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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and Industries of
+the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Review of the Resources and Industries of the State of Washington, 1909
+
+Author: Ithamar Howell
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2005 [EBook #15229]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert J. Hall
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FRONTISPIECE.--WASHINGTON'S NEW CAPITOL BUILDING.
+(Photo Engraved from a Drawing.)
+CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW CAPITOL TO BE ERECTED ON THE FOUNDATION
+ALREADY LAID AT OLYMPIA WAS AUTHORIZED AT THE 1909 SESSION OF THE
+LEGISLATURE.]
+
+
+
+
+[Page 1]
+A REVIEW OF THE RESOURCES
+AND INDUSTRIES
+OF
+WASHINGTON
+
+1909
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE, FOR GRATUITOUS
+DISTRIBUTION BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION
+
+I. M. HOWELL.
+  _Secretary of State_
+  _Ex-Officio Commissioner_
+
+GEO. M. ALLEN,
+  _Deputy Commissioner,_
+
+
+[Page 2]
+                         OFFICE OF THE
+  BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,
+            OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.
+
+_To His Excellency M. E. Hay, Governor of Washington:_
+
+We have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial Report of the
+Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration for the year 1909,
+dealing with the various resources and industries of Washington.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+
+I. M. HOWELL.
+  _Secretary of State_,
+  _Ex-Officio Commissioner_.
+
+GEO. M. ALLEN,
+  _Deputy Commissioner,_
+
+
+
+
+[Page 3]
+INTRODUCTION
+
+  OFFICE OF THE
+    BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,
+      OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.
+
+This publication represents an effort to place before the general
+public, and particularly the visitors at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific
+Exposition, a brief description of the principal resources and
+industries of the State of Washington.
+
+Its imperfections may be accounted for largely by reason of the
+fact that funds for the purpose did not become available until the
+first day of April of the current year. This necessitated unusual
+haste in securing and preparing the material upon which the pamphlet
+is based. However, we have endeavored to deal conservatively and
+fairly with the various subjects under consideration, and to present
+all the information possible within the limits of the space at
+our disposal.
+
+Our purpose has been to supply the reader with an outline of the
+salient facts which account for the marvelous growth and development
+which the commonwealth is enjoying. To go largely into detail within
+the scope of a pamphlet of this size would be, manifestly, an
+impossibility. We might readily exhaust our available space in
+dealing with one industry or in describing a single county. Details,
+therefore, have been necessarily and purposely avoided.
+
+We have sought to bring the entire state within the perspective of
+the reader, leaving him to secure additional facts through personal
+investigation. Along this line, attention is called to the list of
+commercial organizations and local officials presented
+[Page 4]
+in the statistical portion of this report. Nearly all the larger
+communities of the state maintain organizations, equipped to supply
+detailed facts relating to their particular locality. Much valuable
+information may be obtained on application to these organizations
+or to local officials.
+
+An expression of appreciation is due those who have assisted us
+by supplying information and collecting photographs for use in
+this publication. Without such aid the completion of the pamphlet
+would have been materially delayed.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 1.--Fruit Farm Adjoining Town of Asotin,
+Asotin County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 2--Asotin County Views.]
+
+
+
+
+[Page 5]
+GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.
+
+The State of Washington as now constituted, was, prior to 1853,
+a portion of the Territory of Oregon. During the year mentioned,
+a new territory was carved from the old Oregon boundaries, which
+the statesmen of that day evidently believed was marked by destiny
+for the achievement of great things, for they conferred upon it
+the name of Washington.
+
+That our state, thus highly distinguished, has already demonstrated
+itself worthy of the exalted name, so happily bestowed upon it, the
+most carping critic must admit. With a population now reaching up
+toward a million and a half, and with all the forces that make for
+industrial, commercial and agricultural supremacy in full swing,
+and gathering new momentum yearly, Washington is moving onward
+and upward toward a position among the very elect of our great
+sisterhood of states.
+
+As briefly as the story may be told, the fundamental facts which
+underlie the marvelous advancement made by the state during recent
+years will be set forth in the pages of this pamphlet.
+
+
+NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE.
+
+By virtue of its varied topography, Washington is naturally divided
+into a number of districts or sections, each possessing its own
+particular characteristics.
+
+Olympic Peninsula.
+
+The first of these districts may be described as consisting of that
+section of the state including the Olympic mountains and extending
+westward from them to the Pacific ocean. Within the limits of this
+Olympic peninsula, as it is ordinarily termed, there is standing
+one of the largest and most valuable tracts of virgin timber yet
+remaining in the United States.
+
+[Page 6]
+Puget Sound Basin.
+
+The second district includes the territory lying between the Olympic
+and Cascade mountains, the chief physical feature of which is the
+great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore front of this
+important waterway exceeds 2,000 miles, and its length is broken
+by numerous bays and harbors, upon which are located Seattle, the
+state's metropolis, and the growing cities of Tacoma, Everett,
+Bellingham and Olympia. The climate of this section is mild in winter
+and cool in summer, extremes in either season being practically
+unknown. Deep sea shipping enters the port of Puget Sound from every
+maritime country on the globe, and the industrial and commercial
+interests of this section are expanding with extraordinary rapidity.
+
+The Cascade Mountains.
+
+The Cascade mountains constitute the third of these natural divisions.
+This range extends in a broken line across the width of the state, at
+a distance of about 120 miles from the Pacific ocean. These mountains,
+their rugged peaks capped with a mantle of eternal snow, their sides
+covered with a heavy timber growth, and their valleys carrying
+numerous sparkling mountain streams, with illimitable possibilities
+for the development of power, are one of the important assets of
+the state, the value of which has not as yet even been estimated.
+The mineral wealth of the Cascades, only a slight knowledge of
+which has as yet been secured, will ere long contribute largely
+to the prosperity of the state, while the more moderate slopes of
+the mountains serve a valuable purpose for the pasturage of numerous
+flocks and herds.
+
+Okanogan Highlands.
+
+The fourth district is known as the Okanogan highlands, and occupies
+that portion of the state lying north of the Columbia river and
+east of the Cascade mountains. This section of the state contains
+valuable timber and mineral wealth in addition to presenting many
+attractive opportunities to the farmer and horticulturist. It has
+been hampered thus far by
+[Page 7]
+lack of adequate transportation facilities, and for this reason
+land may be had at exceptionally reasonable figures.
+
+Columbia River Basin.
+
+The Columbia river basin is by far the largest natural division of
+the state, and, generally speaking, includes the section drained
+by that river and its tributaries. Within the confines of this
+district are the great irrigated and grain-growing sections of the
+state, which are a source of constantly increasing wealth.
+
+This great "Inland Empire," as it has come to be called, has made
+thousands of homeseekers independent, and is largely responsible for
+the rise to commercial greatness of the splendid city of Spokane.
+Other cities of growing importance lying within the Columbia river
+basin are Walla Walla, North Yakima, Ellensburg and Wenatchee,
+while scores of smaller communities are annually adding to their
+population with the continued development of the districts of which
+they are the immediate distributing centers.
+
+The Southeast.
+
+The Blue mountains form the chief natural characteristic of the
+extreme southeastern section of the state, which constitutes the
+sixth division. This is comparatively a small district, but one
+that is highly favored by climatic and soil advantages, and it
+is well timbered and watered.
+
+The Southwest.
+
+The southwest is the seventh and final division of the state. It
+comprises an extensive district, fronting on the Columbia river and
+the Pacific ocean. It is heavily wooded and its chief industries
+are based upon its timber wealth. The taking and canning of fish and
+oyster culture are also important industries, while fruit growing
+and general farming are carried on upon a constantly increasing
+scale.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 8]
+NATURAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.
+
+Probably few other states in the Union excel Washington in the
+great variety, abundance and value of the natural gifts prepared
+and ripe for the hand of man within its borders. Preceding races
+were content to leave its wealth to us, being themselves satisfied
+to subsist upon that which was at hand and ready for consumption
+with no effort but the effort of taking. The impenetrable forests
+were to them a barrier to be let alone. For the minerals within the
+mountains they had no use, and to gather wealth from the tillage
+of the soil needed too much exertion. Fish and game and fruits all
+ready to gather were all they sought, and the state had enough
+of these to attract and hold a large population. But the vision
+of the white man was different. His eye scanned the peaks of the
+Cascades with its great eternal white Rainier having its head thrust
+up among the clouds, and he realized that around and beneath them
+must be a vast hoard of the precious metals. His eye caught the
+dazzling grandeur of the white-capped Olympics, but he realized
+that they held in reserve something more substantial to his needs
+than scenery and hunting grounds. The impenetrable barriers of the
+forest-covered foothills were to him a treasure worth the struggle
+for an empire. He scanned the glittering waters of the bays and
+inlets of Puget Sound and its great open way to the Pacific Ocean
+and realized that it meant more to him and to his children than a
+place to catch a few fish. He viewed the vast plains of "barren"
+land within the great winding course of the Columbia river and
+believed it worth more than pasturage for a few bands of ponies.
+
+The thousand tumbling water-falls that hastened the course of the
+rivers toward the sea meant more than resting places for the chase. No
+wonder the hardy pioneers whose vision saw the grandeur of Washington
+and comprehended its meaning dared a mighty journey, vast hardships
+and trying and dangerous hazards to save this empire to Uncle Sam.
+Washington, saved by the energy and foresight of a few, has become the
+[Page 9]
+delightful home of a million and more, and their possession is
+one that Alexander or Napoleon would have coveted, had they known.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 3.--Chehalis County Timber.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 4.--The Logging Industry in Chehalis County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 5.--View of Harbor, Aberdeen, Chehalis
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 6.--Limb Cut from a Chelan County Peach
+Tree.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 7.--Six-Year-Old Winesap Apple Tree on
+Farm of Blackmont Bros., Chelan County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 8.--Farm of Wm. Turner, Chelan County.
+From Sage Brush to Bearing Orchard, Showing How Living Is Made
+While Orchard Is Coming Into Bearing.]
+
+
+FORESTS.
+
+From British Columbia to the majestic Columbia river and from the
+Cascade mountains westward to the ocean a vast forest of magnificent
+timber stretches out over mountain and hill and valley, covering
+the whole landscape of western Washington in a mantle of living
+green. The majestic fir trees, which, as small evergreens, adorn
+the lawns of other climes, here stretch their ancient heads 300
+feet heavenward and give the logger a chance to stand upon his
+springboard and, leaving a fifteen foot stump, cut off a log 100
+feet in length and 7 feet in diameter free from limbs or knots. Side
+by side with these giants of fir are other giants of cedar, hemlock
+and spruce crowded in groups, sometimes all alike and sometimes
+promiscuously mingled, which offer to the logger often 50,000 feet
+of lumber from an acre of ground.
+
+But these great forests of western Washington are not all the forests
+within the state. The eastern slope of the Cascade mountains well
+down toward the lands of the valleys is mostly covered with timber.
+A belt from 30 to 50 miles wide stretching clear across the north
+boundary of eastern Washington is mostly a forest, while a large
+area in the southeastern corner of the state, probably 24 miles
+square, is also forest covered.
+
+To estimate the amount of timber which can be cut from these vast
+forest areas is difficult; estimates are not accurate, yet it is
+probable that the lumber made will in time far exceed any estimate
+yet placed upon this chief source of the wealth of the State of
+Washington. Of the fir the estimate has been made that shows still
+standing enough timber to make 120 billion feet; for the cedar the
+estimate is 25 billion feet, while the same amount of 25 billion
+feet is credited to hemlock; 12 billion feet of spruce are claimed,
+12 billion feet of yellow pine and probably 6 billion feet of other
+woods, including maple, alder, oak, yew, ash and many others, together
+forming the great mass of 200 billion feet of lumber. Where forest
+areas are cut off, the
+[Page 10]
+sun and air at once start to life seeds which lie dormant in the
+shade and a new crop at once starts and the old ground is in a
+few years reforested in nature's prodigal way, a thousand seeds
+sprouting and growing where only one giant can ultimately stand.
+
+Of these timbers, the fir, largest in quantity, is also largest
+in usefulness. For bridge work, shipbuilding, the construction of
+houses, etc. it is unsurpassed. Cedar is lighter and more easily
+worked and for shingles chiefly and many other special uses is
+superior. Spruce is fine grained, odorless and valuable for butter
+tubs, interior finish, shelving, etc. The hemlock is valuable not
+only for the tannin of its bark, but as a wood for many purposes is
+equal to spruce. The yellow pine, where it is plentiful is the main
+wood used in house construction and for nearly all farm purposes.
+The yellow pine is the chief timber in all eastern Washington. The
+harder woods, maple, alder, ash, etc., are used where available
+in furniture construction and for fuel, as are also all the other
+woods.
+
+
+COAL.
+
+Not content with covering half the surface of the state with forests
+for fuel, the Creator hid away under the forests an additional
+supply of heat and power sufficient to last its future citizens an
+indefinite period. The white man was not slow to find and locate
+the coal measures in many counties, notably in Kittitas, King,
+Pierce, Lewis, Whatcom and Thurston, and to put it to the task of
+driving his machinery. The coal measures of these counties are of
+vast extent, and, although little developed yet, there are 3,000,000
+tons of coal mined annually in Washington. Other counties are known
+to have coal measures beneath their forests, but as yet they have
+not been opened up for commerce.
+
+The coal already mined includes both lignite and bituminous varieties
+and furnishes fuel for the railroads, steamboats and power plants,
+giving very satisfactory results. Much of the bituminous coal makes
+an excellent article of coke and provides this concentrated carbon
+for the various plants about the state engaged in smelting iron
+and other metals.
+
+[Page 11]
+The fixed carbon of the coal ranges from 48 to 65 per cent. and
+the total values in carbon from 64 to 80 per cent. and the ash
+from 3 to 17 per cent. The coal measures underlie probably the
+great bulk of the foothills on both sides of the Cascades and some
+of the Olympics, the Blue mountains of the southeast and some of
+the low mountains in the northeastern part of the state.
+
+Besides these coals already mentioned, it is known that veins of
+anthracite coal exist in the western part of Lewis county, the
+extent and value of which have not been fully determined, and, owing
+to the absence of transportation, are not on the market.
+
+
+MINERAL ORES.
+
+The general topography of the state suggests at once the probability
+of deposits of ores of the precious metals, and the cursory prospecting
+already done justifies the outlook. Practically the entire mountain
+regions are enticing fields for the prospector. Substantial rewards
+have already been realized by many who have chanced the hardships,
+and there are now in operation many mining enterprises which are
+yearly adding a substantial sum to the output of the wealth of
+the state. The ores occur chiefly in veins of low grade and great
+width and known as base on account of the presence of sulphur,
+arsenic and other elements compelling the ores to be roasted before
+smelting.
+
+There are, however, some high grade ores in narrow fissures and in
+a few localities free milling ores and placer deposits are found.
+In most cases the free milling ores are the result of oxidation and
+will be found to be base as water level is reached in the mining
+process.
+
+Mining of precious metals is being prosecuted in Whatcom, Skagit,
+Snohomish, King, Pierce, Lewis, Skamania, Cowlitz, Okanogan, Chelan,
+Kittitas, Yakima, Klickitat, Ferry and Stevens counties.
+
+Of the metals the mines of the state are producing gold, silver,
+lead, copper, quicksilver, zinc, arsenic, antimony, molybdenum,
+[Page 12]
+nickel, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, bismuth, sulphur, selenium,
+tellurium, tin and platinum.
+
+There are also iron mines, and quarries of marble, granite, onyx,
+serpentine, limestone and sandstone--beds of fire clay, kaolin,
+fire and potter's clays, talc and asbestos and many prospects of
+petroleum.
+
+Mining is suffering for the lack of transportation for the low
+grade ores, but prospects are excellent for relief in this regard in
+the near future. The era of wildcat exploitation has been relegated
+to the past and legitimate mining is now getting a firmer hold
+in the state, and we look for results within the next five years
+which will astonish many who think themselves well informed.
+
+
+FISHERIES.
+
+A glance at the map of the state will disclose a remarkable combination
+of salt and fresh waters within the jurisdiction of the state of
+such a character as to amaze one not familiar with it, but learned
+in the habits of the finny tribe in general.
+
+The ocean is the great feeding ground. Out of its mysterious depths
+the millions of fish come into fresh waters fat and rich from the
+salt water vegetation.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 9.--Chelan County Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 10.--Farm and Dairy Scene Common to Clallam
+County.]
+
+The great Columbia river in the south, Willapa harbor, Grays harbor,
+the majestic straits of Fuca and the equally majestic straits of
+Georgia on the north are all great open highways from the sea, not
+only for merchandise laden ships, but for myriads of salt water
+food fishes which annually traverse their bottoms. Into these open
+mouths flows a great network of fresh water rivers and streams,
+draining the entire area of the state and providing the spawning
+waters for the fishes from the sea not only, but for millions of
+strictly fresh water fishes. Not only these, but late years have
+proven the shore waters of the state to produce also great numbers
+of oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp. Nor is this all, because the
+proximity of the state to the ocean gives it a great advantage
+in profiting from the fishing industry among that class of the
+finny hosts who refuse to leave their salt water homes. So that
+from the whales of Bering sea to the speckled beauties that haunt
+the mountain
+[Page 13]
+streams, through the long list of delectable salt and fresh water
+food, the fisherman of Washington has an enticing and most profitable
+chance to satisfy his love of sport and adventure not only, but
+to increase his bank account as well.
+
+
+SOILS AND LANDS.
+
+Washington is particularly blessed in having a diversity of soils,
+all admirably adapted to some department of agriculture and giving
+the state the opportunity of great diversity in the occupations
+of its people. The central plateau of eastern Washington, made
+up of level stretches and undulating hills, is all covered with a
+soil composed of volcanic ash and the disintegration of basaltic
+rocks which, together with some humus from decayed vegetation,
+has made a field of surpassing fertility for the production of
+the cereals with scant water supply; but under the magic touch of
+irrigation it doubles its output and makes of it not only a grain
+field but an orchard and garden as well. Underneath the forests
+of eastern Washington, along the northern border of the state and
+in its southeastern corner there is added a large proportion of
+clay, a necessary element for perpetual pasturage, and widening
+the field for fruit growing.
+
+In western Washington, upon the bench lands and on the hills and
+foothills the forests are supported upon a gravelly soil, intermixed
+with a peculiar shot clay which disintegrates with successive tillage
+so that when the forests are removed the soil becomes ready for
+all the grasses and grains and fruits. In the valleys more silt
+and humus make up the soil, and when the cottonwoods, alders and
+maples are gone there is left a soil deep and strong for the truck
+gardener and general farmer, which will endure successive tillings
+for ages. At the deltas of the rivers are large reaches of level
+lands, some of which have to be diked to prevent the overflow of
+the tides, which have had added the fertility of the salts of the
+ocean and are probably the richest lands in the state fit for cereals
+and root crops, not omitting the bulbs which have made the deltas
+of Holland famous. There are also extensive peat beds which,
+scientifically
+[Page 14]
+fertilized, will produce abundant returns to the intelligent farmer.
+
+
+LANDS.
+
+The lands of the state are owned, some by Indian tribes, some by
+the general government, some by the state, but largely by individual
+citizens and corporations.
+
+Indian Lands.
+
+Of the Indian lands most of them have been "allotted" and the balance
+will soon be thrown open to settlement. Of these the largest in
+western Washington are the Quinault and Makah reservations and in
+eastern Washington the great Colville reservation. This latter will
+in time make two or three counties of great value, being adapted
+to general farming, dairying, fruit growing and mining, and having
+an abundance of forest area for fuel and building purposes. Those
+in western Washington are timbered areas at present.
+
+Government Lands.
+
+The remnant of government lands are chiefly among the more barren
+areas of eastern Washington and the poorer forest lands of western
+Washington. The method of obtaining title to government lands is
+generally known, and if not, can be obtained from the general land
+offices, one of which is in Seattle, Olympia, Vancouver, Spokane,
+Waterville, Walla Walla and North Yakima. The government still holds
+title to nearly six million acres, and, while the best has been
+acquired by others, the diligent searcher can still find homesteads
+and desert claims worth energy and considerable expense to secure.
+
+State Lands.
+
+A recent estimate of the value of the state lands still in possession
+makes them worth 56 million dollars. They include nearly 3,000,000
+acres, a large portion of which is heavily timbered. These lands
+may be obtained from the state through the state land commissioner
+by purchase outright on very easy terms, or may be leased for a
+term of five to ten years at a low rental, the lessee receiving
+virtually a first right to purchase.
+
+These state lands are as good as any in the state and offer to the
+homeseeker a splendid opportunity for a start.
+
+[Page 15]
+In this state there are also numerous tide lands, oyster lands,
+and shore lands to be obtained at various prices, both from the
+state and from private individuals who have already acquired title
+from the state.
+
+
+WATER POWER.
+
+It is probable that no state in the Union is better equipped for
+creating power than the State of Washington. Numerous waterfalls
+of magnitude are already successfully utilized. Among these the
+most noted are the Spokane falls, capable of producing 400,000
+horse power; the Snoqualmie falls, with a sheer descent of 250
+feet, with a capacity of 100,000 horse power; Puyallup river at
+one place is furnishing about 20,000 horse power; the Cedar river
+has a capacity of 50,000 horse wer; the Nooksack falls with 15,000
+horse power already generated; Tumwater falls with 4,000 horse
+power, with Chelan falls, the Meyers falls and the falls of Asotin
+creek all in use to limited extent. The waters of the Yakima river
+are also in use in part for power purposes, but more extensively
+for irrigation. Besides these there are many minor streams already
+harnessed.
+
+But the unused water powers of the state far exceed that portion
+now developed. All its streams are mountain streams, excepting
+perhaps, the Snake and Columbia rivers. These mountain rivers in
+a flow of 50 to 200 miles make a descent of 2,000 to 5,000 feet
+in reaching sea level, providing innumerable opportunities to use
+the falls already created by nature, or to divert the waters and
+produce artificial falls.
+
+No heritage of the state is of greater value and none more appreciated
+than this water power. Since the introduction of electricity as
+a lighting and motive force, its creation by water power looms
+into immense importance. The exhibition of its achievements to
+be seen in Washington today is amazing to the men whose vision
+of light and power was first with the tallow dip and four-footed
+beasts, and later with kerosene and steam. Electricity, created
+by our water falls, lights our cities and farm homes, draws our
+street cars and some railroad cars--pushes most of the machinery
+used in manufactories, to the great satisfaction and profit of
+our citizens.
+
+
+[Page 16]
+GAME.
+
+The State of Washington was once a paradise for the sportsman in
+its every corner. Its desert lands were full of jack rabbits and
+sage hens; over its mountains and foothills roamed herds of elk,
+mountain goats, deer, and many bear, cougar and wild cats. In its
+timbered valleys were pheasants and grouse in plenty. Upon its
+waters and sloughs the wild ducks and geese were in vast flocks,
+while its waters teemed with salmon in many varieties, and several
+families of the cod tribe, sole, flounders, perch, mountain trout
+and other fish.
+
+While these conditions cannot now be said to exist in full, yet
+at certain seasons, and in some places, the same game, animals,
+birds and fishes are in abundance, and the sportsman, while he
+may not have his "fill," may satisfy a reasonable amount of his
+craving for the excitement of the frontier. The state has deemed
+it wise to restrict the time and place within which its game can
+be taken and the amount a single individual shall kill. These
+regulations suffice partly to preserve the game from extinction
+and help replenish the state's treasury, and are considered wise
+and reasonable.
+
+
+SCENERY.
+
+If Washington is mighty in forest possession, provided with fuel
+for centuries in its coal beds, rich in precious metals, with great
+open waterways full of fish roads from the ocean and millions of
+fishes in its inland waters, with game upon its thousand hills and
+its vast plains loaded with waving grains and red with luscious
+fruits, still its crowning glory is its matchless scenery.
+
+Towering above the clouds, with its head crowned with eternal snows,
+its sides forever glistening with icy glaciers till their feet touch
+the green tops of its foothills, near the center of the state, stands
+in imposing grandeur the highest mountain of the states--grand,
+old Mount Rainier.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 11.--Fish Cannery at Port Angeles, Clallam
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 12.--A Forest Scene in Clallam County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 13.--North Bank Bridge Over the Columbia
+River at Vancouver, Clarke County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 14.--U. S. Army Post, Vancouver, Clarke
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 15.--Stock-Raising in Clarke County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 16.--A Clarke County Fruit Ranch.]
+
+Through its center north and south the Cascade mountains in a zigzag
+course lift their clustered peaks and mountain passes from four
+to eight thousand feet above the sea, while Mount Olympus and his
+colleagues higher still poke their inspiring
+[Page 17]
+front heavenward. Between these two white and green clad mountain
+ranges, protected from the blizzards of the southwestern plains
+and from the hurricanes from the ocean, lie in safety the placid
+waters of Washington's great inland sea, matchless Puget Sound.
+
+Where else upon the globe is such a diversified stretch of tranquil
+water, upon whose shores the ocean tides ebb and flow, upon whose
+surface the navies of the world could maneuver to their heart's
+content, while visible from shore to shore are the vast evergreen
+forests, interlaced with winding waters and stretching gently upwards
+till they reach the visible mountain peaks a hundred miles away,
+thousands of feet skyward?
+
+Scarcely less enchanting is the view eastward from the Rainier's
+lofty height--a vast stretch of hill and plain almost surrounded
+by green mountain sides, through whose gray and green fields flow
+the great winding courses of the mighty Columbia and the lazy Snake
+rivers, while a multitude of smaller streams gleam through the
+forest sides of the mountains over innumerable waterfalls. Here
+within the foothills you gaze upon the largest lake within the
+state, a beauty spot to enchant alike the artist and the sportsman.
+Deep within its rocky sides and full of speckled beauties lying
+like a mirror in the stretch of green hills about it, lies Lake
+Chelan, and on its unruffled bosom a fleet of boats ply for fifty
+miles beyond its outlet till reach the mining foothills of the
+mountains. A hundred miles eastward, still among the scattered
+pines of northeastern Washington, the Spokane river tumbles in
+masses of foam and spray over a succession of rocky falls on its
+way to the Columbia, while still further on the Pend d'Oreille
+and upper reaches of the Columbia river flow close up among the
+mountains and foothills and present a series of beautiful combinations
+of rock, trees, hills and valleys, of forests and waterfalls of
+magnificent beauty. Washington in its scenery is magnificent in
+proportions, wonderful in its variety, grand and imposing in form
+and feature--picturesque--enticing--"a thing of beauty and a joy
+forever."
+
+
+
+
+[Page 18]
+PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.
+
+
+LUMBERING.
+
+The description of the resources of a state naturally suggests what
+its industries are. The forests of western Washington inevitably lead
+to the lumber industry and the fertile soil of eastern Washington
+point as unerringly to agriculture. These are the two great industries
+of the state. The lumberman and the farmer are in the majority.
+Already there are sawmills enough in operation to cut up all the
+standing timber in the state within fifty years. They employ probably
+100,000 men. This includes those engaged in logging and the subsidiary
+industries.
+
+Of the trees the fir is pre-eminently useful, and more than half of
+the forests of the state are fir trees. It is of greater strength
+than any of the others and hence is used for all structural work
+where strength is of special importance. It is rather coarse grained,
+but when quarter sawed produces a great variety of grains very
+beautiful and capable of high finish and is extensively used for
+inside finishings for houses as well as for frame work. Its strength
+makes it ideal for the construction of ships. The yellow pine is
+strong, medium grained and well fitted for general building purposes,
+and is very extensively used in eastern Washington.
+
+Cedar is very light and close grained and is chiefly used for shingles,
+and for this purpose has no superior. The cheaper grades are also
+used for boxes and sheathing for houses and many other purposes.
+
+The spruce furnishes an odorless wood especially useful for butter
+tubs; for shelving and similar uses it is superior to either the
+fir or cedar. It is a white, close grained lumber, and appreciating
+in value.
+
+The hemlock, whose bark produces tannin for the tanneries, is also
+a close grained light wood coming more and more into
+[Page 19]
+general use, for many purposes, especially where it will not be
+exposed to the weather.
+
+Logs frequently seven feet in diameter require big saws, and big
+carriers 50 to 100 feet long, and hence Washington has probably
+the largest sawmills in the world.
+
+Our lumber is used at home and shipped all over the world to make
+bridges, ships, houses, floors, sash, doors, boxes, barrels, tubs,
+etc. Factories for the manufacture of wood products are scattered
+all over the state. Most of the sawmills and some factories are
+driven by steam made by burning sawdust, slabs, and other refuse
+of the mills. Coal and electricity, however, are both in use.
+
+
+COAL MINING.
+
+The mining of coal for foreign and domestic purposes is one of
+the most important of Washington's industries. The annual output
+of the mines is about three million tons, worth about eight million
+dollars; Fifty thousand tons of coke are made annually, worth at
+the ovens about $300,000. The coal mining industry gives employment
+to 6,000 men. The production of coal for 1907 was distributed as
+follows:
+
+  Kittitas County, tons  1,524,421
+  King County, tons      1,446,966
+  Pierce County, tons      612,539
+  Lewis County, tons       101,275
+  Thurston County, tons     33,772
+  Whatcom County, tons       3,160
+  Clallam County, tons         300
+
+The coke nearly all comes from Pierce county.
+
+Nearly forty different corporations and individuals are engaged
+in coal mining. The coals thus far commercially mined are chiefly
+lignite and bituminous. These coal measures lie along the base of
+the foothills, chiefly of the Cascade mountains. Higher up are
+some mines of anthracite coals, not yet on the market for lack of
+transportation. As far as discovered they are chiefly near the
+headwaters of the Cowlitz river in Lewis county. Coal forms the
+largest factory in furnishing steam for the mill roads. Some of
+the railroads, notably the
+[Page 20]
+Northern Pacific and Great Northern, own their own mines and mine
+the coal for their own engines and shops.
+
+It is also the main fuel supply for domestic uses, although fir
+and yellow pine cordwood is extensively used when the cost of
+transportation is not too great.
+
+Coal is also the chief fuel used in steamboats, both those plying
+over inland waters and the ocean-going boats as well. Here also,
+however, the fir wood proves a good substitute and is used to some
+extent by local steamers on the Sound.
+
+Coal is also used to create both steam and electricity for most
+of the large heating plants in the cities and in many factories
+and manufacturing plants, flour mills, elevators, etc. The fact
+that vast coal measures lie within 50 miles of the seaports of Puget
+Sound is a very important factor in insuring the construction of
+manufacturing establishments and the concentration of transportation
+in these ports.
+
+Coal is also used in all the large cities for the manufacture of
+illuminating gas and as a by-product of this industry coke, coal
+tar, and crude creosote are produced.
+
+The coke from the ovens goes chiefly to the smelters for the reduction
+of ores, both of the precious metals and iron.
+
+
+METAL MINING.
+
+The mining industry other than coal is quite rapidly reaching importance
+among our industries. There are in the state three large smelters,
+whose annual output of precious metals far surpasses in value the
+output of our coal mines. The ores for these values, however, do
+not all come from the mines of this state. Other states, British
+Columbia, Alaska, and some foreign countries help furnish the ores.
+But Washington has within its borders a great mineralized territory,
+not yet thoroughly prospected and very little developed, yet which
+materially assists in supplying these smelters with their ores.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 17.--Ocean-Going Raft, Built at Stella,
+Cowlitz County, by the Oregon Rafting Company.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 18.--COWLITZ COUNTY TIMBER. This Stick
+Was 301 Feet Long and 36 Feet in Circumference at Stump.]
+
+The smelter at Everett receives a steady supply of arsenical ores
+of copper, lead, gold, silver and zinc from the mines of Snohomish
+county which are of magnitude sufficient to make profitable the
+railroad which has been built to Monte Cristo
+[Page 21]
+purposely for these ores. This smelter has a special plant for
+saving the arsenic in these ores, which materially adds to the
+value of its output and is said to be the only one of its kind in
+the nation.
+
+Besides the mines at Monte Cristo, there are copper mines being
+successfully worked at Index, whose ores are shipped both to Everett
+and Tacoma.
+
+At Tacoma is located one of the largest smelting and refining plants
+in the nation, which draws its ores from all parts of the world. At
+North Port in Stevens county is a smelter which is chiefly supplied
+with ores from this state, supplemented by those of British Columbia.
+At Republic in Ferry county are mines producing gold and silver
+ores of such extent as to have induced the building of a branch
+line of railroad to carry their ores to this smelter. There are
+also in Stevens county large deposits of silver-lead ores, which
+will be large producers as soon as better transportation is secured.
+This last statement is also true regarding many mines in other
+counties.
+
+
+FISHING INDUSTRY.
+
+The business of catching, preserving and selling fish gives employment
+probably to more than 10,000 men in this state and adds probably
+four million dollars annually to its wealth production. The fishes
+include salmon, which is the chief commercial species, cod in many
+varieties, halibut, salmon trout, perch, sole, flounders, smelt,
+herring, sardines, oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp from its salt
+waters, and sturgeon, trout, perch, black bass, white fish and
+many others from the fresh water. Great quantities of salmon and
+halibut are shipped in ice-packed boxes, fresh from the waters,
+to all parts of the nation. Of these fish, many salmon, halibut
+and cod are caught in Alaskan waters and brought into this state
+to be cured and prepared for the market.
+
+The salmon are chiefly packed in tin cans after being cooked; the
+cod are handled as are the eastern cod, dried and salted. The business
+of handling the smelts, herring, etc., is in its infancy, as is
+also that of the shellfish.
+
+[Page 22]
+The propagation of oysters, both native and eastern, is assuming
+great importance in many places in the state. In Shoalwater bay,
+Willipa bay, Grays harbor, and many of the bays and inlets of Puget
+Sound, oysters are being successfully grown. In some instances
+oyster farms are paying as much as $1,000 per acre. The state has
+sold many thousand acres of submerged lands for this purpose. It
+has also reserved several thousand acres of natural oyster beds,
+from which the seed oysters are annually sold at a cheap price to
+the oyster farmers, who plant them upon their own lands and market
+them when full grown.
+
+The native oysters are much smaller than the eastern oysters and
+of a distinct flavor, but command the same prices in the market.
+
+
+AGRICULTURE.
+
+Cereals.
+
+The largest and most important industry in the state is without
+doubt the cultivation of the soil. The great variety of the soils
+and climatic conditions has made the state, in different parts,
+admirably adapted to a large variety of farm products. Vast fields of
+wheat cover a large proportion of the uplands of eastern Washington,
+the average yield of which is greater than that of any other state
+in the Union.
+
+The diked lands of western Washington produce oats at the rate
+of 100 to 125 bushels per acre. In some counties in southeastern
+Washington barley is more profitable than any other cereal, on
+account of the large yield and superior quality.
+
+Corn is successfully raised in some of the irrigated lands, but is
+not as profitable as some other crops and hence is not an important
+factor in Washington's grain supply. Rye, buckwheat, and flax, are
+successfully grown in many localities. In western Washington,
+particularly, peas form an important ration for stock food and
+are extensively raised for seed, excelling in quality the peas of
+most other states.
+
+[Page 23]
+Hops.
+
+Hops are a large staple product in many counties of the state.
+They are of excellent quality, and the yield is large and their
+cultivation generally profitable. The chief drawback is in the
+fluctuations of the market price.
+
+Grass and Hay.
+
+Grass here, as elsewhere, is very little talked about, although it
+is one of the large elements that make the profits of agriculture.
+Saying nothing of the vast amount of grass consumed green, the
+state probably produces a million tons of hay annually, averaging
+$10 per ton in value. Western Washington is evergreen in pasturage
+as well as forests and no spot in the Union can excel it for annual
+grass production.
+
+East of the mountains a very large acreage is in alfalfa, with a
+yield exceeding six tons per acre.
+
+Potatoes.
+
+On the alluvial soils of western Washington and the irrigated lands
+of the eastern valleys, potatoes yield exceedingly heavy crops of
+fine tubers, often from 400 to 600 bushels per acre. All other
+root crops are produced in abundance.
+
+Beets.
+
+Extensive experiments have proved that the sugar beet can be raised
+profitably in many counties and sugar is now on the markets of
+the state, made within its borders from home-grown beets.
+
+Truck Gardening.
+
+Garden stuff is supplied to all the large cities chiefly from
+surrounding lands in proper seasons, but much is imported from
+southern localities to supply the market out of season. The soils
+utilized for this purpose are the low alluvial valley lands and
+irrigated volcanic ash lands. The yield from both is astonishing
+to people from the eastern prairie states, and even in western
+Washington, with its humid atmosphere and cool nights, tomatoes,
+squashes and sweet corn are being generously furnished the city
+markets. The warm irrigated lands of eastern
+[Page 24]
+Washington produce abundant crops of melons, cucumbers, squashes
+and all other vegetables.
+
+
+HORTICULTURE.
+
+The conditions for successful fruit growing are abundant, and peculiarly
+adapted to produce excellence in quality and quantity in nearly all
+parts of the state, but some localities have better conditions
+for some particular fruits than others, e. g., western Washington
+excels in the raising of raspberries and other small fruits of
+that sort, its climate and soils being suited to the production
+of large berries and heavy yields.
+
+Certain localities in eastern Washington excel in the yield of
+orchard fruits, chiefly on irrigated lands. Owing to the abundant
+sunshine, the fruits of eastern Washington are more highly colored
+than those of other sections of the state.
+
+Taking the state as a whole, horticulture is rapidly assuming vast
+importance. Thousands of acres are yearly being added to the area
+of orchards, and remarkable cash returns are being realized from
+the older plantings now in full bearing.
+
+This is true of all the common orchard fruits, apples, pears, peaches,
+plums, cherries, etc.
+
+In western Washington large plantings of the small fruits are growing
+in favor, some of the new fruits receiving especial attention. One
+plantation of thirty acres is devoted exclusively to Burbank's
+phenomenal berry.
+
+Grapes are being grown on both sides of the mountains, the eastern
+side, however, giving this fruit much more attention. Cranberries
+are being produced in quantities on some of the bog lands near
+the sea coast.
+
+Nuts have been planted on both sides of the mountains in an experimental
+way, and it has been found that walnuts, chestnuts, and filberts are
+profitable. In the southeastern section of the state, nut growing
+bids fair to develop into a considerable industry.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 19.--Royal Anne Cherry Tree, Owned by
+J. H. Rogers, Lexington, Cowlitz County. Circumference of this
+Tree Below First Limb, 72-3 Feet. Yield in 1907, 1,500 pounds.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 20.--Dairy Herd on Ranch of T. D. Dungan,
+Kelso, Cowlitz County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 21.--Douglas County Fruit.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 22.--Douglas County Wheat at Tram Waiting
+Shipment on Columbia River Boats.]
+
+
+STOCK RAISING.
+
+The glory once enjoyed by this industry is rapidly changing color.
+Formerly, a predominating feature of the state was its
+[Page 25]
+big herds feeding gratuitously on government lands. This condition
+still exists to an extent, the forests being utilized, under regulations
+by the government, but the herds are limited.
+
+Individual farms and small herds are now the order of the day and,
+incidentally, better breeds are developing. This is true of horses,
+cattle and sheep. The demand for horses is chiefly for the heavy
+draft animals for use in the logging camps and on the streets of
+the cities, and the demand is fairly well supplied, chiefly in
+eastern Washington.
+
+Good cows and fat steers are always in demand, and Washington's
+market for them is not fully supplied from the home farms. The
+same is true regarding sheep and hogs. The phenomenal growth of
+the seaport towns on Puget Sound and the difficulty in clearing
+the lands in western Washington combine to make the consumption
+exceed the home grown supply, and many are imported from neighboring
+states.
+
+There is abundant room for expansion in stock raising in the state.
+Conditions are admirable. Grass is abundant for pasturage, hay is
+a prolific crop, the climate is mild, no pests afflict the cattle,
+and the markets are at the door and always hungry.
+
+
+THE DAIRY.
+
+There are few states in the Union equal to Washington in its possession
+of natural conditions suited to make dairying profitable. In all of
+western Washington, in the western part of eastern Washington, and
+in both the northeastern and southeastern sections of the state,
+the climate and soil conspire to make ideal grazing. Particularly
+is this true in the western part of the state. All the grasses
+grow in luxuriance, and with proper care and forethought there
+may be secured almost twelve months of green feed annually. The
+crops best adapted for use as ensilage grow well, making large
+yields. Timothy, clover hay and alfalfa are the standbys for winter
+feed so far as the coarse feed is concerned, and while mill stuffs
+and all grains are high in price, so are correspondingly the products
+of the dairy. Butter ranges from 25 cents to 40 cents per pound,
+and milk sells in the coast cities for 10 cents per quart.
+
+
+[Page 26]
+POULTRY.
+
+Perhaps no part of agriculture is more profitable to the wise farmer
+than his barnyard fowls, and in Washington this is exceptionally
+true. Eggs retail in the coast towns at 25 cents to 60 cents per
+dozen. Turkeys at Thanksgiving time are worth from 25 cents to 30
+cents per pound dressed, and other fowl in proportion. Conditions
+can be made as ideal for poultry raising in this state as anywhere,
+and with the market never satisfied, the poultry raiser has every
+essential to success in his favor.
+
+
+BEE CULTURE.
+
+Bee culture among the orchards and alfalfa fields of eastern Washington
+is a side line which should not be neglected by the farmer or
+horticulturist. Many are fully alert to the favorable conditions,
+and Washington honey is on sale in the late summer in most of the
+cities and towns until the supply is exhausted, and then that from
+other states comes in to meet the demand.
+
+Pasturage for bees is also abundant in many parts of the western
+half of the state, and many a rancher among the forest trees has
+upon his table the products of his own apiary.
+
+
+MANUFACTURING OTHER THAN LUMBER.
+
+The State of Washington has natural products either within its
+own borders or nearby, to foster many manufacturing industries,
+besides those having lumber for their raw material.
+
+In the Puget Sound basin are vast deposits of lime rock, which
+is manufactured into commercial lime, supplying the home market
+not only, but is being shipped also to foreign ports. These are
+chiefly on San Juan island.
+
+Considerable granite of fine quality is used in building and cemetery
+structures, from quarries in Snohomish and Skagit counties. Sandstone
+is being used for building purposes and is of splendid texture.
+Onyx of great variety and beauty is extensively quarried in Stevens
+county. Marble of good quality is being sawed up to limited extent.
+Quarries in southeastern Alaska furnish rather a better quality
+and are more extensively worked.
+
+[Page 27]
+Clays of great variety, including fire clays and those suitable
+for terra cotta, are abundant, and large factories in King county
+are turning out common and pressed brick of many colors and fine
+finish, vitrified brick for street paving, terra cotta, stoneware,
+drain tile, sewer pipe and other kindred products.
+
+At Concrete, a town of 1,200 people in Skagit county, two factories,
+employing 500 men, are daily turning out 1,400 barrels of Portland
+cement of fine quality, which is finding ready market in all the
+large cities.
+
+At Irondale, in Jefferson county, a large plant has been in operation
+turning out pig iron. It is now in process of being turned into
+a steel plant and within a few months will be turning out steel
+bars and pipes for sewer, gas and other purposes. The ores are
+obtained from Whatcom and Skagit counties, some bog iron in the
+immediate vicinity and additional ores from Vancouver island. More
+than a half million dollars has already been invested and this
+will probably reach a full million when the plant is in complete
+operation. Although iron ores are present in the state in large
+quantities, no other serious effort is being made to supply the
+state with home made pig iron or its products. Here is a vast field
+awaiting brains and capital. The above represent only a few of the
+many lines of manufacturing that have been successfully developed
+in Washington.
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Commerce and transportation are two affinities, ever seeking each
+other. They have found on Puget Sound an ideal trysting place. Here
+the ships of the ocean reach immense placid waters, not duplicated
+on either side of the continent, and for this reason the railroads
+have come from the interior to meet them. From foreign ports all over
+the world ocean carriers are bringing in great loads of merchandise
+and passengers, and the railroads coming from the Atlantic coast
+across the entire continent bring like loads of merchandise and
+human freight, and here they are exchanged. Teas from China and
+Japan for cotton from Galveston and cotton goods from Massachusetts;
+[Page 28]
+rice and silk, hemp, matting, tin, copper and Japanese bric-a-brac
+are exchanged for grain, flour, fish, lumber, fruit, iron and steel
+ware, paper, tobacco, etc. Merchandise of all sorts from Asia,
+the Philippines, South America and Australia is here exchanged
+for different stuffs raised or made in every part of the American
+continent and some from Europe. This commerce, however, is in its
+infancy. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways have
+fattened on it for years. All their rivals have looked on with
+envious eyes till now a mad rush is on among them all for vantage
+ground. The Milwaukee, Canadian Pacific and Burlington systems
+already run their trains here, while the Union Pacific and others
+are rushing for terminals on Puget Sound tide water. And while
+thus racing for the great long haul prizes, they are incidentally
+giving to the state a complete system of transportation in all
+its parts and for all its multitudinous productions.
+
+Of almost equal importance to the state is its great fleet of local
+steamers which ply its inland waters, and the numerous electric
+lines that are rapidly uniting its cities and villages and giving
+a new and cheap method of migration. From the city of Spokane and
+radiating in every direction, electric lines are in operation and
+more are in course of construction, bringing the most distant points
+of the great "Inland Empire" into close touch with its metropolis
+and great distributing center. On the west side the same thing is
+true, only in less degree. Between these two groups of transportation
+facilities, and the commerce which the union of rail and tidewater
+has created, the citizens of Washington have found innumerable
+opportunities of employment.
+
+These opportunities are increasing and broadening every year with
+the continued development of the state and in multiplied and varied
+form they await the newcomer who possesses the ability to rise to
+the demands of the situation.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 23.--FERRY COUNTY VIEWS. Plant of Karamin
+Lumber Co., Karamin, Ferry County. (1) Track of Spokane & B. C.
+Railway. (2) Track of Spokane Falls & Northern Ry.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 24.--Helphrey Ranch, Curlew, Ferry County.]
+
+
+
+
+[Page 29]
+OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON.
+
+Washington is a land of widely diverging natural conditions. Its
+topographical characteristics vary from the low southern exposures
+of the inland river valleys, where strawberries mature as early
+as April, to the mountain summits of the Cascades and Olympics,
+where winter reigns supreme the year round. Between these extremes
+may be found every range of climate known to the semi-tropical
+and temperate zones.
+
+For the Homeseeker.
+
+Our lands include those suitable for the successful raising both
+of the more tender, as well as the hardier fruits. Every grain,
+other than corn, yields splendid results, while the truck gardener,
+small fruit grower, dairyman, stock raiser and, in fact, every man
+who aims to secure a living and a competence from some form of farm
+industry will find, if he looks for it, a spot within the confines
+of this state that will meet his most exacting requirements.
+
+To insure success in any of the above lines requires pluck, energy,
+stick-to-it-iveness, a determination to secure desired results, and
+some capital. But given these, the man who is looking to Washington
+as a favored location for the establishment of his household gods
+need have no fear of the outcome.
+
+Land may be secured suitable for any of the different purposes
+mentioned, and with proper care it may be made to yield beyond
+the most sanguine expectations. A market is ready and waiting to
+absorb every class of product at profitable prices. Transportation
+facilities are already excellent and the millions now being expended
+in new railway construction through the state give some idea of
+what the future holds forth in this particular.
+
+[Page 30]
+For the Business Man.
+
+To the business man a new state, developing as is the State of
+Washington, naturally offers numerous and attractive opportunities.
+New communities are springing up along the lines of the Milwaukee,
+the Portland & Seattle, and other railways now in process of
+construction, each demanding its quota of commercial enterprises,
+while the older cities and towns are continually absorbing new
+additions to their population, thus paving the way for new business
+facilities.
+
+For the Investor.
+
+The investor will find an attractive field of action in Washington,
+and with the exercise of caution and prudence may anticipate far
+better returns than he has been accustomed to, without undue risk
+of the impairment of his capital. Raw lands, timber lands, improved
+farms, irrigated lands and city and town property are exhibiting
+a steady increase in value and undoubtedly will continue to do so
+for years to come. The capitalist may take his choice of any of
+these forms of investment, or he may turn to private, industrial or
+municipal securities which are constantly being offered on excellent
+terms and based upon unimpeachable assets.
+
+For the Manufacturer.
+
+To the manufacturer this state offers all the conditions that may
+be classed as prerequisite to success. Cheap electric power is
+available in nearly every community of any size in the state, while
+millions of horse power remain still undeveloped in the rivers and
+mountain streams. Raw material is here, in abundance, and the markets
+of the world are accessible through rail and water transportation.
+The principal manufactured products of the state consist of lumber
+and lumber products, flour, feed and various cereal foods, butter,
+cheese, evaporated milk, crackers and candy, baking powder, soda,
+fruit extracts, clothing, boots and shoes, baskets, bags, beer,
+ice, brick and other clay products, iron products, wagons and
+agricultural implements, turpentine, leather products, cordage,
+saws, boilers, asbestos, water pipes, tin cans, railway equipment,
+ships and
+[Page 31]
+boats, canned fruits and vegetables and a variety of other products.
+Desirable locations are frequently offered free to those who will
+establish manufacturing industries.
+
+For the Wage Earner.
+
+The wage earner who comes to this state sufficiently fortified
+to maintain himself and family for a period may usually expect to
+find satisfactory employment at good wages. Washington has never
+been exploited as a poor man's paradise, but there is a tremendous
+development in progress throughout the state in every line of industry
+and there is a steady demand for mechanics and laborers of all
+classes.
+
+The foregoing is intended to present in brief form an outline of
+the opportunities that await the enterprising newcomer in this
+state. Success is being achieved in all of the various lines touched
+upon, by thousands who have located here in the past few years,
+and as yet the resources of the state have scarcely been touched.
+The future of Washington is big with promise, based upon results
+already achieved, and in that future the newcomer may expect to
+participate in proportion to the effort he expends.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 32]
+WASHINGTON'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
+
+The importance of a complete and well rounded public educational
+system has not been overlooked at any stage in the growth and
+development of this commonwealth. From kindergarten to university
+no link is wanting to supply the ambitious boy or girl with the
+very best training that modern educational experts have evolved.
+
+The common school system of the state is based upon the theory
+that every child must be educated, and that the state must provide
+the facilities for the accomplishment of this purpose. This theory
+has been carried out so thoroughly and intelligently that there is
+scarcely a child in the state of school age who does not live within
+easy reach of a school house. Moreover, attendance is compulsory and
+no child is excused unless satisfactory reasons are presented to
+the proper authorities.
+
+
+EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENT.
+
+Upon admission of Washington to statehood a land endowment was
+granted to the state by the federal government for common school
+purposes which in round numbers totals nearly two and one-half
+millions of acres. This land is offered for sale or lease by the
+state, through the office of the state land commissioner, and the
+proceeds constitute a permanent and irreducible fund to be invested
+for educational purposes.
+
+In addition to the foregoing lands, the state university has an
+endowment of 100,000 acres; the agricultural college, 90,000 acres;
+the scientific school, 100,000 acres, and the state normal schools,
+100,000 acres. As yet only a small portion of these lands has been
+disposed of. The expense of maintaining our schools, therefore,
+is met almost entirely by taxation.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 25.--View of the Country Near Curlew, Ferry
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 26.--Three-Year-Old Orchard, Near Pasco,
+Franklin County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 27.--Combined Harvester Operating in the
+Wheat Fields of Franklin County. This Machine Cuts, Threshes and
+Sacks the Grain, Depositing the Filled Sacks on the Ground as it
+Moves Through the Field.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 28.--(1) A Jefferson County Country Home.
+(2) A logging Railroad, Jefferson County. (3) Prize Products, Jefferson
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 29.--JEFFERSON COUNTY RURAL VIEWS. Field
+of Oats and Vetch Yielding 5 Tons Per Acre. Herd of High-Grade
+Holstein Dairy County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 30.--View of Waterfront, Port Townsend,
+Jefferson County.]
+
+
+HIGHER INSTITUTIONS.
+
+The University of Washington occupies a campus of 350 acres, located
+entirely within the limits of the city of Seattle.
+[Page 33]
+The buildings of the university consist of the administration building,
+science hall, chemistry building, engineering building, power house,
+dormitories for men and women, and other smaller buildings. In addition
+to the foregoing, the university will come into the possession
+of a number of commodious structures at the conclusion of the
+Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. For the current year, the enrollment
+of students at the university is 1,838. The faculty consists of
+115 members and for the ensuing biennial period the legislature
+appropriated the sum of $673,000 for the support of the institution.
+
+The State College of Washington is located at Pullman, in Whitman
+county. This institution emphasizes technical and scientific education
+and in its agricultural departments has accomplished remarkable results.
+It is annually giving the state a number of highly trained experts in
+modern agricultural science, and the farming interests of the state
+have been greatly assisted by the work of the college. Instruction is
+given in civil engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering,
+geology, botany, chemistry, zoology, economic science and history,
+modern languages, domestic economy, besides the practical operation
+of a dairy farm and other branches of agricultural industry. The
+institution, in addition to its land endowment, receives annual
+assistance from the federal government and a biennial appropriation
+from the state legislature.
+
+The state also maintains three normal schools, located respectively
+in the cities of Bellingham, Ellensburg and Cheney. These institutions
+have a combined attendance of about 850 and are the recruiting
+ground for securing instructors in the public schools.
+
+At Vancouver is the State School for the Deaf and Blind. The defective
+youth of the state are cared for in a well equipped institution
+located at Medical Lake, in Spokane county, and at Chehalis is
+the state training school for incorrigibles.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 34]
+LOGGED-OFF LANDS.
+
+The problem of making a home and providing a competency for old
+age upon the lands in western Washington is somewhat different
+and more difficult than doing the same upon the prairie lands of
+the east. As they come to the hands of the would-be tiller of the
+soil, they present a forbidding and disagreeable aspect. The loggers
+have left them with considerable standing timber, with the tops of
+the giants of the forests lying where they fell, scattered over
+the land and covering it with an almost impenetrable mass of great
+limbs and brush and dead logs. If seen in the summer, there is
+added the view of a mass of green vegetation, rank and to a large
+extent covering up the mass of dead stuff left by the loggers with
+the huge stumps sticking up through it all, mute monuments of the
+lost wealth of the forest. In some instances this is somewhat relieved
+by the fact that, either by accident or design, the fire has been
+there and swept through it all, leaving nothing but blackened and
+smouldering emblems of its prior greatness. In this case, however,
+only the lighter part of the refuse has been destroyed. The great
+stumps of fir and cedar are there still, blackened and perhaps
+with their dead hearts burned out. Great and small decaying logs
+are there, some too wet to burn, some with the bark alone burned
+off, and some with the dead centers burned out, scattered about
+or piled in crisscross masses as they had fallen during the ages
+of the forest's growth. In either case it looks different from
+the smooth surface of the sagebrush plains about to be converted
+into irrigated farms or the clean face of the prairie lands covered
+with grass and ready and longing for the plow. But with all their
+forbidding aspects, black with a portentous cloud of hard labor
+and long waiting, their known hidden wealth lures on the hardy
+pioneer to the task. He throws off his coat, rolls up his sleeves,
+gathers together his tools, and with the indomitable courage of
+the Anglo-Saxon
+[Page 35]
+tackles the problem, works and fights and rests by turns till within
+a few years he finds himself triumphant. Eventually, beneath his own
+orchard trees laden with fruit, and in the comfort and delight of
+his big home fireplace, he contemplates the rewards of his struggle,
+as he sees his cows complacently chewing their cuds in his green
+pastures and listens to the neigh of his fat horses, and at his
+table, laden with all the bounty of his rich lands, thanks his Maker
+for the successful completion of a hard struggle and the enjoyment
+it has brought to him and his family.
+
+
+MODERN METHODS.
+
+Having thus presented the picture in perspective, we will now work
+out some of the details which help to rob it of its difficulty and
+add to its attractiveness. If the lands have not been burned off,
+and in many instances where this has been done, the rancher will
+find a lot of cedar logs, perhaps partially burned, and possibly
+long black stubs that it will be wise to save. Cut into proper
+lengths and put into piles for preservation, they will make his raw
+material for fencing, barns, etc. The cedar is straight-grained,
+splits easy, and true, and to the rancher is very valuable, taking
+the place of sawed lumber for a great many farm purposes. Having
+carefully saved the cedar, the rancher will fire his clearing, thus
+getting rid of a large share of the logger's waste with practically
+no labor. To the task of disposing of the remaining logs and stumps
+he will bring modern tools and methods into action. The axe and
+shovel and hand lever have given place to gunpowder, the donkey
+engine, derrick and winch. Stump powder puts all the big stumps
+into pieces easily. The modern stump-puller lifts out the smaller
+stumps with ease. The donkey engine and derrick pull together and
+pile the stumps and logs into great heaps, and once more the friendly
+fire helps out; and while the dusky woodlands are lighted up with
+passing glory the rancher sleeps to wake up and find his fields
+almost ready for his plow, nor has the task had half the hard labor
+nor consumed half the time that years ago would have been expended
+in clearing the same amount of oak and maple and hickory land in
+the valley
+[Page 36]
+of the Mississippi. It should be said, however, that what is gained
+in time and saved in labor costs money. The expense of clearing the
+logged-off land by these modern methods and tools will run from
+$40 to $150 per acre, dependent upon various conditions, number
+and size of stumps, etc.
+
+There are in western Washington thousands of acres which are being
+pastured and tilled, from which the large stumps have not been
+removed. In these instances the same methods can be used, handling
+all the small logs and stumps and litter, and after the first burning,
+carefully repiling and burning the refuse and then seeding to grass.
+In the ashes and loose soil, grass seed readily starts, and a single
+season will suffice to provide fairly good pasturage, which will
+annually grow better.
+
+
+COST OF LABOR AND MATERIAL.
+
+The following table, taken from the report of a government inspector,
+will give an idea of the cost of the different materials and labor
+used in clearing logged-off land:
+
+Cost of removing stumps from 1 foot to 4 feet in diameter from 120
+acres of land in 1907:
+
+==========================================================================
+                 |        |        |       |         |       Labor.
+ MONTH.          | Powder,| Fuse,  | Caps, | Stumps, |--------------------
+                 |  lbs.  |  ft.   |  No.  |   No.   | Hours. | Dollars.
+-----------------|--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|-----------
+ June            | 13,700 | 10,100 | 2,400 |   2,135 |  2,380 |   $650.00
+ July            |  1,750 |  2,050 |   400 |     239 |    260 |     87.00
+ August          |  2,750 |  2,700 |   700 |     445 |    324 |    114.90
+ September       |  1,950 |  2,160 |   500 |     383 |    324 |    126.37
+ October         |  1,250 |  1,000 |   300 |     237 |    198 |     77.53
+ November        |  2,350 |  3,100 |   800 |     378 |    283 |    114.97
+                 |--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|-----------
+ Total           | 23,750 | 21,100 | 5,100 |   3,818 |  3,709 | $1,170.77
+ Av. pr. Stump   |   6.22 |   5.52 |  1.33 |         |  0.987 |    0.3006
+ Av. Cost, cents |  19.76 |   2.37 |   .87 |         |        |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The average cost of the removal of each stump is shown below:
+
+          _Cents._
+  Powder   49.76
+  Fuse      2.37
+  Caps       .87
+  Labor    30.66
+           -----
+  Total    83.06
+
+The average cost of the materials used was as follows: Powder,
+per pound, 8 cents; fuse, per 100 feet, 43 cents; caps, per 100,
+65 cents.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 31.--View of Second Avenue, Seattle, During
+Parade of Marines from Atlantic Fleet, May 26, 1908.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 32.--A Corner of the Seattle Public Market.
+Truck Gardeners Find Ready Sale for Their Wares Here the Year Round.]
+
+[Page 37]
+There are probably two and one-third million acres of logged-off
+lands in the state, of which only half a million are under tillage
+or pasturage. The same report shows the distribution of these lands
+as follows:
+
+===========================================================================
+           |  Acreage   |  Acreage  | Acreage in |   Total   |   Per cent.
+ COUNTY.   |merchantable|  logged   |cultivation.|  acreage. | suitable for
+           |  timber.   |   off.    |            |           | agriculture.
+-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-------------
+ Chehalis  |    583,200 |   112,748 |     11,216 |   807,432 |         90
+ Clallam   |    296,611 |   195,933 |     11,784 |   504,329 |         75
+ Clarke    |    190,000 |   108,661 |     51,570 |   350,231 |
+ Cowlitz   |    500,000 |    25,000 |     20,000 |   704,000 |         75
+ Island    |      8,013 |    99,866 |      9,317 |   117,196 |         75
+ Jefferson |    186,647 |    59,427 |      4,657 |   254,385 |         50
+ King      |    640,000 |   110,000 |     74,857 | 1,243,000 |
+ Kitsap    |     45,429 |   171,364 |      7,978 |   224,771 |
+ Lewis     |    543,995 |   160,425 |     47,059 |   884,050 |         65
+ Mason     |    240,211 |   150,430 |      7,540 |   398,181 |
+ Pacific   |    367,827 |    62,720 |     23,042 |   453,139 |
+ Pierce    |    413,044 |   150,000 |     27,915 |   658,052 |         75
+ San Juan  |     10,000 |    80,000 |      4,000 |    95,684 |
+ Skagit    |    306,759 |   149,923 |     45,605 |   502,287 |         25
+ Snohomish |    258,005 |   270,422 |     20,908 |   558,336 |
+ Thurston  |    291,200 |   120,000 |     13,680 |   428,005 |
+ Wahkiakum |     74,564 |    67,337 |      3,642 |   145,544 |         50
+ Whatcom   |     78,405 |   258,302 |     35,059 |   371,766 |
+-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-------------
+ Total     |  5,033,911 | 2,352,109 |    428,829 | 8,700,388 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There are a great many acres of these lands that can be slicked
+up and burned over and prepared for seeding, not disturbing the
+stumps, at an expense of about $10 per acre. Thus treated, good
+pasturage can be secured cheaply. In time some of the stumps will
+rot out and be easily removed. When the stumps are not too thick,
+the lands can be successfully prepared and planted to orchards
+without removing the stumps, and their unsightly appearance can be
+turned into a thing of beauty and great profit by planting evergreen
+blackberries and loganberries about them, using the stumps for
+trellises. These berries in the climate of western Washington are
+wonderfully prolific and find a greedy market.
+
+
+COMPENSATIONS.
+
+There are several facts about making farms out of logged-off lands
+which should not be lost sight of, because they largely compensate
+for the labor spent in the undertaking. One of these is that the
+problem of fuel is solved for a lifetime and for the coming generation.
+Five acres can be left untouched as a reserve and in a remarkably
+few years it will re-forest itself.
+[Page 38]
+The growth of trees under the humid atmosphere of western Washington
+is astonishing, and a very few years will suffice to provide one
+with a wood lot to last a generation. Meanwhile some of the fir
+logs and alder and maple trees will be preserved from the fire and
+piled up to provide fuel for the years until the wood lot furnishes
+a fresh green supply.
+
+Then, too, as has already been suggested, the fence question, no
+small item in a prairie country, is satisfactorily answered with no
+expenditure but for labor. The cedar logs, splitting with ease, can
+be turned into rails or boards or posts--preferably the former--and
+the rails put on top of each other between two posts fastened together
+at the top make as good a hog-tight and cattle-proof fence as can
+be desired, and these rails will last in the fence for a century.
+For the house, doubtless more satisfaction can be had by patronizing
+the nearest saw-mill, although many houses made out of split cedar
+timbers and boards are in the state, proofs at once of the usefulness
+of this timber and the hardihood and ingenuity of the rancher.
+But for the barn and stable, pig-stye, hennery, chicken-coop and
+fruit boxes, and a great many other things, the rancher patronizes
+his reserve log pile instead of the lumber yard, and saves time
+and labor in so doing. Another fact which compensates the rancher
+in western Washington in the struggle for a home which will provide
+a safe and generous support in his old age is that during all the
+labor and waiting he is enjoying a delightful climate, in which no
+blizzard drives him from his work. No cyclone endangers his life
+and fortune. No snakes lurk in the underbrush. No clouds of dust
+blind his eyes. No sultry summer suns make him gasp for breath,
+and no intense cold freezes his face or feet. He can work if he
+wishes as many days as there are in the year, and know that every
+stroke of his axe or mattock is a part of his capital safely invested
+that will pay back an annual dividend for a lifetime. No soil will
+respond to his energy more quickly or more generously.
+
+There is one more possible compensation. Fir logs and stumps and
+roots and bark are all full of pitch. Factories are now in operation
+that are turning this wood into charcoal and
+[Page 39]
+saving and refining all the by-products, particularly turpentine,
+wood alcohol, pitch and tar. These factories are successful and
+paying dividends, but are on a large scale and permanently located.
+It is probable that some genius will soon evolve a movable plant,
+capable of serving the same purpose, which can go from one ranch
+to another. When this is done, it will be found that the refuse
+left by the logger is worth several times more than the cost of
+getting it off the land with powder and fire, and, instead of being
+a burden upon the land of $100 per acre, will become a matter of
+merchandise to be sold for much more and removed from the land
+with no expense to the owner.
+
+As a final word, it should be remembered that, after these lands
+are put under good tillage, every acre can be made to return more
+than the cost of clearing annually. Western Washington has never
+been able to produce enough to feed its wonderfully increasing
+population. Meats, vegetables, fruits, poultry, eggs, etc., are
+all constantly coming in from outside to supply the markets. This
+condition keeps prices high. It has been so for twenty years, and
+will be for twenty years to come. From $100 to $500 per acre per
+year can be had from fruits and vegetables. The same can be realized
+from poultry, nor will the dairy fall far behind when the scrub
+cow is abandoned and a choice thoroughbred animal takes its place
+and the soil is intensely tilled and fertilized.
+
+The logged-off lands when first looked at are black and big labor and
+difficulties. When the problem is intelligently understood--undertaken
+with comprehension and some capital and plenty of grit--the solution
+is easy and the rewards ample and gratifying.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 40]
+IRRIGATION IN WASHINGTON.
+
+The lands which require irrigation in the state are chiefly the lower
+lands in the valleys of the rivers east of the Cascade mountains.
+
+The winds from the Pacific, though heavily laden with moisture,
+are forced to surrender the greater portion to western Washington,
+as they meet the cold heights of the mountain ranges. The mountains
+themselves receive a very heavy fall of snow in winter, which fills
+the lakes and sources of the rivers on the eastern side, providing
+a large amount of water available for irrigation purposes, for
+lands not too far distant. Within fifty miles from the mountain
+peaks there is a drop of about 4,000 feet. The sides of the valleys
+in the main are gradual slopes. These conditions make irrigation
+very feasible. Its wonderful results have been seen and the process
+of irrigation has found a wide field within the past few years.
+
+
+THE IRRIGATION AREA.
+
+Not only the Yakima valley, where this method of farming had its
+beginning in the state, but many other places, are now being made
+productive which were once thought wholly worthless on account of
+their aridity. Among these are the Wenatchee valley, the Entiat,
+the Methow, the Chelan, and the Okanogan--all on the slope of the
+Cascades. The immediate low lands of the Columbia and Snake rivers
+and considerable of the narrow valleys of the small streams emptying
+into them have in many instances been irrigated.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 33.--King County Rural Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 34.--HOW THE HILLS MAKE WAY FOR THE SKYSCRAPERS
+IN SEATTLE. 1907--Last of Hotel Washington. 1908--New Hotel Washington.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 35.--A Portion of the City of Seattle
+Overlooking the Harbor.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 36.--Torpedo-Boat Destroyer in Government
+Drydock at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 37.--Steamship Dakota in Government Drydock
+at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 38.--A Kittitas County Apple Tree.]
+
+
+WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT.
+
+The work of reclaiming the arid lands has been wonderfully accelerated
+and widened in scope by the national government. The projects of the
+reclamation service now include practically all of the available
+waters of the Yakima valley for irrigating the lands therein. In
+Yakima county alone there are probably
+[Page 41]
+260,000 acres now under ditch, and probably 50,000 more will be
+reclaimed this season. This is probably not more than half the
+lands in the county capable of irrigation. The fact that the general
+government is in control of these projects insures as wide and
+just a distribution of the available waters as possible. The cost
+of irrigation, which is from $50 to $60 per acre, is paid by the
+owners of the land in ten annual payments. There is also an annual
+charge for maintaining the canals from $1.25 to $1.50 per acre.
+These projects of the government cover the lands in Benton and
+Kittitas counties also--both of these counties being in the Yakima
+valley. The government is also engaged in managing an extensive
+project in the southern part of Okanogan county, where probably
+50,000 acres will be reclaimed.
+
+There is a large acreage in Franklin and Walla Walla counties,
+about the junctions of the Snake and Columbia rivers, to which
+Pasco is central, which is arid. The government has once turned
+this project down, but is now reconsidering it, and it is reported
+that these lands will soon be put under ditch by the joint action
+of the government and the Northern Pacific railway, which owns
+a large portion of the lands.
+
+Meanwhile private enterprises are reclaiming extensive tracts in
+Klickitat county, and in fact nearly all the counties bordering on
+the Columbia and Snake rivers in eastern Washington. It is probable
+that there are more lands capable of irrigation in the state than can
+be irrigated with available waters. This fact adds to the importance
+of the question of what to do with arid lands when no water can be
+put upon them.
+
+
+METHODS OF IRRIGATION.
+
+There are three methods in use in supplying water to the arid lands.
+The first and the one most generally adopted for obvious reasons is
+the gravity system. The waters are impounded in lakes or artificial
+reservoirs and carried thence in large main canals, winding about
+the hills so as to secure a low uniform grade. Once established,
+no other force is needed but the usual flow of the water.
+
+[Page 42]
+Another method resorted to when the gravity system is impossible
+is to pump the water from the big rivers into smaller reservoirs
+leading to the canals, the pumps being kept busy only during the
+months in which the water is needed. This method is quite successful,
+but requires a somewhat larger annual expenditure. It is being
+used in some extensive projects, the water being taken out of the
+Columbia river.
+
+The third method is in securing the water by means of artesian
+wells. This method is naturally limited to small areas, the projects
+being undertaken by individual private owners. Several spots have
+been found in the arid belt where this method is successful.
+
+
+SOILS.
+
+The soils over the entire areas of eastern Washington on the arid
+lands is a volcanic ash mixed with disintegrated basaltic rocks and
+some humus, varying in depth and in the amount of sand it contains.
+The low lands are usually more sandy and warmer and earlier in season.
+The depth of this soil is in some places 80 feet and generally so
+deep as to insure great permanency to its fertility. It readily
+absorbs and holds moisture, and is admirably adapted to artificial
+watering. In some spots there is an injurious surplus of alkali.
+It is generally covered with sagebrush and has the appearance of
+sterility, but upon cultivation under irrigation, produces wonderful
+results in quantity and quality of grains and grasses and fruits
+and vegetables.
+
+
+GRAINS.
+
+Wheat, oats and corn are successfully grown, but not in large acreage,
+because larger profits can be realized from other crops.
+
+
+HOPS AND POTATOES.
+
+Hops, for example, which can be produced at a cost of 7-1/2 cents
+per pound, yield from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds per acre, and potatoes,
+yielding from 300 to 500 bushels per acre, and receiving the highest
+market price, are both more profitable than wheat or oats.
+
+
+[Page 43]
+ALFALFA.
+
+Alfalfa, yielding from eight to ten tons per acre, and commanding
+from $6.00 to $12.00 per ton, is a very profitable crop. Much wheat
+and oats are cut when in the milk and sold for hay, and yield better
+returns than when matured and threshed.
+
+
+FRUITS.
+
+The smaller fruits are very profitable under irrigation, yielding
+from $300 to $500 net per acre, while apples, pears, peaches, grapes,
+etc., often far exceed these figures, sometimes yielding as much
+as $1,000 per acre net.
+
+DAIRYING.
+
+Dairying is extensively followed on the irrigated lands, particularly
+in Kittitas county, where the cool atmosphere is very favorable,
+and the farmers find that turning timothy and clover, alfalfa and
+grain hay into butter fat is more profitable than wheat-raising.
+
+
+PREPARATION OF LAND.
+
+There is a good deal of this arid land which will have to be freed
+from the sagebrush and smoothed over before it will be fit for
+irrigation. This expense, together with building headgates and
+lateral ditches, building flumes and seeding to alfalfa, will cost
+from $15.00 to $20.00 per acre, depending upon the character of
+the surface, the size of the sagebrush, and amount of flumes, etc.
+Some, however, very smooth lands can be prepared for seeding at
+less expense.
+
+
+DISPOSITION OF CROPS.
+
+The hay crops are in large part sold on the ground and fed to cattle
+and sheep which have summered in the mountain ranges and are carried
+through the winters on the farms in the valleys. What is left after
+supplying this demand is baled and shipped by rail to the markets
+on Puget sound, Portland or Spokane. The Sound country is also the
+chief purchaser of the fruits, although many winter apples, on
+account of their superior quality, are shipped to eastern markets.
+
+[Page 44]
+Potatoes and other vegetables usually go west, although an occasional
+season finds the eastern market depleted, and then the shipments
+go to the best market.
+
+Hops are sold to be delivered at railroad stations and go east,
+many even to Europe.
+
+
+VALUE OF LANDS.
+
+The irrigated lands are yearly appreciating in value, mindless of
+the large acreage annually added to the supply. This is largely
+due to the fact that they are bought up and held for speculative
+purposes. However, there are still many farms in the hands of first
+purchasers from the government, and others still to be had directly
+from the government and others from the Northern Pacific company,
+not yet under ditches, which may ultimately be reclaimed. These
+latter can be had from $7.00 to $25.00 per acre. The lands already
+under ditch, or which will soon be irrigated certainly, are held
+from $50 to $100 raw and from $125 to $200 with water rights paid
+for. Much land is on the market, already planted or to be planted
+to orchards, and cared for, for a term of years until the orchards
+are in bearing, which can be purchased on easy terms, ranging in
+price from $200 to $500 per acre.
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Nearness to transportation is a valuable factor in determining
+the price of lands--whether under irrigation or otherwise. The
+lands being irrigated in eastern Washington are, for the most part,
+adjacent to competing railways and water craft on both the Columbia
+and Snake rivers. Projects are in contemplation by the government
+and state to remove all obstructions from the Columbia river and
+give a great navigable stream from Kettle Falls to the mouth of
+the river. This will add to the shipping facilities by increasing
+the number of boats which will ply the river and be of great help
+to all farmers holding lands adjacent. Numerous trolley lines are
+already running in many directions--and more are projected--among the
+irrigated farms connecting with the cities of Spokane, North Yakima,
+[Page 45]
+and Walla Walla. These add greatly to the facility and cheapness
+of transportation.
+
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+The character of the climate is well suggested by the crops which
+can be harvested. They include peaches, apricots, grapes, figs,
+tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other things which require
+a warm summer and warm soil. Very little moisture comes upon the
+land in the summer. The winters are moderately cold, with some
+snow, which is joyfully hailed by the farmers, for all moisture
+is quickly absorbed by the soil and held for summer's use. The
+spring season is two or three weeks earlier than in the Puget sound
+basin. Moderate winds prevail during the summer months, coming from
+the east and west by turns, and prevent excessive sultry weather.
+
+
+OCCUPATIONS.
+
+Aside from the ordinary agricultural pursuits suggested by the
+foregoing, which includes grain-growing, horticulture, dairying and
+truck gardening, should be mentioned stock-raising, particularly
+of sheep, many thousands of which are yearly wintered in the valleys
+and summered on the ranges. Bee culture and poultry-raising are
+also both becoming important.
+
+In closing, it should be said that the activity of the government
+and private investors together has given a great impetus to the
+settlement of these arid lands, and the population is rapidly
+increasing, being made up of a miscellaneous assortment of Uncle
+Sam's energetic, wideawake, industrious citizens, building homes
+and making fortunes more rapidly, probably, than in any other part
+of irrigated regions in his domain.
+
+The doors are open, too, for the newcomers, for ten times the population
+now there can well be made prosperous.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 46]
+THE COUNTIES AND MORE IMPORTANT CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON
+
+
+ADAMS COUNTY
+
+LOCATION.
+
+Adams county is in the center of southeastern Washington, cut out
+of the once great desert plateau, covered with sage brush. It has
+developed into one of the most important food-producing counties
+of the state. It has a population of about 13,000 and covers 1,908
+square miles of territory.
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+Its climate is not different from that of the balance of the district
+in which it is situated, and, although some days in winter are
+severely cold and some in summer hot, its dry atmosphere softens
+the asperity of its cold, and its generous crop yields are full
+compensation for the heat of the summer's sun. Its mean temperature
+ranges from 30 degrees to 40 degrees in winter and from 50 to 74
+degrees in summer. Its usual coldest days are 20 degrees to 25
+degrees and its hottest ranging above 100 degrees. Its rain and
+snow give about 12 inches of water. It has one small stream, a
+tributary of the Palouse river.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway cutting the county diagonally from
+northeast to southwest and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway
+across its southeast corner and near its south and west borders
+furnish good facilities for handling its generous wheat crops. To
+these are soon to be added the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
+Portland & Seattle, and the North Coast roads, giving the county
+very superior railroad facilities.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Wheat is its great staple crop, and the last year out of a crop
+acreage of 275,000 gave to the world nearly 6,000,000 bushels, an
+average of upwards of 20 bushels to the acre. When this average is
+compared with that of the wheat fields of the Mississippi valley,
+it is no wonder that the value of its realty has increased for
+the purposes of taxation more than 300 per cent. in the past six
+years. Horses, cattle, hogs and sheep are to a limited extent raised
+on the farms, and are important adjuncts to its prosperity.
+
+[Page 47]
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+RITZVILLE is the county seat, and has a city hall, electric lights
+and water system, flour and feed mills, and is the chief distributing
+center of the county.
+
+LIND will be one of the important points on the Chicago, Milwaukee
+& St. Paul railway, now building across the county.
+
+WASHTUCNA also is to have another outlet for its wheat over the
+Portland & Seattle railway, projected and building. All these towns
+have good schools, churches, warehouses, mercantile establishments,
+and all enjoy an abundance of prosperity from the marketing of
+the crops.
+
+
+ASOTIN COUNTY
+
+LOCATION.
+
+Asotin county occupies the extreme southeastern corner of the state,
+being separated from Idaho on the east by the Snake river and from
+Oregon on the south by the state boundary. Its population is about
+7,500, its area 640 square miles.
+
+It takes in a portion of the Blue mountains, from which numerous
+small streams furnish abundant water for all domestic farm purposes
+and for irrigating quite a large area of lands, which makes the
+county ideal for the stock-raiser and fruit-grower.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+The irrigation of the low lands has had a wonderful effect in
+stimulating the fruit industry, and resulted in a great advance
+in land values, particularly about Clarkston and Cloverland, while
+the cool water of the mountain streams and their grassy slopes
+make the dairy business especially profitable. General farming,
+however, is still the standby of the bulk of the population. At
+Clarkston the lands irrigated and planted to orchards have reached
+in many instances a value of $1,000 per acre, the waters being
+taken out of Asotin creek. About Cloverland, waters from George
+creek have wrought almost an equal increase in values. Cloverland
+is on a plateau about 2,500 feet above sea level, and the lands
+irrigated and planted to winter apples are paying handsome dividends
+to their fortunate owners. On ordinary farm lands wheat yields 25
+to 50 bushels per acre and barley from 40 to 60 bushels per acre.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The transportation is limited to the power of steamboats on the
+Snake river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway, which
+is reached at Lewiston, across the river from Clarkston.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+ASOTIN, the county seat, situated about seven miles south of Clarkston,
+on the Snake river, has about 1,500 people within its borders. It
+[Page 48]
+has a flour mill, warehouses, churches, schools, public library,
+light and water systems, and is a prosperous, thriving town.
+
+CLARKSTON, an important commercial center, is situated on the flats
+of the Snake river, in the northeast part of the county. Its population
+somewhat exceeds that of Asotin. It has all the business institutions
+of a thriving town, is the main distributing point for a large
+area, and is rapidly growing.
+
+CLOVERLAND, CRAIGIE AND ANATONE are thriving smaller towns.
+
+
+BENTON COUNTY
+
+Benton county is bounded north, east and south by the Columbia
+river and west by Yakima and Klickitat counties. It has an area
+of 1,600 square miles and a population of about 9,000 people.
+
+TOPOGRAPHY.
+
+The Yakima river traverses the center of the county in a very crooked
+course, through the valley of which the Northern Pacific railroad
+winds its way to the top of the Cascades. Both north and south of
+the valley of the Yakima are extensive hill and plateau lands,
+which are being rapidly utilized for general farming. The valley
+lands are arid and useless without irrigating water.
+
+IRRIGATION.
+
+Extensive irrigation projects are in successful operation and projected
+to bring a very large portion of the valley lands into successful
+use, for these lands, when irrigated, are of unsurpassed fertility.
+Lands capable of irrigation have rapidly risen in value during the
+past few years because of the immense yields of all crops under
+irrigation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway through its center, the Portland &
+Seattle around its southern and eastern border and the North Coast
+coming into the Yakima valley from the northeast and the southeast,
+together with the shipping on the Columbia river, give abundant
+means of marketing its products, while several local electric roads
+are projected to connect its towns and help to open up the newly
+developed portions of the county.
+
+IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES.
+
+General farming on the uplands, truck-gardening and fruit-raising
+on the irrigated lower lands are the chief occupations. On account
+of the great fertility of the volcanic soils and the early springs,
+Benton county is able to supply the large towns with fruits and
+vegetables some two weeks earlier than most other sections, giving
+it quite an advantage in prices. The county is rapidly growing
+in population and prosperity.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 39.--Stacking Hay in Kittitas County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 40.--New Training School, Ellensburg, Kittitas
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 41.--Sheep-Raising in Klickitat County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 42.--Wheat-Raising in Klickitat County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 43.--Eighty-Acre Orchard in Klickitat County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 44.--Manufacturing Scenes, Chehalis, Lewis
+County.]
+
+[Page 49]
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+PROSSER, its chief town and county seat, is on the Yakima river
+and Northern Pacific railway in the western central part of the
+county, and has about 2,000 population. It is the chief distributing
+center of the county. It has three weekly newspapers, six churches,
+good water supply, banks, stores, warehouses, lumber yards, etc.
+
+KENNEWICK, at the easterly center of the county, on the Northern
+Pacific and Portland & Seattle railroads and on the Columbia river,
+is a town of much importance, having about 1,500 people. It is
+noted for the remarkable earliness of its fruits and vegetables. It
+has the usual business, church and school establishments, including
+an ice and cold storage plant.
+
+KIONA, on the Yakima river, midway between Prosser and Kennewick,
+CARLEY AND PETERSON, in the southern portion of the county, on the
+Columbia river, are all growing and prospering smaller towns.
+
+
+CHEHALIS COUNTY
+
+Chehalis county is central among the counties bordering on the
+Pacific, the towns about Grays Harbor being its seaports. It has
+an area of 2,600 square miles and a population of 35,000.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Its industries arise out of its vast timber belts, its fertile
+low lands, and its fisheries. It is said to have 800,000 acres of
+magnificent timber lands, the great bulk of it unmarketed. Logging
+and the manufacture of wood products make up its chief occupation,
+though general farming and fruit-raising is rapidly gaining. The
+lands of the county when reclaimed from the forests are fertile
+and respond generously to the labor of the husbandman. In 1906,
+15,000 apple trees were planted in the county. The fishing industry,
+including the canning of salmon, sardines, clams and oysters, is
+a thriving industry and destined to develop into much larger
+proportions.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Grays Harbor is open to the ocean, but is splendidly protected
+and has safe anchorage. It is the largest lumber shipping port in
+the state. The Humptulips and Chehalis rivers empty their waters
+into the bay, and are both navigable for some distance.
+
+In addition, the Northern Pacific railroad skirts both sides of
+the bay and a logging railroad from Shelton, in Mason county, has
+nearly reached the ocean, going through the county from east to
+west. Other railroads have surveying parties in the field, and
+a conflict is on to share the vast lumber-carrying trade of the
+county with the Northern Pacific, which has till now monopolized
+it.
+
+Chehalis county is one of the most important counties in the state,
+and offers an abundant opportunity for Yankee energy to exercise itself
+[Page 50]
+in almost every avenue of business. Its opportunities and resources
+are numerous and vast. The newcomer may look long and find no better
+place for his talents.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+MONTESANO is the county seat, located at the head of navigation
+on the Chehalis river, and on the Northern Pacific railway. It
+has a population of about 3,500. It has sawmills, sash and door
+factories, and is surrounded by a prosperous farming community,
+dairying being very remunerative.
+
+ABERDEEN is the commercial metropolis of the county. Nearly $15,000
+is daily paid out to wage-earners. Much commerce from the ocean is
+centering here, 736 vessels clearing from Grays Harbor in 1907. Seven
+hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars has been appropriated by
+congress for the improvement of the harbor. The city has terminal
+rail rates, and the Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
+Paul railroads are hustling after its trade. The business portion
+of the city is built of stone, brick or cement. It has eleven large
+sawmills, many shingle mills and various other factories for utilizing
+the products of its timber, besides fish and clam canneries and other
+factories. Its population, now about 15,000, is rapidly growing.
+
+HOQUIAM, Aberdeen's nearby neighbor, has a population crowding
+11,000, and is a hustling manufacturing and commercial center, not
+different in its general business from Aberdeen.
+
+ELMA, twelve miles east of Montesano, is a town of 2,700.
+
+COSMOPOLIS, south of the river from Aberdeen, has about 1,200, and
+is a sawmill town.
+
+OAKVILLE, MAKRHAM and SATSOP are small growing towns on the Northern
+Pacific railway. Many other embryo towns will in time grow into
+prosperous business centers.
+
+
+CHELAN COUNTY
+
+Chelan county is one of picturesque beauty and abundance of both
+developed and undeveloped wealth. It faces the Columbia river eastward,
+while its back rests against the peaks of the Cascades, 5,000 to
+6,000 feet above the sea. Lake Chelan is the largest fresh water
+body in the state, fifty miles long and one to four wide, and lies
+400 feet higher than the Columbia river.
+
+Chelan county has 2,000 square miles, much of it mountainous and
+full of minerals. Its population is at present about 14,000.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Horticulture, agriculture, lumbering, stock-raising, mining and
+dairying all flourish on the bountiful natural fitness of the county
+for these occupations. The climate is attractive. It is a sunshiny
+county.
+
+[Page 51]
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Steamers ply up and down the Columbia river. The Great Northern
+railway crosses the county through the valley of the Wenatchee
+river and the Washington & Great Northern railway is projected along
+the western boundary of the Columbia river.
+
+PRODUCTS.
+
+All kinds of temperate zone fruits mature here in wonderful perfection
+and abundance. The valleys run with water from the mountains to
+irrigate the lands, and furnish vast power, much of it undeveloped.
+Hills in the western part of the county are timbered and all the
+vacant lands are grass covered. Over 1,000,000 fruit trees have
+been planted in the last three years in the county.
+
+The mountain foothills are full of mineral veins of copper, gold,
+silver, lead and molybdonite. Some have been producing for twenty
+years. Trout in the streams and game on the hills add to its
+attractiveness.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+WENATCHEE is the county seat and largest town, having about 3,500
+people. It is located on the Columbia river near where the Great
+Northern railway crosses it. It is the chief distributing center
+for the county and much other territory, chiefly north of it.
+
+LEAVENWORTH, westward of Wenatchee, and also on the railroad, has
+a population of 1,200 and is a division point.
+
+CHELAN, at the foot of Lake Chelan, has about 700 people.
+
+CASHMERE, on the railroad, is of about equal size.
+
+LAKESIDE, PESHASTIN and ENTIAT are smaller towns, all thriving and
+growing.
+
+
+CLALLAM COUNTY
+
+Clallam county occupies 2,000 square miles of the northwestern
+part of the Olympic peninsula, having 35 miles of shore land on
+the Pacific and 90 miles on the straits. The Olympic mountains
+and foothills cover the southern half mostly, while the northern
+half is made up of lower hills and valleys. Several large lakes
+nestle among the mountains; one of them, Lake Crescent, is a famous
+summer resort. Lake Crescent is known as the home of the celebrated
+Beardslee trout. The eastern and southern parts have a rainfall
+sometimes nearing 100 inches annually, while in the eastern northerly
+part it is about 20 to 25 inches only.
+
+An important section of the county is that known as Sequim Prairie
+This is a level district of about 5,000 acres, located three miles
+back from Port Williams. Most of it is under irrigation, and the
+soil thus treated produces marvelous crops.
+
+[Page 52]
+RESOURCES.
