowfall | | Cloudy | |_direction_ + |---- |----- | | |----- | Clear | | | _of the_ + |Mean| | Date| |Date| |Total| | | | | | | _wind_ +----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- +January |39.9| 61| 1900| 10|1893| |10.56| 4.8| | 3|13|15|19| W +February |40.6| 73| 1905| 13|1899| |10.43| 3.5| | 3|11|14|20| SW +March |43.7| 82| 1905| 22|1896| | 7.89| 1.6| | 5|19| 7|20| W +April |48.2| 88| 1905| 28|1899| | 7.66| T| | 6|16| 8|17| W +May |53.0| 91| 1897| 29|1901| | 4.58| 0| | 6|17| 8|15| W +June |56.8|100| 1903| 34|1901| | 3.72| 0| | 6|15| 9|13| W +July |60.8|105| 1891| 37|1901| | 1.02| 0| | 9|17| 5| 7| W +August |62.1| 96| 1898| 40|1902| | 1.06| 0| |11|17| 3| 5| W +September |57.5| 88| 1894| 30|1901| | 4.98| 0| | 9|15| 6| 9| W +October |52.3| 85| 1891| 29|1893| | 6.71| 0| | 6|14|10|14| W +November |45.1| 73| 1904| 22|1900| |15.28| 0.5| | 2|10|18|22| W +December |40.9| 60| 1892| 20|1901| |14.66| 0.5| | 4|11|16|20| SW & W + |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- + Sums | | | | | | |88.55|10.9| | 6|14|10|15| + Means or\|50.0|105|July,| 10|Jan.| | | | | | | | | + Extremes/| | |1891 | |1893| | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +[Page 100] + PUGET SOUND DISTRICT. + STATION: TACOMA AND ASHFORD. + +======================================================================== + | | | | |_Number of_| + | | | _Precip-_| | _days--_| + | _Temperature_ | | _itation_| |-----------| + | _in degrees_ | | _in_ | | _With Pre-_ + MONTH. | _Fahrenheit_ | | _inches._| | _cipitation_ + | | | | | Cloudy | + |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly | |_Prevailing_ + |Highest | Lowest | | | Snowfall | | Cloudy | |_direction_ + |---- |----- | | |----- | Clear | | | _of the_ + |Mean| | Date| |Date| |Total| | | | | | | _wind_ +----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- +January |38.0| 64| 1891| 0|1888| | 7.20|11.0| | 4| 6|21|20| SW +February |38.9| 66| 1905| 5|1887| | 6.68|12.4| | 4| 7|18|17| SW +March |44.4| 74| 1900| 16|1897| | 4.82| 8.0| | 6| 8|17|18| SW +April |48.9| 84| 1897| 28|1896| | 4.40| 2.8| | 6|12|12|14| SW +May |54.1| 90| 1892| 33|1894| | 4.11| 0.2| | 6|12|13|14| SW +June |58.2| 97| 1903| 39|1895| | 2.62| T| | 8|10|12|11| N +July |62.0| 99| 1891| 42|1894| | 1.20| 0| |15| 9| 7| 6| N +August |61.6| 92| 1898| 40|1895| | 1.28| 0| |15| 8| 8| 5| N +September |56.2| 87| 1894| 36|1902| | 2.74| 0| |12| 8|10|10| N +October |50.6| 82| 1892| 25|1893| | 4.51| 0| | 8| 8|15|12| SW +November |44.2| 70| 1892| 8|1896| | 9.11| 5.2| | 2| 5|23|21| SW +December |40.9| 61| 1900| 19|1894| | 9.55| 4.4| | 4| 7|20|18| SW + |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- + Sums | | | | | | |58.22|44.0| | 7| 8|15|14| + Means or\|49.8| 99|July,| 0|Jan.| | | | | | | | | + Extremes/| | |1891 | |1888| | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + EASTERN WASHINGTON. + STATION: SPOKANE. + +======================================================================== + | | | | |_Number of_| + | | | _Precip-_| | _days--_| + | _Temperature_ | | _itation_| |-----------| + | _in degrees_ | | _in_ | | _With Pre-_ + MONTH. | _Fahrenheit_ | | _inches._| | _cipitation_ + | | | | | Cloudy | + |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly | |_Prevailing_ + |Highest | Lowest | | | Snowfall | | Cloudy | |_direction_ + |---- |----- | | |----- | Clear | | | _of the_ + |Mean| | Date| |Date| |Total| | | | | | | _wind_ +----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- +January |24.5| 55| 1893|-30|1888| | 2.54| 9.4| | 4| 4|23|14| S +February |28.5| 59| 1896|-23|1890| | 2.02| 8.1| | 4| 7|17|13| E & SW +March |39.7| 72| 1889|-10|1891| | 1.40| 3.0| | 7| 8|16|12| S +April |48.0| 86| 1890| 22|1890| | 1.38| 0.2| | 6|10|14| 9| S & SW +May |57.0| 95| 1897| 29|1905| | 1.39| T| | 6|10|15|10| S +June |62.4| 96| 1896| 34|1891| | 1.67| T| | 9|12|10| 9| SW +July |69.0|102| 1890| 39|1893| | 0.71| 0| |15| 8| 8| 5| SW +August |69.0|104| 1898| 40|1902| | 0.46| 0| |17| 8| 6| 5| S +September |58.1| 98| 1888| 26|1889| | 1.04| 0| |12| 7|11| 7| NE +October |48.0| 86| 1892| 12|1887| | 1.39| T| | 8| 9|14| 7| NE +November |37.8| 70| 1903|-13|1896| | 1.67| 2.9| | 1| 5|24|15| S +December |31.3| 57| 1886|-18|1884| | 2.56| 4.9| | 3| 4|24|13| SW + |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- + Sums | | | | | | |18.23|29.4| | 7| 8|15|10| + Means or\|47.8|104|Aug. |-30|Jan.| | | | | | | | | + Extremes/| | |1898 | |1888| | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +[Page 101] + SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON. + STATION: WALLA WALLA. + +======================================================================== + | | | | |_Number of_| + | | | _Precip-_| | _days--_| + | _Temperature_ | | _itation_| |-----------| + | _in degrees_ | | _in_ | | _With Pre-_ + MONTH. | _Fahrenheit_ | | _inches._| | _cipitation_ + | | | | | Cloudy | + |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly | |_Prevailing_ + |Highest | Lowest | | | Snowfall | | Cloudy | |_direction_ + |---- |----- | | |----- | Clear | | | _of the_ + |Mean| | Date| |Date| |Total| | | | | | | _wind_ +----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- +January |32.6| 67| 1902|-17|1888| | 2.17| 6.1| | 3|11|17|12| S +February |37.0| 69| 1896|-15|1893| | 1.55| 5.1| | 6|13| 9|12| S +March |45.2| 74| 1905| 2|1891| | 1.73| 2.7| | 8|16| 7|13| S +April |52.6| 89| 1890| 29|1890| | 1.76| 2| |10|17| 3| 9| S +May |60.1|100| 1897| 34|1905| | 1.72| 0| |12|16| 3|11| S +June |65.8|105| 1896| 40|1901| | 1.13| 0| |15|14| 1| 8| S +July |73.8|108| 1891| 45|1891| | 0.37| 0| |24| 6| 1| 4| S +August |73.8|113| 1898| 47|1899| | 0.43| 0| |23| 7| 1| 4| S +September |63.6|100| 1888| 36|1900| | 0.97| 0| |17| 9| 4| 7| S +October |54.4| 87| 1904| 24|1887| | 1.50| T| |15|12| 4| 8| S +November |42.8| 76| 1891| -9|1896| | 2.17| 2.0| | 4|13| 3|13| S +December |37.3| 65| 1890| -2|1898| | 2.07| 3.5| | 3|11|17|14| S + |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- + Sums | | | | | | |17.58|19.6| |12|12| 6|10| + Means or\|53.2|113|Aug. |-17|Jan.| | | | | | | | | + Extremes/| | |1898 | |1888| | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + THE IRRIGATED WASHINGTON. + STATION: NORTH YAKIMA, SUNNYSIDE, FT. SIMCOE. + +======================================================================== + | | | | |_Number of_| + | | | _Precip-_| | _days--_| + | _Temperature_ | | _itation_| |-----------| + | _in degrees_ | | _in_ | | _With Pre-_ + MONTH. | _Fahrenheit_ | | _inches._| | _cipitation_ + | | | | | Cloudy | + |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly | |_Prevailing_ + |Highest | Lowest | | | Snowfall | | Cloudy | |_direction_ + |---- |----- | | |----- | Clear | | | _of the_ + |Mean| | Date| |Date| |Total| | | | | | | _wind_ +----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- +January |30.4| 62| 1899|-16|1899| | 1.82| 9.2| | 7|13|11| 7| W +February |35.2| 71| 1901|-22|1893| | 1.14| 5.6| | 8|12| 9| 6| W +March |42.5| 78| 1895| 2|1896| | 0.57| 0.4| |12|14| 5| 3| W +April |51.1| 90| 1897| 18|1896| | 0.47| T| |12|13| 5| 3| W +May |59.1|101| 1897| 24|1896| | 0.74| 0| |11|14| 6| 5| W +June |65.4|106| 1896| 30|1901| | 0.32| 0| |15|10| 5| 4| W +July |71.6|112| 1896| 36|1905| | 0.11| 0| |24| 5| 2| 2| W +August |71.1|109| 1897| 35|1895| | 0.21| 0| |19| 9| 3| 3| W +September |61.1| 98| 1896| 24|1891| | 0.44| 0| |17| 8| 5| 4| W +October |51.0| 89| 1891| 13|1893| | 0.50| 0| |15|10| 6| 4| W +November |39.4| 73| 1897|-23|1896| | 1.56| 4.4| | 4|12|14| 9| W +December |32.3| 67| 1898| -8|1895| | 1.47| 6.2| | 7|10|14| 7| SW + |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|---------- + Sums | | | | | | | 9.35|25.8| |12|11| 7| 5| + Means or\|50.9|112|July,|-23|Nov.| | | | | | | | | + Extremes/| | |1896 | |1896| | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +[Page 102] +TOTAL ASSESSMENT OF ALL PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON AS +EQUALIZED BY THE STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION FOR THE YEAR 1908. +============================================================== + | _Total Real and Personal Property,_ + |------------------------------------------------- + | | | Ratio | | + | Assessed | |assessed| | + COUNTIES. | value | Actual | to | *Exemp- | + | returned | value. | actual | tions. | + | by county. | | value. | | +------------|------------|--------------|--------|-----------| +Adams | $12,934,270| $32,730,750| $39.51|* $347,380| +Asotin | 3,186,570| 6,346,110| 50.21| 73,600| +Benton | 5,900,630| 13,967,229| 42.24| 201,105| +Chehalis | 14,832,671| 63,320,298| 23.42|* 897,053| +Chelan | 7,510,825| 17,903,363| 41.95| 317,510| +Clallam | 7,045,161| 14,294,907| 49.28| 148,017| +Clarke | 9,548,965| 22,951,958| 41.60|* 552,000| +Columbia | 6,677,175| 12,916,674| 51.69| 164,855| +Cowlitz | 7,506,911| 18,774,621| 39.98|* 258,305| +Douglas | 13,714,378| 32,623,076| 42.03|* 792,735| +Ferry | 1,323,524| 2,205,873| 60.00|* 132,674| +Franklin | 4,029,979| 12,053,842| 33.43|* 121,309| +Garfield | 4,230,446| 9,466,437| 44.68| 123,027| +Island | 1,296,572| 3,706,168| 34.98| 100,545| +Jefferson | 4,566,042| 9,932,771| 45.96| 92,864| +King |*204,852,223| 437,905,564| 46.78| 5,011,716| +Kitsap | 4,145,045| 9,133,183| 45.38|* 271,777| +Kittitas | 8,853,102| 20,145,643| 43.98| 421,605| +Klickitat | 5,869,515| 14,199,834| 41.33| 366,835| +Lewis | 17,959,730| 39,028,152| 46.01| 673,137| +Lincoln | 18,046,865| 44,933,712| 40.16|* 844,061| +Mason | 3,030,375| 10,744,059| 28.20| 97,386| +Okanogan | 3,750,417| 6,540,821| 57.33| 421,615| +Pacific | 7,036,354| 22,947,129| 30.66| 95,700| +Pierce | 76,828,090| 181,499,746| 42.33| 2,903,450| +San Juan | 1,553,856| 3,789,892| 41.00|* 126,818| +Skagit | 10,867,150| 38,346,941| 28.33| 297,600| +Skamania | 4,063,188| 6,375,330| 63.73| 66,300| +Snohomish |* 25,699,461| 54,494,192| 47.16| 1,221,570| +Spokane | 80,038,409| 154,967,786| 51.64| 2,956,265| +Stevens | 6,675,908| 17,811,897| 37.48|* 654,238| +Thurston | 8,325,065| 23,882,038| 34.85| 518,971| +Wahkiakum | 1,668,376| 4,319,197| 38.62| 69,616| +Walla Walla | 19,434,380| 45,866,287| 42.37| 369,000| +Whatcom | 19,853,046| 48,038,017| 41.32|* 1,460,250| +Whitman | 19,098,175| 60,560,413| 31.53| 1,160,290| +Yakima | 23,625,355| 48,428,184| 48.78|* 1,517,390| + |------------|--------------|--------|-----------| + Totals |$675,578,199|$1,567,152,094| $43.11|$25,902,569| + +======================================== +_Exclusive of Railroad and Telegraph._ | +------------|-------------|------------| + | Aggregate | Aggregate | + |value of tax-| value as | + COUNTIES. |able property| equalized | + | as returned | by state | + | by county. | board. | +------------|-------------|------------| +Adams | $12,586,890| $13,762,846| +Asotin | 3,112,970| 2,662,208| +Benton | 5,699,525| 5,820,167| +Chehalis | 13,935,618| 26,400,327| +Chelan | 7,193,315| 7,400,630| +Clallam | 6,897,144| 6,014,517| +Clarke | 8,996,965| 9,342,589| +Columbia | 6,512,320| 5,403,523| +Cowlitz | 7,248,606| 7,835,434| +Douglas | 12,921,643| 13,271,073| +Ferry | 1,190,850| 818,278| +Franklin | 3,908,670| 5,075,102| +Garfield | 4,107,419| 3,957,954| +Island | 1,196,027| 1,497,184| +Jefferson | 4,473,178| 4,189,154| +King | 199,840,507| 183,769,507| +Kitsap | 3,873,268| 3,665,538| +Kittitas | 8,431,497| 8,263,182| +Klickitat | 5,502,680| 5,754,713| +Lewis | 17,286,593| 16,151,899| +Lincoln | 17,202,804| 18,526,862| +Mason | 2,932,989| 4,534,378| +Okanogan | 3,328,802| 2,398,133| +Pacific | 6,940,654| 9,796,807| +Pierce | 73,924,640| 75,341,091| +San Juan | 1,427,038| 1,507,004| +Skagit | 10,569,550| 16,233,766| +Skamania | 3,996,883| 2,682,105| +Snohomish | 24,477,891| 22,270,886| +Spokane | 77,082,144| 63,850,348| +Stevens | 6,021,670| 7,024,471| +Thurston | 7,806,094| 9,776,576| +Wahkiakum | 1,598,760| 1,792,390| +Walla Walla | 19,065,380| 19,403,957| +Whatcom | 18,392,796| 19,248,939| +Whitman | 17,937,885| 24,947,304| +Yakima | 22,053,965| 19,306,001| + |-------------|------------| + Totals | $649,675,630|$649,696,709| + +================================================================== + |_Railroads._| _Electric_ |_Telegraph._| TOTAL. | + | | _Rys._ | | Aggregate | + | Value as | Value as | Value as |value as real| + | corrected, | corrected, | corrected, |and personal | + COUNTIES. |revised and |revised and |revised and | property as | + |equalized by|equalized by|equalized by|equalized by | + |state board.|state board.|state board.|state board. | +------------|------------|------------|------------|-------------| +Adams | $2,445,703| | $10,499| $16,219,048| +Asotin | | | | 2,662,208| +Benton | 2,595,331| | 5,477| 8,420,975| +Chehalis | 798,828| 165,258| 2,212| 27,366,625| +Chelan | 2,860,892| | 9,058| 10,270,580| +Clallam | | | 4,073| 6,018,590| +Clarke | 891,275| | 87| 10,233,951| +Columbia | 908,202| | 6,775| 6,318,500| +Cowlitz | 1,363,089| | 11,016| 9,209,539| +Douglas | 3,703,546| | 9,650| 16,984,269| +Ferry | 1,359,278| | | 2,177,641| +Franklin | 1,852,025| | 7,975| 6,935,102| +Garfield | 144,067| | 555| 4,102,576| +Island | | | | 1,497,184| +Jefferson | 417,464| | 3,695| 4,610,313| +King | 11,882,802| 7,477,860| 38,645| 203,168,680| +Kitsap | | | 2,325| 3,667,863| +Kittitas | 3,674,706| | 10,194| 11,948,082| +Klickitat | 1,108,683| | | 6,863,396| +Lewis | 2,050,492| | 12,186| 18,214,576| +Lincoln | 4,456,845| | 12,648| 22,996,355| +Mason | 7,791| | | 4,542,169| +Okanogan | 834,844| | | 3,232,977| +Pacific | 418,310| | 1,438| 10,216,555| +Pierce | 4,589,415| 1,900,370| 22,077| 81,852,953| +San Juan | | | | 1,507,004| +Skagit | 2,177,605| | 7,518| 18,418,889| +Skamania | 332,926| | | 3,015,031| +Snohomish | 8,064,368| 910,195| 18,950| 31,264,399| +Spokane | 8,402,563| 2,131,611| 31,075| 74,415,597| +Stevens | 