+
+Lumber, fish, agricultural products and coal comprise its chief
+resources. The timber of the county is very vast and very little
+exploited. Its proximity to the ocean makes it very advantageous
+for all fishing industries. Its valleys are noted for the fertility
+of their soils, and many a farmer has grown wealthy from their
+cultivation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Facilities for getting about are limited to boats and wagons. A
+splendid boat service is maintained with Seattle and other Sound
+ports, and a system of public roads is now in process of construction
+that will be unexcelled in the state. Several surveying parties
+are now in the woods and it is believed that Grays Harbor and the
+Straits of Juan de Fuca will be soon united with railroad iron
+and Clallam county will come to its own.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
+
+PORT ANGELES, located about 60 miles from the ocean on the Straits
+of Fuca, is the largest town and county seat. It has a splendid
+harbor, with fine anchorage, furnishing a safe refuge for ships
+when the storms rage outside.
+
+DUNGENESS and SEQUIM, three miles from PORT WILLIAMS, are important
+farming centers, both noted for their dairy products, and contribute
+largely to make Clallam the second county in the state in the value
+of its dairy products.
+
+QUILLAYUTE, FORKS, BEAVER, BLYN and GETTYSBURG are other small
+settlements waiting for the railroads to open up the country and
+render their natural resources available for the good of the world.
+
+
+CLARKE COUNTY
+
+Clarke county lies on the north shore of the Columbia river, opposite
+Portland, Oregon. It has 600 square miles of territory. It was
+one of the earliest settled parts of the state, and its timber
+as yet uncut is large. It is extremely well watered. The Columbia
+and Lewis rivers border it on three sides with navigable waters.
+It has a mild climate, very fertile soil, and splendid markets
+at its doors, abundant rainfall, and agriculture is successfully
+carried on without irrigation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway connects its various towns with both
+Portland and Seattle, and the North Bank and Oregon & Washington
+railroad, paralleling the Northern Pacific, will add greatly to
+the facility and cheapness of its transportation. From Vancouver
+northeasterly a road is in operation nearly across the county,
+headed for North Yakima and the East.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 45.--Mt. St. Helens and Reflection in Spirit
+Lake, Lewis County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 46.--LEWIS COUNTY SCENES. Dairy Farm and
+Hop Field. A Valley Ranch.]
+
+[Page 53]
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Much of the southern part of the county is devoted to fruit-raising,
+prunes being a very prominent factor in the county's output. General
+agriculture, with dairying, are very profitable, and to these are
+to be added fishing, lumbering and mining.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+VANCOUVER has a population of about 8,000, and is rapidly growing.
+It is the county seat, and is connected with Portland, Oregon,
+by a trolley line. The Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Oregon
+Railroad & Navigation and North Bank railroads all compete for its
+traffic. It is the central distributing point of the county, and
+is the United States military headquarters for Washington, Oregon
+and Alaska. It is well represented in business establishments,
+including barrel factory, fruit cannery, ship yard, iron foundry,
+shoe factory, and others.
+
+LA CENTER, ETNA, NACOLT, AMBOY and BRUSH PRAIRIE are smaller towns,
+all holding out an inviting hand to the newcomer, and offering
+desirable opportunities for new business in both merchandising and
+agriculture, as well as in lumbering and its kindred industries.
+Clarke county is one well worth investigating by intending settlers,
+both on account of its latent possibilities and because of its
+peculiarly desirable climatic conditions, and its abundant competing
+transportation facilities, both by rail and water.
+
+
+COLUMBIA COUNTY
+
+Columbia county is one of the four counties in southeastern Washington,
+lying on the Oregon state line and south of the Snake river. A forest
+reserve in the Blue mountains covers much of the southern portion of
+the county, which is heavily timbered. The Northern part of the
+county is made up of rolling prairie lands, of great fertility on
+account of the large proportion of clay added to the volcanic ash,
+which composes most of the soils of eastern Washington. Irrigation
+is here unnecessary, and abundant crops reward the agriculturist.
+The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous, inclining to much
+outdoor life the year around.
+
+PRODUCTS.
+
+Columbia county is essentially an agricultural county, but of late
+years is branching out into fruit-raising and dairying with marked
+success. Apples and pears predominate among the fruits, though
+all others do well. Wheat is, however, still its great product,
+and both the Northern Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation
+railroads are in operation through the northern part of the county
+to carry away its rich grain harvests.
+
+The citizens of Columbia county are among the most prosperous of
+the state, its average of per capita wealth being exceeded by only
+three other counties.
+
+[Page 54]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+DAYTON, the county seat, has a population of about 3,500 people,
+is situated about in the center of the county, and is the chief
+town for the county's exports, as well as the distributor of its
+merchandise. It is a substantially built city, with flour and feed
+mills, and general mercantile establishments of importance. All the
+public interests, including schools and churches, are generously
+provided for. Its chief exports are grain, fruit, livestock and
+wool.
+
+STARBUCK, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point
+of no mean importance on the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway.
+
+
+COWLITZ COUNTY
+
+Cowlitz county lies immediately north of Clarke county, bordering
+about 40 miles on the Columbia river. It has about 1,100 square
+miles of territory, and about 13,000 people. The southwestern portion
+is largely composed of level valley lands, while its northeastern
+part is occupied by the foothills of Mount St. Helens. The drainage
+is all westerly and southerly into the Columbia river. Cowlitz river
+is navigable as far as Castle Rock, and is an important factor in
+the transportation problem.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Timber is the great source of industry at present, the county having
+about two-thirds of its area heavily covered and unexploited. About
+40 saw and shingle mills are engaged in disposing of its logs.
+Agriculture follows close on the heels of the lumberman everywhere
+in western Washington, and nowhere are better results in general
+farming and dairying obtained than in Cowlitz county.
+
+Cowlitz coal fields have not yet been largely utilized, but will
+be extensively developed in time.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Aside from the river navigation, this county is well supplied with
+transportation facilities by rail. The valley of the Cowlitz river
+affords the natural highway for roads between the Columbia river
+and Puget sound, and is already traversed by the Northern Pacific,
+while the Union Pacific systems and the North Coast road are projected
+over practically parallel lines through the county. From Kalama
+all three systems extend south to Portland and Vancouver.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+KALAMA, on the bank of the Columbia river at the ferry crossing of
+the Northern Pacific railway, is the chief town and county seat.
+There are here extensive electric power plants and a gravity water
+system. The chief industries grow out of the lumbering and fishing
+interests. It has about 1,250 people, but is just now rapidly growing,
+owing to its superb transportation facilities by both rail and
+water.
+
+[Page 55]
+KELSO and CASTLE ROCK are both important towns on the railroads
+and Cowlitz river, each having about 1,500 people. At Kelso, which
+is near the Columbia river, considerable fish are caught and packed,
+yet the timber furnishes the chief industry. Fruit and dairying
+and general agriculture provide a large part of the support for
+the town merchants.
+
+OSTRANDER, CARROLTON, CATLIN, ARIEL and LEXINGTON are smaller towns,
+all prospering and being built up into substantial business centers
+by the steadily increasing development of the latent resources of
+the county.
+
+This county offers many opportunities for business to the newcomer
+in either merchandising, manufacturing or farming.
+
+
+DOUGLAS COUNTY
+
+Douglas county occupies the big bend of the Columbia river, having
+about 1,800 square miles of territory. Formerly there were 4,500
+square miles. The last legislature carved the county in two, giving
+Grant county the southeastern part, about 2,700 square miles of
+territory, and leaving 1,800 to the northeastern part, with the old
+name. The bend of the Columbia on the northeast and Grant county
+on the southeast, compose its boundary. This division boundary
+follows the northeastern bank of the Grand coulee, and following
+its general direction meets the Columbia river where the Great
+Northern railroad touches its valley, thus putting all of that
+railroad in this new county, excepting only a few miles of the
+railroad along the banks of the river in the southeastern corner
+of Douglas county. Douglas county is essentially a high plateau,
+some of it 1,500 feet above the main bank. Waterville is the county
+seat, and considerable land along the valley of the Columbia is
+being irrigated and proving to be of great value for fruit and
+grain growing.
+
+In the southeastern part of the county are some lands covered with
+black basaltic rocks, but the great bulk of the lands are rich
+in a volcanic ash soil, and produce large crops of grain without
+irrigation. A wrong view of the county can easily be impressed
+upon the traveler by rail; he will see so many of the basaltic
+rocks from the car windows but once up out of the canyon which
+the railroad follows, he will find himself in view of an expanse
+of wheat fields so vast and rich as to astonish him.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already indicated, this county is essentially a grain producer.
+Wheat and oats are marketed in large quantities. Fruit-growing
+and stock-raising are important adjuncts to the county's wealth.
+It is comparatively new, and lands can be had at very reasonable
+prices.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+As now constituted, Douglas county will rely wholly upon the steamboat
+crafts on the river to get its grain to market. Its trade, however,
+[Page 56]
+is too vast to be passed by, and already two lines of railroad,
+the Washington & Great Northern and North Coast, are projecting
+into the very center of its vast wheat fields. With these roads
+completed as projected, Douglas county will have easy access to
+both water and rail transportation, and renewed importance will
+be given to its farming industries.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+WATERVILLE is its chief town and county seat. It is among the wheat
+fields, in a broad plain, about seven miles east of the Columbia
+river, to which it is connected by good roads for stages and freight
+wagons. It has one of the U. S. general land offices. It has good
+schools and churches, water and electric lighting systems, both
+owned by the city. It has a population of about 1,200 people, and
+is well supplied with business houses, flour and feed mills, a
+brick yard, bank, etc.
+
+BRIDGEPORT, a town of some 400 people, is situated in the northern
+part of the county on the Columbia river east of its junction with
+the Okanogan river, and is an important wheat-shipping point, having
+a regular steamboat service. A bank, flour mill, warehouses and
+general stores are serving the community, but other industries
+await the newcomer.
+
+DOUGLAS, FARMER, JAMESON, MANSFIELD and HOLLISTER are growing
+agricultural centers.
+
+
+FERRY COUNTY
+
+Ferry county is about in the center of the northern part of eastern
+Washington, stretching from the northern boundary of the state
+to the Columbia river, which marks its southern and southwestern
+boundary. The southern half of the county is within the Colville
+Indian reservation, and is therefore wholly undeveloped. The lands,
+however, have in fact been allotted and the remainder will be thrown
+open for settlement in the near future.
+
+Altogether it has an area of 2,200 square miles, and a population
+of 5,000. It is principally composed of low mountains, well timbered,
+with valleys furnishing fine grazing.
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+The climate of the county is such as prevails generally in northeastern
+Washington--a couple of months of snow in winter, affording plenty
+of sleighing, skating, etc. Summers are very pleasant, and spring
+and fall delightful.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 47.--A Ranch Scene in Lincoln County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 48.--Harvest Time in Lincoln County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 49.--View of Spokane River in Lincoln County,
+Showing Possibility of Power Development.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 50.--Mason County Timber.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 51.--Dairy Scene in Mason County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 52.--Oyster Beds in Mason County.]
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The bulk of the resources of this county are yet dormant. The mountains
+are full of minerals; timber is abundant; grassy hillsides are
+tempting to the sheep and cattle, while the soil is rich, and when
+tilled will be found to produce excellent crops. The county has
+a fine future for wealth from all these sources, and, while the
+mines are
+[Page 57]
+first to be made productive, without doubt the fruits and cereals
+will come into their own in time and furnish much of its wealth.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Two railroads reach the center of the northern half of the county,
+terminating at Republic, the county seat. These railroads have
+pushed in here after the precious metals mined in the vicinity.
+
+The Columbia river is navigable most of its course on the county
+boundary, barring some obstructions which the national government
+will remove and thus open up to river navigation to the ocean the
+fruits of toil in Ferry county.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+REPUBLIC, the county seat, is the only large town in the county,
+and has a population of about 1,250 people.
+
+It is the distributing point for supplies for the mines and ships
+out much ore for the smelters.
+
+Ferry county altogether offers exceptional opportunities for the
+homeseeker in a variety of occupations, as already indicated.
+
+
+FRANKLIN COUNTY
+
+Franklin county occupies the basin formed by the junction of the
+Columbia and Snake rivers, being bounded east, south and west by
+them. The southern portion of the county is scarcely 300 feet above
+sea level, and the soil is fine and sandy. The northern part of
+the county is somewhat higher and composed of successive benches
+till they reach an altitude of 1,000 feet. It is only a few years
+since these lands were all considered barren and useless. Yet in
+1906 these bench lands in this county added 1,500,000 bushels of
+wheat to the world's supply and in the following season nearly
+doubled that output.
+
+There are no forests, the land being covered with bunchgrass and
+sagebrush.
+
+IRRIGATION.
+
+Along the rivers some farmers have irrigated small parcels of land
+by pumping water, but the bulk of the irrigable lands are awaiting
+the action of the U. S. Reclamation Service, which it is thought
+will ultimately be engaged in an extensive irrigation problem to
+reclaim thousands of acres now arid and barren. The warm climate
+of these low Bandy lands has already been proven to be immensely
+advantageous to the gardener and fruit-grower, and the lands wonderfully
+productive when the magic influence of plenty of water renders the
+sources of plant life soluble.
+
+The wheat crops now being produced come from the bench lands without
+irrigation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway passes diagonally through the county
+and crosses the Columbia river near Pasco. The Oregon Railroad &
+[Page 58]
+Navigation railway taps the wheat belt in the northern part of
+the county and the North Coast is projected through it, while the
+Portland & Seattle follows the north bank of the Snake river along
+its southwestern boundary, thus giving the county four systems
+of railroad, besides the Columbia river steamboats.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+PASCO is the county seat, in the extreme southern portion of the
+county, near the Columbia river, and is more noted as a railroad
+center than as a shipping point, on account of the fact that the
+surrounding lands are as yet unirrigated. It has a population of
+about 1,800, and is just now enjoying new vigor and much building
+in anticipation of its future usefulness as a commercial center
+for distribution of both merchandise and agricultural products.
+
+CONNELL, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point
+of importance, and has two railroad lines and a third one coming.
+In addition to the cereals, many sheep and horses are being raised
+and shipped out of the county from this vicinity.
+
+
+GARFIELD COUNTY
+
+Garfield county is the second from the southeast corner of the
+state, and extends from the Snake river on the north to the state
+boundary on the south. It has 627 square miles of territory and
+a population of about 7,000.
+
+The southern portion is included in the Wenaha forest reserve, and
+is quite heavily timbered. The northern portion is an extremely
+prolific farming region, made up of undulating lands with deep
+rich soil, composed of clays and volcanic ash. No irrigation is
+necessary, and very heavy crops of grain are annually matured.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already intimated, the chief source of income for the county
+comes from the tillage of the soil. Of the crops raised, barley is
+in the lead, having furnished 1,800,000 bushels in 1907, which places
+this county second of all counties in the state in the production of
+this cereal. Wheat and oats are also largely produced. Stock-raising
+in the southern ranges of the county is very profitable, and much
+fruit is of late years being produced. Indeed, Garfield county is
+well up to the front in the per capita wealth of its citizens.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+POMEROY is the county seat and chief distributing center of the
+county. It is situated in the north central part of the county,
+on the Pataha river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway.
+It has a population of nearly 2,000.
+
+It is lighted with electricity, has a gravity water system, and all
+the machinery for doing all the business naturally coming to a town
+[Page 59]
+of its size. It has a fine high school and graded schools, churches,
+newspapers, banks, warehouses, big stocks of goods, fire department,
+cet.
+
+
+GRANT COUNTY
+
+Grant county occupies about 2,700 square miles of what was formerly
+Douglas county, comprising the lands southeast of the Grand and
+Moses coulees, bordering on the southwest on the Columbia river,
+with Adams and Lincoln counties on its eastern border.
+
+Ephrata is the county seat, on the Great Northern railway. The
+northern part of the county is traversed by the Great Northern
+railroad, and has developed into a vast region of grain production
+without irrigation, although originally supposed to be valueless
+for cereal-raising.
+
+The southern part is new and comparatively undeveloped, but is
+crossed by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, just now
+giving this new county great impetus. The southern portion of the
+county has long been a grazing ground for herds of cattle and horses,
+but it is thought now it will be turned into a prosperous region
+of small farms.
+
+While the county is cut by several coulees, it is chiefly composed
+of large areas of bench lands, comparatively level, barring a range
+of hills in its southwestern corner called Saddle mountains. There
+is considerable water in the county, Moses lake being quite a large
+body of water with bordering swampy lands, about in the center,
+and Wilson creek, in the northern and Crab creek, in the southern
+part, furnishing considerable stock water.
+
+LANDS.
+
+The lands tributary to the Great Northern railway already produce
+great quantities of grain and livestock, and these will continue
+to be its staple crops until irrigation may come in and stimulate
+fruit production, for which it is thought much of the lands will
+be suitable.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Both the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railway systems are in
+the grain fields of the northern part of the county. The Milwaukee
+road crosses the southern part, the N. & S. is projected along its
+western border, paralleling the Columbia river, which is navigable,
+thus affording all the county, excepting the central portion, good
+facilities for marketing its products. As the county develops,
+beyond question branch lines will penetrate this portion, and Grant
+county will become as well supplied as any other portion of the
+state with facilities for commerce.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+EPHRATA, the county seat, is a small village on the Great Northern
+railway about midway of the county and the center of a large
+wheat-growing section. Its transformation into an important town
+is rapidly
+[Page 60]
+going on, the new county government calling for a variety of new
+occupations to center here.
+
+WILSON CREEK, near the eastern border of the county, is a larger
+town whose chief industry is marketing grain. It is an important
+distributing point, with prospects of larger growth.
+
+QUINCY is a station on the Great Northern and is also an important
+wheat-shipping point.
+
+SOAP LAKE, on a lake of the same name, is noted as a resort for
+the rheumatic.
+
+BACON, COULEE CITY, and HARTLINE are stations on the Northern Pacific
+railway in the northeastern part of the county.
+
+Grant county is new, but has large undeveloped resources, and is
+awaiting the newcomer with abundant offerings for his energy and
+labor.
+
+
+ISLAND COUNTY
+
+Island county is entirely composed of a group of islands in Puget
+sound, the largest two being Whidby and Camano. It has a land area
+of 227 square miles and a population of about 5,000.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Lumber, agricultural products and fish make up the county's resources.
+Considerable of the timber, particularly from Whidby island, has been
+removed, and wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruits, poultry, butter,
+eggs, etc., are now shipped out to the splendid nearby markets at
+the chief seaport towns on Puget Sound.
+
+The soils in the northern part of Whidby island are of remarkable
+fertility, some of them producing as much as 100 bushels of wheat
+per acre and immense crops of potatoes.
+
+In season the waters of the county abound in salmon and other salt
+water fish, and many of the citizens of the county find profitable
+employment in connection with the fishing industry.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+COUPEVILLE is a town of some 400 people and the county seat, situated
+on a beautiful bay in the northern part of Whidby island. It is
+chief distributing point for the county, has a sawmill, shingle
+mill, fruit-drying establishment, stores, churches, schools, a
+newspaper, etc.
+
+OAK HARBOR, further north, is the center of a large farming and
+logging district. Two canneries are in successful operation.
+
+UTSALADY, SAN DE FUCA, CAMANO, CLINTON, and LANGLEY are smaller
+villages gradually becoming summer resorts for people from the
+large cities of the sound. Steamboats furnish good transportation
+from all parts of the county.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 53.--An Okanogan County Orchard in Bloom.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 54.--A View of the Country Along the Okanogan
+River in the Vicinity of the Okanogan Irrigation Project.]
+
+
+[Page 61]
+JEFFERSON COUNTY
+
+Jefferson county is the second county south of the entrance of
+Puget sound, stretching from the Pacific ocean eastward over the
+peaks of the Olympic mountains to Hood's canal, and turning north
+gets a long waterfront also on Puget sound, and taps the Straits
+of Fuca. It has a population of 11,000 people and 2,000 square
+miles of territory.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of this county are largely undeveloped, and yet it
+is one of the oldest settled counties in the state. Originally its
+entire area, barring a few small patches, was heavily timbered,
+and it is estimated that the county still has twenty billion feet of
+standing timber. Its soil is remarkably fertile, and the products
+of its farms have long been famous.
+
+The Olympic mountains contain veins of precious metals, iron and
+manganese, none of which have as yet been thoroughly developed.
+
+Fishing for salmon, sardines, shrimps, clams and crabs is a very
+important industry.
+
+SOILS, CLIMATE AND PRODUCTS.
+
+The soils of the county are largely sedimentary, having been washed
+down from the mountains for ages, assisted by the decomposition of
+vegetable matter accumulated through centuries. In the valleys, where
+most of the farming is being done, these soils produce remarkable
+crops under the influence of the charming climate the county affords.
+
+The rainfall in the eastern part of the county is moderate, but
+ample for all purposes; the average rainfall is about 20 inches.
+The temperature rarely exceeds 80 degrees in summer, while the
+winter months average about 45 degrees.
+
+Such soils and such climatic conditions combine to force wealth
+upon every industrious tiller of the soil. Clover yields from four
+to six tons per acre.
+
+Oats and vetches for ensilage purposes yield five to seven tons
+per acre. Fifty to seventy-five tons of cabbage or mangles per
+acre are not uncommon, and onions and potatoes produce from six
+to ten tons. The fruit trees, particularly cherries, apples, and
+pears, produce wonderful crops. Cattle can graze ten months in the
+year or more, and the products of the dairies of Jefferson county
+cannot be excelled.
+
+Because of the light rainfall and moderate weather, this county is
+admirably suited to poultry-raising. Green food can be had twelve
+months in the year. Runs can always be open, and with proper care
+hens can be made to pay $3.00 per year each.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+PORT TOWNSEND, at the entrance of Puget sound, is the county seat
+and chief commercial center of the county. It has a population of
+[Page 62]
+about 6,000. It is the headquarters for many government institutions,
+including the U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue cutter service,
+marine hospital service, hydrographic service, quarantine service,
+and U. S. artillery for the Puget sound district.
+
+Three great forts; Worden, Flagler, and Casey, are located here,
+forming the chief defense to Puget sound. Fort Worden joins the
+city limits. The present garrison force is 2,000. The scenery from
+the city is grand and beyond compare.
+
+Its business interests are varied and extensive. Two canneries
+for salmon and sardines are here located, boiler works, a machine
+shop for building electric and gasoline engines, a shipyard, sash
+and door factory, lumber mills, and shingle mills, a by-product
+plant producing wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.
+
+The city is substantially built and its homes are artistically created.
+
+The harbor has twenty-five miles of waterfront and fine anchorage
+of from nine to eighteen fathoms, and is an ideal refuge for all
+seagoing craft.
+
+The city has gas and electric lights, paid fire department, fine
+churches, splendid schools, and a magnificent gravity water system
+furnishes the town of Irondale, Hadlock and Forts Worden and Flagler,
+having plenty of water to spare for thousands mote.
+
+IRONDALE is practically a suburb of Port Townsend, having the only
+pig iron plant in the state. It is an extensive and growing concern,
+using bog iron from the vicinity and other ores from different
+sources.
+
+PORT LUDLOW, DUCKABUSH, BOGACHIEL, PORT DISCOVERY, QUILCENE, and
+CHIMACUM are small villages scattered about the county and are
+centers of agricultural activity.
+
+
+KING COUNTY
+
+King county is distinguished by having Seattle for its county seat.
+The county is an empire in itself, stretching from the shores of
+Puget sound to the peaks of the Cascade mountains, and containing
+more than 2,000 square miles of territory. It also includes Vashon,
+one of the large islands of the sound.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+King county's sources of revenue are varied and extensive. Its
+lumber industry, growing out of the vast forests within its borders
+not only, but from the cutting of logs brought in from other sections
+of the state, is immense.
+
+Its agricultural lands are not surpassed in fertility by any, and
+include not only the alluvial deposits in its river bottoms, but
+great areas of shot clay and other soils splendidly adapted to
+fruit culture.
+
+Its mining industries include not only very great acreage of coal
+measures, which have been producing coal for commercial purposes for
+local and foreign trade for thirty years and are scarcely scratched
+as yet, but also fissure veins of the precious metals--gold, silver, lead,
+[Page 63]
+copper, antimony, arsenic, and also iron, asbestos, fire clays,
+kaolin, granite, sandstones, lime ledges, and others.
+
+Its fishing industries in its own waters and from the ocean give
+employment to a large number of men and its fish are shipped even
+as far east as Boston, Massachusetts.
+
+Its power capacity, in addition to its wood and coal, includes
+great falls and rapids and many large streams which are already
+harnessed, but only in part, and driving vast quantities of machinery
+in this and adjoining counties.
+
+In commercial possibilities King county is unrivaled. Its combination
+of lakes, rivers and salt water harbors have no superior on the
+globe, and the fact of its supremacy is demonstrated by the tabulated
+statistics of state officers, which show that King county possesses
+one-fifth of the population of the state and has more than one-quarter
+in value of taxable property of the state, and pays one-fourth of
+taxes collected within the state borders.
+
+In scenery, which is no mean asset of the county, it is also
+unsurpassed. Vast ranges of mountains, sheets of fresh and salt
+water, rivers, hills and plains, forests, and grassy fields combine
+and interlace in a thousand directions to entrance and delight
+the artistic eye.
+
+In game, including bear, deer, mountain goats, cougar, grouse,
+pheasants, quail, mountain trout, salmon and other fishes, make
+many a paradise for the sportsman.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+In addition to its salt waterways, with 75 miles of shore lands,
+and its navigable fresh water lakes, there are centering in the
+county coming in from all directions seven transcontinental lines of
+railroads, making King county and its metropolis a great distributing
+center for the commerce between the American continent and the
+continents of Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Besides these
+steam roads, electric trolley lines are making a network of
+inter-communication between all parts of King county not only, but
+reaching out into the adjoining counties.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+SEATTLE is the county seat and great metropolis of King county and
+the state, with a population crowding, if not exceeding, 275,000
+people. It covers the hills and lowlands surrounding Elliot bay, an
+indentation of Puget sound, and a part of the land between the sound
+and Lake Washington, a freshwater lake of great beauty paralleling
+the sound for 23 miles and from one to three miles wide. It also
+includes two smaller lakes, whose sloping shores are covered with
+the homes of its citizens. From its hills the snow-capped mountains
+of the Cascade and Olympic ranges and Mount Rainier's towering
+peak are visions of surpassing beauty. A constant stream of coming
+and going water craft from all quarters of the globe frequent its
+harbor. Its business buildings of brick, stone, iron and concrete
+tower heavenward over four avenues, and many cross streets and
+miles of its low lands are
+[Page 64]
+covered with railroad tracks, warehouses and manufacturing plants.
+
+Its grammar schools, high schools, and State University are equipped
+with magnificent buildings and grounds. Its streets and homes are
+brilliantly lighted with electricity from its own power plants,
+while the purest water, sufficient for a million people, flows
+through its water mains, all owned and controlled by the city.
+
+A multitude of factories are providing a small part of the merchandise
+and composes the groundwork of her commerce.
+
+The shores of Elliot bay are lined with wharves accommodating the
+largest sea-going ships. Its last assessed valuation of property
+was $203,168,680, and its tax to be raised $975,210.
+
+More than 150 miles of street-car tracks are within her borders
+and a nickel pays for a 15-mile ride.
+
+GEORGETOWN, in the southern part of Seattle, but not a part of
+it as yet, has a population of about 5,000, and is an important
+manufacturing center. Here are the car shops of Seattle Electric
+Company, gas works, foundries, breweries, machine shops, brick
+and tile works and many other industries.
+
+RENTON, ISSAQUAH, RAVENSDALE, BLACK DIAMOND, and NEW CASTLE are
+coal mining towns.
+
+KENT, AUBURN, KIRKLAND, VASHON, NORTH BEND, TOLT, FALL CITY, and
+MAPLE VALLEY are agricultural towns of importance.
+
+
+KITSAP COUNTY
+
+Kitsap county is nearly surrounded by the waters of Puget sound
+and Hood's canal, forming the larger part of the great peninsula
+which these waters would make an island were a six-mile ridge in
+Mason county opened up to them. It has extensive and numerous bays
+and inlets, with magnificent anchorage, and contains in its center
+the great Port Orchard navy yard, destined to become one of the
+largest seats in the United States for Uncle Sam's naval activities.
+
+RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.
+
+The chief resource of the county is in the lumber. Some of the largest
+mills of the state are located within its borders.
+
+It is estimated that there are yet 200,000 acres of uncut timber in
+its borders, and its mills are turning out 600,000 feet of lumber
+daily, besides vast quantities of shingles.
+
+The fishing industry now includes oyster culture, which is rapidly
+becoming very important. About the county are located many villages
+supported by the tillage of the soil from its reclaimed forest
+lands.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Kitsap county has no railroads, but its waterways are so vast and
+intricate that all its corners are reached by steamers, and travel
+is cheap and freight conveniently handled in all parts of the county.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 55.--An Okanogan County Valley, Palmer
+Lake.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 56.--McGowan Seining Grounds, Sand Island,
+Pacific County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 57.--Oyster Culture in Willapa Harbor,
+Pacific County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 58.--View of the Waterfront at Raymond,
+Pacific County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 59.--A View of a Portion of Tacoma's Harbor,
+Showing Ships Waiting to Load Lumber and Wheat for Foreign Ports.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 60.--Railroad Yards and a Corner of the
+Business Section, Tacoma.]
+
+[Page 65]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+PORT ORCHARD, the county seat, is on the bay of the same name and
+opposite the navy yard. It is the chief distributing point for a
+larger part of the cultivated lands of the county, and exports not
+only agricultural products, but also shingles. The surrounding lands
+are well suited for dairying, fruit-growing and poultry-raising,
+which is also true of the entire county.
+
+BREMERTON, adjoining the navy yard, is the largest town in the
+county, having about 4,000 people and rapidly growing. It has a
+fire department, electric light and water systems, newspapers,
+banks, about 1,000 or more wage-earners and is a hustling town.
+
+CHARLESTON is another smaller town adjoining the navy yard on the
+west and rapidly growing.
+
+PORT BLAKELEY is an important milling and shipbuilding town of
+nearly 2,000 people, opposite Seattle. Its lumber goes to all parts
+of the world.
+
+PORT GAMBLE is a sawmill town of importance contributing to swell
+the large output of lumber shipped out of the county.
+
+CHICO, TRACYTON, KEYPORT, PAULSBO, SEABECK, CRYSTAL SPRINGS, COLBY,
+BANGOR, BURLEY, PORT MADISON, and OLALLA are all small villages,
+making progress as agricultural centers and as furnishing summer
+homes for business men.
+
+
+KITTITAS COUNTY
+
+Kittitas county is located about in the center of the state, and
+takes in the upper reaches and most of the watershed of the Yakima
+river. It has a population of about 20,000 in an area of 2,400
+square miles. On its northwestern side it is bordered by two ranges
+of the Cascade mountains, while its southwestern side lies on the
+Columbia river.
+
+Among the sources of the Yakima river are three large lakes, Keechelus,
+Kachess and Cle-Elum, most beautiful bodies of mountain water and
+the sources of the great irrigation systems now fathered by the
+national government and making the Yakima valley a veritable garden
+pot of orchards and vegetables, grasses and flowers.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The central portion of the county is a valley comprising 250,000
+acres, about one-fourth of which is under irrigation, and has long
+been noted for its prolific crops of hay and many herds of dairy
+cows.
+
+The foothills of the mountains have precious metals, coal and iron.
+The streams abound in trout and much game is in the mountains.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads,
+coming into the county from the south and west, cross at Ellensburg
+[Page 66]
+and then follow the valley of the Yakima to the crest of the Cascades
+giving abundant facilities for making markets east and west to all
+parts of the country.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+ELLENSBURG, the county seat, is situated on a level bench in the
+Yakima valley and on the railroads. It is a town of upwards of 5,500
+people, and is substantially built, chiefly of brick. There are
+creameries, flourmills, sawmills, and warehouses, banks, breweries
+newspapers, electric lights, and gravity water system, churches,
+schools, among which is one of the state normal schools. It is
+also a division point on the Northern Pacific railway, and is the
+chief distributing point in the county for farm products and
+merchandise.
+
+ROSLYN is the chief coal-mining town, situated on the railroad well
+up in the foothills of the mountains. It has about 4,500 people.
+It has gravity water and electric lights, and is a substantial,
+thriving and growing town. From the coal mines in the vicinity the
+best coals of the state are mined in large quantities and shipped
+all over the state.
+
+CLE_ELUM is another coal mining town, on the Northern Pacific railway,
+with a population of about 2,500. Tributary to Cle-Elum is a wide
+mining territory, for which it is the chief distributing point.
+
+THORPE is a smaller village likely to develop into an important
+trading point.
+
+
+KLICKTAT COUNTY
+
+Klickitat county is central among the southern tier of counties
+of the state, bordering 80 miles on the Columbia river, with an
+average width of 20 miles. It has a population of about 14,000
+and an area of 1,800 square miles.
+
+There is a great variety in its climate, the elevation varying from
+100 to 3,500 feet above the sea level.
+
+The soil is chiefly volcanic ash, disintegrated basalt and alluvium.
+It is deep and much of it sub-irrigated. The principal crops are
+wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn.
+
+The wheat lands yield from 15 to 40 bushels per acre.
+
+Among the fruits raised are apples, peaches, pears, cherries, English
+walnuts, almonds, plums, prunes, grapes, apricots, and all the
+small fruits.
+
+Wheat lands vary in price from $10 to $50 per acre. It is estimated
+that 7,000 acres will be planted to fruit and nut trees this current
+year, while last year 75,385 apple trees, 14,675 peach trees, and
+17,345 grape vines were planted.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already indicated, the strength of the county is in its soil
+and agriculture is its great source of wealth. Stock-raising is a
+chief industry, the slopes of the mountains on its northern boundary
+furnishing
+[Page 67]
+abundant pasturage. The southeastern part is fast developing into
+a fruit-growing region, while agriculture and grain-growing is
+more general in the central and southern portion.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Columbia river, with a railroad on each side of it and numerous
+ferries, makes ample provision for transportation, while the Goldendale
+branch reaches well up into the center of the county.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+GOLDENDALE, the county seat and metropolis, is located in the center
+of the county, 120 miles east of Portland. It is the terminus of
+the Goldendale branch of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
+making connection with the main line at Lyle. It is located in
+the heart of a splendid agricultural section and at the edge of
+the great timber belt.
+
+WHITE SALMON, located in the splendid fruit section, is a thriving
+town. It is an important railroad point on the North Bank and is the
+outlet for the products of an extensive fruit, timber and dairying
+region.
+
+CLIFFS, the division point of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
+is the trading center of many square miles of territory. The best
+nut land in the county is located near here.
+
+BICKLETON, the trading point of an extensive wheat section, is in
+the eastern part of the county. An electric road has been surveyed,
+which will, when completed, give this town railway connection.
+
+LYLE, ROOSEVELT, COLUMBUS, BINGEN, and CENTERVILLE are growing trading
+points.
+
+
+LEWIS COUNTY
+
+Lewis county is one of the largest counties in western Washington,
+having an area of 2,593 square miles of territory and about 40,000
+people. It occupies a large part of the drainage basins of two
+large rivers, the Cowlitz and Chehalis--one emptying its waters
+into the Columbia river and the other into Grays harbor. It reaches
+from the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles toward the ocean, but
+is cut off 30 miles from the coast, and is about 30 miles wide.
+Mount Rainier is just north of its extreme eastern portion and
+about one-fourth of the county is within the Rainier forest reserve.
+
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+At present the chief industry of the county consists of manufacturing
+its forests into the various forms of lumber and its products, the
+lumber cut aggregating four hundred million feet and two hundred
+million shingles.
+
+Next in importance probably are the precious metal and coal deposits
+of the county, which have, however, been but little developed.
+The coal measures include bituminous, lignite and anthracite, and
+are of great extent in the foothills of the eastern part of the
+county. Two systems of railroads have been projected into these
+fields, and the nearest, carrying lignite and bituminous coals,
+are being commercially developed.
+[Page 68]
+
+Agriculture, including especially dairying and fruit culture, takes
+the place of the forests as they are removed and bids fair to reach
+in importance, in time, the lumber and coal resources. To this
+end, the soil fertility, the mild climate and cool mountain waters
+conspire.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Lewis county is in the path of all railroads coming in from the
+south or through the Columbia gap in the Cascades. Already the
+Northern Pacific railway and the Union Pacific railway cross the
+county, and the North Coast contemplates traversing the entire
+Cowlitz valley, while the Tacoma Eastern is already into the
+northwestern part of the county on its way toward the same goal.
+The county cannot be too well supplied, for its vast treasures
+when developed will furnish immense products for transportation.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+CHEHALIS and CENTRALIA are the two twin cities of the county--less
+than five miles apart and of about equal importance. From Chehalis
+the Northern Pacific railway branches off, following the upper
+reaches of Chehalis river and ending on Willapa bay, while from
+Centralia the same road branches, following the lower Chehalis
+river, to Grays harbor.
+
+CHEHALIS is the county seat, with a population of 5,000 and rapidly
+growing, and has electric lights, sanitary sewerage system, paved
+streets, fine business blocks, and a large and growing trade. Near
+the city is located the State Training School.
+
+CENTRALIA has a population of about 7,000 people, chiefly engaged
+in running sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories, and
+other woodworking plants. It has a large city hall, ten churches,
+fine schools, banks, business houses, water systems, fire department,
+and is a hustling, thriving town.
+
+WINLOCK is a town of 1,200 people on the railroad in the southern
+part of the county, and a distributing point of much importance.
+
+PE ELL is a town of 1,000 people on the South Bend branch of the
+Northern Pacific railway, chiefly engaged in milling and agricultural
+pursuits.
+
+MCCORMICK, LITTELL, KOSMOS, LITTLE FALLS, ADNA, DRYAD, DOTY, and
+KOPIAH, are all centers of industry in various parts of the county.
+
+Lewis county as a whole offers wonderful opportunities for newcomers
+in all pursuits--commercial, agricultural, and mining.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 61.--Tacoma High School and Stadium. Rose
+Arbor in Point Defiance Park, Tacoma.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 62.--A Red Raspberry Field in the Puyallup
+Valley, Pierce County.]
+
+
+[Page 69]
+LINCOLN COUNTY
+
+Lincoln county, adjoining Spokane county on the west, is one of
+eastern Washington's great granaries. Its northern boundary is
+defined by the Columbia and Spokane rivers. The bulk of its lands
+are rolling prairies of great fertility. It has about 2,300 square
+miles of territory and about 25,000 people.
+
+TOPOGRAPHY.
+
+The bulk of the county consists of the rolling prairie land
+characteristic of the great wheat belt of the state. There are
+some mineral lands in the northern part of the county and here
+and there will be found considerable stretches of timber. In its
+northern portion the county is well watered by the Columbia and
+Spokane rivers, while in the southwestern section and elsewhere
+numerous small creeks and lakes occur.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The great resource of Lincoln county is its wheat fields, which
+in 1907 produced to exceed 8,000,000 bushels. Other cereals and
+hay are important crops. Along its northern part, particularly
+on the bottom lands of the rivers, much fruit is grown, including
+peaches and all the small fruits. Diversified farming is growing
+in favor among the farmers. Compared with other counties of the
+state, Lincoln county ranks as follows in the number of its stock:
+Horses, second place; hogs, second place; cattle, sixth place.
+The county also stands fourth in the number of its school houses
+and spends annually $100,000 for school support.
+
+In wealth per capita, Lincoln county leads the state, showing for
+assessment purposes an average holding of real estate of $1,163
+and $226 in personalty.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The county is traversed from west to east its entire length by the
+Great Northern and the central Washington branch of the Northern
+Pacific railroads, some distance from its side lines, so that very
+little of the county is more than 12 miles from a railroad shipping
+point. There are 170 miles of railroad tracks in the county.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+DAVENPORT, the county seat and largest town in the county, is situated
+on the central Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railway
+near the middle eastern portion of the county, and has a population
+of about 2,800 people. Its business blocks are chiefly built of
+brick. It owns its own water system, is lighted with electricity,
+has fine school buildings and churches. Its court house cost about
+$80,000. It is surrounded by splendid farms and annually ships
+out about 1,250,000 bushels of wheat.
+
+[Page 70]
+WILBUR, a town of 1,500 people, on the Northern Pacific railway,
+is a very important shipping and distributing center. It has large
+flour mills, warehouses, five churches, and schools, electric lights,
+and water system, bank, newspaper, parks, and important commercial
+institutions.
+
+ALMIRA, in the western part of the county, on the Northern Pacific
+railway, is another prosperous and growing grain center with about
+600 people.
+
+HARRINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, is a town of some 1,200
+people. It has a beautiful location, commands the trade of a large
+farming county, ships grain and livestock, and is a prosperous
+and growing town.
+
+CRESTON, EGYPT, and BLUESTEM are smaller growing commercial centers.
+
+
+MASON COUNTY
+
+Mason county lies on the upper reaches of Puget sound, having the
+Olympic mountains at its north, where about one-fourth of the county
+is in the Olympic forest reserve. Its total area is about 900 square
+miles, and it has a population of about 6,000. Hood's canal penetrates
+well into the center of the county in its great bend, giving it a
+very long salt-water shore line. From the Olympic mountains numerous
+streams flow into the Puget sound, while others empty their waters
+into Gray's harbor.
+
+The county is a great forest of splendid timber, which has been
+only to a limited degree cut out. The soil of the foothills and
+valleys Is composed chiefly of shot clays and alluvial deposits,
+making good farming, stock-raising and fruit-growing lands.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Logging and its allied industries constitute the main industries
+of the county, Much of the logs are shipped out of the county to
+feed sawmills in other parts of the Sound.
+
+Raising and marketing oysters is an important source of wealth to
+the county.
+
+There is already considerable acreage for farming and stock-raising,
+stock finding pasturage the year round. This industry will grow
+as the land is cleared.
+
+The county affords splendid hunting and fishing in season.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The county is so cut into by the inlets and bays of the sound that
+it has splendid transportation facilities by steamer to all the
+sound ports. The Northern Pacific railway reaches its southern
+boundary. No other railroads traverse the county but its logging
+railroads, which can give only a limited service.
+
+[Page 71]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+SHELTON is the county seat, situated on an arm of the sound at the
+terminus of the logging railroad, and has about 1,200 inhabitants.
+Steamers from its wharves reach all the parts of the sound directly
+or by connection with others.
+
+The logging industry, manufacturing lumber, cultivating oysters,
+fishing and farming are the chief industries of its people. It has
+four churches, good schools, a newspaper, good stocks of goods,
+volunteer fire department, electric lights, gravity water system.
+
+The logging industry, which centers here, employs 2,000 men and
+pays out $120,000 a month.
+
+LAKE CUSHMAN is a summer resort in the mountains famous for its
+big trout catches.
+
+ALLYN, on an arm of the sound, is central to much oyster lands,
+logging camps and fruit orchards.
+
+ARCADIA, also on the sound, is central to considerable stock-raising
+and lumbering.
+
+DETROIT is a prosperous village, proud of the grapes grown on some
+of its logged-off lands.
+
+MATLOCK is a town on the logging railroad and central to large logging
+operations.
+
+
+OKANOGAN COUNTY.
+
+Okanogan, the largest county in the state, lies on the northern
+boundary just east of the Cascade peaks. It has an area of 4,500
+square miles and a population estimated at 13,000.
+
+About one-fourth of the county, a district of great latent resources,
+is still within the Colville Indian reservation, but is soon to
+be thrown open to settlement.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+This county is endowed with great natural resources and a delightful
+climate, and is destined to become thickly populated.
+
+The mountains and their foothills have large and numerous veins
+of metals and are covered also with extensive forests. The rolling
+hills of the south and center are rich in agricultural possibilities,
+suitable for stock, and great crops of cereals and fruits. The
+Okanogan river and its branches drain the greater portion of the
+county, rising in British Columbia and flowing south through the
+center of the county and joining the Columbia river on the south
+boundary. The Methow river drains a large portion of the western
+part and makes a paradise for the frontiersman along its sloping
+sides.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Until now the rivers and wagon roads are the only paths of commerce.
+But into this blossoming empire the railroads are looking with
+longing eyes. The Great Northern, however, has already tapped the
+[Page 72]
+northern boundary and projected a line down the Okanogan and Columbia
+rivers to Wenatchee. Other railroads will follow, as the prize is
+too great not to be divided.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+CONCONULLY, the county seat, is situated among the foothills and
+mines west of the Okanogan river. In addition to the mining industry,
+the raising of sheep and cattle is followed by the citizens. The
+town has a population of about 500 people.
+
+OROVILLE is the chief town on the railroad, near the northern border,
+and is the terminus of the road. It has about 500 people and is
+growing. It is an important ore-shipping point, surrounded also
+by good fruit-raising and agricultural lands, yet unirrigated.
+
+BREWSTER, at the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers,
+has a population of about 200, and is an important grain and
+fruit-shipping point.
+
+OKANOGAN is on the river of the same name, about midway between
+Brewster and Conconully, and to this point the steamers ply in
+the higher waters of the river.
+
+TWISP is a growing village in the Methow valley, devoted chiefly to
+fruit-growing and mining. It is an important distributing center.
+
+PATEROS has steamer connection with Wenatchee, and is an importing,
+growing center.
+
+BECK, BONAPARTE, ANGLIN and BODIE are other new and growing commercial
+centers.
+
+CHESAW, in the northern part, and NESPELIM, in the southeastern
+part, are important locations.
+
+
+PACIFIC COUNTY.
+
+Pacific county is the extreme southern county, which borders on the
+ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river. Although a small county
+with only 900 square miles, it has about 100 miles of salt-water
+frontage. Willapa harbor, at the northwest, is capable of being
+made accessible to all ocean ships, while Shoalwater bay, a body
+of water 20 miles long and separated from the ocean by a long slim
+peninsula, furnishes probably the best breeding ground In the state
+for oyster culture. The county at large is an immense forest, in
+the center of which is a range of hills dividing the watershed so
+that some of the streams flow into the Columbia river at the south,
+some west into Willapa harbor, and others, through the Chehalis
+river, reach Grays harbor.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 63.--Modern Sanitary Dairy Barn, on Farm
+of Hon. W. H. Paulhamus, Sumner, Pierce County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 64.--Views in Rainier National Park, Reached
+by Railroad and Driveway from Tacoma.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 65.--San Juan County Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 66.--Purse Seiners' Camp at Eagle Gorge,
+San Juan County.]
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already indicated, its timber and its fisheries are the great
+sources of wealth for the county, although stock-raising, dairying,
+fruit-growing and general farming are constantly growing in importance.
+[Page 73]
+The county probably has eleven billion feet of standing timber,
+and daily cuts with its 64 sawmills about 775,000 feet of lumber
+and one million shingles.
+
+Both native and cultivated oysters are largely marketed, as are
+also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. A splendid market for all farm
+products is afforded by the mills and lumber camps and summer campers
+on the beach.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, cutting the
+county centrally east and west. On the long ocean beach from the
+mouth of the Columbia river northward is a railroad about 20 miles
+long, made profitable by the extensive patronage of the summer
+campers. Added to these are the water crafts which frequent the
+harbor and the Columbia river, and altogether make access to all
+parts of the county easy.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+SOUTH BEND, the county seat, situated near the mouth of the Willapa
+river, is a rapidly growing town of 3,000 people and destined to become
+an important ocean port. The harbor is capacious, well protected,
+has fine anchorage, and is handicapped only by a few feet of mud at
+the bottom, which Uncle Sam will soon remove. At low tide there
+is now from 20 to 30 feet of water in the channel of the river and
+at South Bend it is 1,000 feet wide. South Bend is the terminus
+of the Northern Pacific railway. It has electric lights, water
+works, good schools, fine churches, bank, sawmills, planing-mills,
+sash and door factories, fish canneries, newspapers, etc., and
+is about to build a $50,000 courthouse.
+
+RAYMOND, a new manufacturing town on the harbor and railroad, a
+few miles from South Bend, has 2,500 people and is rapidly growing
+in importance. Raymond is not yet five years old; has a monthly
+payroll of $100,000; sawmills and factories representing an invested
+capital of $4,900,000, employing 1,200 men; an electric light plant;
+a city telephone system, owned by local capital; a salt-water fire
+protection system; is about to build two bridges, costing $30,000
+each, and is adding new manufacturing plants at the rate of one a
+month. The city gives free factory sites, and has both rail and
+ocean transportation from factory locations to the markets of the
+world.
+
+ILWACO is a fishing post of importance near the southwest shore
+of the county, with 900 population.
+
+CHINOOK, FRANKFORT and KNABTON are other fishing points on the
+Columbia river of importance. NAHCOTTA is an ocean summer resort.
+
+
+[Page 74]
+PIERCE COUNTY.
+
+Pierce county, though not the largest, is one of the most important
+counties in the state. Its area of 1,800 square miles occupies
+much of the upper reaches of Puget sound on both sides and extends
+southeasterly, taking in the Rainier National Park of 2,225,000
+acres, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma) 14,526 feet above sea level and
+less than 60 miles from salt water, covered with eternal snow, an
+endless scene of majestic grandeur, giving the county a greater
+variety of elevations and more beautiful and startling scenery than
+any other county in the United States. Its northeastern boundary
+is the White river, its southwestern boundary the Nisqually river.
+It has about 125 miles of salt-water shore lands, with innumerable
+bays and inlets and several important islands. Originally one vast
+forest, much of it now is covered with fruitful fields of grain,
+grass and orchards.
+
+Its climate is mild and salubrious, its soils of great variety
+and fertility, and its mountains and foothills full of coal and
+precious metals.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of Pierce county are varied and of great value. Its
+central part is one great coal field, covered with forests, producing
+annually about 1,000,000 tons of coal. Gold, silver and copper are
+among its precious metals, but not extensively mined as yet.
+
+Its rivers possess almost immeasurable water power. One plant on
+the Puyallup river at Electron has an ultimate capacity of 40,000
+horse-power, 20,000 horse-power of which is now in use. The city of
+Tacoma is engaged in the construction of a plant on the Nisqually
+for municipal use, the capacity of which will be 20,000 horse-power.
+The 12,000 horse-power plant at Snoqualmie Falls also furnishes
+current for city lighting, street railway and manufacturing purposes
+in Tacoma.
+
+All the cereals are successfully raised; dairying is one of the
+most important industries; fruit-growing, particularly in small
+fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries,
+etc., is very profitable and is engaging a great deal of attention.
+Fish are caught in quantities and shipped to eastern markets, but
+Pierce county's greatest natural wealth is in its vast forests.
+An idea of the value can be had when it is said that $6,000,000
+worth of lumber was cut in 1908 in Tacoma alone. In addition to
+these great natural resources, Pierce county's commercial industries
+are so great as to place it in the front rank of counties of the
+Northwest. The great sawmills, woodworking plants and factories of
+various kinds in the city of Tacoma alone employ 11,800 people, and
+the value of their output last year amounted to over $43,000,000.00.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Pierce county is fast becoming a network of transcontinental railroads
+centering in Tacoma, which, coupled with the steamboat traffic on
+the Sound, gives the county splendid traffic facilities. Pierce county
+[Page 75]
+for years was a non-competitive railroad point, the Northern Pacific
+being the only road to enter its vast fields of wealth. Within the
+last two years, however, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
+Union Pacific system, and the Great Northern, realizing the wealth
+of the county and the importance of Tacoma as a manufacturing center,
+the value of her perfect harbor for shipping, the vastness of her
+great stretch of level tidelands for factory sites and terminal
+yards, and the low cost at which freight can be transferred from the
+rails to the sails or _vice versa_, have entered the field and are
+now spending $11,000,000 on construction and terminal work in the
+city of Tacoma. The addition of these new roads means a wonderful
+impetus to the trade of Tacoma. The Tacoma Eastern railroad, a
+beautiful scenic route, beginning at Tacoma, runs in a southeasterly
+direction through a wonderfully fertile country and vast forests
+of splendid timber, to Rainier National Park and Mount Rainier
+(Mt. Tacoma). Several trolley lines are in operation, reaching all
+the near-by towns and connecting Tacoma and Seattle.
+
+In addition to these lines, many steamboats and crafts of all kinds,
+plying the waters of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean, find abundant
+wharfage and anchorage in the harbor of Tacoma. The products of
+the world in large quantities pass through Tacoma in process of
+distribution. A constant stream of small crafts, running about
+the waters of the county, accommodate the local traffic.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+TACOMA, with a population of about 125,000, is the county seat of
+Pierce county, and situated on Commencement bay. Its harbor, one
+of the finest in the world, and its railroad terminals, unexcelled
+on the Pacific Coast, as already indicated, are the center of a
+vast commerce by rail and water. At its door is an immense amount
+of water power, already developed, driving her street cars and the
+machinery in many of her factories. Coal and coke are in abundance
+within a few miles of the city, the coal being used extensively
+for steam and conveyed from the trains to the boats by immense
+electric bunkers. The coke is largely utilized in the largest lead
+and copper reduction plant on the coast. The great Guggenheim smelter
+at Tacoma reduces and turns out annually lead, copper, gold and silver
+worth about $10,000,000. Along her wharves are immense elevators,
+grain warehouses and flouring mills. Tacoma yearly ships out more
+grain than any other city on Puget sound. In and around the city
+are large saw and shingle mills, which last year cut 527,604,000
+feet of lumber and 434,000,000 Shingles. Her factories and shops
+have $24,000,000 invested and employ 11,800 wage-earners, and her
+large flour mills ship their products to all parts of the world.
+Her packing-house products amounted to $5,000,000 in 1908. The
+largest car shops west of the Mississippi are located here. Her
+downtown streets are lined by large business blocks; she has 185
+miles of street and suburban railway, and over 75 miles of paved
+streets.
+
+[Page 76]
+There are four daily newspapers, 8 banks, 1,120 acres in parks,
+and many beautiful and expensive public buildings. The city hall
+cost $200,000; the court house, $500,000; her high school building,
+the most beautiful on the coast, cost a half million dollars, and the
+United States government is completing a $500,000 federal building.
+
+PUYALLUP is one of Pierce county's prosperous towns, having about
+7,000 population, in the wealthy Puyallup valley. This is the center
+or a great fruit-growing district, in which the farmers have combined
+and market their crops through an association, sending their berries
+in patent refrigerator cars into far-away markets. It is also quite
+a large manufacturing center, with a payroll of $45,000 per month.
+
+BUCKLEY, with a population of 1,500, is the center of large sawmilling,
+farming and mining industries.
+
+ORTING is a town with 800 people, chiefly engaged in gardening
+and farming. The State Soldiers' Home is located near, and adds
+considerable trade to the town.
+
+SUMNER has a population of 1,000, is located in the Puyallup valley,
+and its people form a part of the farmers' association, engaged
+in fruit-growing, dairying and gardening.
+
+STEILACOOM is one of the most beautiful little summer resort towns
+on Puget sound and is connected with Tacoma by two electric lines.
+
+SYLVAN, GIG HARBOR, ROSEDALE, ELGIN, LONG BRANCH, BLANCHARD, and
+BEE are very prosperous villages of Pierce county, and are located
+on the shores of Puget sound.
+
+SPANAWAY, EATONVILLE, ALDERTON, ELBE, MERIDIAN, KAPOWSIN, and MCMILLAN
+are villages in the interior, on the railroads.
+
+WILKESON, SOUTH PRARIE, CARBONADO, FAIRFAX, PITTSBURG, and MELMONT
+are coal-mining towns of importance.
+
+
+SAN JUAN COUNTY.
+
+San Juan county is a group of islands lying between the waters
+of the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the southeast
+shore of Vancouver island. It has about 200 square miles of territory
+and about 4,500 people.
+
+There are three large islands and several smaller ones. The islands
+are covered with soil and timber not different from the main land
+adjoining. Heavy timber in the forests, fine clay loams in the
+bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, big ledges of lime rock
+and other minerals and great shoals of fish in the waters are the
+foundations for prosperity for the citizens of the county.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The soils of the islands yield generously to good tillage, and
+wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay yield large crops. Dairying
+is profitable. Poultry-raising and fruit-growing, are especially
+attractive. Sheep and
+[Page 77]
+cattle find splendid pasture. Great quantities of salmon and other
+fish are taken in the waters, and game-deer and wild fowl--are
+abundant.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 67.--Two Views of the Lime Works at Roche
+Harbor, San Juan County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 68.--A Typical Farm Scene in Skagit County.]
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+There is no transportation save by water, but the islands are in
+the way of traffic from so many different directions that all parts
+are well served by steamboats.
+
+ISLANDS AND TOWNS.
+
+SAN JUAN ISLAND is the largest of the group, and its chief industries
+are farming, raising stock, salmon-fishing, and manufacturing lime.
+
+FRIDAY HARBOR, on this island, is the county seat and largest town,
+with about 500 people. A telephone system is in operation throughout
+the island.
+
+ROCHE HARBOR is the home of great lime kilns.
+
+ORCAS ISLAND is the leading fruit-growing district of the county.
+
+EAST SOUND, near the center of the island, at the foot of Mount
+Constitution, is a picturesque and charming fruit-growing section
+and summer resort.
+
+ORCAS is an important center of the fruit and sheep raising industries.
+
+LOPEZ ISLAND is a beautiful stretch of fertile agricultural land,
+much of it under tillage, and is the home of a prosperous community
+of farmers and stock-growers.
+
+LOPEZ is the chief commercial center, with a cannery and creamery.
+
+
+SKAGIT COUNTY.
+
+Skagit county is the next county to the northwest corner of the
+state, stretching from Rosario straits to the peaks of the
+Cascades--about 100 miles east and west and 24 miles north and
+south. Its area is 1,800 square miles, with a population of about
+35,000.
+
+It is a county of great diversities in climate, topography and
+resources. The Skagit river and its branches drain nearly the entire
+county from the mountains to the saltwater. Its deltas are great
+flat fields of wonderful fertility. Its valleys also, where cleared
+of forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Its upper lands carry
+a great burden of forests and are full of hidden treasures.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of the county are its forests and minerals, its
+agricultural products, and fishes. Its great cereal crop is of
+oats; hops, fruits, hay and barley follow in the order named in
+importance, while the products of the dairy are rapidly multiplying.
+Its minerals include the precious metals, iron, lead, coal, marble,
+limestone, granite, sandstone, etc.
+
+[Page 78]
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Aside from its water transportation, the Great Northern and the
+Northern Pacific railways cross its westerly end and send a branch
+line through the valley of the Skagit river well up towards the
+mountains and to the salt water at Anacortes. And other roads are
+building, while there are 168 miles of modern graveled wagon roads.
+The facilities for getting about are excellent.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+MT. VERNON is the county seat, with about 4,000 people. It is on
+the Great Northern railway, on the navigable Skagit river, and is
+a city of much commercial importance to the agricultural district
+around it. The soil in the vicinity is renowned for its great fertility
+and astonishing crops of oats, hay and grass. Creameries and a
+milk-condensing plant are supported profitably to all concerned.
+
+ANACORTES is the chief town of the county, on the salt water. It
+has about 6,000 people, and is a center of lumbering and fishing.
+Factories for drying, salting, and canning salmon, halibut, and
+cod are increasing industries. There is also a fertilizing plant
+and a plant producing charcoal and the by-products of combustion,
+wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.
+
+SEDRO-WOOLLEY, on both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern
+railways, has a population of 4,000, engaged in lumber industries,
+fruit, and vegetables, canning, dairying and gardening. It has a
+monthly payroll of $125,000.
+
+BURLINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, has 1,800 people, and
+factories for making various wood products, concrete blocks, lumber,
+shingles and condensed milk.
+
+LA CONNER is a great oat and hay shipping point. It is at the mouth
+of the Skagit river and on tide water, and has 800 people.
+
+HAMILTON, at the head of navigation on the Skagit river, is a mining
+and lumbering town of 300 people.
+
+BAY VIEW, SAMMISH, MINKLER, PRAIRIE, FIR, and BIRDSVIEW are other
+shipping points.
+
+BAKER, on a branch of the Great Northern railway, has 400 people,
+and is a center of cement factories.
+
+
+[Page 79]
+SKAMANIA COUNTY.
+
+Skamania county, in the south central part of the state, has its
+southern boundary on the Columbia river, with Lewis county to the
+north. It is chiefly within the forest reserve, and includes Mount St.
+Helens on the west and Mount Adams on its eastern border. Altogether
+it has an area of 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and about
+3,000 people.
+
+The north fork of the Lewis river drains the most of the mountainous
+region, while a lot of small streams drain the southern part, emptying
+into the Columbia river.
+
+The climate is a mean between that of eastern and western Washington,
+and is very mild and salubrious. The soil of the valleys in the
+region of the Columbia river is very fertile.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The chief resource of the county is in its timber and lumber, yet
+its mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming better known and
+appreciated yearly. The fruit raised in its valleys is of excellent
+flavor, early in season, and the soil is generous in its yield.
+Splendid pasturage in the foothills encourages stock-raising, and
+fishing in the Columbia river is profitably followed by some of
+the citizens.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Boats on the Columbia river and a railroad on each side of it are
+the means of transportation, and ample for the residents of the
+county in its southern portion. The coming of the North Bank railroad
+has given a decided stimulus to the growth of the county.
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+Skamania county has developed slowly and the bulk of its natural
+wealth is still practically untouched. Its minerals, well known
+to be valuable, are attracting the attention of prospectors, while
+the forests, fisheries and farming lands will furnish a competence
+to hundreds of additional familles. The scenery, combined with
+the fishing and hunting afforded, are additional attractions that
+will prove alluring to many newcomers.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+STEVENSON, a small town on the Columbia river and railroad, is the
+county seat and has a population of about 450.
+
+Tributary to Stevenson is considerable improved land, and the people
+are engaged in stock-raising, fruit-growing and farming.
+
+BUTLER is a town of about 300 people on the railroad and river.
+
+CARSON, CAPE HORN, MT. PLEASANT and BEAR PRAIRIE are smaller villages,
+destined to become centers of commercial distribution.
+
+
+[Page 80]
+SNOHOMISH COUNTY.
+
+Snohomish county extends 36 miles in width from the Sound to the
+peaks of the Cascade mountains, adjoining King county on the north.
+It has an area of some 2,500 square miles of territory, a population
+of about 63,000 people, and a great storehouse of wealth in its
+natural resources. It is one of the largest and richest counties in
+the state, with a mild and healthful climate, magnificent scenery,
+great diversity of landscape, innumerable water falls and plenty
+of game.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The forests of Snohomish are very extensive and but little depleted.
+Fir, cedar, hemlock and spruce are its chief trees. Nearly one-half
+of the area of the county is heavily mineralized with veins of
+gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, iron, and other ores. There
+are also vast ledges of marble, granite and other building stones.
+
+In diversified agricultural possibilities, few counties can excel
+Snohomish. Its general soils in its valleys are alluvial, and produce
+astonishing crops; about the deltas of its rivers, the riches of
+the salt water and the mountains have combined to make a soil that
+will endure for ages and annually astonish the husbandman with
+its generosity. Upon its uplands, its clay and decaying herbage
+have combined for ages to create a soil wonderfully adapted to
+produce grass and fruits, and the industrious are luxuriating in
+nature's prodigality.
+
+Rainfall is abundant, but not excessive, and crops of the cereals
+and fruits are never failures.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+This county is splendidly provided with transportation facilities;
+many steamboats ply its salt waters and part way up the three great
+rivers that flow into the Sound. Two transcontinental railroads
+cut the western part of the county in two. The trunk line of the
+Great Northern follows the valley of one river from the southeast
+to the coast, while two branch lines run up the other two great
+valleys, past the center of the state, toward the mountains, while
+a dozen spurs and short logging and coal roads act as feeders to
+the main lines, thus giving all the towns of the county access
+to all the Sound markets, and those of the east and the ports of
+the Pacific ocean.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+EVERETT, situated upon a fine harbor on the shores of Puget Sound near
+the mouth of the Snohomish river, is the county seat and metropolis
+of the county. It has a population of 35,000, and is fast developing
+into a commercial and manufacturing center of importance.
+
+The largest steamers afloat can find wharfage at her docks and
+safe anchorage in her waters. It has upwards of 3,000 men employed
+in its factories and mills, with a monthly payroll aggregating
+$230,000.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 69.--Codfish and Salmon Packing Plants
+at Anacortes, Skagit County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 70.--Plant for the Manufacture of Portland
+Cement, Located in Skagit County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 71.--Snohomish County Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 72.--Snohomish County Industrial Scenes.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 73.--Street Scene in Stanwood, Snohomish
+County. A Pony Farm at Everett, Snohomish County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 74.--City and Town Views, Snohomish County.]
+
+[Page 81]
+They are engaged in the manufacture of lumber, shingles, sash and
+doors; in railroad shops, pulp and paper mills, and smelters; in
+running tug boats, driving piles, making iron castings, and tanning
+hides; packing meats and fish; making turpentine, charcoal, flour,
+butter, and many other commodities. Its banks have $4,000,000 on
+deposit. Its paper mills produce 26 tons of paper daily. Its smelter
+is a constant producer of the precious metals and their by-products.
+
+The city is substantially built, having all the conveniences of a
+modern city, with wide streets and wide sidewalks; has both gas and
+electricity for lights, and a good water system. Some of its streets
+are paved with preserved wooden blocks and some with asphalt.
+
+Everett is a sub-port of entry of the Puget sound country. The
+United States has spent half a million dollars improving the mouth
+of the Snohomish river for a fresh-water harbor.
+
+SNOHOMISH is a city of 4,000 people, on the Snohomish river, which
+is navigable, and is connected with Everett by a street car line.
+It is also on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways,
+and is the distributing center for a large agricultural district.
+It has a number of shingle and sawmills, and is headquarters for
+a good deal of the mining industry of the county.
+
+STANWOOD is a town of about 800 people, on the Sound and railway,
+in the northwestern part of the county. It is a center of farming
+interests and lumber industries.
+
+ARLINGTON is a mining and lumbering town on the Northern Pacific
+railway, well up toward the mountains. It has a population of 2,000
+and is growing.
+
+MONROE is a town of 2,400 people, on the line of the Great Northern
+railway, in the center of a large farming and milling industry.
+
+EDMONDS, a town of 2,000 people, is on the Sound and Great Northern
+railway, near the King county line; chiefly engaged in sawing lumber
+and making shingles.
+
+SULTAN, GRANITE FALLS, GOLD BAR, DARRINGTON, and MONTE CRISTO are
+all centers of mining and other industries.
+
+MARYSVILLE, MUKILTEO, SILVANA, GETCHELL, and PILCHUCK are centers
+of lumbering and farming.
+
+
+SPOKANE COUNTY
+
+Spokane county lies in the extreme eastern section of the state.
+The area of the county is 1,680 square miles.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The transportation facilities are the best of the Inland Pacific
+Northwest. Three transcontinental railroads--the Northern Pacific,
+Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Great Northern--traverse the
+County from east to west; a fourth transcontinental line, the Oregon
+Railway & Navigation company, enters from the southwest, and a fifth
+transcontinental road, the Spokane International (C. P. R.), enters
+[Page 82]
+the county from the northeast and terminates at Spokane. The Spokane
+Falls & Northern extends north into British Columbia and to Republic
+and Oroville, Wash. Electric trolley lines connect Spokane with
+the outlying towns in every direction. The total railway mileage
+in the county is approximately 429 miles.
+
+TOPOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIES.
+
+The northern portion of the county is somewhat mountainous, and
+is covered with a fine growth of pine and tamarack timber; much of
+this section is suitable for agriculture, while all is adapted to
+grazing. The central part of the county is rolling and is traversed
+by the Spokane river; the central section to the west of the city
+of Spokane is fine agricultural land, while to the east of Spokane
+is the Spokane valley, which is rapidly being brought into a high
+state of cultivation by means of irrigation. There are about 40,000
+acres in this valley capable of irrigation; 3,000 acres are now
+irrigated and under cultivation. The southern portion of the county
+is rolling, and comprises some of the finest agricultural land in the
+state. Large areas of this section are utilized for wheat-raising,
+while here are grown the finest sugar beets in the world.
+
+Lumbering is a considerable industry, while stock-raising and dairying
+are also extensively engaged in. Over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat
+are grown annually. The flour mills of the county have a combined
+capacity of 3,600 barrels daily.
+
+In fruit-growing Spokane is one of the leading counties of the
+state. The value of the fruit produced in the county amounts to
+nearly $3,000,000 annually. The following table shows the distribution
+of the five important fruits.
+
+  _Trees planted_ 1908--                      _Total._
+  [*]Apples,         253,630                   713,567
+  Pears,              15,470                    39,232
+  Peaches,            59,323                    94,769
+  Cherries,           56,405                   106,909
+  Plums and Prunes,   11,815                    29,128
+  Miscellaneous        2,910                    10,000
+                     -------                 ---------
+                     399,553  Total planted  1,003,615
+
+[Footnote *: Is 25 percent. of the total number of apple trees planted
+in the state in 1908.]
+
+SCHOOLS.
+
+There are 165 school districts in the county and eighteen towns
+where graded schools are maintained. The total valuation of assessed
+property with improvements (1908) is $77,120,360; personal property,
+$10,527,030.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 75.--(1) Spokane Club Building, Spokane.
+(2)Riverside Avenue, Looking East from Post Street, Spokane.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 76.--Spokane River and Bridge at Spokane,
+Showing Fill for New Concrete Structure to Cost $500,000.]
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+SPOKANE, situated on the Spokane river, is the county seat of Spokane
+county, and is the metropolis of eastern Washington, having a
+[Page 83]
+population estimated at 120,000. Spokane is the center of a great
+wheat-raising section and is the principal mining and commercial
+center between the Cascades and the Rocky mountains. A conservative
+estimate of the total value of manufactured products for 1908 is
+$17,000,000. There are over 12,000 wage-earners, receiving over
+$10,000,000 annually. The principal industrial establishments are
+lumber mills, flour mills, machine shops, agricultural machinery,
+brick plants, iron works, foundries, pottery, cereal food, furniture,
+etc.
+
+The industrial prosperity of the city is due largely to the mines
+in the vicinity, the great agricultural resources of the surrounding
+country, and to the extensive water power which offers special
+inducements to manufacturers. The Spokane river here has a total
+fall of 132 feet, which furnishes a minimum of 33,000 horse-power,
+of which 15,000 horse-power is developed.
+
+There are four national banks, with a combined capital of $3,425,000.
+The city owns its own water works, from which an annual revenue
+of more than $325,000 is derived.
+
+The educational facilities are excellent. There are twenty-three
+public school buildings, constructed of brick and stone, and costing
+$1,450,000. There are three daily newspapers, having a combined
+circulation of 45,000. Here is located the U. S. circuit court;
+the headquarters of the U. S. district court, eastern division;
+U. S. military post (Fort Wright); the government headquarters
+of the postal inspector service, known as the Spokane division,
+which includes the states of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon,
+and the territory of Alaska, and a U. S. land office. Postoffice
+receipts for 1908 amounted to $360,504.
+
+CHENEY, 10 miles southwest of Spokane, is a town of 1,500 people.
+Here is located one of the state normal schools, having about 400
+students.
+
+MEDICAL LAKE is an important town, having the Eastern Washington
+Hospital for the Insane near-by, It is a noted health resort.
+
+ROCKFORD is an important agricultural town of 1,200 people.
+
+HILLYARD is an important place of 1,500 people, having the car shops
+of the Great Northern railway as its chief business.
+
+
+STEVENS COUNTY
+
+Stevens county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state,
+has an area of 4,500 square miles and a population of about 24,000.
+It is a county of great and diverse resources, is splendidly watered
+with large rivers, the Columbia bounding it on the west, and the
+Spokane on part of its southern line. Three ranges of low mountains
+extend across the county nearly north and south. Between these the
+Colville river and the Pend d'Oreille flow generally northerly
+through grand and beautiful valleys.
+
+[Page 84]
+RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONS.
+
+Agriculture in all its branches, lumbering and kindred pursuits,
+and the mining of precious metals and building stones make up its
+chief sources of wealth.
+
+AGRICULTURE.
+
+The farms in the Colville valley are noted for their heavy hay
+crops, producing abundantly all the cereals, including corn, the
+clovers, timothy and alfalfa.
+
+Dairying and stock-raising are important industries. To these the
+climate and soils are well adapted. Some lands have been irrigated
+with great benefit, but the bulk of the farming is successful without
+irrigation.
+
+Fruit-raising is receiving deep interest of late, and the county
+bids fair to compete for honors with the very best localities in
+the state for the hardier fruits.
+
+Lumbering and saw-milling engage the attention of a large number
+of the people, the product of the mills finding a ready market
+in the farming region, large cities and mining camps.
+
+Mining of the precious metals is a growing and an attractive industry.
+The ores include gold, silver, lead, copper, tungsten and iron, while
+quarries of limestone, marble, onyx, fire-clay, etc., abound.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+In addition to the navigable waters of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille
+rivers, which traverse the outskirts of the county, the Great Northern
+railway through the Colville valley from the southern to the northern
+boundary, reaches most of the agricultural and mining centers and
+renders good service. The western part of the county, comparatively
+undeveloped, deserves much more attention.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+COLVILLE is both the county seat and principal town in the county,
+having a population of 1,600 people, and is a growing town, a
+distributing center on the railroad, surrounded by prosperous farming
+communities.
+
+NORTHPORT is the center of much mining activity and has a large
+smelter for the reduction of ores of the precious metals. It has
+a population of 1,200.
+
+CHEWELAH is a center of agriculture, mining and lumbering industries
+in the center of the county, having about 1,000 people.
+
+NEWPORT, in the southeastern part of the county, is an important
+agricultural distributing center. A dozen other smaller towns offer
+great opportunities to the homeseeker.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 77.--Raising Potatoes in Young Orchard,
+Spokane County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 78.--Basalt Columns, Spokane River at Spokane.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 79.--STEVENS COUNTY VIEWS. "Where the
+Elephant Drinks," a Remarkable Crag on the Bank of the Pend d'Oreille
+River. A Typical Fruit Ranch. Flume Creek Falls.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 80.--Stevens County Timber. Cedar Forest.
+White Pine Forest. Yellow Pine Forest.]
+
+
+[Page 85]
+THURSTON COUNTY
+
+Thurston county is known as having the state capital, Olympia,
+within its borders, and as including the extreme southern reaches
+of Puget sound. It is a county of wooded hills and valleys with
+a few open prairies well watered by mountain streams, chief of
+which is the Nisqually, which forms its dividing line from Pierce
+county, and the Des Chutes river, which makes a splendid waterfall
+of some 85 feet, a few miles south of Olympia. It has an area of
+about 700 square miles, 100 miles of salt-water shore, a population
+of about 20,000, and a delightful climate and magnificent scenery of
+lofty mountains; great expanse of inland salt water, and green-clad
+islands and fields in every direction.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The county is one of the oldest settled portions of the state,
+and has a great variety of natural resources, among which are its
+timber areas, its agricultural fields, its coal mines, its fisheries,
+including clam and oyster beds, gray sandstone quarries, and a
+great variety of clays.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+The sawmills of the county are still a very important industry
+and shiploads of lumber are sent out from its wharves. All the
+cereals and grasses yield abundant crops; root crops are extensive;
+fruit of great variety and fine flavor is very prominent. Dairying
+is flourishing, the county having more dairies than any other in
+the state. Coal mining is in its infancy, but has progressed far
+enough to demonstrate the existence of vast areas of lignite coal,
+having some six veins and having a combined thickness of 61 feet
+of coal. About 50,000 sacks of oysters are annually marketed.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway connects Olympia with all the important
+Sound ports and the east, and all the transcontinental roads coming
+to the Sound from the south will pass through the county. Together
+with its salt-water deep harbors, these give the county splendid
+competition and variety of commercial facilities.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES.
+
+OLYMPIA, the chief town of the county, at once the county seat,
+state capital and county metropolis, is situated on one of the
+deep-water inlets of Puget sound. Its population is about 12,000.
+While it has a beautiful sandstone structure, now used for capitol
+purposes, the state is about to erect a new capitol building, to
+cost $1,000,000. The foundation is already built. Olympia has one
+of the U. S. land offices and the U. S. surveyor-general's office.
+It is lighted and furnished with power for street-car and other
+purposes from the power of Tumwater falls. The city is a beautiful
+one of fine homes, shaded streets and parks, surrounded by a very
+prosperous agricultural community,
+[Page 86]
+producing great quantities of fruit, dairy and poultry products.
+
+Several other smaller towns on the railroads are local centers of
+commercial activity.
+
+
+WAHKIAKUM COUNTY
+
+Wahkiakum is a small county, having only 275 square miles of territory,
+located on the Columbia river in the southwestern corner of the
+state, near the ocean. Its population is about 4,000. The county
+is heavily timbered and well watered. In many parts of the county
+the soil is exceptionally fertile. The climate is mild, but somewhat
+humid. In the northern part are some low mountains, from which the
+drainage is south through the county to the Columbia river.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of the county consist in its timber, its fertile soil,
+and the fish in the river and ocean.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Logging, saw-milling, and industries growing out of these; agriculture,
+dairying, and fishing are the chief occupation of its people. There
+are several logging concerns in the county and large saw-mills.
+Fish canneries dot its river shores; several creameries and dairies
+are manufacturing butter, while its farms produce hay, potatoes,
+fruits, cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other products, chiefly
+for the Portland market. Many of its citizens are fishermen and
+some make considerable sums trapping fur animals in the winters.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Columbia river is the great highway of the county; no railroads
+are within its borders or near. Owing to the small area of the
+county, this condition is no great drawback, as all the people have
+ready access to the river wharves.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+CATHLAMET, on the Columbia, is the county seat, with about 500 people,
+and is the chief distributing center of the county.
+
+ROSBURG, DEEP RIVER, BROOKFIELD, ALTOONA, and SKAMOKAWA are centers
+of industry. This county offers exceptional opportunities for the
+frontiersman.
+
+
+WALLA WALLA COUNTY
+
+Walla Walla is the county of many waters. It is the most western
+of the southeastern counties of the state, and is bounded north
+and west by the Snake and Columbia rivers. It has 1,296 square
+miles and a population of about 30,000. The elevation varies from
+350 feet at the Columbia river to 2,500 feet along its eastern
+border. It is a succession of plains and rolling hills, covered
+with bunch-grass, with some trees along the streams. Its soil varies
+from quite sandy volcanic ash in the low lands near the Columbia to a
+[Page 87]
+heavier clay loam in the eastern parts. In common with much of
+eastern Washington, these lands increase in fertility with successive
+cultivations. The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 81.--Farm Scene Near Colville, Stevens
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 82.--View of Calispell Valley and Pend
+d'Oreille River, Stevens County.]
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Walla Walla county is essentially agricultural. Its chief resource
+is its soil fertility. This is such that few farmers can be found
+who have not bank accounts.
+
+PRODUCTS.
+
+The annual production of wheat in Walla Walla county is about 5,000,000
+bushels. Barley is also a profitable crop. Oats and some corn are
+also raised. Large crops of alfalfa hay are annually marketed,
+chiefly from irrigated lands. Fruit of all kinds is abundant. There
+are 2,500 acres devoted to orchards. Market gardening is an important
+and growing industry.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+There are 310 miles of railroads in this county, both the Northern
+Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company railroads competing
+for the traffic. In addition to the railroads, steamboats are plying
+the rivers around the edge of the county, giving additional facilities
+for transportation.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+WALLA WALLA, the county seat, has a population of about 22,000 and
+is the commercial center for the southeastern part of the state.
+Its streets are paved. The city owns its own system of water, at
+a cost of $600,000. It is lighted with electricity and gas, has
+large banks and business houses, U. S. land office, U. S. courts,
+U. S. cavalry post, an Odd Fellows' home, and a Home for Widows
+and Orphans. There are manufacturing industries employing 400 men,
+turning out $2,000,000 of productions annually. An electric system
+of street cars traverses the streets and is projected into several
+other near-by towns.
+
+WAITSBURG is an important agricultural town of about 1,600 people,
+in the western part of the county, having both railroad systems,
+and ships great quantities of grain. It has large flouring mills,
+warehouses, fine schools and churches, and is a prosperous, thriving
+town.
+
+A large number of shipping points on both systems of railroads are
+growing commercial centers.
+
+
+WHATCOM COUNTY
+
+Whatcom county lies on the boundary of British Columbia, stretching
+from the Straits of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade mountains--24
+miles wide and 100 miles long, The eastern half or more of the
+county is included in the national forest reserve, with Mount Baker,
+10,827 feet high, in the center of the county. It is one of the
+important counties on tide water, and has an area of 2,226 square
+miles and a population of about 70,000.
+
+[Page 88]
+The climate is not different from the general Puget sound climate
+being mild and healthful. There are no severe storms, no sultry
+heat and no severe cold.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+It is estimated that Whatcom county has three billion feet of standing
+timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. The western half
+of the county, outside of the lumbering, etc., is blessed with
+a wealth of soil responding to the farmer's labor generously.
+
+The eastern half of the county is essentially a mountainous,
+forest-covered mining region, and has in store many veins of nearly
+all the metals.
+
+Game of great variety of animals and fowls and fish are abundant.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+The people of Whatcom county are engaged in lumbering and running
+saw-mills, one of the largest of the state being in this county;
+manufacturing of various kinds from the raw products in the county,
+including shingle mills and shingle machinery factory, salmon canneries,
+planing mills, barrel factories, Portland cement factory, and many
+others. Of no small importance is farming, fruit-growing and dairying.
+Prospecting and mining engage the attention and labor of a large
+number of citizens.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Aside from having a long salt-water coast, open to traffic from
+the ocean, with splendid harbors, the county is traversed in all
+its agricultural half by a network of railroads, by the Northern
+Pacific, Great Northern, B. B. and B. C. railroads. These furnish
+exceptional means of traffic to all industries excepting the mining.
+The county has also an admirable system of wagon roads, some planked,
+some graveled and some graded and drained, covering about 700 miles.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 83.--Products of Thurston County Waters.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Thurston County Stick. 14,000 Feet.
+Sandstone Quarry, Tenino, Thurston County. Logging with Oxen. Early
+Days in Thurston County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Five Combined Harvesters at Work on
+a Walla Walla County Wheat Farm.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 86.--Ploughing the Ground for Wheat-Growing,
+Walla Walla County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 87.--Bird's-Eye View of a Portion of
+Bellingham, Whatcom County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 88.--Typical Farm Scenes in Whatcom County.]
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+BELLINGHAM, on a salt-water bay of the same name, is the county
+seat, and commercial metropolis not only for this county but much
+other territory. It has a population of about 40,000 people. Into
+it all the railroads center, while the harbor is one of the best
+in Washington. It is largely a manufacturing town, having plants
+for the production of sash, doors, columns, tin cans, boilers,
+engines, flour and feed, canned fish, condensed milk, and many
+others. It is a substantial, live business community of wide-awake
+people, and growing rapidly. It has a gravity water system, electric
+lights, and gas plant.
+
+BLAINE is a city of about 3,000 inhabitants, situated close to the
+Canadian line and on the Great Northern railway. Timber and lumber
+manufactures are the chief sources of its prosperity. Fishing and the
+canning of salmon are also important industries. The railroad
+[Page 89]
+company has recently expended considerable sums in improving its
+facilities. Blaine is a growing community.
+
+SUMAS, on the Canadian border, is a lumbering town of 1,100 people.
+
+LYNDEN is an agricultural center of 1,200 citizens.
+
+FERNDALE is a lumber center of 1,000 people. Besides, there are a
+dozen smaller business centers in the county, growing and prosperous.
+
+
+WHITMAN COUNTY
+
+Whitman county is one of the chief agricultural counties of the
+state, lying immediately south of Spokane county and on the Idaho
+state line, having the Snake river for its southern boundary. The
+county is a plateau of rolling prairie lands, a large portion of
+which is farmed, watered by a number of streams, which are utilized
+for irrigation purposes in some of the bottom lands--although the
+rainfall is sufficient to mature crops, and no irrigation is had
+on the great bulk of the farms. The area is about 2,000 square
+miles. The population is about 40,000. The soil is a strong mixture
+of volcanic ash and clay of great fertility and permanence. Twenty
+years of wheat-growing still leaves the soil able to produce from
+25 to 50 bushels per acre.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+All the resources of the county originate in this splendid soil.
+For growing all the cereals and fruits and vegetables it has no
+superior. The county is well settled, and probably no county can
+excel Whitman county in the per capita wealth of its farmers. The
+products of the county are varied, and include wheat, oats, barley
+and hay, all giving splendid yields--wheat from 30 to 50 bushels,
+oats 60 to 100 bushels, barley from 50 to 80 bushels, and hay from
+4 to 6 tons per acre. Potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables
+produce fine crops.
+
+The hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries,
+are successfully raised in all parts of the county, while on the
+bottom lands, along the Snake river, peaches, melons, etc., are
+produced in abundance. Seventy-five carloads of fruit go out annually
+from one orchard.
+
+Wheat gives up five and one-half million bushels to the farmers
+each year. Oats one and three-fourths million and barley about
+one-half million bushels. Whitman county has more banks than any
+county in eastern Washington besides Spokane.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Whitman county is as well, or better, provided with railroads than
+any agricultural county in the state. The Northern Pacific, O.
+R. & N., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the S. & I. railroads
+are all interlaced about its grain-fields. These all connect with
+Spokane, and give access to all eastern and western markets.
+
+[Page 90]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+COLFAX, the county seat, situated near the center of the county, on
+the railroads and Palouse river, is the largest town in the county,
+with about 3,600 population. The town owns its own water system, has
+electric lights, fine court-house, banks, mills, warehouses, etc.
+
+PULLMAN is a town of 3,000 people, near which is located the Washington
+State College, a large educational institution supported by the state,
+having about 1,000 students. It is an important grain-shipping
+point. It has a public water system, electric lights, and is a
+thriving and growing commercial center.
+
+PALOUSE is a railroad center of 2,500 people, a large shipping point
+for grain, live stock, fruits and pottery.
+
+OAKESDALE is a town of 1,500 people, having three railroads, and
+is an important shipping point.
+
+TEKOA has a population of about 1,400, is a railroad center, and
+is a large shipper of fruits and grain.
+
+GARFIELD has a population of 1,000, and ships much grain and other
+produce.
+
+ROSALIA has 1,000 population, and is an important grain center.
+
+This county has a dozen other shipping points where from 300 to 700
+people are supported by the business originating on the tributary
+farms.
+
+YAKIMA COUNTY
+
+Yakima county is one of the large and important counties in the
+state, having the Yakima Indian reservation included within its
+boundaries. Its area is 3,222 square miles and it has a population of
+about 38,000. It is watered by the Yakima river and its tributaries,
+and through its valleys the railroads from the east find their
+easiest grade toward the Cascade passes. It is a county of level
+valleys and plateaus, having a soil made up chiefly of volcanic
+ash and disintegrated basaltic rocks, of great depth, which yields
+fabulously in cereal and grass crops, fruits and vegetables with
+the magic touch of irrigation. Artificial watering is 30 years old
+in this valley, and yet only a very small area was thus treated
+until the matter was taken up by the national government. But now
+vast areas are being provided with water, and the consequent growth
+and development of the county is wonderful.
+
+A series of lakes in the mountains are being utilized as reservoirs,
+and from these lakes the waters are being distributed in many directions
+in the large irrigating canals. When the projects now under way are
+completed, more than 200,000 acres will be under ditches.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Yakima's wealth consists in the combination of its soil and water
+and climate. The county, lying east of the Cascade mountains, in
+[Page 91]
+large part at a low elevation, receives somewhat severe heat in
+the summer, which gives the opportunity successfully to ripen the
+less hardy fruits--peaches, apricots, grapes, etc. The county has
+half a million bearing trees and two and one-half million young
+trees growing in its orchards.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Naturally the industries of the county consist in exploiting its
+natural resources, and so we find Yakima citizens busy in raising
+fruits, hay, grain, and garden vegetables, to supply the big cities
+of the Sound. Its last year's contribution will probably exceed
+ten million dollars in value.
+
+Of the items which compose this large sum, fruit is probably chief
+in importance. Alfalfa and grain-hay is an important item, as is
+also the crop of melons and potatoes. The combined fields of alfalfa
+and orchards make ideal bee pasturage, and Yakima honey is a constant
+factor of barter in the Sound cities. The upland farms produce
+quantities of all grains--wheat, oats, and barley--and some field
+corn is successfully raised in the warmer parts. Sheep, cattle
+and horses are also exported. Hops are a large crop.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+NORTH YAKIMA is at once the county seat and chief metropolis of
+the entire Yakima valley, having a population of about 12,000. It
+is situated on the Northern Pacific railway and Yakima river, and
+is the distributing center for both merchandise and farm products
+for a large surrounding territory.
+
+The State Fair, supported by the state, holds annual exhibits here.
+It has extensive fruit canneries, flour mills, lumber mills, other
+woodworking factories, large warehouses, paved streets, big business
+blocks, fine churches, schools, banks, newspapers, etc.
+
+SUNNYSIDE, a town built up among the irrigated farms, has a population
+of 1,500. Here are a cannery, pulp mill, creameries, etc.
+
+TOPPENISH and MABTON are commercial centers of importance of about
+700 inhabitants each, and growing.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 92]
+STATISTICAL APPENDIX.
+
+STATISTICS OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON.
+
+ =======================================================================
+     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
+ -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
+ Aberdeen     | Chehalis    | E. B. Benn       | P. F. Clarke
+ Almira       | Lincoln     | J. C. Johnson    | Peter Wallerich
+ Anacortes    | Skagit      | W. V. Wells      | M. C. Baker
+ Arlington    | Snohomish   | Peter Larson     | Homer L. Huddle
+ ASOTIN       | Asotin      | J. B. Jones      | J. P. Fulton
+ Auburn       | King        | L. C. Smith      | Geo. C. Meade
+ BELLINGHAM   | Whatcom     | J. P. De Mattos  | F. B. Graves
+ Blaine       | Whatcom     | T. J. Quirt      | J. W. G. Merritt
+ Bremerton    | Kitsap      | L. E. Mallette   | Paul Mehner
+ Buckley      | Pierce      | D. S. Morris     | W. B. Osbourn
+ Burlington   | Skagit      | P. M. Moody      | I. A. Marchant
+ Camas        | Clarke      | John Cowan       | F. B. Barnes
+ Cashmere     | Chelan      | C. A. Huston     | A. J. Amos
+ Castle Rock  | Cowlitz     | T. W. Robin      | G. F. McClane
+ CATHLAMET    | Wahkiakum   | J. T. Nassa      | T. M. Nassa
+ Centralia    | Lewis       | J. P. Guerrier   | W. H. Hodge
+ Charleston   | Kitsap      | N. A. Palmer     | M. M. Bausman
+ CHEHALIS     | Lewis       | Wm. West         | W. A. Westover
+ Chelan       | Chelan      | C. C. Jackson    | W. M. Emerson
+ Cheney       | Spokane     | L. Walter        | J. W. Minnick
+ Chewelah     | Stevens     | W. H. Brownlow   | T. L. Montgomery
+ Clarkston    | Asotin      | D. B. Parks      | E. A. Bass
+ Cle Elum     | Kittitas    | L. R. Thomas     | S. E. Willis
+ COLFAX       | Whitman     | Wm. Lippitt      | H. Bramwell
+ Colton       | Whitman     | W. H Renfro      | L. F. Gibbs
+ COLVILLE     | Stevens     | L. B Harvey      | A. B. Sansburn
+ CONCONNULLY  | Okanogan    | C. H. Lovejoy    | Wm. Baines
+ Cosmopolis   | Chehalis    | L. B. Hogan      | W. S. McLaughlin
+ Coulee City  | Grant       | F. W. McCann     | A. Kirkpatrick
+ Creston      | Lincoln     | F. A. Duncan     | D. F. Peffley
+ Cunningham   | Adams       | F. W. Parker     | A. J. Haile
+ DAVENPORT    | Lincoln     | W. C. Graham     | Lee Odgers
+ DAYTON       | Columbia    | H. C. Benbow     | R. O. Dyer
+ Deer Park    | Spokane     | W. D. Phillips   | R. G. Cole
+ Edmonds      | Snohomish   | Jas Brady        | G. M. Leyda
+ Elberton     | Whitman     | R. A. Cox        | J. W. Berkstresser
+ ELLENSBURG   | Kittitas    | W. J. Peed       | J. J. Poyser
+ Elma         | Chehalis    | C. E. Gouty      | E. S. Avey
+ Endicott     | Whitman     | C. L. Wakefield  | M. A. Sherman, Jr.
+ EPHRATA      | Grant       | Dr. Chaffee      | Lee Tolliver
+ EVERETT      | Snohomish   | Newton Jones     | C. C. Gilman
+ Fairfield    | Spokane     | C. A. Loy        | M. Walser
+ Farmington   | Whitman     | E. E. Paddock    | C. H. Bass
+ Ferndale     | Whatcom     | J. B. Wilson     | C. Kelley
+ Garfield     | Whitman     | H. S. McClure    | J. L. Rogers
+ Georgetown   | King        | John Mueller     | John Beek
+ GOLDENDALE   | Klickitat   | Allen Bonebrake  | J. R. Putman
+ Granite Falls| Snohomish   | C. E. Willoughby | C. T. Smith
+ Hamilton     | Skagit      | H. I. Bratlie    | S. H. Sprinkle
+ Harrington   | Lincoln     | A. G. Mitchum    | W. W. Gwinn
+ Hartline     | Grant       | E. A. Whitney    | T. E. Jenkins
+ Hatton       | Adams       | J. M. Batten     | W. C. Sallee
+ Hillyard     | Spokane     | M. H. Gordon     | J. L. Cramer
+ Hoquiam      | Chehalis    | Dr. T. C. Frary  | Z. T. Wllson
+ Ilwaco       | Pacific     | W. P. Rowe       | J. A. Howerton
+ Index        | Snohomish   | H. L. Bartlett   | H. F. Wilcox
+ Kahlotus     | Franklin    | E. R. Doughty    | E. L. Chittenden
+ KALAMA       | Cowlitz     | A. L. Watson     | E. N. Howe
+ Kelso        | Cowlitz     | M. J. Lord       | Max Whittlesey
+ Kennewick    | Benton      | L. E. Johnson    | G. N. Calhoun
+ Kent         | King        | M. M. Morrill    | L. E. Price
+ Kettle Falls | Stevens     | H. L. Childs     | A. R. Squire
+ Kirkland     | King        | R. H. Collins    | J. S. Courtright
+ LaConner     | Skagit      | J. F. Dwelley    | J. S. Church
+ Lakeside     | Chelan      | Jos. Darnell     | S. B. Russell
+ Latah        | Spokane     | W. H. Taylor     | Chas. White
+ Leavenworth  | Chelan      | Lewis J. Nelson  | G. A. Hamilton
+ Lind         | Adams       | J. T. Dirstine   | Day Imus
+ Little Falls | Lewis       | E. C. Brown      | G. E. Grow
+ Lynden       | Whatcom     | Walter Elder     | F. W. Bixby
+ Mabton       | Yakima      | T. W. Howell     | W. H. Ashton
+ Marysville   | Snohomish   | W. H. Roberts    | B. D. Curtiss
+ Medical Lake | Spokane     | M. J. Grady      | R. R. McCorkell
+ Milton       | Pierce      | C. H. Weekes     | W. J. Keller
+ Monroe       | Snohomish   | J. H. Campbell   | Arthur Root
+ MONTESANO    | Chehalis    | Geo. W. Winemire | R. H. Fleet
+ MT. VERNON   | Skagit      | Wm. Dale         | J. S. Bowen
+ Newport      | Stevens     | E. S. Appel      | Ed Beitton
+ NORTH YAKIMA | Yakima      | P. M. Armbruster | J. G. Brooker
+
+ =========================================================
+              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
+     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
+ -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
+ Aberdeen     | E. Beinfohr      |      3,747 |    15,000
+ Almira       |                  |            |       500
+ Anacortes    | Gus Hensler      |      1,476 |     6,000
+ Arlington    | Lot Davis        |            |     2,400
+ ASOTIN       | E. H. Dammarell  |        470 |     1,500
+ Auburn       | Geo. C. Meade    |        489 |     1,500
+ BELLINGHAM   | L. Baldrey       |     11,062 |    41,000
+ Blaine       | J. J. Pinckney   |      1,592 |     3,500
+ Bremerton    | R. S. Hayward    |            |     4,000
+ Buckley      | W. B. Osbourn    |      1,014 |     1,500
+ Burlington   | I. A. Marchant   |            |     1,800
+ Camas        |                  |            |     1,200
+ Cashmere     | C. M. Banker     |            |     1,000
+ Castle Rock  | G. F. McClane.   |        750 |     1,300
+ CATHLAMET    |                  |            |       500
+ Centralia    | F. W. Thomas     |      1,600 |     7,000
+ Charleston   | A. F. Shepherd   |            |     1,000
+ CHEHALIS     | H. C. Coffman    |      1,775 |     5,000
+ Chelan       | C. E. Rusk       |            |       900
+ Cheney       | L. R. Houck      |        781 |     1,600
+ Chewelah     | E. D. Germain    |            |     1,500
+ Clarkston    | R. B. Hooper     |            |     2,500
+ Cle Elum     |                  |            |     2,500
+ COLFAX       | C. R. Lorne      |      2,121 |     3,500
+ Colton       | J. B. Ellsworth  |        251 |       500
+ COLVILLE     | L. E. Jesseph    |        594 |     2,000
+ CONCONNULLY  | W. S. McClure    |            |       500
+ Cosmopolis   |                  |      1,004 |     1,200
+ Coulee City  | G. T. Walter     |            |       300
+ Creston      |                  |            |       500
+ Cunningham   | A. J. Haile      |            |       350
+ DAVENPORT    | F. W. Anderson   |      1,000 |     2,800
+ DAYTON       | F. W. Guernsy    |      2,216 |     3,500
+ Deer Park    | W. D. Phillips   |            |     1,100
+ Edmonds      | E. M. Allen      |        474 |     2,000
+ Elberton     | A. B. Metz       |        297 |       600
+ ELLENSBURG   | Wayne Murray     |      1,737 |     5,500
+ Elma         | E. S. Avey       | 894        |     2,700
+ Endicott     |                  |            |       600
+ EPHRATA      |                  |             |
+ EVERETT      | E. E. Johnston   |       7,838 |   35,000
+ Fairfield    | O. H. Loe        |             |      500
+ Farmington   | C. H. Bass       |         434 |      780
+ Ferndale     | Percy Hood       |             |
+ Garfield     | F. H. Michaelson |         697 |    1,350
+ Georgetown   | C. A. Thorndyke  |             |    5,500
+ GOLDENDALE   | C. W. Ramsay     |         788 |    1,200
+ Granite Falls| W. R. Moore      |             |      800
+ Hamilton     | Thos. Conby      |         392 |      500
+ Harrington   |                  |             |    1,200
+ Hartline     |                  |             |      300
+ Hatton       |                  |             |      600
+ Hillyard     | J. L. Cramer     |             |    2,500
+ Hoquiam      | W. C. Gregg      |       2,608 |   11,000
+ Ilwaco       | A. A. Seaborg    |         584 |      900
+ Index        |                  |             |      500
+ Kahlotus     |                  |             |      300
+ KALAMA       | E. N. Howe       |         554 |    1,250
+ Kelso        | W. M. Signor     |         694 |    2,500
+ Kennewick    | S. Z. Hendersen  |             |    1,500
+ Kent         | B. A. Bowen      |         755 |    3,000
+ Kettle Falls | E. A. Blakeley   |             |      600
+ Kirkland     | W. R. Stevens    |             |      750
+ LaConner     | W. E. Schreeker  |         564 |      800
+ Lakeside     |                  |             |      400
+ Latah        | Chas. White      |         253 |      500
+ Leavenworth  |                  |             |    1,500
+ Lind         | R. S. Hamilton   |             |    1,400
+ Little Falls | W. A. Willis     |             |      800
+ Lynden       | R. W. Green      |         365 |    1,500
+ Mabton       | G. T. Morgan     |             |    1,200
+ Marysville   | P. E. Coffin     |         728 |    1,500
+ Medical Lake | W. H. Mills      |         516 |    1,400
+ Milton       | J. S. Williams   |             |      650
+ Monroe       | L. P. Tallman    |             |    2,500
+ MONTESANO    |                  |       1,194 |    3,500
+ MT. VERNON   | Frank Pickering  |       1,120 |    4,000
+ Newport      | R. S. Anderson   |             |    1,500
+ NORTH YAKIMA | H. P. James      |       3,124 |    12,000
+
+ ====================================================
+     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
+ -------------|--------------------------------------
+ Aberdeen     | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
+ Almira       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Anacortes    | G. N. Ry. and two lines of steamers.
+ Arlington    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ ASOTIN       | River steamers.
+ Auburn       | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
+ BELLINGHAM   | G. N., N. P., B. B. & B. C. railways;
+              | steamers to all Sound ports.
+ Blaine       | Great Northern railway.
+ Bremerton    | Steamers to Seattle and Tacoma.
+ Buckley      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Burlington   | Great Northern railway.
+ Camas        | Portland & Seattle Ry.; river st'rs.
+ Cashmere     | Great Northern railway.
+ Castle Rock  | Northern Pacific railway.
+ CATHLAMET    | Steamboats.
+ Centralia    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Charleston   | Steamers to Seattle.
+ CHEHALIS     | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Chelan       | Steamers on river and lake.
+ Cheney       | N. P. Ry.; Spokane Electric Ry.
+ Chewelah     | S. F. & N. branch G. N. Ry.
+ Clarkston    | O. R. & N. and N. P. Rys.; steamers.
+ Cle Elum     | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Ris.
+ COLFAX       | O. R. & N.; S. & I. Electricity.
+ Colton       | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
+ COLVILLE     | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
+ CONCONNULLY  | Stage.
+ Cosmopolis   | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
+ Coulee City  | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Creston      | W. C. branch N. P. Ry.
+ Cunningham   | Northern Pacific railway.
+ DAVENPORT    | Central Washington railway.
+ DAYTON       | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Deer Park    | Great Northern railway.
+ Edmonds      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers
+ Elberton     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
+ ELLENSBURG   | Northern Pac. and Milwaukee Rys.
+ Elma         | N. P. Ry., two branches.
+ Endicott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
+ EPHRATA      | Great Northern railway.
+ EVERETT      | N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
+ Fairfield    | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
+ Farmington   | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
+ Ferndale     | Great Northern railway.
+ Garfield     | O. R. & N., N. P. and S. & I. Rys.
+ Georgetown   | One Interurban, 3 steam railways.
+ GOLDENDALE   | Spokane, Portland & Seattle Ry.
+ Granite Falls| Branch of Northern Pacific railway.
+ Hamilton     | G. N. Ry.; Skagit river steamers.
+ Harrington   | Great Northern railway.
+ Hartline     | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Hatton       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Hillyard     | Elec. interurb.; G. N. and S. F. & N.
+ Hoquiam      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Ilwaco       | O. R. & N. railway and steamers.
+ Index        | Great Northern railway.
+ Kahlotus     | O. R. & N. and S. P. & S. railways.
+ KALAMA       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Kelso        | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Kennewick    | N. P. Ry.; P. & S. Ry. and steamers.
+ Kent         | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
+ Kettle Falls | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Kirkland     | N. P. Ry. and ferry to Seattle.
+ LaConner     | Boat and stage.
+ Lakeside     | Stage and steamer.
+ Latah        | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Leavenworth  | Great Northern railway.
+ Lind         | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Little Falls | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Lynden       | B. B. & B. C. railway.
+ Mabton       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Marysville   | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
+ Medical Lake | N. P. and W. W. P. Electric Rys.
+ Milton       | Puget Sound Electric railway.
+ Monroe       | Great Northern railway.
+ MONTESANO    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ MT. VERNON   | Great Northern railway.
+ Newport      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
+ NORTH YAKIMA | Northern Pacific railway.
+
+NOTE 1.--County seats in black face type.
+
+NOTE 2.--Population estimates for 1909 were supplied by local
+authorities, the school census, upon which the estimates of this
+Bureau are usually based, not being available at the time this
+publication was compiled.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 89.--Dairying, a Growing Industry in Whatcom
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 90.--Whatcom County Bulb Gardens.]
+
+[Page 94]
+ =======================================================================
+     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
+ -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
+ Oakesdale    | Whitman     | R. J. Neergaard  | F. S. Baer
+ Oakville     | Chehalis    | J. E. Fitzgerald | J. W. Scott
+ Ocosta       | Chehalis    | C. C. Flowers    | Andrew Wallace
+ Odessa       | Lincoln     | F. J. Guth       | W. M. Nevins
+ Okanogan     | Okanogan    | H. J. Kerr       | T. B. Collins
+ OLYMPIA      | Thurston    | Mitchell Harris  | J. R. Dever
+ Oroville     | Okanogan    | E. A. McMahon    | C. S. Taylor
+ Orting       | Pierce      | Frank Lotz       | C. W. Van Scoyoc
+ Palouse City | Whitman     | C. H. Farnsworth | G. D. Kincaid
+ PASCO        | Franklin    | C. S. O'Brien    | L. D. Conrad
+ Pataha       | Garfield    | D. Evens         | Chas. Ward
+ Paulsbo      | Kitsap      | A. B. Moe        | Paul Paulson
+ Pe Ell       | Lewis       | August Mayer     | C. W. Boynton
+ POMEROY      | Garfield    | H. C. Krouse     | H. St. George
+ PORT ANGELES | Clallam     | E. E. Seevers    | C. W. Fields
+ PT. ORCHARD  | Kitsap      | R. E. Bucklin    | Wm. C. Bading
+ PT. TOWNSEND | Jefferson   | Max Gerson       | Geo. Anderson
+ Prescott     | Walla Walla | Jos. Utter       | R. B. Smith
+ PROSSER      | Benton      | Albert Smith     | Lon Boyle
+ Pullman      | Whitman     | H. V. Carpenter  | Geo. N. Henry
+ Puyallup     | Pierce      | J. P. Melrose    | J. L. La Plante
+ Quincy       | Grant       | F. T. Campbell   | R. C. Wightmar
+ Raymond      | Pacific     | A. C. Little     | J. H. Callahan
+ Reardan      | Lincoln     | W. S. Bliss      | W. H. Padley
+ Renton       | King        | Benj. Ticknor    | A. W. Ticknor
+ REPUBLIC     | Ferry       | Jno. Stack       | M. H. Joseph
+ RITZVILLE    | Adams       | W. R. Peters     | J. L. Cross
+ Rockford     | Spokane     | J. Kindschuh     | A. B. McDaniel
+ Rosalia      | Whitman     | R. P. Turnley    | F. S. Chetal
+ Roslyn       | Kittitas    | J. G. Green      | Thos. Ray
+ Roy          | Pierce      | A. W. Wert       | C. W. Elder
+ Ruston       | Pierce      | J. P. Garrison   | V. D. Goss
+ SEATTLE      | King        | Jno. F. Miller   | H. W. Carroll
+ Sedro-Woolley| Skagit      | C. E. Bingham    | T. J. Morrow
+ SHELTON      | Mason       | G. W. Draham     | F. C. Mathewson
+ Snohomish    | Snohomish   | C. H. Lamprey    | E. Thistlewaite
+ Snoqualmie   | King        | Otto Reinig      |
+ SOUTH BEND   | Pacific     | W. P. Cressy     | C. H. Mills
+ Spangle      | Spokane     | J. H. Gruenwald  | M. H. Sullivan
+ SPOKANE      | Spokane     | C. H. Moore      | C. A. Fleming
+ Sprague      | Lincoln     | J. W. Shearer    | J. V. Muzzy
+ Springdale   | Stevens     | Jacob Keller     | A. E. Bidgood
+ Stanwood     | Snohomish   | A. B. Klaeboe    | G. M. Mitchell
+ Starbuck     | Columbia    | H. A. Johnson    | B. A. Whiting
+ Steilacoom   | Pierce      | E. Church        | M. P. Potter
+ STEVENSON    | Skamania    | A. Fleischhauer  | R. C. Sly
+ St. John     | Whitman     | W. S. Ridenour   | W. S. Mott
+ Sultan       | Snohomish   | W. W. Morgan     | T. W. Musgrove
+ Sumas        | Whatcom     | R. S. Lambert    | L. Van Valkenburg
+ Sumner       | Pierce      | R. R. White      | E. D. Swezey
+ Sunnyside    | Yakima      | H. W. Turner     | H. F. Wright
+ TACOMA       | Pierce      | J. W. Linck      | L. W. Roys
+ Tekoa        | Whitman     | T. H. Follett    | J. S. Woods
+ Tenino       | Thurston    | L. J. Miller     | S. M. Peterson
+ Toledo       | Lewis       | J. H. Douge      | W. H. Carpenter
+ Toppenish    | Yakima      | C. W. Grant      | T. W. Johnston
+ Tukwila      | King        | Joel Shomaker    | E. F. Greene
+ Tumwuter     | Thurston    | A. Whitemarsh    | A. J. Colby
+ Uniontown    | Whitman     | Peter Friesoh    | J. J. Gans
+ VANCOUVER    | Clarke      | J. P. Kiggins    | F. W. Bier
+ Waitsburg    | Walla Walla | R. M. Breeze     | J. B. Lowndagin
+ WALLA WALLA  | Walla Walla | Eugene Tausick   | T. D. S. Hart
+ Wuputo       | Yakima      | J. F. Douglas    | H. E. Trimble
+ Washtucna    | Adams       | G. W. Bassett    | C. E. Wilson
+ WATERVILLE   | Douglas     | J. M. Hunter     | J. E. Walker
+ Waverley     | Spokane     | Fred Dashiell    | A. L. Robinson
+ WENATCHEE    | Chelan      | J. A. Gellatly   | S. R. Sumner
+ White Salmon | Klickitat   | G. F. Jewett     | W. C. Manly
+ Wilbur       | Lincoln     | W. W. Foley      | T. W. Maxwell
+ Wilson Creek | Grant       | W. H. O'Larey    | F. E. Snedicor
+ Winlock      | Lewis       | H. A. Baldwin    | C. E. Leonard
+ Woodland     | Cowlitz     | L. M. Love       | D. W. Whitlow
+ Yacolt       | Clarke      | W. J. Hoag       | Wm. W. Eaton
+
+ =========================================================
+              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
+     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
+ -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
+ Oakesdale    |                  |        928 |    1,200
+ Oakville     | O. H. Fry        |            |      600
+ Ocosta       |                  |            |      150
+ Odessa       | H. L. Cole       |            |    1,200
+ Okanogan     | T. B. Collins    |            |      600
+ OLYMPIA      | John M. Wilson   |      4,082 |   12,000
+ Oroville     | F. A. De Vos     |            |      800
+ Orting       | M. C. Hopkins    |        728 |    1,000
+ Palouse City | G. D. Kincaid    |        929 |    3,000
+ PASCO        | W. D. Fales      |        254 |    1,800
+ Pataha       |                  |            |      250
+ Paulsbo      | Paul Paulson     |            |      800
+ Pe Ell       | P. M. Watson     |            |    1,000
+ POMEROY      |                  |        953 |    1,800
+ PORT ANGELES | J. M. Davis      |      2,321 |    2,500
+ PT. ORCHARD  |                  |        754 |      900
+ PT. TOWNSEND | P. C. Peterson   |      3,443 |    5,000
+ Prescott     | T. B. Grumwell   |            |      650
+ PROSSER      | H. W. Carnahan   |        229 |    2,000
+ Pullman      | B. F. Campbell   |      1,308 |    3,000
+ Puyallup     | J. P. Leavitt    |      1,884 |    7,000
+ Quincy       | Geo. W. Downer   |            |      400
+ Raymond      | W. R. Struble    |            |    2,500
+ Reardan      | H. G. Burns      |            |      800
+ Renton       | P. W. Houser     |            |    3,000
+ REPUBLIC     | M. H. Joseph     |      2,500 |    1,250
+ RITZVILLE    | J. L. Cross      |        761 |    2,600
+ Rockford     | J. W. Lowe       |        433 |    1,200
+ Rosalla      | A. A. Wonnell    |        379 |    1,400
+ Roslyn       |                  |      2,786 |    4,500
+ Roy          |                  |            |      400
+ Ruston       |                  |            |      800
+ SEATTLE      | C. B. Yandell    |     80,671 |  275,000
+              | Geo. E. Boos     |            |
+ Sedro-Woolley| M. B. Holbrook   |        885 |    3,450
+ SHELTON      | G. C. Angle      |        883 |    1,200
+ Snohomish    | W. W. Reed       |      2,101 |    4,000
+ Snoqualmie   |                  |            |      400
+ SOUTH BEND   | F. G. McIntosh   |        711 |   3,000
+ Spangle      | E. C. Rohweder   |        431 |     450
+ SPOKANE      | L. G. Monroe     |     36,848 | 120,000
+              | A. W. Jones      |            |
+ Sprague      | J. S. Freese     |        695 |   1,500
+ Springdale   |                  |            |     500
+ Stanwood     | L. Livingstone   |            |   1,000
+ Starbuck     | J. B. Atkinson   |            |     750
+ Steilacoom   | Mr. Annis        |            |   1,000
+ STEVENSON    | R. C. Sly        |            |     400
+ St. John     | G. W. Case, Jr   |            |     700
+ Sultan       | T. W. Musgrove   |            |     500
+ Sumas        | Lars Barbo       |        319 |   1,500
+ Sumner       | R. R. White      |        531 |   1,000
+ Sunnyside    | J. A. Vince      |            |   1,600
+ TACOMA       | P. L. Sinclair   |     37,714 | 125,000
+              | O. F. Cosper     |            |
+ Tekoa        | J. P. Burson     |        717 |   1,200
+ Tenino       |                  |            |   1,000
+ Toledo       | H. H. Hurst      |        285 |     500
+ Toppenish    | J. G. Hillyer    |            |   2,000
+ Tukwila      | E. F. Greene     |            |     700
+ Tumwuter     |                  |        270 |   1,500
+ Uniontown    | W. H. Oyler      |        404 |     500
+ VANCOUVER    | H. S. Bartow     |      4,006 |   8,000
+ Waitsburg    | W. S. Guntle     |      1,011 |   1,600
+ WALLA WALLA  | A. C. Moore      |     10,049 |  22,000
+ Wuputo       |                  |            |     500
+ Washtucna    |                  |            |     400
+ WATERVILLE   | Jas. G. Tuttle   |        482 |   1,200
+ Waverley     | Jno. Reycraft    |            |     500
+ WENATCHEE    | D. N. Gellatly   |        451 |   5,000
+ White Salmon | J. M. Lewis      |            |     600
+ Wilbur       | T. W. Maxwell    |            |   1,500
+ Wilson Creek | F. E. Snedicor   |            |     500
+ Winlock      | C. E. Leonard    |            |   1,600
+ Woodland     | E. F. Bryant     |            |     800
+ Yacolt       | C. J. Dorsey     |            |     500
+
+ ====================================================
+     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
+ -------------|--------------------------------------
+ Oakesdale    | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Oakville     | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Ocosta       | Steamers and railway.
+ Odessa       | Great Northern railway.
+ Okanogan     | River steamers.
+ OLYMPIA      | N. P. Ry.; P. T. & S. Ry.; steamers.
+ Oroville     | Great Northern railway.
+ Orting       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Palouse City | Four railroads.
+ PASCO        | N. P. Ry.: P. & S. Ry.; steamers.
+ Pataha       | Oregon Railway & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Paulsbo      | Steamers to Seattle.
+ Pe Ell       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ POMEROY      | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ PORT ANGELES | Steamer and stage lines.
+ PT. ORCHARD  | Steamers, Seattle and Tacoma.
+ PT. TOWNSEND | P. T. & S. Ry. and Sound steamer.
+ Prescott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ PROSSER      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Pullman      | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Puyallup     | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; Elec. line Tac.
+ Quincy       | Great Northern railway.
+ Raymond      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Reardan      | Central Washington railway.
+ Renton       | Steam and electric railways.
+ REPUBLIC     | Great Northern branch line.
+ RITZVILLE    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Rockford     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Rosalla      | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Rys.
+ Roslyn       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Roy          | Northern Pacific and Tac. East. Rys.
+ Ruston       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ SEATTLE      | N. P.; G. N.; Mil.; C. P. R.; Bur.; C.
+              | & P. S.; P. S. E. Rys.; S. S. lines.
+ Sedro-Woolley| N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
+ SHELTON      | Steamers to Olympia.
+ Snohomish    | G. N., N. P. and C. P. Rys.; steamers.
+ Snoqualmie   | Northern Pacific railway.
+ SOUTH BEND   | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Spangle      | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
+ SPOKANE      | N. P.; G. N.; O. R. & N.; P. & S.; Spok.
+              | Int.; W. W. P. and S. & I. Rys.
+ Sprague      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Springdale   | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
+ Stanwood     | Rail and steamer.
+ Starbuck     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Steilacoom   | Electric railway and steamers.
+ STEVENSON    | Portland & Seattle railway.
+ St. John     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Sultan       | Great Northern railway.
+ Sumas        | C. P. Ry.; N. P. Ry. G. N. Ry.
+ Sumner       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Sunnyside    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ TACOMA       | N. P.; Mil.; T. & E.; U. P. and G. N.
+              | Rys.; Electric and S. S. lines.
+ Tekoa        | O. R. & N. and Milwaukee Rys.
+ Tenino       | Northern Pacific and P. T. & S. Rys.
+ Toledo       | Northern Pacific Ry.; River steamer.
+ Toppenish    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Tukwila      | Puget Sound Electric railway.
+ Tumwuter     | Port Townsend & Southern railway.
+ Uniontown    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ VANCOUVER    | N. P., P. & S. Rys. and steamers.
+ Waitsburg    | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
+ WALLA WALLA  | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Wuputo       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Washtucna    | O. R. & N.; S., P. & S. railways.
+ WATERVILLE   | Stage and steamer.
+ Waverley     | O. R. & N. and Electric railways.
+ WENATCHEE    | Great Northern Ry.; Col. river strs.
+ White Salmon | S. P. & S. Ry., and river steamer.
+ Wilbur       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Wilson Creek | Great Northern railway.
+ Winlock      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Woodland     | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers
+ Yacolt       | Northern Pacific railway.
+
+
+[Page 96]
+ STATE OFFICERS, COMMISIONS, BOARDS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF WASHINGTON.
+===========================================================================
+             OFFICE.         |          Name.           |  P. O. Address.
+-----------------------------|--------------------------|------------------
+Governor                     | M. E. Hay                | Olympia.
+Governor's Private Secretary | Frank M. Dallam, Jr      | Olympia.
+Secretary of State           | I. M. Howell             | Olympia.
+Assistant Secretary of State | Ben R. Fish              | Olympia.
+Auditor                      | C. W. Clausen            | Olympia.
+Deputy Auditor               | F. P. Jameson            | Olympia.
+Treasurer                    | John G. Lewis            | Olympia.
+Deputy Treasurer             | W. W. Sherman            | Olympia.
+Attorney General             | W. P. Bell               | Olympia.
+Assistant Attorney General   | W. V. Tanner             | Olympia.
+   "         "       "       | W. F. McGill             | Olympia.
+   "         "       "       | Geo. A. Lee              | Spokane.
+Commissioner of Public Lands | E. W. Ross               | Olympia.
+Assistant Comm'r of Public   | Frank C. Morse           | Olympia.
+  Lands                      |                          |
+Insurance Commissioner       | John H. Shively          | Olympia.
+Deputy Insurance Commissioner| S. A. Madge              | Olympia.
+Superintendent Public        | Henry B. Dewey           | Olympia.
+  Instruction                |                          |
+Assistant Supt. Public       | J. M. Layhue             | Olympia.
+  Instruction                |                          |
+Deputy Supt. Public          | F. F. Nalder             | Olympia.
+  Instruction                |                          |
+Adjutant General             | Geo. B. Lamping          | Seattle.
+Commissioner of Labor        | Chas. F. Hubbard         | Olympia.
+State Librarian              | J. M. Hitt               | Olympia.
+Law Librarian                | C. W. Shaffer            | Olympia.
+Traveling Library            | Mrs. Lou J. Diven, Supt. | Olympia.
+Board of Control             | Eugene Lorton            | Walla Walla.
+                             | H. T. Jones              | Olympia.
+                             | H. E. Gilham             | Olympia.
+State Grain Inspector        | E. C. Armstrong          | Colfax.
+Dairy and Food Commissioner  | L. Davies                | Davenport.
+State Fish Commissioner      | Jno. L. Riseland         | Bellingham.
+Commissioner of Statistics   | I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio | Olympia.
+Deputy Commissioner of       | Geo. M. Allen            | Seattle.
+  Statistics                 |                          |
+Horticultural Commissioner   | F. A. Huntley            | Tacoma.
+Coal Mine Inspector          | D. C. Botting            | Seattle.
+Inspector of Oils            | F. A. Clark              | Seattle.
+Public Printer               | E. L. Boardman           | Olympia.
+Bank Examiner                | J. L. Mohundro           | Seattle.
+Hotel Inspector              | J. H. Munger             | Seattle.
+A.-Y.-P. E. Commission       | Geo. E. Dickson.         | Ellensburg.
+                             |  Chairman                |
+                             | L. P. Hornberger, Sec.   | Seattle.
+                             | W. A. Halteman,          | Seattle.
+                             |   Exec. Commis.          |
+                             | M. M. Godman             | Seattle.
+                             | R. W. Condon             | Port Gamble.
+                             | J. W. Slayden            | Steilacoom.
+                             | L. H. Burnett            | Aberdeen.
+Railway Commission           | H. A. Fairchild, Chairman| Olympia.
+Tax Commission               | T. D. Rockwell, Chairman | Olympia.
+Fire Warden and Forester     | J. R. Welty              | Olympia.
+Highway Commissioner         | J. M. Snow               | Olympia.
+Board of Accountancy         | Alfred Lister, Sec'y     | Tacoma.
+Bureau Inspection Public     | C. W. Clausen,           | Olympia.
+  Offices                    |    Ex-officio Chief      |
+Board of Health              | E. E. Hegg, Sec'y        | Seattle.
+Board of Barber Examiners    | Chas. W. Whisler         | Seattle.
+Board of Medical Examiners   | Dr. J. Clinton McFadden, | Seattle.
+                             |   Secy.                  |
+Board of Pharmacy            | P. Jensen, Sec'y         | Tacoma.
+Board of Dental Examiners    | E. B. Edgars             | Seattle.
+                             |                          |
+EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
+                             |                          |
+University of Washington     | Thomas Franklin Kane,    | Seattle.
+                             |   Pres.                  |
+State College                | E. A. Bryan, Pres.       | Pullman.
+State Normal School          | H. C. Sampson, Principal | Cheney.
+State Normal School          | E. C. Mathes, Principal  | Bellingham.
+State Normal School          | W. E. Wilson, Principal  | Ellensburg.
+School for Deaf              | Thos. P. Clark,          | Vancouver.
+                             |    Superintendent        |
+School for Blind             | Geo. H. Mullin, Principal| Vancouver.
+State Training School        | C. C. Aspinwall          | Chehalis.
+                             |                          |
+OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
+                             |                          |
+Soldiers' Home               | Gen. Geo. W. T.          | Orting.
+                             |    Tibbetts, Com.        |
+   "        "                | Willis L. Ames, Com.     | Port Orchard.
+Insane Asylum                | A. P. Calhoun. Supt.     | Fort Steilacoom.
+   "      "                  | J. M. Semple, Supt.      | Medical Lake.
+State Penitentiary           | C. S. Reed, Warden       | Walla Walla.
+State Reformatory            | Cleon B. Roe, Supt.      | Monroe.
+Institution for Feeble Minded| S. C. Woodruff, Supt.    | Medical Lake.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 91.--Overflow Wheat Warehouse, at Pullman,
+Whitman County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 92.--A Yakima County Vineyard.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 93.--Yakima County Potatoes--600 Bushels
+to the Acre.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 94.--A Yakima County Orchard Scene.]
+
+[Page 97]
+STATEMENT SHOWING AREA OF STATE SCHOOL AND GRANTED LANDS IN EACH COUNTY.
+AREA SOLD BY DEEDS AND CONTRACTS OF SALE. COMPILED FOR PERIOD UP TO
+AND INCLUDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1908.
+==========================================================================
+            |            |           |           |   Total   |
+            | Total area |  Total    |   Area    | area sold |  Remaining
+  COUNTIES. |  of school |   area    |   under   |  by deed  |    area
+            | and granted|  deeded.  |  contract | and under |   unsold.
+            |   lands.   |           |  of sale. | contract. |
+------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
+Adams       |  85,632.25 |  1,063.30 | 12,320.00 | 13,383.30 |  72,248.95
+Asotin      |  26,906.56 |    161.90 |  1,360.00 |  1,521.90 |  25,384.66
+Benton      |  92,937.68 |  1,626.75 |  8,629.90 | 10,256.65 |  82,681.03
+Chehalis    |  77,064.41 |  7,883.93 |  1,823.85 |  9,707.78 |  67,356.63
+Chelan      |  52,526.50 |    212.34 |  1,074.70 |  1,287.04 |  51,239.46
+Clallam     |  77,514.28 |  2,914.42 |    320.00 |  3,234.42 |  74,279.86
+Clarke      |  36,972.16 |  3,694.27 |  1,585.85 |  5,280.12 |  31,692.04
+Columbia    |  24,640.00 |  5,084.00 |  1,620.00 |  6,704.00 |  17,936.00
+Cowlitz     |  85,373.80 |  6,364.43 |  1,063.73 |  7,428.16 |  77,945.00
+Douglas     | 313,235.66 |  3,416.62 | 64,211.62 | 67,628.52 | 245,607.14
+Ferry       |  21,219.51 |           |           |           |  21,219.51
+Franklin    |  40,731.85 |    101.83 |  3,720.00 |  3,821.83 |  36,910.02
+Garfield    |  21,298.47 |  2,179.21 |  1,760.00 |  3,939.21 |  17,359.26
+Island      |  16,202.70 |  4,679.93 |  1,350.25 |  6,030.18 |  10,172.52
+Jefferson   |  87,358.34 | 12,760.91 |  1,306.77 | 14,067.68 |  73,290.66
+King        |  86,020.13 | 15,667.80 |  5,195.95 | 20,863.75 |  65,156.38
+Kitsap      |  27,157.40 | 12,178.10 |  1,794.70 | 13,972.80 |  13,184.60
+Kittitas    | 129,590.97 |  4,648.01 |  1,840.00 |  6,488.01 | 123,102.96
+Klickitat   |  77,280.86 |  2,340.84 |  4,143.17 |  6,484.01 |  70,796.85
+Lewis       |  86,566.86 |  4,328.31 |  2,106.01 |  6,434.32 |  80,132.54
+Lincoln     |  84,088.45 |  4,818.00 | 12,620.00 | 17,438.00 |  66,650.45
+Mason       |  48,057.72 |  4,750.53 |    651.98 |  5,402.51 |  42,655.21
+Okanogan    |  90,517.34 |    399.55 | 12,487.62 | 12,887.17 |  77,630.17
+Pacific     |  60,529.29 |  2,187.81 |  1,401.90 |  3,589.71 |  56,939.58
+Pierce      |  62,118.55 |  8,899.98 |  2,056.82 | 10,956.80 |  51,161.75
+San Juan    |   4,765.63 |    366.35 |    205.25 |    571.60 |   4,194.03
+Skagit      |  92,191.75 |  4,551.83 |  1,718.17 |  6,270.00 |  85,921.75
+Skamania    |  44,699.55 |  5,690.08 |    988.50 |  6,678.58 |  38,020.97
+Snohomish   |  47,937.99 |  7,545.13 |  5,392.45 | 12,927.58 |  35,000.41
+Spokane     |  67,457.64 |  6,943.59 | 15,360.20 | 22,303.79 |  45,153.85
+Stevens     | 164,063.72 |    561.19 |  4,748.50 |  5,309.69 | 158,754.03
+Thurston    |  33,443.79 |  4,286.82 |  1,636.87 |  5,923.69 |  27,520.10
+Wahkiakum   |  26,053.26 |  1,795.95 |    451.55 |  2,257.50 |  23,795.76
+Walla Walla |  50,536.97 |  6,785.98 |  7,219.46 | 14,005.44 |  36,531.53
+Whatcom     |  41,196.49 |  2,729.50 |  4,591.52 |  7,321.02 |  33,875.47
+Whitman     |  80,351.82 | 14,583.47 | 21,322.96 | 35,906.43 |  44,445.39
+Yakima      | 143,102.97 |  3,927.59 |  5,169.50 |  9,097.09 | 134,005.88
+            |------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
+  Totals    |2,607,343.32|172,130.53 |215,259.75 |387,390.28 |2,219,953.04
+
+NOTE:--The statement of total area of school and granted lands
+by counties includes only approved indemnity selected, approved
+granted lands, and school sections 16 and 36 in place.
+
+[Page 98]
+              UNAPPROPRIATED FEDERAL LANDS OF WASHINGTON.
+===========================================================================
+             |     Area unappropriated     |
+     LAND    |       and unreserved        |    Brief description of
+   DISTRICT  |-----------------------------| character of unappropriated
+     AND     |         |  Unsur- |         |    and unreserved land.
+   COUNTRY.  |Surveyed.|  veyed. |  Total. |
+-------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------------------
+North Yakima:| _Acres._| _Acres._| _Acres._|
+  Benton     |   27,062|         |   27,062| Rolling prairie, hilly,
+             |         |         |         |   grazing.
+  Douglas    |   15,003|         |   15,003| Grazing, prairie, hilly,
+             |         |         |         |   and timber.
+  Kittitas   |  149,351|  245,967|  395,318| Grazing, arid prairie,
+             |         |         |         |   and timber.
+  Yakima     |  126,072|  274,500|  400,572|
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  317,488|  520,467|  837,955|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Olympia:     |         |         |         |
+  Chehalis   |    1,491|         |    1,491| Mountainous timbered lands.
+  Jefferson  |      860|         |      860|    Do.
+  King       |      560|         |      560|    Do.
+  Kitsap     |       40|         |       40|    Do.
+  Lewis      |       40|         |       40|    Do.
+  Mason      |    2,537|         |    2,537|    Do.
+  Pacific    |       80|         |       80|    Do.
+  Pierce     |      571|         |      571|    Do.
+  Thurston   |      207|         |      207|    Do.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |    6,886|         |    6,386|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Seattle:     |         |         |         |
+  Clallam    |    1,240|    1,840|    3,080| Mountainous and broken; good
+             |         |         |         |   supply of excellent timber.
+  King       |      680|   11,680|   12,360| Broken and mountainous.
+  San Juan   |      324|         |      324| Broken, with little timber.
+  Skagit     |    2,475|   25,540|   28,015| Broken, heavily timbered, and
+             |         |         |         |   mountainous.
+  Snohomish  |      320|    5,484|    5,804|   Do.
+  Whatcom    |      840|    8,923|    9,768|   Do.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |    5,879|   53,467|   59,346|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Spokane:     |         |         |         |
+  Adams      |   26,512|         |   26,512| Arid lands, valuable for fruit
+             |         |         |         |   and grain.
+  Douglas    |         |    l,500|    l,500| Arid lands.
+  Ferry      |  165,526|  379,732|  545,258| Farming, grazing, timber, and
+             |         |         |         |   mineral.
+  Lincoln    |   35,632|    4,448|   40,080| Farming and grazing.
+  Okanogan   |   13,343|  114,756|  128,099| Farming, grazing, and mineral.
+  Spokane    |    2,896|    3,094|    5,990|   Do.
+  Stevens    |  409,093|  711,981|1,121,044| Mountainous, farming, and
+             |         |         |         |   mineral.
+  Whitman    |    2,053|         |    2,053| Grazing lands.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  655,055|1,215,511|1,870,566|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Vancouver:   |         |         |         |
+  Clarke     |    4,787|         |    4,787| Timbered and agricultural.
+  Cowlitz    |   16,703|    7,080|   23,783|   Do.
+  Klickitat  |   61,553|    2,600|   64,153| Timbered, agricultural,
+             |         |         |         |   grazing
+  Lewis      |    8,013|    4,995|   13,008| Timbered and agricultural.
+  Pacific    |    1,981|         |    1,981|   Do.
+  Skamania   |    7,418|         |    7,418|   Do.
+  Wahkiakum  |      316|         |      316| Timbered.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  100,771|   14,675|  115,446|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Walla Walla: |         |         |         |
+  Adams      |   15,188|         |   15,188| Prairie, farming, and
+             |         |         |         |   grazing lands.
+  Asotin     |   83,631|   13,293|   96,924| Mountainous, some timber, and
+             |         |         |         |   prairie.
+  Benton     |   40,395|         |   40,395| Desert, grazing, some timber,
+             |         |         |         |   prairie, and farming.
+  Columbia   |   15,203|  152,279|  167,482| Mountainous, some timber,
+             |         |         |         |   and prairie.
+  Franklin   |   42,363|         |   42,368| Prairie, grazing lands;
+             |         |         |         |   no timber.
+  Garfield   |   45,468|   44,539|   90,007| Farming, grazing, and timber.
+  Klickitat  |   24,926|         |   24,926| Grazing and farming; some
+             |         |         |         |   timber.
+  Walla Walla|   15,522|         |   15,522|   Do.
+  Whitman    |   15,835|         |   15,835| Prairie, farming, and grazing
+             |         |         |         |   lands.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  298,531|  210,111|  508,642|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+[Page 99]
+Waterville:  |         |         |         |
+  Chelan     |  321,518|    9,880|  331,398| Mountainous, timber, farming.
+  Douglas    |  435,207|   44,890|  480,097| Prairie, farming, and grazing.
+  Okanogan   |  206,990|  218,175|  425,165| Mountainous, timber, and
+             |         |         |         |   farming.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  963,715|  272,945|1,236,660|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+ State total |2,347,825|2,287,176|4,635,001|
+
+
+CLIMATIC SUMMARY FOR WASHINGTON.
+
+PREPARED BY GEO. N. SALISBURY,
+
+Of the Weather Bureau at Seattle.
+
+The following tables represent averages of observations, covering ten
+years or more. The stations included in the list are so distributed
+as to indicate the climatic conditions in every portion of the
+state.
+
+                     SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON.
+                        STATION: ABERDEEN.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |39.9| 61| 1900| 10|1893| |10.56| 4.8| | 3|13|15|19|    W
+February  |40.6| 73| 1905| 13|1899| |10.43| 3.5| | 3|11|14|20|   SW
+March     |43.7| 82| 1905| 22|1896| | 7.89| 1.6| | 5|19| 7|20|    W
+April     |48.2| 88| 1905| 28|1899| | 7.66|   T| | 6|16| 8|17|    W
+May       |53.0| 91| 1897| 29|1901| | 4.58|   0| | 6|17| 8|15|    W
+June      |56.8|100| 1903| 34|1901| | 3.72|   0| | 6|15| 9|13|    W
+July      |60.8|105| 1891| 37|1901| | 1.02|   0| | 9|17| 5| 7|    W
+August    |62.1| 96| 1898| 40|1902| | 1.06|   0| |11|17| 3| 5|    W
+September |57.5| 88| 1894| 30|1901| | 4.98|   0| | 9|15| 6| 9|    W
+October   |52.3| 85| 1891| 29|1893| | 6.71|   0| | 6|14|10|14|    W
+November  |45.1| 73| 1904| 22|1900| |15.28| 0.5| | 2|10|18|22|    W
+December  |40.9| 60| 1892| 20|1901| |14.66| 0.5| | 4|11|16|20| SW & W
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |88.55|10.9| | 6|14|10|15|
+ Means or\|50.0|105|July,| 10|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1893| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+[Page 100]
+                       PUGET SOUND DISTRICT.
+                    STATION: TACOMA AND ASHFORD.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |38.0| 64| 1891|  0|1888| | 7.20|11.0| | 4| 6|21|20|   SW
+February  |38.9| 66| 1905|  5|1887| | 6.68|12.4| | 4| 7|18|17|   SW
+March     |44.4| 74| 1900| 16|1897| | 4.82| 8.0| | 6| 8|17|18|   SW
+April     |48.9| 84| 1897| 28|1896| | 4.40| 2.8| | 6|12|12|14|   SW
+May       |54.1| 90| 1892| 33|1894| | 4.11| 0.2| | 6|12|13|14|   SW
+June      |58.2| 97| 1903| 39|1895| | 2.62|   T| | 8|10|12|11|    N
+July      |62.0| 99| 1891| 42|1894| | 1.20|   0| |15| 9| 7| 6|    N
+August    |61.6| 92| 1898| 40|1895| | 1.28|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|    N
+September |56.2| 87| 1894| 36|1902| | 2.74|   0| |12| 8|10|10|    N
+October   |50.6| 82| 1892| 25|1893| | 4.51|   0| | 8| 8|15|12|   SW
+November  |44.2| 70| 1892|  8|1896| | 9.11| 5.2| | 2| 5|23|21|   SW
+December  |40.9| 61| 1900| 19|1894| | 9.55| 4.4| | 4| 7|20|18|   SW
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |58.22|44.0| | 7| 8|15|14|
+ Means or\|49.8| 99|July,|  0|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                         EASTERN WASHINGTON.
+                          STATION: SPOKANE.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |24.5| 55| 1893|-30|1888| | 2.54| 9.4| | 4| 4|23|14|    S
+February  |28.5| 59| 1896|-23|1890| | 2.02| 8.1| | 4| 7|17|13| E & SW
+March     |39.7| 72| 1889|-10|1891| | 1.40| 3.0| | 7| 8|16|12|    S
+April     |48.0| 86| 1890| 22|1890| | 1.38| 0.2| | 6|10|14| 9| S & SW
+May       |57.0| 95| 1897| 29|1905| | 1.39|   T| | 6|10|15|10|    S
+June      |62.4| 96| 1896| 34|1891| | 1.67|   T| | 9|12|10| 9|   SW
+July      |69.0|102| 1890| 39|1893| | 0.71|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|   SW
+August    |69.0|104| 1898| 40|1902| | 0.46|   0| |17| 8| 6| 5|    S
+September |58.1| 98| 1888| 26|1889| | 1.04|   0| |12| 7|11| 7|   NE
+October   |48.0| 86| 1892| 12|1887| | 1.39|   T| | 8| 9|14| 7|   NE
+November  |37.8| 70| 1903|-13|1896| | 1.67| 2.9| | 1| 5|24|15|    S
+December  |31.3| 57| 1886|-18|1884| | 2.56| 4.9| | 3| 4|24|13|   SW
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |18.23|29.4| | 7| 8|15|10|
+ Means or\|47.8|104|Aug. |-30|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1898 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+[Page 101]
+                       SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON.
+                         STATION: WALLA WALLA.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |32.6| 67| 1902|-17|1888| | 2.17| 6.1| | 3|11|17|12|    S
+February  |37.0| 69| 1896|-15|1893| | 1.55| 5.1| | 6|13| 9|12|    S
+March     |45.2| 74| 1905|  2|1891| | 1.73| 2.7| | 8|16| 7|13|    S
+April     |52.6| 89| 1890| 29|1890| | 1.76|   2| |10|17| 3| 9|    S
+May       |60.1|100| 1897| 34|1905| | 1.72|   0| |12|16| 3|11|    S
+June      |65.8|105| 1896| 40|1901| | 1.13|   0| |15|14| 1| 8|    S
+July      |73.8|108| 1891| 45|1891| | 0.37|   0| |24| 6| 1| 4|    S
+August    |73.8|113| 1898| 47|1899| | 0.43|   0| |23| 7| 1| 4|    S
+September |63.6|100| 1888| 36|1900| | 0.97|   0| |17| 9| 4| 7|    S
+October   |54.4| 87| 1904| 24|1887| | 1.50|   T| |15|12| 4| 8|    S
+November  |42.8| 76| 1891| -9|1896| | 2.17| 2.0| | 4|13| 3|13|    S
+December  |37.3| 65| 1890| -2|1898| | 2.07| 3.5| | 3|11|17|14|    S
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |17.58|19.6| |12|12| 6|10|
+ Means or\|53.2|113|Aug. |-17|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1898 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                       THE IRRIGATED WASHINGTON.
+              STATION: NORTH YAKIMA, SUNNYSIDE, FT. SIMCOE.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |30.4| 62| 1899|-16|1899| | 1.82| 9.2| | 7|13|11| 7|    W
+February  |35.2| 71| 1901|-22|1893| | 1.14| 5.6| | 8|12| 9| 6|    W
+March     |42.5| 78| 1895|  2|1896| | 0.57| 0.4| |12|14| 5| 3|    W
+April     |51.1| 90| 1897| 18|1896| | 0.47|   T| |12|13| 5| 3|    W
+May       |59.1|101| 1897| 24|1896| | 0.74|   0| |11|14| 6| 5|    W
+June      |65.4|106| 1896| 30|1901| | 0.32|   0| |15|10| 5| 4|    W
+July      |71.6|112| 1896| 36|1905| | 0.11|   0| |24| 5| 2| 2|    W
+August    |71.1|109| 1897| 35|1895| | 0.21|   0| |19| 9| 3| 3|    W
+September |61.1| 98| 1896| 24|1891| | 0.44|   0| |17| 8| 5| 4|    W
+October   |51.0| 89| 1891| 13|1893| | 0.50|   0| |15|10| 6| 4|    W
+November  |39.4| 73| 1897|-23|1896| | 1.56| 4.4| | 4|12|14| 9|    W
+December  |32.3| 67| 1898| -8|1895| | 1.47| 6.2| | 7|10|14| 7|   SW
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | | 9.35|25.8| |12|11| 7| 5|
+ Means or\|50.9|112|July,|-23|Nov.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1896 |   |1896| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Page 102]
+TOTAL ASSESSMENT OF ALL PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON AS
+EQUALIZED BY THE STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION FOR THE YEAR 1908.
+==============================================================
+            |        _Total Real and Personal Property,_
+            |-------------------------------------------------
+            |            |              | Ratio  |           |
+            |  Assessed  |              |assessed|           |
+  COUNTIES. |    value   |    Actual    |   to   |  *Exemp-  |
+            |  returned  |    value.    | actual |   tions.  |
+            | by county. |              | value. |           |
+------------|------------|--------------|--------|-----------|
+Adams       | $12,934,270|   $32,730,750|  $39.51|*  $347,380|
+Asotin      |   3,186,570|     6,346,110|   50.21|     73,600|
+Benton      |   5,900,630|    13,967,229|   42.24|    201,105|
+Chehalis    |  14,832,671|    63,320,298|   23.42|*   897,053|
+Chelan      |   7,510,825|    17,903,363|   41.95|    317,510|
+Clallam     |   7,045,161|    14,294,907|   49.28|    148,017|
+Clarke      |   9,548,965|    22,951,958|   41.60|*   552,000|
+Columbia    |   6,677,175|    12,916,674|   51.69|    164,855|
+Cowlitz     |   7,506,911|    18,774,621|   39.98|*   258,305|
+Douglas     |  13,714,378|    32,623,076|   42.03|*   792,735|
+Ferry       |   1,323,524|     2,205,873|   60.00|*   132,674|
+Franklin    |   4,029,979|    12,053,842|   33.43|*   121,309|
+Garfield    |   4,230,446|     9,466,437|   44.68|    123,027|
+Island      |   1,296,572|     3,706,168|   34.98|    100,545|
+Jefferson   |   4,566,042|     9,932,771|   45.96|     92,864|
+King        |*204,852,223|   437,905,564|   46.78|  5,011,716|
+Kitsap      |   4,145,045|     9,133,183|   45.38|*   271,777|
+Kittitas    |   8,853,102|    20,145,643|   43.98|    421,605|
+Klickitat   |   5,869,515|    14,199,834|   41.33|    366,835|
+Lewis       |  17,959,730|    39,028,152|   46.01|    673,137|
+Lincoln     |  18,046,865|    44,933,712|   40.16|*   844,061|
+Mason       |   3,030,375|    10,744,059|   28.20|     97,386|
+Okanogan    |   3,750,417|     6,540,821|   57.33|    421,615|
+Pacific     |   7,036,354|    22,947,129|   30.66|     95,700|
+Pierce      |  76,828,090|   181,499,746|   42.33|  2,903,450|
+San Juan    |   1,553,856|     3,789,892|   41.00|*   126,818|
+Skagit      |  10,867,150|    38,346,941|   28.33|    297,600|
+Skamania    |   4,063,188|     6,375,330|   63.73|     66,300|
+Snohomish   |* 25,699,461|    54,494,192|   47.16|  1,221,570|
+Spokane     |  80,038,409|   154,967,786|   51.64|  2,956,265|
+Stevens     |   6,675,908|    17,811,897|   37.48|*   654,238|
+Thurston    |   8,325,065|    23,882,038|   34.85|    518,971|
+Wahkiakum   |   1,668,376|     4,319,197|   38.62|     69,616|
+Walla Walla |  19,434,380|    45,866,287|   42.37|    369,000|
+Whatcom     |  19,853,046|    48,038,017|   41.32|* 1,460,250|
+Whitman     |  19,098,175|    60,560,413|   31.53|  1,160,290|
+Yakima      |  23,625,355|    48,428,184|   48.78|* 1,517,390|
+            |------------|--------------|--------|-----------|
+    Totals  |$675,578,199|$1,567,152,094|  $43.11|$25,902,569|
+
+========================================
+_Exclusive of Railroad and Telegraph._ |
+------------|-------------|------------|
+            |  Aggregate  | Aggregate  |
+            |value of tax-|  value as  |
+  COUNTIES. |able property| equalized  |
+            | as returned |  by state  |
+            |  by county. |   board.   |
+------------|-------------|------------|
+Adams       |  $12,586,890| $13,762,846|
+Asotin      |    3,112,970|   2,662,208|
+Benton      |    5,699,525|   5,820,167|
+Chehalis    |   13,935,618|  26,400,327|
+Chelan      |    7,193,315|   7,400,630|
+Clallam     |    6,897,144|   6,014,517|
+Clarke      |    8,996,965|   9,342,589|
+Columbia    |    6,512,320|   5,403,523|
+Cowlitz     |    7,248,606|   7,835,434|
+Douglas     |   12,921,643|  13,271,073|
+Ferry       |    1,190,850|     818,278|
+Franklin    |    3,908,670|   5,075,102|
+Garfield    |    4,107,419|   3,957,954|
+Island      |    1,196,027|   1,497,184|
+Jefferson   |    4,473,178|   4,189,154|
+King        |  199,840,507| 183,769,507|
+Kitsap      |    3,873,268|   3,665,538|
+Kittitas    |    8,431,497|   8,263,182|
+Klickitat   |    5,502,680|   5,754,713|
+Lewis       |   17,286,593|  16,151,899|
+Lincoln     |   17,202,804|  18,526,862|
+Mason       |    2,932,989|   4,534,378|
+Okanogan    |    3,328,802|   2,398,133|
+Pacific     |    6,940,654|   9,796,807|
+Pierce      |   73,924,640|  75,341,091|
+San Juan    |    1,427,038|   1,507,004|
+Skagit      |   10,569,550|  16,233,766|
+Skamania    |    3,996,883|   2,682,105|
+Snohomish   |   24,477,891|  22,270,886|
+Spokane     |   77,082,144|  63,850,348|
+Stevens     |    6,021,670|   7,024,471|
+Thurston    |    7,806,094|   9,776,576|
+Wahkiakum   |    1,598,760|   1,792,390|
+Walla Walla |   19,065,380|  19,403,957|
+Whatcom     |   18,392,796|  19,248,939|
+Whitman     |   17,937,885|  24,947,304|
+Yakima      |   22,053,965|  19,306,001|
+            |-------------|------------|
+    Totals  | $649,675,630|$649,696,709|
+
+==================================================================
+            |_Railroads._| _Electric_ |_Telegraph._|   TOTAL.    |
+            |            |   _Rys._   |            |  Aggregate  |
+            |  Value as  |  Value as  |  Value as  |value as real|
+            | corrected, | corrected, | corrected, |and personal |
+  COUNTIES. |revised and |revised and |revised and | property as |
+            |equalized by|equalized by|equalized by|equalized by |
+            |state board.|state board.|state board.|state board. |
+------------|------------|------------|------------|-------------|
+Adams       |  $2,445,703|            |     $10,499|  $16,219,048|
+Asotin      |            |            |            |    2,662,208|
+Benton      |   2,595,331|            |       5,477|    8,420,975|
+Chehalis    |     798,828|     165,258|       2,212|   27,366,625|
+Chelan      |   2,860,892|            |       9,058|   10,270,580|
+Clallam     |            |            |       4,073|    6,018,590|
+Clarke      |     891,275|            |          87|   10,233,951|
+Columbia    |     908,202|            |       6,775|    6,318,500|
+Cowlitz     |   1,363,089|            |      11,016|    9,209,539|
+Douglas     |   3,703,546|            |       9,650|   16,984,269|
+Ferry       |   1,359,278|            |            |    2,177,641|
+Franklin    |   1,852,025|            |       7,975|    6,935,102|
+Garfield    |     144,067|            |         555|    4,102,576|
+Island      |            |            |            |    1,497,184|
+Jefferson   |     417,464|            |       3,695|    4,610,313|
+King        |  11,882,802|   7,477,860|      38,645|  203,168,680|
+Kitsap      |            |            |       2,325|    3,667,863|
+Kittitas    |   3,674,706|            |      10,194|   11,948,082|
+Klickitat   |   1,108,683|            |            |    6,863,396|
+Lewis       |   2,050,492|            |      12,186|   18,214,576|
+Lincoln     |   4,456,845|            |      12,648|   22,996,355|
+Mason       |       7,791|            |            |    4,542,169|
+Okanogan    |     834,844|            |            |    3,232,977|
+Pacific     |     418,310|            |       1,438|   10,216,555|
+Pierce      |   4,589,415|   1,900,370|      22,077|   81,852,953|
+San Juan    |            |            |            |    1,507,004|
+Skagit      |   2,177,605|            |       7,518|   18,418,889|
+Skamania    |     332,926|            |            |    3,015,031|
+Snohomish   |   8,064,368|     910,195|      18,950|   31,264,399|
+Spokane     |   8,402,563|   2,131,611|      31,075|   74,415,597|
+Stevens     |   1,994,897|            |       6,353|    9,025,721|
+Thurston    |   1,561,390|      76,530|      10,096|   11,424,592|
+Wahkiakum   |            |            |            |    1,792,390|
+Walla Walla |   3,797,744|     131,082|      14,574|   23,347,357|
+Whatcom     |   3,372,306|     630,373|       7,457|   23,259,075|
+Whitman     |   3,296,322|     528,248|      19,897|   28,791,771|
+Yakima      |   3,278,556|      10,000|       6,852|   22,601,409|
+            |------------|------------|------------|-------------|
+    Totals  | $84,642,349| $13,961,527|    $293,357| $748,593,942|
+
+*Exception includes the amount returned by these counties under
+the item "Moneys on hand" allowed by the Board.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 103]
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
+
+Distribution of this publication at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition
+has been made possible through financial assistance extended by
+the State A.-Y.-P. E. Commission. An edition of a few thousand
+copies only was originally contemplated, but funds provided by
+the State Commission have enabled us to increase the quantity to
+25,000. This help thus given in extending the field of usefulness
+of this report is herewith gratefully acknowledged.
+
+  STATE BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION.
+
+  I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State,
+  _Ex-Officio Commissioner._
+
+  GEO. M. ALLEN,
+  _Deputy Commissioner._
+
+
+
+
+[Page 104]
+INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.
+
+Acknowledgment 103
+Adams County 46
+Agriculture 22
+Asotin County 47
+Bee Culture 26
+Benton County 48
+Coal Fields 10
+Coal Mining 19
+Chehalis County 49
+Chelan County 50
+Clallam County 51
+Clarke County 52
+Columbia County 53
+Cowlitz County 54
+Dairying 25
+Douglas County 55
+Educational System 32-33
+Ferry County 56
+Forests 9
+Fisheries 12
+Franklin County 57
+Game 16
+Garfield County 58
+Government Lands 14
+Grant County 59
+Horticulture 24
+Indian Lands 14
+Industries of Washington 18-28
+Introduction 3-4
+Irrigation 40-41
+Island County 60
+Jefferson County 61
+King County 62
+Kitsap County 64
+Kittitas County 65
+Klickitat County 66
+Lands 14
+Letter of Transmittal 2
+Lewis County 67
+Lincoln County 69
+Logged-off Lands 33-39
+Lumbering 18
+Manufacturing 26
+Mason County 70
+Mineral Ores 11
+Natural Division 5
+Okanogan County 71
+Opportunities in Washington 29-31
+Pacific County 72
+Pierce County 74
+Poultry 26
+Resources of Washington 8-17
+San Juan County 76
+Scenery 16
+Skagit County 77
+Skamania County 79
+Snohomish County 80
+Soils 13
+Spokane County 81
+State Lands 14
+Stevens County 83
+Stock Raising 24
+Thurston County 85
+Title Page 1
+Transportation 27
+Wahkiakum County 86
+Walla Walla County 87
+Water Power 15
+Whatcom County 87
+Whitman County 89
+Yakima County 90
+
+
+INDEX TO STATISTICAL APPENDIX.
+
+Assessed valuations by counties 102
+Climatic tables 99-101
+Federal lands, distribution by counties 98-99
+State officers, boards and commissions 96
+State lands, distribution by counties 97
+Statistics of incorporated cities and towns 92-95
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and
+Industries of the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell
+
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+ <title>A Review of the Resources and Industries of Washington, 1909</title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+ <meta name="keywords" content="washington state">
+ <meta name="author" content="I. M. Howell">
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and Industries of
+the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Review of the Resources and Industries of the State of Washington, 1909
+
+Author: Ithamar Howell
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2005 [EBook #15229]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert J. Hall
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 706px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="706" height="406" alt="Frontispiece">
+<br />
+<b>Frontispiece.&mdash;WASHINGTON'S NEW CAPITOL BUILDING.</b><br />
+(Photo Engraved from a Drawing.)<br />
+<b>Construction of the New Capitol to be Erected on the Foundation
+Already Laid at Olympia Was Authorized at the 1909 Session of the
+Legislature.</b>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h1>
+<a name="page_1"><span class="page">Page 1</span></a>
+A REVIEW OF THE RESOURCES<br />
+AND INDUSTRIES<br />
+OF<br />
+WASHINGTON<br />
+1909
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="justify">
+PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE, FOR GRATUITOUS
+DISTRIBUTION BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION
+</p>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+I. M. HOWELL.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Secretary of State</i><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Ex-Officio Commissioner</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+GEO. M. ALLEN,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Deputy Commissioner,</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+<a name="page_2"><span class="page">Page 2</span></a>
+OFFICE OF THE<br />
+BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,<br />
+OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<i>To His Excellency M. E. Hay, Governor of Washington:</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+We have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial Report of the
+Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration for the year 1909,
+dealing with the various resources and industries of Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+Very respectfully,
+</p>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+I. M. HOWELL.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Secretary of State</i>,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Ex-Officio Commissioner</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+GEO. M. ALLEN,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Deputy Commissioner,</i>
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_3"><span class="page">Page 3</span></a>
+INTRODUCTION
+</h2>
+
+<p class="bquote">
+OFFICE OF THE<br />
+BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,<br />
+OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This publication represents an effort to place before the general
+public, and particularly the visitors at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific
+Exposition, a brief description of the principal resources and
+industries of the State of Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its imperfections may be accounted for largely by reason of the
+fact that funds for the purpose did not become available until the
+first day of April of the current year. This necessitated unusual
+haste in securing and preparing the material upon which the pamphlet
+is based. However, we have endeavored to deal conservatively and
+fairly with the various subjects under consideration, and to present
+all the information possible within the limits of the space at
+our disposal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Our purpose has been to supply the reader with an outline of the
+salient facts which account for the marvelous growth and development
+which the commonwealth is enjoying. To go largely into detail within
+the scope of a pamphlet of this size would be, manifestly, an
+impossibility. We might readily exhaust our available space in
+dealing with one industry or in describing a single county. Details,
+therefore, have been necessarily and purposely avoided.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+We have sought to bring the entire state within the perspective of
+the reader, leaving him to secure additional facts through personal
+investigation. Along this line, attention is called to the list of
+commercial organizations and local officials presented
+<a name="page_4"><span class="page">Page 4</span></a>
+in the statistical portion of this report. Nearly all the larger
+communities of the state maintain organizations, equipped to supply
+detailed facts relating to their particular locality. Much valuable
+information may be obtained on application to these organizations
+or to local officials.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+An expression of appreciation is due those who have assisted us
+by supplying information and collecting photographs for use in
+this publication. Without such aid the completion of the pamphlet
+would have been materially delayed.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 709px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_1.jpg" width="709" height="407" alt="Plate 1">
+<br />
+Plate No. 1.&mdash;Fruit Farm Adjoining Town of Asotin, Asotin County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 403px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_2.jpg" width="403" height="704" alt="Plate 2">
+<br />
+Plate No. 2.&mdash;Asotin County Views.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_5"><span class="page">Page 5</span></a>
+GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The State of Washington as now constituted, was, prior to 1853,
+a portion of the Territory of Oregon. During the year mentioned,
+a new territory was carved from the old Oregon boundaries, which
+the statesmen of that day evidently believed was marked by destiny
+for the achievement of great things, for they conferred upon it
+the name of Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+That our state, thus highly distinguished, has already demonstrated
+itself worthy of the exalted name, so happily bestowed upon it, the
+most carping critic must admit. With a population now reaching up
+toward a million and a half, and with all the forces that make for
+industrial, commercial and agricultural supremacy in full swing,
+and gathering new momentum yearly, Washington is moving onward
+and upward toward a position among the very elect of our great
+sisterhood of states.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As briefly as the story may be told, the fundamental facts which
+underlie the marvelous advancement made by the state during recent
+years will be set forth in the pages of this pamphlet.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+By virtue of its varied topography, Washington is naturally divided
+into a number of districts or sections, each possessing its own
+particular characteristics.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Olympic Peninsula.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The first of these districts may be described as consisting of that
+section of the state including the Olympic mountains and extending
+westward from them to the Pacific ocean. Within the limits of this
+Olympic peninsula, as it is ordinarily termed, there is standing
+one of the largest and most valuable tracts of virgin timber yet
+remaining in the United States.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+<a name="page_6"><span class="page">Page 6</span></a>
+Puget Sound Basin.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The second district includes the territory lying between the Olympic
+and Cascade mountains, the chief physical feature of which is the
+great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore front of this
+important waterway exceeds 2,000 miles, and its length is broken
+by numerous bays and harbors, upon which are located Seattle, the
+state's metropolis, and the growing cities of Tacoma, Everett,
+Bellingham and Olympia. The climate of this section is mild in winter
+and cool in summer, extremes in either season being practically
+unknown. Deep sea shipping enters the port of Puget Sound from every
+maritime country on the globe, and the industrial and commercial
+interests of this section are expanding with extraordinary rapidity.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+The Cascade Mountains.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Cascade mountains constitute the third of these natural divisions.
+This range extends in a broken line across the width of the state, at
+a distance of about 120 miles from the Pacific ocean. These mountains,
+their rugged peaks capped with a mantle of eternal snow, their sides
+covered with a heavy timber growth, and their valleys carrying
+numerous sparkling mountain streams, with illimitable possibilities
+for the development of power, are one of the important assets of
+the state, the value of which has not as yet even been estimated.
+The mineral wealth of the Cascades, only a slight knowledge of
+which has as yet been secured, will ere long contribute largely
+to the prosperity of the state, while the more moderate slopes of
+the mountains serve a valuable purpose for the pasturage of numerous
+flocks and herds.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Okanogan Highlands.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The fourth district is known as the Okanogan highlands, and occupies
+that portion of the state lying north of the Columbia river and
+east of the Cascade mountains. This section of the state contains
+valuable timber and mineral wealth in addition to presenting many
+attractive opportunities to the farmer and horticulturist. It has
+been hampered thus far by
+<a name="page_7"><span class="page">Page 7</span></a>
+lack of adequate transportation facilities, and for this reason
+land may be had at exceptionally reasonable figures.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Columbia River Basin.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Columbia river basin is by far the largest natural division of
+the state, and, generally speaking, includes the section drained
+by that river and its tributaries. Within the confines of this
+district are the great irrigated and grain-growing sections of the
+state, which are a source of constantly increasing wealth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This great "Inland Empire," as it has come to be called, has made
+thousands of homeseekers independent, and is largely responsible for
+the rise to commercial greatness of the splendid city of Spokane.
+Other cities of growing importance lying within the Columbia river
+basin are Walla Walla, North Yakima, Ellensburg and Wenatchee,
+while scores of smaller communities are annually adding to their
+population with the continued development of the districts of which
+they are the immediate distributing centers.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+The Southeast.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Blue mountains form the chief natural characteristic of the
+extreme southeastern section of the state, which constitutes the
+sixth division. This is comparatively a small district, but one
+that is highly favored by climatic and soil advantages, and it
+is well timbered and watered.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+The Southwest.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The southwest is the seventh and final division of the state. It
+comprises an extensive district, fronting on the Columbia river and
+the Pacific ocean. It is heavily wooded and its chief industries
+are based upon its timber wealth. The taking and canning of fish and
+oyster culture are also important industries, while fruit growing
+and general farming are carried on upon a constantly increasing
+scale.
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_8"><span class="page">Page 8</span></a>
+NATURAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Probably few other states in the Union excel Washington in the
+great variety, abundance and value of the natural gifts prepared
+and ripe for the hand of man within its borders. Preceding races
+were content to leave its wealth to us, being themselves satisfied
+to subsist upon that which was at hand and ready for consumption
+with no effort but the effort of taking. The impenetrable forests
+were to them a barrier to be let alone. For the minerals within the
+mountains they had no use, and to gather wealth from the tillage
+of the soil needed too much exertion. Fish and game and fruits all
+ready to gather were all they sought, and the state had enough
+of these to attract and hold a large population. But the vision
+of the white man was different. His eye scanned the peaks of the
+Cascades with its great eternal white Rainier having its head thrust
+up among the clouds, and he realized that around and beneath them
+must be a vast hoard of the precious metals. His eye caught the
+dazzling grandeur of the white-capped Olympics, but he realized
+that they held in reserve something more substantial to his needs
+than scenery and hunting grounds. The impenetrable barriers of the
+forest-covered foothills were to him a treasure worth the struggle
+for an empire. He scanned the glittering waters of the bays and
+inlets of Puget Sound and its great open way to the Pacific Ocean
+and realized that it meant more to him and to his children than a
+place to catch a few fish. He viewed the vast plains of "barren"
+land within the great winding course of the Columbia river and
+believed it worth more than pasturage for a few bands of ponies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The thousand tumbling water-falls that hastened the course of the
+rivers toward the sea meant more than resting places for the chase. No
+wonder the hardy pioneers whose vision saw the grandeur of Washington
+and comprehended its meaning dared a mighty journey, vast hardships
+and trying and dangerous hazards to save this empire to Uncle Sam.
+Washington, saved by the energy and foresight of a few, has become the
+<a name="page_9"><span class="page">Page 9</span></a>
+delightful home of a million and more, and their possession is
+one that Alexander or Napoleon would have coveted, had they known.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 407px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_3.jpg" width="407" height="714" alt="Plate 3">
+<br />
+Plate No. 3.&mdash;Chehalis County Timber.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 409px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_4.jpg" width="409" height="718" alt="Plate 4">
+<br />
+Plate No. 4.&mdash;The Logging Industry in Chehalis County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_5.jpg" width="708" height="414" alt="Plate 5">
+<br />
+Plate No. 5.&mdash;View of Harbor, Aberdeen, Chehalis County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 712px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_6.jpg" width="712" height="411" alt="Plate 6">
+<br />
+Plate No. 6.&mdash;Limb Cut from a Chelan County Peach Tree.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 408px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_7.jpg" width="408" height="708" alt="Plate 7">
+<br />
+Plate No. 7.&mdash;Six-Year-Old Winesap Apple Tree on Farm of Blackmont Bros.,
+Chelan County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 764px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_8.jpg" width="764" height="491" alt="Plate 8">
+<br />
+Plate No. 8.&mdash;Farm of Wm. Turner, Chelan County. From Sage Brush to Bearing
+Orchard, Showing How Living Is Made While Orchard Is Coming Into Bearing.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+FORESTS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+From British Columbia to the majestic Columbia river and from the
+Cascade mountains westward to the ocean a vast forest of magnificent
+timber stretches out over mountain and hill and valley, covering
+the whole landscape of western Washington in a mantle of living
+green. The majestic fir trees, which, as small evergreens, adorn
+the lawns of other climes, here stretch their ancient heads 300
+feet heavenward and give the logger a chance to stand upon his
+springboard and, leaving a fifteen foot stump, cut off a log 100
+feet in length and 7 feet in diameter free from limbs or knots. Side
+by side with these giants of fir are other giants of cedar, hemlock
+and spruce crowded in groups, sometimes all alike and sometimes
+promiscuously mingled, which offer to the logger often 50,000 feet
+of lumber from an acre of ground.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+But these great forests of western Washington are not all the forests
+within the state. The eastern slope of the Cascade mountains well
+down toward the lands of the valleys is mostly covered with timber.
+A belt from 30 to 50 miles wide stretching clear across the north
+boundary of eastern Washington is mostly a forest, while a large
+area in the southeastern corner of the state, probably 24 miles
+square, is also forest covered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+To estimate the amount of timber which can be cut from these vast
+forest areas is difficult; estimates are not accurate, yet it is
+probable that the lumber made will in time far exceed any estimate
+yet placed upon this chief source of the wealth of the State of
+Washington. Of the fir the estimate has been made that shows still
+standing enough timber to make 120 billion feet; for the cedar the
+estimate is 25 billion feet, while the same amount of 25 billion
+feet is credited to hemlock; 12 billion feet of spruce are claimed,
+12 billion feet of yellow pine and probably 6 billion feet of other
+woods, including maple, alder, oak, yew, ash and many others, together
+forming the great mass of 200 billion feet of lumber. Where forest
+areas are cut off, the
+<a name="page_10"><span class="page">Page 10</span></a>
+sun and air at once start to life seeds which lie dormant in the
+shade and a new crop at once starts and the old ground is in a
+few years reforested in nature's prodigal way, a thousand seeds
+sprouting and growing where only one giant can ultimately stand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of these timbers, the fir, largest in quantity, is also largest
+in usefulness. For bridge work, shipbuilding, the construction of
+houses, etc. it is unsurpassed. Cedar is lighter and more easily
+worked and for shingles chiefly and many other special uses is
+superior. Spruce is fine grained, odorless and valuable for butter
+tubs, interior finish, shelving, etc. The hemlock is valuable not
+only for the tannin of its bark, but as a wood for many purposes is
+equal to spruce. The yellow pine, where it is plentiful is the main
+wood used in house construction and for nearly all farm purposes.
+The yellow pine is the chief timber in all eastern Washington. The
+harder woods, maple, alder, ash, etc., are used where available
+in furniture construction and for fuel, as are also all the other
+woods.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+COAL.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Not content with covering half the surface of the state with forests
+for fuel, the Creator hid away under the forests an additional
+supply of heat and power sufficient to last its future citizens an
+indefinite period. The white man was not slow to find and locate
+the coal measures in many counties, notably in Kittitas, King,
+Pierce, Lewis, Whatcom and Thurston, and to put it to the task of
+driving his machinery. The coal measures of these counties are of
+vast extent, and, although little developed yet, there are 3,000,000
+tons of coal mined annually in Washington. Other counties are known
+to have coal measures beneath their forests, but as yet they have
+not been opened up for commerce.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The coal already mined includes both lignite and bituminous varieties
+and furnishes fuel for the railroads, steamboats and power plants,
+giving very satisfactory results. Much of the bituminous coal makes
+an excellent article of coke and provides this concentrated carbon
+for the various plants about the state engaged in smelting iron
+and other metals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_11"><span class="page">Page 11</span></a>
+The fixed carbon of the coal ranges from 48 to 65 per cent. and
+the total values in carbon from 64 to 80 per cent. and the ash
+from 3 to 17 per cent. The coal measures underlie probably the
+great bulk of the foothills on both sides of the Cascades and some
+of the Olympics, the Blue mountains of the southeast and some of
+the low mountains in the northeastern part of the state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Besides these coals already mentioned, it is known that veins of
+anthracite coal exist in the western part of Lewis county, the
+extent and value of which have not been fully determined, and, owing
+to the absence of transportation, are not on the market.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+MINERAL ORES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The general topography of the state suggests at once the probability
+of deposits of ores of the precious metals, and the cursory prospecting
+already done justifies the outlook. Practically the entire mountain
+regions are enticing fields for the prospector. Substantial rewards
+have already been realized by many who have chanced the hardships,
+and there are now in operation many mining enterprises which are
+yearly adding a substantial sum to the output of the wealth of
+the state. The ores occur chiefly in veins of low grade and great
+width and known as base on account of the presence of sulphur,
+arsenic and other elements compelling the ores to be roasted before
+smelting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are, however, some high grade ores in narrow fissures and in
+a few localities free milling ores and placer deposits are found.
+In most cases the free milling ores are the result of oxidation and
+will be found to be base as water level is reached in the mining
+process.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Mining of precious metals is being prosecuted in Whatcom, Skagit,
+Snohomish, King, Pierce, Lewis, Skamania, Cowlitz, Okanogan, Chelan,
+Kittitas, Yakima, Klickitat, Ferry and Stevens counties.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of the metals the mines of the state are producing gold, silver,
+lead, copper, quicksilver, zinc, arsenic, antimony, molybdenum,
+<a name="page_12"><span class="page">Page 12</span></a>
+nickel, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, bismuth, sulphur, selenium,
+tellurium, tin and platinum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are also iron mines, and quarries of marble, granite, onyx,
+serpentine, limestone and sandstone&mdash;beds of fire clay, kaolin,
+fire and potter's clays, talc and asbestos and many prospects of
+petroleum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Mining is suffering for the lack of transportation for the low
+grade ores, but prospects are excellent for relief in this regard in
+the near future. The era of wildcat exploitation has been relegated
+to the past and legitimate mining is now getting a firmer hold
+in the state, and we look for results within the next five years
+which will astonish many who think themselves well informed.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+FISHERIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+A glance at the map of the state will disclose a remarkable combination
+of salt and fresh waters within the jurisdiction of the state of
+such a character as to amaze one not familiar with it, but learned
+in the habits of the finny tribe in general.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The ocean is the great feeding ground. Out of its mysterious depths
+the millions of fish come into fresh waters fat and rich from the
+salt water vegetation.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 405px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_9.jpg" width="405" height="710" alt="Plate 9">
+<br />
+Plate No. 9.&mdash;Chelan County Views.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 712px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_10.jpg" width="712" height="405" alt="Plate 10">
+<br />
+Plate No. 10.&mdash;Farm and Dairy Scene Common to Clallam County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The great Columbia river in the south, Willapa harbor, Grays harbor,
+the majestic straits of Fuca and the equally majestic straits of
+Georgia on the north are all great open highways from the sea, not
+only for merchandise laden ships, but for myriads of salt water
+food fishes which annually traverse their bottoms. Into these open
+mouths flows a great network of fresh water rivers and streams,
+draining the entire area of the state and providing the spawning
+waters for the fishes from the sea not only, but for millions of
+strictly fresh water fishes. Not only these, but late years have
+proven the shore waters of the state to produce also great numbers
+of oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp. Nor is this all, because the
+proximity of the state to the ocean gives it a great advantage
+in profiting from the fishing industry among that class of the
+finny hosts who refuse to leave their salt water homes. So that
+from the whales of Bering sea to the speckled beauties that haunt
+the mountain
+<a name="page_13"><span class="page">Page 13</span></a>
+streams, through the long list of delectable salt and fresh water
+food, the fisherman of Washington has an enticing and most profitable
+chance to satisfy his love of sport and adventure not only, but
+to increase his bank account as well.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SOILS AND LANDS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Washington is particularly blessed in having a diversity of soils,
+all admirably adapted to some department of agriculture and giving
+the state the opportunity of great diversity in the occupations
+of its people. The central plateau of eastern Washington, made
+up of level stretches and undulating hills, is all covered with a
+soil composed of volcanic ash and the disintegration of basaltic
+rocks which, together with some humus from decayed vegetation,
+has made a field of surpassing fertility for the production of
+the cereals with scant water supply; but under the magic touch of
+irrigation it doubles its output and makes of it not only a grain
+field but an orchard and garden as well. Underneath the forests
+of eastern Washington, along the northern border of the state and
+in its southeastern corner there is added a large proportion of
+clay, a necessary element for perpetual pasturage, and widening
+the field for fruit growing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In western Washington, upon the bench lands and on the hills and
+foothills the forests are supported upon a gravelly soil, intermixed
+with a peculiar shot clay which disintegrates with successive tillage
+so that when the forests are removed the soil becomes ready for
+all the grasses and grains and fruits. In the valleys more silt
+and humus make up the soil, and when the cottonwoods, alders and
+maples are gone there is left a soil deep and strong for the truck
+gardener and general farmer, which will endure successive tillings
+for ages. At the deltas of the rivers are large reaches of level
+lands, some of which have to be diked to prevent the overflow of
+the tides, which have had added the fertility of the salts of the
+ocean and are probably the richest lands in the state fit for cereals
+and root crops, not omitting the bulbs which have made the deltas
+of Holland famous. There are also extensive peat beds which,
+scientifically
+<a name="page_14"><span class="page">Page 14</span></a>
+fertilized, will produce abundant returns to the intelligent farmer.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+LANDS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The lands of the state are owned, some by Indian tribes, some by
+the general government, some by the state, but largely by individual
+citizens and corporations.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+Indian Lands.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of the Indian lands most of them have been "allotted" and the balance
+will soon be thrown open to settlement. Of these the largest in
+western Washington are the Quinault and Makah reservations and in
+eastern Washington the great Colville reservation. This latter will
+in time make two or three counties of great value, being adapted
+to general farming, dairying, fruit growing and mining, and having
+an abundance of forest area for fuel and building purposes. Those
+in western Washington are timbered areas at present.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+Government Lands.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The remnant of government lands are chiefly among the more barren
+areas of eastern Washington and the poorer forest lands of western
+Washington. The method of obtaining title to government lands is
+generally known, and if not, can be obtained from the general land
+offices, one of which is in Seattle, Olympia, Vancouver, Spokane,
+Waterville, Walla Walla and North Yakima. The government still holds
+title to nearly six million acres, and, while the best has been
+acquired by others, the diligent searcher can still find homesteads
+and desert claims worth energy and considerable expense to secure.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+State Lands.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+A recent estimate of the value of the state lands still in possession
+makes them worth 56 million dollars. They include nearly 3,000,000
+acres, a large portion of which is heavily timbered. These lands
+may be obtained from the state through the state land commissioner
+by purchase outright on very easy terms, or may be leased for a
+term of five to ten years at a low rental, the lessee receiving
+virtually a first right to purchase.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+These state lands are as good as any in the state and offer to the
+homeseeker a splendid opportunity for a start.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_15"><span class="page">Page 15</span></a>
+In this state there are also numerous tide lands, oyster lands,
+and shore lands to be obtained at various prices, both from the
+state and from private individuals who have already acquired title
+from the state.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+WATER POWER.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is probable that no state in the Union is better equipped for
+creating power than the State of Washington. Numerous waterfalls
+of magnitude are already successfully utilized. Among these the
+most noted are the Spokane falls, capable of producing 400,000
+horse power; the Snoqualmie falls, with a sheer descent of 250
+feet, with a capacity of 100,000 horse power; Puyallup river at
+one place is furnishing about 20,000 horse power; the Cedar river
+has a capacity of 50,000 horse wer; the Nooksack falls with 15,000
+horse power already generated; Tumwater falls with 4,000 horse
+power, with Chelan falls, the Meyers falls and the falls of Asotin
+creek all in use to limited extent. The waters of the Yakima river
+are also in use in part for power purposes, but more extensively
+for irrigation. Besides these there are many minor streams already
+harnessed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+But the unused water powers of the state far exceed that portion
+now developed. All its streams are mountain streams, excepting
+perhaps, the Snake and Columbia rivers. These mountain rivers in
+a flow of 50 to 200 miles make a descent of 2,000 to 5,000 feet
+in reaching sea level, providing innumerable opportunities to use
+the falls already created by nature, or to divert the waters and
+produce artificial falls.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+No heritage of the state is of greater value and none more appreciated
+than this water power. Since the introduction of electricity as
+a lighting and motive force, its creation by water power looms
+into immense importance. The exhibition of its achievements to
+be seen in Washington today is amazing to the men whose vision
+of light and power was first with the tallow dip and four-footed
+beasts, and later with kerosene and steam. Electricity, created
+by our water falls, lights our cities and farm homes, draws our
+street cars and some railroad cars&mdash;pushes most of the machinery
+used in manufactories, to the great satisfaction and profit of our
+citizens.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_16"><span class="page">Page 16</span></a>
+GAME.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The State of Washington was once a paradise for the sportsman in
+its every corner. Its desert lands were full of jack rabbits and
+sage hens; over its mountains and foothills roamed herds of elk,
+mountain goats, deer, and many bear, cougar and wild cats. In its
+timbered valleys were pheasants and grouse in plenty. Upon its
+waters and sloughs the wild ducks and geese were in vast flocks,
+while its waters teemed with salmon in many varieties, and several
+families of the cod tribe, sole, flounders, perch, mountain trout
+and other fish.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+While these conditions cannot now be said to exist in full, yet
+at certain seasons, and in some places, the same game, animals,
+birds and fishes are in abundance, and the sportsman, while he
+may not have his "fill," may satisfy a reasonable amount of his
+craving for the excitement of the frontier. The state has deemed
+it wise to restrict the time and place within which its game can
+be taken and the amount a single individual shall kill. These
+regulations suffice partly to preserve the game from extinction
+and help replenish the state's treasury, and are considered wise
+and reasonable.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SCENERY.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+If Washington is mighty in forest possession, provided with fuel
+for centuries in its coal beds, rich in precious metals, with great
+open waterways full of fish roads from the ocean and millions of
+fishes in its inland waters, with game upon its thousand hills and
+its vast plains loaded with waving grains and red with luscious
+fruits, still its crowning glory is its matchless scenery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Towering above the clouds, with its head crowned with eternal snows,
+its sides forever glistening with icy glaciers till their feet touch
+the green tops of its foothills, near the center of the state, stands
+in imposing grandeur the highest mountain of the states&mdash;grand,
+old Mount Rainier.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 710px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_11.jpg" width="710" height="413" alt="Plate 11">
+<br />
+Plate No. 11.&mdash;Fish Cannery at Port Angeles, Clallam County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 707px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_12.jpg" width="707" height="411" alt="Plate 12">
+<br />
+Plate No. 12.&mdash;A Forest Scene in Clallam County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 704px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_13.jpg" width="704" height="415" alt="Plate 13">
+<br />
+Plate No. 13.&mdash;North Bank Bridge Over the Columbia River at Vancouver,
+Clarke County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 709px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_14.jpg" width="709" height="410" alt="Plate 14">
+<br />
+Plate No. 14.&mdash;U. S. Army Post, Vancouver, Clarke County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 703px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_15.jpg" width="703" height="407" alt="Plate 15">
+<br />
+Plate No. 15.&mdash;Stock-Raising in Clarke County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_16.jpg" width="708" height="409" alt="Plate 16">
+<br />
+Plate No. 16.&mdash;A Clarke County Fruit Ranch.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Through its center north and south the Cascade mountains in a zigzag
+course lift their clustered peaks and mountain passes from four
+to eight thousand feet above the sea, while Mount Olympus and his
+colleagues higher still poke their inspiring
+<a name="page_17"><span class="page">Page 17</span></a>
+front heavenward. Between these two white and green clad mountain
+ranges, protected from the blizzards of the southwestern plains
+and from the hurricanes from the ocean, lie in safety the placid
+waters of Washington's great inland sea, matchless Puget Sound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Where else upon the globe is such a diversified stretch of tranquil
+water, upon whose shores the ocean tides ebb and flow, upon whose
+surface the navies of the world could maneuver to their heart's
+content, while visible from shore to shore are the vast evergreen
+forests, interlaced with winding waters and stretching gently upwards
+till they reach the visible mountain peaks a hundred miles away,
+thousands of feet skyward?