1,994,897| | 6,353| 9,025,721| +Thurston | 1,561,390| 76,530| 10,096| 11,424,592| +Wahkiakum | | | | 1,792,390| +Walla Walla | 3,797,744| 131,082| 14,574| 23,347,357| +Whatcom | 3,372,306| 630,373| 7,457| 23,259,075| +Whitman | 3,296,322| 528,248| 19,897| 28,791,771| +Yakima | 3,278,556| 10,000| 6,852| 22,601,409| + |------------|------------|------------|-------------| + Totals | $84,642,349| $13,961,527| $293,357| $748,593,942| + +*Exception includes the amount returned by these counties under +the item "Moneys on hand" allowed by the Board. + + + + +[Page 103] +ACKNOWLEDGEMENT + +Distribution of this publication at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition +has been made possible through financial assistance extended by +the State A.-Y.-P. E. Commission. An edition of a few thousand +copies only was originally contemplated, but funds provided by +the State Commission have enabled us to increase the quantity to +25,000. This help thus given in extending the field of usefulness +of this report is herewith gratefully acknowledged. + + STATE BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION. + + I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State, + _Ex-Officio Commissioner._ + + GEO. M. ALLEN, + _Deputy Commissioner._ + + + + +[Page 104] +INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER. + +Acknowledgment 103 +Adams County 46 +Agriculture 22 +Asotin County 47 +Bee Culture 26 +Benton County 48 +Coal Fields 10 +Coal Mining 19 +Chehalis County 49 +Chelan County 50 +Clallam County 51 +Clarke County 52 +Columbia County 53 +Cowlitz County 54 +Dairying 25 +Douglas County 55 +Educational System 32-33 +Ferry County 56 +Forests 9 +Fisheries 12 +Franklin County 57 +Game 16 +Garfield County 58 +Government Lands 14 +Grant County 59 +Horticulture 24 +Indian Lands 14 +Industries of Washington 18-28 +Introduction 3-4 +Irrigation 40-41 +Island County 60 +Jefferson County 61 +King County 62 +Kitsap County 64 +Kittitas County 65 +Klickitat County 66 +Lands 14 +Letter of Transmittal 2 +Lewis County 67 +Lincoln County 69 +Logged-off Lands 33-39 +Lumbering 18 +Manufacturing 26 +Mason County 70 +Mineral Ores 11 +Natural Division 5 +Okanogan County 71 +Opportunities in Washington 29-31 +Pacific County 72 +Pierce County 74 +Poultry 26 +Resources of Washington 8-17 +San Juan County 76 +Scenery 16 +Skagit County 77 +Skamania County 79 +Snohomish County 80 +Soils 13 +Spokane County 81 +State Lands 14 +Stevens County 83 +Stock Raising 24 +Thurston County 85 +Title Page 1 +Transportation 27 +Wahkiakum County 86 +Walla Walla County 87 +Water Power 15 +Whatcom County 87 +Whitman County 89 +Yakima County 90 + + +INDEX TO STATISTICAL APPENDIX. + +Assessed valuations by counties 102 +Climatic tables 99-101 +Federal lands, distribution by counties 98-99 +State officers, boards and commissions 96 +State lands, distribution by counties 97 +Statistics of incorporated cities and towns 92-95 + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and +Industries of the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF WASHINGTON *** + +***** This file should be named 15229.txt or 15229.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/2/2/15229/ + +Produced by Robert J. Hall + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/15229.zip b/old/15229.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9af5810 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/15229.zip |