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Scarcely less enchanting is the view eastward from the Rainier's
+lofty height&mdash;a vast stretch of hill and plain almost surrounded
+by green mountain sides, through whose gray and green fields flow
+the great winding courses of the mighty Columbia and the lazy Snake
+rivers, while a multitude of smaller streams gleam through the
+forest sides of the mountains over innumerable waterfalls. Here
+within the foothills you gaze upon the largest lake within the
+state, a beauty spot to enchant alike the artist and the sportsman.
+Deep within its rocky sides and full of speckled beauties lying
+like a mirror in the stretch of green hills about it, lies Lake
+Chelan, and on its unruffled bosom a fleet of boats ply for fifty
+miles beyond its outlet till reach the mining foothills of the
+mountains. A hundred miles eastward, still among the scattered
+pines of northeastern Washington, the Spokane river tumbles in
+masses of foam and spray over a succession of rocky falls on its
+way to the Columbia, while still further on the Pend d'Oreille
+and upper reaches of the Columbia river flow close up among the
+mountains and foothills and present a series of beautiful combinations
+of rock, trees, hills and valleys, of forests and waterfalls of
+magnificent beauty. Washington in its scenery is magnificent in
+proportions, wonderful in its variety, grand and imposing in form
+and feature&mdash;picturesque&mdash;enticing&mdash;"a thing of
+beauty and a joy forever."
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_18"><span class="page">Page 18</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.
+</h2>
+
+<h4>
+LUMBERING.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The description of the resources of a state naturally suggests what
+its industries are. The forests of western Washington inevitably lead
+to the lumber industry and the fertile soil of eastern Washington
+point as unerringly to agriculture. These are the two great industries
+of the state. The lumberman and the farmer are in the majority.
+Already there are sawmills enough in operation to cut up all the
+standing timber in the state within fifty years. They employ probably
+100,000 men. This includes those engaged in logging and the subsidiary
+industries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of the trees the fir is pre-eminently useful, and more than half of
+the forests of the state are fir trees. It is of greater strength
+than any of the others and hence is used for all structural work
+where strength is of special importance. It is rather coarse grained,
+but when quarter sawed produces a great variety of grains very
+beautiful and capable of high finish and is extensively used for
+inside finishings for houses as well as for frame work. Its strength
+makes it ideal for the construction of ships. The yellow pine is
+strong, medium grained and well fitted for general building purposes,
+and is very extensively used in eastern Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Cedar is very light and close grained and is chiefly used for shingles,
+and for this purpose has no superior. The cheaper grades are also
+used for boxes and sheathing for houses and many other purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The spruce furnishes an odorless wood especially useful for butter
+tubs; for shelving and similar uses it is superior to either the
+fir or cedar. It is a white, close grained lumber, and appreciating
+in value.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The hemlock, whose bark produces tannin for the tanneries, is also
+a close grained light wood coming more and more into
+<a name="page_19"><span class="page">Page 19</span></a>
+general use, for many purposes, especially where it will not be
+exposed to the weather.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Logs frequently seven feet in diameter require big saws, and big
+carriers 50 to 100 feet long, and hence Washington has probably
+the largest sawmills in the world.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Our lumber is used at home and shipped all over the world to make
+bridges, ships, houses, floors, sash, doors, boxes, barrels, tubs,
+etc. Factories for the manufacture of wood products are scattered
+all over the state. Most of the sawmills and some factories are
+driven by steam made by burning sawdust, slabs, and other refuse
+of the mills. Coal and electricity, however, are both in use.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+COAL MINING.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The mining of coal for foreign and domestic purposes is one of
+the most important of Washington's industries. The annual output
+of the mines is about three million tons, worth about eight million
+dollars; Fifty thousand tons of coke are made annually, worth at
+the ovens about $300,000. The coal mining industry gives employment
+to 6,000 men. The production of coal for 1907 was distributed as
+follows:
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" class="center">
+<tr>
+ <td>Kittitas County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">1,524,421</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td>King County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">1,446,966</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td>Pierce County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">612,539</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td>Lewis County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">101,275</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td>Thurston County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">33,772</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td>Whatcom County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">3,160</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td>Clallam County, tons</td>
+ <td class="right">300</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The coke nearly all comes from Pierce county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Nearly forty different corporations and individuals are engaged
+in coal mining. The coals thus far commercially mined are chiefly
+lignite and bituminous. These coal measures lie along the base of
+the foothills, chiefly of the Cascade mountains. Higher up are
+some mines of anthracite coals, not yet on the market for lack of
+transportation. As far as discovered they are chiefly near the
+headwaters of the Cowlitz river in Lewis county. Coal forms the
+largest factory in furnishing steam for the mill roads. Some of
+the railroads, notably the
+<a name="page_20"><span class="page">Page 20</span></a>
+Northern Pacific and Great Northern, own their own mines and mine
+the coal for their own engines and shops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is also the main fuel supply for domestic uses, although fir
+and yellow pine cordwood is extensively used when the cost of
+transportation is not too great.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Coal is also the chief fuel used in steamboats, both those plying
+over inland waters and the ocean-going boats as well. Here also,
+however, the fir wood proves a good substitute and is used to some
+extent by local steamers on the Sound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Coal is also used to create both steam and electricity for most
+of the large heating plants in the cities and in many factories
+and manufacturing plants, flour mills, elevators, etc. The fact
+that vast coal measures lie within 50 miles of the seaports of Puget
+Sound is a very important factor in insuring the construction of
+manufacturing establishments and the concentration of transportation
+in these ports.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Coal is also used in all the large cities for the manufacture of
+illuminating gas and as a by-product of this industry coke, coal
+tar, and crude creosote are produced.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The coke from the ovens goes chiefly to the smelters for the reduction
+of ores, both of the precious metals and iron.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+METAL MINING.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The mining industry other than coal is quite rapidly reaching importance
+among our industries. There are in the state three large smelters,
+whose annual output of precious metals far surpasses in value the
+output of our coal mines. The ores for these values, however, do
+not all come from the mines of this state. Other states, British
+Columbia, Alaska, and some foreign countries help furnish the ores.
+But Washington has within its borders a great mineralized territory,
+not yet thoroughly prospected and very little developed, yet which
+materially assists in supplying these smelters with their ores.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 707px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_17.jpg" width="707" height="408" alt="Plate 17">
+<br />
+Plate No. 17.&mdash;Ocean-Going Raft, Built at Stella, Cowlitz County,
+by the Oregon Rafting Company.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 407px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_18.jpg" width="407" height="709" alt="Plate 18">
+<br />
+Plate No. 18.&mdash;COWLITZ COUNTY TIMBER. This Stick Was 301 Feet Long
+and 36 Feet in Circumference at Stump.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The smelter at Everett receives a steady supply of arsenical ores
+of copper, lead, gold, silver and zinc from the mines of Snohomish
+county which are of magnitude sufficient to make profitable the
+railroad which has been built to Monte Cristo
+<a name="page_21"><span class="page">Page 21</span></a>
+purposely for these ores. This smelter has a special plant for
+saving the arsenic in these ores, which materially adds to the
+value of its output and is said to be the only one of its kind in
+the nation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Besides the mines at Monte Cristo, there are copper mines being
+successfully worked at Index, whose ores are shipped both to Everett
+and Tacoma.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+At Tacoma is located one of the largest smelting and refining plants
+in the nation, which draws its ores from all parts of the world. At
+North Port in Stevens county is a smelter which is chiefly supplied
+with ores from this state, supplemented by those of British Columbia.
+At Republic in Ferry county are mines producing gold and silver
+ores of such extent as to have induced the building of a branch
+line of railroad to carry their ores to this smelter. There are
+also in Stevens county large deposits of silver-lead ores, which
+will be large producers as soon as better transportation is secured.
+This last statement is also true regarding many mines in other
+counties.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+FISHING INDUSTRY.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The business of catching, preserving and selling fish gives employment
+probably to more than 10,000 men in this state and adds probably
+four million dollars annually to its wealth production. The fishes
+include salmon, which is the chief commercial species, cod in many
+varieties, halibut, salmon trout, perch, sole, flounders, smelt,
+herring, sardines, oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp from its salt
+waters, and sturgeon, trout, perch, black bass, white fish and
+many others from the fresh water. Great quantities of salmon and
+halibut are shipped in ice-packed boxes, fresh from the waters,
+to all parts of the nation. Of these fish, many salmon, halibut
+and cod are caught in Alaskan waters and brought into this state
+to be cured and prepared for the market.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The salmon are chiefly packed in tin cans after being cooked; the
+cod are handled as are the eastern cod, dried and salted. The business
+of handling the smelts, herring, etc., is in its infancy, as is
+also that of the shellfish.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_22"><span class="page">Page 22</span></a>
+The propagation of oysters, both native and eastern, is assuming
+great importance in many places in the state. In Shoalwater bay,
+Willipa bay, Grays harbor, and many of the bays and inlets of Puget
+Sound, oysters are being successfully grown. In some instances
+oyster farms are paying as much as $1,000 per acre. The state has
+sold many thousand acres of submerged lands for this purpose. It
+has also reserved several thousand acres of natural oyster beds,
+from which the seed oysters are annually sold at a cheap price to
+the oyster farmers, who plant them upon their own lands and market
+them when full grown.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The native oysters are much smaller than the eastern oysters and
+of a distinct flavor, but command the same prices in the market.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+AGRICULTURE.
+</h4>
+
+<h5>
+Cereals.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The largest and most important industry in the state is without
+doubt the cultivation of the soil. The great variety of the soils
+and climatic conditions has made the state, in different parts,
+admirably adapted to a large variety of farm products. Vast fields of
+wheat cover a large proportion of the uplands of eastern Washington,
+the average yield of which is greater than that of any other state
+in the Union.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The diked lands of western Washington produce oats at the rate
+of 100 to 125 bushels per acre. In some counties in southeastern
+Washington barley is more profitable than any other cereal, on
+account of the large yield and superior quality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Corn is successfully raised in some of the irrigated lands, but is
+not as profitable as some other crops and hence is not an important
+factor in Washington's grain supply. Rye, buckwheat, and flax, are
+successfully grown in many localities. In western Washington,
+particularly, peas form an important ration for stock food and
+are extensively raised for seed, excelling in quality the peas of
+most other states.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+<a name="page_23"><span class="page">Page 23</span></a>
+Hops.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Hops are a large staple product in many counties of the state.
+They are of excellent quality, and the yield is large and their
+cultivation generally profitable. The chief drawback is in the
+fluctuations of the market price.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Grass and Hay.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Grass here, as elsewhere, is very little talked about, although it
+is one of the large elements that make the profits of agriculture.
+Saying nothing of the vast amount of grass consumed green, the
+state probably produces a million tons of hay annually, averaging
+$10 per ton in value. Western Washington is evergreen in pasturage
+as well as forests and no spot in the Union can excel it for annual
+grass production.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+East of the mountains a very large acreage is in alfalfa, with a
+yield exceeding six tons per acre.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Potatoes.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+On the alluvial soils of western Washington and the irrigated lands
+of the eastern valleys, potatoes yield exceedingly heavy crops of
+fine tubers, often from 400 to 600 bushels per acre. All other
+root crops are produced in abundance.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Beets.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Extensive experiments have proved that the sugar beet can be raised
+profitably in many counties and sugar is now on the markets of
+the state, made within its borders from home-grown beets.
+</p>
+
+<h5>
+Truck Gardening.
+</h5>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Garden stuff is supplied to all the large cities chiefly from
+surrounding lands in proper seasons, but much is imported from
+southern localities to supply the market out of season. The soils
+utilized for this purpose are the low alluvial valley lands and
+irrigated volcanic ash lands. The yield from both is astonishing
+to people from the eastern prairie states, and even in western
+Washington, with its humid atmosphere and cool nights, tomatoes,
+squashes and sweet corn are being generously furnished the city
+markets. The warm irrigated lands of eastern
+<a name="page_24"><span class="page">Page 24</span></a>
+Washington produce abundant crops of melons, cucumbers, squashes
+and all other vegetables.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+HORTICULTURE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The conditions for successful fruit growing are abundant, and peculiarly
+adapted to produce excellence in quality and quantity in nearly all
+parts of the state, but some localities have better conditions
+for some particular fruits than others, e. g., western Washington
+excels in the raising of raspberries and other small fruits of
+that sort, its climate and soils being suited to the production
+of large berries and heavy yields.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Certain localities in eastern Washington excel in the yield of
+orchard fruits, chiefly on irrigated lands. Owing to the abundant
+sunshine, the fruits of eastern Washington are more highly colored
+than those of other sections of the state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Taking the state as a whole, horticulture is rapidly assuming vast
+importance. Thousands of acres are yearly being added to the area
+of orchards, and remarkable cash returns are being realized from
+the older plantings now in full bearing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This is true of all the common orchard fruits, apples, pears, peaches,
+plums, cherries, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In western Washington large plantings of the small fruits are growing
+in favor, some of the new fruits receiving especial attention. One
+plantation of thirty acres is devoted exclusively to Burbank's
+phenomenal berry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Grapes are being grown on both sides of the mountains, the eastern
+side, however, giving this fruit much more attention. Cranberries
+are being produced in quantities on some of the bog lands near
+the sea coast.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Nuts have been planted on both sides of the mountains in an experimental
+way, and it has been found that walnuts, chestnuts, and filberts are
+profitable. In the southeastern section of the state, nut growing
+bids fair to develop into a considerable industry.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 412px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_19.jpg" width="412" height="705" alt="Plate 19">
+<br />
+Plate No. 19.&mdash;Royal Anne Cherry Tree, Owned by J. H. Rogers,
+Lexington, Cowlitz County. Circumference of this Tree Below First
+Limb, 72-3 Feet. Yield in 1907, 1,500 pounds.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 713px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_20.jpg" width="713" height="409" alt="Plate 20">
+<br />
+Plate No. 20.&mdash;Dairy Herd on Ranch of T. D. Dungan, Kelso, Cowlitz
+County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_21.jpg" width="708" height="415" alt="Plate 21">
+<br />
+Plate No. 21.&mdash;Douglas County Fruit.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_22.jpg" width="714" height="413" alt="Plate 22">
+<br />
+Plate No. 22.&mdash;Douglas County Wheat at Tram Waiting Shipment on
+Columbia River Boats.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+STOCK RAISING.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The glory once enjoyed by this industry is rapidly changing color.
+Formerly, a predominating feature of the state was its
+<a name="page_25"><span class="page">Page 25</span></a>
+big herds feeding gratuitously on government lands. This condition
+still exists to an extent, the forests being utilized, under regulations
+by the government, but the herds are limited.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Individual farms and small herds are now the order of the day and,
+incidentally, better breeds are developing. This is true of horses,
+cattle and sheep. The demand for horses is chiefly for the heavy
+draft animals for use in the logging camps and on the streets of
+the cities, and the demand is fairly well supplied, chiefly in
+eastern Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Good cows and fat steers are always in demand, and Washington's
+market for them is not fully supplied from the home farms. The
+same is true regarding sheep and hogs. The phenomenal growth of
+the seaport towns on Puget Sound and the difficulty in clearing
+the lands in western Washington combine to make the consumption
+exceed the home grown supply, and many are imported from neighboring
+states.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is abundant room for expansion in stock raising in the state.
+Conditions are admirable. Grass is abundant for pasturage, hay is
+a prolific crop, the climate is mild, no pests afflict the cattle,
+and the markets are at the door and always hungry.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+THE DAIRY.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are few states in the Union equal to Washington in its possession
+of natural conditions suited to make dairying profitable. In all of
+western Washington, in the western part of eastern Washington, and
+in both the northeastern and southeastern sections of the state,
+the climate and soil conspire to make ideal grazing. Particularly
+is this true in the western part of the state. All the grasses
+grow in luxuriance, and with proper care and forethought there
+may be secured almost twelve months of green feed annually. The
+crops best adapted for use as ensilage grow well, making large
+yields. Timothy, clover hay and alfalfa are the standbys for winter
+feed so far as the coarse feed is concerned, and while mill stuffs
+and all grains are high in price, so are correspondingly the products
+of the dairy. Butter ranges from 25 cents to 40 cents per pound,
+and milk sells in the coast cities for 10 cents per quart.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_26"><span class="page">Page 26</span></a>
+POULTRY.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Perhaps no part of agriculture is more profitable to the wise farmer
+than his barnyard fowls, and in Washington this is exceptionally
+true. Eggs retail in the coast towns at 25 cents to 60 cents per
+dozen. Turkeys at Thanksgiving time are worth from 25 cents to 30
+cents per pound dressed, and other fowl in proportion. Conditions
+can be made as ideal for poultry raising in this state as anywhere,
+and with the market never satisfied, the poultry raiser has every
+essential to success in his favor.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+BEE CULTURE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Bee culture among the orchards and alfalfa fields of eastern Washington
+is a side line which should not be neglected by the farmer or
+horticulturist. Many are fully alert to the favorable conditions,
+and Washington honey is on sale in the late summer in most of the
+cities and towns until the supply is exhausted, and then that from
+other states comes in to meet the demand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Pasturage for bees is also abundant in many parts of the western
+half of the state, and many a rancher among the forest trees has
+upon his table the products of his own apiary.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+MANUFACTURING OTHER THAN LUMBER.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The State of Washington has natural products either within its
+own borders or nearby, to foster many manufacturing industries,
+besides those having lumber for their raw material.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In the Puget Sound basin are vast deposits of lime rock, which
+is manufactured into commercial lime, supplying the home market
+not only, but is being shipped also to foreign ports. These are
+chiefly on San Juan island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Considerable granite of fine quality is used in building and cemetery
+structures, from quarries in Snohomish and Skagit counties. Sandstone
+is being used for building purposes and is of splendid texture.
+Onyx of great variety and beauty is extensively quarried in Stevens
+county. Marble of good quality is being sawed up to limited extent.
+Quarries in southeastern Alaska furnish rather a better quality
+and are more extensively worked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_27"><span class="page">Page 27</span></a>
+Clays of great variety, including fire clays and those suitable
+for terra cotta, are abundant, and large factories in King county
+are turning out common and pressed brick of many colors and fine
+finish, vitrified brick for street paving, terra cotta, stoneware,
+drain tile, sewer pipe and other kindred products.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+At Concrete, a town of 1,200 people in Skagit county, two factories,
+employing 500 men, are daily turning out 1,400 barrels of Portland
+cement of fine quality, which is finding ready market in all the
+large cities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+At Irondale, in Jefferson county, a large plant has been in operation
+turning out pig iron. It is now in process of being turned into
+a steel plant and within a few months will be turning out steel
+bars and pipes for sewer, gas and other purposes. The ores are
+obtained from Whatcom and Skagit counties, some bog iron in the
+immediate vicinity and additional ores from Vancouver island. More
+than a half million dollars has already been invested and this
+will probably reach a full million when the plant is in complete
+operation. Although iron ores are present in the state in large
+quantities, no other serious effort is being made to supply the
+state with home made pig iron or its products. Here is a vast field
+awaiting brains and capital. The above represent only a few of the
+many lines of manufacturing that have been successfully developed
+in Washington.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Commerce and transportation are two affinities, ever seeking each
+other. They have found on Puget Sound an ideal trysting place. Here
+the ships of the ocean reach immense placid waters, not duplicated
+on either side of the continent, and for this reason the railroads
+have come from the interior to meet them. From foreign ports all over
+the world ocean carriers are bringing in great loads of merchandise
+and passengers, and the railroads coming from the Atlantic coast
+across the entire continent bring like loads of merchandise and
+human freight, and here they are exchanged. Teas from China and
+Japan for cotton from Galveston and cotton goods from Massachusetts;
+<a name="page_28"><span class="page">Page 28</span></a>
+rice and silk, hemp, matting, tin, copper and Japanese bric-a-brac
+are exchanged for grain, flour, fish, lumber, fruit, iron and steel
+ware, paper, tobacco, etc. Merchandise of all sorts from Asia,
+the Philippines, South America and Australia is here exchanged
+for different stuffs raised or made in every part of the American
+continent and some from Europe. This commerce, however, is in its
+infancy. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways have
+fattened on it for years. All their rivals have looked on with
+envious eyes till now a mad rush is on among them all for vantage
+ground. The Milwaukee, Canadian Pacific and Burlington systems
+already run their trains here, while the Union Pacific and others
+are rushing for terminals on Puget Sound tide water. And while
+thus racing for the great long haul prizes, they are incidentally
+giving to the state a complete system of transportation in all
+its parts and for all its multitudinous productions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of almost equal importance to the state is its great fleet of local
+steamers which ply its inland waters, and the numerous electric
+lines that are rapidly uniting its cities and villages and giving
+a new and cheap method of migration. From the city of Spokane and
+radiating in every direction, electric lines are in operation and
+more are in course of construction, bringing the most distant points
+of the great "Inland Empire" into close touch with its metropolis
+and great distributing center. On the west side the same thing is
+true, only in less degree. Between these two groups of transportation
+facilities, and the commerce which the union of rail and tidewater
+has created, the citizens of Washington have found innumerable
+opportunities of employment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+These opportunities are increasing and broadening every year with
+the continued development of the state and in multiplied and varied
+form they await the newcomer who possesses the ability to rise to
+the demands of the situation.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 704px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_23.jpg" width="704" height="410" alt="Plate 23">
+<br />
+Plate No. 23.&mdash;FERRY COUNTY VIEWS. Plant of Karamin Lumber Co.,
+Karamin, Ferry County. (1) Track of Spokane & B. C. Railway. (2)
+Track of Spokane Falls & Northern Ry.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 716px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_24.jpg" width="716" height="415" alt="Plate 24">
+<br />
+Plate No. 24.&mdash;Helphrey Ranch, Curlew, Ferry County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_29"><span class="page">Page 29</span></a>
+OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Washington is a land of widely diverging natural conditions. Its
+topographical characteristics vary from the low southern exposures
+of the inland river valleys, where strawberries mature as early
+as April, to the mountain summits of the Cascades and Olympics,
+where winter reigns supreme the year round. Between these extremes
+may be found every range of climate known to the semi-tropical
+and temperate zones.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+For the Homeseeker.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Our lands include those suitable for the successful raising both
+of the more tender, as well as the hardier fruits. Every grain,
+other than corn, yields splendid results, while the truck gardener,
+small fruit grower, dairyman, stock raiser and, in fact, every man
+who aims to secure a living and a competence from some form of farm
+industry will find, if he looks for it, a spot within the confines
+of this state that will meet his most exacting requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+To insure success in any of the above lines requires pluck, energy,
+stick-to-it-iveness, a determination to secure desired results, and
+some capital. But given these, the man who is looking to Washington
+as a favored location for the establishment of his household gods
+need have no fear of the outcome.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Land may be secured suitable for any of the different purposes
+mentioned, and with proper care it may be made to yield beyond
+the most sanguine expectations. A market is ready and waiting to
+absorb every class of product at profitable prices. Transportation
+facilities are already excellent and the millions now being expended
+in new railway construction through the state give some idea of
+what the future holds forth in this particular.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_30"><span class="page">Page 30</span></a>
+For the Business Man.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+To the business man a new state, developing as is the State of
+Washington, naturally offers numerous and attractive opportunities.
+New communities are springing up along the lines of the Milwaukee,
+the Portland & Seattle, and other railways now in process of
+construction, each demanding its quota of commercial enterprises,
+while the older cities and towns are continually absorbing new
+additions to their population, thus paving the way for new business
+facilities.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+For the Investor.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The investor will find an attractive field of action in Washington,
+and with the exercise of caution and prudence may anticipate far
+better returns than he has been accustomed to, without undue risk
+of the impairment of his capital. Raw lands, timber lands, improved
+farms, irrigated lands and city and town property are exhibiting
+a steady increase in value and undoubtedly will continue to do so
+for years to come. The capitalist may take his choice of any of
+these forms of investment, or he may turn to private, industrial or
+municipal securities which are constantly being offered on excellent
+terms and based upon unimpeachable assets.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+For the Manufacturer.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+To the manufacturer this state offers all the conditions that may
+be classed as prerequisite to success. Cheap electric power is
+available in nearly every community of any size in the state, while
+millions of horse power remain still undeveloped in the rivers and
+mountain streams. Raw material is here, in abundance, and the markets
+of the world are accessible through rail and water transportation.
+The principal manufactured products of the state consist of lumber
+and lumber products, flour, feed and various cereal foods, butter,
+cheese, evaporated milk, crackers and candy, baking powder, soda,
+fruit extracts, clothing, boots and shoes, baskets, bags, beer,
+ice, brick and other clay products, iron products, wagons and
+agricultural implements, turpentine, leather products, cordage,
+saws, boilers, asbestos, water pipes, tin cans, railway equipment,
+ships and
+<a name="page_31"><span class="page">Page 31</span></a>
+boats, canned fruits and vegetables and a variety of other products.
+Desirable locations are frequently offered free to those who will
+establish manufacturing industries.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+For the Wage Earner.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The wage earner who comes to this state sufficiently fortified
+to maintain himself and family for a period may usually expect to
+find satisfactory employment at good wages. Washington has never
+been exploited as a poor man's paradise, but there is a tremendous
+development in progress throughout the state in every line of industry
+and there is a steady demand for mechanics and laborers of all
+classes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The foregoing is intended to present in brief form an outline of
+the opportunities that await the enterprising newcomer in this
+state. Success is being achieved in all of the various lines touched
+upon, by thousands who have located here in the past few years,
+and as yet the resources of the state have scarcely been touched.
+The future of Washington is big with promise, based upon results
+already achieved, and in that future the newcomer may expect to
+participate in proportion to the effort he expends.
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_32"><span class="page">Page 32</span></a>
+WASHINGTON'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The importance of a complete and well rounded public educational
+system has not been overlooked at any stage in the growth and
+development of this commonwealth. From kindergarten to university
+no link is wanting to supply the ambitious boy or girl with the
+very best training that modern educational experts have evolved.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The common school system of the state is based upon the theory
+that every child must be educated, and that the state must provide
+the facilities for the accomplishment of this purpose. This theory
+has been carried out so thoroughly and intelligently that there is
+scarcely a child in the state of school age who does not live within
+easy reach of a school house. Moreover, attendance is compulsory and
+no child is excused unless satisfactory reasons are presented to
+the proper authorities.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENT.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Upon admission of Washington to statehood a land endowment was
+granted to the state by the federal government for common school
+purposes which in round numbers totals nearly two and one-half
+millions of acres. This land is offered for sale or lease by the
+state, through the office of the state land commissioner, and the
+proceeds constitute a permanent and irreducible fund to be invested
+for educational purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In addition to the foregoing lands, the state university has an
+endowment of 100,000 acres; the agricultural college, 90,000 acres;
+the scientific school, 100,000 acres, and the state normal schools,
+100,000 acres. As yet only a small portion of these lands has been
+disposed of. The expense of maintaining our schools, therefore,
+is met almost entirely by taxation.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 707px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_25.jpg" width="707" height="407" alt="Plate 25">
+<br />
+Plate No. 25.&mdash;View of the Country Near Curlew, Ferry County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 718px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_26.jpg" width="718" height="411" alt="Plate 26">
+<br />
+Plate No. 26.&mdash;Three-Year-Old Orchard, Near Pasco, Franklin County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 715px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_27.jpg" width="715" height="413" alt="Plate 27">
+<br />
+Plate No. 27.&mdash;Combined Harvester Operating in the Wheat Fields of
+Franklin County. This Machine Cuts, Threshes and Sacks the Grain,
+Depositing the Filled Sacks on the Ground as it Moves Through the Field.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 393px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_28.jpg" width="393" height="689" alt="Plate 28">
+<br />
+Plate No. 28.&mdash;(1) A Jefferson County Country Home. (2) A logging
+Railroad, Jefferson County. (3) Prize Products, Jefferson County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 402px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_29.jpg" width="402" height="712" alt="Plate 29">
+<br />
+Plate No. 29.&mdash;JEFFERSON COUNTY RURAL VIEWS. Field of Oats and
+Vetch Yielding 5 Tons Per Acre. Herd of High-Grade Holstein Dairy County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 711px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_30.jpg" width="711" height="711" alt="Plate 30">
+<br />
+Plate No. 30.&mdash;View of Waterfront, Port Townsend, Jefferson County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+HIGHER INSTITUTIONS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The University of Washington occupies a campus of 350 acres, located
+entirely within the limits of the city of Seattle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_33"><span class="page">Page 33</span></a>
+The buildings of the university consist of the administration building,
+science hall, chemistry building, engineering building, power house,
+dormitories for men and women, and other smaller buildings. In addition
+to the foregoing, the university will come into the possession
+of a number of commodious structures at the conclusion of the
+Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. For the current year, the enrollment
+of students at the university is 1,838. The faculty consists of
+115 members and for the ensuing biennial period the legislature
+appropriated the sum of $673,000 for the support of the institution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The State College of Washington is located at Pullman, in Whitman
+county. This institution emphasizes technical and scientific education
+and in its agricultural departments has accomplished remarkable results.
+It is annually giving the state a number of highly trained experts in
+modern agricultural science, and the farming interests of the state
+have been greatly assisted by the work of the college. Instruction is
+given in civil engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering,
+geology, botany, chemistry, zoology, economic science and history,
+modern languages, domestic economy, besides the practical operation
+of a dairy farm and other branches of agricultural industry. The
+institution, in addition to its land endowment, receives annual
+assistance from the federal government and a biennial appropriation
+from the state legislature.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The state also maintains three normal schools, located respectively
+in the cities of Bellingham, Ellensburg and Cheney. These institutions
+have a combined attendance of about 850 and are the recruiting
+ground for securing instructors in the public schools.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+At Vancouver is the State School for the Deaf and Blind. The defective
+youth of the state are cared for in a well equipped institution
+located at Medical Lake, in Spokane county, and at Chehalis is
+the state training school for incorrigibles.
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_34"><span class="page">Page 34</span></a>
+LOGGED-OFF LANDS.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The problem of making a home and providing a competency for old
+age upon the lands in western Washington is somewhat different
+and more difficult than doing the same upon the prairie lands of
+the east. As they come to the hands of the would-be tiller of the
+soil, they present a forbidding and disagreeable aspect. The loggers
+have left them with considerable standing timber, with the tops of
+the giants of the forests lying where they fell, scattered over
+the land and covering it with an almost impenetrable mass of great
+limbs and brush and dead logs. If seen in the summer, there is
+added the view of a mass of green vegetation, rank and to a large
+extent covering up the mass of dead stuff left by the loggers with
+the huge stumps sticking up through it all, mute monuments of the
+lost wealth of the forest. In some instances this is somewhat relieved
+by the fact that, either by accident or design, the fire has been
+there and swept through it all, leaving nothing but blackened and
+smouldering emblems of its prior greatness. In this case, however,
+only the lighter part of the refuse has been destroyed. The great
+stumps of fir and cedar are there still, blackened and perhaps
+with their dead hearts burned out. Great and small decaying logs
+are there, some too wet to burn, some with the bark alone burned
+off, and some with the dead centers burned out, scattered about
+or piled in crisscross masses as they had fallen during the ages
+of the forest's growth. In either case it looks different from
+the smooth surface of the sagebrush plains about to be converted
+into irrigated farms or the clean face of the prairie lands covered
+with grass and ready and longing for the plow. But with all their
+forbidding aspects, black with a portentous cloud of hard labor
+and long waiting, their known hidden wealth lures on the hardy
+pioneer to the task. He throws off his coat, rolls up his sleeves,
+gathers together his tools, and with the indomitable courage of
+the Anglo-Saxon
+<a name="page_35"><span class="page">Page 35</span></a>
+tackles the problem, works and fights and rests by turns till within
+a few years he finds himself triumphant. Eventually, beneath his own
+orchard trees laden with fruit, and in the comfort and delight of
+his big home fireplace, he contemplates the rewards of his struggle,
+as he sees his cows complacently chewing their cuds in his green
+pastures and listens to the neigh of his fat horses, and at his
+table, laden with all the bounty of his rich lands, thanks his Maker
+for the successful completion of a hard struggle and the enjoyment
+it has brought to him and his family.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+MODERN METHODS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Having thus presented the picture in perspective, we will now work
+out some of the details which help to rob it of its difficulty and
+add to its attractiveness. If the lands have not been burned off,
+and in many instances where this has been done, the rancher will
+find a lot of cedar logs, perhaps partially burned, and possibly
+long black stubs that it will be wise to save. Cut into proper
+lengths and put into piles for preservation, they will make his raw
+material for fencing, barns, etc. The cedar is straight-grained,
+splits easy, and true, and to the rancher is very valuable, taking
+the place of sawed lumber for a great many farm purposes. Having
+carefully saved the cedar, the rancher will fire his clearing, thus
+getting rid of a large share of the logger's waste with practically
+no labor. To the task of disposing of the remaining logs and stumps
+he will bring modern tools and methods into action. The axe and
+shovel and hand lever have given place to gunpowder, the donkey
+engine, derrick and winch. Stump powder puts all the big stumps
+into pieces easily. The modern stump-puller lifts out the smaller
+stumps with ease. The donkey engine and derrick pull together and
+pile the stumps and logs into great heaps, and once more the friendly
+fire helps out; and while the dusky woodlands are lighted up with
+passing glory the rancher sleeps to wake up and find his fields
+almost ready for his plow, nor has the task had half the hard labor
+nor consumed half the time that years ago would have been expended
+in clearing the same amount of oak and maple and hickory land in
+the valley
+<a name="page_36"><span class="page">Page 36</span></a>
+of the Mississippi. It should be said, however, that what is gained
+in time and saved in labor costs money. The expense of clearing the
+logged-off land by these modern methods and tools will run from
+$40 to $150 per acre, dependent upon various conditions, number
+and size of stumps, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are in western Washington thousands of acres which are being
+pastured and tilled, from which the large stumps have not been
+removed. In these instances the same methods can be used, handling
+all the small logs and stumps and litter, and after the first burning,
+carefully repiling and burning the refuse and then seeding to grass.
+In the ashes and loose soil, grass seed readily starts, and a single
+season will suffice to provide fairly good pasturage, which will
+annually grow better.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+COST OF LABOR AND MATERIAL.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The following table, taken from the report of a government inspector,
+will give an idea of the cost of the different materials and labor
+used in clearing logged-off land:
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Cost of removing stumps from 1 foot to 4 feet in diameter from 120
+acres of land in 1907:
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" class="center">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">MONTH.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">Powder,<br />lbs.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">Fuse,<br />ft.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">Caps,<br />No.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">Stumps,<br />No.</th>
+ <th colspan="2" class="btb">Labor.</th>
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Hours.</th>
+ <th class="bb">Dollars.</th>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">June</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,700</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10,100</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,400</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,135</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,380</td>
+ <td class="right">$650.00</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">July</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,750</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,050</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td class="right_br">239</td>
+ <td class="right_br">260</td>
+ <td class="right">87.00</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">August</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,750</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,700</td>
+ <td class="right_br">700</td>
+ <td class="right_br">445</td>
+ <td class="right_br">324</td>
+ <td class="right">114.90</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">September</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,950</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,160</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td class="right_br">383</td>
+ <td class="right_br">324</td>
+ <td class="right">126.37</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">October</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,250</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">300</td>
+ <td class="right_br">237</td>
+ <td class="right_br">198</td>
+ <td class="right">77.53</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">November</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">2,350</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">3,100</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">800</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">378</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">283</td>
+ <td class="right_bb">114.97</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="br">Total</th>
+ <td class="right_br">23,750</td>
+ <td class="right_br">21,100</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,100</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,818</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,709</td>
+ <td class="right">$1,170.77</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Av. pr. Stump</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6.22</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5.52</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.33</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.987</td>
+ <td class="right">0.3006</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Av. Cost, cents</td>
+ <td class="right_br">19.76</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.37</td>
+ <td class="right_br">.87</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The average cost of the removal of each stump is shown below:
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" class="center">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="right"><i>Cents.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Powder</td><td class="right">49.76</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fuse</td><td class="right">2.37</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Caps</td><td class="right">.87</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Labor</td><td class="right">30.66</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Total</th><td class="right">83.06</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The average cost of the materials used was as follows: Powder,
+per pound, 8 cents; fuse, per 100 feet, 43 cents; caps, per 100,
+65 cents.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 413px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_31.jpg" width="413" height="716" alt="Plate 31">
+<br />
+Plate No. 31.&mdash;View of Second Avenue, Seattle, During Parade of
+Marines from Atlantic Fleet, May 26, 1908.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 718px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_32.jpg" width="718" height="417" alt="Plate 32">
+<br />
+Plate No. 32.&mdash;A Corner of the Seattle Public Market. Truck
+Gardeners Find Ready Sale for Their Wares Here the Year Round.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_37"><span class="page">Page 37</span></a>
+There are probably two and one-third million acres of logged-off
+lands in the state, of which only half a million are under tillage
+or pasturage. The same report shows the distribution of these lands
+as follows:
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
+<tr>
+ <th class="btrb">COUNTY.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Acreage merchantable timber.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Acreage logged off.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Acreage in cultivation.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Total acreage.</th>
+ <th class="btb">Per cent. suitable for agriculture.</th>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">583,200</td>
+ <td class="right_br">112,748</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11,216</td>
+ <td class="right_br">807,432</td>
+ <td class="right">90</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Clallam</td>
+ <td class="right_br">296,611</td>
+ <td class="right_br">195,933</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11,784</td>
+ <td class="right_br">504,329</td>
+ <td class="right">75</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Clarke</td>
+ <td class="right_br">190,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">108,661</td>
+ <td class="right_br">51,570</td>
+ <td class="right_br">350,231</td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">25,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">20,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">704,000</td>
+ <td class="right">75</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Island</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8,013</td>
+ <td class="right_br">99,866</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9,317</td>
+ <td class="right_br">117,196</td>
+ <td class="right">75</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Jefferson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">186,647</td>
+ <td class="right_br">59,427</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,657</td>
+ <td class="right_br">254,385</td>
+ <td class="right">50</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="right_br">640,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">110,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">74,857</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,243,000 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="right_br">45,429</td>
+ <td class="right_br">171,364</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,978</td>
+ <td class="right_br">224,771 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">543,995</td>
+ <td class="right_br">160,425</td>
+ <td class="right_br">47,059</td>
+ <td class="right_br">884,050</td>
+ <td class="right">65</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Mason</td>
+ <td class="right_br">240,211</td>
+ <td class="right_br">150,430</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,540</td>
+ <td class="right_br">398,181 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pacific</td>
+ <td class="right_br">367,827</td>
+ <td class="right_br">62,720</td>
+ <td class="right_br">23,042</td>
+ <td class="right_br">453,139 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="right_br">413,044</td>
+ <td class="right_br">150,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">27,915</td>
+ <td class="right_br">658,052</td>
+ <td class="right">75</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">San Juan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">80,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">95,684 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="right_br">306,759</td>
+ <td class="right_br">149,923</td>
+ <td class="right_br">45,605</td>
+ <td class="right_br">502,287</td>
+ <td class="right">25</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="right_br">258,005</td>
+ <td class="right_br">270,422</td>
+ <td class="right_br">20,908</td>
+ <td class="right_br">558,336 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Thurston</td>
+ <td class="right_br">291,200</td>
+ <td class="right_br">120,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,680</td>
+ <td class="right_br">428,005 </td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Wahkiakum</td>
+ <td class="right_br">74,564</td>
+ <td class="right_br">67,337</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,642</td>
+ <td class="right_br">145,544</td>
+ <td class="right">50</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">78,405</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">258,302</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">35,059</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">371,766 </td>
+ <td class="right_bb">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,033,911</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,352,109</td>
+ <td class="right_br">428,829</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8,700,388</td>
+ <td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are a great many acres of these lands that can be slicked
+up and burned over and prepared for seeding, not disturbing the
+stumps, at an expense of about $10 per acre. Thus treated, good
+pasturage can be secured cheaply. In time some of the stumps will
+rot out and be easily removed. When the stumps are not too thick,
+the lands can be successfully prepared and planted to orchards
+without removing the stumps, and their unsightly appearance can be
+turned into a thing of beauty and great profit by planting evergreen
+blackberries and loganberries about them, using the stumps for
+trellises. These berries in the climate of western Washington are
+wonderfully prolific and find a greedy market.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+COMPENSATIONS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are several facts about making farms out of logged-off lands
+which should not be lost sight of, because they largely compensate
+for the labor spent in the undertaking. One of these is that the
+problem of fuel is solved for a lifetime and for the coming generation.
+Five acres can be left untouched as a reserve and in a remarkably
+few years it will re-forest itself.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_38"><span class="page">Page 38</span></a>
+The growth of trees under the humid atmosphere of western Washington
+is astonishing, and a very few years will suffice to provide one
+with a wood lot to last a generation. Meanwhile some of the fir
+logs and alder and maple trees will be preserved from the fire and
+piled up to provide fuel for the years until the wood lot furnishes
+a fresh green supply.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Then, too, as has already been suggested, the fence question, no
+small item in a prairie country, is satisfactorily answered with
+no expenditure but for labor. The cedar logs, splitting with ease,
+can be turned into rails or boards or posts&mdash;preferably the
+former&mdash;and the rails put on top of each other between two
+posts fastened together at the top make as good a hog-tight and
+cattle-proof fence as can be desired, and these rails will last in
+the fence for a century. For the house, doubtless more satisfaction
+can be had by patronizing the nearest saw-mill, although many houses
+made out of split cedar timbers and boards are in the state, proofs
+at once of the usefulness of this timber and the hardihood and
+ingenuity of the rancher. But for the barn and stable, pig-stye,
+hennery, chicken-coop and fruit boxes, and a great many other things,
+the rancher patronizes his reserve log pile instead of the lumber
+yard, and saves time and labor in so doing. Another fact which
+compensates the rancher in western Washington in the struggle for
+a home which will provide a safe and generous support in his old age
+is that during all the labor and waiting he is enjoying a delightful
+climate, in which no blizzard drives him from his work. No cyclone
+endangers his life and fortune. No snakes lurk in the underbrush.
+No clouds of dust blind his eyes. No sultry summer suns make him
+gasp for breath, and no intense cold freezes his face or feet.
+He can work if he wishes as many days as there are in the year,
+and know that every stroke of his axe or mattock is a part of his
+capital safely invested that will pay back an annual dividend for
+a lifetime. No soil will respond to his energy more quickly or
+more generously.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is one more possible compensation. Fir logs and stumps and
+roots and bark are all full of pitch. Factories are now in operation
+that are turning this wood into charcoal and
+<a name="page_39"><span class="page">Page 39</span></a>
+saving and refining all the by-products, particularly turpentine,
+wood alcohol, pitch and tar. These factories are successful and
+paying dividends, but are on a large scale and permanently located.
+It is probable that some genius will soon evolve a movable plant,
+capable of serving the same purpose, which can go from one ranch
+to another. When this is done, it will be found that the refuse
+left by the logger is worth several times more than the cost of
+getting it off the land with powder and fire, and, instead of being
+a burden upon the land of $100 per acre, will become a matter of
+merchandise to be sold for much more and removed from the land
+with no expense to the owner.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As a final word, it should be remembered that, after these lands
+are put under good tillage, every acre can be made to return more
+than the cost of clearing annually. Western Washington has never
+been able to produce enough to feed its wonderfully increasing
+population. Meats, vegetables, fruits, poultry, eggs, etc., are
+all constantly coming in from outside to supply the markets. This
+condition keeps prices high. It has been so for twenty years, and
+will be for twenty years to come. From $100 to $500 per acre per
+year can be had from fruits and vegetables. The same can be realized
+from poultry, nor will the dairy fall far behind when the scrub
+cow is abandoned and a choice thoroughbred animal takes its place
+and the soil is intensely tilled and fertilized.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The logged-off lands when first looked at are black and big labor
+and difficulties. When the problem is intelligently
+understood&mdash;undertaken with comprehension and some capital
+and plenty of grit&mdash;the solution is easy and the rewards ample
+and gratifying.
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_40"><span class="page">Page 40</span></a>
+IRRIGATION IN WASHINGTON.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The lands which require irrigation in the state are chiefly the lower
+lands in the valleys of the rivers east of the Cascade mountains.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The winds from the Pacific, though heavily laden with moisture,
+are forced to surrender the greater portion to western Washington,
+as they meet the cold heights of the mountain ranges. The mountains
+themselves receive a very heavy fall of snow in winter, which fills
+the lakes and sources of the rivers on the eastern side, providing
+a large amount of water available for irrigation purposes, for
+lands not too far distant. Within fifty miles from the mountain
+peaks there is a drop of about 4,000 feet. The sides of the valleys
+in the main are gradual slopes. These conditions make irrigation
+very feasible. Its wonderful results have been seen and the process
+of irrigation has found a wide field within the past few years.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+THE IRRIGATION AREA.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Not only the Yakima valley, where this method of farming had its
+beginning in the state, but many other places, are now being made
+productive which were once thought wholly worthless on account of
+their aridity. Among these are the Wenatchee valley, the Entiat,
+the Methow, the Chelan, and the Okanogan&mdash;all on the slope of
+the Cascades. The immediate low lands of the Columbia and Snake
+rivers and considerable of the narrow valleys of the small streams
+emptying into them have in many instances been irrigated.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 421px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_33.jpg" width="421" height="734" alt="Plate 33">
+<br />
+Plate No. 33.&mdash;King County Rural Views.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 712px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_34.jpg" width="712" height="421" alt="Plate 34">
+<br />
+Plate No. 34.&mdash;HOW THE HILLS MAKE WAY FOR THE
+SKYSCRAPERS IN SEATTLE. 1907&mdash;Last of Hotel Washington.
+1908&mdash;New Hotel Washington.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_35.jpg" width="714" height="414" alt="Plate 35">
+<br />
+Plate No. 35.&mdash;A Portion of the City of Seattle Overlooking the Harbor.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_36.jpg" width="714" height="415" alt="Plate 36">
+<br />
+Plate No. 36.&mdash;Torpedo-Boat Destroyer in Government
+Drydock at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 712px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_37.jpg" width="712" height="409" alt="Plate 37">
+<br />
+Plate No. 37.&mdash;Steamship Dakota in Government
+Drydock at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 410px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_38.jpg" width="410" height="716" alt="Plate 38">
+<br />
+Plate No. 38.&mdash;A Kittitas County Apple Tree.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The work of reclaiming the arid lands has been wonderfully accelerated
+and widened in scope by the national government. The projects of the
+reclamation service now include practically all of the available
+waters of the Yakima valley for irrigating the lands therein. In
+Yakima county alone there are probably
+<a name="page_41"><span class="page">Page 41</span></a>
+260,000 acres now under ditch, and probably 50,000 more will be
+reclaimed this season. This is probably not more than half the
+lands in the county capable of irrigation. The fact that the general
+government is in control of these projects insures as wide and
+just a distribution of the available waters as possible. The cost
+of irrigation, which is from $50 to $60 per acre, is paid by the
+owners of the land in ten annual payments. There is also an annual
+charge for maintaining the canals from $1.25 to $1.50 per acre.
+These projects of the government cover the lands in Benton and
+Kittitas counties also&mdash;both of these counties being in the
+Yakima valley. The government is also engaged in managing an extensive
+project in the southern part of Okanogan county, where probably
+50,000 acres will be reclaimed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is a large acreage in Franklin and Walla Walla counties,
+about the junctions of the Snake and Columbia rivers, to which
+Pasco is central, which is arid. The government has once turned
+this project down, but is now reconsidering it, and it is reported
+that these lands will soon be put under ditch by the joint action
+of the government and the Northern Pacific railway, which owns
+a large portion of the lands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Meanwhile private enterprises are reclaiming extensive tracts in
+Klickitat county, and in fact nearly all the counties bordering on
+the Columbia and Snake rivers in eastern Washington. It is probable
+that there are more lands capable of irrigation in the state than can
+be irrigated with available waters. This fact adds to the importance
+of the question of what to do with arid lands when no water can be
+put upon them.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+METHODS OF IRRIGATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are three methods in use in supplying water to the arid lands.
+The first and the one most generally adopted for obvious reasons is
+the gravity system. The waters are impounded in lakes or artificial
+reservoirs and carried thence in large main canals, winding about
+the hills so as to secure a low uniform grade. Once established,
+no other force is needed but the usual flow of the water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_42"><span class="page">Page 42</span></a>
+Another method resorted to when the gravity system is impossible
+is to pump the water from the big rivers into smaller reservoirs
+leading to the canals, the pumps being kept busy only during the
+months in which the water is needed. This method is quite successful,
+but requires a somewhat larger annual expenditure. It is being
+used in some extensive projects, the water being taken out of the
+Columbia river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The third method is in securing the water by means of artesian
+wells. This method is naturally limited to small areas, the projects
+being undertaken by individual private owners. Several spots have
+been found in the arid belt where this method is successful.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SOILS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The soils over the entire areas of eastern Washington on the arid
+lands is a volcanic ash mixed with disintegrated basaltic rocks and
+some humus, varying in depth and in the amount of sand it contains.
+The low lands are usually more sandy and warmer and earlier in season.
+The depth of this soil is in some places 80 feet and generally so
+deep as to insure great permanency to its fertility. It readily
+absorbs and holds moisture, and is admirably adapted to artificial
+watering. In some spots there is an injurious surplus of alkali.
+It is generally covered with sagebrush and has the appearance of
+sterility, but upon cultivation under irrigation, produces wonderful
+results in quantity and quality of grains and grasses and fruits
+and vegetables.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+GRAINS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Wheat, oats and corn are successfully grown, but not in large acreage,
+because larger profits can be realized from other crops.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+HOPS AND POTATOES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Hops, for example, which can be produced at a cost of 7-1/2 cents
+per pound, yield from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds per acre, and potatoes,
+yielding from 300 to 500 bushels per acre, and receiving the highest
+market price, are both more profitable than wheat or oats.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_43"><span class="page">Page 43</span></a>
+ALFALFA.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Alfalfa, yielding from eight to ten tons per acre, and commanding
+from $6.00 to $12.00 per ton, is a very profitable crop. Much wheat
+and oats are cut when in the milk and sold for hay, and yield better
+returns than when matured and threshed.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+FRUITS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The smaller fruits are very profitable under irrigation, yielding
+from $300 to $500 net per acre, while apples, pears, peaches, grapes,
+etc., often far exceed these figures, sometimes yielding as much
+as $1,000 per acre net.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+DAIRYING.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Dairying is extensively followed on the irrigated lands, particularly
+in Kittitas county, where the cool atmosphere is very favorable,
+and the farmers find that turning timothy and clover, alfalfa and
+grain hay into butter fat is more profitable than wheat-raising.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PREPARATION OF LAND.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is a good deal of this arid land which will have to be freed
+from the sagebrush and smoothed over before it will be fit for
+irrigation. This expense, together with building headgates and
+lateral ditches, building flumes and seeding to alfalfa, will cost
+from $15.00 to $20.00 per acre, depending upon the character of
+the surface, the size of the sagebrush, and amount of flumes, etc.
+Some, however, very smooth lands can be prepared for seeding at
+less expense.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+DISPOSITION OF CROPS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The hay crops are in large part sold on the ground and fed to cattle
+and sheep which have summered in the mountain ranges and are carried
+through the winters on the farms in the valleys. What is left after
+supplying this demand is baled and shipped by rail to the markets
+on Puget sound, Portland or Spokane. The Sound country is also the
+chief purchaser of the fruits, although many winter apples, on
+account of their superior quality, are shipped to eastern markets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_44"><span class="page">Page 44</span></a>
+Potatoes and other vegetables usually go west, although an occasional
+season finds the eastern market depleted, and then the shipments
+go to the best market.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Hops are sold to be delivered at railroad stations and go east,
+many even to Europe.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+VALUE OF LANDS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The irrigated lands are yearly appreciating in value, mindless of
+the large acreage annually added to the supply. This is largely
+due to the fact that they are bought up and held for speculative
+purposes. However, there are still many farms in the hands of first
+purchasers from the government, and others still to be had directly
+from the government and others from the Northern Pacific company,
+not yet under ditches, which may ultimately be reclaimed. These
+latter can be had from $7.00 to $25.00 per acre. The lands already
+under ditch, or which will soon be irrigated certainly, are held
+from $50 to $100 raw and from $125 to $200 with water rights paid
+for. Much land is on the market, already planted or to be planted
+to orchards, and cared for, for a term of years until the orchards
+are in bearing, which can be purchased on easy terms, ranging in
+price from $200 to $500 per acre.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Nearness to transportation is a valuable factor in determining
+the price of lands&mdash;whether under irrigation or otherwise.
+The lands being irrigated in eastern Washington are, for the most
+part, adjacent to competing railways and water craft on both the
+Columbia and Snake rivers. Projects are in contemplation by the
+government and state to remove all obstructions from the Columbia
+river and give a great navigable stream from Kettle Falls to the
+mouth of the river. This will add to the shipping facilities by
+increasing the number of boats which will ply the river and be of
+great help to all farmers holding lands adjacent. Numerous trolley
+lines are already running in many directions&mdash;and more are
+projected&mdash;among the irrigated farms connecting with the cities
+of Spokane, North Yakima,
+<a name="page_45"><span class="page">Page 45</span></a>
+and Walla Walla. These add greatly to the facility and cheapness
+of transportation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CLIMATE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The character of the climate is well suggested by the crops which
+can be harvested. They include peaches, apricots, grapes, figs,
+tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other things which require
+a warm summer and warm soil. Very little moisture comes upon the
+land in the summer. The winters are moderately cold, with some
+snow, which is joyfully hailed by the farmers, for all moisture
+is quickly absorbed by the soil and held for summer's use. The
+spring season is two or three weeks earlier than in the Puget sound
+basin. Moderate winds prevail during the summer months, coming from
+the east and west by turns, and prevent excessive sultry weather.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+OCCUPATIONS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Aside from the ordinary agricultural pursuits suggested by the
+foregoing, which includes grain-growing, horticulture, dairying and
+truck gardening, should be mentioned stock-raising, particularly
+of sheep, many thousands of which are yearly wintered in the valleys
+and summered on the ranges. Bee culture and poultry-raising are
+also both becoming important.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In closing, it should be said that the activity of the government
+and private investors together has given a great impetus to the
+settlement of these arid lands, and the population is rapidly
+increasing, being made up of a miscellaneous assortment of Uncle
+Sam's energetic, wideawake, industrious citizens, building homes
+and making fortunes more rapidly, probably, than in any other part
+of irrigated regions in his domain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The doors are open, too, for the newcomers, for ten times the population
+now there can well be made prosperous.
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_46"><span class="page">Page 46</span></a>
+THE COUNTIES AND MORE IMPORTANT CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+ADAMS COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+LOCATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Adams county is in the center of southeastern Washington, cut out
+of the once great desert plateau, covered with sage brush. It has
+developed into one of the most important food-producing counties
+of the state. It has a population of about 13,000 and covers 1,908
+square miles of territory.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CLIMATE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its climate is not different from that of the balance of the district
+in which it is situated, and, although some days in winter are
+severely cold and some in summer hot, its dry atmosphere softens
+the asperity of its cold, and its generous crop yields are full
+compensation for the heat of the summer's sun. Its mean temperature
+ranges from 30 degrees to 40 degrees in winter and from 50 to 74
+degrees in summer. Its usual coldest days are 20 degrees to 25
+degrees and its hottest ranging above 100 degrees. Its rain and
+snow give about 12 inches of water. It has one small stream, a
+tributary of the Palouse river.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific railway cutting the county diagonally from
+northeast to southwest and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway
+across its southeast corner and near its south and west borders
+furnish good facilities for handling its generous wheat crops. To
+these are soon to be added the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
+Portland & Seattle, and the North Coast roads, giving the county
+very superior railroad facilities.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Wheat is its great staple crop, and the last year out of a crop
+acreage of 275,000 gave to the world nearly 6,000,000 bushels, an
+average of upwards of 20 bushels to the acre. When this average is
+compared with that of the wheat fields of the Mississippi valley,
+it is no wonder that the value of its realty has increased for
+the purposes of taxation more than 300 per cent. in the past six
+years. Horses, cattle, hogs and sheep are to a limited extent raised
+on the farms, and are important adjuncts to its prosperity.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_47"><span class="page">Page 47</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Ritzville</b> is the county seat, and has a city hall, electric
+lights and water system, flour and feed mills, and is the chief
+distributing center of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Lind</b> will be one of the important points on the Chicago,
+Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, now building across the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Washtucna</b> also is to have another outlet for its wheat over
+the Portland & Seattle railway, projected and building. All these towns
+have good schools, churches, warehouses, mercantile establishments,
+and all enjoy an abundance of prosperity from the marketing of
+the crops.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+ASOTIN COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+LOCATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Asotin county occupies the extreme southeastern corner of the state,
+being separated from Idaho on the east by the Snake river and from
+Oregon on the south by the state boundary. Its population is about
+7,500, its area 640 square miles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It takes in a portion of the Blue mountains, from which numerous
+small streams furnish abundant water for all domestic farm purposes
+and for irrigating quite a large area of lands, which makes the
+county ideal for the stock-raiser and fruit-grower.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The irrigation of the low lands has had a wonderful effect in
+stimulating the fruit industry, and resulted in a great advance
+in land values, particularly about Clarkston and Cloverland, while
+the cool water of the mountain streams and their grassy slopes
+make the dairy business especially profitable. General farming,
+however, is still the standby of the bulk of the population. At
+Clarkston the lands irrigated and planted to orchards have reached
+in many instances a value of $1,000 per acre, the waters being
+taken out of Asotin creek. About Cloverland, waters from George
+creek have wrought almost an equal increase in values. Cloverland
+is on a plateau about 2,500 feet above sea level, and the lands
+irrigated and planted to winter apples are paying handsome dividends
+to their fortunate owners. On ordinary farm lands wheat yields 25
+to 50 bushels per acre and barley from 40 to 60 bushels per acre.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The transportation is limited to the power of steamboats on the
+Snake river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway, which
+is reached at Lewiston, across the river from Clarkston.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Asotin</b>, the county seat, situated about seven miles south
+of Clarkston, on the Snake river, has about 1,500 people within
+its borders. It
+<a name="page_48"><span class="page">Page 48</span></a>
+has a flour mill, warehouses, churches, schools, public library,
+light and water systems, and is a prosperous, thriving town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Clarkston</b>, an important commercial center, is situated on
+the flats of the Snake river, in the northeast part of the county.
+Its population somewhat exceeds that of Asotin. It has all the
+business institutions of a thriving town, is the main distributing
+point for a large area, and is rapidly growing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cloverland</b>, <b>Craigie</b> and <b>Anatone</b> are thriving
+smaller towns.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+BENTON COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Benton county is bounded north, east and south by the Columbia
+river and west by Yakima and Klickitat counties. It has an area
+of 1,600 square miles and a population of about 9,000 people.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TOPOGRAPHY.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Yakima river traverses the center of the county in a very crooked
+course, through the valley of which the Northern Pacific railroad
+winds its way to the top of the Cascades. Both north and south of
+the valley of the Yakima are extensive hill and plateau lands,
+which are being rapidly utilized for general farming. The valley
+lands are arid and useless without irrigating water.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+IRRIGATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Extensive irrigation projects are in successful operation and projected
+to bring a very large portion of the valley lands into successful
+use, for these lands, when irrigated, are of unsurpassed fertility.
+Lands capable of irrigation have rapidly risen in value during the
+past few years because of the immense yields of all crops under
+irrigation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific railway through its center, the Portland &
+Seattle around its southern and eastern border and the North Coast
+coming into the Yakima valley from the northeast and the southeast,
+together with the shipping on the Columbia river, give abundant
+means of marketing its products, while several local electric roads
+are projected to connect its towns and help to open up the newly
+developed portions of the county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+General farming on the uplands, truck-gardening and fruit-raising
+on the irrigated lower lands are the chief occupations. On account
+of the great fertility of the volcanic soils and the early springs,
+Benton county is able to supply the large towns with fruits and
+vegetables some two weeks earlier than most other sections, giving
+it quite an advantage in prices. The county is rapidly growing
+in population and prosperity.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 720px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_39.jpg" width="720" height="413" alt="Plate 39">
+<br />
+Plate No. 39.&mdash;Stacking Hay in Kittitas County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 563px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_40.jpg" width="563" height="401" alt="Plate 40">
+<br />
+Plate No. 40.&mdash;New Training School, Ellensburg, Kittitas County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 716px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_41.jpg" width="716" height="413" alt="Plate 41">
+<br />
+Plate No. 41.&mdash;Sheep-Raising in Klickitat County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 715px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_42.jpg" width="715" height="415" alt="Plate 42">
+<br />
+Plate No. 42.&mdash;Wheat-Raising in Klickitat County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 711px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_43.jpg" width="711" height="411" alt="Plate 43">
+<br />
+Plate No. 43.&mdash;Eighty-Acre Orchard in Klickitat County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 709px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_44.jpg" width="709" height="404" alt="Plate 44">
+<br />
+Plate No. 44.&mdash;Manufacturing Scenes, Chehalis, Lewis County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_49"><span class="page">Page 49</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Prosser</b>, its chief town and county seat, is on the Yakima
+river and Northern Pacific railway in the western central part
+of the county, and has about 2,000 population. It is the chief
+distributing center of the county. It has three weekly newspapers,
+six churches, good water supply, banks, stores, warehouses, lumber
+yards, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Kennewick</b>, at the easterly center of the county, on the
+Northern Pacific and Portland & Seattle railroads and on the Columbia
+river, is a town of much importance, having about 1,500 people. It is
+noted for the remarkable earliness of its fruits and vegetables. It
+has the usual business, church and school establishments, including
+an ice and cold storage plant.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Kiona</b>, on the Yakima river, midway between Prosser and Kennewick,
+<b>Carley</b> and <b>Peterson</b>, in the southern portion of the
+county, on the Columbia river, are all growing and prospering smaller
+towns.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHEHALIS COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Chehalis county is central among the counties bordering on the
+Pacific, the towns about Grays Harbor being its seaports. It has
+an area of 2,600 square miles and a population of 35,000.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its industries arise out of its vast timber belts, its fertile
+low lands, and its fisheries. It is said to have 800,000 acres of
+magnificent timber lands, the great bulk of it unmarketed. Logging
+and the manufacture of wood products make up its chief occupation,
+though general farming and fruit-raising is rapidly gaining. The
+lands of the county when reclaimed from the forests are fertile
+and respond generously to the labor of the husbandman. In 1906,
+15,000 apple trees were planted in the county. The fishing industry,
+including the canning of salmon, sardines, clams and oysters, is
+a thriving industry and destined to develop into much larger
+proportions.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Grays Harbor is open to the ocean, but is splendidly protected
+and has safe anchorage. It is the largest lumber shipping port in
+the state. The Humptulips and Chehalis rivers empty their waters
+into the bay, and are both navigable for some distance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In addition, the Northern Pacific railroad skirts both sides of
+the bay and a logging railroad from Shelton, in Mason county, has
+nearly reached the ocean, going through the county from east to
+west. Other railroads have surveying parties in the field, and
+a conflict is on to share the vast lumber-carrying trade of the
+county with the Northern Pacific, which has till now monopolized
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Chehalis county is one of the most important counties in the state,
+and offers an abundant opportunity for Yankee energy to exercise itself
+<a name="page_50"><span class="page">Page 50</span></a>
+in almost every avenue of business. Its opportunities and resources
+are numerous and vast. The newcomer may look long and find no better
+place for his talents.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Montesano</b> is the county seat, located at the head of navigation
+on the Chehalis river, and on the Northern Pacific railway. It
+has a population of about 3,500. It has sawmills, sash and door
+factories, and is surrounded by a prosperous farming community,
+dairying being very remunerative.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Aberdeen</b> is the commercial metropolis of the county. Nearly
+$15,000 is daily paid out to wage-earners. Much commerce from the
+ocean is centering here, 736 vessels clearing from Grays Harbor in
+1907. Seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars has been
+appropriated by congress for the improvement of the harbor. The
+city has terminal rail rates, and the Northern Pacific and Chicago,
+Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads are hustling after its trade. The
+business portion of the city is built of stone, brick or cement.
+It has eleven large sawmills, many shingle mills and various other
+factories for utilizing the products of its timber, besides fish
+and clam canneries and other factories. Its population, now about
+15,000, is rapidly growing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Hoquiam</b>, Aberdeen's nearby neighbor, has a population crowding
+11,000, and is a hustling manufacturing and commercial center, not
+different in its general business from Aberdeen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Elma</b>, twelve miles east of Montesano, is a town of 2,700.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cosmopolis</b>, south of the river from Aberdeen, has about 1,200,
+and is a sawmill town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Oakville</b>, <b>Markham</b> and <b>Satsop</b> are small growing
+towns on the Northern Pacific railway. Many other embryo towns
+will in time grow into prosperous business centers.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHELAN COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Chelan county is one of picturesque beauty and abundance of both
+developed and undeveloped wealth. It faces the Columbia river eastward,
+while its back rests against the peaks of the Cascades, 5,000 to
+6,000 feet above the sea. Lake Chelan is the largest fresh water
+body in the state, fifty miles long and one to four wide, and lies
+400 feet higher than the Columbia river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Chelan county has 2,000 square miles, much of it mountainous and
+full of minerals. Its population is at present about 14,000.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Horticulture, agriculture, lumbering, stock-raising, mining and
+dairying all flourish on the bountiful natural fitness of the county
+for these occupations. The climate is attractive. It is a sunshiny
+county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_51"><span class="page">Page 51</span></a>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Steamers ply up and down the Columbia river. The Great Northern
+railway crosses the county through the valley of the Wenatchee
+river and the Washington & Great Northern railway is projected along
+the western boundary of the Columbia river.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRODUCTS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+All kinds of temperate zone fruits mature here in wonderful perfection
+and abundance. The valleys run with water from the mountains to
+irrigate the lands, and furnish vast power, much of it undeveloped.
+Hills in the western part of the county are timbered and all the
+vacant lands are grass covered. Over 1,000,000 fruit trees have
+been planted in the last three years in the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The mountain foothills are full of mineral veins of copper, gold,
+silver, lead and molybdonite. Some have been producing for twenty
+years. Trout in the streams and game on the hills add to its
+attractiveness.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Wenatchee</b> is the county seat and largest town, having about
+3,500 people. It is located on the Columbia river near where the
+Great Northern railway crosses it. It is the chief distributing
+center for the county and much other territory, chiefly north of
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Leavenworth</b>, westward of Wenatchee, and also on the railroad,
+has a population of 1,200 and is a division point.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chelan</b>, at the foot of Lake Chelan, has about 700 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cashmere</b>, on the railroad, is of about equal size.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Lakeside</b>, <b>Peshastin</b> and <b>Entiat</b> are smaller
+towns, all thriving and growing.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CLALLAM COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Clallam county occupies 2,000 square miles of the northwestern
+part of the Olympic peninsula, having 35 miles of shore land on
+the Pacific and 90 miles on the straits. The Olympic mountains
+and foothills cover the southern half mostly, while the northern
+half is made up of lower hills and valleys. Several large lakes
+nestle among the mountains; one of them, Lake Crescent, is a famous
+summer resort. Lake Crescent is known as the home of the celebrated
+Beardslee trout. The eastern and southern parts have a rainfall
+sometimes nearing 100 inches annually, while in the eastern northerly
+part it is about 20 to 25 inches only.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+An important section of the county is that known as Sequim Prairie
+This is a level district of about 5,000 acres, located three miles
+back from Port Williams. Most of it is under irrigation, and the
+soil thus treated produces marvelous crops.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_52"><span class="page">Page 52</span></a>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lumber, fish, agricultural products and coal comprise its chief
+resources. The timber of the county is very vast and very little
+exploited. Its proximity to the ocean makes it very advantageous
+for all fishing industries. Its valleys are noted for the fertility
+of their soils, and many a farmer has grown wealthy from their
+cultivation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Facilities for getting about are limited to boats and wagons. A
+splendid boat service is maintained with Seattle and other Sound
+ports, and a system of public roads is now in process of construction
+that will be unexcelled in the state. Several surveying parties
+are now in the woods and it is believed that Grays Harbor and the
+Straits of Juan de Fuca will be soon united with railroad iron
+and Clallam county will come to its own.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Port Angeles</b>, located about 60 miles from the ocean on the
+Straits of Fuca, is the largest town and county seat. It has a
+splendid harbor, with fine anchorage, furnishing a safe refuge for
+ships when the storms rage outside.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Dungeness</b> and <b>Sequim</b>, three miles from <b>Port
+Williams</b>, are important farming centers, both noted for their
+dairy products, and contribute largely to make Clallam the second
+county in the state in the value of its dairy products.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Quillayute</b>, <b>Forks</b>, <b>Beaver</b>, <b>Blyn</b> and
+<b>Gettysburg</b> are other small settlements waiting for the railroads
+to open up the country and render their natural resources available
+for the good of the world.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CLARKE COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Clarke county lies on the north shore of the Columbia river, opposite
+Portland, Oregon. It has 600 square miles of territory. It was
+one of the earliest settled parts of the state, and its timber
+as yet uncut is large. It is extremely well watered. The Columbia
+and Lewis rivers border it on three sides with navigable waters.
+It has a mild climate, very fertile soil, and splendid markets
+at its doors, abundant rainfall, and agriculture is successfully
+carried on without irrigation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific railway connects its various towns with both
+Portland and Seattle, and the North Bank and Oregon & Washington
+railroad, paralleling the Northern Pacific, will add greatly to
+the facility and cheapness of its transportation. From Vancouver
+northeasterly a road is in operation nearly across the county,
+headed for North Yakima and the East.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_45.jpg" width="708" height="411" alt="Plate 45">
+<br />
+Plate No. 45.&mdash;Mt. St. Helens and Reflection in Spirit Lake, Lewis County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 407px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_46.jpg" width="407" height="706" alt="Plate 46">
+<br />
+Plate No. 46.&mdash;LEWIS COUNTY SCENES. Dairy Farm and Hop Field. A
+Valley Ranch.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_53"><span class="page">Page 53</span></a>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Much of the southern part of the county is devoted to fruit-raising,
+prunes being a very prominent factor in the county's output. General
+agriculture, with dairying, are very profitable, and to these are
+to be added fishing, lumbering and mining.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Vancouver</b> has a population of about 8,000, and is rapidly
+growing. It is the county seat, and is connected with Portland,
+Oregon, by a trolley line. The Northern Pacific, Union Pacific,
+Oregon Railroad & Navigation and North Bank railroads all compete
+for its traffic. It is the central distributing point of the county,
+and is the United States military headquarters for Washington, Oregon
+and Alaska. It is well represented in business establishments,
+including barrel factory, fruit cannery, ship yard, iron foundry,
+shoe factory, and others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>La Center</b>, <b>Etna</b>, <b>Nacolt</b>, <b>Amboy</b> and
+<b>Brush Prairie</b> are smaller towns, all holding out an inviting
+hand to the newcomer, and offering desirable opportunities for
+new business in both merchandising and agriculture, as well as in
+lumbering and its kindred industries. Clarke county is one well
+worth investigating by intending settlers, both on account of its
+latent possibilities and because of its peculiarly desirable climatic
+conditions, and its abundant competing transportation facilities,
+both by rail and water.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+COLUMBIA COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Columbia county is one of the four counties in southeastern Washington,
+lying on the Oregon state line and south of the Snake river. A forest
+reserve in the Blue mountains covers much of the southern portion of
+the county, which is heavily timbered. The Northern part of the
+county is made up of rolling prairie lands, of great fertility on
+account of the large proportion of clay added to the volcanic ash,
+which composes most of the soils of eastern Washington. Irrigation
+is here unnecessary, and abundant crops reward the agriculturist.
+The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous, inclining to much
+outdoor life the year around.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRODUCTS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Columbia county is essentially an agricultural county, but of late
+years is branching out into fruit-raising and dairying with marked
+success. Apples and pears predominate among the fruits, though
+all others do well. Wheat is, however, still its great product,
+and both the Northern Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation
+railroads are in operation through the northern part of the county
+to carry away its rich grain harvests.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The citizens of Columbia county are among the most prosperous of
+the state, its average of per capita wealth being exceeded by only
+three other counties.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_54"><span class="page">Page 54</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Dayton</b>, the county seat, has a population of about 3,500
+people, is situated about in the center of the county, and is the
+chief town for the county's exports, as well as the distributor of
+its merchandise. It is a substantially built city, with flour and
+feed mills, and general mercantile establishments of importance. All
+the public interests, including schools and churches, are generously
+provided for. Its chief exports are grain, fruit, livestock and
+wool.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Starbuck</b>, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping
+point of no mean importance on the Oregon Railroad & Navigation
+railway.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+COWLITZ COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Cowlitz county lies immediately north of Clarke county, bordering
+about 40 miles on the Columbia river. It has about 1,100 square
+miles of territory, and about 13,000 people. The southwestern portion
+is largely composed of level valley lands, while its northeastern
+part is occupied by the foothills of Mount St. Helens. The drainage
+is all westerly and southerly into the Columbia river. Cowlitz river
+is navigable as far as Castle Rock, and is an important factor in
+the transportation problem.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Timber is the great source of industry at present, the county having
+about two-thirds of its area heavily covered and unexploited. About
+40 saw and shingle mills are engaged in disposing of its logs.
+Agriculture follows close on the heels of the lumberman everywhere
+in western Washington, and nowhere are better results in general
+farming and dairying obtained than in Cowlitz county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Cowlitz coal fields have not yet been largely utilized, but will
+be extensively developed in time.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Aside from the river navigation, this county is well supplied with
+transportation facilities by rail. The valley of the Cowlitz river
+affords the natural highway for roads between the Columbia river
+and Puget sound, and is already traversed by the Northern Pacific,
+while the Union Pacific systems and the North Coast road are projected
+over practically parallel lines through the county. From Kalama
+all three systems extend south to Portland and Vancouver.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Kalama</b>, on the bank of the Columbia river at the ferry crossing
+of the Northern Pacific railway, is the chief town and county seat.
+There are here extensive electric power plants and a gravity water
+system. The chief industries grow out of the lumbering and fishing
+interests. It has about 1,250 people, but is just now rapidly growing,
+owing to its superb transportation facilities by both rail and
+water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_55"><span class="page">Page 55</span></a>
+<b>Kelso</b> and <b>Castle Rock</b> are both important towns on
+the railroads and Cowlitz river, each having about 1,500 people.
+At Kelso, which is near the Columbia river, considerable fish are
+caught and packed, yet the timber furnishes the chief industry.
+Fruit and dairying and general agriculture provide a large part
+of the support for the town merchants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Ostrander</b>, <b>Carrolton</b>, <b>Catlin</b>, <b>Ariel</b>
+and <b>Lexington</b> are smaller towns, all prospering and being
+built up into substantial business centers by the steadily increasing
+development of the latent resources of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This county offers many opportunities for business to the newcomer
+in either merchandising, manufacturing or farming.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+DOUGLAS COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Douglas county occupies the big bend of the Columbia river, having
+about 1,800 square miles of territory. Formerly there were 4,500
+square miles. The last legislature carved the county in two, giving
+Grant county the southeastern part, about 2,700 square miles of
+territory, and leaving 1,800 to the northeastern part, with the old
+name. The bend of the Columbia on the northeast and Grant county
+on the southeast, compose its boundary. This division boundary
+follows the northeastern bank of the Grand coulee, and following
+its general direction meets the Columbia river where the Great
+Northern railroad touches its valley, thus putting all of that
+railroad in this new county, excepting only a few miles of the
+railroad along the banks of the river in the southeastern corner
+of Douglas county. Douglas county is essentially a high plateau,
+some of it 1,500 feet above the main bank. Waterville is the county
+seat, and considerable land along the valley of the Columbia is
+being irrigated and proving to be of great value for fruit and
+grain growing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In the southeastern part of the county are some lands covered with
+black basaltic rocks, but the great bulk of the lands are rich
+in a volcanic ash soil, and produce large crops of grain without
+irrigation. A wrong view of the county can easily be impressed
+upon the traveler by rail; he will see so many of the basaltic
+rocks from the car windows but once up out of the canyon which
+the railroad follows, he will find himself in view of an expanse
+of wheat fields so vast and rich as to astonish him.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As already indicated, this county is essentially a grain producer.
+Wheat and oats are marketed in large quantities. Fruit-growing
+and stock-raising are important adjuncts to the county's wealth.
+It is comparatively new, and lands can be had at very reasonable
+prices.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As now constituted, Douglas county will rely wholly upon the steamboat
+crafts on the river to get its grain to market. Its trade, however,
+<a name="page_56"><span class="page">Page 56</span></a>
+is too vast to be passed by, and already two lines of railroad,
+the Washington & Great Northern and North Coast, are projecting
+into the very center of its vast wheat fields. With these roads
+completed as projected, Douglas county will have easy access to
+both water and rail transportation, and renewed importance will
+be given to its farming industries.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Waterville</b> is its chief town and county seat. It is among
+the wheat fields, in a broad plain, about seven miles east of the
+Columbia river, to which it is connected by good roads for stages
+and freight wagons. It has one of the U. S. general land offices. It
+has good schools and churches, water and electric lighting systems,
+both owned by the city. It has a population of about 1,200 people,
+and is well supplied with business houses, flour and feed mills,
+a brick yard, bank, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Bridgeport</b>, a town of some 400 people, is situated in the
+northern part of the county on the Columbia river east of its junction
+with the Okanogan river, and is an important wheat-shipping point,
+having a regular steamboat service. A bank, flour mill, warehouses
+and general stores are serving the community, but other industries
+await the newcomer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Douglas</b>, <b>Farmer</b>, <b>Jameson</b>, <b>Mansfield</b>
+and <b>Hollister</b> are growing agricultural centers.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+FERRY COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Ferry county is about in the center of the northern part of eastern
+Washington, stretching from the northern boundary of the state
+to the Columbia river, which marks its southern and southwestern
+boundary. The southern half of the county is within the Colville
+Indian reservation, and is therefore wholly undeveloped. The lands,
+however, have in fact been allotted and the remainder will be thrown
+open for settlement in the near future.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Altogether it has an area of 2,200 square miles, and a population
+of 5,000. It is principally composed of low mountains, well timbered,
+with valleys furnishing fine grazing.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CLIMATE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The climate of the county is such as prevails generally in northeastern
+Washington&mdash;a couple of months of snow in winter, affording
+plenty of sleighing, skating, etc. Summers are very pleasant, and
+spring and fall delightful.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 711px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_47.jpg" width="711" height="413" alt="Plate 47">
+<br />
+Plate No. 47.&mdash;A Ranch Scene in Lincoln County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 711px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_48.jpg" width="711" height="411" alt="Plate 48">
+<br />
+Plate No. 48.&mdash;Harvest Time in Lincoln County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 403px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_49.jpg" width="403" height="708" alt="Plate 49">
+<br />
+Plate No. 49.&mdash;View of Spokane River in Lincoln County, Showing
+Possibility of Power Development.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 412px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_50.jpg" width="412" height="714" alt="Plate 50">
+<br />
+Plate No. 50.&mdash;Mason County Timber.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 715px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_51.jpg" width="715" height="412" alt="Plate 51">
+<br />
+Plate No. 51.&mdash;Dairy Scene in Mason County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_52.jpg" width="714" height="412" alt="Plate 52">
+<br />
+Plate No. 52.&mdash;Oyster Beds in Mason County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The bulk of the resources of this county are yet dormant. The mountains
+are full of minerals; timber is abundant; grassy hillsides are
+tempting to the sheep and cattle, while the soil is rich, and when
+tilled will be found to produce excellent crops. The county has
+a fine future for wealth from all these sources, and, while the
+mines are
+<a name="page_57"><span class="page">Page 57</span></a>
+first to be made productive, without doubt the fruits and cereals
+will come into their own in time and furnish much of its wealth.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Two railroads reach the center of the northern half of the county,
+terminating at Republic, the county seat. These railroads have
+pushed in here after the precious metals mined in the vicinity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Columbia river is navigable most of its course on the county
+boundary, barring some obstructions which the national government
+will remove and thus open up to river navigation to the ocean the
+fruits of toil in Ferry county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Republic</b>, the county seat, is the only large town in the
+county, and has a population of about 1,250 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is the distributing point for supplies for the mines and ships
+out much ore for the smelters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Ferry county altogether offers exceptional opportunities for the
+homeseeker in a variety of occupations, as already indicated.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+FRANKLIN COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Franklin county occupies the basin formed by the junction of the
+Columbia and Snake rivers, being bounded east, south and west by
+them. The southern portion of the county is scarcely 300 feet above
+sea level, and the soil is fine and sandy. The northern part of
+the county is somewhat higher and composed of successive benches
+till they reach an altitude of 1,000 feet. It is only a few years
+since these lands were all considered barren and useless. Yet in
+1906 these bench lands in this county added 1,500,000 bushels of
+wheat to the world's supply and in the following season nearly
+doubled that output.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are no forests, the land being covered with bunchgrass and
+sagebrush.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+IRRIGATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Along the rivers some farmers have irrigated small parcels of land
+by pumping water, but the bulk of the irrigable lands are awaiting
+the action of the U. S. Reclamation Service, which it is thought
+will ultimately be engaged in an extensive irrigation problem to
+reclaim thousands of acres now arid and barren. The warm climate
+of these low Bandy lands has already been proven to be immensely
+advantageous to the gardener and fruit-grower, and the lands wonderfully
+productive when the magic influence of plenty of water renders the
+sources of plant life soluble.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The wheat crops now being produced come from the bench lands without
+irrigation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific railway passes diagonally through the county
+and crosses the Columbia river near Pasco. The Oregon Railroad &
+<a name="page_58"><span class="page">Page 58</span></a>
+Navigation railway taps the wheat belt in the northern part of
+the county and the North Coast is projected through it, while the
+Portland & Seattle follows the north bank of the Snake river along
+its southwestern boundary, thus giving the county four systems
+of railroad, besides the Columbia river steamboats.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Pasco</b> is the county seat, in the extreme southern portion of
+the county, near the Columbia river, and is more noted as a railroad
+center than as a shipping point, on account of the fact that the
+surrounding lands are as yet unirrigated. It has a population of
+about 1,800, and is just now enjoying new vigor and much building
+in anticipation of its future usefulness as a commercial center
+for distribution of both merchandise and agricultural products.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Connell</b>, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping
+point of importance, and has two railroad lines and a third one
+coming. In addition to the cereals, many sheep and horses are being
+raised and shipped out of the county from this vicinity.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+GARFIELD COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Garfield county is the second from the southeast corner of the
+state, and extends from the Snake river on the north to the state
+boundary on the south. It has 627 square miles of territory and
+a population of about 7,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The southern portion is included in the Wenaha forest reserve, and
+is quite heavily timbered. The northern portion is an extremely
+prolific farming region, made up of undulating lands with deep
+rich soil, composed of clays and volcanic ash. No irrigation is
+necessary, and very heavy crops of grain are annually matured.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As already intimated, the chief source of income for the county
+comes from the tillage of the soil. Of the crops raised, barley is
+in the lead, having furnished 1,800,000 bushels in 1907, which places
+this county second of all counties in the state in the production of
+this cereal. Wheat and oats are also largely produced. Stock-raising
+in the southern ranges of the county is very profitable, and much
+fruit is of late years being produced. Indeed, Garfield county is
+well up to the front in the per capita wealth of its citizens.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Pomeroy</b> is the county seat and chief distributing center
+of the county. It is situated in the north central part of the
+county, on the Pataha river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation
+railway. It has a population of nearly 2,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is lighted with electricity, has a gravity water system, and all
+the machinery for doing all the business naturally coming to a town
+<a name="page_59"><span class="page">Page 59</span></a>
+of its size. It has a fine high school and graded schools, churches,
+newspapers, banks, warehouses, big stocks of goods, fire department,
+cet.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+GRANT COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Grant county occupies about 2,700 square miles of what was formerly
+Douglas county, comprising the lands southeast of the Grand and
+Moses coulees, bordering on the southwest on the Columbia river,
+with Adams and Lincoln counties on its eastern border.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Ephrata is the county seat, on the Great Northern railway. The
+northern part of the county is traversed by the Great Northern
+railroad, and has developed into a vast region of grain production
+without irrigation, although originally supposed to be valueless
+for cereal-raising.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The southern part is new and comparatively undeveloped, but is
+crossed by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, just now
+giving this new county great impetus. The southern portion of the
+county has long been a grazing ground for herds of cattle and horses,
+but it is thought now it will be turned into a prosperous region
+of small farms.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+While the county is cut by several coulees, it is chiefly composed
+of large areas of bench lands, comparatively level, barring a range
+of hills in its southwestern corner called Saddle mountains. There
+is considerable water in the county, Moses lake being quite a large
+body of water with bordering swampy lands, about in the center,
+and Wilson creek, in the northern and Crab creek, in the southern
+part, furnishing considerable stock water.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+LANDS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The lands tributary to the Great Northern railway already produce
+great quantities of grain and livestock, and these will continue
+to be its staple crops until irrigation may come in and stimulate
+fruit production, for which it is thought much of the lands will
+be suitable.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Both the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railway systems are in
+the grain fields of the northern part of the county. The Milwaukee
+road crosses the southern part, the N. & S. is projected along its
+western border, paralleling the Columbia river, which is navigable,
+thus affording all the county, excepting the central portion, good
+facilities for marketing its products. As the county develops,
+beyond question branch lines will penetrate this portion, and Grant
+county will become as well supplied as any other portion of the
+state with facilities for commerce.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Ephrata</b>, the county seat, is a small village on the Great
+Northern railway about midway of the county and the center of a
+large wheat-growing section. Its transformation into an important
+town is rapidly
+<a name="page_60"><span class="page">Page 60</span></a>
+going on, the new county government calling for a variety of new
+occupations to center here.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Wilson Creek</b>, near the eastern border of the county, is
+a larger town whose chief industry is marketing grain. It is an
+important distributing point, with prospects of larger growth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Quincy</b> is a station on the Great Northern and is also an
+important wheat-shipping point.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Soap Lake</b>, on a lake of the same name, is noted as a resort
+for the rheumatic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Bacon</b>, <b>Coulee City</b>, and <b>Hartline</b> are stations
+on the Northern Pacific railway in the northeastern part of the
+county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Grant county is new, but has large undeveloped resources, and is
+awaiting the newcomer with abundant offerings for his energy and
+labor.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+ISLAND COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Island county is entirely composed of a group of islands in Puget
+sound, the largest two being Whidby and Camano. It has a land area
+of 227 square miles and a population of about 5,000.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lumber, agricultural products and fish make up the county's resources.
+Considerable of the timber, particularly from Whidby island, has been
+removed, and wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruits, poultry, butter,
+eggs, etc., are now shipped out to the splendid nearby markets at
+the chief seaport towns on Puget Sound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The soils in the northern part of Whidby island are of remarkable
+fertility, some of them producing as much as 100 bushels of wheat
+per acre and immense crops of potatoes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In season the waters of the county abound in salmon and other salt
+water fish, and many of the citizens of the county find profitable
+employment in connection with the fishing industry.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Coupeville</b> is a town of some 400 people and the county seat,
+situated on a beautiful bay in the northern part of Whidby island.
+It is chief distributing point for the county, has a sawmill, shingle
+mill, fruit-drying establishment, stores, churches, schools, a
+newspaper, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Oak Harbor</b>, further north, is the center of a large farming
+and logging district. Two canneries are in successful operation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Utsalady</b>, <b>San de Fuca</b>, <b>Camano</b>, <b>Clinton</b>,
+and <b>Langley</b> are smaller villages gradually becoming summer
+resorts for people from the large cities of the sound. Steamboats
+furnish good transportation from all parts of the county.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_53.jpg" width="708" height="409" alt="Plate 53">
+<br />
+Plate No. 53.&mdash;An Okanogan County Orchard in Bloom.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 710px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_54.jpg" width="710" height="413" alt="Plate 54">
+<br />
+Plate No. 54.&mdash;A View of the Country Along the Okanogan River in
+the Vicinity of the Okanogan Irrigation Project.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="page_61"><span class="page">Page 61</span></a>
+JEFFERSON COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Jefferson county is the second county south of the entrance of
+Puget sound, stretching from the Pacific ocean eastward over the
+peaks of the Olympic mountains to Hood's canal, and turning north
+gets a long waterfront also on Puget sound, and taps the Straits
+of Fuca. It has a population of 11,000 people and 2,000 square
+miles of territory.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The resources of this county are largely undeveloped, and yet it
+is one of the oldest settled counties in the state. Originally its
+entire area, barring a few small patches, was heavily timbered,
+and it is estimated that the county still has twenty billion feet of
+standing timber. Its soil is remarkably fertile, and the products
+of its farms have long been famous.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Olympic mountains contain veins of precious metals, iron and
+manganese, none of which have as yet been thoroughly developed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Fishing for salmon, sardines, shrimps, clams and crabs is a very
+important industry.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SOILS, CLIMATE AND PRODUCTS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The soils of the county are largely sedimentary, having been washed
+down from the mountains for ages, assisted by the decomposition of
+vegetable matter accumulated through centuries. In the valleys, where
+most of the farming is being done, these soils produce remarkable
+crops under the influence of the charming climate the county affords.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The rainfall in the eastern part of the county is moderate, but
+ample for all purposes; the average rainfall is about 20 inches.
+The temperature rarely exceeds 80 degrees in summer, while the
+winter months average about 45 degrees.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Such soils and such climatic conditions combine to force wealth
+upon every industrious tiller of the soil. Clover yields from four
+to six tons per acre.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Oats and vetches for ensilage purposes yield five to seven tons
+per acre. Fifty to seventy-five tons of cabbage or mangles per
+acre are not uncommon, and onions and potatoes produce from six
+to ten tons. The fruit trees, particularly cherries, apples, and
+pears, produce wonderful crops. Cattle can graze ten months in the
+year or more, and the products of the dairies of Jefferson county
+cannot be excelled.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Because of the light rainfall and moderate weather, this county is
+admirably suited to poultry-raising. Green food can be had twelve
+months in the year. Runs can always be open, and with proper care
+hens can be made to pay $3.00 per year each.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Port Townsend</b>, at the entrance of Puget sound, is the county
+seat and chief commercial center of the county. It has a population of
+<a name="page_62"><span class="page">Page 62</span></a>
+about 6,000. It is the headquarters for many government institutions,
+including the U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue cutter service,
+marine hospital service, hydrographic service, quarantine service,
+and U. S. artillery for the Puget sound district.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Three great forts; Worden, Flagler, and Casey, are located here,
+forming the chief defense to Puget sound. Fort Worden joins the
+city limits. The present garrison force is 2,000. The scenery from
+the city is grand and beyond compare.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its business interests are varied and extensive. Two canneries
+for salmon and sardines are here located, boiler works, a machine
+shop for building electric and gasoline engines, a shipyard, sash
+and door factory, lumber mills, and shingle mills, a by-product
+plant producing wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The city is substantially built and its homes are artistically created.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The harbor has twenty-five miles of waterfront and fine anchorage
+of from nine to eighteen fathoms, and is an ideal refuge for all
+seagoing craft.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The city has gas and electric lights, paid fire department, fine
+churches, splendid schools, and a magnificent gravity water system
+furnishes the town of Irondale, Hadlock and Forts Worden and Flagler,
+having plenty of water to spare for thousands mote.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Irondale</b> is practically a suburb of Port Townsend, having
+the only pig iron plant in the state. It is an extensive and growing
+concern, using bog iron from the vicinity and other ores from different
+sources.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Port Ludlow</b>, <b>Duckabush</b>, <b>Bogachiel</b>, <b>Port
+Discovery</b>, <b>Quilcene</b>, and <b>Chimacum</b> are small villages
+scattered about the county and are centers of agricultural activity.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+KING COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+King county is distinguished by having Seattle for its county seat.
+The county is an empire in itself, stretching from the shores of
+Puget sound to the peaks of the Cascade mountains, and containing
+more than 2,000 square miles of territory. It also includes Vashon,
+one of the large islands of the sound.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+King county's sources of revenue are varied and extensive. Its
+lumber industry, growing out of the vast forests within its borders
+not only, but from the cutting of logs brought in from other sections
+of the state, is immense.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its agricultural lands are not surpassed in fertility by any, and
+include not only the alluvial deposits in its river bottoms, but
+great areas of shot clay and other soils splendidly adapted to
+fruit culture.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its mining industries include not only very great acreage of coal
+measures, which have been producing coal for commercial purposes for
+local and foreign trade for thirty years and are scarcely scratched
+as yet, but also fissure veins of the precious metals&mdash;gold,
+silver, lead,
+<a name="page_63"><span class="page">Page 63</span></a>
+copper, antimony, arsenic, and also iron, asbestos, fire clays,
+kaolin, granite, sandstones, lime ledges, and others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its fishing industries in its own waters and from the ocean give
+employment to a large number of men and its fish are shipped even
+as far east as Boston, Massachusetts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its power capacity, in addition to its wood and coal, includes
+great falls and rapids and many large streams which are already
+harnessed, but only in part, and driving vast quantities of machinery
+in this and adjoining counties.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In commercial possibilities King county is unrivaled. Its combination
+of lakes, rivers and salt water harbors have no superior on the
+globe, and the fact of its supremacy is demonstrated by the tabulated
+statistics of state officers, which show that King county possesses
+one-fifth of the population of the state and has more than one-quarter
+in value of taxable property of the state, and pays one-fourth of
+taxes collected within the state borders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In scenery, which is no mean asset of the county, it is also
+unsurpassed. Vast ranges of mountains, sheets of fresh and salt
+water, rivers, hills and plains, forests, and grassy fields combine
+and interlace in a thousand directions to entrance and delight
+the artistic eye.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In game, including bear, deer, mountain goats, cougar, grouse,
+pheasants, quail, mountain trout, salmon and other fishes, make
+many a paradise for the sportsman.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In addition to its salt waterways, with 75 miles of shore lands,
+and its navigable fresh water lakes, there are centering in the
+county coming in from all directions seven transcontinental lines of
+railroads, making King county and its metropolis a great distributing
+center for the commerce between the American continent and the
+continents of Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Besides these
+steam roads, electric trolley lines are making a network of
+inter-communication between all parts of King county not only, but
+reaching out into the adjoining counties.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Seattle</b> is the county seat and great metropolis of King
+county and the state, with a population crowding, if not exceeding,
+275,000 people. It covers the hills and lowlands surrounding Elliot
+bay, an indentation of Puget sound, and a part of the land between
+the sound and Lake Washington, a freshwater lake of great beauty
+paralleling the sound for 23 miles and from one to three miles
+wide. It also includes two smaller lakes, whose sloping shores
+are covered with the homes of its citizens. From its hills the
+snow-capped mountains of the Cascade and Olympic ranges and Mount
+Rainier's towering peak are visions of surpassing beauty. A constant
+stream of coming and going water craft from all quarters of the
+globe frequent its harbor. Its business buildings of brick, stone,
+iron and concrete tower heavenward over four avenues, and many
+cross streets and miles of its low lands are
+<a name="page_64"><span class="page">Page 64</span></a>
+covered with railroad tracks, warehouses and manufacturing plants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its grammar schools, high schools, and State University are equipped
+with magnificent buildings and grounds. Its streets and homes are
+brilliantly lighted with electricity from its own power plants,
+while the purest water, sufficient for a million people, flows
+through its water mains, all owned and controlled by the city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+A multitude of factories are providing a small part of the merchandise
+and composes the groundwork of her commerce.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The shores of Elliot bay are lined with wharves accommodating the
+largest sea-going ships. Its last assessed valuation of property
+was $203,168,680, and its tax to be raised $975,210.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+More than 150 miles of street-car tracks are within her borders
+and a nickel pays for a 15-mile ride.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Georgetown</b>, in the southern part of Seattle, but not a part
+of it as yet, has a population of about 5,000, and is an important
+manufacturing center. Here are the car shops of Seattle Electric
+Company, gas works, foundries, breweries, machine shops, brick
+and tile works and many other industries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Renton</b>, <b>Issaquah</b>, <b>Ravensdale</b>, <b>Black Diamond</b>,
+and <b>New Castle</b> are coal mining towns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Kent</b>, <b>Auburn</b>, <b>Kirkland</b>, <b>Vashon</b>, <b>North
+Bend</b>, <b>Tolt</b>, <b>Fall City</b>, and <b>Maple Valley</b>
+are agricultural towns of importance.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+KITSAP COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Kitsap county is nearly surrounded by the waters of Puget sound
+and Hood's canal, forming the larger part of the great peninsula
+which these waters would make an island were a six-mile ridge in
+Mason county opened up to them. It has extensive and numerous bays
+and inlets, with magnificent anchorage, and contains in its center
+the great Port Orchard navy yard, destined to become one of the
+largest seats in the United States for Uncle Sam's naval activities.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The chief resource of the county is in the lumber. Some of the largest
+mills of the state are located within its borders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is estimated that there are yet 200,000 acres of uncut timber in
+its borders, and its mills are turning out 600,000 feet of lumber
+daily, besides vast quantities of shingles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The fishing industry now includes oyster culture, which is rapidly
+becoming very important. About the county are located many villages
+supported by the tillage of the soil from its reclaimed forest
+lands.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Kitsap county has no railroads, but its waterways are so vast and
+intricate that all its corners are reached by steamers, and travel
+is cheap and freight conveniently handled in all parts of the county.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 710px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_55.jpg" width="710" height="406" alt="Plate 55">
+<br />
+Plate No. 55.&mdash;An Okanogan County Valley, Palmer Lake.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 712px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_56.jpg" width="712" height="411" alt="Plate 56">
+<br />
+Plate No. 56.&mdash;McGowan Seining Grounds, Sand Island, Pacific County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 709px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_57.jpg" width="709" height="405" alt="Plate 57">
+<br />
+Plate No. 57.&mdash;Oyster Culture in Willapa Harbor, Pacific County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 713px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_58.jpg" width="713" height="407" alt="Plate 58">
+<br />
+Plate No. 58.&mdash;View of the Waterfront at Raymond, Pacific County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 718px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_59.jpg" width="718" height="411" alt="Plate 59">
+<br />
+Plate No. 59.&mdash;A View of a Portion of Tacoma's Harbor, Showing
+Ships Waiting to Load Lumber and Wheat for Foreign Ports.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 403px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_60.jpg" width="403" height="706" alt="Plate 60">
+<br />
+Plate No. 60.&mdash;Railroad Yards and a Corner of the Business Section,
+Tacoma.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_65"><span class="page">Page 65</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Port Orchard</b>, the county seat, is on the bay of the same
+name and opposite the navy yard. It is the chief distributing point
+for a larger part of the cultivated lands of the county, and exports
+not only agricultural products, but also shingles. The surrounding
+lands are well suited for dairying, fruit-growing and poultry-raising,
+which is also true of the entire county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Bremerton</b>, adjoining the navy yard, is the largest town in
+the county, having about 4,000 people and rapidly growing. It has
+a fire department, electric light and water systems, newspapers,
+banks, about 1,000 or more wage-earners and is a hustling town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Charleston</b> is another smaller town adjoining the navy yard
+on the west and rapidly growing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Port Blakeley</b> is an important milling and shipbuilding town
+of nearly 2,000 people, opposite Seattle. Its lumber goes to all
+parts of the world.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Port Gamble</b> is a sawmill town of importance contributing
+to swell the large output of lumber shipped out of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chico</b>, <b>Tracyton</b>, <b>Keyport</b>, <b>Paulsbo</b>,
+<b>Seabeck</b>, <b>Crystal Springs</b>, <b>Colby</b>, <b>Bangor</b>,
+<b>Burley</b>, <b>Port Madison</b>, and <b>Olalla</b> are all small
+villages, making progress as agricultural centers and as furnishing
+summer homes for business men.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+KITTITAS COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Kittitas county is located about in the center of the state, and
+takes in the upper reaches and most of the watershed of the Yakima
+river. It has a population of about 20,000 in an area of 2,400
+square miles. On its northwestern side it is bordered by two ranges
+of the Cascade mountains, while its southwestern side lies on the
+Columbia river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Among the sources of the Yakima river are three large lakes, Keechelus,
+Kachess and Cle-Elum, most beautiful bodies of mountain water and
+the sources of the great irrigation systems now fathered by the
+national government and making the Yakima valley a veritable garden
+pot of orchards and vegetables, grasses and flowers.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The central portion of the county is a valley comprising 250,000
+acres, about one-fourth of which is under irrigation, and has long
+been noted for its prolific crops of hay and many herds of dairy
+cows.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The foothills of the mountains have precious metals, coal and iron.
+The streams abound in trout and much game is in the mountains.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads,
+coming into the county from the south and west, cross at Ellensburg
+<a name="page_66"><span class="page">Page 66</span></a>
+and then follow the valley of the Yakima to the crest of the Cascades
+giving abundant facilities for making markets east and west to all
+parts of the country.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Ellensburg</b>, the county seat, is situated on a level bench
+in the Yakima valley and on the railroads. It is a town of upwards
+of 5,500 people, and is substantially built, chiefly of brick.
+There are creameries, flourmills, sawmills, and warehouses, banks,
+breweries newspapers, electric lights, and gravity water system,
+churches, schools, among which is one of the state normal schools.
+It is also a division point on the Northern Pacific railway, and
+is the chief distributing point in the county for farm products
+and merchandise.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Roslyn</b> is the chief coal-mining town, situated on the railroad
+well up in the foothills of the mountains. It has about 4,500 people.
+It has gravity water and electric lights, and is a substantial,
+thriving and growing town. From the coal mines in the vicinity the
+best coals of the state are mined in large quantities and shipped
+all over the state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cle-Elum</b> is another coal mining town, on the Northern Pacific
+railway, with a population of about 2,500. Tributary to Cle-Elum
+is a wide mining territory, for which it is the chief distributing
+point.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Thorpe</b> is a smaller village likely to develop into an important
+trading point.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+KLICKTAT COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Klickitat county is central among the southern tier of counties
+of the state, bordering 80 miles on the Columbia river, with an
+average width of 20 miles. It has a population of about 14,000
+and an area of 1,800 square miles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is a great variety in its climate, the elevation varying from
+100 to 3,500 feet above the sea level.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The soil is chiefly volcanic ash, disintegrated basalt and alluvium.
+It is deep and much of it sub-irrigated. The principal crops are
+wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The wheat lands yield from 15 to 40 bushels per acre.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Among the fruits raised are apples, peaches, pears, cherries, English
+walnuts, almonds, plums, prunes, grapes, apricots, and all the
+small fruits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Wheat lands vary in price from $10 to $50 per acre. It is estimated
+that 7,000 acres will be planted to fruit and nut trees this current
+year, while last year 75,385 apple trees, 14,675 peach trees, and
+17,345 grape vines were planted.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As already indicated, the strength of the county is in its soil and
+agriculture is its great source of wealth. Stock-raising is a chief
+industry, the slopes of the mountains on its northern boundary furnishing
+<a name="page_67"><span class="page">Page 67</span></a>
+abundant pasturage. The southeastern part is fast developing into
+a fruit-growing region, while agriculture and grain-growing is
+more general in the central and southern portion.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Columbia river, with a railroad on each side of it and numerous
+ferries, makes ample provision for transportation, while the Goldendale
+branch reaches well up into the center of the county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Goldendale</b>, the county seat and metropolis, is located in
+the center of the county, 120 miles east of Portland. It is the
+terminus of the Goldendale branch of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle
+railway, making connection with the main line at Lyle. It is located
+in the heart of a splendid agricultural section and at the edge
+of the great timber belt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>White Salmon</b>, located in the splendid fruit section, is
+a thriving town. It is an important railroad point on the North
+Bank and is the outlet for the products of an extensive fruit,
+timber and dairying region.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cliffs</b>, the division point of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle
+railway, is the trading center of many square miles of territory.
+The best nut land in the county is located near here.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Bickleton</b>, the trading point of an extensive wheat section,
+is in the eastern part of the county. An electric road has been
+surveyed, which will, when completed, give this town railway connection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Lyle</b>, <b>Roosevelt</b>, <b>Columbus</b>, <b>Bingen</b>, and
+<b>Centerville</b> are growing trading points.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+LEWIS COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lewis county is one of the largest counties in western Washington,
+having an area of 2,593 square miles of territory and about 40,000
+people. It occupies a large part of the drainage basins of two large
+rivers, the Cowlitz and Chehalis&mdash;one emptying its waters into
+the Columbia river and the other into Grays harbor. It reaches
+from the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles toward the ocean, but
+is cut off 30 miles from the coast, and is about 30 miles wide.
+Mount Rainier is just north of its extreme eastern portion and
+about one-fourth of the county is within the Rainier forest reserve.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+At present the chief industry of the county consists of manufacturing
+its forests into the various forms of lumber and its products, the
+lumber cut aggregating four hundred million feet and two hundred
+million shingles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Next in importance probably are the precious metal and coal deposits
+of the county, which have, however, been but little developed.
+The coal measures include bituminous, lignite and anthracite, and
+are of great extent in the foothills of the eastern part of the
+county. Two systems of railroads have been projected into these
+fields, and the nearest, carrying lignite and bituminous coals,
+are being commercially developed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_68"><span class="page">Page 68</span></a>
+Agriculture, including especially dairying and fruit culture, takes
+the place of the forests as they are removed and bids fair to reach
+in importance, in time, the lumber and coal resources. To this
+end, the soil fertility, the mild climate and cool mountain waters
+conspire.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lewis county is in the path of all railroads coming in from the
+south or through the Columbia gap in the Cascades. Already the
+Northern Pacific railway and the Union Pacific railway cross the
+county, and the North Coast contemplates traversing the entire
+Cowlitz valley, while the Tacoma Eastern is already into the
+northwestern part of the county on its way toward the same goal.
+The county cannot be too well supplied, for its vast treasures
+when developed will furnish immense products for transportation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chehalis</b> and <b>Centralia</b> are the two twin cities of
+the county&mdash;less than five miles apart and of about equal
+importance. From Chehalis the Northern Pacific railway branches
+off, following the upper reaches of Chehalis river and ending on
+Willapa bay, while from Centralia the same road branches, following
+the lower Chehalis river, to Grays harbor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chehalis</b> is the county seat, with a population of 5,000
+and rapidly growing, and has electric lights, sanitary sewerage
+system, paved streets, fine business blocks, and a large and growing
+trade. Near the city is located the State Training School.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Centralia</b> has a population of about 7,000 people, chiefly
+engaged in running sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories,
+and other woodworking plants. It has a large city hall, ten churches,
+fine schools, banks, business houses, water systems, fire department,
+and is a hustling, thriving town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Winlock</b> is a town of 1,200 people on the railroad in the
+southern part of the county, and a distributing point of much
+importance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Pe Ell</b> is a town of 1,000 people on the South Bend branch
+of the Northern Pacific railway, chiefly engaged in milling and
+agricultural pursuits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>McCormick</b>, <b>Littell</b>, <b>Kosmos</b>, <b>Little Falls</b>,
+<b>Adna</b>, <b>Dryad</b>, <b>Doty</b>, and <b>Kopiah</b>, are all
+centers of industry in various parts of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lewis county as a whole offers wonderful opportunities for newcomers
+in all pursuits&mdash;commercial, agricultural, and mining.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 405px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_61.jpg" width="405" height="706" alt="Plate 61">
+<br />
+Plate No. 61.&mdash;Tacoma High School and Stadium. Rose Arbor in Point
+Defiance Park, Tacoma.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_62.jpg" width="714" height="411" alt="Plate 62">
+<br />
+Plate No. 62.&mdash;A Red Raspberry Field in the Puyallup Valley,
+Pierce County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="page_69"><span class="page">Page 69</span></a>
+LINCOLN COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lincoln county, adjoining Spokane county on the west, is one of
+eastern Washington's great granaries. Its northern boundary is
+defined by the Columbia and Spokane rivers. The bulk of its lands
+are rolling prairies of great fertility. It has about 2,300 square
+miles of territory and about 25,000 people.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TOPOGRAPHY.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The bulk of the county consists of the rolling prairie land
+characteristic of the great wheat belt of the state. There are
+some mineral lands in the northern part of the county and here
+and there will be found considerable stretches of timber. In its
+northern portion the county is well watered by the Columbia and
+Spokane rivers, while in the southwestern section and elsewhere
+numerous small creeks and lakes occur.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The great resource of Lincoln county is its wheat fields, which
+in 1907 produced to exceed 8,000,000 bushels. Other cereals and
+hay are important crops. Along its northern part, particularly
+on the bottom lands of the rivers, much fruit is grown, including
+peaches and all the small fruits. Diversified farming is growing
+in favor among the farmers. Compared with other counties of the
+state, Lincoln county ranks as follows in the number of its stock:
+Horses, second place; hogs, second place; cattle, sixth place.
+The county also stands fourth in the number of its school houses
+and spends annually $100,000 for school support.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In wealth per capita, Lincoln county leads the state, showing for
+assessment purposes an average holding of real estate of $1,163
+and $226 in personalty.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The county is traversed from west to east its entire length by the
+Great Northern and the central Washington branch of the Northern
+Pacific railroads, some distance from its side lines, so that very
+little of the county is more than 12 miles from a railroad shipping
+point. There are 170 miles of railroad tracks in the county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Davenport</b>, the county seat and largest town in the county,
+is situated on the central Washington branch of the Northern Pacific
+railway near the middle eastern portion of the county, and has a
+population of about 2,800 people. Its business blocks are chiefly
+built of brick. It owns its own water system, is lighted with
+electricity, has fine school buildings and churches. Its court
+house cost about $80,000. It is surrounded by splendid farms and
+annually ships out about 1,250,000 bushels of wheat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_70"><span class="page">Page 70</span></a>
+<b>Wilbur</b>, a town of 1,500 people, on the Northern Pacific
+railway, is a very important shipping and distributing center.
+It has large flour mills, warehouses, five churches, and schools,
+electric lights, and water system, bank, newspaper, parks, and
+important commercial institutions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Almira</b>, in the western part of the county, on the Northern
+Pacific railway, is another prosperous and growing grain center
+with about 600 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Harrington</b>, on the Great Northern railway, is a town of
+some 1,200 people. It has a beautiful location, commands the trade
+of a large farming county, ships grain and livestock, and is a
+prosperous and growing town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Creston</b>, <b>Egypt</b>, and <b>Bluestem</b> are smaller growing
+commercial centers.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+MASON COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Mason county lies on the upper reaches of Puget sound, having the
+Olympic mountains at its north, where about one-fourth of the county
+is in the Olympic forest reserve. Its total area is about 900 square
+miles, and it has a population of about 6,000. Hood's canal penetrates
+well into the center of the county in its great bend, giving it a
+very long salt-water shore line. From the Olympic mountains numerous
+streams flow into the Puget sound, while others empty their waters
+into Gray's harbor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The county is a great forest of splendid timber, which has been
+only to a limited degree cut out. The soil of the foothills and
+valleys Is composed chiefly of shot clays and alluvial deposits,
+making good farming, stock-raising and fruit-growing lands.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Logging and its allied industries constitute the main industries
+of the county, Much of the logs are shipped out of the county to
+feed sawmills in other parts of the Sound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Raising and marketing oysters is an important source of wealth to
+the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is already considerable acreage for farming and stock-raising,
+stock finding pasturage the year round. This industry will grow
+as the land is cleared.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The county affords splendid hunting and fishing in season.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The county is so cut into by the inlets and bays of the sound that
+it has splendid transportation facilities by steamer to all the
+sound ports. The Northern Pacific railway reaches its southern
+boundary. No other railroads traverse the county but its logging
+railroads, which can give only a limited service.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_71"><span class="page">Page 71</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Shelton</b> is the county seat, situated on an arm of the sound
+at the terminus of the logging railroad, and has about 1,200
+inhabitants. Steamers from its wharves reach all the parts of the
+sound directly or by connection with others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The logging industry, manufacturing lumber, cultivating oysters,
+fishing and farming are the chief industries of its people. It has
+four churches, good schools, a newspaper, good stocks of goods,
+volunteer fire department, electric lights, gravity water system.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The logging industry, which centers here, employs 2,000 men and
+pays out $120,000 a month.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Lake Cushman</b> is a summer resort in the mountains famous for
+its big trout catches.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Allyn</b>, on an arm of the sound, is central to much oyster
+lands, logging camps and fruit orchards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Arcadia</b>, also on the sound, is central to considerable
+stock-raising and lumbering.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Detroit</b> is a prosperous village, proud of the grapes grown
+on some of its logged-off lands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Matlock</b> is a town on the logging railroad and central to
+large logging operations.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+OKANOGAN COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Okanogan, the largest county in the state, lies on the northern
+boundary just east of the Cascade peaks. It has an area of 4,500
+square miles and a population estimated at 13,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+About one-fourth of the county, a district of great latent resources,
+is still within the Colville Indian reservation, but is soon to
+be thrown open to settlement.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This county is endowed with great natural resources and a delightful
+climate, and is destined to become thickly populated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The mountains and their foothills have large and numerous veins
+of metals and are covered also with extensive forests. The rolling
+hills of the south and center are rich in agricultural possibilities,
+suitable for stock, and great crops of cereals and fruits. The
+Okanogan river and its branches drain the greater portion of the
+county, rising in British Columbia and flowing south through the
+center of the county and joining the Columbia river on the south
+boundary. The Methow river drains a large portion of the western
+part and makes a paradise for the frontiersman along its sloping
+sides.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Until now the rivers and wagon roads are the only paths of commerce.
+But into this blossoming empire the railroads are looking with
+longing eyes. The Great Northern, however, has already tapped the
+<a name="page_72"><span class="page">Page 72</span></a>
+northern boundary and projected a line down the Okanogan and Columbia
+rivers to Wenatchee. Other railroads will follow, as the prize is
+too great not to be divided.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Conconully</b>, the county seat, is situated among the foothills
+and mines west of the Okanogan river. In addition to the mining
+industry, the raising of sheep and cattle is followed by the citizens.
+The town has a population of about 500 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Oroville</b> is the chief town on the railroad, near the northern
+border, and is the terminus of the road. It has about 500 people
+and is growing. It is an important ore-shipping point, surrounded
+also by good fruit-raising and agricultural lands, yet unirrigated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Brewster</b>, at the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers,
+has a population of about 200, and is an important grain and
+fruit-shipping point.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Okanogan</b> is on the river of the same name, about midway
+between Brewster and Conconully, and to this point the steamers
+ply in the higher waters of the river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Twisp</b> is a growing village in the Methow valley, devoted
+chiefly to fruit-growing and mining. It is an important distributing
+center.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Pateros</b> has steamer connection with Wenatchee, and is an
+importing, growing center.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Beck</b>, <b>Bonaparte</b>, <b>Anglin</b> and <b>Bodie</b> are
+other new and growing commercial centers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chesaw</b>, in the northern part, and <b>Nespelim</b>, in the
+southeastern part, are important locations.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+PACIFIC COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Pacific county is the extreme southern county, which borders on the
+ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river. Although a small county
+with only 900 square miles, it has about 100 miles of salt-water
+frontage. Willapa harbor, at the northwest, is capable of being
+made accessible to all ocean ships, while Shoalwater bay, a body
+of water 20 miles long and separated from the ocean by a long slim
+peninsula, furnishes probably the best breeding ground In the state
+for oyster culture. The county at large is an immense forest, in
+the center of which is a range of hills dividing the watershed so
+that some of the streams flow into the Columbia river at the south,
+some west into Willapa harbor, and others, through the Chehalis
+river, reach Grays harbor.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_63.jpg" width="714" height="412" alt="Plate 63">
+<br />
+Plate No. 63.&mdash;Modern Sanitary Dairy Barn, on Farm of Hon. W. H.
+Paulhamus, Sumner, Pierce County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 400px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_64.jpg" width="400" height="705" alt="Plate 64">
+<br />
+Plate No. 64.&mdash;Views in Rainier National Park, Reached by Railroad
+and Driveway from Tacoma.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 400px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_65.jpg" width="400" height="707" alt="Plate 65">
+<br />
+Plate No. 65.&mdash;San Juan County Views.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 711px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_66.jpg" width="711" height="409" alt="Plate 66">
+<br />
+Plate No. 66.&mdash;Purse Seiners' Camp at Eagle Gorge, San Juan County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+As already indicated, its timber and its fisheries are the great
+sources of wealth for the county, although stock-raising, dairying,
+fruit-growing and general farming are constantly growing in importance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_73"><span class="page">Page 73</span></a>
+The county probably has eleven billion feet of standing timber,
+and daily cuts with its 64 sawmills about 775,000 feet of lumber
+and one million shingles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Both native and cultivated oysters are largely marketed, as are
+also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. A splendid market for all farm
+products is afforded by the mills and lumber camps and summer campers
+on the beach.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, cutting the
+county centrally east and west. On the long ocean beach from the
+mouth of the Columbia river northward is a railroad about 20 miles
+long, made profitable by the extensive patronage of the summer
+campers. Added to these are the water crafts which frequent the
+harbor and the Columbia river, and altogether make access to all
+parts of the county easy.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>South Bend</b>, the county seat, situated near the mouth of
+the Willapa river, is a rapidly growing town of 3,000 people and
+destined to become an important ocean port. The harbor is capacious,
+well protected, has fine anchorage, and is handicapped only by a
+few feet of mud at the bottom, which Uncle Sam will soon remove.
+At low tide there is now from 20 to 30 feet of water in the channel
+of the river and at South Bend it is 1,000 feet wide. South Bend
+is the terminus of the Northern Pacific railway. It has electric
+lights, water works, good schools, fine churches, bank, sawmills,
+planing-mills, sash and door factories, fish canneries, newspapers,
+etc., and is about to build a $50,000 courthouse.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Raymond</b>, a new manufacturing town on the harbor and railroad,
+a few miles from South Bend, has 2,500 people and is rapidly growing
+in importance. Raymond is not yet five years old; has a monthly
+payroll of $100,000; sawmills and factories representing an invested
+capital of $4,900,000, employing 1,200 men; an electric light plant;
+a city telephone system, owned by local capital; a salt-water fire
+protection system; is about to build two bridges, costing $30,000
+each, and is adding new manufacturing plants at the rate of one a
+month. The city gives free factory sites, and has both rail and
+ocean transportation from factory locations to the markets of the
+world.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Ilwaco</b> is a fishing post of importance near the southwest
+shore of the county, with 900 population.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chinook</b>, <b>Frankfort</b> and <b>Knabton</b> are other fishing
+points on the Columbia river of importance. <b>Nahcotta</b> is an
+ocean summer resort.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="page_74"><span class="page">Page 74</span></a>
+PIERCE COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Pierce county, though not the largest, is one of the most important
+counties in the state. Its area of 1,800 square miles occupies
+much of the upper reaches of Puget sound on both sides and extends
+southeasterly, taking in the Rainier National Park of 2,225,000
+acres, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma) 14,526 feet above sea level and
+less than 60 miles from salt water, covered with eternal snow, an
+endless scene of majestic grandeur, giving the county a greater
+variety of elevations and more beautiful and startling scenery than
+any other county in the United States. Its northeastern boundary
+is the White river, its southwestern boundary the Nisqually river.
+It has about 125 miles of salt-water shore lands, with innumerable
+bays and inlets and several important islands. Originally one vast
+forest, much of it now is covered with fruitful fields of grain,
+grass and orchards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its climate is mild and salubrious, its soils of great variety
+and fertility, and its mountains and foothills full of coal and
+precious metals.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The resources of Pierce county are varied and of great value. Its
+central part is one great coal field, covered with forests, producing
+annually about 1,000,000 tons of coal. Gold, silver and copper are
+among its precious metals, but not extensively mined as yet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Its rivers possess almost immeasurable water power. One plant on
+the Puyallup river at Electron has an ultimate capacity of 40,000
+horse-power, 20,000 horse-power of which is now in use. The city of
+Tacoma is engaged in the construction of a plant on the Nisqually
+for municipal use, the capacity of which will be 20,000 horse-power.
+The 12,000 horse-power plant at Snoqualmie Falls also furnishes
+current for city lighting, street railway and manufacturing purposes
+in Tacoma.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+All the cereals are successfully raised; dairying is one of the
+most important industries; fruit-growing, particularly in small
+fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries,
+etc., is very profitable and is engaging a great deal of attention.
+Fish are caught in quantities and shipped to eastern markets, but
+Pierce county's greatest natural wealth is in its vast forests.
+An idea of the value can be had when it is said that $6,000,000
+worth of lumber was cut in 1908 in Tacoma alone. In addition to
+these great natural resources, Pierce county's commercial industries
+are so great as to place it in the front rank of counties of the
+Northwest. The great sawmills, woodworking plants and factories of
+various kinds in the city of Tacoma alone employ 11,800 people, and
+the value of their output last year amounted to over $43,000,000.00.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Pierce county is fast becoming a network of transcontinental railroads
+centering in Tacoma, which, coupled with the steamboat traffic on the
+Sound, gives the county splendid traffic facilities. Pierce county
+<a name="page_75"><span class="page">Page 75</span></a>
+for years was a non-competitive railroad point, the Northern Pacific
+being the only road to enter its vast fields of wealth. Within the
+last two years, however, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Union
+Pacific system, and the Great Northern, realizing the wealth of the
+county and the importance of Tacoma as a manufacturing center, the
+value of her perfect harbor for shipping, the vastness of her great
+stretch of level tidelands for factory sites and terminal yards, and
+the low cost at which freight can be transferred from the rails to
+the sails or <i>vice versa</i>, have entered the field and are now
+spending $11,000,000 on construction and terminal work in the city
+of Tacoma. The addition of these new roads means a wonderful impetus
+to the trade of Tacoma. The Tacoma Eastern railroad, a beautiful
+scenic route, beginning at Tacoma, runs in a southeasterly direction
+through a wonderfully fertile country and vast forests of splendid
+timber, to Rainier National Park and Mount Rainier (Mt. Tacoma).
+Several trolley lines are in operation, reaching all the near-by
+towns and connecting Tacoma and Seattle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In addition to these lines, many steamboats and crafts of all kinds,
+plying the waters of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean, find abundant
+wharfage and anchorage in the harbor of Tacoma. The products of
+the world in large quantities pass through Tacoma in process of
+distribution. A constant stream of small crafts, running about
+the waters of the county, accommodate the local traffic.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Tacoma</b>, with a population of about 125,000, is the county
+seat of Pierce county, and situated on Commencement bay. Its harbor,
+one of the finest in the world, and its railroad terminals, unexcelled
+on the Pacific Coast, as already indicated, are the center of a
+vast commerce by rail and water. At its door is an immense amount
+of water power, already developed, driving her street cars and the
+machinery in many of her factories. Coal and coke are in abundance
+within a few miles of the city, the coal being used extensively
+for steam and conveyed from the trains to the boats by immense
+electric bunkers. The coke is largely utilized in the largest lead
+and copper reduction plant on the coast. The great Guggenheim smelter
+at Tacoma reduces and turns out annually lead, copper, gold and silver
+worth about $10,000,000. Along her wharves are immense elevators,
+grain warehouses and flouring mills. Tacoma yearly ships out more
+grain than any other city on Puget sound. In and around the city
+are large saw and shingle mills, which last year cut 527,604,000
+feet of lumber and 434,000,000 Shingles. Her factories and shops
+have $24,000,000 invested and employ 11,800 wage-earners, and her
+large flour mills ship their products to all parts of the world.
+Her packing-house products amounted to $5,000,000 in 1908. The
+largest car shops west of the Mississippi are located here. Her
+downtown streets are lined by large business blocks; she has 185
+miles of street and suburban railway, and over 75 miles of paved
+streets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_76"><span class="page">Page 76</span></a>
+There are four daily newspapers, 8 banks, 1,120 acres in parks,
+and many beautiful and expensive public buildings. The city hall
+cost $200,000; the court house, $500,000; her high school building,
+the most beautiful on the coast, cost a half million dollars, and the
+United States government is completing a $500,000 federal building.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Puyallup</b> is one of Pierce county's prosperous towns, having
+about 7,000 population, in the wealthy Puyallup valley. This is
+the center or a great fruit-growing district, in which the farmers
+have combined and market their crops through an association, sending
+their berries in patent refrigerator cars into far-away markets.
+It is also quite a large manufacturing center, with a payroll of
+$45,000 per month.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Buckley</b>, with a population of 1,500, is the center of large
+sawmilling, farming and mining industries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Orting</b> is a town with 800 people, chiefly engaged in gardening
+and farming. The State Soldiers' Home is located near, and adds
+considerable trade to the town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Sumner</b> has a population of 1,000, is located in the Puyallup
+valley, and its people form a part of the farmers' association,
+engaged in fruit-growing, dairying and gardening.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Steilacoom</b> is one of the most beautiful little summer resort
+towns on Puget sound and is connected with Tacoma by two electric
+lines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Sylvan</b>, <b>Gig Harbor</b>, <b>Rosedale</b>, <b>Elgin</b>,
+<b>Long Branch</b>, <b>Blanchard</b>, and <b>Bee</b> are very prosperous
+villages of Pierce county, and are located on the shores of Puget
+sound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Spanaway</b>, <b>Eatonville</b>, <b>Alderton</b>, <b>Elbe</b>,
+<b>Meridian</b>, <b>Kapowsin</b>, and <b>McMillan</b> are villages
+in the interior, on the railroads.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Wilkeson</b>, <b>South Prairie</b>, <b>Carbonado</b>, <b>Fairfax</b>,
+<b>Pittsburg</b>, and <b>Melmont</b> are coal-mining towns of
+importance.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+SAN JUAN COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+San Juan county is a group of islands lying between the waters
+of the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the southeast
+shore of Vancouver island. It has about 200 square miles of territory
+and about 4,500 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are three large islands and several smaller ones. The islands
+are covered with soil and timber not different from the main land
+adjoining. Heavy timber in the forests, fine clay loams in the
+bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, big ledges of lime rock
+and other minerals and great shoals of fish in the waters are the
+foundations for prosperity for the citizens of the county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The soils of the islands yield generously to good tillage, and
+wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay yield large crops. Dairying
+is profitable. Poultry-raising and fruit-growing, are especially
+attractive. Sheep and
+<a name="page_77"><span class="page">Page 77</span></a>
+cattle find splendid pasture. Great quantities of salmon and other
+fish are taken in the waters, and game-deer and wild fowl&mdash;are
+abundant.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 403px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_67.jpg" width="403" height="710" alt="Plate 67">
+<br />
+Plate No. 67.&mdash;Two Views of the Lime Works at Roche Harbor, San
+Juan County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_68.jpg" width="714" height="410" alt="Plate 68">
+<br />
+Plate No. 68.&mdash;A Typical Farm Scene in Skagit County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There is no transportation save by water, but the islands are in
+the way of traffic from so many different directions that all parts
+are well served by steamboats.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+ISLANDS AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+SAN JUAN ISLAND is the largest of the group, and its chief industries
+are farming, raising stock, salmon-fishing, and manufacturing lime.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Friday Harbor</b>, on this island, is the county seat and largest
+town, with about 500 people. A telephone system is in operation
+throughout the island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Roche Harbor</b> is the home of great lime kilns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+ORCAS ISLAND is the leading fruit-growing district of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>East Sound</b>, near the center of the island, at the foot of
+Mount Constitution, is a picturesque and charming fruit-growing
+section and summer resort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Orcas</b> is an important center of the fruit and sheep raising
+industries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+LOPEZ ISLAND is a beautiful stretch of fertile agricultural land,
+much of it under tillage, and is the home of a prosperous community
+of farmers and stock-growers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Lopez</b> is the chief commercial center, with a cannery and
+creamery.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+SKAGIT COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Skagit county is the next county to the northwest corner of the
+state, stretching from Rosario straits to the peaks of the
+Cascades&mdash;about 100 miles east and west and 24 miles north
+and south. Its area is 1,800 square miles, with a population of
+about 35,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is a county of great diversities in climate, topography and
+resources. The Skagit river and its branches drain nearly the entire
+county from the mountains to the saltwater. Its deltas are great
+flat fields of wonderful fertility. Its valleys also, where cleared
+of forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Its upper lands carry
+a great burden of forests and are full of hidden treasures.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The resources of the county are its forests and minerals, its
+agricultural products, and fishes. Its great cereal crop is of
+oats; hops, fruits, hay and barley follow in the order named in
+importance, while the products of the dairy are rapidly multiplying.
+Its minerals include the precious metals, iron, lead, coal, marble,
+limestone, granite, sandstone, etc.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_78"><span class="page">Page 78</span></a>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Aside from its water transportation, the Great Northern and the
+Northern Pacific railways cross its westerly end and send a branch
+line through the valley of the Skagit river well up towards the
+mountains and to the salt water at Anacortes. And other roads are
+building, while there are 168 miles of modern graveled wagon roads.
+The facilities for getting about are excellent.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Mt. Vernon</b> is the county seat, with about 4,000 people. It
+is on the Great Northern railway, on the navigable Skagit river,
+and is a city of much commercial importance to the agricultural
+district around it. The soil in the vicinity is renowned for its great
+fertility and astonishing crops of oats, hay and grass. Creameries and
+a milk-condensing plant are supported profitably to all concerned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Anacortes</b> is the chief town of the county, on the salt water.
+It has about 6,000 people, and is a center of lumbering and fishing.
+Factories for drying, salting, and canning salmon, halibut, and
+cod are increasing industries. There is also a fertilizing plant
+and a plant producing charcoal and the by-products of combustion,
+wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Sedro-Woolley</b>, on both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern
+railways, has a population of 4,000, engaged in lumber industries,
+fruit, and vegetables, canning, dairying and gardening. It has a
+monthly payroll of $125,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Burlington</b>, on the Great Northern railway, has 1,800 people,
+and factories for making various wood products, concrete blocks,
+lumber, shingles and condensed milk.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>La Conner</b> is a great oat and hay shipping point. It is at
+the mouth of the Skagit river and on tide water, and has 800 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Hamilton</b>, at the head of navigation on the Skagit river,
+is a mining and lumbering town of 300 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Bay View</b>, <b>Sammish</b>, <b>Minkler</b>, <b>Prairie</b>,
+<b>Fir</b>, and <b>Birdsview</b> are other shipping points.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Baker</b>, on a branch of the Great Northern railway, has 400
+people, and is a center of cement factories.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="page_79"><span class="page">Page 79</span></a>
+SKAMANIA COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Skamania county, in the south central part of the state, has its
+southern boundary on the Columbia river, with Lewis county to the
+north. It is chiefly within the forest reserve, and includes Mount St.
+Helens on the west and Mount Adams on its eastern border. Altogether
+it has an area of 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and about
+3,000 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The north fork of the Lewis river drains the most of the mountainous
+region, while a lot of small streams drain the southern part, emptying
+into the Columbia river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The climate is a mean between that of eastern and western Washington,
+and is very mild and salubrious. The soil of the valleys in the
+region of the Columbia river is very fertile.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The chief resource of the county is in its timber and lumber, yet
+its mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming better known and
+appreciated yearly. The fruit raised in its valleys is of excellent
+flavor, early in season, and the soil is generous in its yield.
+Splendid pasturage in the foothills encourages stock-raising, and
+fishing in the Columbia river is profitably followed by some of
+the citizens.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Boats on the Columbia river and a railroad on each side of it are
+the means of transportation, and ample for the residents of the
+county in its southern portion. The coming of the North Bank railroad
+has given a decided stimulus to the growth of the county.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+DEVELOPMENT.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Skamania county has developed slowly and the bulk of its natural
+wealth is still practically untouched. Its minerals, well known
+to be valuable, are attracting the attention of prospectors, while
+the forests, fisheries and farming lands will furnish a competence
+to hundreds of additional familles. The scenery, combined with
+the fishing and hunting afforded, are additional attractions that
+will prove alluring to many newcomers.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Stevenson</b>, a small town on the Columbia river and railroad,
+is the county seat and has a population of about 450.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Tributary to Stevenson is considerable improved land, and the people
+are engaged in stock-raising, fruit-growing and farming.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Butler</b> is a town of about 300 people on the railroad and
+river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Carson</b>, <b>Cape Horn</b>, <b>Mt. Pleasant</b> and <b>Bear
+Prairie</b> are smaller villages, destined to become centers of
+commercial distribution.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="page_80"><span class="page">Page 80</span></a>
+SNOHOMISH COUNTY.
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Snohomish county extends 36 miles in width from the Sound to the
+peaks of the Cascade mountains, adjoining King county on the north.
+It has an area of some 2,500 square miles of territory, a population
+of about 63,000 people, and a great storehouse of wealth in its
+natural resources. It is one of the largest and richest counties in
+the state, with a mild and healthful climate, magnificent scenery,
+great diversity of landscape, innumerable water falls and plenty
+of game.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The forests of Snohomish are very extensive and but little depleted.
+Fir, cedar, hemlock and spruce are its chief trees. Nearly one-half
+of the area of the county is heavily mineralized with veins of
+gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, iron, and other ores. There
+are also vast ledges of marble, granite and other building stones.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In diversified agricultural possibilities, few counties can excel
+Snohomish. Its general soils in its valleys are alluvial, and produce
+astonishing crops; about the deltas of its rivers, the riches of
+the salt water and the mountains have combined to make a soil that
+will endure for ages and annually astonish the husbandman with
+its generosity. Upon its uplands, its clay and decaying herbage
+have combined for ages to create a soil wonderfully adapted to
+produce grass and fruits, and the industrious are luxuriating in
+nature's prodigality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Rainfall is abundant, but not excessive, and crops of the cereals
+and fruits are never failures.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This county is splendidly provided with transportation facilities;
+many steamboats ply its salt waters and part way up the three great
+rivers that flow into the Sound. Two transcontinental railroads
+cut the western part of the county in two. The trunk line of the
+Great Northern follows the valley of one river from the southeast
+to the coast, while two branch lines run up the other two great
+valleys, past the center of the state, toward the mountains, while
+a dozen spurs and short logging and coal roads act as feeders to
+the main lines, thus giving all the towns of the county access
+to all the Sound markets, and those of the east and the ports of
+the Pacific ocean.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Everett</b>, situated upon a fine harbor on the shores of Puget
+sound near the mouth of the Snohomish river, is the county seat
+and metropolis of the county. It has a population of 35,000, and
+is fast developing into a commercial and manufacturing center of
+importance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The largest steamers afloat can find wharfage at her docks and
+safe anchorage in her waters. It has upwards of 3,000 men employed
+in its factories and mills, with a monthly payroll aggregating
+$230,000.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 419px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_69.jpg" width="419" height="727" alt="Plate 69">
+<br />
+Plate No. 69.&mdash;Codfish and Salmon Packing Plants at Anacortes,
+Skagit County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 702px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_70.jpg" width="702" height="410" alt="Plate 70">
+<br />
+Plate No. 70.&mdash;Plant for the Manufacture of Portland Cement,
+Located in Skagit County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 409px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_71.jpg" width="409" height="704" alt="Plate 71">
+<br />
+Plate No. 71.&mdash; Snohomish County Views.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 402px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_72.jpg" width="402" height="695" alt="Plate 72">
+<br />
+Plate No. 72.&mdash;Snohomish County Industrial Scenes.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 701px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_73.jpg" width="701" height="408" alt="Plate 73">
+<br />
+Plate No. 73.&mdash;Street Scene in Stanwood, Snohomish County. A Pony
+Farm at Everett, Snohomish County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 398px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_74.jpg" width="398" height="689" alt="Plate 74">
+<br />
+Plate No. 74.&mdash;City and Town Views, Snohomish County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_81"><span class="page">Page 81</span></a>
+They are engaged in the manufacture of lumber, shingles, sash and
+doors; in railroad shops, pulp and paper mills, and smelters; in
+running tug boats, driving piles, making iron castings, and tanning
+hides; packing meats and fish; making turpentine, charcoal, flour,
+butter, and many other commodities. Its banks have $4,000,000 on
+deposit. Its paper mills produce 26 tons of paper daily. Its smelter
+is a constant producer of the precious metals and their by-products.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The city is substantially built, having all the conveniences of a
+modern city, with wide streets and wide sidewalks; has both gas and
+electricity for lights, and a good water system. Some of its streets
+are paved with preserved wooden blocks and some with asphalt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Everett is a sub-port of entry of the Puget sound country. The
+United States has spent half a million dollars improving the mouth
+of the Snohomish river for a fresh-water harbor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Snohomish</b> is a city of 4,000 people, on the Snohomish river,
+which is navigable, and is connected with Everett by a street car
+line. It is also on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways,
+and is the distributing center for a large agricultural district.
+It has a number of shingle and sawmills, and is headquarters for
+a good deal of the mining industry of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Stanwood</b> is a town of about 800 people, on the Sound and
+railway, in the northwestern part of the county. It is a center
+of farming interests and lumber industries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Arlington</b> is a mining and lumbering town on the Northern
+Pacific railway, well up toward the mountains. It has a population
+of 2,000 and is growing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Monroe</b> is a town of 2,400 people, on the line of the Great
+Northern railway, in the center of a large farming and milling
+industry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Edmonds</b>, a town of 2,000 people, is on the Sound and Great
+Northern railway, near the King county line; chiefly engaged in
+sawing lumber and making shingles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Sultan</b>, <b>Granite Falls</b>, <b>Gold Bar</b>, <b>Darrington</b>,
+and <b>Monte Cristo</b> are all centers of mining and other industries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Marysville</b>, <b>Mukilteo</b>, <b>Silvana</b>, <b>Getchell</b>,
+and <b>Pilchuck</b> are centers of lumbering and farming.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+SPOKANE COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Spokane county lies in the extreme eastern section of the state.
+The area of the county is 1,680 square miles.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The transportation facilities are the best of the Inland Pacific
+Northwest. Three transcontinental railroads&mdash;the Northern Pacific,
+Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Great Northern&mdash;traverse the
+County from east to west; a fourth transcontinental line, the Oregon
+Railway & Navigation company, enters from the southwest, and a fifth
+transcontinental road, the Spokane International (C.  P. R.), enters
+<a name="page_82"><span class="page">Page 82</span></a>
+the county from the northeast and terminates at Spokane. The Spokane
+Falls & Northern extends north into British Columbia and to Republic
+and Oroville, Wash. Electric trolley lines connect Spokane with
+the outlying towns in every direction. The total railway mileage
+in the county is approximately 429 miles.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TOPOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The northern portion of the county is somewhat mountainous, and
+is covered with a fine growth of pine and tamarack timber; much of
+this section is suitable for agriculture, while all is adapted to
+grazing. The central part of the county is rolling and is traversed
+by the Spokane river; the central section to the west of the city
+of Spokane is fine agricultural land, while to the east of Spokane
+is the Spokane valley, which is rapidly being brought into a high
+state of cultivation by means of irrigation. There are about 40,000
+acres in this valley capable of irrigation; 3,000 acres are now
+irrigated and under cultivation. The southern portion of the county
+is rolling, and comprises some of the finest agricultural land in the
+state. Large areas of this section are utilized for wheat-raising,
+while here are grown the finest sugar beets in the world.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lumbering is a considerable industry, while stock-raising and dairying
+are also extensively engaged in. Over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat
+are grown annually. The flour mills of the county have a combined
+capacity of 3,600 barrels daily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In fruit-growing Spokane is one of the leading counties of the
+state. The value of the fruit produced in the county amounts to
+nearly $3,000,000 annually. The following table shows the distribution
+of the five important fruits.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0">
+<tr>
+ <td><i>Trees planted</i></td>
+ <td>1908&mdash;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right"><i>Total.</i></td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>[*]Apples,</td>
+ <td class="right">253,630</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">713,567</td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>Pears,</td>
+ <td class="right">15,470</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">39,232</td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>Peaches,</td>
+ <td class="right">59,323</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">94,769</td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>Cherries,</td>
+ <td class="right">56,405</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">106,909</td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>Plums and Prunes,</td>
+ <td class="right">11,815</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">29,128</td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>Miscellaneous</td>
+ <td class="right_bb">2,910</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_bb">10,000</td>
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">399,553</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;Total&nbsp;planted&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">1,003,615</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="indent">
+[Footnote *: Is 25 percent. of the total number of apple trees planted
+in the state in 1908.]
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SCHOOLS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are 165 school districts in the county and eighteen towns
+where graded schools are maintained. The total valuation of assessed
+property with improvements (1908) is $77,120,360; personal property,
+$10,527,030.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 411px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_75.jpg" width="411" height="713" alt="Plate 75">
+<br />
+Plate No. 75.&mdash; (1) Spokane Club Building, Spokane. (2)Riverside
+Avenue, Looking East from Post Street, Spokane.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 709px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_76.jpg" width="709" height="406" alt="Plate 76">
+<br />
+Plate No. 76.&mdash;Spokane River and Bridge at Spokane, Showing Fill
+for New Concrete Structure to Cost $500,000.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Spokane</b>, situated on the Spokane river, is the county seat of
+Spokane county, and is the metropolis of eastern Washington, having a
+<a name="page_83"><span class="page">Page 83</span></a>
+population estimated at 120,000. Spokane is the center of a great
+wheat-raising section and is the principal mining and commercial
+center between the Cascades and the Rocky mountains. A conservative
+estimate of the total value of manufactured products for 1908 is
+$17,000,000. There are over 12,000 wage-earners, receiving over
+$10,000,000 annually. The principal industrial establishments are
+lumber mills, flour mills, machine shops, agricultural machinery,
+brick plants, iron works, foundries, pottery, cereal food, furniture,
+etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The industrial prosperity of the city is due largely to the mines
+in the vicinity, the great agricultural resources of the surrounding
+country, and to the extensive water power which offers special
+inducements to manufacturers. The Spokane river here has a total
+fall of 132 feet, which furnishes a minimum of 33,000 horse-power,
+of which 15,000 horse-power is developed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are four national banks, with a combined capital of $3,425,000.
+The city owns its own water works, from which an annual revenue
+of more than $325,000 is derived.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The educational facilities are excellent. There are twenty-three
+public school buildings, constructed of brick and stone, and costing
+$1,450,000. There are three daily newspapers, having a combined
+circulation of 45,000. Here is located the U. S. circuit court;
+the headquarters of the U. S. district court, eastern division;
+U. S. military post (Fort Wright); the government headquarters
+of the postal inspector service, known as the Spokane division,
+which includes the states of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon,
+and the territory of Alaska, and a U. S. land office. Postoffice
+receipts for 1908 amounted to $360,504.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cheney</b>, 10 miles southwest of Spokane, is a town of 1,500
+people. Here is located one of the state normal schools, having
+about 400 students.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Medical Lake</b> is an important town, having the Eastern Washington
+Hospital for the Insane near-by, It is a noted health resort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Rockford</b> is an important agricultural town of 1,200 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Hillyard</b> is an important place of 1,500 people, having the
+car shops of the Great Northern railway as its chief business.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+STEVENS COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Stevens county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state,
+has an area of 4,500 square miles and a population of about 24,000.
+It is a county of great and diverse resources, is splendidly watered
+with large rivers, the Columbia bounding it on the west, and the
+Spokane on part of its southern line. Three ranges of low mountains
+extend across the county nearly north and south. Between these the
+Colville river and the Pend d'Oreille flow generally northerly
+through grand and beautiful valleys.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_84"><span class="page">Page 84</span></a>
+RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Agriculture in all its branches, lumbering and kindred pursuits,
+and the mining of precious metals and building stones make up its
+chief sources of wealth.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+AGRICULTURE.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The farms in the Colville valley are noted for their heavy hay
+crops, producing abundantly all the cereals, including corn, the
+clovers, timothy and alfalfa.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Dairying and stock-raising are important industries. To these the
+climate and soils are well adapted. Some lands have been irrigated
+with great benefit, but the bulk of the farming is successful without
+irrigation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Fruit-raising is receiving deep interest of late, and the county
+bids fair to compete for honors with the very best localities in
+the state for the hardier fruits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Lumbering and saw-milling engage the attention of a large number
+of the people, the product of the mills finding a ready market
+in the farming region, large cities and mining camps.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Mining of the precious metals is a growing and an attractive industry.
+The ores include gold, silver, lead, copper, tungsten and iron, while
+quarries of limestone, marble, onyx, fire-clay, etc., abound.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In addition to the navigable waters of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille
+rivers, which traverse the outskirts of the county, the Great Northern
+railway through the Colville valley from the southern to the northern
+boundary, reaches most of the agricultural and mining centers and
+renders good service. The western part of the county, comparatively
+undeveloped, deserves much more attention.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Colville</b> is both the county seat and principal town in the
+county, having a population of 1,600 people, and is a growing town,
+a distributing center on the railroad, surrounded by prosperous
+farming communities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Northport</b> is the center of much mining activity and has a
+large smelter for the reduction of ores of the precious metals.
+It has a population of 1,200.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Chewelah</b> is a center of agriculture, mining and lumbering
+industries in the center of the county, having about 1,000 people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Newport</b>, in the southeastern part of the county, is an important
+agricultural distributing center. A dozen other smaller towns offer
+great opportunities to the homeseeker.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_77.jpg" width="708" height="405" alt="Plate 77">
+<br />
+Plate No. 77.&mdash;Raising Potatoes in Young Orchard, Spokane County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 320px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_78.jpg" width="320" height="760" alt="Plate 78">
+<br />
+Plate No. 78.&mdash;Basalt Columns, Spokane River at Spokane.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 413px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_79.jpg" width="413" height="716" alt="Plate 79">
+<br />
+Plate No. 79.&mdash;STEVENS COUNTY VIEWS. "Where the Elephant Drinks,"
+a Remarkable Crag on the Bank of the Pend d'Oreille River. A Typical
+Fruit Ranch. Flume Creek Falls.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 419px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_80.jpg" width="419" height="721" alt="Plate 80">
+<br />
+Plate No. 80.&mdash;Stevens County Timber. Cedar Forest. White Pine
+Forest. Yellow Pine Forest.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="page_85"><span class="page">Page 85</span></a>
+THURSTON COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Thurston county is known as having the state capital, Olympia,
+within its borders, and as including the extreme southern reaches
+of Puget sound. It is a county of wooded hills and valleys with
+a few open prairies well watered by mountain streams, chief of
+which is the Nisqually, which forms its dividing line from Pierce
+county, and the Des Chutes river, which makes a splendid waterfall
+of some 85 feet, a few miles south of Olympia. It has an area of
+about 700 square miles, 100 miles of salt-water shore, a population
+of about 20,000, and a delightful climate and magnificent scenery of
+lofty mountains; great expanse of inland salt water, and green-clad
+islands and fields in every direction.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The county is one of the oldest settled portions of the state,
+and has a great variety of natural resources, among which are its
+timber areas, its agricultural fields, its coal mines, its fisheries,
+including clam and oyster beds, gray sandstone quarries, and a
+great variety of clays.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The sawmills of the county are still a very important industry
+and shiploads of lumber are sent out from its wharves. All the
+cereals and grasses yield abundant crops; root crops are extensive;
+fruit of great variety and fine flavor is very prominent. Dairying
+is flourishing, the county having more dairies than any other in
+the state. Coal mining is in its infancy, but has progressed far
+enough to demonstrate the existence of vast areas of lignite coal,
+having some six veins and having a combined thickness of 61 feet
+of coal. About 50,000 sacks of oysters are annually marketed.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Northern Pacific railway connects Olympia with all the important
+Sound ports and the east, and all the transcontinental roads coming
+to the Sound from the south will pass through the county. Together
+with its salt-water deep harbors, these give the county splendid
+competition and variety of commercial facilities.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Olympia</b>, the chief town of the county, at once the county
+seat, state capital and county metropolis, is situated on one of the
+deep-water inlets of Puget sound. Its population is about 12,000.
+While it has a beautiful sandstone structure, now used for capitol
+purposes, the state is about to erect a new capitol building, to
+cost $1,000,000. The foundation is already built. Olympia has one
+of the U. S. land offices and the U. S. surveyor-general's office.
+It is lighted and furnished with power for street-car and other
+purposes from the power of Tumwater falls. The city is a beautiful
+one of fine homes, shaded streets and parks, surrounded by a very
+prosperous agricultural community,
+<a name="page_86"><span class="page">Page 86</span></a>
+producing great quantities of fruit, dairy and poultry products.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Several other smaller towns on the railroads are local centers of
+commercial activity.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+WAHKIAKUM COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Wahkiakum is a small county, having only 275 square miles of territory,
+located on the Columbia river in the southwestern corner of the
+state, near the ocean. Its population is about 4,000. The county
+is heavily timbered and well watered. In many parts of the county
+the soil is exceptionally fertile. The climate is mild, but somewhat
+humid. In the northern part are some low mountains, from which the
+drainage is south through the county to the Columbia river.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The resources of the county consist in its timber, its fertile soil,
+and the fish in the river and ocean.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Logging, saw-milling, and industries growing out of these; agriculture,
+dairying, and fishing are the chief occupation of its people. There
+are several logging concerns in the county and large saw-mills.
+Fish canneries dot its river shores; several creameries and dairies
+are manufacturing butter, while its farms produce hay, potatoes,
+fruits, cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other products, chiefly
+for the Portland market. Many of its citizens are fishermen and
+some make considerable sums trapping fur animals in the winters.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Columbia river is the great highway of the county; no railroads
+are within its borders or near. Owing to the small area of the
+county, this condition is no great drawback, as all the people have
+ready access to the river wharves.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Cathlamet</b>, on the Columbia, is the county seat, with about
+500 people, and is the chief distributing center of the county.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Rosburg</b>, <b>Deep River</b>, <b>Brookfield</b>, <b>Altoona</b>,
+and <b>Skamokawa</b> are centers of industry. This county offers
+exceptional opportunities for the frontiersman.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+WALLA WALLA COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Walla Walla is the county of many waters. It is the most western
+of the southeastern counties of the state, and is bounded north
+and west by the Snake and Columbia rivers. It has 1,296 square
+miles and a population of about 30,000. The elevation varies from
+350 feet at the Columbia river to 2,500 feet along its eastern
+border. It is a succession of plains and rolling hills, covered
+with bunch-grass, with some trees along the streams. Its soil varies
+from quite sandy volcanic ash in the low lands near the Columbia to a
+<a name="page_87"><span class="page">Page 87</span></a>
+heavier clay loam in the eastern parts. In common with much of
+eastern Washington, these lands increase in fertility with successive
+cultivations. The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 689px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_81.jpg" width="689" height="284" alt="Plate 81">
+<br />
+Plate No. 81.&mdash;Farm Scene Near Colville, Stevens County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 710px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_82.jpg" width="710" height="413" alt="Plate 82">
+<br />
+Plate No. 82.&mdash;View of Calispell Valley and Pend d'Oreille River,
+Stevens County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Walla Walla county is essentially agricultural. Its chief resource
+is its soil fertility. This is such that few farmers can be found
+who have not bank accounts.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRODUCTS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The annual production of wheat in Walla Walla county is about 5,000,000
+bushels. Barley is also a profitable crop. Oats and some corn are
+also raised. Large crops of alfalfa hay are annually marketed,
+chiefly from irrigated lands. Fruit of all kinds is abundant. There
+are 2,500 acres devoted to orchards. Market gardening is an important
+and growing industry.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+There are 310 miles of railroads in this county, both the Northern
+Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company railroads competing
+for the traffic. In addition to the railroads, steamboats are plying
+the rivers around the edge of the county, giving additional facilities
+for transportation.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Walla Walla</b>, the county seat, has a population of about
+22,000 and is the commercial center for the southeastern part of
+the state. Its streets are paved. The city owns its own system
+of water, at a cost of $600,000. It is lighted with electricity
+and gas, has large banks and business houses, U. S. land office,
+U. S. courts, U. S. cavalry post, an Odd Fellows' home, and a Home
+for Widows and Orphans. There are manufacturing industries employing
+400 men, turning out $2,000,000 of productions annually. An electric
+system of street cars traverses the streets and is projected into
+several other near-by towns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Waitsburg</b> is an important agricultural town of about 1,600
+people, in the western part of the county, having both railroad
+systems, and ships great quantities of grain. It has large flouring
+mills, warehouses, fine schools and churches, and is a prosperous,
+thriving town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+A large number of shipping points on both systems of railroads are
+growing commercial centers.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+WHATCOM COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Whatcom county lies on the boundary of British Columbia, stretching from
+the Straits of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade mountains&mdash;24
+miles wide and 100 miles long, The eastern half or more of the
+county is included in the national forest reserve, with Mount Baker,
+10,827 feet high, in the center of the county. It is one of the
+important counties on tide water, and has an area of 2,226 square
+miles and a population of about 70,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_88"><span class="page">Page 88</span></a>
+The climate is not different from the general Puget sound climate
+being mild and healthful. There are no severe storms, no sultry
+heat and no severe cold.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+It is estimated that Whatcom county has three billion feet of standing
+timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. The western half
+of the county, outside of the lumbering, etc., is blessed with
+a wealth of soil responding to the farmer's labor generously.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The eastern half of the county is essentially a mountainous,
+forest-covered mining region, and has in store many veins of nearly
+all the metals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Game of great variety of animals and fowls and fish are abundant.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The people of Whatcom county are engaged in lumbering and running
+saw-mills, one of the largest of the state being in this county;
+manufacturing of various kinds from the raw products in the county,
+including shingle mills and shingle machinery factory, salmon canneries,
+planing mills, barrel factories, Portland cement factory, and many
+others. Of no small importance is farming, fruit-growing and dairying.
+Prospecting and mining engage the attention and labor of a large
+number of citizens.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Aside from having a long salt-water coast, open to traffic from
+the ocean, with splendid harbors, the county is traversed in all
+its agricultural half by a network of railroads, by the Northern
+Pacific, Great Northern, B. B. and B. C. railroads. These furnish
+exceptional means of traffic to all industries excepting the mining.
+The county has also an admirable system of wagon roads, some planked,
+some graveled and some graded and drained, covering about 700 miles.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 401px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_83.jpg" width="401" height="701" alt="Plate 83">
+<br />
+Plate No. 83.&mdash;Products of Thurston County Waters.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 410px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_84.jpg" width="410" height="772" alt="Plate 84">
+<br />
+Plate No. 84.&mdash;Thurston County Stick. 14,000 Feet. Sandstone Quarry,
+Tenino, Thurston County. Logging with Oxen. Early Days in Thurston County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 713px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_85.jpg" width="713" height="410" alt="Plate 85">
+<br />
+Plate No. 85.&mdash;Five Combined Harvesters at Work on a Walla Walla
+County Wheat Farm.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 714px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_86.jpg" width="714" height="418" alt="Plate 86">
+<br />
+Plate No. 86.&mdash;Ploughing the Ground for Wheat-Growing, Walla Walla
+County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 712px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_87.jpg" width="712" height="403" alt="Plate 87">
+<br />
+Plate No. 87.&mdash;Bird's-Eye View of a Portion of Bellingham, Whatcom
+County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 415px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_88.jpg" width="415" height="721" alt="Plate 88">
+<br />
+Plate No. 88.&mdash;Typical Farm Scenes in Whatcom County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Bellingham</b>, on a salt-water bay of the same name, is the
+county seat, and commercial metropolis not only for this county but
+much other territory. It has a population of about 40,000 people.
+Into it all the railroads center, while the harbor is one of the best
+in Washington. It is largely a manufacturing town, having plants for
+the production of sash, doors, columns, tin cans, boilers, engines,
+flour and feed, canned fish, condensed milk, and many others. It is
+a substantial, live business community of wide-awake people, and
+growing rapidly. It has a gravity water system, electric lights,
+and gas plant.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Blaine</b> is a city of about 3,000 inhabitants, situated close
+to the Canadian line and on the Great Northern railway. Timber and
+lumber manufactures are the chief sources of its prosperity. Fishing
+and the canning of salmon are also important industries. The railroad
+<a name="page_89"><span class="page">Page 89</span></a>
+company has recently expended considerable sums in improving its
+facilities. Blaine is a growing community.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Sumas</b>, on the Canadian border, is a lumbering town of 1,100
+people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Lynden</b> is an agricultural center of 1,200 citizens.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Ferndale</b> is a lumber center of 1,000 people. Besides, there
+are a dozen smaller business centers in the county, growing and
+prosperous.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+WHITMAN COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Whitman county is one of the chief agricultural counties of the
+state, lying immediately south of Spokane county and on the Idaho
+state line, having the Snake river for its southern boundary. The
+county is a plateau of rolling prairie lands, a large portion of
+which is farmed, watered by a number of streams, which are utilized
+for irrigation purposes in some of the bottom lands&mdash;although
+the rainfall is sufficient to mature crops, and no irrigation is
+had on the great bulk of the farms. The area is about 2,000 square
+miles. The population is about 40,000. The soil is a strong mixture
+of volcanic ash and clay of great fertility and permanence. Twenty
+years of wheat-growing still leaves the soil able to produce from
+25 to 50 bushels per acre.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+All the resources of the county originate in this splendid soil.
+For growing all the cereals and fruits and vegetables it has no
+superior. The county is well settled, and probably no county can
+excel Whitman county in the per capita wealth of its farmers. The
+products of the county are varied, and include wheat, oats, barley
+and hay, all giving splendid yields&mdash;wheat from 30 to 50 bushels,
+oats 60 to 100 bushels, barley from 50 to 80 bushels, and hay from
+4 to 6 tons per acre. Potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables
+produce fine crops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries,
+are successfully raised in all parts of the county, while on the
+bottom lands, along the Snake river, peaches, melons, etc., are
+produced in abundance. Seventy-five carloads of fruit go out annually
+from one orchard.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Wheat gives up five and one-half million bushels to the farmers
+each year. Oats one and three-fourths million and barley about
+one-half million bushels. Whitman county has more banks than any
+county in eastern Washington besides Spokane.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+TRANSPORTATION.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Whitman county is as well, or better, provided with railroads than
+any agricultural county in the state. The Northern Pacific, O.
+R. & N., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the S. & I. railroads
+are all interlaced about its grain-fields. These all connect with
+Spokane, and give access to all eastern and western markets.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="page_90"><span class="page">Page 90</span></a>
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Colfax</b>, the county seat, situated near the center of the
+county, on the railroads and Palouse river, is the largest town
+in the county, with about 3,600 population. The town owns its own
+water system, has electric lights, fine court-house, banks, mills,
+warehouses, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Pullman</b> is a town of 3,000 people, near which is located the
+Washington State College, a large educational institution supported
+by the state, having about 1,000 students. It is an important
+grain-shipping point. It has a public water system, electric lights,
+and is a thriving and growing commercial center.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Palouse</b> is a railroad center of 2,500 people, a large shipping
+point for grain, live stock, fruits and pottery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Oakesdale</b> is a town of 1,500 people, having three railroads,
+and is an important shipping point.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Tekoa</b> has a population of about 1,400, is a railroad center,
+and is a large shipper of fruits and grain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Garfield</b> has a population of 1,000, and ships much grain
+and other produce.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Rosalia</b> has 1,000 population, and is an important grain center.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+This county has a dozen other shipping points where from 300 to 700
+people are supported by the business originating on the tributary
+farms.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+YAKIMA COUNTY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Yakima county is one of the large and important counties in the
+state, having the Yakima Indian reservation included within its
+boundaries. Its area is 3,222 square miles and it has a population of
+about 38,000. It is watered by the Yakima river and its tributaries,
+and through its valleys the railroads from the east find their
+easiest grade toward the Cascade passes. It is a county of level
+valleys and plateaus, having a soil made up chiefly of volcanic
+ash and disintegrated basaltic rocks, of great depth, which yields
+fabulously in cereal and grass crops, fruits and vegetables with
+the magic touch of irrigation. Artificial watering is 30 years old
+in this valley, and yet only a very small area was thus treated
+until the matter was taken up by the national government. But now
+vast areas are being provided with water, and the consequent growth
+and development of the county is wonderful.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+A series of lakes in the mountains are being utilized as reservoirs,
+and from these lakes the waters are being distributed in many directions
+in the large irrigating canals. When the projects now under way are
+completed, more than 200,000 acres will be under ditches.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+RESOURCES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Yakima's wealth consists in the combination of its soil and water
+and climate. The county, lying east of the Cascade mountains, in
+<a name="page_91"><span class="page">Page 91</span></a>
+large part at a low elevation, receives somewhat severe heat in
+the summer, which gives the opportunity successfully to ripen the
+less hardy fruits&mdash;peaches, apricots, grapes, etc. The county
+has half a million bearing trees and two and one-half million young
+trees growing in its orchards.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+INDUSTRIES.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Naturally the industries of the county consist in exploiting its
+natural resources, and so we find Yakima citizens busy in raising
+fruits, hay, grain, and garden vegetables, to supply the big cities
+of the Sound. Its last year's contribution will probably exceed
+ten million dollars in value.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of the items which compose this large sum, fruit is probably chief
+in importance. Alfalfa and grain-hay is an important item, as is
+also the crop of melons and potatoes. The combined fields of alfalfa
+and orchards make ideal bee pasturage, and Yakima honey is a constant
+factor of barter in the Sound cities. The upland farms produce
+quantities of all grains&mdash;wheat, oats, and barley&mdash;and
+some field corn is successfully raised in the warmer parts. Sheep,
+cattle and horses are also exported. Hops are a large crop.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+</h4>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>North Yakima</b> is at once the county seat and chief metropolis
+of the entire Yakima valley, having a population of about 12,000. It
+is situated on the Northern Pacific railway and Yakima river, and
+is the distributing center for both merchandise and farm products
+for a large surrounding territory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The State Fair, supported by the state, holds annual exhibits here.
+It has extensive fruit canneries, flour mills, lumber mills, other
+woodworking factories, large warehouses, paved streets, big business
+blocks, fine churches, schools, banks, newspapers, etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Sunnyside</b>, a town built up among the irrigated farms, has
+a population of 1,500. Here are a cannery, pulp mill, creameries,
+etc.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<b>Toppenish</b> and <b>Mabton</b> are commercial centers of importance
+of about 700 inhabitants each, and growing.
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_92"><span class="page">Page 92</span></a>
+STATISTICAL APPENDIX.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">
+STATISTICS OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th class="btrb">NAME.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">County.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Mayor.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Clerk.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Sec'y Commercial Organization.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Pop. U.&nbsp;S. Cens. 1900</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Est. Pop. 1909</th>
+ <th class="btb">Transportation Lines.</th>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Aberdeen</td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">E. B. Benn</td>
+ <td class="br">P. F. Clarke</td>
+ <td class="br">E. Beinfohr</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,747</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Almira</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">J. C. Johnson</td>
+ <td class="br">Peter Wallerich</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Anacortes</td>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="br">W. V. Wells</td>
+ <td class="br">M. C. Baker</td>
+ <td class="br">Gus Hensler</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,476</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,000</td>
+ <td>G. N. Ry. and two lines of steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Arlington</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">Peter Larson</td>
+ <td class="br">Homer L. Huddle</td>
+ <td class="br">Lot Davis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,400</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Asotin</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Asotin</td>
+ <td class="br">J. B. Jones</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Fulton</td>
+ <td class="br">E. H. Dammarell</td>
+ <td class="right_br">470</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>River steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Auburn</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">L. C. Smith</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. C. Meade</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. C. Meade</td>
+ <td class="right_br">489</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Bellingham</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. De Mattos</td>
+ <td class="br">F. B. Graves</td>
+ <td class="br">L. Baldrey</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11,062</td>
+ <td class="right_br">41,000</td>
+ <td>G. N., N. P., B. B. & B. C. railways;
+     steamers to all Sound ports.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Blaine</td>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="br">T. J. Quirt</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. G. Merritt</td>
+ <td class="br">J. J. Pinckney</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,592</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Bremerton</td>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="br">L. E. Mallette</td>
+ <td class="br">Paul Mehner</td>
+ <td class="br">R. S. Hayward</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,000</td>
+ <td>Steamers to Seattle and Tacoma.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Buckley</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">D. S. Morris</td>
+ <td class="br">W. B. Osbourn</td>
+ <td class="br">W. B. Osbourn</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,014</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Burlington</td>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="br">P. M. Moody</td>
+ <td class="br">I. A. Marchant</td>
+ <td class="br">I. A. Marchant</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,800</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Camas</td>
+ <td class="br">Clarke</td>
+ <td class="br">John Cowan</td>
+ <td class="br">F. B. Barnes</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Portland & Seattle Ry.; river st'rs.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Cashmere</td>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="br">C. A. Huston</td>
+ <td class="br">A. J. Amos</td>
+ <td class="br">C. M. Banker</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Castle Rock</td>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Robin</td>
+ <td class="br">G. F. McClane</td>
+ <td class="br">G. F. McClane</td>
+ <td class="right_br">750</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,300</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Cathlamet</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Wahkiakum</td>
+ <td class="br">J. T. Nassa</td>
+ <td class="br">T. M. Nassa</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Steamboats.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Centralia</td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Guerrier</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Hodge</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. Thomas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,600</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Charleston</td>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="br">N. A. Palmer</td>
+ <td class="br">M. M. Bausman</td>
+ <td class="br">A. F. Shepherd</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Steamers to Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Chehalis</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="br">Wm. West</td>
+ <td class="br">W. A. Westover</td>
+ <td class="br">H. C. Coffman</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,775</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="br">C. C. Jackson</td>
+ <td class="br">W. M. Emerson</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Rusk</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">900</td>
+ <td>Steamers on river and lake.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Cheney</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">L. Walter</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Minnick</td>
+ <td class="br">L. R. Houck</td>
+ <td class="right_br">781</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,600</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry.; Spokane Electric Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Chewelah</td>
+ <td class="br">Stevens</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Brownlow</td>
+ <td class="br">T. L. Montgomery</td>
+ <td class="br">E. D. Germain</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>S. F. & N. branch G. N. Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Clarkston</td>
+ <td class="br">Asotin</td>
+ <td class="br">D. B. Parks</td>
+ <td class="br">E. A. Bass</td>
+ <td class="br">R. B. Hooper</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. and N. P. Rys.; steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Cle Elum</td>
+ <td class="br">Kittitas</td>
+ <td class="br">L. R. Thomas</td>
+ <td class="br">S. E. Willis</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Ris.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Colfax</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">Wm. Lippitt</td>
+ <td class="br">H. Bramwell</td>
+ <td class="br">C. R. Lorne</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,121</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,500</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N.; S. & I. Electricity.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Colton</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H Renfro</td>
+ <td class="br">L. F. Gibbs</td>
+ <td class="br">J. B. Ellsworth</td>
+ <td class="right_br">251</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Branch Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Colville</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Stevens</td>
+ <td class="br">L. B Harvey</td>
+ <td class="br">A. B. Sansburn</td>
+ <td class="br">L. E. Jesseph</td>
+ <td class="right_br">594</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,000</td>
+ <td>Spokane Falls & Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Conconnully</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Lovejoy</td>
+ <td class="br">Wm. Baines</td>
+ <td class="br">W. S. McClure</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Stage.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Cosmopolis</td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">L. B. Hogan</td>
+ <td class="br"> W. S. McLaughlin</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,004</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Coulee City</td>
+ <td class="br">Grant</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. McCann</td>
+ <td class="br">A. Kirkpatrick</td>
+ <td class="br">G. T. Walter</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">300</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Creston</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">F. A. Duncan</td>
+ <td class="br">D. F. Peffley</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>W. C. branch N. P. Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Cunningham</td>
+ <td class="br">Adams</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. Parker</td>
+ <td class="br">A. J. Haile</td>
+ <td class="br">A. J. Haile</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">350</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Davenport</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">W. C. Graham</td>
+ <td class="br">Lee Odgers</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. Anderson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,800</td>
+ <td>Central Washington railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Dayton</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Columbia</td>
+ <td class="br">H. C. Benbow</td>
+ <td class="br">R. O. Dyer</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. Guernsy</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,216</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,500</td>
+ <td>N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Deer Park</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">W. D. Phillips</td>
+ <td class="br">R. G. Cole</td>
+ <td class="br">W. D. Phillips</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,100</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Edmonds</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">Jas Brady</td>
+ <td class="br">G. M. Leyda</td>
+ <td class="br">E. M. Allen</td>
+ <td class="right_br">474</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,000</td>
+ <td>Great Northern Ry. and steamers</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Elberton</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">R. A. Cox</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Berkstresser</td>
+ <td class="br">A. B. Metz</td>
+ <td class="right_br">297</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Ellensburg</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Kittitas</td>
+ <td class="br">W. J. Peed</td>
+ <td class="br">J. J. Poyser</td>
+ <td class="br">Wayne Murray</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,737</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pac. and Milwaukee Rys.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Elma</td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Gouty</td>
+ <td class="br">E. S. Avey</td>
+ <td class="br">E. S. Avey</td>
+ <td class="right_br">894</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,700</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry., two branches.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Endicott</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">C. L. Wakefield</td>
+ <td class="br">M. A. Sherman, Jr.</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Ephrata</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Grant</td>
+ <td class="br">Dr. Chaffee</td>
+ <td class="br">Lee Tolliver</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Everett</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">Newton Jones</td>
+ <td class="br">C. C. Gilman</td>
+ <td class="br">E. E. Johnston</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,838</td>
+ <td class="right_br">35,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Fairfield</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">C. A. Loy</td>
+ <td class="br">M. Walser</td>
+ <td class="br">O. H. Loe</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Farmington</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">E. E. Paddock</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Bass</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Bass</td>
+ <td class="right_br">434</td>
+ <td class="right_br">780</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Ferndale</td>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="br">J. B. Wilson</td>
+ <td class="br">C. Kelley</td>
+ <td class="br">Percy Hood</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Garfield</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">H. S. McClure</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. Rogers</td>
+ <td class="br">F. H. Michaelson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">697</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,350</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N., N. P. and S. & I. Rys.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Georgetown</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">John Mueller</td>
+ <td class="br">John Beek</td>
+ <td class="br">C. A. Thorndyke</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,500</td>
+ <td>One Interurban, 3 steam railways.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Goldendale</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Klickitat</td>
+ <td class="br">Allen Bonebrake</td>
+ <td class="br">J. R. Putman</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Ramsay</td>
+ <td class="right_br">788</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Spokane, Portland & Seattle Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Granite Falls</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Willoughby</td>
+ <td class="br">C. T. Smith</td>
+ <td class="br">W. R. Moore</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Branch of Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Hamilton</td>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="br">H. I. Bratlie</td>
+ <td class="br">S. H. Sprinkle</td>
+ <td class="br">Thos. Conby</td>
+ <td class="right_br">392</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>G. N. Ry.; Skagit river steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Harrington</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">A. G. Mitchum</td>
+ <td class="br">W. W. Gwinn</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Hartline</td>
+ <td class="br">Grant</td>
+ <td class="br">E. A. Whitney</td>
+ <td class="br">T. E. Jenkins</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">300</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Hatton</td>
+ <td class="br">Adams</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Batten</td>
+ <td class="br">W. C. Sallee</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Hillyard</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">M. H. Gordon</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. Cramer</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. Cramer</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>Elec. interurb.; G. N. and S. F. & N.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Hoquiam</td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">Dr. T. C. Frary</td>
+ <td class="br">Z. T. Wllson</td>
+ <td class="br">W. C. Gregg</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,608</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Ilwaco</td>
+ <td class="br">Pacific</td>
+ <td class="br">W. P. Rowe</td>
+ <td class="br">J. A. Howerton</td>
+ <td class="br">A. A. Seaborg</td>
+ <td class="right_br">584</td>
+ <td class="right_br">900</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. railway and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Index</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">H. L. Bartlett</td>
+ <td class="br">H. F. Wilcox</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Kahlotus</td>
+ <td class="br">Franklin</td>
+ <td class="br">E. R. Doughty</td>
+ <td class="br">E. L. Chittenden</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">300</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. and S. P. & S. railways.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Kalama</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="br">A. L. Watson</td>
+ <td class="br">E. N. Howe</td>
+ <td class="br">E. N. Howe</td>
+ <td class="right_br">554</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,250</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Kelso</td>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="br">M. J. Lord</td>
+ <td class="br">Max Whittlesey</td>
+ <td class="br">W. M. Signor</td>
+ <td class="right_br">694</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Kennewick</td>
+ <td class="br">Benton</td>
+ <td class="br">L. E. Johnson</td>
+ <td class="br">G. N. Calhoun</td>
+ <td class="br">S. Z. Hendersen</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry.; P. & S. Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Kent</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">M. M. Morrill</td>
+ <td class="br">L. E. Price</td>
+ <td class="br">B. A. Bowen</td>
+ <td class="right_br">755</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Kettle Falls</td>
+ <td class="br">Stevens</td>
+ <td class="br">H. L. Childs</td>
+ <td class="br">A. R. Squire</td>
+ <td class="br">E. A. Blakeley</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Kirkland</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">R. H. Collins</td>
+ <td class="br">J. S. Courtright</td>
+ <td class="br">W. R. Stevens</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">750</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry. and ferry to Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">LaConner</td>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="br">J. F. Dwelley</td>
+ <td class="br">J. S. Church</td>
+ <td class="br">W. E. Schreeker</td>
+ <td class="right_br">564</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Boat and stage.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Lakeside</td>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="br">Jos. Darnell</td>
+ <td class="br">S. B. Russell</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td>Stage and steamer.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Latah</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Taylor</td>
+ <td class="br">Chas. White</td>
+ <td class="br">Chas. White</td>
+ <td class="right_br">253</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Leavenworth</td>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis J. Nelson</td>
+ <td class="br">G. A. Hamilton</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Lind</td>
+ <td class="br">Adams</td>
+ <td class="br">J. T. Dirstine</td>
+ <td class="br">Day Imus</td>
+ <td class="br">R. S. Hamilton</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,400</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Little Falls</td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="br">E. C. Brown</td>
+ <td class="br">G. E. Grow</td>
+ <td class="br">W. A. Willis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Lynden</td>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="br">Walter Elder</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. Bixby</td>
+ <td class="br">R. W. Green</td>
+ <td class="right_br">365</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>B. B. & B. C. railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Mabton</td>
+ <td class="br">Yakima</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Howell</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Ashton</td>
+ <td class="br">G. T. Morgan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Marysville</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Roberts</td>
+ <td class="br">B. D. Curtiss</td>
+ <td class="br">P. E. Coffin</td>
+ <td class="right_br">728</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Medical Lake</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">M. J. Grady</td>
+ <td class="br">R. R. McCorkell</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Mills</td>
+ <td class="right_br">516</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,400</td>
+ <td>N. P. and W. W. P. Electric Rys.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Milton</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Weekes</td>
+ <td class="br">W. J. Keller</td>
+ <td class="br">J. S. Williams</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">650</td>
+ <td>Puget Sound Electric railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Monroe</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">J. H. Campbell</td>
+ <td class="br">Arthur Root</td>
+ <td class="br">L. P. Tallman</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Montesano</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. W. Winemire</td>
+ <td class="br">R. H. Fleet</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,194</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Mt. Vernon</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="br">Wm. Dale</td>
+ <td class="br">J. S. Bowen</td>
+ <td class="br">Frank Pickering</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,120</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,000</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br">Newport</td>
+ <td class="br">Stevens</td>
+ <td class="br">E. S. Appel</td>
+ <td class="br">Ed Beitton</td>
+ <td class="br">R. S. Anderson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr> <tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>North Yakima</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Yakima</td>
+ <td class="br">P. M. Armbruster</td>
+ <td class="br">J. G. Brooker</td>
+ <td class="br">H. P. James</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,124</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+NOTE 1.&mdash;County seats in black face type.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+NOTE 2.&mdash;Population estimates for 1909 were supplied by local
+authorities, the school census, upon which the estimates of this
+Bureau are usually based, not being available at the time this
+publication was compiled.
+</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 414px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_89.jpg" width="414" height="721" alt="Plate 89">
+<br />
+Plate No. 89.&mdash;Dairying, a Growing Industry in Whatcom County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 411px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_90.jpg" width="411" height="717" alt="Plate 90">
+<br />
+Plate No. 90.&mdash;Whatcom County Bulb Gardens.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th class="btrb">
+<a name="page_94"><span class="page">Page 94</span></a>
+ NAME.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">County.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Mayor.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Clerk.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Sec'y Commercial Organization.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Pop. U.&nbsp;S. Cens. 1900</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Est. Pop. 1909</th>
+ <th class="btb">Transportation Lines.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Oakesdale</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">R. J. Neergaard</td>
+ <td class="br">F. S. Baer</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">928</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Oakville</td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">J. E. Fitzgerald</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Scott</td>
+ <td class="br">O. H. Fry</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Ocosta</td>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="br">C. C. Flowers</td>
+ <td class="br">Andrew Wallace</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">150</td>
+ <td>Steamers and railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Odessa</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">F. J. Guth</td>
+ <td class="br">W. M. Nevins</td>
+ <td class="br">H. L. Cole</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="br">Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="br">H. J. Kerr</td>
+ <td class="br">T. B. Collins</td>
+ <td class="br">T. B. Collins</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>River steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Olympia</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Thurston</td>
+ <td class="br">Mitchell Harris</td>
+ <td class="br">J. R. Dever</td>
+ <td class="br">John M. Wilson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,082</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry.; P. T. & S. Ry.; steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Oroville</td>
+ <td class="br">Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="br">E. A. McMahon</td>
+ <td class="br">C. S. Taylor</td>
+ <td class="br">F. A. De Vos</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Orting</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">Frank Lotz</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Van Scoyoc</td>
+ <td class="br">M. C. Hopkins</td>
+ <td class="right_br">728</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Palouse City</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Farnsworth</td>
+ <td class="br">G. D. Kincaid</td>
+ <td class="br">G. D. Kincaid</td>
+ <td class="right_br">929</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,000</td>
+ <td>Four railroads.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Pasco</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Franklin</td>
+ <td class="br">C. S. O'Brien</td>
+ <td class="br">L. D. Conrad</td>
+ <td class="br">W. D. Fales</td>
+ <td class="right_br">254</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,800</td>
+ <td>N. P. Ry.: P. & S. Ry.; steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pataha</td>
+ <td class="br">Garfield</td>
+ <td class="br">D. Evens</td>
+ <td class="br">Chas. Ward</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">250</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railway & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Paulsbo</td>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="br">A. B. Moe</td>
+ <td class="br">Paul Paulson</td>
+ <td class="br">Paul Paulson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Steamers to Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pe Ell</td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="br">August Mayer</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Boynton</td>
+ <td class="br">P. M. Watson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Pomeroy</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Garfield</td>
+ <td class="br">H. C. Krouse</td>
+ <td class="br">H. St. George</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">953</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,800</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Port Angeles</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Clallam</td>
+ <td class="br">E. E. Seevers</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Fields</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Davis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,321</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>Steamer and stage lines.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Pt. Orchard</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="br">R. E. Bucklin</td>
+ <td class="br">Wm. C. Bading</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">754</td>
+ <td class="right_br">900</td>
+ <td>Steamers, Seattle and Tacoma.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Pt. Townsend</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Jefferson</td>
+ <td class="br">Max Gerson</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. Anderson</td>
+ <td class="br">P. C. Peterson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,443</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,000</td>
+ <td>P. T. & S. Ry. and Sound steamer.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Prescott</td>
+ <td class="br">Walla Walla</td>
+ <td class="br">Jos. Utter</td>
+ <td class="br">R. B. Smith</td>
+ <td class="br">T. B. Grumwell</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">650</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Prosser</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Benton</td>
+ <td class="br">Albert Smith</td>
+ <td class="br">Lon Boyle</td>
+ <td class="br">H. W. Carnahan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">229</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pullman</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">H. V. Carpenter</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. N. Henry</td>
+ <td class="br">B. F. Campbell</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,308</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Puyallup</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Melrose</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. La Plante</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Leavitt</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,884</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. and Mil. Rys.; Elec. line Tac.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Quincy</td>
+ <td class="br">Grant</td>
+ <td class="br">F. T. Campbell</td>
+ <td class="br">R. C. Wightmar</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. W. Downer</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Raymond</td>
+ <td class="br">Pacific</td>
+ <td class="br">A. C. Little</td>
+ <td class="br">J. H. Callahan</td>
+ <td class="br">W. R. Struble</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Reardan</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">W. S. Bliss</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Padley</td>
+ <td class="br">H. G. Burns</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Central Washington railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Renton</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">Benj. Ticknor</td>
+ <td class="br">A. W. Ticknor</td>
+ <td class="br">P. W. Houser</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,000</td>
+ <td>Steam and electric railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Republic</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Ferry</td>
+ <td class="br">Jno. Stack</td>
+ <td class="br">M. H. Joseph</td>
+ <td class="br">M. H. Joseph</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,500</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,250</td>
+ <td>Great Northern branch line.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Ritzville</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Adams</td>
+ <td class="br">W. R. Peters</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. Cross</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. Cross</td>
+ <td class="right_br">761</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,600</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Rockford</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">J. Kindschuh</td>
+ <td class="br">A. B. McDaniel</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Lowe</td>
+ <td class="right_br">433</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Rosalia</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">R. P. Turnley</td>
+ <td class="br">F. S. Chetal</td>
+ <td class="br">A. A. Wonnell</td>
+ <td class="right_br">379</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,400</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Rys.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Roslyn</td>
+ <td class="br">Kittitas</td>
+ <td class="br">J. G. Green</td>
+ <td class="br">Thos. Ray</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,786</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Roy</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">A. W. Wert</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Elder</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific and Tac. East. Rys.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Ruston</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Garrison</td>
+ <td class="br">V. D. Goss</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Seattle</b></td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">Jno. F. Miller</td>
+ <td class="br">H. W. Carroll</td>
+ <td class="br">C. B. Yandell<br />Geo. E. Boos</td>
+ <td class="right_br">80,671</td>
+ <td class="right_br">275,000</td>
+ <td>N. P.; G. N.; Mil.; C. P. R.; Bur.; C. & P. S.; P. S. E. Rys.;
+     S. S. lines.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sedro-Woolley</td>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Bingham</td>
+ <td class="br">T. J. Morrow</td>
+ <td class="br">M. B. Holbrook</td>
+ <td class="right_br">885</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,450</td>
+ <td>N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Shelton</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Mason</td>
+ <td class="br">G. W. Draham</td>
+ <td class="br">F. C. Mathewson</td>
+ <td class="br">G. C. Angle</td>
+ <td class="right_br">883</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Steamers to Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Lamprey</td>
+ <td class="br">E. Thistlewaite</td>
+ <td class="br">W. W. Reed</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,101</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,000</td>
+ <td>G. N., N. P. and C. P. Rys.; steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Snoqualmie</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">Otto Reinig </td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>South Bend</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Pacific</td>
+ <td class="br">W. P. Cressy</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Mills</td>
+ <td class="br">F. G. McIntosh</td>
+ <td class="right_br">711</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Spangle</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">J. H. Gruenwald</td>
+ <td class="br">M. H. Sullivan</td>
+ <td class="br">E. C. Rohweder</td>
+ <td class="right_br">431</td>
+ <td class="right_br">450</td>
+ <td>Branch Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Spokane</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">C. H. Moore</td>
+ <td class="br">C. A. Fleming</td>
+ <td class="br">L. G. Monroe<br />A. W. Jones</td>
+ <td class="right_br">36,848</td>
+ <td class="right_br">120,000</td>
+ <td>N. P.; G. N.; O. R. & N.; P. & S.; Spok. Int.; W. W. P. and
+     S. & I. Rys.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sprague</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Shearer</td>
+ <td class="br">J. V. Muzzy</td>
+ <td class="br">J. S. Freese</td>
+ <td class="right_br">695</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Springdale</td>
+ <td class="br">Stevens</td>
+ <td class="br">Jacob Keller</td>
+ <td class="br">A. E. Bidgood</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Spokane Falls & Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Stanwood</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">A. B. Klaeboe</td>
+ <td class="br">G. M. Mitchell</td>
+ <td class="br">L. Livingstone</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Rail and steamer.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Starbuck</td>
+ <td class="br">Columbia</td>
+ <td class="br">H. A. Johnson</td>
+ <td class="br">B. A. Whiting</td>
+ <td class="br">J. B. Atkinson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">750</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Steilacoom</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">E. Church</td>
+ <td class="br">M. P. Potter</td>
+ <td class="br">Mr. Annis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Electric railway and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Stevenson</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Skamania</td>
+ <td class="br">A. Fleischhauer</td>
+ <td class="br">R. C. Sly</td>
+ <td class="br">R. C. Sly</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td>Portland & Seattle railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">St. John</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">W. S. Ridenour</td>
+ <td class="br">W. S. Mott</td>
+ <td class="br">G. W. Case, Jr</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">700</td>
+ <td>Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sultan</td>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="br">W. W. Morgan</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Musgrove</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Musgrove</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sumas</td>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="br">R. S. Lambert</td>
+ <td class="br">L. Van Valkenburg</td>
+ <td class="br">Lars Barbo</td>
+ <td class="right_br">319</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>C. P. Ry.; N. P. Ry. G. N. Ry.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sumner</td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">R. R. White</td>
+ <td class="br">E. D. Swezey</td>
+ <td class="br">R. R. White</td>
+ <td class="right_br">531</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sunnyside</td>
+ <td class="br">Yakima</td>
+ <td class="br">H. W. Turner</td>
+ <td class="br">H. F. Wright</td>
+ <td class="br">J. A. Vince</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,600</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Tacoma</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Linck</td>
+ <td class="br">L. W. Roys</td>
+ <td class="br">P. L. Sinclair<br />O. F. Cosper</td>
+ <td class="right_br">37,714</td>
+ <td class="right_br">125,000</td>
+ <td>N. P.; Mil.; T. & E.; U. P. and G. N. Rys.; Electric and S. S.
+   lines.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Tekoa</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">T. H. Follett</td>
+ <td class="br">J. S. Woods</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Burson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">717</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. and Milwaukee Rys.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Tenino</td>
+ <td class="br">Thurston</td>
+ <td class="br">L. J. Miller</td>
+ <td class="br">S. M. Peterson</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific and P. T. & S. Rys.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Toledo</td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="br">J. H. Douge</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Carpenter</td>
+ <td class="br">H. H. Hurst</td>
+ <td class="right_br">285</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry.; River steamer.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Toppenish</td>
+ <td class="br">Yakima</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Grant</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Johnston</td>
+ <td class="br">J. G. Hillyer</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,000</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Tukwila</td>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="br">Joel Shomaker</td>
+ <td class="br">E. F. Greene</td>
+ <td class="br">E. F. Greene</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">700</td>
+ <td>Puget Sound Electric railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Tumwuter</td>
+ <td class="br">Thurston</td>
+ <td class="br">A. Whitemarsh</td>
+ <td class="br">A. J. Colby</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">270</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Port Townsend & Southern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Uniontown</td>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="br">Peter Friesoh</td>
+ <td class="br">J. J. Gans</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. Oyler</td>
+ <td class="right_br">404</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Vancouver</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Clarke</td>
+ <td class="br">J. P. Kiggins</td>
+ <td class="br">F. W. Bier</td>
+ <td class="br">H. S. Bartow</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,006</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8,000</td>
+ <td>N. P., P. & S. Rys. and steamers.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Waitsburg</td>
+ <td class="br">Walla Walla</td>
+ <td class="br">R. M. Breeze</td>
+ <td class="br">J. B. Lowndagin</td>
+ <td class="br">W. S. Guntle</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,011</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,600</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Walla Walla</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Walla Walla</td>
+ <td class="br">Eugene Tausick</td>
+ <td class="br">T. D. S. Hart</td>
+ <td class="br">A. C. Moore</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10,049</td>
+ <td class="right_br">22,000</td>
+ <td>N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Wuputo</td>
+ <td class="br">Yakima</td>
+ <td class="br">J. F. Douglas</td>
+ <td class="br">H. E. Trimble</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Washtucna</td>
+ <td class="br">Adams</td>
+ <td class="br">G. W. Bassett</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Wilson</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">400</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N.; S., P. & S. railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Waterville</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Douglas</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Hunter</td>
+ <td class="br">J. E. Walker</td>
+ <td class="br">Jas. G. Tuttle</td>
+ <td class="right_br">482</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,200</td>
+ <td>Stage and steamer.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Waverley</td>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="br">Fred Dashiell</td>
+ <td class="br">A. L. Robinson</td>
+ <td class="br">Jno. Reycraft</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>O. R. & N. and Electric railways.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br"><b>Wenatchee</b></td>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="br">J. A. Gellatly</td>
+ <td class="br">S. R. Sumner</td>
+ <td class="br">D. N. Gellatly</td>
+ <td class="right_br">451</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,000</td>
+ <td>Great Northern Ry.; Col. river strs.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">White Salmon</td>
+ <td class="br">Klickitat</td>
+ <td class="br">G. F. Jewett</td>
+ <td class="br">W. C. Manly</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Lewis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">600</td>
+ <td>S. P. & S. Ry., and river steamer.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Wilbur</td>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="br">W. W. Foley</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Maxwell</td>
+ <td class="br">T. W. Maxwell</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Wilson Creek</td>
+ <td class="br">Grant</td>
+ <td class="br">W. H. O'Larey</td>
+ <td class="br">F. E. Snedicor</td>
+ <td class="br">F. E. Snedicor</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Great Northern railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Winlock</td>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="br">H. A. Baldwin</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Leonard</td>
+ <td class="br">C. E. Leonard</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,600</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Woodland</td>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="br">L. M. Love</td>
+ <td class="br">D. W. Whitlow</td>
+ <td class="br">E. F. Bryant</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">800</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Yacolt</td>
+ <td class="br">Clarke</td>
+ <td class="br">W. J. Hoag</td>
+ <td class="br">Wm. W. Eaton</td>
+ <td class="br">C. J. Dorsey</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">500</td>
+ <td>Northern Pacific railway.</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="subtitle"><b>
+<a name="page_96"><span class="page">Page 96</span></a>
+STATE OFFICERS, COMMISIONS, BOARDS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF WASHINGTON.
+</b></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th class="btrb">OFFICE.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Name.</th>
+ <th class="btb">P. O. Address.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Governor</td>
+ <td class="br">M. E. Hay</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Governor's Private Secretary</td>
+ <td class="br">Frank M. Dallam, Jr</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Secretary of State</td>
+ <td class="br">I. M. Howell</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Assistant Secretary of State</td>
+ <td class="br">Ben R. Fish</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Auditor</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Clausen</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Deputy Auditor</td>
+ <td class="br">F. P. Jameson</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Treasurer</td>
+ <td class="br">John G. Lewis</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Deputy Treasurer</td>
+ <td class="br">W. W. Sherman</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Attorney General</td>
+ <td class="br">W. P. Bell</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Assistant Attorney General</td>
+ <td class="br">W. V. Tanner</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Assistant Attorney General</td>
+ <td class="br">W. F. McGill</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Assistant Attorney General</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. A. Lee</td>
+ <td>Spokane.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Commissioner of Public Lands</td>
+ <td class="br">E. W. Ross</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Assistant Comm'r of Public Lands</td>
+ <td class="br">Frank C. Morse</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Insurance Commissioner</td>
+ <td class="br">John H. Shively</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Deputy Insurance Commissioner</td>
+ <td class="br">S. A. Madge</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Superintendent Public Instruction</td>
+ <td class="br">Henry B. Dewey</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Assistant Supt. Public Instruction</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Layhue</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Deputy Supt. Public Instruction</td>
+ <td class="br">F. F. Nalder</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Adjutant General</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. B. Lamping</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Commissioner of Labor</td>
+ <td class="br">Chas. F. Hubbard</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Librarian</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Hitt</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Law Librarian</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Shaffer</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Traveling Library</td>
+ <td class="br">Mrs. Lou J. Diven, Supt.</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td rowspan="3" class="br">Board of Control</td>
+ <td class="br">Eugene Lorton</td>
+ <td>Walla Walla.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">H. T. Jones</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">H. E. Gilham</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Grain Inspector</td>
+ <td class="br">E. C. Armstrong</td>
+ <td>Colfax.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Dairy and Food Commissioner</td>
+ <td class="br">L. Davies</td>
+ <td>Davenport.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Fish Commissioner</td>
+ <td class="br">Jno. L. Riseland</td>
+ <td>Bellingham.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Commissioner of Statistics</td>
+ <td class="br">I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Deputy Commissioner of Statistics</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. M. Allen</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Horticultural Commissioner</td>
+ <td class="br">F. A. Huntley</td>
+ <td>Tacoma.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Coal Mine Inspector</td>
+ <td class="br">D. C. Botting</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Inspector of Oils</td>
+ <td class="br">F. A. Clark</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Public Printer</td>
+ <td class="br">E. L. Boardman</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Bank Examiner</td>
+ <td class="br">J. L. Mohundro</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Hotel Inspector</td>
+ <td class="br">J. H. Munger</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td rowspan="7" class="br">A.-Y.-P. E. Commission</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. E. Dickson. Chairman</td>
+ <td>Ellensburg.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">L. P. Hornberger, Sec.</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">W. A. Halteman, Exec. Commis.</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">M. M. Godman</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">R. W. Condon</td>
+ <td>Port Gamble.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">J. W. Slayden</td>
+ <td>Steilacoom.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">L. H. Burnett</td>
+ <td>Aberdeen.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Railway Commission</td>
+ <td class="br">H. A. Fairchild, Chairman</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Tax Commission</td>
+ <td class="br">T. D. Rockwell, Chairman</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Fire Warden and Forester</td>
+ <td class="br">J. R. Welty</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Highway Commissioner</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Snow</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Board of Accountancy</td>
+ <td class="br">Alfred Lister, Sec'y</td>
+ <td>Tacoma.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Bureau Inspection Public Offices</td>
+ <td class="br">C. W. Clausen, Ex-officio Chief</td>
+ <td>Olympia.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Board of Health</td>
+ <td class="br">E. E. Hegg, Sec'y</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Board of Barber Examiners</td>
+ <td class="br">Chas. W. Whisler</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Board of Medical Examiners</td>
+ <td class="br">Dr. J. Clinton McFadden, Secy.</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Board of Pharmacy</td>
+ <td class="br">P. Jensen, Sec'y</td>
+ <td>Tacoma.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Board of Dental Examiners</td>
+ <td class="br">E. B. Edgars</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">University of Washington</td>
+ <td class="br">Thomas Franklin Kane, Pres.</td>
+ <td>Seattle.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State College</td>
+ <td class="br">E. A. Bryan, Pres.</td>
+ <td>Pullman.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Normal School</td>
+ <td class="br">H. C. Sampson, Principal</td>
+ <td>Cheney.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Normal School</td>
+ <td class="br">E. C. Mathes, Principal</td>
+ <td>Bellingham.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Normal School</td>
+ <td class="br">W. E. Wilson, Principal</td>
+ <td>Ellensburg.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">School for Deaf</td>
+ <td class="br">Thos. P. Clark, Superintendent</td>
+ <td>Vancouver.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">School for Blind</td>
+ <td class="br">Geo. H. Mullin, Principal</td>
+ <td>Vancouver.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Training School</td>
+ <td class="br">C. C. Aspinwall</td>
+ <td>Chehalis.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS.</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Soldiers' Home</td>
+ <td class="br">Gen. Geo. W. T. Tibbetts, Com.</td>
+ <td>Orting.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Soldiers' Home</td>
+ <td class="br">Willis L. Ames, Com.</td>
+ <td>Port Orchard.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Insane Asylum</td>
+ <td class="br">A. P. Calhoun. Supt.</td>
+ <td>Fort Steilacoom.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Insane Asylum</td>
+ <td class="br">J. M. Semple, Supt.</td>
+ <td>Medical Lake.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Penitentiary</td>
+ <td class="br">C. S. Reed, Warden</td>
+ <td>Walla Walla.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">State Reformatory</td>
+ <td class="br">Cleon B. Roe, Supt.</td>
+ <td>Monroe.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Institution for Feeble Minded</td>
+ <td class="br">S. C. Woodruff, Supt.</td>
+ <td>Medical Lake.</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 711px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_91.jpg" width="711" height="408" alt="Plate 91">
+<br />
+Plate No. 91.&mdash;Overflow Wheat Warehouse, at Pullman, Whitman County.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 708px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_92.jpg" width="708" height="409" alt="Plate 92">
+<br />
+Plate No. 92.&mdash;A Yakima County Vineyard.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 715px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_93.jpg" width="715" height="413" alt="Plate 93">
+<br />
+Plate No. 93.&mdash;Yakima County Potatoes&mdash;600 Bushels to the Acre.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center;">
+<span style="margin: 8px; width: 709px;
+  font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">
+<img src="images/plate_94.jpg" width="709" height="406" alt="Plate 94">
+<br />
+Plate No. 94.&mdash;A Yakima County Orchard Scene.
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<a name="page_97"><span class="page">Page 97</span></a>
+<b>Statement Showing Area of State School and Granted Lands in Each County.
+Area Sold by Deeds and Contracts of Sale. Compiled for Period Up to
+and Including September 30, 1908.</b></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th class="btrb">COUNTIES.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Total area of school and granted lands.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Total area deeded.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Area under contract of sale.</th>
+ <th class="btrb">Total area sold by deed and under contract.</th>
+ <th class="btb">Remaining area unsold.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Adams</td>
+ <td class="right_br">85,632.25</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,063.30</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,320.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,383.30</td>
+ <td class="right">72,248.95</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Asotin</td>
+ <td class="right_br">26,906.56</td>
+ <td class="right_br">161.90</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,360.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,521.90</td>
+ <td class="right">25,384.66</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Benton</td>
+ <td class="right_br">92,937.68</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,626.75</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8,629.90</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10,256.65</td>
+ <td class="right">82,681.03</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">77,064.41</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,883.93</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,823.85</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9,707.78</td>
+ <td class="right">67,356.63</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Chelan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">52,526.50</td>
+ <td class="right_br">212.34</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,074.70</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,287.04</td>
+ <td class="right">51,239.46</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Clallam</td>
+ <td class="right_br">77,514.28</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,914.42</td>
+ <td class="right_br">320.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,234.42</td>
+ <td class="right">74,279.86</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Clarke</td>
+ <td class="right_br">36,972.16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,694.27</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,585.85</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,280.12</td>
+ <td class="right">31,692.04</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Columbia</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24,640.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,084.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,620.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,704.00</td>
+ <td class="right">17,936.00</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="right_br">85,373.80</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,364.43</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,063.73</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,428.16</td>
+ <td class="right">77,945.00</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Douglas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">313,235.66</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,416.62</td>
+ <td class="right_br">64,211.62</td>
+ <td class="right_br">67,628.52</td>
+ <td class="right">245,607.14</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Ferry</td>
+ <td class="right_br">21,219.51</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right">21,219.51</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Franklin</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40,731.85</td>
+ <td class="right_br">101.83</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,720.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,821.83</td>
+ <td class="right">36,910.02</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Garfield</td>
+ <td class="right_br">21,298.47</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,179.21</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,760.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,939.21</td>
+ <td class="right">17,359.26</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Island</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16,202.70</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,679.93</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,350.25</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,030.18</td>
+ <td class="right">10,172.52</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Jefferson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">87,358.34</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,760.91</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,306.77</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14,067.68</td>
+ <td class="right">73,290.66</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">King</td>
+ <td class="right_br">86,020.13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,667.80</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,195.95</td>
+ <td class="right_br">20,863.75</td>
+ <td class="right">65,156.38</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="right_br">27,157.40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,178.10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,794.70</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,972.80</td>
+ <td class="right">13,184.60</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Kittitas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">129,590.97</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,648.01</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,840.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,488.01</td>
+ <td class="right">123,102.96</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Klickitat</td>
+ <td class="right_br">77,280.86</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,340.84</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,143.17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,484.01</td>
+ <td class="right">70,796.85</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Lewis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">86,566.86</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,328.31</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,106.01</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,434.32</td>
+ <td class="right">80,132.54</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="right_br">84,088.45</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,818.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,620.00</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17,438.00</td>
+ <td class="right">66,650.45</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Mason</td>
+ <td class="right_br">48,057.72</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,750.53</td>
+ <td class="right_br">651.98</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,402.51</td>
+ <td class="right">42,655.21</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">90,517.34</td>
+ <td class="right_br">399.55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,487.62</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,887.17</td>
+ <td class="right">77,630.17</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pacific</td>
+ <td class="right_br">60,529.29</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,187.81</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,401.90</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,589.71</td>
+ <td class="right">56,939.58</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pierce</td>
+ <td class="right_br">62,118.55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8,899.98</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,056.82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10,956.80</td>
+ <td class="right">51,161.75</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">San Juan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,765.63</td>
+ <td class="right_br">366.35</td>
+ <td class="right_br">205.25</td>
+ <td class="right_br">571.60</td>
+ <td class="right">4,194.03</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Skagit</td>
+ <td class="right_br">92,191.75</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,551.83</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,718.17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,270.00</td>
+ <td class="right">85,921.75</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Skamania</td>
+ <td class="right_br">44,699.55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,690.08</td>
+ <td class="right_br">988.50</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,678.58</td>
+ <td class="right">38,020.97</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="right_br">47,937.99</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,545.13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,392.45</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,927.58</td>
+ <td class="right">35,000.41</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Spokane</td>
+ <td class="right_br">67,457.64</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,943.59</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,360.20</td>
+ <td class="right_br">22,303.79</td>
+ <td class="right">45,153.85</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Stevens</td>
+ <td class="right_br">164,063.72</td>
+ <td class="right_br">561.19</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,748.50</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,309.69</td>
+ <td class="right">158,754.03</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Thurston</td>
+ <td class="right_br">33,443.79</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,286.82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,636.87</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,923.69</td>
+ <td class="right">27,520.10</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Wahkiakum</td>
+ <td class="right_br">26,053.26</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,795.95</td>
+ <td class="right_br">451.55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,257.50</td>
+ <td class="right">23,795.76</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Walla Walla</td>
+ <td class="right_br">50,536.97</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6,785.98</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,219.46</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14,005.44</td>
+ <td class="right">36,531.53</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="right_br">41,196.49</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,729.50</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,591.52</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,321.02</td>
+ <td class="right">33,875.47</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Whitman</td>
+ <td class="right_br">80,351.82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14,583.47</td>
+ <td class="right_br">21,322.96</td>
+ <td class="right_br">35,906.43</td>
+ <td class="right">44,445.39</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Yakima</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">143,102.97</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">3,927.59</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">5,169.50</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">9,097.09</td>
+ <td class="right_bb">134,005.88</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="br">Totals</th>
+ <td class="right_br">2,607,343.32</td>
+ <td class="right_br">172,130.53</td>
+ <td class="right_br">215,259.75</td>
+ <td class="right_br">387,390.28</td>
+ <td class="right">2,219,953.04</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>NOTE:&mdash;The statement of total area of school and granted lands by
+counties includes only approved indemnity selected, approved granted lands,
+and school sections 16 and 36 in place.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a name="page_98"><span class="page">Page 98</span></a>
+UNAPPROPRIATED FEDERAL LANDS OF WASHINGTON.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">LAND DISTRICT AND COUNTRY.</th>
+ <th colspan="3" class="btrb">Area unappropriated and
+   unreserved</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btb">Brief description of character
+   of unappropriated and unreserved land.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Surveyed.</th>
+ <th class="brb">Unsurveyed.</th>
+ <th class="brb">Total.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">North&nbsp;Yakima:</td>
+ <td class="center_br"><i>Acres.</i></td>
+ <td class="center_br"><i>Acres.</i></td>
+ <td class="center_br"><i>Acres.</i></td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Benton</td>
+ <td class="right_br">27,062</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">27,062</td>
+ <td>Rolling prairie, hilly, grazing.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Douglas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,003</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,003</td>
+ <td>Grazing, prairie, hilly, and timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Kittitas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">149,351</td>
+ <td class="right_br">245,967</td>
+ <td class="right_br">395,318</td>
+ <td>Grazing, arid prairie, and timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Yakima</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">126,072</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">274,500</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">400,572</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">317,488</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">520,467</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">837,955</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Olympia:</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Chehalis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,491</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,491</td>
+ <td>Mountainous timbered lands.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Jefferson</td>
+ <td class="right_br">860</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">860</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;King</td>
+ <td class="right_br">560</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">560</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Kitsap</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Lewis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Mason</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,537</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,537</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Pacific</td>
+ <td class="right_br">80</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">80</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Pierce</td>
+ <td class="right_br">571</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">571</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Thurston</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">207</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">207</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">6,886</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">6,386</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Seattle:</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Clallam</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,240</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,840</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,080</td>
+ <td>Mountainous and broken; good supply of excellent timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;King</td>
+ <td class="right_br">680</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11,680</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12,360</td>
+ <td>Broken and mountainous.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;San Juan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">324</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">324</td>
+ <td>Broken, with little timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Skagit</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,475</td>
+ <td class="right_br">25,540</td>
+ <td class="right_br">28,015</td>
+ <td>Broken, heavily timbered, and mountainous.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Snohomish</td>
+ <td class="right_br">320</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,484</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,804</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Whatcom</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">840</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">8,923</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">9,768</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">5,879</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">53,467</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">59,346</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Spokane:</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Adams</td>
+ <td class="right_br">26,512</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">26,512</td>
+ <td>Arid lands, valuable for fruit and grain.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Douglas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">l,500</td>
+ <td class="right_br">l,500</td>
+ <td>Arid lands.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Ferry</td>
+ <td class="right_br">165,526</td>
+ <td class="right_br">379,732</td>
+ <td class="right_br">545,258</td>
+ <td>Farming, grazing, timber, and mineral.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="right_br">35,632</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,448</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40,080</td>
+ <td>Farming and grazing.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,343</td>
+ <td class="right_br">114,756</td>
+ <td class="right_br">128,099</td>
+ <td>Farming, grazing, and mineral.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Spokane</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3,094</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5,990</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Stevens</td>
+ <td class="right_br">409,093</td>
+ <td class="right_br">711,981</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,121,044</td>
+ <td>Mountainous, farming, and mineral.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Whitman</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">2,053</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">2,053</td>
+ <td>Grazing lands.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">655,055</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1,215,511</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1,870,566</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Vancouver:</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Clarke</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,787</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,787</td>
+ <td>Timbered and agricultural.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Cowlitz</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16,703</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,080</td>
+ <td class="right_br">23,783</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Klickitat</td>
+ <td class="right_br">61,553</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,600</td>
+ <td class="right_br">64,153</td>
+ <td>Timbered, agricultural, grazing</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Lewis</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8,013</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,995</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,008</td>
+ <td>Timbered and agricultural.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Pacific</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,981</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1,981</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Skamania</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,418</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7,418</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Wahkiakum</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">316</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">316</td>
+ <td>Timbered.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">100,771</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">14,675</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">115,446</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Walla Walla:</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Adams</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,188</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,188</td>
+ <td>Prairie, farming, and grazing lands.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Asotin</td>
+ <td class="right_br">83,631</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13,293</td>
+ <td class="right_br">96,924</td>
+ <td>Mountainous, some timber, and prairie.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Benton</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40,395</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40,395</td>
+ <td>Desert, grazing, some timber, prairie, and farming.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Columbia</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,203</td>
+ <td class="right_br">152,279</td>
+ <td class="right_br">167,482</td>
+ <td>Mountainous, some timber, and prairie.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Franklin</td>
+ <td class="right_br">42,363</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">42,368</td>
+ <td>Prairie, grazing lands; no timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Garfield</td>
+ <td class="right_br">45,468</td>
+ <td class="right_br">44,539</td>
+ <td class="right_br">90,007</td>
+ <td>Farming, grazing, and timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Klickitat</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24,926</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24,926</td>
+ <td>Grazing and farming; some timber.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Walla Walla</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,522</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15,522</td>
+ <td>Do.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Whitman</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">15,835</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">15,835</td>
+ <td>Prairie, farming, and grazing lands.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">298,531</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">210,111</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">508,642</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">
+  <a name="page_99"><span class="page">Page 99</span></a>
+  Waterville:</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Chelan</td>
+ <td class="right_br">321,518</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9,880</td>
+ <td class="right_br">331,398</td>
+ <td>Mountainous, timber, farming.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Douglas</td>
+ <td class="right_br">435,207</td>
+ <td class="right_br">44,890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">480,097</td>
+ <td>Prairie, farming, and grazing.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;&nbsp;Okanogan</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">206,990</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">218,175</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">425,165</td>
+ <td>Mountainous, timber, and farming.</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">Total</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">963,715</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">272,945</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1,236,660</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center_br">State total</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,347,825</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2,287,176</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4,635,001</td>
+ <td>&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>
+CLIMATIC SUMMARY FOR WASHINGTON.
+</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+PREPARED BY GEO. N. SALISBURY,<br />
+Of the Weather Bureau at Seattle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The following tables represent averages of observations, covering ten
+years or more. The stations included in the list are so distributed
+as to indicate the climatic conditions in every portion of the
+state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON.<br>
+STATION: ABERDEEN.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">MONTH.</th>
+ <th colspan="5" class="btrb"><i>Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit</i></th>
+ <th colspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Precipitation in inches.</i></th>
+ <th colspan="4" class="btrb"><i>Number of days&mdash;</i></th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btb"><i>Prevailing direction of the wind</i></th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Mean</th>
+ <th class="brb">Highest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Lowest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Total</th>
+ <th class="brb">Snow-<br />fall</th>
+ <th class="brb">Clear</th>
+ <th class="brb">Partly cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">Cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">With precip-<br />itation</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">January</td>
+ <td class="right_br">39.9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">61</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1900</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10.56</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">19</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">February</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">73</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1899</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10.43</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3.5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">20</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">March</td>
+ <td class="right_br">43.7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">22</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7.89</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">19</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">20</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">April</td>
+ <td class="right_br">48.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">88</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">28</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1899</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7.66</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">May</td>
+ <td class="right_br">53.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">91</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">29</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.58</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">June</td>
+ <td class="right_br">56.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">100</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1903</td>
+ <td class="right_br">34</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3.72</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">July</td>
+ <td class="right_br">60.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">105</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">37</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.02</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">August</td>
+ <td class="right_br">62.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">96</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1898</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1902</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.06</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">September</td>
+ <td class="right_br">57.5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">88</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1894</td>
+ <td class="right_br">30</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.98</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">October</td>
+ <td class="right_br">52.3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">85</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">29</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6.71</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">November</td>
+ <td class="right_br">45.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">73</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1904</td>
+ <td class="right_br">22</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1900</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15.28</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">18</td>
+ <td class="right_br">22</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">December</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">40.9</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">60</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1892</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">20</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">14.66</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">0.5</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">4</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">11</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">16</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">20</td>
+ <td class="center_bb">SW & W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sums</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">88.55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10.9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Means or<br />Extremes</td>
+ <td class="right_br">50.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">105</td>
+ <td class="right_br">July,<br />1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Jan.<br />1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a name="page_100"><span class="page">Page 100</span></a>
+PUGET SOUND DISTRICT.<br>
+STATION: TACOMA AND ASHFORD.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">MONTH.</th>
+ <th colspan="5" class="btrb"><i>Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit</i></th>
+ <th colspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Precipitation in inches.</i></th>
+ <th colspan="4" class="btrb"><i>Number of days&mdash;</i></th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btb"><i>Prevailing direction of the wind</i></th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Mean</th>
+ <th class="brb">Highest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Lowest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Total</th>
+ <th class="brb">Snow-<br />fall</th>
+ <th class="brb">Clear</th>
+ <th class="brb">Partly cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">Cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">With precip-<br />itation</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">January</td>
+ <td class="right_br">38.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">64</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7.20</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">21</td>
+ <td class="right_br">20</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">February</td>
+ <td class="right_br">38.9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">66</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1887</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6.68</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">18</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">March</td>
+ <td class="right_br">44.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">74</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1900</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">18</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">April</td>
+ <td class="right_br">48.9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">84</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">28</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">May</td>
+ <td class="right_br">54.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">90</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1892</td>
+ <td class="right_br">33</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1894</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">June</td>
+ <td class="right_br">58.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">97</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1903</td>
+ <td class="right_br">39</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1895</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.62</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="center">N</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">July</td>
+ <td class="right_br">62.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">99</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">42</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1894</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.20</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="center">N</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">August</td>
+ <td class="right_br">61.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">92</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1898</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1895</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.28</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="center">N</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">September</td>
+ <td class="right_br">56.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">87</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1894</td>
+ <td class="right_br">36</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1902</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.74</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="center">N</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">October</td>
+ <td class="right_br">50.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1892</td>
+ <td class="right_br">25</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.51</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">November</td>
+ <td class="right_br">44.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">70</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1892</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9.11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">21</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">December</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">40.9</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">61</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1900</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">19</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1894</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">9.55</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">4.4</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">4</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">7</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">20</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">18</td>
+ <td class="center_bb">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sums</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">58.22</td>
+ <td class="right_br">44.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Means or<br />Extremes</td>
+ <td class="right_br">49.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">99</td>
+ <td class="right_br">July,<br />1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Jan.<br />1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+EASTERN WASHINGTON.<br>
+STATION: SPOKANE.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">MONTH.</th>
+ <th colspan="5" class="btrb"><i>Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit</i></th>
+ <th colspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Precipitation in inches.</i></th>
+ <th colspan="4" class="btrb"><i>Number of days&mdash;</i></th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btb"><i>Prevailing direction of the wind</i></th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Mean</th>
+ <th class="brb">Highest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Lowest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Total</th>
+ <th class="brb">Snow-<br />fall</th>
+ <th class="brb">Clear</th>
+ <th class="brb">Partly cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">Cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">With precip-<br />itation</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">January</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24.5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-30</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.54</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">February</td>
+ <td class="right_br">28.5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">59</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.02</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="center">E & SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">March</td>
+ <td class="right_br">39.7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">72</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1889</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">April</td>
+ <td class="right_br">48.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">86</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">22</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.38</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="center">S & SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">May</td>
+ <td class="right_br">57.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">95</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">29</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.39</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">June</td>
+ <td class="right_br">62.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">96</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">34</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.67</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">July</td>
+ <td class="right_br">69.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">102</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">39</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.71</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="center">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">August</td>
+ <td class="right_br">69.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">104</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1898</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1902</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.46</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">September</td>
+ <td class="right_br">58.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">98</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">26</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1889</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.04</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="center">NE</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">October</td>
+ <td class="right_br">48.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">86</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1892</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1887</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.39</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="center">NE</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">November</td>
+ <td class="right_br">37.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">70</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1903</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.67</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">December</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">31.3</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">57</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1886</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">-18</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1884</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">2.56</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">4.9</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">3</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">4</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">24</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">13</td>
+ <td class="center_bb">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sums</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">18.23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">29.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Means or<br />Extremes</td>
+ <td class="right_br">47.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">104</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Aug.<br />1898</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-30</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Jan.<br />1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a name="page_101"><span class="page">Page 101</span></a>
+SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON.<br>
+STATION: WALLA WALLA.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">MONTH.</th>
+ <th colspan="5" class="btrb"><i>Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit</i></th>
+ <th colspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Precipitation in inches.</i></th>
+ <th colspan="4" class="btrb"><i>Number of days&mdash;</i></th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btb"><i>Prevailing direction of the wind</i></th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Mean</th>
+ <th class="brb">Highest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Lowest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Total</th>
+ <th class="brb">Snow-<br />fall</th>
+ <th class="brb">Clear</th>
+ <th class="brb">Partly cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">Cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">With precip-<br />itation</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">January</td>
+ <td class="right_br">32.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">67</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1902</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">February</td>
+ <td class="right_br">37.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">69</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.55</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">March</td>
+ <td class="right_br">45.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">74</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.73</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">April</td>
+ <td class="right_br">52.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">89</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">29</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.76</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">May</td>
+ <td class="right_br">60.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">100</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">34</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.72</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">June</td>
+ <td class="right_br">65.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">105</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">40</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">July</td>
+ <td class="right_br">73.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">108</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">45</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.37</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">August</td>
+ <td class="right_br">73.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">113</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1898</td>
+ <td class="right_br">47</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1899</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.43</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">September</td>
+ <td class="right_br">63.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">100</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">36</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1900</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.97</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">October</td>
+ <td class="right_br">54.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">87</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1904</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1887</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.50</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">November</td>
+ <td class="right_br">42.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">76</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="center">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">December</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">37.3</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">65</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1890</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">-2</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1898</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">2.07</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">3.5</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">3</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">11</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">17</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">14</td>
+ <td class="center_bb">S</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sums</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17.58</td>
+ <td class="right_br">19.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Means or<br />Extremes</td>
+ <td class="right_br">53.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">113</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Aug.<br />1898</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Jan.<br />1888</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+THE IRRIGATED WASHINGTON.<br>
+STATION: NORTH YAKIMA, SUNNYSIDE, FT. SIMCOE.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">MONTH.</th>
+ <th colspan="5" class="btrb"><i>Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit</i></th>
+ <th colspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Precipitation in inches.</i></th>
+ <th colspan="4" class="btrb"><i>Number of days&mdash;</i></th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btb"><i>Prevailing direction of the wind</i></th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Mean</th>
+ <th class="brb">Highest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Lowest</th>
+ <th class="brb">Date</th>
+ <th class="brb">Total</th>
+ <th class="brb">Snow-<br />fall</th>
+ <th class="brb">Clear</th>
+ <th class="brb">Partly cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">Cloudy</th>
+ <th class="brb">With precip-<br />itation</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">January</td>
+ <td class="right_br">30.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">62</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1899</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-16</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1899</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.82</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">February</td>
+ <td class="right_br">35.2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">71</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-22</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">March</td>
+ <td class="right_br">42.5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">78</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1895</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.57</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">April</td>
+ <td class="right_br">51.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">90</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">18</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.47</td>
+ <td class="right_br">T</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">May</td>
+ <td class="right_br">59.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">101</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.74</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">June</td>
+ <td class="right_br">65.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">106</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">30</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1901</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.32</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">July</td>
+ <td class="right_br">71.6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">112</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">36</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1905</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="right_br">2</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">August</td>
+ <td class="right_br">71.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">109</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">35</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1895</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.21</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">19</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="right_br">3</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">September</td>
+ <td class="right_br">61.1</td>
+ <td class="right_br">98</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">24</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.44</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">17</td>
+ <td class="right_br">8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">October</td>
+ <td class="right_br">51.0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">89</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1891</td>
+ <td class="right_br">13</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1893</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0.50</td>
+ <td class="right_br">0</td>
+ <td class="right_br">15</td>
+ <td class="right_br">10</td>
+ <td class="right_br">6</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">November</td>
+ <td class="right_br">39.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">73</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1897</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">1.56</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4.4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">4</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">14</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9</td>
+ <td class="center">W</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">December</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">32.3</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">67</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1898</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">-8</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1895</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">1.47</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">6.2</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">7</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">10</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">14</td>
+ <td class="right_brb">7</td>
+ <td class="center_bb">SW</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Sums</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">9.35</td>
+ <td class="right_br">25.8</td>
+ <td class="right_br">12</td>
+ <td class="right_br">11</td>
+ <td class="right_br">7</td>
+ <td class="right_br">5</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Means or<br />Extremes</td>
+ <td class="right_br">50.9</td>
+ <td class="right_br">112</td>
+ <td class="right_br">July,<br />1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">-23</td>
+ <td class="right_br">Nov.<br />1896</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="center">&nbsp;</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a name="page_102"><span class="page">Page 102</span></a>
+<b>Total Assessment of All Property in the State of Washington as
+Equalized by the State Board of Equalization for the Year 1908.</b>
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+<tr>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">COUNTIES.</th>
+ <th colspan="6" class="btrb"><i>Total Real and Personal Property,
+   Exclusive of Railroad and Telegraph.</i></th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Railroads.</i><br />
+   Value as corrected, revised and equalized by state board.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Electric Rys.</i><br />
+   Value as corrected, revised and equalized by state board.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb"><i>Telegraph.</i><br />
+   Value as corrected, revised and equalized by state board.</th>
+ <th rowspan="2" class="btrb">TOTAL.<br />
+   Aggregate value as real and personal property as equalized by
+   state board.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <th class="brb">Assessed value returned by county.</th>
+ <th class="brb">Actual value.</th>
+ <th class="brb">Ratio assessed to actual value.</th>
+ <th class="brb">*Exemptions.</th>
+ <th class="brb">Aggregate value of taxable property as returned by
+   county.</th>
+ <th class="brb">Aggregate value as equalized by state board.</th>
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Adams
+ <td class="right_br">$12,934,270
+ <td class="right_br">$32,730,750
+ <td class="right_br">$39.51
+ <td class="right_br">* $347,380
+ <td class="right_br">$12,586,890
+ <td class="right_br">$13,762,846
+ <td class="right_br">$2,445,703
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">$10,499
+ <td class="right">$16,219,048
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Asotin
+ <td class="right_br">3,186,570
+ <td class="right_br">6,346,110
+ <td class="right_br">50.21
+ <td class="right_br">73,600
+ <td class="right_br">3,112,970
+ <td class="right_br">2,662,208
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">2,662,208
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Benton
+ <td class="right_br">5,900,630
+ <td class="right_br">13,967,229
+ <td class="right_br">42.24
+ <td class="right_br">201,105
+ <td class="right_br">5,699,525
+ <td class="right_br">5,820,167
+ <td class="right_br">2,595,331
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">5,477
+ <td class="right">8,420,975
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Chehalis
+ <td class="right_br">14,832,671
+ <td class="right_br">63,320,298
+ <td class="right_br">23.42
+ <td class="right_br">* 897,053
+ <td class="right_br">13,935,618
+ <td class="right_br">26,400,327
+ <td class="right_br">798,828
+ <td class="right_br">165,258
+ <td class="right_br">2,212
+ <td class="right">27,366,625
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Chelan
+ <td class="right_br">7,510,825
+ <td class="right_br">17,903,363
+ <td class="right_br">41.95
+ <td class="right_br">317,510
+ <td class="right_br">7,193,315
+ <td class="right_br">7,400,630
+ <td class="right_br">2,860,892
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">9,058
+ <td class="right">10,270,580
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Clallam
+ <td class="right_br">7,045,161
+ <td class="right_br">14,294,907
+ <td class="right_br">49.28
+ <td class="right_br">148,017
+ <td class="right_br">6,897,144
+ <td class="right_br">6,014,517
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">4,073
+ <td class="right">6,018,590
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Clarke
+ <td class="right_br">9,548,965
+ <td class="right_br">22,951,958
+ <td class="right_br">41.60
+ <td class="right_br">* 552,000
+ <td class="right_br">8,996,965
+ <td class="right_br">9,342,589
+ <td class="right_br">891,275
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">87
+ <td class="right">10,233,951
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Columbia
+ <td class="right_br">6,677,175
+ <td class="right_br">12,916,674
+ <td class="right_br">51.69
+ <td class="right_br">164,855
+ <td class="right_br">6,512,320
+ <td class="right_br">5,403,523
+ <td class="right_br">908,202
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">6,775
+ <td class="right">6,318,500
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Cowlitz
+ <td class="right_br">7,506,911
+ <td class="right_br">18,774,621
+ <td class="right_br">39.98
+ <td class="right_br">* 258,305
+ <td class="right_br">7,248,606
+ <td class="right_br">7,835,434
+ <td class="right_br">1,363,089
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">11,016
+ <td class="right">9,209,539
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Douglas
+ <td class="right_br">13,714,378
+ <td class="right_br">32,623,076
+ <td class="right_br">42.03
+ <td class="right_br">* 792,735
+ <td class="right_br">12,921,643
+ <td class="right_br">13,271,073
+ <td class="right_br">3,703,546
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">9,650
+ <td class="right">16,984,269
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Ferry
+ <td class="right_br">1,323,524
+ <td class="right_br">2,205,873
+ <td class="right_br">60.00
+ <td class="right_br">* 132,674
+ <td class="right_br">1,190,850
+ <td class="right_br">818,278
+ <td class="right_br">1,359,278
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">2,177,641
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Franklin
+ <td class="right_br">4,029,979
+ <td class="right_br">12,053,842
+ <td class="right_br">33.43
+ <td class="right_br">* 121,309
+ <td class="right_br">3,908,670
+ <td class="right_br">5,075,102
+ <td class="right_br">1,852,025
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">7,975
+ <td class="right">6,935,102
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Garfield
+ <td class="right_br">4,230,446
+ <td class="right_br">9,466,437
+ <td class="right_br">44.68
+ <td class="right_br">123,027
+ <td class="right_br">4,107,419
+ <td class="right_br">3,957,954
+ <td class="right_br">144,067
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">555
+ <td class="right">4,102,576
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Island
+ <td class="right_br">1,296,572
+ <td class="right_br">3,706,168
+ <td class="right_br">34.98
+ <td class="right_br">100,545
+ <td class="right_br">1,196,027
+ <td class="right_br">1,497,184
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">1,497,184
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Jefferson
+ <td class="right_br">4,566,042
+ <td class="right_br">9,932,771
+ <td class="right_br">45.96
+ <td class="right_br">92,864
+ <td class="right_br">4,473,178
+ <td class="right_br">4,189,154
+ <td class="right_br">417,464
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">3,695
+ <td class="right">4,610,313
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">King
+ <td class="right_br">*204,852,223
+ <td class="right_br">437,905,564
+ <td class="right_br">46.78
+ <td class="right_br">5,011,716
+ <td class="right_br">199,840,507
+ <td class="right_br">183,769,507
+ <td class="right_br">11,882,802
+ <td class="right_br">7,477,860
+ <td class="right_br">38,645
+ <td class="right">203,168,680
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Kitsap
+ <td class="right_br">4,145,045
+ <td class="right_br">9,133,183
+ <td class="right_br">45.38
+ <td class="right_br">* 271,777
+ <td class="right_br">3,873,268
+ <td class="right_br">3,665,538
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">2,325
+ <td class="right">3,667,863
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Kittitas
+ <td class="right_br">8,853,102
+ <td class="right_br">20,145,643
+ <td class="right_br">43.98
+ <td class="right_br">421,605
+ <td class="right_br">8,431,497
+ <td class="right_br">8,263,182
+ <td class="right_br">3,674,706
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">10,194
+ <td class="right">11,948,082
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Klickitat
+ <td class="right_br">5,869,515
+ <td class="right_br">14,199,834
+ <td class="right_br">41.33
+ <td class="right_br">366,835
+ <td class="right_br">5,502,680
+ <td class="right_br">5,754,713
+ <td class="right_br">1,108,683
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">6,863,396
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Lewis
+ <td class="right_br">17,959,730
+ <td class="right_br">39,028,152
+ <td class="right_br">46.01
+ <td class="right_br">673,137
+ <td class="right_br">17,286,593
+ <td class="right_br">16,151,899
+ <td class="right_br">2,050,492
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">12,186
+ <td class="right">18,214,576
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Lincoln
+ <td class="right_br">18,046,865
+ <td class="right_br">44,933,712
+ <td class="right_br">40.16
+ <td class="right_br">* 844,061
+ <td class="right_br">17,202,804
+ <td class="right_br">18,526,862
+ <td class="right_br">4,456,845
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">12,648
+ <td class="right">22,996,355
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Mason
+ <td class="right_br">3,030,375
+ <td class="right_br">10,744,059
+ <td class="right_br">28.20
+ <td class="right_br">97,386
+ <td class="right_br">2,932,989
+ <td class="right_br">4,534,378
+ <td class="right_br">7,791
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">4,542,169
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Okanogan
+ <td class="right_br">3,750,417
+ <td class="right_br">6,540,821
+ <td class="right_br">57.33
+ <td class="right_br">421,615
+ <td class="right_br">3,328,802
+ <td class="right_br">2,398,133
+ <td class="right_br">834,844
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">3,232,977
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pacific
+ <td class="right_br">7,036,354
+ <td class="right_br">22,947,129
+ <td class="right_br">30.66
+ <td class="right_br">95,700
+ <td class="right_br">6,940,654
+ <td class="right_br">9,796,807
+ <td class="right_br">418,310
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">1,438
+ <td class="right">10,216,555
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Pierce
+ <td class="right_br">76,828,090
+ <td class="right_br">181,499,746
+ <td class="right_br">42.33
+ <td class="right_br">2,903,450
+ <td class="right_br">73,924,640
+ <td class="right_br">75,341,091
+ <td class="right_br">4,589,415
+ <td class="right_br">1,900,370
+ <td class="right_br">22,077
+ <td class="right">81,852,953
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">San Juan
+ <td class="right_br">1,553,856
+ <td class="right_br">3,789,892
+ <td class="right_br">41.00
+ <td class="right_br">* 126,818
+ <td class="right_br">1,427,038
+ <td class="right_br">1,507,004
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">1,507,004
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Skagit
+ <td class="right_br">10,867,150
+ <td class="right_br">38,346,941
+ <td class="right_br">28.33
+ <td class="right_br">297,600
+ <td class="right_br">10,569,550
+ <td class="right_br">16,233,766
+ <td class="right_br">2,177,605
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">7,518
+ <td class="right">18,418,889
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Skamania
+ <td class="right_br">4,063,188
+ <td class="right_br">6,375,330
+ <td class="right_br">63.73
+ <td class="right_br">66,300
+ <td class="right_br">3,996,883
+ <td class="right_br">2,682,105
+ <td class="right_br">332,926
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">3,015,031
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Snohomish
+ <td class="right_br">* 25,699,461
+ <td class="right_br">54,494,192
+ <td class="right_br">47.16
+ <td class="right_br">1,221,570
+ <td class="right_br">24,477,891
+ <td class="right_br">22,270,886
+ <td class="right_br">8,064,368
+ <td class="right_br">910,195
+ <td class="right_br">18,950
+ <td class="right">31,264,399
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Spokane
+ <td class="right_br">80,038,409
+ <td class="right_br">154,967,786
+ <td class="right_br">51.64
+ <td class="right_br">2,956,265
+ <td class="right_br">77,082,144
+ <td class="right_br">63,850,348
+ <td class="right_br">8,402,563
+ <td class="right_br">2,131,611
+ <td class="right_br">31,075
+ <td class="right">74,415,597
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Stevens
+ <td class="right_br">6,675,908
+ <td class="right_br">17,811,897
+ <td class="right_br">37.48
+ <td class="right_br">* 654,238
+ <td class="right_br">6,021,670
+ <td class="right_br">7,024,471
+ <td class="right_br">1,994,897
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">6,353
+ <td class="right">9,025,721
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Thurston
+ <td class="right_br">8,325,065
+ <td class="right_br">23,882,038
+ <td class="right_br">34.85
+ <td class="right_br">518,971
+ <td class="right_br">7,806,094
+ <td class="right_br">9,776,576
+ <td class="right_br">1,561,390
+ <td class="right_br">76,530
+ <td class="right_br">10,096
+ <td class="right">11,424,592
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Wahkiakum
+ <td class="right_br">1,668,376
+ <td class="right_br">4,319,197
+ <td class="right_br">38.62
+ <td class="right_br">69,616
+ <td class="right_br">1,598,760
+ <td class="right_br">1,792,390
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right_br">&nbsp;
+ <td class="right">1,792,390
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Walla Walla
+ <td class="right_br">19,434,380
+ <td class="right_br">45,866,287
+ <td class="right_br">42.37
+ <td class="right_br">369,000
+ <td class="right_br">19,065,380
+ <td class="right_br">19,403,957
+ <td class="right_br">3,797,744
+ <td class="right_br">131,082
+ <td class="right_br">14,574
+ <td class="right">23,347,357
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Whatcom
+ <td class="right_br">19,853,046
+ <td class="right_br">48,038,017
+ <td class="right_br">41.32
+ <td class="right_br">* 1,460,250
+ <td class="right_br">18,392,796
+ <td class="right_br">19,248,939
+ <td class="right_br">3,372,306
+ <td class="right_br">630,373
+ <td class="right_br">7,457
+ <td class="right">23,259,075
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="br">Whitman
+ <td class="right_br">19,098,175
+ <td class="right_br">60,560,413
+ <td class="right_br">31.53
+ <td class="right_br">1,160,290
+ <td class="right_br">17,937,885
+ <td class="right_br">24,947,304
+ <td class="right_br">3,296,322
+ <td class="right_br">528,248
+ <td class="right_br">19,897
+ <td class="right">28,791,771
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="brb">Yakima
+ <td class="right_brb">23,625,355
+ <td class="right_brb">48,428,184
+ <td class="right_brb">48.78
+ <td class="right_brb">* 1,517,390
+ <td class="right_brb">22,053,965
+ <td class="right_brb">19,306,001
+ <td class="right_brb">3,278,556
+ <td class="right_brb">10,000
+ <td class="right_brb">6,852
+ <td class="right_bb">22,601,409
+
+</tr><tr>
+ <td class="center">Totals
+ <td class="right_br">$675,578,199
+ <td class="right_br">$1,567,152,094
+ <td class="right_br">$43.11
+ <td class="right_br">$25,902,569
+ <td class="right_br">$649,675,630
+ <td class="right_br">$649,696,709
+ <td class="right_br">$84,642,349
+ <td class="right_br">$13,961,527
+ <td class="right_br">$293,357
+ <td class="right">$748,593,942
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+[Footnote *:Exception includes the amount returned by these counties under
+the item "Moneys on hand" allowed by the Board.]
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_103"><span class="page">Page 103</span></a>
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
+</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Distribution of this publication at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition
+has been made possible through financial assistance extended by
+the State A.-Y.-P. E. Commission. An edition of a few thousand
+copies only was originally contemplated, but funds provided by
+the State Commission have enabled us to increase the quantity to
+25,000. This help thus given in extending the field of usefulness
+of this report is herewith gratefully acknowledged.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;STATE BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Ex-Officio Commissioner.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;GEO. M. ALLEN,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Deputy Commissioner.</i>
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+<a name="page_104"><span class="page">Page 104</span></a>
+INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Acknowledgment <a href="#page_103">103</a><br />
+Adams County <a href="#page_46">46</a><br />
+Agriculture <a href="#page_22">22</a><br />
+Asotin County <a href="#page_47">47</a><br />
+Bee Culture <a href="#page_26">26</a><br />
+Benton County <a href="#page_48">48</a><br />
+Coal Fields <a href="#page_10">10</a><br />
+Coal Mining <a href="#page_19">19</a><br />
+Chehalis County <a href="#page_49">49</a><br />
+Chelan County <a href="#page_50">50</a><br />
+Clallam County <a href="#page_51">51</a><br />
+Clarke County <a href="#page_52">52</a><br />
+Columbia County <a href="#page_53">53</a><br />
+Cowlitz County <a href="#page_54">54</a><br />
+Dairying <a href="#page_25">25</a><br />
+Douglas County <a href="#page_55">55</a><br />
+Educational System <a href="#page_32">32-33</a><br />
+Ferry County <a href="#page_56">56</a><br />
+Forests <a href="#page_9">9</a><br />
+Fisheries <a href="#page_12">12</a><br />
+Franklin County <a href="#page_57">57</a><br />
+Game <a href="#page_16">16</a><br />
+Garfield County <a href="#page_58">58</a><br />
+Government Lands <a href="#page_14">14</a><br />
+Grant County <a href="#page_59">59</a><br />
+Horticulture <a href="#page_24">24</a><br />
+Indian Lands <a href="#page_14">14</a><br />
+Industries of Washington <a href="#page_18">18-28</a><br />
+Introduction <a href="#page_3">3-4</a><br />
+Irrigation <a href="#page_40">40-41</a><br />
+Island County <a href="#page_60">60</a><br />
+Jefferson County <a href="#page_61">61</a><br />
+King County <a href="#page_62">62</a><br />
+Kitsap County <a href="#page_64">64</a><br />
+Kittitas County <a href="#page_65">65</a><br />
+Klickitat County <a href="#page_66">66</a><br />
+Lands <a href="#page_14">14</a><br />
+Letter of Transmittal <a href="#page_2">2</a><br />
+Lewis County <a href="#page_67">67</a><br />
+Lincoln County <a href="#page_69">69</a><br />
+Logged-off Lands <a href="#page_33">33-39</a><br />
+Lumbering <a href="#page_18">18</a><br />
+Manufacturing <a href="#page_26">26</a><br />
+Mason County <a href="#page_70">70</a><br />
+Mineral Ores <a href="#page_11">11</a><br />
+Natural Division <a href="#page_5">5</a><br />
+Okanogan County <a href="#page_71">71</a><br />
+Opportunities in Washington <a href="#page_29">29-31</a><br />
+Pacific County <a href="#page_72">72</a><br />
+Pierce County <a href="#page_74">74</a><br />
+Poultry <a href="#page_26">26</a><br />
+Resources of Washington <a href="#page_8">8-17</a><br />
+San Juan County <a href="#page_76">76</a><br />
+Scenery <a href="#page_16">16</a><br />
+Skagit County <a href="#page_77">77</a><br />
+Skamania County <a href="#page_79">79</a><br />
+Snohomish County <a href="#page_80">80</a><br />
+Soils <a href="#page_13">13</a><br />
+Spokane County <a href="#page_81">81</a><br />
+State Lands <a href="#page_14">14</a><br />
+Stevens County <a href="#page_83">83</a><br />
+Stock Raising <a href="#page_24">24</a><br />
+Thurston County <a href="#page_85">85</a><br />
+Title Page <a href="#page_1">1</a><br />
+Transportation <a href="#page_27">27</a><br />
+Wahkiakum County <a href="#page_86">86</a><br />
+Walla Walla County <a href="#page_87">87</a><br />
+Water Power <a href="#page_15">15</a><br />
+Whatcom County <a href="#page_87">87</a><br />
+Whitman County <a href="#page_89">89</a><br />
+Yakima County <a href="#page_90">90</a>
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+INDEX TO STATISTICAL APPENDIX.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Assessed valuations by counties <a href="#page_102">102</a><br />
+Climatic tables <a href="#page_99">99-101</a><br />
+Federal lands, distribution by counties <a href="#page_98">98-99</a><br />
+State officers, boards and commissions <a href="#page_96">96</a><br />
+State lands, distribution by counties <a href="#page_97">97</a><br />
+Statistics of incorporated cities and towns <a href="#page_92">92-95</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and
+Industries of the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
+
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #15229 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15229)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and Industries of
+the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Review of the Resources and Industries of the State of Washington, 1909
+
+Author: Ithamar Howell
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2005 [EBook #15229]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert J. Hall
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FRONTISPIECE.--WASHINGTON'S NEW CAPITOL BUILDING.
+(Photo Engraved from a Drawing.)
+CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW CAPITOL TO BE ERECTED ON THE FOUNDATION
+ALREADY LAID AT OLYMPIA WAS AUTHORIZED AT THE 1909 SESSION OF THE
+LEGISLATURE.]
+
+
+
+
+[Page 1]
+A REVIEW OF THE RESOURCES
+AND INDUSTRIES
+OF
+WASHINGTON
+
+1909
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE, FOR GRATUITOUS
+DISTRIBUTION BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION
+
+I. M. HOWELL.
+  _Secretary of State_
+  _Ex-Officio Commissioner_
+
+GEO. M. ALLEN,
+  _Deputy Commissioner,_
+
+
+[Page 2]
+                         OFFICE OF THE
+  BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,
+            OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.
+
+_To His Excellency M. E. Hay, Governor of Washington:_
+
+We have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial Report of the
+Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration for the year 1909,
+dealing with the various resources and industries of Washington.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+
+I. M. HOWELL.
+  _Secretary of State_,
+  _Ex-Officio Commissioner_.
+
+GEO. M. ALLEN,
+  _Deputy Commissioner,_
+
+
+
+
+[Page 3]
+INTRODUCTION
+
+  OFFICE OF THE
+    BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,
+      OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.
+
+This publication represents an effort to place before the general
+public, and particularly the visitors at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific
+Exposition, a brief description of the principal resources and
+industries of the State of Washington.
+
+Its imperfections may be accounted for largely by reason of the
+fact that funds for the purpose did not become available until the
+first day of April of the current year. This necessitated unusual
+haste in securing and preparing the material upon which the pamphlet
+is based. However, we have endeavored to deal conservatively and
+fairly with the various subjects under consideration, and to present
+all the information possible within the limits of the space at
+our disposal.
+
+Our purpose has been to supply the reader with an outline of the
+salient facts which account for the marvelous growth and development
+which the commonwealth is enjoying. To go largely into detail within
+the scope of a pamphlet of this size would be, manifestly, an
+impossibility. We might readily exhaust our available space in
+dealing with one industry or in describing a single county. Details,
+therefore, have been necessarily and purposely avoided.
+
+We have sought to bring the entire state within the perspective of
+the reader, leaving him to secure additional facts through personal
+investigation. Along this line, attention is called to the list of
+commercial organizations and local officials presented
+[Page 4]
+in the statistical portion of this report. Nearly all the larger
+communities of the state maintain organizations, equipped to supply
+detailed facts relating to their particular locality. Much valuable
+information may be obtained on application to these organizations
+or to local officials.
+
+An expression of appreciation is due those who have assisted us
+by supplying information and collecting photographs for use in
+this publication. Without such aid the completion of the pamphlet
+would have been materially delayed.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 1.--Fruit Farm Adjoining Town of Asotin,
+Asotin County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 2--Asotin County Views.]
+
+
+
+
+[Page 5]
+GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.
+
+The State of Washington as now constituted, was, prior to 1853,
+a portion of the Territory of Oregon. During the year mentioned,
+a new territory was carved from the old Oregon boundaries, which
+the statesmen of that day evidently believed was marked by destiny
+for the achievement of great things, for they conferred upon it
+the name of Washington.
+
+That our state, thus highly distinguished, has already demonstrated
+itself worthy of the exalted name, so happily bestowed upon it, the
+most carping critic must admit. With a population now reaching up
+toward a million and a half, and with all the forces that make for
+industrial, commercial and agricultural supremacy in full swing,
+and gathering new momentum yearly, Washington is moving onward
+and upward toward a position among the very elect of our great
+sisterhood of states.
+
+As briefly as the story may be told, the fundamental facts which
+underlie the marvelous advancement made by the state during recent
+years will be set forth in the pages of this pamphlet.
+
+
+NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE.
+
+By virtue of its varied topography, Washington is naturally divided
+into a number of districts or sections, each possessing its own
+particular characteristics.
+
+Olympic Peninsula.
+
+The first of these districts may be described as consisting of that
+section of the state including the Olympic mountains and extending
+westward from them to the Pacific ocean. Within the limits of this
+Olympic peninsula, as it is ordinarily termed, there is standing
+one of the largest and most valuable tracts of virgin timber yet
+remaining in the United States.
+
+[Page 6]
+Puget Sound Basin.
+
+The second district includes the territory lying between the Olympic
+and Cascade mountains, the chief physical feature of which is the
+great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore front of this
+important waterway exceeds 2,000 miles, and its length is broken
+by numerous bays and harbors, upon which are located Seattle, the
+state's metropolis, and the growing cities of Tacoma, Everett,
+Bellingham and Olympia. The climate of this section is mild in winter
+and cool in summer, extremes in either season being practically
+unknown. Deep sea shipping enters the port of Puget Sound from every
+maritime country on the globe, and the industrial and commercial
+interests of this section are expanding with extraordinary rapidity.
+
+The Cascade Mountains.
+
+The Cascade mountains constitute the third of these natural divisions.
+This range extends in a broken line across the width of the state, at
+a distance of about 120 miles from the Pacific ocean. These mountains,
+their rugged peaks capped with a mantle of eternal snow, their sides
+covered with a heavy timber growth, and their valleys carrying
+numerous sparkling mountain streams, with illimitable possibilities
+for the development of power, are one of the important assets of
+the state, the value of which has not as yet even been estimated.
+The mineral wealth of the Cascades, only a slight knowledge of
+which has as yet been secured, will ere long contribute largely
+to the prosperity of the state, while the more moderate slopes of
+the mountains serve a valuable purpose for the pasturage of numerous
+flocks and herds.
+
+Okanogan Highlands.
+
+The fourth district is known as the Okanogan highlands, and occupies
+that portion of the state lying north of the Columbia river and
+east of the Cascade mountains. This section of the state contains
+valuable timber and mineral wealth in addition to presenting many
+attractive opportunities to the farmer and horticulturist. It has
+been hampered thus far by
+[Page 7]
+lack of adequate transportation facilities, and for this reason
+land may be had at exceptionally reasonable figures.
+
+Columbia River Basin.
+
+The Columbia river basin is by far the largest natural division of
+the state, and, generally speaking, includes the section drained
+by that river and its tributaries. Within the confines of this
+district are the great irrigated and grain-growing sections of the
+state, which are a source of constantly increasing wealth.
+
+This great "Inland Empire," as it has come to be called, has made
+thousands of homeseekers independent, and is largely responsible for
+the rise to commercial greatness of the splendid city of Spokane.
+Other cities of growing importance lying within the Columbia river
+basin are Walla Walla, North Yakima, Ellensburg and Wenatchee,
+while scores of smaller communities are annually adding to their
+population with the continued development of the districts of which
+they are the immediate distributing centers.
+
+The Southeast.
+
+The Blue mountains form the chief natural characteristic of the
+extreme southeastern section of the state, which constitutes the
+sixth division. This is comparatively a small district, but one
+that is highly favored by climatic and soil advantages, and it
+is well timbered and watered.
+
+The Southwest.
+
+The southwest is the seventh and final division of the state. It
+comprises an extensive district, fronting on the Columbia river and
+the Pacific ocean. It is heavily wooded and its chief industries
+are based upon its timber wealth. The taking and canning of fish and
+oyster culture are also important industries, while fruit growing
+and general farming are carried on upon a constantly increasing
+scale.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 8]
+NATURAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.
+
+Probably few other states in the Union excel Washington in the
+great variety, abundance and value of the natural gifts prepared
+and ripe for the hand of man within its borders. Preceding races
+were content to leave its wealth to us, being themselves satisfied
+to subsist upon that which was at hand and ready for consumption
+with no effort but the effort of taking. The impenetrable forests
+were to them a barrier to be let alone. For the minerals within the
+mountains they had no use, and to gather wealth from the tillage
+of the soil needed too much exertion. Fish and game and fruits all
+ready to gather were all they sought, and the state had enough
+of these to attract and hold a large population. But the vision
+of the white man was different. His eye scanned the peaks of the
+Cascades with its great eternal white Rainier having its head thrust
+up among the clouds, and he realized that around and beneath them
+must be a vast hoard of the precious metals. His eye caught the
+dazzling grandeur of the white-capped Olympics, but he realized
+that they held in reserve something more substantial to his needs
+than scenery and hunting grounds. The impenetrable barriers of the
+forest-covered foothills were to him a treasure worth the struggle
+for an empire. He scanned the glittering waters of the bays and
+inlets of Puget Sound and its great open way to the Pacific Ocean
+and realized that it meant more to him and to his children than a
+place to catch a few fish. He viewed the vast plains of "barren"
+land within the great winding course of the Columbia river and
+believed it worth more than pasturage for a few bands of ponies.
+
+The thousand tumbling water-falls that hastened the course of the
+rivers toward the sea meant more than resting places for the chase. No
+wonder the hardy pioneers whose vision saw the grandeur of Washington
+and comprehended its meaning dared a mighty journey, vast hardships
+and trying and dangerous hazards to save this empire to Uncle Sam.
+Washington, saved by the energy and foresight of a few, has become the
+[Page 9]
+delightful home of a million and more, and their possession is
+one that Alexander or Napoleon would have coveted, had they known.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 3.--Chehalis County Timber.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 4.--The Logging Industry in Chehalis County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 5.--View of Harbor, Aberdeen, Chehalis
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 6.--Limb Cut from a Chelan County Peach
+Tree.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 7.--Six-Year-Old Winesap Apple Tree on
+Farm of Blackmont Bros., Chelan County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 8.--Farm of Wm. Turner, Chelan County.
+From Sage Brush to Bearing Orchard, Showing How Living Is Made
+While Orchard Is Coming Into Bearing.]
+
+
+FORESTS.
+
+From British Columbia to the majestic Columbia river and from the
+Cascade mountains westward to the ocean a vast forest of magnificent
+timber stretches out over mountain and hill and valley, covering
+the whole landscape of western Washington in a mantle of living
+green. The majestic fir trees, which, as small evergreens, adorn
+the lawns of other climes, here stretch their ancient heads 300
+feet heavenward and give the logger a chance to stand upon his
+springboard and, leaving a fifteen foot stump, cut off a log 100
+feet in length and 7 feet in diameter free from limbs or knots. Side
+by side with these giants of fir are other giants of cedar, hemlock
+and spruce crowded in groups, sometimes all alike and sometimes
+promiscuously mingled, which offer to the logger often 50,000 feet
+of lumber from an acre of ground.
+
+But these great forests of western Washington are not all the forests
+within the state. The eastern slope of the Cascade mountains well
+down toward the lands of the valleys is mostly covered with timber.
+A belt from 30 to 50 miles wide stretching clear across the north
+boundary of eastern Washington is mostly a forest, while a large
+area in the southeastern corner of the state, probably 24 miles
+square, is also forest covered.
+
+To estimate the amount of timber which can be cut from these vast
+forest areas is difficult; estimates are not accurate, yet it is
+probable that the lumber made will in time far exceed any estimate
+yet placed upon this chief source of the wealth of the State of
+Washington. Of the fir the estimate has been made that shows still
+standing enough timber to make 120 billion feet; for the cedar the
+estimate is 25 billion feet, while the same amount of 25 billion
+feet is credited to hemlock; 12 billion feet of spruce are claimed,
+12 billion feet of yellow pine and probably 6 billion feet of other
+woods, including maple, alder, oak, yew, ash and many others, together
+forming the great mass of 200 billion feet of lumber. Where forest
+areas are cut off, the
+[Page 10]
+sun and air at once start to life seeds which lie dormant in the
+shade and a new crop at once starts and the old ground is in a
+few years reforested in nature's prodigal way, a thousand seeds
+sprouting and growing where only one giant can ultimately stand.
+
+Of these timbers, the fir, largest in quantity, is also largest
+in usefulness. For bridge work, shipbuilding, the construction of
+houses, etc. it is unsurpassed. Cedar is lighter and more easily
+worked and for shingles chiefly and many other special uses is
+superior. Spruce is fine grained, odorless and valuable for butter
+tubs, interior finish, shelving, etc. The hemlock is valuable not
+only for the tannin of its bark, but as a wood for many purposes is
+equal to spruce. The yellow pine, where it is plentiful is the main
+wood used in house construction and for nearly all farm purposes.
+The yellow pine is the chief timber in all eastern Washington. The
+harder woods, maple, alder, ash, etc., are used where available
+in furniture construction and for fuel, as are also all the other
+woods.
+
+
+COAL.
+
+Not content with covering half the surface of the state with forests
+for fuel, the Creator hid away under the forests an additional
+supply of heat and power sufficient to last its future citizens an
+indefinite period. The white man was not slow to find and locate
+the coal measures in many counties, notably in Kittitas, King,
+Pierce, Lewis, Whatcom and Thurston, and to put it to the task of
+driving his machinery. The coal measures of these counties are of
+vast extent, and, although little developed yet, there are 3,000,000
+tons of coal mined annually in Washington. Other counties are known
+to have coal measures beneath their forests, but as yet they have
+not been opened up for commerce.
+
+The coal already mined includes both lignite and bituminous varieties
+and furnishes fuel for the railroads, steamboats and power plants,
+giving very satisfactory results. Much of the bituminous coal makes
+an excellent article of coke and provides this concentrated carbon
+for the various plants about the state engaged in smelting iron
+and other metals.
+
+[Page 11]
+The fixed carbon of the coal ranges from 48 to 65 per cent. and
+the total values in carbon from 64 to 80 per cent. and the ash
+from 3 to 17 per cent. The coal measures underlie probably the
+great bulk of the foothills on both sides of the Cascades and some
+of the Olympics, the Blue mountains of the southeast and some of
+the low mountains in the northeastern part of the state.
+
+Besides these coals already mentioned, it is known that veins of
+anthracite coal exist in the western part of Lewis county, the
+extent and value of which have not been fully determined, and, owing
+to the absence of transportation, are not on the market.
+
+
+MINERAL ORES.
+
+The general topography of the state suggests at once the probability
+of deposits of ores of the precious metals, and the cursory prospecting
+already done justifies the outlook. Practically the entire mountain
+regions are enticing fields for the prospector. Substantial rewards
+have already been realized by many who have chanced the hardships,
+and there are now in operation many mining enterprises which are
+yearly adding a substantial sum to the output of the wealth of
+the state. The ores occur chiefly in veins of low grade and great
+width and known as base on account of the presence of sulphur,
+arsenic and other elements compelling the ores to be roasted before
+smelting.
+
+There are, however, some high grade ores in narrow fissures and in
+a few localities free milling ores and placer deposits are found.
+In most cases the free milling ores are the result of oxidation and
+will be found to be base as water level is reached in the mining
+process.
+
+Mining of precious metals is being prosecuted in Whatcom, Skagit,
+Snohomish, King, Pierce, Lewis, Skamania, Cowlitz, Okanogan, Chelan,
+Kittitas, Yakima, Klickitat, Ferry and Stevens counties.
+
+Of the metals the mines of the state are producing gold, silver,
+lead, copper, quicksilver, zinc, arsenic, antimony, molybdenum,
+[Page 12]
+nickel, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, bismuth, sulphur, selenium,
+tellurium, tin and platinum.
+
+There are also iron mines, and quarries of marble, granite, onyx,
+serpentine, limestone and sandstone--beds of fire clay, kaolin,
+fire and potter's clays, talc and asbestos and many prospects of
+petroleum.
+
+Mining is suffering for the lack of transportation for the low
+grade ores, but prospects are excellent for relief in this regard in
+the near future. The era of wildcat exploitation has been relegated
+to the past and legitimate mining is now getting a firmer hold
+in the state, and we look for results within the next five years
+which will astonish many who think themselves well informed.
+
+
+FISHERIES.
+
+A glance at the map of the state will disclose a remarkable combination
+of salt and fresh waters within the jurisdiction of the state of
+such a character as to amaze one not familiar with it, but learned
+in the habits of the finny tribe in general.
+
+The ocean is the great feeding ground. Out of its mysterious depths
+the millions of fish come into fresh waters fat and rich from the
+salt water vegetation.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 9.--Chelan County Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 10.--Farm and Dairy Scene Common to Clallam
+County.]
+
+The great Columbia river in the south, Willapa harbor, Grays harbor,
+the majestic straits of Fuca and the equally majestic straits of
+Georgia on the north are all great open highways from the sea, not
+only for merchandise laden ships, but for myriads of salt water
+food fishes which annually traverse their bottoms. Into these open
+mouths flows a great network of fresh water rivers and streams,
+draining the entire area of the state and providing the spawning
+waters for the fishes from the sea not only, but for millions of
+strictly fresh water fishes. Not only these, but late years have
+proven the shore waters of the state to produce also great numbers
+of oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp. Nor is this all, because the
+proximity of the state to the ocean gives it a great advantage
+in profiting from the fishing industry among that class of the
+finny hosts who refuse to leave their salt water homes. So that
+from the whales of Bering sea to the speckled beauties that haunt
+the mountain
+[Page 13]
+streams, through the long list of delectable salt and fresh water
+food, the fisherman of Washington has an enticing and most profitable
+chance to satisfy his love of sport and adventure not only, but
+to increase his bank account as well.
+
+
+SOILS AND LANDS.
+
+Washington is particularly blessed in having a diversity of soils,
+all admirably adapted to some department of agriculture and giving
+the state the opportunity of great diversity in the occupations
+of its people. The central plateau of eastern Washington, made
+up of level stretches and undulating hills, is all covered with a
+soil composed of volcanic ash and the disintegration of basaltic
+rocks which, together with some humus from decayed vegetation,
+has made a field of surpassing fertility for the production of
+the cereals with scant water supply; but under the magic touch of
+irrigation it doubles its output and makes of it not only a grain
+field but an orchard and garden as well. Underneath the forests
+of eastern Washington, along the northern border of the state and
+in its southeastern corner there is added a large proportion of
+clay, a necessary element for perpetual pasturage, and widening
+the field for fruit growing.
+
+In western Washington, upon the bench lands and on the hills and
+foothills the forests are supported upon a gravelly soil, intermixed
+with a peculiar shot clay which disintegrates with successive tillage
+so that when the forests are removed the soil becomes ready for
+all the grasses and grains and fruits. In the valleys more silt
+and humus make up the soil, and when the cottonwoods, alders and
+maples are gone there is left a soil deep and strong for the truck
+gardener and general farmer, which will endure successive tillings
+for ages. At the deltas of the rivers are large reaches of level
+lands, some of which have to be diked to prevent the overflow of
+the tides, which have had added the fertility of the salts of the
+ocean and are probably the richest lands in the state fit for cereals
+and root crops, not omitting the bulbs which have made the deltas
+of Holland famous. There are also extensive peat beds which,
+scientifically
+[Page 14]
+fertilized, will produce abundant returns to the intelligent farmer.
+
+
+LANDS.
+
+The lands of the state are owned, some by Indian tribes, some by
+the general government, some by the state, but largely by individual
+citizens and corporations.
+
+Indian Lands.
+
+Of the Indian lands most of them have been "allotted" and the balance
+will soon be thrown open to settlement. Of these the largest in
+western Washington are the Quinault and Makah reservations and in
+eastern Washington the great Colville reservation. This latter will
+in time make two or three counties of great value, being adapted
+to general farming, dairying, fruit growing and mining, and having
+an abundance of forest area for fuel and building purposes. Those
+in western Washington are timbered areas at present.
+
+Government Lands.
+
+The remnant of government lands are chiefly among the more barren
+areas of eastern Washington and the poorer forest lands of western
+Washington. The method of obtaining title to government lands is
+generally known, and if not, can be obtained from the general land
+offices, one of which is in Seattle, Olympia, Vancouver, Spokane,
+Waterville, Walla Walla and North Yakima. The government still holds
+title to nearly six million acres, and, while the best has been
+acquired by others, the diligent searcher can still find homesteads
+and desert claims worth energy and considerable expense to secure.
+
+State Lands.
+
+A recent estimate of the value of the state lands still in possession
+makes them worth 56 million dollars. They include nearly 3,000,000
+acres, a large portion of which is heavily timbered. These lands
+may be obtained from the state through the state land commissioner
+by purchase outright on very easy terms, or may be leased for a
+term of five to ten years at a low rental, the lessee receiving
+virtually a first right to purchase.
+
+These state lands are as good as any in the state and offer to the
+homeseeker a splendid opportunity for a start.
+
+[Page 15]
+In this state there are also numerous tide lands, oyster lands,
+and shore lands to be obtained at various prices, both from the
+state and from private individuals who have already acquired title
+from the state.
+
+
+WATER POWER.
+
+It is probable that no state in the Union is better equipped for
+creating power than the State of Washington. Numerous waterfalls
+of magnitude are already successfully utilized. Among these the
+most noted are the Spokane falls, capable of producing 400,000
+horse power; the Snoqualmie falls, with a sheer descent of 250
+feet, with a capacity of 100,000 horse power; Puyallup river at
+one place is furnishing about 20,000 horse power; the Cedar river
+has a capacity of 50,000 horse wer; the Nooksack falls with 15,000
+horse power already generated; Tumwater falls with 4,000 horse
+power, with Chelan falls, the Meyers falls and the falls of Asotin
+creek all in use to limited extent. The waters of the Yakima river
+are also in use in part for power purposes, but more extensively
+for irrigation. Besides these there are many minor streams already
+harnessed.
+
+But the unused water powers of the state far exceed that portion
+now developed. All its streams are mountain streams, excepting
+perhaps, the Snake and Columbia rivers. These mountain rivers in
+a flow of 50 to 200 miles make a descent of 2,000 to 5,000 feet
+in reaching sea level, providing innumerable opportunities to use
+the falls already created by nature, or to divert the waters and
+produce artificial falls.
+
+No heritage of the state is of greater value and none more appreciated
+than this water power. Since the introduction of electricity as
+a lighting and motive force, its creation by water power looms
+into immense importance. The exhibition of its achievements to
+be seen in Washington today is amazing to the men whose vision
+of light and power was first with the tallow dip and four-footed
+beasts, and later with kerosene and steam. Electricity, created
+by our water falls, lights our cities and farm homes, draws our
+street cars and some railroad cars--pushes most of the machinery
+used in manufactories, to the great satisfaction and profit of
+our citizens.
+
+
+[Page 16]
+GAME.
+
+The State of Washington was once a paradise for the sportsman in
+its every corner. Its desert lands were full of jack rabbits and
+sage hens; over its mountains and foothills roamed herds of elk,
+mountain goats, deer, and many bear, cougar and wild cats. In its
+timbered valleys were pheasants and grouse in plenty. Upon its
+waters and sloughs the wild ducks and geese were in vast flocks,
+while its waters teemed with salmon in many varieties, and several
+families of the cod tribe, sole, flounders, perch, mountain trout
+and other fish.
+
+While these conditions cannot now be said to exist in full, yet
+at certain seasons, and in some places, the same game, animals,
+birds and fishes are in abundance, and the sportsman, while he
+may not have his "fill," may satisfy a reasonable amount of his
+craving for the excitement of the frontier. The state has deemed
+it wise to restrict the time and place within which its game can
+be taken and the amount a single individual shall kill. These
+regulations suffice partly to preserve the game from extinction
+and help replenish the state's treasury, and are considered wise
+and reasonable.
+
+
+SCENERY.
+
+If Washington is mighty in forest possession, provided with fuel
+for centuries in its coal beds, rich in precious metals, with great
+open waterways full of fish roads from the ocean and millions of
+fishes in its inland waters, with game upon its thousand hills and
+its vast plains loaded with waving grains and red with luscious
+fruits, still its crowning glory is its matchless scenery.
+
+Towering above the clouds, with its head crowned with eternal snows,
+its sides forever glistening with icy glaciers till their feet touch
+the green tops of its foothills, near the center of the state, stands
+in imposing grandeur the highest mountain of the states--grand,
+old Mount Rainier.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 11.--Fish Cannery at Port Angeles, Clallam
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 12.--A Forest Scene in Clallam County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 13.--North Bank Bridge Over the Columbia
+River at Vancouver, Clarke County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 14.--U. S. Army Post, Vancouver, Clarke
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 15.--Stock-Raising in Clarke County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 16.--A Clarke County Fruit Ranch.]
+
+Through its center north and south the Cascade mountains in a zigzag
+course lift their clustered peaks and mountain passes from four
+to eight thousand feet above the sea, while Mount Olympus and his
+colleagues higher still poke their inspiring
+[Page 17]
+front heavenward. Between these two white and green clad mountain
+ranges, protected from the blizzards of the southwestern plains
+and from the hurricanes from the ocean, lie in safety the placid
+waters of Washington's great inland sea, matchless Puget Sound.
+
+Where else upon the globe is such a diversified stretch of tranquil
+water, upon whose shores the ocean tides ebb and flow, upon whose
+surface the navies of the world could maneuver to their heart's
+content, while visible from shore to shore are the vast evergreen
+forests, interlaced with winding waters and stretching gently upwards
+till they reach the visible mountain peaks a hundred miles away,
+thousands of feet skyward?
+
+Scarcely less enchanting is the view eastward from the Rainier's
+lofty height--a vast stretch of hill and plain almost surrounded
+by green mountain sides, through whose gray and green fields flow
+the great winding courses of the mighty Columbia and the lazy Snake
+rivers, while a multitude of smaller streams gleam through the
+forest sides of the mountains over innumerable waterfalls. Here
+within the foothills you gaze upon the largest lake within the
+state, a beauty spot to enchant alike the artist and the sportsman.
+Deep within its rocky sides and full of speckled beauties lying
+like a mirror in the stretch of green hills about it, lies Lake
+Chelan, and on its unruffled bosom a fleet of boats ply for fifty
+miles beyond its outlet till reach the mining foothills of the
+mountains. A hundred miles eastward, still among the scattered
+pines of northeastern Washington, the Spokane river tumbles in
+masses of foam and spray over a succession of rocky falls on its
+way to the Columbia, while still further on the Pend d'Oreille
+and upper reaches of the Columbia river flow close up among the
+mountains and foothills and present a series of beautiful combinations
+of rock, trees, hills and valleys, of forests and waterfalls of
+magnificent beauty. Washington in its scenery is magnificent in
+proportions, wonderful in its variety, grand and imposing in form
+and feature--picturesque--enticing--"a thing of beauty and a joy
+forever."
+
+
+
+
+[Page 18]
+PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.
+
+
+LUMBERING.
+
+The description of the resources of a state naturally suggests what
+its industries are. The forests of western Washington inevitably lead
+to the lumber industry and the fertile soil of eastern Washington
+point as unerringly to agriculture. These are the two great industries
+of the state. The lumberman and the farmer are in the majority.
+Already there are sawmills enough in operation to cut up all the
+standing timber in the state within fifty years. They employ probably
+100,000 men. This includes those engaged in logging and the subsidiary
+industries.
+
+Of the trees the fir is pre-eminently useful, and more than half of
+the forests of the state are fir trees. It is of greater strength
+than any of the others and hence is used for all structural work
+where strength is of special importance. It is rather coarse grained,
+but when quarter sawed produces a great variety of grains very
+beautiful and capable of high finish and is extensively used for
+inside finishings for houses as well as for frame work. Its strength
+makes it ideal for the construction of ships. The yellow pine is
+strong, medium grained and well fitted for general building purposes,
+and is very extensively used in eastern Washington.
+
+Cedar is very light and close grained and is chiefly used for shingles,
+and for this purpose has no superior. The cheaper grades are also
+used for boxes and sheathing for houses and many other purposes.
+
+The spruce furnishes an odorless wood especially useful for butter
+tubs; for shelving and similar uses it is superior to either the
+fir or cedar. It is a white, close grained lumber, and appreciating
+in value.
+
+The hemlock, whose bark produces tannin for the tanneries, is also
+a close grained light wood coming more and more into
+[Page 19]
+general use, for many purposes, especially where it will not be
+exposed to the weather.
+
+Logs frequently seven feet in diameter require big saws, and big
+carriers 50 to 100 feet long, and hence Washington has probably
+the largest sawmills in the world.
+
+Our lumber is used at home and shipped all over the world to make
+bridges, ships, houses, floors, sash, doors, boxes, barrels, tubs,
+etc. Factories for the manufacture of wood products are scattered
+all over the state. Most of the sawmills and some factories are
+driven by steam made by burning sawdust, slabs, and other refuse
+of the mills. Coal and electricity, however, are both in use.
+
+
+COAL MINING.
+
+The mining of coal for foreign and domestic purposes is one of
+the most important of Washington's industries. The annual output
+of the mines is about three million tons, worth about eight million
+dollars; Fifty thousand tons of coke are made annually, worth at
+the ovens about $300,000. The coal mining industry gives employment
+to 6,000 men. The production of coal for 1907 was distributed as
+follows:
+
+  Kittitas County, tons  1,524,421
+  King County, tons      1,446,966
+  Pierce County, tons      612,539
+  Lewis County, tons       101,275
+  Thurston County, tons     33,772
+  Whatcom County, tons       3,160
+  Clallam County, tons         300
+
+The coke nearly all comes from Pierce county.
+
+Nearly forty different corporations and individuals are engaged
+in coal mining. The coals thus far commercially mined are chiefly
+lignite and bituminous. These coal measures lie along the base of
+the foothills, chiefly of the Cascade mountains. Higher up are
+some mines of anthracite coals, not yet on the market for lack of
+transportation. As far as discovered they are chiefly near the
+headwaters of the Cowlitz river in Lewis county. Coal forms the
+largest factory in furnishing steam for the mill roads. Some of
+the railroads, notably the
+[Page 20]
+Northern Pacific and Great Northern, own their own mines and mine
+the coal for their own engines and shops.
+
+It is also the main fuel supply for domestic uses, although fir
+and yellow pine cordwood is extensively used when the cost of
+transportation is not too great.
+
+Coal is also the chief fuel used in steamboats, both those plying
+over inland waters and the ocean-going boats as well. Here also,
+however, the fir wood proves a good substitute and is used to some
+extent by local steamers on the Sound.
+
+Coal is also used to create both steam and electricity for most
+of the large heating plants in the cities and in many factories
+and manufacturing plants, flour mills, elevators, etc. The fact
+that vast coal measures lie within 50 miles of the seaports of Puget
+Sound is a very important factor in insuring the construction of
+manufacturing establishments and the concentration of transportation
+in these ports.
+
+Coal is also used in all the large cities for the manufacture of
+illuminating gas and as a by-product of this industry coke, coal
+tar, and crude creosote are produced.
+
+The coke from the ovens goes chiefly to the smelters for the reduction
+of ores, both of the precious metals and iron.
+
+
+METAL MINING.
+
+The mining industry other than coal is quite rapidly reaching importance
+among our industries. There are in the state three large smelters,
+whose annual output of precious metals far surpasses in value the
+output of our coal mines. The ores for these values, however, do
+not all come from the mines of this state. Other states, British
+Columbia, Alaska, and some foreign countries help furnish the ores.
+But Washington has within its borders a great mineralized territory,
+not yet thoroughly prospected and very little developed, yet which
+materially assists in supplying these smelters with their ores.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 17.--Ocean-Going Raft, Built at Stella,
+Cowlitz County, by the Oregon Rafting Company.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 18.--COWLITZ COUNTY TIMBER. This Stick
+Was 301 Feet Long and 36 Feet in Circumference at Stump.]
+
+The smelter at Everett receives a steady supply of arsenical ores
+of copper, lead, gold, silver and zinc from the mines of Snohomish
+county which are of magnitude sufficient to make profitable the
+railroad which has been built to Monte Cristo
+[Page 21]
+purposely for these ores. This smelter has a special plant for
+saving the arsenic in these ores, which materially adds to the
+value of its output and is said to be the only one of its kind in
+the nation.
+
+Besides the mines at Monte Cristo, there are copper mines being
+successfully worked at Index, whose ores are shipped both to Everett
+and Tacoma.
+
+At Tacoma is located one of the largest smelting and refining plants
+in the nation, which draws its ores from all parts of the world. At
+North Port in Stevens county is a smelter which is chiefly supplied
+with ores from this state, supplemented by those of British Columbia.
+At Republic in Ferry county are mines producing gold and silver
+ores of such extent as to have induced the building of a branch
+line of railroad to carry their ores to this smelter. There are
+also in Stevens county large deposits of silver-lead ores, which
+will be large producers as soon as better transportation is secured.
+This last statement is also true regarding many mines in other
+counties.
+
+
+FISHING INDUSTRY.
+
+The business of catching, preserving and selling fish gives employment
+probably to more than 10,000 men in this state and adds probably
+four million dollars annually to its wealth production. The fishes
+include salmon, which is the chief commercial species, cod in many
+varieties, halibut, salmon trout, perch, sole, flounders, smelt,
+herring, sardines, oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp from its salt
+waters, and sturgeon, trout, perch, black bass, white fish and
+many others from the fresh water. Great quantities of salmon and
+halibut are shipped in ice-packed boxes, fresh from the waters,
+to all parts of the nation. Of these fish, many salmon, halibut
+and cod are caught in Alaskan waters and brought into this state
+to be cured and prepared for the market.
+
+The salmon are chiefly packed in tin cans after being cooked; the
+cod are handled as are the eastern cod, dried and salted. The business
+of handling the smelts, herring, etc., is in its infancy, as is
+also that of the shellfish.
+
+[Page 22]
+The propagation of oysters, both native and eastern, is assuming
+great importance in many places in the state. In Shoalwater bay,
+Willipa bay, Grays harbor, and many of the bays and inlets of Puget
+Sound, oysters are being successfully grown. In some instances
+oyster farms are paying as much as $1,000 per acre. The state has
+sold many thousand acres of submerged lands for this purpose. It
+has also reserved several thousand acres of natural oyster beds,
+from which the seed oysters are annually sold at a cheap price to
+the oyster farmers, who plant them upon their own lands and market
+them when full grown.
+
+The native oysters are much smaller than the eastern oysters and
+of a distinct flavor, but command the same prices in the market.
+
+
+AGRICULTURE.
+
+Cereals.
+
+The largest and most important industry in the state is without
+doubt the cultivation of the soil. The great variety of the soils
+and climatic conditions has made the state, in different parts,
+admirably adapted to a large variety of farm products. Vast fields of
+wheat cover a large proportion of the uplands of eastern Washington,
+the average yield of which is greater than that of any other state
+in the Union.
+
+The diked lands of western Washington produce oats at the rate
+of 100 to 125 bushels per acre. In some counties in southeastern
+Washington barley is more profitable than any other cereal, on
+account of the large yield and superior quality.
+
+Corn is successfully raised in some of the irrigated lands, but is
+not as profitable as some other crops and hence is not an important
+factor in Washington's grain supply. Rye, buckwheat, and flax, are
+successfully grown in many localities. In western Washington,
+particularly, peas form an important ration for stock food and
+are extensively raised for seed, excelling in quality the peas of
+most other states.
+
+[Page 23]
+Hops.
+
+Hops are a large staple product in many counties of the state.
+They are of excellent quality, and the yield is large and their
+cultivation generally profitable. The chief drawback is in the
+fluctuations of the market price.
+
+Grass and Hay.
+
+Grass here, as elsewhere, is very little talked about, although it
+is one of the large elements that make the profits of agriculture.
+Saying nothing of the vast amount of grass consumed green, the
+state probably produces a million tons of hay annually, averaging
+$10 per ton in value. Western Washington is evergreen in pasturage
+as well as forests and no spot in the Union can excel it for annual
+grass production.
+
+East of the mountains a very large acreage is in alfalfa, with a
+yield exceeding six tons per acre.
+
+Potatoes.
+
+On the alluvial soils of western Washington and the irrigated lands
+of the eastern valleys, potatoes yield exceedingly heavy crops of
+fine tubers, often from 400 to 600 bushels per acre. All other
+root crops are produced in abundance.
+
+Beets.
+
+Extensive experiments have proved that the sugar beet can be raised
+profitably in many counties and sugar is now on the markets of
+the state, made within its borders from home-grown beets.
+
+Truck Gardening.
+
+Garden stuff is supplied to all the large cities chiefly from
+surrounding lands in proper seasons, but much is imported from
+southern localities to supply the market out of season. The soils
+utilized for this purpose are the low alluvial valley lands and
+irrigated volcanic ash lands. The yield from both is astonishing
+to people from the eastern prairie states, and even in western
+Washington, with its humid atmosphere and cool nights, tomatoes,
+squashes and sweet corn are being generously furnished the city
+markets. The warm irrigated lands of eastern
+[Page 24]
+Washington produce abundant crops of melons, cucumbers, squashes
+and all other vegetables.
+
+
+HORTICULTURE.
+
+The conditions for successful fruit growing are abundant, and peculiarly
+adapted to produce excellence in quality and quantity in nearly all
+parts of the state, but some localities have better conditions
+for some particular fruits than others, e. g., western Washington
+excels in the raising of raspberries and other small fruits of
+that sort, its climate and soils being suited to the production
+of large berries and heavy yields.
+
+Certain localities in eastern Washington excel in the yield of
+orchard fruits, chiefly on irrigated lands. Owing to the abundant
+sunshine, the fruits of eastern Washington are more highly colored
+than those of other sections of the state.
+
+Taking the state as a whole, horticulture is rapidly assuming vast
+importance. Thousands of acres are yearly being added to the area
+of orchards, and remarkable cash returns are being realized from
+the older plantings now in full bearing.
+
+This is true of all the common orchard fruits, apples, pears, peaches,
+plums, cherries, etc.
+
+In western Washington large plantings of the small fruits are growing
+in favor, some of the new fruits receiving especial attention. One
+plantation of thirty acres is devoted exclusively to Burbank's
+phenomenal berry.
+
+Grapes are being grown on both sides of the mountains, the eastern
+side, however, giving this fruit much more attention. Cranberries
+are being produced in quantities on some of the bog lands near
+the sea coast.
+
+Nuts have been planted on both sides of the mountains in an experimental
+way, and it has been found that walnuts, chestnuts, and filberts are
+profitable. In the southeastern section of the state, nut growing
+bids fair to develop into a considerable industry.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 19.--Royal Anne Cherry Tree, Owned by
+J. H. Rogers, Lexington, Cowlitz County. Circumference of this
+Tree Below First Limb, 72-3 Feet. Yield in 1907, 1,500 pounds.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 20.--Dairy Herd on Ranch of T. D. Dungan,
+Kelso, Cowlitz County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 21.--Douglas County Fruit.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 22.--Douglas County Wheat at Tram Waiting
+Shipment on Columbia River Boats.]
+
+
+STOCK RAISING.
+
+The glory once enjoyed by this industry is rapidly changing color.
+Formerly, a predominating feature of the state was its
+[Page 25]
+big herds feeding gratuitously on government lands. This condition
+still exists to an extent, the forests being utilized, under regulations
+by the government, but the herds are limited.
+
+Individual farms and small herds are now the order of the day and,
+incidentally, better breeds are developing. This is true of horses,
+cattle and sheep. The demand for horses is chiefly for the heavy
+draft animals for use in the logging camps and on the streets of
+the cities, and the demand is fairly well supplied, chiefly in
+eastern Washington.
+
+Good cows and fat steers are always in demand, and Washington's
+market for them is not fully supplied from the home farms. The
+same is true regarding sheep and hogs. The phenomenal growth of
+the seaport towns on Puget Sound and the difficulty in clearing
+the lands in western Washington combine to make the consumption
+exceed the home grown supply, and many are imported from neighboring
+states.
+
+There is abundant room for expansion in stock raising in the state.
+Conditions are admirable. Grass is abundant for pasturage, hay is
+a prolific crop, the climate is mild, no pests afflict the cattle,
+and the markets are at the door and always hungry.
+
+
+THE DAIRY.
+
+There are few states in the Union equal to Washington in its possession
+of natural conditions suited to make dairying profitable. In all of
+western Washington, in the western part of eastern Washington, and
+in both the northeastern and southeastern sections of the state,
+the climate and soil conspire to make ideal grazing. Particularly
+is this true in the western part of the state. All the grasses
+grow in luxuriance, and with proper care and forethought there
+may be secured almost twelve months of green feed annually. The
+crops best adapted for use as ensilage grow well, making large
+yields. Timothy, clover hay and alfalfa are the standbys for winter
+feed so far as the coarse feed is concerned, and while mill stuffs
+and all grains are high in price, so are correspondingly the products
+of the dairy. Butter ranges from 25 cents to 40 cents per pound,
+and milk sells in the coast cities for 10 cents per quart.
+
+
+[Page 26]
+POULTRY.
+
+Perhaps no part of agriculture is more profitable to the wise farmer
+than his barnyard fowls, and in Washington this is exceptionally
+true. Eggs retail in the coast towns at 25 cents to 60 cents per
+dozen. Turkeys at Thanksgiving time are worth from 25 cents to 30
+cents per pound dressed, and other fowl in proportion. Conditions
+can be made as ideal for poultry raising in this state as anywhere,
+and with the market never satisfied, the poultry raiser has every
+essential to success in his favor.
+
+
+BEE CULTURE.
+
+Bee culture among the orchards and alfalfa fields of eastern Washington
+is a side line which should not be neglected by the farmer or
+horticulturist. Many are fully alert to the favorable conditions,
+and Washington honey is on sale in the late summer in most of the
+cities and towns until the supply is exhausted, and then that from
+other states comes in to meet the demand.
+
+Pasturage for bees is also abundant in many parts of the western
+half of the state, and many a rancher among the forest trees has
+upon his table the products of his own apiary.
+
+
+MANUFACTURING OTHER THAN LUMBER.
+
+The State of Washington has natural products either within its
+own borders or nearby, to foster many manufacturing industries,
+besides those having lumber for their raw material.
+
+In the Puget Sound basin are vast deposits of lime rock, which
+is manufactured into commercial lime, supplying the home market
+not only, but is being shipped also to foreign ports. These are
+chiefly on San Juan island.
+
+Considerable granite of fine quality is used in building and cemetery
+structures, from quarries in Snohomish and Skagit counties. Sandstone
+is being used for building purposes and is of splendid texture.
+Onyx of great variety and beauty is extensively quarried in Stevens
+county. Marble of good quality is being sawed up to limited extent.
+Quarries in southeastern Alaska furnish rather a better quality
+and are more extensively worked.
+
+[Page 27]
+Clays of great variety, including fire clays and those suitable
+for terra cotta, are abundant, and large factories in King county
+are turning out common and pressed brick of many colors and fine
+finish, vitrified brick for street paving, terra cotta, stoneware,
+drain tile, sewer pipe and other kindred products.
+
+At Concrete, a town of 1,200 people in Skagit county, two factories,
+employing 500 men, are daily turning out 1,400 barrels of Portland
+cement of fine quality, which is finding ready market in all the
+large cities.
+
+At Irondale, in Jefferson county, a large plant has been in operation
+turning out pig iron. It is now in process of being turned into
+a steel plant and within a few months will be turning out steel
+bars and pipes for sewer, gas and other purposes. The ores are
+obtained from Whatcom and Skagit counties, some bog iron in the
+immediate vicinity and additional ores from Vancouver island. More
+than a half million dollars has already been invested and this
+will probably reach a full million when the plant is in complete
+operation. Although iron ores are present in the state in large
+quantities, no other serious effort is being made to supply the
+state with home made pig iron or its products. Here is a vast field
+awaiting brains and capital. The above represent only a few of the
+many lines of manufacturing that have been successfully developed
+in Washington.
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Commerce and transportation are two affinities, ever seeking each
+other. They have found on Puget Sound an ideal trysting place. Here
+the ships of the ocean reach immense placid waters, not duplicated
+on either side of the continent, and for this reason the railroads
+have come from the interior to meet them. From foreign ports all over
+the world ocean carriers are bringing in great loads of merchandise
+and passengers, and the railroads coming from the Atlantic coast
+across the entire continent bring like loads of merchandise and
+human freight, and here they are exchanged. Teas from China and
+Japan for cotton from Galveston and cotton goods from Massachusetts;
+[Page 28]
+rice and silk, hemp, matting, tin, copper and Japanese bric-a-brac
+are exchanged for grain, flour, fish, lumber, fruit, iron and steel
+ware, paper, tobacco, etc. Merchandise of all sorts from Asia,
+the Philippines, South America and Australia is here exchanged
+for different stuffs raised or made in every part of the American
+continent and some from Europe. This commerce, however, is in its
+infancy. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways have
+fattened on it for years. All their rivals have looked on with
+envious eyes till now a mad rush is on among them all for vantage
+ground. The Milwaukee, Canadian Pacific and Burlington systems
+already run their trains here, while the Union Pacific and others
+are rushing for terminals on Puget Sound tide water. And while
+thus racing for the great long haul prizes, they are incidentally
+giving to the state a complete system of transportation in all
+its parts and for all its multitudinous productions.
+
+Of almost equal importance to the state is its great fleet of local
+steamers which ply its inland waters, and the numerous electric
+lines that are rapidly uniting its cities and villages and giving
+a new and cheap method of migration. From the city of Spokane and
+radiating in every direction, electric lines are in operation and
+more are in course of construction, bringing the most distant points
+of the great "Inland Empire" into close touch with its metropolis
+and great distributing center. On the west side the same thing is
+true, only in less degree. Between these two groups of transportation
+facilities, and the commerce which the union of rail and tidewater
+has created, the citizens of Washington have found innumerable
+opportunities of employment.
+
+These opportunities are increasing and broadening every year with
+the continued development of the state and in multiplied and varied
+form they await the newcomer who possesses the ability to rise to
+the demands of the situation.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 23.--FERRY COUNTY VIEWS. Plant of Karamin
+Lumber Co., Karamin, Ferry County. (1) Track of Spokane & B. C.
+Railway. (2) Track of Spokane Falls & Northern Ry.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 24.--Helphrey Ranch, Curlew, Ferry County.]
+
+
+
+
+[Page 29]
+OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON.
+
+Washington is a land of widely diverging natural conditions. Its
+topographical characteristics vary from the low southern exposures
+of the inland river valleys, where strawberries mature as early
+as April, to the mountain summits of the Cascades and Olympics,
+where winter reigns supreme the year round. Between these extremes
+may be found every range of climate known to the semi-tropical
+and temperate zones.
+
+For the Homeseeker.
+
+Our lands include those suitable for the successful raising both
+of the more tender, as well as the hardier fruits. Every grain,
+other than corn, yields splendid results, while the truck gardener,
+small fruit grower, dairyman, stock raiser and, in fact, every man
+who aims to secure a living and a competence from some form of farm
+industry will find, if he looks for it, a spot within the confines
+of this state that will meet his most exacting requirements.
+
+To insure success in any of the above lines requires pluck, energy,
+stick-to-it-iveness, a determination to secure desired results, and
+some capital. But given these, the man who is looking to Washington
+as a favored location for the establishment of his household gods
+need have no fear of the outcome.
+
+Land may be secured suitable for any of the different purposes
+mentioned, and with proper care it may be made to yield beyond
+the most sanguine expectations. A market is ready and waiting to
+absorb every class of product at profitable prices. Transportation
+facilities are already excellent and the millions now being expended
+in new railway construction through the state give some idea of
+what the future holds forth in this particular.
+
+[Page 30]
+For the Business Man.
+
+To the business man a new state, developing as is the State of
+Washington, naturally offers numerous and attractive opportunities.
+New communities are springing up along the lines of the Milwaukee,
+the Portland & Seattle, and other railways now in process of
+construction, each demanding its quota of commercial enterprises,
+while the older cities and towns are continually absorbing new
+additions to their population, thus paving the way for new business
+facilities.
+
+For the Investor.
+
+The investor will find an attractive field of action in Washington,
+and with the exercise of caution and prudence may anticipate far
+better returns than he has been accustomed to, without undue risk
+of the impairment of his capital. Raw lands, timber lands, improved
+farms, irrigated lands and city and town property are exhibiting
+a steady increase in value and undoubtedly will continue to do so
+for years to come. The capitalist may take his choice of any of
+these forms of investment, or he may turn to private, industrial or
+municipal securities which are constantly being offered on excellent
+terms and based upon unimpeachable assets.
+
+For the Manufacturer.
+
+To the manufacturer this state offers all the conditions that may
+be classed as prerequisite to success. Cheap electric power is
+available in nearly every community of any size in the state, while
+millions of horse power remain still undeveloped in the rivers and
+mountain streams. Raw material is here, in abundance, and the markets
+of the world are accessible through rail and water transportation.
+The principal manufactured products of the state consist of lumber
+and lumber products, flour, feed and various cereal foods, butter,
+cheese, evaporated milk, crackers and candy, baking powder, soda,
+fruit extracts, clothing, boots and shoes, baskets, bags, beer,
+ice, brick and other clay products, iron products, wagons and
+agricultural implements, turpentine, leather products, cordage,
+saws, boilers, asbestos, water pipes, tin cans, railway equipment,
+ships and
+[Page 31]
+boats, canned fruits and vegetables and a variety of other products.
+Desirable locations are frequently offered free to those who will
+establish manufacturing industries.
+
+For the Wage Earner.
+
+The wage earner who comes to this state sufficiently fortified
+to maintain himself and family for a period may usually expect to
+find satisfactory employment at good wages. Washington has never
+been exploited as a poor man's paradise, but there is a tremendous
+development in progress throughout the state in every line of industry
+and there is a steady demand for mechanics and laborers of all
+classes.
+
+The foregoing is intended to present in brief form an outline of
+the opportunities that await the enterprising newcomer in this
+state. Success is being achieved in all of the various lines touched
+upon, by thousands who have located here in the past few years,
+and as yet the resources of the state have scarcely been touched.
+The future of Washington is big with promise, based upon results
+already achieved, and in that future the newcomer may expect to
+participate in proportion to the effort he expends.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 32]
+WASHINGTON'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
+
+The importance of a complete and well rounded public educational
+system has not been overlooked at any stage in the growth and
+development of this commonwealth. From kindergarten to university
+no link is wanting to supply the ambitious boy or girl with the
+very best training that modern educational experts have evolved.
+
+The common school system of the state is based upon the theory
+that every child must be educated, and that the state must provide
+the facilities for the accomplishment of this purpose. This theory
+has been carried out so thoroughly and intelligently that there is
+scarcely a child in the state of school age who does not live within
+easy reach of a school house. Moreover, attendance is compulsory and
+no child is excused unless satisfactory reasons are presented to
+the proper authorities.
+
+
+EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENT.
+
+Upon admission of Washington to statehood a land endowment was
+granted to the state by the federal government for common school
+purposes which in round numbers totals nearly two and one-half
+millions of acres. This land is offered for sale or lease by the
+state, through the office of the state land commissioner, and the
+proceeds constitute a permanent and irreducible fund to be invested
+for educational purposes.
+
+In addition to the foregoing lands, the state university has an
+endowment of 100,000 acres; the agricultural college, 90,000 acres;
+the scientific school, 100,000 acres, and the state normal schools,
+100,000 acres. As yet only a small portion of these lands has been
+disposed of. The expense of maintaining our schools, therefore,
+is met almost entirely by taxation.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 25.--View of the Country Near Curlew, Ferry
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 26.--Three-Year-Old Orchard, Near Pasco,
+Franklin County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 27.--Combined Harvester Operating in the
+Wheat Fields of Franklin County. This Machine Cuts, Threshes and
+Sacks the Grain, Depositing the Filled Sacks on the Ground as it
+Moves Through the Field.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 28.--(1) A Jefferson County Country Home.
+(2) A logging Railroad, Jefferson County. (3) Prize Products, Jefferson
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 29.--JEFFERSON COUNTY RURAL VIEWS. Field
+of Oats and Vetch Yielding 5 Tons Per Acre. Herd of High-Grade
+Holstein Dairy County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 30.--View of Waterfront, Port Townsend,
+Jefferson County.]
+
+
+HIGHER INSTITUTIONS.
+
+The University of Washington occupies a campus of 350 acres, located
+entirely within the limits of the city of Seattle.
+[Page 33]
+The buildings of the university consist of the administration building,
+science hall, chemistry building, engineering building, power house,
+dormitories for men and women, and other smaller buildings. In addition
+to the foregoing, the university will come into the possession
+of a number of commodious structures at the conclusion of the
+Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. For the current year, the enrollment
+of students at the university is 1,838. The faculty consists of
+115 members and for the ensuing biennial period the legislature
+appropriated the sum of $673,000 for the support of the institution.
+
+The State College of Washington is located at Pullman, in Whitman
+county. This institution emphasizes technical and scientific education
+and in its agricultural departments has accomplished remarkable results.
+It is annually giving the state a number of highly trained experts in
+modern agricultural science, and the farming interests of the state
+have been greatly assisted by the work of the college. Instruction is
+given in civil engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering,
+geology, botany, chemistry, zoology, economic science and history,
+modern languages, domestic economy, besides the practical operation
+of a dairy farm and other branches of agricultural industry. The
+institution, in addition to its land endowment, receives annual
+assistance from the federal government and a biennial appropriation
+from the state legislature.
+
+The state also maintains three normal schools, located respectively
+in the cities of Bellingham, Ellensburg and Cheney. These institutions
+have a combined attendance of about 850 and are the recruiting
+ground for securing instructors in the public schools.
+
+At Vancouver is the State School for the Deaf and Blind. The defective
+youth of the state are cared for in a well equipped institution
+located at Medical Lake, in Spokane county, and at Chehalis is
+the state training school for incorrigibles.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 34]
+LOGGED-OFF LANDS.
+
+The problem of making a home and providing a competency for old
+age upon the lands in western Washington is somewhat different
+and more difficult than doing the same upon the prairie lands of
+the east. As they come to the hands of the would-be tiller of the
+soil, they present a forbidding and disagreeable aspect. The loggers
+have left them with considerable standing timber, with the tops of
+the giants of the forests lying where they fell, scattered over
+the land and covering it with an almost impenetrable mass of great
+limbs and brush and dead logs. If seen in the summer, there is
+added the view of a mass of green vegetation, rank and to a large
+extent covering up the mass of dead stuff left by the loggers with
+the huge stumps sticking up through it all, mute monuments of the
+lost wealth of the forest. In some instances this is somewhat relieved
+by the fact that, either by accident or design, the fire has been
+there and swept through it all, leaving nothing but blackened and
+smouldering emblems of its prior greatness. In this case, however,
+only the lighter part of the refuse has been destroyed. The great
+stumps of fir and cedar are there still, blackened and perhaps
+with their dead hearts burned out. Great and small decaying logs
+are there, some too wet to burn, some with the bark alone burned
+off, and some with the dead centers burned out, scattered about
+or piled in crisscross masses as they had fallen during the ages
+of the forest's growth. In either case it looks different from
+the smooth surface of the sagebrush plains about to be converted
+into irrigated farms or the clean face of the prairie lands covered
+with grass and ready and longing for the plow. But with all their
+forbidding aspects, black with a portentous cloud of hard labor
+and long waiting, their known hidden wealth lures on the hardy
+pioneer to the task. He throws off his coat, rolls up his sleeves,
+gathers together his tools, and with the indomitable courage of
+the Anglo-Saxon
+[Page 35]
+tackles the problem, works and fights and rests by turns till within
+a few years he finds himself triumphant. Eventually, beneath his own
+orchard trees laden with fruit, and in the comfort and delight of
+his big home fireplace, he contemplates the rewards of his struggle,
+as he sees his cows complacently chewing their cuds in his green
+pastures and listens to the neigh of his fat horses, and at his
+table, laden with all the bounty of his rich lands, thanks his Maker
+for the successful completion of a hard struggle and the enjoyment
+it has brought to him and his family.
+
+
+MODERN METHODS.
+
+Having thus presented the picture in perspective, we will now work
+out some of the details which help to rob it of its difficulty and
+add to its attractiveness. If the lands have not been burned off,
+and in many instances where this has been done, the rancher will
+find a lot of cedar logs, perhaps partially burned, and possibly
+long black stubs that it will be wise to save. Cut into proper
+lengths and put into piles for preservation, they will make his raw
+material for fencing, barns, etc. The cedar is straight-grained,
+splits easy, and true, and to the rancher is very valuable, taking
+the place of sawed lumber for a great many farm purposes. Having
+carefully saved the cedar, the rancher will fire his clearing, thus
+getting rid of a large share of the logger's waste with practically
+no labor. To the task of disposing of the remaining logs and stumps
+he will bring modern tools and methods into action. The axe and
+shovel and hand lever have given place to gunpowder, the donkey
+engine, derrick and winch. Stump powder puts all the big stumps
+into pieces easily. The modern stump-puller lifts out the smaller
+stumps with ease. The donkey engine and derrick pull together and
+pile the stumps and logs into great heaps, and once more the friendly
+fire helps out; and while the dusky woodlands are lighted up with
+passing glory the rancher sleeps to wake up and find his fields
+almost ready for his plow, nor has the task had half the hard labor
+nor consumed half the time that years ago would have been expended
+in clearing the same amount of oak and maple and hickory land in
+the valley
+[Page 36]
+of the Mississippi. It should be said, however, that what is gained
+in time and saved in labor costs money. The expense of clearing the
+logged-off land by these modern methods and tools will run from
+$40 to $150 per acre, dependent upon various conditions, number
+and size of stumps, etc.
+
+There are in western Washington thousands of acres which are being
+pastured and tilled, from which the large stumps have not been
+removed. In these instances the same methods can be used, handling
+all the small logs and stumps and litter, and after the first burning,
+carefully repiling and burning the refuse and then seeding to grass.
+In the ashes and loose soil, grass seed readily starts, and a single
+season will suffice to provide fairly good pasturage, which will
+annually grow better.
+
+
+COST OF LABOR AND MATERIAL.
+
+The following table, taken from the report of a government inspector,
+will give an idea of the cost of the different materials and labor
+used in clearing logged-off land:
+
+Cost of removing stumps from 1 foot to 4 feet in diameter from 120
+acres of land in 1907:
+
+==========================================================================
+                 |        |        |       |         |       Labor.
+ MONTH.          | Powder,| Fuse,  | Caps, | Stumps, |--------------------
+                 |  lbs.  |  ft.   |  No.  |   No.   | Hours. | Dollars.
+-----------------|--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|-----------
+ June            | 13,700 | 10,100 | 2,400 |   2,135 |  2,380 |   $650.00
+ July            |  1,750 |  2,050 |   400 |     239 |    260 |     87.00
+ August          |  2,750 |  2,700 |   700 |     445 |    324 |    114.90
+ September       |  1,950 |  2,160 |   500 |     383 |    324 |    126.37
+ October         |  1,250 |  1,000 |   300 |     237 |    198 |     77.53
+ November        |  2,350 |  3,100 |   800 |     378 |    283 |    114.97
+                 |--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|-----------
+ Total           | 23,750 | 21,100 | 5,100 |   3,818 |  3,709 | $1,170.77
+ Av. pr. Stump   |   6.22 |   5.52 |  1.33 |         |  0.987 |    0.3006
+ Av. Cost, cents |  19.76 |   2.37 |   .87 |         |        |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The average cost of the removal of each stump is shown below:
+
+          _Cents._
+  Powder   49.76
+  Fuse      2.37
+  Caps       .87
+  Labor    30.66
+           -----
+  Total    83.06
+
+The average cost of the materials used was as follows: Powder,
+per pound, 8 cents; fuse, per 100 feet, 43 cents; caps, per 100,
+65 cents.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 31.--View of Second Avenue, Seattle, During
+Parade of Marines from Atlantic Fleet, May 26, 1908.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 32.--A Corner of the Seattle Public Market.
+Truck Gardeners Find Ready Sale for Their Wares Here the Year Round.]
+
+[Page 37]
+There are probably two and one-third million acres of logged-off
+lands in the state, of which only half a million are under tillage
+or pasturage. The same report shows the distribution of these lands
+as follows:
+
+===========================================================================
+           |  Acreage   |  Acreage  | Acreage in |   Total   |   Per cent.
+ COUNTY.   |merchantable|  logged   |cultivation.|  acreage. | suitable for
+           |  timber.   |   off.    |            |           | agriculture.
+-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-------------
+ Chehalis  |    583,200 |   112,748 |     11,216 |   807,432 |         90
+ Clallam   |    296,611 |   195,933 |     11,784 |   504,329 |         75
+ Clarke    |    190,000 |   108,661 |     51,570 |   350,231 |
+ Cowlitz   |    500,000 |    25,000 |     20,000 |   704,000 |         75
+ Island    |      8,013 |    99,866 |      9,317 |   117,196 |         75
+ Jefferson |    186,647 |    59,427 |      4,657 |   254,385 |         50
+ King      |    640,000 |   110,000 |     74,857 | 1,243,000 |
+ Kitsap    |     45,429 |   171,364 |      7,978 |   224,771 |
+ Lewis     |    543,995 |   160,425 |     47,059 |   884,050 |         65
+ Mason     |    240,211 |   150,430 |      7,540 |   398,181 |
+ Pacific   |    367,827 |    62,720 |     23,042 |   453,139 |
+ Pierce    |    413,044 |   150,000 |     27,915 |   658,052 |         75
+ San Juan  |     10,000 |    80,000 |      4,000 |    95,684 |
+ Skagit    |    306,759 |   149,923 |     45,605 |   502,287 |         25
+ Snohomish |    258,005 |   270,422 |     20,908 |   558,336 |
+ Thurston  |    291,200 |   120,000 |     13,680 |   428,005 |
+ Wahkiakum |     74,564 |    67,337 |      3,642 |   145,544 |         50
+ Whatcom   |     78,405 |   258,302 |     35,059 |   371,766 |
+-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-------------
+ Total     |  5,033,911 | 2,352,109 |    428,829 | 8,700,388 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There are a great many acres of these lands that can be slicked
+up and burned over and prepared for seeding, not disturbing the
+stumps, at an expense of about $10 per acre. Thus treated, good
+pasturage can be secured cheaply. In time some of the stumps will
+rot out and be easily removed. When the stumps are not too thick,
+the lands can be successfully prepared and planted to orchards
+without removing the stumps, and their unsightly appearance can be
+turned into a thing of beauty and great profit by planting evergreen
+blackberries and loganberries about them, using the stumps for
+trellises. These berries in the climate of western Washington are
+wonderfully prolific and find a greedy market.
+
+
+COMPENSATIONS.
+
+There are several facts about making farms out of logged-off lands
+which should not be lost sight of, because they largely compensate
+for the labor spent in the undertaking. One of these is that the
+problem of fuel is solved for a lifetime and for the coming generation.
+Five acres can be left untouched as a reserve and in a remarkably
+few years it will re-forest itself.
+[Page 38]
+The growth of trees under the humid atmosphere of western Washington
+is astonishing, and a very few years will suffice to provide one
+with a wood lot to last a generation. Meanwhile some of the fir
+logs and alder and maple trees will be preserved from the fire and
+piled up to provide fuel for the years until the wood lot furnishes
+a fresh green supply.
+
+Then, too, as has already been suggested, the fence question, no
+small item in a prairie country, is satisfactorily answered with no
+expenditure but for labor. The cedar logs, splitting with ease, can
+be turned into rails or boards or posts--preferably the former--and
+the rails put on top of each other between two posts fastened together
+at the top make as good a hog-tight and cattle-proof fence as can
+be desired, and these rails will last in the fence for a century.
+For the house, doubtless more satisfaction can be had by patronizing
+the nearest saw-mill, although many houses made out of split cedar
+timbers and boards are in the state, proofs at once of the usefulness
+of this timber and the hardihood and ingenuity of the rancher.
+But for the barn and stable, pig-stye, hennery, chicken-coop and
+fruit boxes, and a great many other things, the rancher patronizes
+his reserve log pile instead of the lumber yard, and saves time
+and labor in so doing. Another fact which compensates the rancher
+in western Washington in the struggle for a home which will provide
+a safe and generous support in his old age is that during all the
+labor and waiting he is enjoying a delightful climate, in which no
+blizzard drives him from his work. No cyclone endangers his life
+and fortune. No snakes lurk in the underbrush. No clouds of dust
+blind his eyes. No sultry summer suns make him gasp for breath,
+and no intense cold freezes his face or feet. He can work if he
+wishes as many days as there are in the year, and know that every
+stroke of his axe or mattock is a part of his capital safely invested
+that will pay back an annual dividend for a lifetime. No soil will
+respond to his energy more quickly or more generously.
+
+There is one more possible compensation. Fir logs and stumps and
+roots and bark are all full of pitch. Factories are now in operation
+that are turning this wood into charcoal and
+[Page 39]
+saving and refining all the by-products, particularly turpentine,
+wood alcohol, pitch and tar. These factories are successful and
+paying dividends, but are on a large scale and permanently located.
+It is probable that some genius will soon evolve a movable plant,
+capable of serving the same purpose, which can go from one ranch
+to another. When this is done, it will be found that the refuse
+left by the logger is worth several times more than the cost of
+getting it off the land with powder and fire, and, instead of being
+a burden upon the land of $100 per acre, will become a matter of
+merchandise to be sold for much more and removed from the land
+with no expense to the owner.
+
+As a final word, it should be remembered that, after these lands
+are put under good tillage, every acre can be made to return more
+than the cost of clearing annually. Western Washington has never
+been able to produce enough to feed its wonderfully increasing
+population. Meats, vegetables, fruits, poultry, eggs, etc., are
+all constantly coming in from outside to supply the markets. This
+condition keeps prices high. It has been so for twenty years, and
+will be for twenty years to come. From $100 to $500 per acre per
+year can be had from fruits and vegetables. The same can be realized
+from poultry, nor will the dairy fall far behind when the scrub
+cow is abandoned and a choice thoroughbred animal takes its place
+and the soil is intensely tilled and fertilized.
+
+The logged-off lands when first looked at are black and big labor and
+difficulties. When the problem is intelligently understood--undertaken
+with comprehension and some capital and plenty of grit--the solution
+is easy and the rewards ample and gratifying.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 40]
+IRRIGATION IN WASHINGTON.
+
+The lands which require irrigation in the state are chiefly the lower
+lands in the valleys of the rivers east of the Cascade mountains.
+
+The winds from the Pacific, though heavily laden with moisture,
+are forced to surrender the greater portion to western Washington,
+as they meet the cold heights of the mountain ranges. The mountains
+themselves receive a very heavy fall of snow in winter, which fills
+the lakes and sources of the rivers on the eastern side, providing
+a large amount of water available for irrigation purposes, for
+lands not too far distant. Within fifty miles from the mountain
+peaks there is a drop of about 4,000 feet. The sides of the valleys
+in the main are gradual slopes. These conditions make irrigation
+very feasible. Its wonderful results have been seen and the process
+of irrigation has found a wide field within the past few years.
+
+
+THE IRRIGATION AREA.
+
+Not only the Yakima valley, where this method of farming had its
+beginning in the state, but many other places, are now being made
+productive which were once thought wholly worthless on account of
+their aridity. Among these are the Wenatchee valley, the Entiat,
+the Methow, the Chelan, and the Okanogan--all on the slope of the
+Cascades. The immediate low lands of the Columbia and Snake rivers
+and considerable of the narrow valleys of the small streams emptying
+into them have in many instances been irrigated.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 33.--King County Rural Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 34.--HOW THE HILLS MAKE WAY FOR THE SKYSCRAPERS
+IN SEATTLE. 1907--Last of Hotel Washington. 1908--New Hotel Washington.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 35.--A Portion of the City of Seattle
+Overlooking the Harbor.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 36.--Torpedo-Boat Destroyer in Government
+Drydock at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 37.--Steamship Dakota in Government Drydock
+at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 38.--A Kittitas County Apple Tree.]
+
+
+WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT.
+
+The work of reclaiming the arid lands has been wonderfully accelerated
+and widened in scope by the national government. The projects of the
+reclamation service now include practically all of the available
+waters of the Yakima valley for irrigating the lands therein. In
+Yakima county alone there are probably
+[Page 41]
+260,000 acres now under ditch, and probably 50,000 more will be
+reclaimed this season. This is probably not more than half the
+lands in the county capable of irrigation. The fact that the general
+government is in control of these projects insures as wide and
+just a distribution of the available waters as possible. The cost
+of irrigation, which is from $50 to $60 per acre, is paid by the
+owners of the land in ten annual payments. There is also an annual
+charge for maintaining the canals from $1.25 to $1.50 per acre.
+These projects of the government cover the lands in Benton and
+Kittitas counties also--both of these counties being in the Yakima
+valley. The government is also engaged in managing an extensive
+project in the southern part of Okanogan county, where probably
+50,000 acres will be reclaimed.
+
+There is a large acreage in Franklin and Walla Walla counties,
+about the junctions of the Snake and Columbia rivers, to which
+Pasco is central, which is arid. The government has once turned
+this project down, but is now reconsidering it, and it is reported
+that these lands will soon be put under ditch by the joint action
+of the government and the Northern Pacific railway, which owns
+a large portion of the lands.
+
+Meanwhile private enterprises are reclaiming extensive tracts in
+Klickitat county, and in fact nearly all the counties bordering on
+the Columbia and Snake rivers in eastern Washington. It is probable
+that there are more lands capable of irrigation in the state than can
+be irrigated with available waters. This fact adds to the importance
+of the question of what to do with arid lands when no water can be
+put upon them.
+
+
+METHODS OF IRRIGATION.
+
+There are three methods in use in supplying water to the arid lands.
+The first and the one most generally adopted for obvious reasons is
+the gravity system. The waters are impounded in lakes or artificial
+reservoirs and carried thence in large main canals, winding about
+the hills so as to secure a low uniform grade. Once established,
+no other force is needed but the usual flow of the water.
+
+[Page 42]
+Another method resorted to when the gravity system is impossible
+is to pump the water from the big rivers into smaller reservoirs
+leading to the canals, the pumps being kept busy only during the
+months in which the water is needed. This method is quite successful,
+but requires a somewhat larger annual expenditure. It is being
+used in some extensive projects, the water being taken out of the
+Columbia river.
+
+The third method is in securing the water by means of artesian
+wells. This method is naturally limited to small areas, the projects
+being undertaken by individual private owners. Several spots have
+been found in the arid belt where this method is successful.
+
+
+SOILS.
+
+The soils over the entire areas of eastern Washington on the arid
+lands is a volcanic ash mixed with disintegrated basaltic rocks and
+some humus, varying in depth and in the amount of sand it contains.
+The low lands are usually more sandy and warmer and earlier in season.
+The depth of this soil is in some places 80 feet and generally so
+deep as to insure great permanency to its fertility. It readily
+absorbs and holds moisture, and is admirably adapted to artificial
+watering. In some spots there is an injurious surplus of alkali.
+It is generally covered with sagebrush and has the appearance of
+sterility, but upon cultivation under irrigation, produces wonderful
+results in quantity and quality of grains and grasses and fruits
+and vegetables.
+
+
+GRAINS.
+
+Wheat, oats and corn are successfully grown, but not in large acreage,
+because larger profits can be realized from other crops.
+
+
+HOPS AND POTATOES.
+
+Hops, for example, which can be produced at a cost of 7-1/2 cents
+per pound, yield from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds per acre, and potatoes,
+yielding from 300 to 500 bushels per acre, and receiving the highest
+market price, are both more profitable than wheat or oats.
+
+
+[Page 43]
+ALFALFA.
+
+Alfalfa, yielding from eight to ten tons per acre, and commanding
+from $6.00 to $12.00 per ton, is a very profitable crop. Much wheat
+and oats are cut when in the milk and sold for hay, and yield better
+returns than when matured and threshed.
+
+
+FRUITS.
+
+The smaller fruits are very profitable under irrigation, yielding
+from $300 to $500 net per acre, while apples, pears, peaches, grapes,
+etc., often far exceed these figures, sometimes yielding as much
+as $1,000 per acre net.
+
+DAIRYING.
+
+Dairying is extensively followed on the irrigated lands, particularly
+in Kittitas county, where the cool atmosphere is very favorable,
+and the farmers find that turning timothy and clover, alfalfa and
+grain hay into butter fat is more profitable than wheat-raising.
+
+
+PREPARATION OF LAND.
+
+There is a good deal of this arid land which will have to be freed
+from the sagebrush and smoothed over before it will be fit for
+irrigation. This expense, together with building headgates and
+lateral ditches, building flumes and seeding to alfalfa, will cost
+from $15.00 to $20.00 per acre, depending upon the character of
+the surface, the size of the sagebrush, and amount of flumes, etc.
+Some, however, very smooth lands can be prepared for seeding at
+less expense.
+
+
+DISPOSITION OF CROPS.
+
+The hay crops are in large part sold on the ground and fed to cattle
+and sheep which have summered in the mountain ranges and are carried
+through the winters on the farms in the valleys. What is left after
+supplying this demand is baled and shipped by rail to the markets
+on Puget sound, Portland or Spokane. The Sound country is also the
+chief purchaser of the fruits, although many winter apples, on
+account of their superior quality, are shipped to eastern markets.
+
+[Page 44]
+Potatoes and other vegetables usually go west, although an occasional
+season finds the eastern market depleted, and then the shipments
+go to the best market.
+
+Hops are sold to be delivered at railroad stations and go east,
+many even to Europe.
+
+
+VALUE OF LANDS.
+
+The irrigated lands are yearly appreciating in value, mindless of
+the large acreage annually added to the supply. This is largely
+due to the fact that they are bought up and held for speculative
+purposes. However, there are still many farms in the hands of first
+purchasers from the government, and others still to be had directly
+from the government and others from the Northern Pacific company,
+not yet under ditches, which may ultimately be reclaimed. These
+latter can be had from $7.00 to $25.00 per acre. The lands already
+under ditch, or which will soon be irrigated certainly, are held
+from $50 to $100 raw and from $125 to $200 with water rights paid
+for. Much land is on the market, already planted or to be planted
+to orchards, and cared for, for a term of years until the orchards
+are in bearing, which can be purchased on easy terms, ranging in
+price from $200 to $500 per acre.
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Nearness to transportation is a valuable factor in determining
+the price of lands--whether under irrigation or otherwise. The
+lands being irrigated in eastern Washington are, for the most part,
+adjacent to competing railways and water craft on both the Columbia
+and Snake rivers. Projects are in contemplation by the government
+and state to remove all obstructions from the Columbia river and
+give a great navigable stream from Kettle Falls to the mouth of
+the river. This will add to the shipping facilities by increasing
+the number of boats which will ply the river and be of great help
+to all farmers holding lands adjacent. Numerous trolley lines are
+already running in many directions--and more are projected--among the
+irrigated farms connecting with the cities of Spokane, North Yakima,
+[Page 45]
+and Walla Walla. These add greatly to the facility and cheapness
+of transportation.
+
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+The character of the climate is well suggested by the crops which
+can be harvested. They include peaches, apricots, grapes, figs,
+tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other things which require
+a warm summer and warm soil. Very little moisture comes upon the
+land in the summer. The winters are moderately cold, with some
+snow, which is joyfully hailed by the farmers, for all moisture
+is quickly absorbed by the soil and held for summer's use. The
+spring season is two or three weeks earlier than in the Puget sound
+basin. Moderate winds prevail during the summer months, coming from
+the east and west by turns, and prevent excessive sultry weather.
+
+
+OCCUPATIONS.
+
+Aside from the ordinary agricultural pursuits suggested by the
+foregoing, which includes grain-growing, horticulture, dairying and
+truck gardening, should be mentioned stock-raising, particularly
+of sheep, many thousands of which are yearly wintered in the valleys
+and summered on the ranges. Bee culture and poultry-raising are
+also both becoming important.
+
+In closing, it should be said that the activity of the government
+and private investors together has given a great impetus to the
+settlement of these arid lands, and the population is rapidly
+increasing, being made up of a miscellaneous assortment of Uncle
+Sam's energetic, wideawake, industrious citizens, building homes
+and making fortunes more rapidly, probably, than in any other part
+of irrigated regions in his domain.
+
+The doors are open, too, for the newcomers, for ten times the population
+now there can well be made prosperous.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 46]
+THE COUNTIES AND MORE IMPORTANT CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON
+
+
+ADAMS COUNTY
+
+LOCATION.
+
+Adams county is in the center of southeastern Washington, cut out
+of the once great desert plateau, covered with sage brush. It has
+developed into one of the most important food-producing counties
+of the state. It has a population of about 13,000 and covers 1,908
+square miles of territory.
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+Its climate is not different from that of the balance of the district
+in which it is situated, and, although some days in winter are
+severely cold and some in summer hot, its dry atmosphere softens
+the asperity of its cold, and its generous crop yields are full
+compensation for the heat of the summer's sun. Its mean temperature
+ranges from 30 degrees to 40 degrees in winter and from 50 to 74
+degrees in summer. Its usual coldest days are 20 degrees to 25
+degrees and its hottest ranging above 100 degrees. Its rain and
+snow give about 12 inches of water. It has one small stream, a
+tributary of the Palouse river.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway cutting the county diagonally from
+northeast to southwest and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway
+across its southeast corner and near its south and west borders
+furnish good facilities for handling its generous wheat crops. To
+these are soon to be added the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
+Portland & Seattle, and the North Coast roads, giving the county
+very superior railroad facilities.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Wheat is its great staple crop, and the last year out of a crop
+acreage of 275,000 gave to the world nearly 6,000,000 bushels, an
+average of upwards of 20 bushels to the acre. When this average is
+compared with that of the wheat fields of the Mississippi valley,
+it is no wonder that the value of its realty has increased for
+the purposes of taxation more than 300 per cent. in the past six
+years. Horses, cattle, hogs and sheep are to a limited extent raised
+on the farms, and are important adjuncts to its prosperity.
+
+[Page 47]
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+RITZVILLE is the county seat, and has a city hall, electric lights
+and water system, flour and feed mills, and is the chief distributing
+center of the county.
+
+LIND will be one of the important points on the Chicago, Milwaukee
+& St. Paul railway, now building across the county.
+
+WASHTUCNA also is to have another outlet for its wheat over the
+Portland & Seattle railway, projected and building. All these towns
+have good schools, churches, warehouses, mercantile establishments,
+and all enjoy an abundance of prosperity from the marketing of
+the crops.
+
+
+ASOTIN COUNTY
+
+LOCATION.
+
+Asotin county occupies the extreme southeastern corner of the state,
+being separated from Idaho on the east by the Snake river and from
+Oregon on the south by the state boundary. Its population is about
+7,500, its area 640 square miles.
+
+It takes in a portion of the Blue mountains, from which numerous
+small streams furnish abundant water for all domestic farm purposes
+and for irrigating quite a large area of lands, which makes the
+county ideal for the stock-raiser and fruit-grower.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+The irrigation of the low lands has had a wonderful effect in
+stimulating the fruit industry, and resulted in a great advance
+in land values, particularly about Clarkston and Cloverland, while
+the cool water of the mountain streams and their grassy slopes
+make the dairy business especially profitable. General farming,
+however, is still the standby of the bulk of the population. At
+Clarkston the lands irrigated and planted to orchards have reached
+in many instances a value of $1,000 per acre, the waters being
+taken out of Asotin creek. About Cloverland, waters from George
+creek have wrought almost an equal increase in values. Cloverland
+is on a plateau about 2,500 feet above sea level, and the lands
+irrigated and planted to winter apples are paying handsome dividends
+to their fortunate owners. On ordinary farm lands wheat yields 25
+to 50 bushels per acre and barley from 40 to 60 bushels per acre.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The transportation is limited to the power of steamboats on the
+Snake river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway, which
+is reached at Lewiston, across the river from Clarkston.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+ASOTIN, the county seat, situated about seven miles south of Clarkston,
+on the Snake river, has about 1,500 people within its borders. It
+[Page 48]
+has a flour mill, warehouses, churches, schools, public library,
+light and water systems, and is a prosperous, thriving town.
+
+CLARKSTON, an important commercial center, is situated on the flats
+of the Snake river, in the northeast part of the county. Its population
+somewhat exceeds that of Asotin. It has all the business institutions
+of a thriving town, is the main distributing point for a large
+area, and is rapidly growing.
+
+CLOVERLAND, CRAIGIE AND ANATONE are thriving smaller towns.
+
+
+BENTON COUNTY
+
+Benton county is bounded north, east and south by the Columbia
+river and west by Yakima and Klickitat counties. It has an area
+of 1,600 square miles and a population of about 9,000 people.
+
+TOPOGRAPHY.
+
+The Yakima river traverses the center of the county in a very crooked
+course, through the valley of which the Northern Pacific railroad
+winds its way to the top of the Cascades. Both north and south of
+the valley of the Yakima are extensive hill and plateau lands,
+which are being rapidly utilized for general farming. The valley
+lands are arid and useless without irrigating water.
+
+IRRIGATION.
+
+Extensive irrigation projects are in successful operation and projected
+to bring a very large portion of the valley lands into successful
+use, for these lands, when irrigated, are of unsurpassed fertility.
+Lands capable of irrigation have rapidly risen in value during the
+past few years because of the immense yields of all crops under
+irrigation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway through its center, the Portland &
+Seattle around its southern and eastern border and the North Coast
+coming into the Yakima valley from the northeast and the southeast,
+together with the shipping on the Columbia river, give abundant
+means of marketing its products, while several local electric roads
+are projected to connect its towns and help to open up the newly
+developed portions of the county.
+
+IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES.
+
+General farming on the uplands, truck-gardening and fruit-raising
+on the irrigated lower lands are the chief occupations. On account
+of the great fertility of the volcanic soils and the early springs,
+Benton county is able to supply the large towns with fruits and
+vegetables some two weeks earlier than most other sections, giving
+it quite an advantage in prices. The county is rapidly growing
+in population and prosperity.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 39.--Stacking Hay in Kittitas County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 40.--New Training School, Ellensburg, Kittitas
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 41.--Sheep-Raising in Klickitat County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 42.--Wheat-Raising in Klickitat County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 43.--Eighty-Acre Orchard in Klickitat County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 44.--Manufacturing Scenes, Chehalis, Lewis
+County.]
+
+[Page 49]
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+PROSSER, its chief town and county seat, is on the Yakima river
+and Northern Pacific railway in the western central part of the
+county, and has about 2,000 population. It is the chief distributing
+center of the county. It has three weekly newspapers, six churches,
+good water supply, banks, stores, warehouses, lumber yards, etc.
+
+KENNEWICK, at the easterly center of the county, on the Northern
+Pacific and Portland & Seattle railroads and on the Columbia river,
+is a town of much importance, having about 1,500 people. It is
+noted for the remarkable earliness of its fruits and vegetables. It
+has the usual business, church and school establishments, including
+an ice and cold storage plant.
+
+KIONA, on the Yakima river, midway between Prosser and Kennewick,
+CARLEY AND PETERSON, in the southern portion of the county, on the
+Columbia river, are all growing and prospering smaller towns.
+
+
+CHEHALIS COUNTY
+
+Chehalis county is central among the counties bordering on the
+Pacific, the towns about Grays Harbor being its seaports. It has
+an area of 2,600 square miles and a population of 35,000.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Its industries arise out of its vast timber belts, its fertile
+low lands, and its fisheries. It is said to have 800,000 acres of
+magnificent timber lands, the great bulk of it unmarketed. Logging
+and the manufacture of wood products make up its chief occupation,
+though general farming and fruit-raising is rapidly gaining. The
+lands of the county when reclaimed from the forests are fertile
+and respond generously to the labor of the husbandman. In 1906,
+15,000 apple trees were planted in the county. The fishing industry,
+including the canning of salmon, sardines, clams and oysters, is
+a thriving industry and destined to develop into much larger
+proportions.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Grays Harbor is open to the ocean, but is splendidly protected
+and has safe anchorage. It is the largest lumber shipping port in
+the state. The Humptulips and Chehalis rivers empty their waters
+into the bay, and are both navigable for some distance.
+
+In addition, the Northern Pacific railroad skirts both sides of
+the bay and a logging railroad from Shelton, in Mason county, has
+nearly reached the ocean, going through the county from east to
+west. Other railroads have surveying parties in the field, and
+a conflict is on to share the vast lumber-carrying trade of the
+county with the Northern Pacific, which has till now monopolized
+it.
+
+Chehalis county is one of the most important counties in the state,
+and offers an abundant opportunity for Yankee energy to exercise itself
+[Page 50]
+in almost every avenue of business. Its opportunities and resources
+are numerous and vast. The newcomer may look long and find no better
+place for his talents.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+MONTESANO is the county seat, located at the head of navigation
+on the Chehalis river, and on the Northern Pacific railway. It
+has a population of about 3,500. It has sawmills, sash and door
+factories, and is surrounded by a prosperous farming community,
+dairying being very remunerative.
+
+ABERDEEN is the commercial metropolis of the county. Nearly $15,000
+is daily paid out to wage-earners. Much commerce from the ocean is
+centering here, 736 vessels clearing from Grays Harbor in 1907. Seven
+hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars has been appropriated by
+congress for the improvement of the harbor. The city has terminal
+rail rates, and the Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
+Paul railroads are hustling after its trade. The business portion
+of the city is built of stone, brick or cement. It has eleven large
+sawmills, many shingle mills and various other factories for utilizing
+the products of its timber, besides fish and clam canneries and other
+factories. Its population, now about 15,000, is rapidly growing.
+
+HOQUIAM, Aberdeen's nearby neighbor, has a population crowding
+11,000, and is a hustling manufacturing and commercial center, not
+different in its general business from Aberdeen.
+
+ELMA, twelve miles east of Montesano, is a town of 2,700.
+
+COSMOPOLIS, south of the river from Aberdeen, has about 1,200, and
+is a sawmill town.
+
+OAKVILLE, MAKRHAM and SATSOP are small growing towns on the Northern
+Pacific railway. Many other embryo towns will in time grow into
+prosperous business centers.
+
+
+CHELAN COUNTY
+
+Chelan county is one of picturesque beauty and abundance of both
+developed and undeveloped wealth. It faces the Columbia river eastward,
+while its back rests against the peaks of the Cascades, 5,000 to
+6,000 feet above the sea. Lake Chelan is the largest fresh water
+body in the state, fifty miles long and one to four wide, and lies
+400 feet higher than the Columbia river.
+
+Chelan county has 2,000 square miles, much of it mountainous and
+full of minerals. Its population is at present about 14,000.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Horticulture, agriculture, lumbering, stock-raising, mining and
+dairying all flourish on the bountiful natural fitness of the county
+for these occupations. The climate is attractive. It is a sunshiny
+county.
+
+[Page 51]
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Steamers ply up and down the Columbia river. The Great Northern
+railway crosses the county through the valley of the Wenatchee
+river and the Washington & Great Northern railway is projected along
+the western boundary of the Columbia river.
+
+PRODUCTS.
+
+All kinds of temperate zone fruits mature here in wonderful perfection
+and abundance. The valleys run with water from the mountains to
+irrigate the lands, and furnish vast power, much of it undeveloped.
+Hills in the western part of the county are timbered and all the
+vacant lands are grass covered. Over 1,000,000 fruit trees have
+been planted in the last three years in the county.
+
+The mountain foothills are full of mineral veins of copper, gold,
+silver, lead and molybdonite. Some have been producing for twenty
+years. Trout in the streams and game on the hills add to its
+attractiveness.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+WENATCHEE is the county seat and largest town, having about 3,500
+people. It is located on the Columbia river near where the Great
+Northern railway crosses it. It is the chief distributing center
+for the county and much other territory, chiefly north of it.
+
+LEAVENWORTH, westward of Wenatchee, and also on the railroad, has
+a population of 1,200 and is a division point.
+
+CHELAN, at the foot of Lake Chelan, has about 700 people.
+
+CASHMERE, on the railroad, is of about equal size.
+
+LAKESIDE, PESHASTIN and ENTIAT are smaller towns, all thriving and
+growing.
+
+
+CLALLAM COUNTY
+
+Clallam county occupies 2,000 square miles of the northwestern
+part of the Olympic peninsula, having 35 miles of shore land on
+the Pacific and 90 miles on the straits. The Olympic mountains
+and foothills cover the southern half mostly, while the northern
+half is made up of lower hills and valleys. Several large lakes
+nestle among the mountains; one of them, Lake Crescent, is a famous
+summer resort. Lake Crescent is known as the home of the celebrated
+Beardslee trout. The eastern and southern parts have a rainfall
+sometimes nearing 100 inches annually, while in the eastern northerly
+part it is about 20 to 25 inches only.
+
+An important section of the county is that known as Sequim Prairie
+This is a level district of about 5,000 acres, located three miles
+back from Port Williams. Most of it is under irrigation, and the
+soil thus treated produces marvelous crops.
+
+[Page 52]
+RESOURCES.
+
+Lumber, fish, agricultural products and coal comprise its chief
+resources. The timber of the county is very vast and very little
+exploited. Its proximity to the ocean makes it very advantageous
+for all fishing industries. Its valleys are noted for the fertility
+of their soils, and many a farmer has grown wealthy from their
+cultivation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Facilities for getting about are limited to boats and wagons. A
+splendid boat service is maintained with Seattle and other Sound
+ports, and a system of public roads is now in process of construction
+that will be unexcelled in the state. Several surveying parties
+are now in the woods and it is believed that Grays Harbor and the
+Straits of Juan de Fuca will be soon united with railroad iron
+and Clallam county will come to its own.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
+
+PORT ANGELES, located about 60 miles from the ocean on the Straits
+of Fuca, is the largest town and county seat. It has a splendid
+harbor, with fine anchorage, furnishing a safe refuge for ships
+when the storms rage outside.
+
+DUNGENESS and SEQUIM, three miles from PORT WILLIAMS, are important
+farming centers, both noted for their dairy products, and contribute
+largely to make Clallam the second county in the state in the value
+of its dairy products.
+
+QUILLAYUTE, FORKS, BEAVER, BLYN and GETTYSBURG are other small
+settlements waiting for the railroads to open up the country and
+render their natural resources available for the good of the world.
+
+
+CLARKE COUNTY
+
+Clarke county lies on the north shore of the Columbia river, opposite
+Portland, Oregon. It has 600 square miles of territory. It was
+one of the earliest settled parts of the state, and its timber
+as yet uncut is large. It is extremely well watered. The Columbia
+and Lewis rivers border it on three sides with navigable waters.
+It has a mild climate, very fertile soil, and splendid markets
+at its doors, abundant rainfall, and agriculture is successfully
+carried on without irrigation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway connects its various towns with both
+Portland and Seattle, and the North Bank and Oregon & Washington
+railroad, paralleling the Northern Pacific, will add greatly to
+the facility and cheapness of its transportation. From Vancouver
+northeasterly a road is in operation nearly across the county,
+headed for North Yakima and the East.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 45.--Mt. St. Helens and Reflection in Spirit
+Lake, Lewis County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 46.--LEWIS COUNTY SCENES. Dairy Farm and
+Hop Field. A Valley Ranch.]
+
+[Page 53]
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Much of the southern part of the county is devoted to fruit-raising,
+prunes being a very prominent factor in the county's output. General
+agriculture, with dairying, are very profitable, and to these are
+to be added fishing, lumbering and mining.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+VANCOUVER has a population of about 8,000, and is rapidly growing.
+It is the county seat, and is connected with Portland, Oregon,
+by a trolley line. The Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Oregon
+Railroad & Navigation and North Bank railroads all compete for its
+traffic. It is the central distributing point of the county, and
+is the United States military headquarters for Washington, Oregon
+and Alaska. It is well represented in business establishments,
+including barrel factory, fruit cannery, ship yard, iron foundry,
+shoe factory, and others.
+
+LA CENTER, ETNA, NACOLT, AMBOY and BRUSH PRAIRIE are smaller towns,
+all holding out an inviting hand to the newcomer, and offering
+desirable opportunities for new business in both merchandising and
+agriculture, as well as in lumbering and its kindred industries.
+Clarke county is one well worth investigating by intending settlers,
+both on account of its latent possibilities and because of its
+peculiarly desirable climatic conditions, and its abundant competing
+transportation facilities, both by rail and water.
+
+
+COLUMBIA COUNTY
+
+Columbia county is one of the four counties in southeastern Washington,
+lying on the Oregon state line and south of the Snake river. A forest
+reserve in the Blue mountains covers much of the southern portion of
+the county, which is heavily timbered. The Northern part of the
+county is made up of rolling prairie lands, of great fertility on
+account of the large proportion of clay added to the volcanic ash,
+which composes most of the soils of eastern Washington. Irrigation
+is here unnecessary, and abundant crops reward the agriculturist.
+The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous, inclining to much
+outdoor life the year around.
+
+PRODUCTS.
+
+Columbia county is essentially an agricultural county, but of late
+years is branching out into fruit-raising and dairying with marked
+success. Apples and pears predominate among the fruits, though
+all others do well. Wheat is, however, still its great product,
+and both the Northern Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation
+railroads are in operation through the northern part of the county
+to carry away its rich grain harvests.
+
+The citizens of Columbia county are among the most prosperous of
+the state, its average of per capita wealth being exceeded by only
+three other counties.
+
+[Page 54]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+DAYTON, the county seat, has a population of about 3,500 people,
+is situated about in the center of the county, and is the chief
+town for the county's exports, as well as the distributor of its
+merchandise. It is a substantially built city, with flour and feed
+mills, and general mercantile establishments of importance. All the
+public interests, including schools and churches, are generously
+provided for. Its chief exports are grain, fruit, livestock and
+wool.
+
+STARBUCK, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point
+of no mean importance on the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway.
+
+
+COWLITZ COUNTY
+
+Cowlitz county lies immediately north of Clarke county, bordering
+about 40 miles on the Columbia river. It has about 1,100 square
+miles of territory, and about 13,000 people. The southwestern portion
+is largely composed of level valley lands, while its northeastern
+part is occupied by the foothills of Mount St. Helens. The drainage
+is all westerly and southerly into the Columbia river. Cowlitz river
+is navigable as far as Castle Rock, and is an important factor in
+the transportation problem.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Timber is the great source of industry at present, the county having
+about two-thirds of its area heavily covered and unexploited. About
+40 saw and shingle mills are engaged in disposing of its logs.
+Agriculture follows close on the heels of the lumberman everywhere
+in western Washington, and nowhere are better results in general
+farming and dairying obtained than in Cowlitz county.
+
+Cowlitz coal fields have not yet been largely utilized, but will
+be extensively developed in time.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Aside from the river navigation, this county is well supplied with
+transportation facilities by rail. The valley of the Cowlitz river
+affords the natural highway for roads between the Columbia river
+and Puget sound, and is already traversed by the Northern Pacific,
+while the Union Pacific systems and the North Coast road are projected
+over practically parallel lines through the county. From Kalama
+all three systems extend south to Portland and Vancouver.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+KALAMA, on the bank of the Columbia river at the ferry crossing of
+the Northern Pacific railway, is the chief town and county seat.
+There are here extensive electric power plants and a gravity water
+system. The chief industries grow out of the lumbering and fishing
+interests. It has about 1,250 people, but is just now rapidly growing,
+owing to its superb transportation facilities by both rail and
+water.
+
+[Page 55]
+KELSO and CASTLE ROCK are both important towns on the railroads
+and Cowlitz river, each having about 1,500 people. At Kelso, which
+is near the Columbia river, considerable fish are caught and packed,
+yet the timber furnishes the chief industry. Fruit and dairying
+and general agriculture provide a large part of the support for
+the town merchants.
+
+OSTRANDER, CARROLTON, CATLIN, ARIEL and LEXINGTON are smaller towns,
+all prospering and being built up into substantial business centers
+by the steadily increasing development of the latent resources of
+the county.
+
+This county offers many opportunities for business to the newcomer
+in either merchandising, manufacturing or farming.
+
+
+DOUGLAS COUNTY
+
+Douglas county occupies the big bend of the Columbia river, having
+about 1,800 square miles of territory. Formerly there were 4,500
+square miles. The last legislature carved the county in two, giving
+Grant county the southeastern part, about 2,700 square miles of
+territory, and leaving 1,800 to the northeastern part, with the old
+name. The bend of the Columbia on the northeast and Grant county
+on the southeast, compose its boundary. This division boundary
+follows the northeastern bank of the Grand coulee, and following
+its general direction meets the Columbia river where the Great
+Northern railroad touches its valley, thus putting all of that
+railroad in this new county, excepting only a few miles of the
+railroad along the banks of the river in the southeastern corner
+of Douglas county. Douglas county is essentially a high plateau,
+some of it 1,500 feet above the main bank. Waterville is the county
+seat, and considerable land along the valley of the Columbia is
+being irrigated and proving to be of great value for fruit and
+grain growing.
+
+In the southeastern part of the county are some lands covered with
+black basaltic rocks, but the great bulk of the lands are rich
+in a volcanic ash soil, and produce large crops of grain without
+irrigation. A wrong view of the county can easily be impressed
+upon the traveler by rail; he will see so many of the basaltic
+rocks from the car windows but once up out of the canyon which
+the railroad follows, he will find himself in view of an expanse
+of wheat fields so vast and rich as to astonish him.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already indicated, this county is essentially a grain producer.
+Wheat and oats are marketed in large quantities. Fruit-growing
+and stock-raising are important adjuncts to the county's wealth.
+It is comparatively new, and lands can be had at very reasonable
+prices.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+As now constituted, Douglas county will rely wholly upon the steamboat
+crafts on the river to get its grain to market. Its trade, however,
+[Page 56]
+is too vast to be passed by, and already two lines of railroad,
+the Washington & Great Northern and North Coast, are projecting
+into the very center of its vast wheat fields. With these roads
+completed as projected, Douglas county will have easy access to
+both water and rail transportation, and renewed importance will
+be given to its farming industries.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+WATERVILLE is its chief town and county seat. It is among the wheat
+fields, in a broad plain, about seven miles east of the Columbia
+river, to which it is connected by good roads for stages and freight
+wagons. It has one of the U. S. general land offices. It has good
+schools and churches, water and electric lighting systems, both
+owned by the city. It has a population of about 1,200 people, and
+is well supplied with business houses, flour and feed mills, a
+brick yard, bank, etc.
+
+BRIDGEPORT, a town of some 400 people, is situated in the northern
+part of the county on the Columbia river east of its junction with
+the Okanogan river, and is an important wheat-shipping point, having
+a regular steamboat service. A bank, flour mill, warehouses and
+general stores are serving the community, but other industries
+await the newcomer.
+
+DOUGLAS, FARMER, JAMESON, MANSFIELD and HOLLISTER are growing
+agricultural centers.
+
+
+FERRY COUNTY
+
+Ferry county is about in the center of the northern part of eastern
+Washington, stretching from the northern boundary of the state
+to the Columbia river, which marks its southern and southwestern
+boundary. The southern half of the county is within the Colville
+Indian reservation, and is therefore wholly undeveloped. The lands,
+however, have in fact been allotted and the remainder will be thrown
+open for settlement in the near future.
+
+Altogether it has an area of 2,200 square miles, and a population
+of 5,000. It is principally composed of low mountains, well timbered,
+with valleys furnishing fine grazing.
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+The climate of the county is such as prevails generally in northeastern
+Washington--a couple of months of snow in winter, affording plenty
+of sleighing, skating, etc. Summers are very pleasant, and spring
+and fall delightful.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 47.--A Ranch Scene in Lincoln County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 48.--Harvest Time in Lincoln County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 49.--View of Spokane River in Lincoln County,
+Showing Possibility of Power Development.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 50.--Mason County Timber.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 51.--Dairy Scene in Mason County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 52.--Oyster Beds in Mason County.]
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The bulk of the resources of this county are yet dormant. The mountains
+are full of minerals; timber is abundant; grassy hillsides are
+tempting to the sheep and cattle, while the soil is rich, and when
+tilled will be found to produce excellent crops. The county has
+a fine future for wealth from all these sources, and, while the
+mines are
+[Page 57]
+first to be made productive, without doubt the fruits and cereals
+will come into their own in time and furnish much of its wealth.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Two railroads reach the center of the northern half of the county,
+terminating at Republic, the county seat. These railroads have
+pushed in here after the precious metals mined in the vicinity.
+
+The Columbia river is navigable most of its course on the county
+boundary, barring some obstructions which the national government
+will remove and thus open up to river navigation to the ocean the
+fruits of toil in Ferry county.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+REPUBLIC, the county seat, is the only large town in the county,
+and has a population of about 1,250 people.
+
+It is the distributing point for supplies for the mines and ships
+out much ore for the smelters.
+
+Ferry county altogether offers exceptional opportunities for the
+homeseeker in a variety of occupations, as already indicated.
+
+
+FRANKLIN COUNTY
+
+Franklin county occupies the basin formed by the junction of the
+Columbia and Snake rivers, being bounded east, south and west by
+them. The southern portion of the county is scarcely 300 feet above
+sea level, and the soil is fine and sandy. The northern part of
+the county is somewhat higher and composed of successive benches
+till they reach an altitude of 1,000 feet. It is only a few years
+since these lands were all considered barren and useless. Yet in
+1906 these bench lands in this county added 1,500,000 bushels of
+wheat to the world's supply and in the following season nearly
+doubled that output.
+
+There are no forests, the land being covered with bunchgrass and
+sagebrush.
+
+IRRIGATION.
+
+Along the rivers some farmers have irrigated small parcels of land
+by pumping water, but the bulk of the irrigable lands are awaiting
+the action of the U. S. Reclamation Service, which it is thought
+will ultimately be engaged in an extensive irrigation problem to
+reclaim thousands of acres now arid and barren. The warm climate
+of these low Bandy lands has already been proven to be immensely
+advantageous to the gardener and fruit-grower, and the lands wonderfully
+productive when the magic influence of plenty of water renders the
+sources of plant life soluble.
+
+The wheat crops now being produced come from the bench lands without
+irrigation.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway passes diagonally through the county
+and crosses the Columbia river near Pasco. The Oregon Railroad &
+[Page 58]
+Navigation railway taps the wheat belt in the northern part of
+the county and the North Coast is projected through it, while the
+Portland & Seattle follows the north bank of the Snake river along
+its southwestern boundary, thus giving the county four systems
+of railroad, besides the Columbia river steamboats.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+PASCO is the county seat, in the extreme southern portion of the
+county, near the Columbia river, and is more noted as a railroad
+center than as a shipping point, on account of the fact that the
+surrounding lands are as yet unirrigated. It has a population of
+about 1,800, and is just now enjoying new vigor and much building
+in anticipation of its future usefulness as a commercial center
+for distribution of both merchandise and agricultural products.
+
+CONNELL, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point
+of importance, and has two railroad lines and a third one coming.
+In addition to the cereals, many sheep and horses are being raised
+and shipped out of the county from this vicinity.
+
+
+GARFIELD COUNTY
+
+Garfield county is the second from the southeast corner of the
+state, and extends from the Snake river on the north to the state
+boundary on the south. It has 627 square miles of territory and
+a population of about 7,000.
+
+The southern portion is included in the Wenaha forest reserve, and
+is quite heavily timbered. The northern portion is an extremely
+prolific farming region, made up of undulating lands with deep
+rich soil, composed of clays and volcanic ash. No irrigation is
+necessary, and very heavy crops of grain are annually matured.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already intimated, the chief source of income for the county
+comes from the tillage of the soil. Of the crops raised, barley is
+in the lead, having furnished 1,800,000 bushels in 1907, which places
+this county second of all counties in the state in the production of
+this cereal. Wheat and oats are also largely produced. Stock-raising
+in the southern ranges of the county is very profitable, and much
+fruit is of late years being produced. Indeed, Garfield county is
+well up to the front in the per capita wealth of its citizens.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+POMEROY is the county seat and chief distributing center of the
+county. It is situated in the north central part of the county,
+on the Pataha river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway.
+It has a population of nearly 2,000.
+
+It is lighted with electricity, has a gravity water system, and all
+the machinery for doing all the business naturally coming to a town
+[Page 59]
+of its size. It has a fine high school and graded schools, churches,
+newspapers, banks, warehouses, big stocks of goods, fire department,
+cet.
+
+
+GRANT COUNTY
+
+Grant county occupies about 2,700 square miles of what was formerly
+Douglas county, comprising the lands southeast of the Grand and
+Moses coulees, bordering on the southwest on the Columbia river,
+with Adams and Lincoln counties on its eastern border.
+
+Ephrata is the county seat, on the Great Northern railway. The
+northern part of the county is traversed by the Great Northern
+railroad, and has developed into a vast region of grain production
+without irrigation, although originally supposed to be valueless
+for cereal-raising.
+
+The southern part is new and comparatively undeveloped, but is
+crossed by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, just now
+giving this new county great impetus. The southern portion of the
+county has long been a grazing ground for herds of cattle and horses,
+but it is thought now it will be turned into a prosperous region
+of small farms.
+
+While the county is cut by several coulees, it is chiefly composed
+of large areas of bench lands, comparatively level, barring a range
+of hills in its southwestern corner called Saddle mountains. There
+is considerable water in the county, Moses lake being quite a large
+body of water with bordering swampy lands, about in the center,
+and Wilson creek, in the northern and Crab creek, in the southern
+part, furnishing considerable stock water.
+
+LANDS.
+
+The lands tributary to the Great Northern railway already produce
+great quantities of grain and livestock, and these will continue
+to be its staple crops until irrigation may come in and stimulate
+fruit production, for which it is thought much of the lands will
+be suitable.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Both the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railway systems are in
+the grain fields of the northern part of the county. The Milwaukee
+road crosses the southern part, the N. & S. is projected along its
+western border, paralleling the Columbia river, which is navigable,
+thus affording all the county, excepting the central portion, good
+facilities for marketing its products. As the county develops,
+beyond question branch lines will penetrate this portion, and Grant
+county will become as well supplied as any other portion of the
+state with facilities for commerce.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+EPHRATA, the county seat, is a small village on the Great Northern
+railway about midway of the county and the center of a large
+wheat-growing section. Its transformation into an important town
+is rapidly
+[Page 60]
+going on, the new county government calling for a variety of new
+occupations to center here.
+
+WILSON CREEK, near the eastern border of the county, is a larger
+town whose chief industry is marketing grain. It is an important
+distributing point, with prospects of larger growth.
+
+QUINCY is a station on the Great Northern and is also an important
+wheat-shipping point.
+
+SOAP LAKE, on a lake of the same name, is noted as a resort for
+the rheumatic.
+
+BACON, COULEE CITY, and HARTLINE are stations on the Northern Pacific
+railway in the northeastern part of the county.
+
+Grant county is new, but has large undeveloped resources, and is
+awaiting the newcomer with abundant offerings for his energy and
+labor.
+
+
+ISLAND COUNTY
+
+Island county is entirely composed of a group of islands in Puget
+sound, the largest two being Whidby and Camano. It has a land area
+of 227 square miles and a population of about 5,000.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Lumber, agricultural products and fish make up the county's resources.
+Considerable of the timber, particularly from Whidby island, has been
+removed, and wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruits, poultry, butter,
+eggs, etc., are now shipped out to the splendid nearby markets at
+the chief seaport towns on Puget Sound.
+
+The soils in the northern part of Whidby island are of remarkable
+fertility, some of them producing as much as 100 bushels of wheat
+per acre and immense crops of potatoes.
+
+In season the waters of the county abound in salmon and other salt
+water fish, and many of the citizens of the county find profitable
+employment in connection with the fishing industry.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+COUPEVILLE is a town of some 400 people and the county seat, situated
+on a beautiful bay in the northern part of Whidby island. It is
+chief distributing point for the county, has a sawmill, shingle
+mill, fruit-drying establishment, stores, churches, schools, a
+newspaper, etc.
+
+OAK HARBOR, further north, is the center of a large farming and
+logging district. Two canneries are in successful operation.
+
+UTSALADY, SAN DE FUCA, CAMANO, CLINTON, and LANGLEY are smaller
+villages gradually becoming summer resorts for people from the
+large cities of the sound. Steamboats furnish good transportation
+from all parts of the county.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 53.--An Okanogan County Orchard in Bloom.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 54.--A View of the Country Along the Okanogan
+River in the Vicinity of the Okanogan Irrigation Project.]
+
+
+[Page 61]
+JEFFERSON COUNTY
+
+Jefferson county is the second county south of the entrance of
+Puget sound, stretching from the Pacific ocean eastward over the
+peaks of the Olympic mountains to Hood's canal, and turning north
+gets a long waterfront also on Puget sound, and taps the Straits
+of Fuca. It has a population of 11,000 people and 2,000 square
+miles of territory.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of this county are largely undeveloped, and yet it
+is one of the oldest settled counties in the state. Originally its
+entire area, barring a few small patches, was heavily timbered,
+and it is estimated that the county still has twenty billion feet of
+standing timber. Its soil is remarkably fertile, and the products
+of its farms have long been famous.
+
+The Olympic mountains contain veins of precious metals, iron and
+manganese, none of which have as yet been thoroughly developed.
+
+Fishing for salmon, sardines, shrimps, clams and crabs is a very
+important industry.
+
+SOILS, CLIMATE AND PRODUCTS.
+
+The soils of the county are largely sedimentary, having been washed
+down from the mountains for ages, assisted by the decomposition of
+vegetable matter accumulated through centuries. In the valleys, where
+most of the farming is being done, these soils produce remarkable
+crops under the influence of the charming climate the county affords.
+
+The rainfall in the eastern part of the county is moderate, but
+ample for all purposes; the average rainfall is about 20 inches.
+The temperature rarely exceeds 80 degrees in summer, while the
+winter months average about 45 degrees.
+
+Such soils and such climatic conditions combine to force wealth
+upon every industrious tiller of the soil. Clover yields from four
+to six tons per acre.
+
+Oats and vetches for ensilage purposes yield five to seven tons
+per acre. Fifty to seventy-five tons of cabbage or mangles per
+acre are not uncommon, and onions and potatoes produce from six
+to ten tons. The fruit trees, particularly cherries, apples, and
+pears, produce wonderful crops. Cattle can graze ten months in the
+year or more, and the products of the dairies of Jefferson county
+cannot be excelled.
+
+Because of the light rainfall and moderate weather, this county is
+admirably suited to poultry-raising. Green food can be had twelve
+months in the year. Runs can always be open, and with proper care
+hens can be made to pay $3.00 per year each.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+PORT TOWNSEND, at the entrance of Puget sound, is the county seat
+and chief commercial center of the county. It has a population of
+[Page 62]
+about 6,000. It is the headquarters for many government institutions,
+including the U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue cutter service,
+marine hospital service, hydrographic service, quarantine service,
+and U. S. artillery for the Puget sound district.
+
+Three great forts; Worden, Flagler, and Casey, are located here,
+forming the chief defense to Puget sound. Fort Worden joins the
+city limits. The present garrison force is 2,000. The scenery from
+the city is grand and beyond compare.
+
+Its business interests are varied and extensive. Two canneries
+for salmon and sardines are here located, boiler works, a machine
+shop for building electric and gasoline engines, a shipyard, sash
+and door factory, lumber mills, and shingle mills, a by-product
+plant producing wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.
+
+The city is substantially built and its homes are artistically created.
+
+The harbor has twenty-five miles of waterfront and fine anchorage
+of from nine to eighteen fathoms, and is an ideal refuge for all
+seagoing craft.
+
+The city has gas and electric lights, paid fire department, fine
+churches, splendid schools, and a magnificent gravity water system
+furnishes the town of Irondale, Hadlock and Forts Worden and Flagler,
+having plenty of water to spare for thousands mote.
+
+IRONDALE is practically a suburb of Port Townsend, having the only
+pig iron plant in the state. It is an extensive and growing concern,
+using bog iron from the vicinity and other ores from different
+sources.
+
+PORT LUDLOW, DUCKABUSH, BOGACHIEL, PORT DISCOVERY, QUILCENE, and
+CHIMACUM are small villages scattered about the county and are
+centers of agricultural activity.
+
+
+KING COUNTY
+
+King county is distinguished by having Seattle for its county seat.
+The county is an empire in itself, stretching from the shores of
+Puget sound to the peaks of the Cascade mountains, and containing
+more than 2,000 square miles of territory. It also includes Vashon,
+one of the large islands of the sound.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+King county's sources of revenue are varied and extensive. Its
+lumber industry, growing out of the vast forests within its borders
+not only, but from the cutting of logs brought in from other sections
+of the state, is immense.
+
+Its agricultural lands are not surpassed in fertility by any, and
+include not only the alluvial deposits in its river bottoms, but
+great areas of shot clay and other soils splendidly adapted to
+fruit culture.
+
+Its mining industries include not only very great acreage of coal
+measures, which have been producing coal for commercial purposes for
+local and foreign trade for thirty years and are scarcely scratched
+as yet, but also fissure veins of the precious metals--gold, silver, lead,
+[Page 63]
+copper, antimony, arsenic, and also iron, asbestos, fire clays,
+kaolin, granite, sandstones, lime ledges, and others.
+
+Its fishing industries in its own waters and from the ocean give
+employment to a large number of men and its fish are shipped even
+as far east as Boston, Massachusetts.
+
+Its power capacity, in addition to its wood and coal, includes
+great falls and rapids and many large streams which are already
+harnessed, but only in part, and driving vast quantities of machinery
+in this and adjoining counties.
+
+In commercial possibilities King county is unrivaled. Its combination
+of lakes, rivers and salt water harbors have no superior on the
+globe, and the fact of its supremacy is demonstrated by the tabulated
+statistics of state officers, which show that King county possesses
+one-fifth of the population of the state and has more than one-quarter
+in value of taxable property of the state, and pays one-fourth of
+taxes collected within the state borders.
+
+In scenery, which is no mean asset of the county, it is also
+unsurpassed. Vast ranges of mountains, sheets of fresh and salt
+water, rivers, hills and plains, forests, and grassy fields combine
+and interlace in a thousand directions to entrance and delight
+the artistic eye.
+
+In game, including bear, deer, mountain goats, cougar, grouse,
+pheasants, quail, mountain trout, salmon and other fishes, make
+many a paradise for the sportsman.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+In addition to its salt waterways, with 75 miles of shore lands,
+and its navigable fresh water lakes, there are centering in the
+county coming in from all directions seven transcontinental lines of
+railroads, making King county and its metropolis a great distributing
+center for the commerce between the American continent and the
+continents of Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Besides these
+steam roads, electric trolley lines are making a network of
+inter-communication between all parts of King county not only, but
+reaching out into the adjoining counties.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+SEATTLE is the county seat and great metropolis of King county and
+the state, with a population crowding, if not exceeding, 275,000
+people. It covers the hills and lowlands surrounding Elliot bay, an
+indentation of Puget sound, and a part of the land between the sound
+and Lake Washington, a freshwater lake of great beauty paralleling
+the sound for 23 miles and from one to three miles wide. It also
+includes two smaller lakes, whose sloping shores are covered with
+the homes of its citizens. From its hills the snow-capped mountains
+of the Cascade and Olympic ranges and Mount Rainier's towering
+peak are visions of surpassing beauty. A constant stream of coming
+and going water craft from all quarters of the globe frequent its
+harbor. Its business buildings of brick, stone, iron and concrete
+tower heavenward over four avenues, and many cross streets and
+miles of its low lands are
+[Page 64]
+covered with railroad tracks, warehouses and manufacturing plants.
+
+Its grammar schools, high schools, and State University are equipped
+with magnificent buildings and grounds. Its streets and homes are
+brilliantly lighted with electricity from its own power plants,
+while the purest water, sufficient for a million people, flows
+through its water mains, all owned and controlled by the city.
+
+A multitude of factories are providing a small part of the merchandise
+and composes the groundwork of her commerce.
+
+The shores of Elliot bay are lined with wharves accommodating the
+largest sea-going ships. Its last assessed valuation of property
+was $203,168,680, and its tax to be raised $975,210.
+
+More than 150 miles of street-car tracks are within her borders
+and a nickel pays for a 15-mile ride.
+
+GEORGETOWN, in the southern part of Seattle, but not a part of
+it as yet, has a population of about 5,000, and is an important
+manufacturing center. Here are the car shops of Seattle Electric
+Company, gas works, foundries, breweries, machine shops, brick
+and tile works and many other industries.
+
+RENTON, ISSAQUAH, RAVENSDALE, BLACK DIAMOND, and NEW CASTLE are
+coal mining towns.
+
+KENT, AUBURN, KIRKLAND, VASHON, NORTH BEND, TOLT, FALL CITY, and
+MAPLE VALLEY are agricultural towns of importance.
+
+
+KITSAP COUNTY
+
+Kitsap county is nearly surrounded by the waters of Puget sound
+and Hood's canal, forming the larger part of the great peninsula
+which these waters would make an island were a six-mile ridge in
+Mason county opened up to them. It has extensive and numerous bays
+and inlets, with magnificent anchorage, and contains in its center
+the great Port Orchard navy yard, destined to become one of the
+largest seats in the United States for Uncle Sam's naval activities.
+
+RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.
+
+The chief resource of the county is in the lumber. Some of the largest
+mills of the state are located within its borders.
+
+It is estimated that there are yet 200,000 acres of uncut timber in
+its borders, and its mills are turning out 600,000 feet of lumber
+daily, besides vast quantities of shingles.
+
+The fishing industry now includes oyster culture, which is rapidly
+becoming very important. About the county are located many villages
+supported by the tillage of the soil from its reclaimed forest
+lands.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Kitsap county has no railroads, but its waterways are so vast and
+intricate that all its corners are reached by steamers, and travel
+is cheap and freight conveniently handled in all parts of the county.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 55.--An Okanogan County Valley, Palmer
+Lake.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 56.--McGowan Seining Grounds, Sand Island,
+Pacific County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 57.--Oyster Culture in Willapa Harbor,
+Pacific County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 58.--View of the Waterfront at Raymond,
+Pacific County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 59.--A View of a Portion of Tacoma's Harbor,
+Showing Ships Waiting to Load Lumber and Wheat for Foreign Ports.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 60.--Railroad Yards and a Corner of the
+Business Section, Tacoma.]
+
+[Page 65]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+PORT ORCHARD, the county seat, is on the bay of the same name and
+opposite the navy yard. It is the chief distributing point for a
+larger part of the cultivated lands of the county, and exports not
+only agricultural products, but also shingles. The surrounding lands
+are well suited for dairying, fruit-growing and poultry-raising,
+which is also true of the entire county.
+
+BREMERTON, adjoining the navy yard, is the largest town in the
+county, having about 4,000 people and rapidly growing. It has a
+fire department, electric light and water systems, newspapers,
+banks, about 1,000 or more wage-earners and is a hustling town.
+
+CHARLESTON is another smaller town adjoining the navy yard on the
+west and rapidly growing.
+
+PORT BLAKELEY is an important milling and shipbuilding town of
+nearly 2,000 people, opposite Seattle. Its lumber goes to all parts
+of the world.
+
+PORT GAMBLE is a sawmill town of importance contributing to swell
+the large output of lumber shipped out of the county.
+
+CHICO, TRACYTON, KEYPORT, PAULSBO, SEABECK, CRYSTAL SPRINGS, COLBY,
+BANGOR, BURLEY, PORT MADISON, and OLALLA are all small villages,
+making progress as agricultural centers and as furnishing summer
+homes for business men.
+
+
+KITTITAS COUNTY
+
+Kittitas county is located about in the center of the state, and
+takes in the upper reaches and most of the watershed of the Yakima
+river. It has a population of about 20,000 in an area of 2,400
+square miles. On its northwestern side it is bordered by two ranges
+of the Cascade mountains, while its southwestern side lies on the
+Columbia river.
+
+Among the sources of the Yakima river are three large lakes, Keechelus,
+Kachess and Cle-Elum, most beautiful bodies of mountain water and
+the sources of the great irrigation systems now fathered by the
+national government and making the Yakima valley a veritable garden
+pot of orchards and vegetables, grasses and flowers.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The central portion of the county is a valley comprising 250,000
+acres, about one-fourth of which is under irrigation, and has long
+been noted for its prolific crops of hay and many herds of dairy
+cows.
+
+The foothills of the mountains have precious metals, coal and iron.
+The streams abound in trout and much game is in the mountains.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads,
+coming into the county from the south and west, cross at Ellensburg
+[Page 66]
+and then follow the valley of the Yakima to the crest of the Cascades
+giving abundant facilities for making markets east and west to all
+parts of the country.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+ELLENSBURG, the county seat, is situated on a level bench in the
+Yakima valley and on the railroads. It is a town of upwards of 5,500
+people, and is substantially built, chiefly of brick. There are
+creameries, flourmills, sawmills, and warehouses, banks, breweries
+newspapers, electric lights, and gravity water system, churches,
+schools, among which is one of the state normal schools. It is
+also a division point on the Northern Pacific railway, and is the
+chief distributing point in the county for farm products and
+merchandise.
+
+ROSLYN is the chief coal-mining town, situated on the railroad well
+up in the foothills of the mountains. It has about 4,500 people.
+It has gravity water and electric lights, and is a substantial,
+thriving and growing town. From the coal mines in the vicinity the
+best coals of the state are mined in large quantities and shipped
+all over the state.
+
+CLE_ELUM is another coal mining town, on the Northern Pacific railway,
+with a population of about 2,500. Tributary to Cle-Elum is a wide
+mining territory, for which it is the chief distributing point.
+
+THORPE is a smaller village likely to develop into an important
+trading point.
+
+
+KLICKTAT COUNTY
+
+Klickitat county is central among the southern tier of counties
+of the state, bordering 80 miles on the Columbia river, with an
+average width of 20 miles. It has a population of about 14,000
+and an area of 1,800 square miles.
+
+There is a great variety in its climate, the elevation varying from
+100 to 3,500 feet above the sea level.
+
+The soil is chiefly volcanic ash, disintegrated basalt and alluvium.
+It is deep and much of it sub-irrigated. The principal crops are
+wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn.
+
+The wheat lands yield from 15 to 40 bushels per acre.
+
+Among the fruits raised are apples, peaches, pears, cherries, English
+walnuts, almonds, plums, prunes, grapes, apricots, and all the
+small fruits.
+
+Wheat lands vary in price from $10 to $50 per acre. It is estimated
+that 7,000 acres will be planted to fruit and nut trees this current
+year, while last year 75,385 apple trees, 14,675 peach trees, and
+17,345 grape vines were planted.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already indicated, the strength of the county is in its soil
+and agriculture is its great source of wealth. Stock-raising is a
+chief industry, the slopes of the mountains on its northern boundary
+furnishing
+[Page 67]
+abundant pasturage. The southeastern part is fast developing into
+a fruit-growing region, while agriculture and grain-growing is
+more general in the central and southern portion.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Columbia river, with a railroad on each side of it and numerous
+ferries, makes ample provision for transportation, while the Goldendale
+branch reaches well up into the center of the county.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+GOLDENDALE, the county seat and metropolis, is located in the center
+of the county, 120 miles east of Portland. It is the terminus of
+the Goldendale branch of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
+making connection with the main line at Lyle. It is located in
+the heart of a splendid agricultural section and at the edge of
+the great timber belt.
+
+WHITE SALMON, located in the splendid fruit section, is a thriving
+town. It is an important railroad point on the North Bank and is the
+outlet for the products of an extensive fruit, timber and dairying
+region.
+
+CLIFFS, the division point of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
+is the trading center of many square miles of territory. The best
+nut land in the county is located near here.
+
+BICKLETON, the trading point of an extensive wheat section, is in
+the eastern part of the county. An electric road has been surveyed,
+which will, when completed, give this town railway connection.
+
+LYLE, ROOSEVELT, COLUMBUS, BINGEN, and CENTERVILLE are growing trading
+points.
+
+
+LEWIS COUNTY
+
+Lewis county is one of the largest counties in western Washington,
+having an area of 2,593 square miles of territory and about 40,000
+people. It occupies a large part of the drainage basins of two
+large rivers, the Cowlitz and Chehalis--one emptying its waters
+into the Columbia river and the other into Grays harbor. It reaches
+from the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles toward the ocean, but
+is cut off 30 miles from the coast, and is about 30 miles wide.
+Mount Rainier is just north of its extreme eastern portion and
+about one-fourth of the county is within the Rainier forest reserve.
+
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+At present the chief industry of the county consists of manufacturing
+its forests into the various forms of lumber and its products, the
+lumber cut aggregating four hundred million feet and two hundred
+million shingles.
+
+Next in importance probably are the precious metal and coal deposits
+of the county, which have, however, been but little developed.
+The coal measures include bituminous, lignite and anthracite, and
+are of great extent in the foothills of the eastern part of the
+county. Two systems of railroads have been projected into these
+fields, and the nearest, carrying lignite and bituminous coals,
+are being commercially developed.
+[Page 68]
+
+Agriculture, including especially dairying and fruit culture, takes
+the place of the forests as they are removed and bids fair to reach
+in importance, in time, the lumber and coal resources. To this
+end, the soil fertility, the mild climate and cool mountain waters
+conspire.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Lewis county is in the path of all railroads coming in from the
+south or through the Columbia gap in the Cascades. Already the
+Northern Pacific railway and the Union Pacific railway cross the
+county, and the North Coast contemplates traversing the entire
+Cowlitz valley, while the Tacoma Eastern is already into the
+northwestern part of the county on its way toward the same goal.
+The county cannot be too well supplied, for its vast treasures
+when developed will furnish immense products for transportation.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+CHEHALIS and CENTRALIA are the two twin cities of the county--less
+than five miles apart and of about equal importance. From Chehalis
+the Northern Pacific railway branches off, following the upper
+reaches of Chehalis river and ending on Willapa bay, while from
+Centralia the same road branches, following the lower Chehalis
+river, to Grays harbor.
+
+CHEHALIS is the county seat, with a population of 5,000 and rapidly
+growing, and has electric lights, sanitary sewerage system, paved
+streets, fine business blocks, and a large and growing trade. Near
+the city is located the State Training School.
+
+CENTRALIA has a population of about 7,000 people, chiefly engaged
+in running sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories, and
+other woodworking plants. It has a large city hall, ten churches,
+fine schools, banks, business houses, water systems, fire department,
+and is a hustling, thriving town.
+
+WINLOCK is a town of 1,200 people on the railroad in the southern
+part of the county, and a distributing point of much importance.
+
+PE ELL is a town of 1,000 people on the South Bend branch of the
+Northern Pacific railway, chiefly engaged in milling and agricultural
+pursuits.
+
+MCCORMICK, LITTELL, KOSMOS, LITTLE FALLS, ADNA, DRYAD, DOTY, and
+KOPIAH, are all centers of industry in various parts of the county.
+
+Lewis county as a whole offers wonderful opportunities for newcomers
+in all pursuits--commercial, agricultural, and mining.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 61.--Tacoma High School and Stadium. Rose
+Arbor in Point Defiance Park, Tacoma.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 62.--A Red Raspberry Field in the Puyallup
+Valley, Pierce County.]
+
+
+[Page 69]
+LINCOLN COUNTY
+
+Lincoln county, adjoining Spokane county on the west, is one of
+eastern Washington's great granaries. Its northern boundary is
+defined by the Columbia and Spokane rivers. The bulk of its lands
+are rolling prairies of great fertility. It has about 2,300 square
+miles of territory and about 25,000 people.
+
+TOPOGRAPHY.
+
+The bulk of the county consists of the rolling prairie land
+characteristic of the great wheat belt of the state. There are
+some mineral lands in the northern part of the county and here
+and there will be found considerable stretches of timber. In its
+northern portion the county is well watered by the Columbia and
+Spokane rivers, while in the southwestern section and elsewhere
+numerous small creeks and lakes occur.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The great resource of Lincoln county is its wheat fields, which
+in 1907 produced to exceed 8,000,000 bushels. Other cereals and
+hay are important crops. Along its northern part, particularly
+on the bottom lands of the rivers, much fruit is grown, including
+peaches and all the small fruits. Diversified farming is growing
+in favor among the farmers. Compared with other counties of the
+state, Lincoln county ranks as follows in the number of its stock:
+Horses, second place; hogs, second place; cattle, sixth place.
+The county also stands fourth in the number of its school houses
+and spends annually $100,000 for school support.
+
+In wealth per capita, Lincoln county leads the state, showing for
+assessment purposes an average holding of real estate of $1,163
+and $226 in personalty.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The county is traversed from west to east its entire length by the
+Great Northern and the central Washington branch of the Northern
+Pacific railroads, some distance from its side lines, so that very
+little of the county is more than 12 miles from a railroad shipping
+point. There are 170 miles of railroad tracks in the county.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+DAVENPORT, the county seat and largest town in the county, is situated
+on the central Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railway
+near the middle eastern portion of the county, and has a population
+of about 2,800 people. Its business blocks are chiefly built of
+brick. It owns its own water system, is lighted with electricity,
+has fine school buildings and churches. Its court house cost about
+$80,000. It is surrounded by splendid farms and annually ships
+out about 1,250,000 bushels of wheat.
+
+[Page 70]
+WILBUR, a town of 1,500 people, on the Northern Pacific railway,
+is a very important shipping and distributing center. It has large
+flour mills, warehouses, five churches, and schools, electric lights,
+and water system, bank, newspaper, parks, and important commercial
+institutions.
+
+ALMIRA, in the western part of the county, on the Northern Pacific
+railway, is another prosperous and growing grain center with about
+600 people.
+
+HARRINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, is a town of some 1,200
+people. It has a beautiful location, commands the trade of a large
+farming county, ships grain and livestock, and is a prosperous
+and growing town.
+
+CRESTON, EGYPT, and BLUESTEM are smaller growing commercial centers.
+
+
+MASON COUNTY
+
+Mason county lies on the upper reaches of Puget sound, having the
+Olympic mountains at its north, where about one-fourth of the county
+is in the Olympic forest reserve. Its total area is about 900 square
+miles, and it has a population of about 6,000. Hood's canal penetrates
+well into the center of the county in its great bend, giving it a
+very long salt-water shore line. From the Olympic mountains numerous
+streams flow into the Puget sound, while others empty their waters
+into Gray's harbor.
+
+The county is a great forest of splendid timber, which has been
+only to a limited degree cut out. The soil of the foothills and
+valleys Is composed chiefly of shot clays and alluvial deposits,
+making good farming, stock-raising and fruit-growing lands.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Logging and its allied industries constitute the main industries
+of the county, Much of the logs are shipped out of the county to
+feed sawmills in other parts of the Sound.
+
+Raising and marketing oysters is an important source of wealth to
+the county.
+
+There is already considerable acreage for farming and stock-raising,
+stock finding pasturage the year round. This industry will grow
+as the land is cleared.
+
+The county affords splendid hunting and fishing in season.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The county is so cut into by the inlets and bays of the sound that
+it has splendid transportation facilities by steamer to all the
+sound ports. The Northern Pacific railway reaches its southern
+boundary. No other railroads traverse the county but its logging
+railroads, which can give only a limited service.
+
+[Page 71]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+SHELTON is the county seat, situated on an arm of the sound at the
+terminus of the logging railroad, and has about 1,200 inhabitants.
+Steamers from its wharves reach all the parts of the sound directly
+or by connection with others.
+
+The logging industry, manufacturing lumber, cultivating oysters,
+fishing and farming are the chief industries of its people. It has
+four churches, good schools, a newspaper, good stocks of goods,
+volunteer fire department, electric lights, gravity water system.
+
+The logging industry, which centers here, employs 2,000 men and
+pays out $120,000 a month.
+
+LAKE CUSHMAN is a summer resort in the mountains famous for its
+big trout catches.
+
+ALLYN, on an arm of the sound, is central to much oyster lands,
+logging camps and fruit orchards.
+
+ARCADIA, also on the sound, is central to considerable stock-raising
+and lumbering.
+
+DETROIT is a prosperous village, proud of the grapes grown on some
+of its logged-off lands.
+
+MATLOCK is a town on the logging railroad and central to large logging
+operations.
+
+
+OKANOGAN COUNTY.
+
+Okanogan, the largest county in the state, lies on the northern
+boundary just east of the Cascade peaks. It has an area of 4,500
+square miles and a population estimated at 13,000.
+
+About one-fourth of the county, a district of great latent resources,
+is still within the Colville Indian reservation, but is soon to
+be thrown open to settlement.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+This county is endowed with great natural resources and a delightful
+climate, and is destined to become thickly populated.
+
+The mountains and their foothills have large and numerous veins
+of metals and are covered also with extensive forests. The rolling
+hills of the south and center are rich in agricultural possibilities,
+suitable for stock, and great crops of cereals and fruits. The
+Okanogan river and its branches drain the greater portion of the
+county, rising in British Columbia and flowing south through the
+center of the county and joining the Columbia river on the south
+boundary. The Methow river drains a large portion of the western
+part and makes a paradise for the frontiersman along its sloping
+sides.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Until now the rivers and wagon roads are the only paths of commerce.
+But into this blossoming empire the railroads are looking with
+longing eyes. The Great Northern, however, has already tapped the
+[Page 72]
+northern boundary and projected a line down the Okanogan and Columbia
+rivers to Wenatchee. Other railroads will follow, as the prize is
+too great not to be divided.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+CONCONULLY, the county seat, is situated among the foothills and
+mines west of the Okanogan river. In addition to the mining industry,
+the raising of sheep and cattle is followed by the citizens. The
+town has a population of about 500 people.
+
+OROVILLE is the chief town on the railroad, near the northern border,
+and is the terminus of the road. It has about 500 people and is
+growing. It is an important ore-shipping point, surrounded also
+by good fruit-raising and agricultural lands, yet unirrigated.
+
+BREWSTER, at the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers,
+has a population of about 200, and is an important grain and
+fruit-shipping point.
+
+OKANOGAN is on the river of the same name, about midway between
+Brewster and Conconully, and to this point the steamers ply in
+the higher waters of the river.
+
+TWISP is a growing village in the Methow valley, devoted chiefly to
+fruit-growing and mining. It is an important distributing center.
+
+PATEROS has steamer connection with Wenatchee, and is an importing,
+growing center.
+
+BECK, BONAPARTE, ANGLIN and BODIE are other new and growing commercial
+centers.
+
+CHESAW, in the northern part, and NESPELIM, in the southeastern
+part, are important locations.
+
+
+PACIFIC COUNTY.
+
+Pacific county is the extreme southern county, which borders on the
+ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river. Although a small county
+with only 900 square miles, it has about 100 miles of salt-water
+frontage. Willapa harbor, at the northwest, is capable of being
+made accessible to all ocean ships, while Shoalwater bay, a body
+of water 20 miles long and separated from the ocean by a long slim
+peninsula, furnishes probably the best breeding ground In the state
+for oyster culture. The county at large is an immense forest, in
+the center of which is a range of hills dividing the watershed so
+that some of the streams flow into the Columbia river at the south,
+some west into Willapa harbor, and others, through the Chehalis
+river, reach Grays harbor.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 63.--Modern Sanitary Dairy Barn, on Farm
+of Hon. W. H. Paulhamus, Sumner, Pierce County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 64.--Views in Rainier National Park, Reached
+by Railroad and Driveway from Tacoma.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 65.--San Juan County Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 66.--Purse Seiners' Camp at Eagle Gorge,
+San Juan County.]
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+As already indicated, its timber and its fisheries are the great
+sources of wealth for the county, although stock-raising, dairying,
+fruit-growing and general farming are constantly growing in importance.
+[Page 73]
+The county probably has eleven billion feet of standing timber,
+and daily cuts with its 64 sawmills about 775,000 feet of lumber
+and one million shingles.
+
+Both native and cultivated oysters are largely marketed, as are
+also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. A splendid market for all farm
+products is afforded by the mills and lumber camps and summer campers
+on the beach.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, cutting the
+county centrally east and west. On the long ocean beach from the
+mouth of the Columbia river northward is a railroad about 20 miles
+long, made profitable by the extensive patronage of the summer
+campers. Added to these are the water crafts which frequent the
+harbor and the Columbia river, and altogether make access to all
+parts of the county easy.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+SOUTH BEND, the county seat, situated near the mouth of the Willapa
+river, is a rapidly growing town of 3,000 people and destined to become
+an important ocean port. The harbor is capacious, well protected,
+has fine anchorage, and is handicapped only by a few feet of mud at
+the bottom, which Uncle Sam will soon remove. At low tide there
+is now from 20 to 30 feet of water in the channel of the river and
+at South Bend it is 1,000 feet wide. South Bend is the terminus
+of the Northern Pacific railway. It has electric lights, water
+works, good schools, fine churches, bank, sawmills, planing-mills,
+sash and door factories, fish canneries, newspapers, etc., and
+is about to build a $50,000 courthouse.
+
+RAYMOND, a new manufacturing town on the harbor and railroad, a
+few miles from South Bend, has 2,500 people and is rapidly growing
+in importance. Raymond is not yet five years old; has a monthly
+payroll of $100,000; sawmills and factories representing an invested
+capital of $4,900,000, employing 1,200 men; an electric light plant;
+a city telephone system, owned by local capital; a salt-water fire
+protection system; is about to build two bridges, costing $30,000
+each, and is adding new manufacturing plants at the rate of one a
+month. The city gives free factory sites, and has both rail and
+ocean transportation from factory locations to the markets of the
+world.
+
+ILWACO is a fishing post of importance near the southwest shore
+of the county, with 900 population.
+
+CHINOOK, FRANKFORT and KNABTON are other fishing points on the
+Columbia river of importance. NAHCOTTA is an ocean summer resort.
+
+
+[Page 74]
+PIERCE COUNTY.
+
+Pierce county, though not the largest, is one of the most important
+counties in the state. Its area of 1,800 square miles occupies
+much of the upper reaches of Puget sound on both sides and extends
+southeasterly, taking in the Rainier National Park of 2,225,000
+acres, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma) 14,526 feet above sea level and
+less than 60 miles from salt water, covered with eternal snow, an
+endless scene of majestic grandeur, giving the county a greater
+variety of elevations and more beautiful and startling scenery than
+any other county in the United States. Its northeastern boundary
+is the White river, its southwestern boundary the Nisqually river.
+It has about 125 miles of salt-water shore lands, with innumerable
+bays and inlets and several important islands. Originally one vast
+forest, much of it now is covered with fruitful fields of grain,
+grass and orchards.
+
+Its climate is mild and salubrious, its soils of great variety
+and fertility, and its mountains and foothills full of coal and
+precious metals.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of Pierce county are varied and of great value. Its
+central part is one great coal field, covered with forests, producing
+annually about 1,000,000 tons of coal. Gold, silver and copper are
+among its precious metals, but not extensively mined as yet.
+
+Its rivers possess almost immeasurable water power. One plant on
+the Puyallup river at Electron has an ultimate capacity of 40,000
+horse-power, 20,000 horse-power of which is now in use. The city of
+Tacoma is engaged in the construction of a plant on the Nisqually
+for municipal use, the capacity of which will be 20,000 horse-power.
+The 12,000 horse-power plant at Snoqualmie Falls also furnishes
+current for city lighting, street railway and manufacturing purposes
+in Tacoma.
+
+All the cereals are successfully raised; dairying is one of the
+most important industries; fruit-growing, particularly in small
+fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries,
+etc., is very profitable and is engaging a great deal of attention.
+Fish are caught in quantities and shipped to eastern markets, but
+Pierce county's greatest natural wealth is in its vast forests.
+An idea of the value can be had when it is said that $6,000,000
+worth of lumber was cut in 1908 in Tacoma alone. In addition to
+these great natural resources, Pierce county's commercial industries
+are so great as to place it in the front rank of counties of the
+Northwest. The great sawmills, woodworking plants and factories of
+various kinds in the city of Tacoma alone employ 11,800 people, and
+the value of their output last year amounted to over $43,000,000.00.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Pierce county is fast becoming a network of transcontinental railroads
+centering in Tacoma, which, coupled with the steamboat traffic on
+the Sound, gives the county splendid traffic facilities. Pierce county
+[Page 75]
+for years was a non-competitive railroad point, the Northern Pacific
+being the only road to enter its vast fields of wealth. Within the
+last two years, however, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
+Union Pacific system, and the Great Northern, realizing the wealth
+of the county and the importance of Tacoma as a manufacturing center,
+the value of her perfect harbor for shipping, the vastness of her
+great stretch of level tidelands for factory sites and terminal
+yards, and the low cost at which freight can be transferred from the
+rails to the sails or _vice versa_, have entered the field and are
+now spending $11,000,000 on construction and terminal work in the
+city of Tacoma. The addition of these new roads means a wonderful
+impetus to the trade of Tacoma. The Tacoma Eastern railroad, a
+beautiful scenic route, beginning at Tacoma, runs in a southeasterly
+direction through a wonderfully fertile country and vast forests
+of splendid timber, to Rainier National Park and Mount Rainier
+(Mt. Tacoma). Several trolley lines are in operation, reaching all
+the near-by towns and connecting Tacoma and Seattle.
+
+In addition to these lines, many steamboats and crafts of all kinds,
+plying the waters of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean, find abundant
+wharfage and anchorage in the harbor of Tacoma. The products of
+the world in large quantities pass through Tacoma in process of
+distribution. A constant stream of small crafts, running about
+the waters of the county, accommodate the local traffic.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+TACOMA, with a population of about 125,000, is the county seat of
+Pierce county, and situated on Commencement bay. Its harbor, one
+of the finest in the world, and its railroad terminals, unexcelled
+on the Pacific Coast, as already indicated, are the center of a
+vast commerce by rail and water. At its door is an immense amount
+of water power, already developed, driving her street cars and the
+machinery in many of her factories. Coal and coke are in abundance
+within a few miles of the city, the coal being used extensively
+for steam and conveyed from the trains to the boats by immense
+electric bunkers. The coke is largely utilized in the largest lead
+and copper reduction plant on the coast. The great Guggenheim smelter
+at Tacoma reduces and turns out annually lead, copper, gold and silver
+worth about $10,000,000. Along her wharves are immense elevators,
+grain warehouses and flouring mills. Tacoma yearly ships out more
+grain than any other city on Puget sound. In and around the city
+are large saw and shingle mills, which last year cut 527,604,000
+feet of lumber and 434,000,000 Shingles. Her factories and shops
+have $24,000,000 invested and employ 11,800 wage-earners, and her
+large flour mills ship their products to all parts of the world.
+Her packing-house products amounted to $5,000,000 in 1908. The
+largest car shops west of the Mississippi are located here. Her
+downtown streets are lined by large business blocks; she has 185
+miles of street and suburban railway, and over 75 miles of paved
+streets.
+
+[Page 76]
+There are four daily newspapers, 8 banks, 1,120 acres in parks,
+and many beautiful and expensive public buildings. The city hall
+cost $200,000; the court house, $500,000; her high school building,
+the most beautiful on the coast, cost a half million dollars, and the
+United States government is completing a $500,000 federal building.
+
+PUYALLUP is one of Pierce county's prosperous towns, having about
+7,000 population, in the wealthy Puyallup valley. This is the center
+or a great fruit-growing district, in which the farmers have combined
+and market their crops through an association, sending their berries
+in patent refrigerator cars into far-away markets. It is also quite
+a large manufacturing center, with a payroll of $45,000 per month.
+
+BUCKLEY, with a population of 1,500, is the center of large sawmilling,
+farming and mining industries.
+
+ORTING is a town with 800 people, chiefly engaged in gardening
+and farming. The State Soldiers' Home is located near, and adds
+considerable trade to the town.
+
+SUMNER has a population of 1,000, is located in the Puyallup valley,
+and its people form a part of the farmers' association, engaged
+in fruit-growing, dairying and gardening.
+
+STEILACOOM is one of the most beautiful little summer resort towns
+on Puget sound and is connected with Tacoma by two electric lines.
+
+SYLVAN, GIG HARBOR, ROSEDALE, ELGIN, LONG BRANCH, BLANCHARD, and
+BEE are very prosperous villages of Pierce county, and are located
+on the shores of Puget sound.
+
+SPANAWAY, EATONVILLE, ALDERTON, ELBE, MERIDIAN, KAPOWSIN, and MCMILLAN
+are villages in the interior, on the railroads.
+
+WILKESON, SOUTH PRARIE, CARBONADO, FAIRFAX, PITTSBURG, and MELMONT
+are coal-mining towns of importance.
+
+
+SAN JUAN COUNTY.
+
+San Juan county is a group of islands lying between the waters
+of the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the southeast
+shore of Vancouver island. It has about 200 square miles of territory
+and about 4,500 people.
+
+There are three large islands and several smaller ones. The islands
+are covered with soil and timber not different from the main land
+adjoining. Heavy timber in the forests, fine clay loams in the
+bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, big ledges of lime rock
+and other minerals and great shoals of fish in the waters are the
+foundations for prosperity for the citizens of the county.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The soils of the islands yield generously to good tillage, and
+wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay yield large crops. Dairying
+is profitable. Poultry-raising and fruit-growing, are especially
+attractive. Sheep and
+[Page 77]
+cattle find splendid pasture. Great quantities of salmon and other
+fish are taken in the waters, and game-deer and wild fowl--are
+abundant.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 67.--Two Views of the Lime Works at Roche
+Harbor, San Juan County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 68.--A Typical Farm Scene in Skagit County.]
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+There is no transportation save by water, but the islands are in
+the way of traffic from so many different directions that all parts
+are well served by steamboats.
+
+ISLANDS AND TOWNS.
+
+SAN JUAN ISLAND is the largest of the group, and its chief industries
+are farming, raising stock, salmon-fishing, and manufacturing lime.
+
+FRIDAY HARBOR, on this island, is the county seat and largest town,
+with about 500 people. A telephone system is in operation throughout
+the island.
+
+ROCHE HARBOR is the home of great lime kilns.
+
+ORCAS ISLAND is the leading fruit-growing district of the county.
+
+EAST SOUND, near the center of the island, at the foot of Mount
+Constitution, is a picturesque and charming fruit-growing section
+and summer resort.
+
+ORCAS is an important center of the fruit and sheep raising industries.
+
+LOPEZ ISLAND is a beautiful stretch of fertile agricultural land,
+much of it under tillage, and is the home of a prosperous community
+of farmers and stock-growers.
+
+LOPEZ is the chief commercial center, with a cannery and creamery.
+
+
+SKAGIT COUNTY.
+
+Skagit county is the next county to the northwest corner of the
+state, stretching from Rosario straits to the peaks of the
+Cascades--about 100 miles east and west and 24 miles north and
+south. Its area is 1,800 square miles, with a population of about
+35,000.
+
+It is a county of great diversities in climate, topography and
+resources. The Skagit river and its branches drain nearly the entire
+county from the mountains to the saltwater. Its deltas are great
+flat fields of wonderful fertility. Its valleys also, where cleared
+of forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Its upper lands carry
+a great burden of forests and are full of hidden treasures.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of the county are its forests and minerals, its
+agricultural products, and fishes. Its great cereal crop is of
+oats; hops, fruits, hay and barley follow in the order named in
+importance, while the products of the dairy are rapidly multiplying.
+Its minerals include the precious metals, iron, lead, coal, marble,
+limestone, granite, sandstone, etc.
+
+[Page 78]
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Aside from its water transportation, the Great Northern and the
+Northern Pacific railways cross its westerly end and send a branch
+line through the valley of the Skagit river well up towards the
+mountains and to the salt water at Anacortes. And other roads are
+building, while there are 168 miles of modern graveled wagon roads.
+The facilities for getting about are excellent.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+MT. VERNON is the county seat, with about 4,000 people. It is on
+the Great Northern railway, on the navigable Skagit river, and is
+a city of much commercial importance to the agricultural district
+around it. The soil in the vicinity is renowned for its great fertility
+and astonishing crops of oats, hay and grass. Creameries and a
+milk-condensing plant are supported profitably to all concerned.
+
+ANACORTES is the chief town of the county, on the salt water. It
+has about 6,000 people, and is a center of lumbering and fishing.
+Factories for drying, salting, and canning salmon, halibut, and
+cod are increasing industries. There is also a fertilizing plant
+and a plant producing charcoal and the by-products of combustion,
+wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.
+
+SEDRO-WOOLLEY, on both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern
+railways, has a population of 4,000, engaged in lumber industries,
+fruit, and vegetables, canning, dairying and gardening. It has a
+monthly payroll of $125,000.
+
+BURLINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, has 1,800 people, and
+factories for making various wood products, concrete blocks, lumber,
+shingles and condensed milk.
+
+LA CONNER is a great oat and hay shipping point. It is at the mouth
+of the Skagit river and on tide water, and has 800 people.
+
+HAMILTON, at the head of navigation on the Skagit river, is a mining
+and lumbering town of 300 people.
+
+BAY VIEW, SAMMISH, MINKLER, PRAIRIE, FIR, and BIRDSVIEW are other
+shipping points.
+
+BAKER, on a branch of the Great Northern railway, has 400 people,
+and is a center of cement factories.
+
+
+[Page 79]
+SKAMANIA COUNTY.
+
+Skamania county, in the south central part of the state, has its
+southern boundary on the Columbia river, with Lewis county to the
+north. It is chiefly within the forest reserve, and includes Mount St.
+Helens on the west and Mount Adams on its eastern border. Altogether
+it has an area of 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and about
+3,000 people.
+
+The north fork of the Lewis river drains the most of the mountainous
+region, while a lot of small streams drain the southern part, emptying
+into the Columbia river.
+
+The climate is a mean between that of eastern and western Washington,
+and is very mild and salubrious. The soil of the valleys in the
+region of the Columbia river is very fertile.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The chief resource of the county is in its timber and lumber, yet
+its mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming better known and
+appreciated yearly. The fruit raised in its valleys is of excellent
+flavor, early in season, and the soil is generous in its yield.
+Splendid pasturage in the foothills encourages stock-raising, and
+fishing in the Columbia river is profitably followed by some of
+the citizens.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Boats on the Columbia river and a railroad on each side of it are
+the means of transportation, and ample for the residents of the
+county in its southern portion. The coming of the North Bank railroad
+has given a decided stimulus to the growth of the county.
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+Skamania county has developed slowly and the bulk of its natural
+wealth is still practically untouched. Its minerals, well known
+to be valuable, are attracting the attention of prospectors, while
+the forests, fisheries and farming lands will furnish a competence
+to hundreds of additional familles. The scenery, combined with
+the fishing and hunting afforded, are additional attractions that
+will prove alluring to many newcomers.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+STEVENSON, a small town on the Columbia river and railroad, is the
+county seat and has a population of about 450.
+
+Tributary to Stevenson is considerable improved land, and the people
+are engaged in stock-raising, fruit-growing and farming.
+
+BUTLER is a town of about 300 people on the railroad and river.
+
+CARSON, CAPE HORN, MT. PLEASANT and BEAR PRAIRIE are smaller villages,
+destined to become centers of commercial distribution.
+
+
+[Page 80]
+SNOHOMISH COUNTY.
+
+Snohomish county extends 36 miles in width from the Sound to the
+peaks of the Cascade mountains, adjoining King county on the north.
+It has an area of some 2,500 square miles of territory, a population
+of about 63,000 people, and a great storehouse of wealth in its
+natural resources. It is one of the largest and richest counties in
+the state, with a mild and healthful climate, magnificent scenery,
+great diversity of landscape, innumerable water falls and plenty
+of game.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The forests of Snohomish are very extensive and but little depleted.
+Fir, cedar, hemlock and spruce are its chief trees. Nearly one-half
+of the area of the county is heavily mineralized with veins of
+gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, iron, and other ores. There
+are also vast ledges of marble, granite and other building stones.
+
+In diversified agricultural possibilities, few counties can excel
+Snohomish. Its general soils in its valleys are alluvial, and produce
+astonishing crops; about the deltas of its rivers, the riches of
+the salt water and the mountains have combined to make a soil that
+will endure for ages and annually astonish the husbandman with
+its generosity. Upon its uplands, its clay and decaying herbage
+have combined for ages to create a soil wonderfully adapted to
+produce grass and fruits, and the industrious are luxuriating in
+nature's prodigality.
+
+Rainfall is abundant, but not excessive, and crops of the cereals
+and fruits are never failures.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+This county is splendidly provided with transportation facilities;
+many steamboats ply its salt waters and part way up the three great
+rivers that flow into the Sound. Two transcontinental railroads
+cut the western part of the county in two. The trunk line of the
+Great Northern follows the valley of one river from the southeast
+to the coast, while two branch lines run up the other two great
+valleys, past the center of the state, toward the mountains, while
+a dozen spurs and short logging and coal roads act as feeders to
+the main lines, thus giving all the towns of the county access
+to all the Sound markets, and those of the east and the ports of
+the Pacific ocean.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+EVERETT, situated upon a fine harbor on the shores of Puget Sound near
+the mouth of the Snohomish river, is the county seat and metropolis
+of the county. It has a population of 35,000, and is fast developing
+into a commercial and manufacturing center of importance.
+
+The largest steamers afloat can find wharfage at her docks and
+safe anchorage in her waters. It has upwards of 3,000 men employed
+in its factories and mills, with a monthly payroll aggregating
+$230,000.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 69.--Codfish and Salmon Packing Plants
+at Anacortes, Skagit County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 70.--Plant for the Manufacture of Portland
+Cement, Located in Skagit County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 71.--Snohomish County Views.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 72.--Snohomish County Industrial Scenes.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 73.--Street Scene in Stanwood, Snohomish
+County. A Pony Farm at Everett, Snohomish County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 74.--City and Town Views, Snohomish County.]
+
+[Page 81]
+They are engaged in the manufacture of lumber, shingles, sash and
+doors; in railroad shops, pulp and paper mills, and smelters; in
+running tug boats, driving piles, making iron castings, and tanning
+hides; packing meats and fish; making turpentine, charcoal, flour,
+butter, and many other commodities. Its banks have $4,000,000 on
+deposit. Its paper mills produce 26 tons of paper daily. Its smelter
+is a constant producer of the precious metals and their by-products.
+
+The city is substantially built, having all the conveniences of a
+modern city, with wide streets and wide sidewalks; has both gas and
+electricity for lights, and a good water system. Some of its streets
+are paved with preserved wooden blocks and some with asphalt.
+
+Everett is a sub-port of entry of the Puget sound country. The
+United States has spent half a million dollars improving the mouth
+of the Snohomish river for a fresh-water harbor.
+
+SNOHOMISH is a city of 4,000 people, on the Snohomish river, which
+is navigable, and is connected with Everett by a street car line.
+It is also on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways,
+and is the distributing center for a large agricultural district.
+It has a number of shingle and sawmills, and is headquarters for
+a good deal of the mining industry of the county.
+
+STANWOOD is a town of about 800 people, on the Sound and railway,
+in the northwestern part of the county. It is a center of farming
+interests and lumber industries.
+
+ARLINGTON is a mining and lumbering town on the Northern Pacific
+railway, well up toward the mountains. It has a population of 2,000
+and is growing.
+
+MONROE is a town of 2,400 people, on the line of the Great Northern
+railway, in the center of a large farming and milling industry.
+
+EDMONDS, a town of 2,000 people, is on the Sound and Great Northern
+railway, near the King county line; chiefly engaged in sawing lumber
+and making shingles.
+
+SULTAN, GRANITE FALLS, GOLD BAR, DARRINGTON, and MONTE CRISTO are
+all centers of mining and other industries.
+
+MARYSVILLE, MUKILTEO, SILVANA, GETCHELL, and PILCHUCK are centers
+of lumbering and farming.
+
+
+SPOKANE COUNTY
+
+Spokane county lies in the extreme eastern section of the state.
+The area of the county is 1,680 square miles.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The transportation facilities are the best of the Inland Pacific
+Northwest. Three transcontinental railroads--the Northern Pacific,
+Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Great Northern--traverse the
+County from east to west; a fourth transcontinental line, the Oregon
+Railway & Navigation company, enters from the southwest, and a fifth
+transcontinental road, the Spokane International (C. P. R.), enters
+[Page 82]
+the county from the northeast and terminates at Spokane. The Spokane
+Falls & Northern extends north into British Columbia and to Republic
+and Oroville, Wash. Electric trolley lines connect Spokane with
+the outlying towns in every direction. The total railway mileage
+in the county is approximately 429 miles.
+
+TOPOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIES.
+
+The northern portion of the county is somewhat mountainous, and
+is covered with a fine growth of pine and tamarack timber; much of
+this section is suitable for agriculture, while all is adapted to
+grazing. The central part of the county is rolling and is traversed
+by the Spokane river; the central section to the west of the city
+of Spokane is fine agricultural land, while to the east of Spokane
+is the Spokane valley, which is rapidly being brought into a high
+state of cultivation by means of irrigation. There are about 40,000
+acres in this valley capable of irrigation; 3,000 acres are now
+irrigated and under cultivation. The southern portion of the county
+is rolling, and comprises some of the finest agricultural land in the
+state. Large areas of this section are utilized for wheat-raising,
+while here are grown the finest sugar beets in the world.
+
+Lumbering is a considerable industry, while stock-raising and dairying
+are also extensively engaged in. Over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat
+are grown annually. The flour mills of the county have a combined
+capacity of 3,600 barrels daily.
+
+In fruit-growing Spokane is one of the leading counties of the
+state. The value of the fruit produced in the county amounts to
+nearly $3,000,000 annually. The following table shows the distribution
+of the five important fruits.
+
+  _Trees planted_ 1908--                      _Total._
+  [*]Apples,         253,630                   713,567
+  Pears,              15,470                    39,232
+  Peaches,            59,323                    94,769
+  Cherries,           56,405                   106,909
+  Plums and Prunes,   11,815                    29,128
+  Miscellaneous        2,910                    10,000
+                     -------                 ---------
+                     399,553  Total planted  1,003,615
+
+[Footnote *: Is 25 percent. of the total number of apple trees planted
+in the state in 1908.]
+
+SCHOOLS.
+
+There are 165 school districts in the county and eighteen towns
+where graded schools are maintained. The total valuation of assessed
+property with improvements (1908) is $77,120,360; personal property,
+$10,527,030.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 75.--(1) Spokane Club Building, Spokane.
+(2)Riverside Avenue, Looking East from Post Street, Spokane.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 76.--Spokane River and Bridge at Spokane,
+Showing Fill for New Concrete Structure to Cost $500,000.]
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+SPOKANE, situated on the Spokane river, is the county seat of Spokane
+county, and is the metropolis of eastern Washington, having a
+[Page 83]
+population estimated at 120,000. Spokane is the center of a great
+wheat-raising section and is the principal mining and commercial
+center between the Cascades and the Rocky mountains. A conservative
+estimate of the total value of manufactured products for 1908 is
+$17,000,000. There are over 12,000 wage-earners, receiving over
+$10,000,000 annually. The principal industrial establishments are
+lumber mills, flour mills, machine shops, agricultural machinery,
+brick plants, iron works, foundries, pottery, cereal food, furniture,
+etc.
+
+The industrial prosperity of the city is due largely to the mines
+in the vicinity, the great agricultural resources of the surrounding
+country, and to the extensive water power which offers special
+inducements to manufacturers. The Spokane river here has a total
+fall of 132 feet, which furnishes a minimum of 33,000 horse-power,
+of which 15,000 horse-power is developed.
+
+There are four national banks, with a combined capital of $3,425,000.
+The city owns its own water works, from which an annual revenue
+of more than $325,000 is derived.
+
+The educational facilities are excellent. There are twenty-three
+public school buildings, constructed of brick and stone, and costing
+$1,450,000. There are three daily newspapers, having a combined
+circulation of 45,000. Here is located the U. S. circuit court;
+the headquarters of the U. S. district court, eastern division;
+U. S. military post (Fort Wright); the government headquarters
+of the postal inspector service, known as the Spokane division,
+which includes the states of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon,
+and the territory of Alaska, and a U. S. land office. Postoffice
+receipts for 1908 amounted to $360,504.
+
+CHENEY, 10 miles southwest of Spokane, is a town of 1,500 people.
+Here is located one of the state normal schools, having about 400
+students.
+
+MEDICAL LAKE is an important town, having the Eastern Washington
+Hospital for the Insane near-by, It is a noted health resort.
+
+ROCKFORD is an important agricultural town of 1,200 people.
+
+HILLYARD is an important place of 1,500 people, having the car shops
+of the Great Northern railway as its chief business.
+
+
+STEVENS COUNTY
+
+Stevens county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state,
+has an area of 4,500 square miles and a population of about 24,000.
+It is a county of great and diverse resources, is splendidly watered
+with large rivers, the Columbia bounding it on the west, and the
+Spokane on part of its southern line. Three ranges of low mountains
+extend across the county nearly north and south. Between these the
+Colville river and the Pend d'Oreille flow generally northerly
+through grand and beautiful valleys.
+
+[Page 84]
+RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONS.
+
+Agriculture in all its branches, lumbering and kindred pursuits,
+and the mining of precious metals and building stones make up its
+chief sources of wealth.
+
+AGRICULTURE.
+
+The farms in the Colville valley are noted for their heavy hay
+crops, producing abundantly all the cereals, including corn, the
+clovers, timothy and alfalfa.
+
+Dairying and stock-raising are important industries. To these the
+climate and soils are well adapted. Some lands have been irrigated
+with great benefit, but the bulk of the farming is successful without
+irrigation.
+
+Fruit-raising is receiving deep interest of late, and the county
+bids fair to compete for honors with the very best localities in
+the state for the hardier fruits.
+
+Lumbering and saw-milling engage the attention of a large number
+of the people, the product of the mills finding a ready market
+in the farming region, large cities and mining camps.
+
+Mining of the precious metals is a growing and an attractive industry.
+The ores include gold, silver, lead, copper, tungsten and iron, while
+quarries of limestone, marble, onyx, fire-clay, etc., abound.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+In addition to the navigable waters of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille
+rivers, which traverse the outskirts of the county, the Great Northern
+railway through the Colville valley from the southern to the northern
+boundary, reaches most of the agricultural and mining centers and
+renders good service. The western part of the county, comparatively
+undeveloped, deserves much more attention.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+COLVILLE is both the county seat and principal town in the county,
+having a population of 1,600 people, and is a growing town, a
+distributing center on the railroad, surrounded by prosperous farming
+communities.
+
+NORTHPORT is the center of much mining activity and has a large
+smelter for the reduction of ores of the precious metals. It has
+a population of 1,200.
+
+CHEWELAH is a center of agriculture, mining and lumbering industries
+in the center of the county, having about 1,000 people.
+
+NEWPORT, in the southeastern part of the county, is an important
+agricultural distributing center. A dozen other smaller towns offer
+great opportunities to the homeseeker.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 77.--Raising Potatoes in Young Orchard,
+Spokane County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 78.--Basalt Columns, Spokane River at Spokane.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 79.--STEVENS COUNTY VIEWS. "Where the
+Elephant Drinks," a Remarkable Crag on the Bank of the Pend d'Oreille
+River. A Typical Fruit Ranch. Flume Creek Falls.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 80.--Stevens County Timber. Cedar Forest.
+White Pine Forest. Yellow Pine Forest.]
+
+
+[Page 85]
+THURSTON COUNTY
+
+Thurston county is known as having the state capital, Olympia,
+within its borders, and as including the extreme southern reaches
+of Puget sound. It is a county of wooded hills and valleys with
+a few open prairies well watered by mountain streams, chief of
+which is the Nisqually, which forms its dividing line from Pierce
+county, and the Des Chutes river, which makes a splendid waterfall
+of some 85 feet, a few miles south of Olympia. It has an area of
+about 700 square miles, 100 miles of salt-water shore, a population
+of about 20,000, and a delightful climate and magnificent scenery of
+lofty mountains; great expanse of inland salt water, and green-clad
+islands and fields in every direction.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The county is one of the oldest settled portions of the state,
+and has a great variety of natural resources, among which are its
+timber areas, its agricultural fields, its coal mines, its fisheries,
+including clam and oyster beds, gray sandstone quarries, and a
+great variety of clays.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+The sawmills of the county are still a very important industry
+and shiploads of lumber are sent out from its wharves. All the
+cereals and grasses yield abundant crops; root crops are extensive;
+fruit of great variety and fine flavor is very prominent. Dairying
+is flourishing, the county having more dairies than any other in
+the state. Coal mining is in its infancy, but has progressed far
+enough to demonstrate the existence of vast areas of lignite coal,
+having some six veins and having a combined thickness of 61 feet
+of coal. About 50,000 sacks of oysters are annually marketed.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Northern Pacific railway connects Olympia with all the important
+Sound ports and the east, and all the transcontinental roads coming
+to the Sound from the south will pass through the county. Together
+with its salt-water deep harbors, these give the county splendid
+competition and variety of commercial facilities.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES.
+
+OLYMPIA, the chief town of the county, at once the county seat,
+state capital and county metropolis, is situated on one of the
+deep-water inlets of Puget sound. Its population is about 12,000.
+While it has a beautiful sandstone structure, now used for capitol
+purposes, the state is about to erect a new capitol building, to
+cost $1,000,000. The foundation is already built. Olympia has one
+of the U. S. land offices and the U. S. surveyor-general's office.
+It is lighted and furnished with power for street-car and other
+purposes from the power of Tumwater falls. The city is a beautiful
+one of fine homes, shaded streets and parks, surrounded by a very
+prosperous agricultural community,
+[Page 86]
+producing great quantities of fruit, dairy and poultry products.
+
+Several other smaller towns on the railroads are local centers of
+commercial activity.
+
+
+WAHKIAKUM COUNTY
+
+Wahkiakum is a small county, having only 275 square miles of territory,
+located on the Columbia river in the southwestern corner of the
+state, near the ocean. Its population is about 4,000. The county
+is heavily timbered and well watered. In many parts of the county
+the soil is exceptionally fertile. The climate is mild, but somewhat
+humid. In the northern part are some low mountains, from which the
+drainage is south through the county to the Columbia river.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+The resources of the county consist in its timber, its fertile soil,
+and the fish in the river and ocean.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Logging, saw-milling, and industries growing out of these; agriculture,
+dairying, and fishing are the chief occupation of its people. There
+are several logging concerns in the county and large saw-mills.
+Fish canneries dot its river shores; several creameries and dairies
+are manufacturing butter, while its farms produce hay, potatoes,
+fruits, cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other products, chiefly
+for the Portland market. Many of its citizens are fishermen and
+some make considerable sums trapping fur animals in the winters.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The Columbia river is the great highway of the county; no railroads
+are within its borders or near. Owing to the small area of the
+county, this condition is no great drawback, as all the people have
+ready access to the river wharves.
+
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+CATHLAMET, on the Columbia, is the county seat, with about 500 people,
+and is the chief distributing center of the county.
+
+ROSBURG, DEEP RIVER, BROOKFIELD, ALTOONA, and SKAMOKAWA are centers
+of industry. This county offers exceptional opportunities for the
+frontiersman.
+
+
+WALLA WALLA COUNTY
+
+Walla Walla is the county of many waters. It is the most western
+of the southeastern counties of the state, and is bounded north
+and west by the Snake and Columbia rivers. It has 1,296 square
+miles and a population of about 30,000. The elevation varies from
+350 feet at the Columbia river to 2,500 feet along its eastern
+border. It is a succession of plains and rolling hills, covered
+with bunch-grass, with some trees along the streams. Its soil varies
+from quite sandy volcanic ash in the low lands near the Columbia to a
+[Page 87]
+heavier clay loam in the eastern parts. In common with much of
+eastern Washington, these lands increase in fertility with successive
+cultivations. The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 81.--Farm Scene Near Colville, Stevens
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 82.--View of Calispell Valley and Pend
+d'Oreille River, Stevens County.]
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Walla Walla county is essentially agricultural. Its chief resource
+is its soil fertility. This is such that few farmers can be found
+who have not bank accounts.
+
+PRODUCTS.
+
+The annual production of wheat in Walla Walla county is about 5,000,000
+bushels. Barley is also a profitable crop. Oats and some corn are
+also raised. Large crops of alfalfa hay are annually marketed,
+chiefly from irrigated lands. Fruit of all kinds is abundant. There
+are 2,500 acres devoted to orchards. Market gardening is an important
+and growing industry.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+There are 310 miles of railroads in this county, both the Northern
+Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company railroads competing
+for the traffic. In addition to the railroads, steamboats are plying
+the rivers around the edge of the county, giving additional facilities
+for transportation.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+WALLA WALLA, the county seat, has a population of about 22,000 and
+is the commercial center for the southeastern part of the state.
+Its streets are paved. The city owns its own system of water, at
+a cost of $600,000. It is lighted with electricity and gas, has
+large banks and business houses, U. S. land office, U. S. courts,
+U. S. cavalry post, an Odd Fellows' home, and a Home for Widows
+and Orphans. There are manufacturing industries employing 400 men,
+turning out $2,000,000 of productions annually. An electric system
+of street cars traverses the streets and is projected into several
+other near-by towns.
+
+WAITSBURG is an important agricultural town of about 1,600 people,
+in the western part of the county, having both railroad systems,
+and ships great quantities of grain. It has large flouring mills,
+warehouses, fine schools and churches, and is a prosperous, thriving
+town.
+
+A large number of shipping points on both systems of railroads are
+growing commercial centers.
+
+
+WHATCOM COUNTY
+
+Whatcom county lies on the boundary of British Columbia, stretching
+from the Straits of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade mountains--24
+miles wide and 100 miles long, The eastern half or more of the
+county is included in the national forest reserve, with Mount Baker,
+10,827 feet high, in the center of the county. It is one of the
+important counties on tide water, and has an area of 2,226 square
+miles and a population of about 70,000.
+
+[Page 88]
+The climate is not different from the general Puget sound climate
+being mild and healthful. There are no severe storms, no sultry
+heat and no severe cold.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+It is estimated that Whatcom county has three billion feet of standing
+timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. The western half
+of the county, outside of the lumbering, etc., is blessed with
+a wealth of soil responding to the farmer's labor generously.
+
+The eastern half of the county is essentially a mountainous,
+forest-covered mining region, and has in store many veins of nearly
+all the metals.
+
+Game of great variety of animals and fowls and fish are abundant.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+The people of Whatcom county are engaged in lumbering and running
+saw-mills, one of the largest of the state being in this county;
+manufacturing of various kinds from the raw products in the county,
+including shingle mills and shingle machinery factory, salmon canneries,
+planing mills, barrel factories, Portland cement factory, and many
+others. Of no small importance is farming, fruit-growing and dairying.
+Prospecting and mining engage the attention and labor of a large
+number of citizens.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Aside from having a long salt-water coast, open to traffic from
+the ocean, with splendid harbors, the county is traversed in all
+its agricultural half by a network of railroads, by the Northern
+Pacific, Great Northern, B. B. and B. C. railroads. These furnish
+exceptional means of traffic to all industries excepting the mining.
+The county has also an admirable system of wagon roads, some planked,
+some graveled and some graded and drained, covering about 700 miles.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 83.--Products of Thurston County Waters.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Thurston County Stick. 14,000 Feet.
+Sandstone Quarry, Tenino, Thurston County. Logging with Oxen. Early
+Days in Thurston County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Five Combined Harvesters at Work on
+a Walla Walla County Wheat Farm.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 86.--Ploughing the Ground for Wheat-Growing,
+Walla Walla County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 87.--Bird's-Eye View of a Portion of
+Bellingham, Whatcom County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 88.--Typical Farm Scenes in Whatcom County.]
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+BELLINGHAM, on a salt-water bay of the same name, is the county
+seat, and commercial metropolis not only for this county but much
+other territory. It has a population of about 40,000 people. Into
+it all the railroads center, while the harbor is one of the best
+in Washington. It is largely a manufacturing town, having plants
+for the production of sash, doors, columns, tin cans, boilers,
+engines, flour and feed, canned fish, condensed milk, and many
+others. It is a substantial, live business community of wide-awake
+people, and growing rapidly. It has a gravity water system, electric
+lights, and gas plant.
+
+BLAINE is a city of about 3,000 inhabitants, situated close to the
+Canadian line and on the Great Northern railway. Timber and lumber
+manufactures are the chief sources of its prosperity. Fishing and the
+canning of salmon are also important industries. The railroad
+[Page 89]
+company has recently expended considerable sums in improving its
+facilities. Blaine is a growing community.
+
+SUMAS, on the Canadian border, is a lumbering town of 1,100 people.
+
+LYNDEN is an agricultural center of 1,200 citizens.
+
+FERNDALE is a lumber center of 1,000 people. Besides, there are a
+dozen smaller business centers in the county, growing and prosperous.
+
+
+WHITMAN COUNTY
+
+Whitman county is one of the chief agricultural counties of the
+state, lying immediately south of Spokane county and on the Idaho
+state line, having the Snake river for its southern boundary. The
+county is a plateau of rolling prairie lands, a large portion of
+which is farmed, watered by a number of streams, which are utilized
+for irrigation purposes in some of the bottom lands--although the
+rainfall is sufficient to mature crops, and no irrigation is had
+on the great bulk of the farms. The area is about 2,000 square
+miles. The population is about 40,000. The soil is a strong mixture
+of volcanic ash and clay of great fertility and permanence. Twenty
+years of wheat-growing still leaves the soil able to produce from
+25 to 50 bushels per acre.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+All the resources of the county originate in this splendid soil.
+For growing all the cereals and fruits and vegetables it has no
+superior. The county is well settled, and probably no county can
+excel Whitman county in the per capita wealth of its farmers. The
+products of the county are varied, and include wheat, oats, barley
+and hay, all giving splendid yields--wheat from 30 to 50 bushels,
+oats 60 to 100 bushels, barley from 50 to 80 bushels, and hay from
+4 to 6 tons per acre. Potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables
+produce fine crops.
+
+The hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries,
+are successfully raised in all parts of the county, while on the
+bottom lands, along the Snake river, peaches, melons, etc., are
+produced in abundance. Seventy-five carloads of fruit go out annually
+from one orchard.
+
+Wheat gives up five and one-half million bushels to the farmers
+each year. Oats one and three-fourths million and barley about
+one-half million bushels. Whitman county has more banks than any
+county in eastern Washington besides Spokane.
+
+TRANSPORTATION.
+
+Whitman county is as well, or better, provided with railroads than
+any agricultural county in the state. The Northern Pacific, O.
+R. & N., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the S. & I. railroads
+are all interlaced about its grain-fields. These all connect with
+Spokane, and give access to all eastern and western markets.
+
+[Page 90]
+PRINCIPAL TOWNS.
+
+COLFAX, the county seat, situated near the center of the county, on
+the railroads and Palouse river, is the largest town in the county,
+with about 3,600 population. The town owns its own water system, has
+electric lights, fine court-house, banks, mills, warehouses, etc.
+
+PULLMAN is a town of 3,000 people, near which is located the Washington
+State College, a large educational institution supported by the state,
+having about 1,000 students. It is an important grain-shipping
+point. It has a public water system, electric lights, and is a
+thriving and growing commercial center.
+
+PALOUSE is a railroad center of 2,500 people, a large shipping point
+for grain, live stock, fruits and pottery.
+
+OAKESDALE is a town of 1,500 people, having three railroads, and
+is an important shipping point.
+
+TEKOA has a population of about 1,400, is a railroad center, and
+is a large shipper of fruits and grain.
+
+GARFIELD has a population of 1,000, and ships much grain and other
+produce.
+
+ROSALIA has 1,000 population, and is an important grain center.
+
+This county has a dozen other shipping points where from 300 to 700
+people are supported by the business originating on the tributary
+farms.
+
+YAKIMA COUNTY
+
+Yakima county is one of the large and important counties in the
+state, having the Yakima Indian reservation included within its
+boundaries. Its area is 3,222 square miles and it has a population of
+about 38,000. It is watered by the Yakima river and its tributaries,
+and through its valleys the railroads from the east find their
+easiest grade toward the Cascade passes. It is a county of level
+valleys and plateaus, having a soil made up chiefly of volcanic
+ash and disintegrated basaltic rocks, of great depth, which yields
+fabulously in cereal and grass crops, fruits and vegetables with
+the magic touch of irrigation. Artificial watering is 30 years old
+in this valley, and yet only a very small area was thus treated
+until the matter was taken up by the national government. But now
+vast areas are being provided with water, and the consequent growth
+and development of the county is wonderful.
+
+A series of lakes in the mountains are being utilized as reservoirs,
+and from these lakes the waters are being distributed in many directions
+in the large irrigating canals. When the projects now under way are
+completed, more than 200,000 acres will be under ditches.
+
+RESOURCES.
+
+Yakima's wealth consists in the combination of its soil and water
+and climate. The county, lying east of the Cascade mountains, in
+[Page 91]
+large part at a low elevation, receives somewhat severe heat in
+the summer, which gives the opportunity successfully to ripen the
+less hardy fruits--peaches, apricots, grapes, etc. The county has
+half a million bearing trees and two and one-half million young
+trees growing in its orchards.
+
+INDUSTRIES.
+
+Naturally the industries of the county consist in exploiting its
+natural resources, and so we find Yakima citizens busy in raising
+fruits, hay, grain, and garden vegetables, to supply the big cities
+of the Sound. Its last year's contribution will probably exceed
+ten million dollars in value.
+
+Of the items which compose this large sum, fruit is probably chief
+in importance. Alfalfa and grain-hay is an important item, as is
+also the crop of melons and potatoes. The combined fields of alfalfa
+and orchards make ideal bee pasturage, and Yakima honey is a constant
+factor of barter in the Sound cities. The upland farms produce
+quantities of all grains--wheat, oats, and barley--and some field
+corn is successfully raised in the warmer parts. Sheep, cattle
+and horses are also exported. Hops are a large crop.
+
+PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+NORTH YAKIMA is at once the county seat and chief metropolis of
+the entire Yakima valley, having a population of about 12,000. It
+is situated on the Northern Pacific railway and Yakima river, and
+is the distributing center for both merchandise and farm products
+for a large surrounding territory.
+
+The State Fair, supported by the state, holds annual exhibits here.
+It has extensive fruit canneries, flour mills, lumber mills, other
+woodworking factories, large warehouses, paved streets, big business
+blocks, fine churches, schools, banks, newspapers, etc.
+
+SUNNYSIDE, a town built up among the irrigated farms, has a population
+of 1,500. Here are a cannery, pulp mill, creameries, etc.
+
+TOPPENISH and MABTON are commercial centers of importance of about
+700 inhabitants each, and growing.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 92]
+STATISTICAL APPENDIX.
+
+STATISTICS OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON.
+
+ =======================================================================
+     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
+ -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
+ Aberdeen     | Chehalis    | E. B. Benn       | P. F. Clarke
+ Almira       | Lincoln     | J. C. Johnson    | Peter Wallerich
+ Anacortes    | Skagit      | W. V. Wells      | M. C. Baker
+ Arlington    | Snohomish   | Peter Larson     | Homer L. Huddle
+ ASOTIN       | Asotin      | J. B. Jones      | J. P. Fulton
+ Auburn       | King        | L. C. Smith      | Geo. C. Meade
+ BELLINGHAM   | Whatcom     | J. P. De Mattos  | F. B. Graves
+ Blaine       | Whatcom     | T. J. Quirt      | J. W. G. Merritt
+ Bremerton    | Kitsap      | L. E. Mallette   | Paul Mehner
+ Buckley      | Pierce      | D. S. Morris     | W. B. Osbourn
+ Burlington   | Skagit      | P. M. Moody      | I. A. Marchant
+ Camas        | Clarke      | John Cowan       | F. B. Barnes
+ Cashmere     | Chelan      | C. A. Huston     | A. J. Amos
+ Castle Rock  | Cowlitz     | T. W. Robin      | G. F. McClane
+ CATHLAMET    | Wahkiakum   | J. T. Nassa      | T. M. Nassa
+ Centralia    | Lewis       | J. P. Guerrier   | W. H. Hodge
+ Charleston   | Kitsap      | N. A. Palmer     | M. M. Bausman
+ CHEHALIS     | Lewis       | Wm. West         | W. A. Westover
+ Chelan       | Chelan      | C. C. Jackson    | W. M. Emerson
+ Cheney       | Spokane     | L. Walter        | J. W. Minnick
+ Chewelah     | Stevens     | W. H. Brownlow   | T. L. Montgomery
+ Clarkston    | Asotin      | D. B. Parks      | E. A. Bass
+ Cle Elum     | Kittitas    | L. R. Thomas     | S. E. Willis
+ COLFAX       | Whitman     | Wm. Lippitt      | H. Bramwell
+ Colton       | Whitman     | W. H Renfro      | L. F. Gibbs
+ COLVILLE     | Stevens     | L. B Harvey      | A. B. Sansburn
+ CONCONNULLY  | Okanogan    | C. H. Lovejoy    | Wm. Baines
+ Cosmopolis   | Chehalis    | L. B. Hogan      | W. S. McLaughlin
+ Coulee City  | Grant       | F. W. McCann     | A. Kirkpatrick
+ Creston      | Lincoln     | F. A. Duncan     | D. F. Peffley
+ Cunningham   | Adams       | F. W. Parker     | A. J. Haile
+ DAVENPORT    | Lincoln     | W. C. Graham     | Lee Odgers
+ DAYTON       | Columbia    | H. C. Benbow     | R. O. Dyer
+ Deer Park    | Spokane     | W. D. Phillips   | R. G. Cole
+ Edmonds      | Snohomish   | Jas Brady        | G. M. Leyda
+ Elberton     | Whitman     | R. A. Cox        | J. W. Berkstresser
+ ELLENSBURG   | Kittitas    | W. J. Peed       | J. J. Poyser
+ Elma         | Chehalis    | C. E. Gouty      | E. S. Avey
+ Endicott     | Whitman     | C. L. Wakefield  | M. A. Sherman, Jr.
+ EPHRATA      | Grant       | Dr. Chaffee      | Lee Tolliver
+ EVERETT      | Snohomish   | Newton Jones     | C. C. Gilman
+ Fairfield    | Spokane     | C. A. Loy        | M. Walser
+ Farmington   | Whitman     | E. E. Paddock    | C. H. Bass
+ Ferndale     | Whatcom     | J. B. Wilson     | C. Kelley
+ Garfield     | Whitman     | H. S. McClure    | J. L. Rogers
+ Georgetown   | King        | John Mueller     | John Beek
+ GOLDENDALE   | Klickitat   | Allen Bonebrake  | J. R. Putman
+ Granite Falls| Snohomish   | C. E. Willoughby | C. T. Smith
+ Hamilton     | Skagit      | H. I. Bratlie    | S. H. Sprinkle
+ Harrington   | Lincoln     | A. G. Mitchum    | W. W. Gwinn
+ Hartline     | Grant       | E. A. Whitney    | T. E. Jenkins
+ Hatton       | Adams       | J. M. Batten     | W. C. Sallee
+ Hillyard     | Spokane     | M. H. Gordon     | J. L. Cramer
+ Hoquiam      | Chehalis    | Dr. T. C. Frary  | Z. T. Wllson
+ Ilwaco       | Pacific     | W. P. Rowe       | J. A. Howerton
+ Index        | Snohomish   | H. L. Bartlett   | H. F. Wilcox
+ Kahlotus     | Franklin    | E. R. Doughty    | E. L. Chittenden
+ KALAMA       | Cowlitz     | A. L. Watson     | E. N. Howe
+ Kelso        | Cowlitz     | M. J. Lord       | Max Whittlesey
+ Kennewick    | Benton      | L. E. Johnson    | G. N. Calhoun
+ Kent         | King        | M. M. Morrill    | L. E. Price
+ Kettle Falls | Stevens     | H. L. Childs     | A. R. Squire
+ Kirkland     | King        | R. H. Collins    | J. S. Courtright
+ LaConner     | Skagit      | J. F. Dwelley    | J. S. Church
+ Lakeside     | Chelan      | Jos. Darnell     | S. B. Russell
+ Latah        | Spokane     | W. H. Taylor     | Chas. White
+ Leavenworth  | Chelan      | Lewis J. Nelson  | G. A. Hamilton
+ Lind         | Adams       | J. T. Dirstine   | Day Imus
+ Little Falls | Lewis       | E. C. Brown      | G. E. Grow
+ Lynden       | Whatcom     | Walter Elder     | F. W. Bixby
+ Mabton       | Yakima      | T. W. Howell     | W. H. Ashton
+ Marysville   | Snohomish   | W. H. Roberts    | B. D. Curtiss
+ Medical Lake | Spokane     | M. J. Grady      | R. R. McCorkell
+ Milton       | Pierce      | C. H. Weekes     | W. J. Keller
+ Monroe       | Snohomish   | J. H. Campbell   | Arthur Root
+ MONTESANO    | Chehalis    | Geo. W. Winemire | R. H. Fleet
+ MT. VERNON   | Skagit      | Wm. Dale         | J. S. Bowen
+ Newport      | Stevens     | E. S. Appel      | Ed Beitton
+ NORTH YAKIMA | Yakima      | P. M. Armbruster | J. G. Brooker
+
+ =========================================================
+              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
+     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
+ -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
+ Aberdeen     | E. Beinfohr      |      3,747 |    15,000
+ Almira       |                  |            |       500
+ Anacortes    | Gus Hensler      |      1,476 |     6,000
+ Arlington    | Lot Davis        |            |     2,400
+ ASOTIN       | E. H. Dammarell  |        470 |     1,500
+ Auburn       | Geo. C. Meade    |        489 |     1,500
+ BELLINGHAM   | L. Baldrey       |     11,062 |    41,000
+ Blaine       | J. J. Pinckney   |      1,592 |     3,500
+ Bremerton    | R. S. Hayward    |            |     4,000
+ Buckley      | W. B. Osbourn    |      1,014 |     1,500
+ Burlington   | I. A. Marchant   |            |     1,800
+ Camas        |                  |            |     1,200
+ Cashmere     | C. M. Banker     |            |     1,000
+ Castle Rock  | G. F. McClane.   |        750 |     1,300
+ CATHLAMET    |                  |            |       500
+ Centralia    | F. W. Thomas     |      1,600 |     7,000
+ Charleston   | A. F. Shepherd   |            |     1,000
+ CHEHALIS     | H. C. Coffman    |      1,775 |     5,000
+ Chelan       | C. E. Rusk       |            |       900
+ Cheney       | L. R. Houck      |        781 |     1,600
+ Chewelah     | E. D. Germain    |            |     1,500
+ Clarkston    | R. B. Hooper     |            |     2,500
+ Cle Elum     |                  |            |     2,500
+ COLFAX       | C. R. Lorne      |      2,121 |     3,500
+ Colton       | J. B. Ellsworth  |        251 |       500
+ COLVILLE     | L. E. Jesseph    |        594 |     2,000
+ CONCONNULLY  | W. S. McClure    |            |       500
+ Cosmopolis   |                  |      1,004 |     1,200
+ Coulee City  | G. T. Walter     |            |       300
+ Creston      |                  |            |       500
+ Cunningham   | A. J. Haile      |            |       350
+ DAVENPORT    | F. W. Anderson   |      1,000 |     2,800
+ DAYTON       | F. W. Guernsy    |      2,216 |     3,500
+ Deer Park    | W. D. Phillips   |            |     1,100
+ Edmonds      | E. M. Allen      |        474 |     2,000
+ Elberton     | A. B. Metz       |        297 |       600
+ ELLENSBURG   | Wayne Murray     |      1,737 |     5,500
+ Elma         | E. S. Avey       | 894        |     2,700
+ Endicott     |                  |            |       600
+ EPHRATA      |                  |             |
+ EVERETT      | E. E. Johnston   |       7,838 |   35,000
+ Fairfield    | O. H. Loe        |             |      500
+ Farmington   | C. H. Bass       |         434 |      780
+ Ferndale     | Percy Hood       |             |
+ Garfield     | F. H. Michaelson |         697 |    1,350
+ Georgetown   | C. A. Thorndyke  |             |    5,500
+ GOLDENDALE   | C. W. Ramsay     |         788 |    1,200
+ Granite Falls| W. R. Moore      |             |      800
+ Hamilton     | Thos. Conby      |         392 |      500
+ Harrington   |                  |             |    1,200
+ Hartline     |                  |             |      300
+ Hatton       |                  |             |      600
+ Hillyard     | J. L. Cramer     |             |    2,500
+ Hoquiam      | W. C. Gregg      |       2,608 |   11,000
+ Ilwaco       | A. A. Seaborg    |         584 |      900
+ Index        |                  |             |      500
+ Kahlotus     |                  |             |      300
+ KALAMA       | E. N. Howe       |         554 |    1,250
+ Kelso        | W. M. Signor     |         694 |    2,500
+ Kennewick    | S. Z. Hendersen  |             |    1,500
+ Kent         | B. A. Bowen      |         755 |    3,000
+ Kettle Falls | E. A. Blakeley   |             |      600
+ Kirkland     | W. R. Stevens    |             |      750
+ LaConner     | W. E. Schreeker  |         564 |      800
+ Lakeside     |                  |             |      400
+ Latah        | Chas. White      |         253 |      500
+ Leavenworth  |                  |             |    1,500
+ Lind         | R. S. Hamilton   |             |    1,400
+ Little Falls | W. A. Willis     |             |      800
+ Lynden       | R. W. Green      |         365 |    1,500
+ Mabton       | G. T. Morgan     |             |    1,200
+ Marysville   | P. E. Coffin     |         728 |    1,500
+ Medical Lake | W. H. Mills      |         516 |    1,400
+ Milton       | J. S. Williams   |             |      650
+ Monroe       | L. P. Tallman    |             |    2,500
+ MONTESANO    |                  |       1,194 |    3,500
+ MT. VERNON   | Frank Pickering  |       1,120 |    4,000
+ Newport      | R. S. Anderson   |             |    1,500
+ NORTH YAKIMA | H. P. James      |       3,124 |    12,000
+
+ ====================================================
+     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
+ -------------|--------------------------------------
+ Aberdeen     | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
+ Almira       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Anacortes    | G. N. Ry. and two lines of steamers.
+ Arlington    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ ASOTIN       | River steamers.
+ Auburn       | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
+ BELLINGHAM   | G. N., N. P., B. B. & B. C. railways;
+              | steamers to all Sound ports.
+ Blaine       | Great Northern railway.
+ Bremerton    | Steamers to Seattle and Tacoma.
+ Buckley      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Burlington   | Great Northern railway.
+ Camas        | Portland & Seattle Ry.; river st'rs.
+ Cashmere     | Great Northern railway.
+ Castle Rock  | Northern Pacific railway.
+ CATHLAMET    | Steamboats.
+ Centralia    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Charleston   | Steamers to Seattle.
+ CHEHALIS     | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Chelan       | Steamers on river and lake.
+ Cheney       | N. P. Ry.; Spokane Electric Ry.
+ Chewelah     | S. F. & N. branch G. N. Ry.
+ Clarkston    | O. R. & N. and N. P. Rys.; steamers.
+ Cle Elum     | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Ris.
+ COLFAX       | O. R. & N.; S. & I. Electricity.
+ Colton       | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
+ COLVILLE     | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
+ CONCONNULLY  | Stage.
+ Cosmopolis   | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
+ Coulee City  | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Creston      | W. C. branch N. P. Ry.
+ Cunningham   | Northern Pacific railway.
+ DAVENPORT    | Central Washington railway.
+ DAYTON       | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Deer Park    | Great Northern railway.
+ Edmonds      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers
+ Elberton     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
+ ELLENSBURG   | Northern Pac. and Milwaukee Rys.
+ Elma         | N. P. Ry., two branches.
+ Endicott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
+ EPHRATA      | Great Northern railway.
+ EVERETT      | N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
+ Fairfield    | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
+ Farmington   | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
+ Ferndale     | Great Northern railway.
+ Garfield     | O. R. & N., N. P. and S. & I. Rys.
+ Georgetown   | One Interurban, 3 steam railways.
+ GOLDENDALE   | Spokane, Portland & Seattle Ry.
+ Granite Falls| Branch of Northern Pacific railway.
+ Hamilton     | G. N. Ry.; Skagit river steamers.
+ Harrington   | Great Northern railway.
+ Hartline     | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Hatton       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Hillyard     | Elec. interurb.; G. N. and S. F. & N.
+ Hoquiam      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Ilwaco       | O. R. & N. railway and steamers.
+ Index        | Great Northern railway.
+ Kahlotus     | O. R. & N. and S. P. & S. railways.
+ KALAMA       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Kelso        | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Kennewick    | N. P. Ry.; P. & S. Ry. and steamers.
+ Kent         | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
+ Kettle Falls | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Kirkland     | N. P. Ry. and ferry to Seattle.
+ LaConner     | Boat and stage.
+ Lakeside     | Stage and steamer.
+ Latah        | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Leavenworth  | Great Northern railway.
+ Lind         | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Little Falls | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Lynden       | B. B. & B. C. railway.
+ Mabton       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Marysville   | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
+ Medical Lake | N. P. and W. W. P. Electric Rys.
+ Milton       | Puget Sound Electric railway.
+ Monroe       | Great Northern railway.
+ MONTESANO    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ MT. VERNON   | Great Northern railway.
+ Newport      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
+ NORTH YAKIMA | Northern Pacific railway.
+
+NOTE 1.--County seats in black face type.
+
+NOTE 2.--Population estimates for 1909 were supplied by local
+authorities, the school census, upon which the estimates of this
+Bureau are usually based, not being available at the time this
+publication was compiled.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 89.--Dairying, a Growing Industry in Whatcom
+County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 90.--Whatcom County Bulb Gardens.]
+
+[Page 94]
+ =======================================================================
+     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
+ -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
+ Oakesdale    | Whitman     | R. J. Neergaard  | F. S. Baer
+ Oakville     | Chehalis    | J. E. Fitzgerald | J. W. Scott
+ Ocosta       | Chehalis    | C. C. Flowers    | Andrew Wallace
+ Odessa       | Lincoln     | F. J. Guth       | W. M. Nevins
+ Okanogan     | Okanogan    | H. J. Kerr       | T. B. Collins
+ OLYMPIA      | Thurston    | Mitchell Harris  | J. R. Dever
+ Oroville     | Okanogan    | E. A. McMahon    | C. S. Taylor
+ Orting       | Pierce      | Frank Lotz       | C. W. Van Scoyoc
+ Palouse City | Whitman     | C. H. Farnsworth | G. D. Kincaid
+ PASCO        | Franklin    | C. S. O'Brien    | L. D. Conrad
+ Pataha       | Garfield    | D. Evens         | Chas. Ward
+ Paulsbo      | Kitsap      | A. B. Moe        | Paul Paulson
+ Pe Ell       | Lewis       | August Mayer     | C. W. Boynton
+ POMEROY      | Garfield    | H. C. Krouse     | H. St. George
+ PORT ANGELES | Clallam     | E. E. Seevers    | C. W. Fields
+ PT. ORCHARD  | Kitsap      | R. E. Bucklin    | Wm. C. Bading
+ PT. TOWNSEND | Jefferson   | Max Gerson       | Geo. Anderson
+ Prescott     | Walla Walla | Jos. Utter       | R. B. Smith
+ PROSSER      | Benton      | Albert Smith     | Lon Boyle
+ Pullman      | Whitman     | H. V. Carpenter  | Geo. N. Henry
+ Puyallup     | Pierce      | J. P. Melrose    | J. L. La Plante
+ Quincy       | Grant       | F. T. Campbell   | R. C. Wightmar
+ Raymond      | Pacific     | A. C. Little     | J. H. Callahan
+ Reardan      | Lincoln     | W. S. Bliss      | W. H. Padley
+ Renton       | King        | Benj. Ticknor    | A. W. Ticknor
+ REPUBLIC     | Ferry       | Jno. Stack       | M. H. Joseph
+ RITZVILLE    | Adams       | W. R. Peters     | J. L. Cross
+ Rockford     | Spokane     | J. Kindschuh     | A. B. McDaniel
+ Rosalia      | Whitman     | R. P. Turnley    | F. S. Chetal
+ Roslyn       | Kittitas    | J. G. Green      | Thos. Ray
+ Roy          | Pierce      | A. W. Wert       | C. W. Elder
+ Ruston       | Pierce      | J. P. Garrison   | V. D. Goss
+ SEATTLE      | King        | Jno. F. Miller   | H. W. Carroll
+ Sedro-Woolley| Skagit      | C. E. Bingham    | T. J. Morrow
+ SHELTON      | Mason       | G. W. Draham     | F. C. Mathewson
+ Snohomish    | Snohomish   | C. H. Lamprey    | E. Thistlewaite
+ Snoqualmie   | King        | Otto Reinig      |
+ SOUTH BEND   | Pacific     | W. P. Cressy     | C. H. Mills
+ Spangle      | Spokane     | J. H. Gruenwald  | M. H. Sullivan
+ SPOKANE      | Spokane     | C. H. Moore      | C. A. Fleming
+ Sprague      | Lincoln     | J. W. Shearer    | J. V. Muzzy
+ Springdale   | Stevens     | Jacob Keller     | A. E. Bidgood
+ Stanwood     | Snohomish   | A. B. Klaeboe    | G. M. Mitchell
+ Starbuck     | Columbia    | H. A. Johnson    | B. A. Whiting
+ Steilacoom   | Pierce      | E. Church        | M. P. Potter
+ STEVENSON    | Skamania    | A. Fleischhauer  | R. C. Sly
+ St. John     | Whitman     | W. S. Ridenour   | W. S. Mott
+ Sultan       | Snohomish   | W. W. Morgan     | T. W. Musgrove
+ Sumas        | Whatcom     | R. S. Lambert    | L. Van Valkenburg
+ Sumner       | Pierce      | R. R. White      | E. D. Swezey
+ Sunnyside    | Yakima      | H. W. Turner     | H. F. Wright
+ TACOMA       | Pierce      | J. W. Linck      | L. W. Roys
+ Tekoa        | Whitman     | T. H. Follett    | J. S. Woods
+ Tenino       | Thurston    | L. J. Miller     | S. M. Peterson
+ Toledo       | Lewis       | J. H. Douge      | W. H. Carpenter
+ Toppenish    | Yakima      | C. W. Grant      | T. W. Johnston
+ Tukwila      | King        | Joel Shomaker    | E. F. Greene
+ Tumwuter     | Thurston    | A. Whitemarsh    | A. J. Colby
+ Uniontown    | Whitman     | Peter Friesoh    | J. J. Gans
+ VANCOUVER    | Clarke      | J. P. Kiggins    | F. W. Bier
+ Waitsburg    | Walla Walla | R. M. Breeze     | J. B. Lowndagin
+ WALLA WALLA  | Walla Walla | Eugene Tausick   | T. D. S. Hart
+ Wuputo       | Yakima      | J. F. Douglas    | H. E. Trimble
+ Washtucna    | Adams       | G. W. Bassett    | C. E. Wilson
+ WATERVILLE   | Douglas     | J. M. Hunter     | J. E. Walker
+ Waverley     | Spokane     | Fred Dashiell    | A. L. Robinson
+ WENATCHEE    | Chelan      | J. A. Gellatly   | S. R. Sumner
+ White Salmon | Klickitat   | G. F. Jewett     | W. C. Manly
+ Wilbur       | Lincoln     | W. W. Foley      | T. W. Maxwell
+ Wilson Creek | Grant       | W. H. O'Larey    | F. E. Snedicor
+ Winlock      | Lewis       | H. A. Baldwin    | C. E. Leonard
+ Woodland     | Cowlitz     | L. M. Love       | D. W. Whitlow
+ Yacolt       | Clarke      | W. J. Hoag       | Wm. W. Eaton
+
+ =========================================================
+              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
+     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
+ -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
+ Oakesdale    |                  |        928 |    1,200
+ Oakville     | O. H. Fry        |            |      600
+ Ocosta       |                  |            |      150
+ Odessa       | H. L. Cole       |            |    1,200
+ Okanogan     | T. B. Collins    |            |      600
+ OLYMPIA      | John M. Wilson   |      4,082 |   12,000
+ Oroville     | F. A. De Vos     |            |      800
+ Orting       | M. C. Hopkins    |        728 |    1,000
+ Palouse City | G. D. Kincaid    |        929 |    3,000
+ PASCO        | W. D. Fales      |        254 |    1,800
+ Pataha       |                  |            |      250
+ Paulsbo      | Paul Paulson     |            |      800
+ Pe Ell       | P. M. Watson     |            |    1,000
+ POMEROY      |                  |        953 |    1,800
+ PORT ANGELES | J. M. Davis      |      2,321 |    2,500
+ PT. ORCHARD  |                  |        754 |      900
+ PT. TOWNSEND | P. C. Peterson   |      3,443 |    5,000
+ Prescott     | T. B. Grumwell   |            |      650
+ PROSSER      | H. W. Carnahan   |        229 |    2,000
+ Pullman      | B. F. Campbell   |      1,308 |    3,000
+ Puyallup     | J. P. Leavitt    |      1,884 |    7,000
+ Quincy       | Geo. W. Downer   |            |      400
+ Raymond      | W. R. Struble    |            |    2,500
+ Reardan      | H. G. Burns      |            |      800
+ Renton       | P. W. Houser     |            |    3,000
+ REPUBLIC     | M. H. Joseph     |      2,500 |    1,250
+ RITZVILLE    | J. L. Cross      |        761 |    2,600
+ Rockford     | J. W. Lowe       |        433 |    1,200
+ Rosalla      | A. A. Wonnell    |        379 |    1,400
+ Roslyn       |                  |      2,786 |    4,500
+ Roy          |                  |            |      400
+ Ruston       |                  |            |      800
+ SEATTLE      | C. B. Yandell    |     80,671 |  275,000
+              | Geo. E. Boos     |            |
+ Sedro-Woolley| M. B. Holbrook   |        885 |    3,450
+ SHELTON      | G. C. Angle      |        883 |    1,200
+ Snohomish    | W. W. Reed       |      2,101 |    4,000
+ Snoqualmie   |                  |            |      400
+ SOUTH BEND   | F. G. McIntosh   |        711 |   3,000
+ Spangle      | E. C. Rohweder   |        431 |     450
+ SPOKANE      | L. G. Monroe     |     36,848 | 120,000
+              | A. W. Jones      |            |
+ Sprague      | J. S. Freese     |        695 |   1,500
+ Springdale   |                  |            |     500
+ Stanwood     | L. Livingstone   |            |   1,000
+ Starbuck     | J. B. Atkinson   |            |     750
+ Steilacoom   | Mr. Annis        |            |   1,000
+ STEVENSON    | R. C. Sly        |            |     400
+ St. John     | G. W. Case, Jr   |            |     700
+ Sultan       | T. W. Musgrove   |            |     500
+ Sumas        | Lars Barbo       |        319 |   1,500
+ Sumner       | R. R. White      |        531 |   1,000
+ Sunnyside    | J. A. Vince      |            |   1,600
+ TACOMA       | P. L. Sinclair   |     37,714 | 125,000
+              | O. F. Cosper     |            |
+ Tekoa        | J. P. Burson     |        717 |   1,200
+ Tenino       |                  |            |   1,000
+ Toledo       | H. H. Hurst      |        285 |     500
+ Toppenish    | J. G. Hillyer    |            |   2,000
+ Tukwila      | E. F. Greene     |            |     700
+ Tumwuter     |                  |        270 |   1,500
+ Uniontown    | W. H. Oyler      |        404 |     500
+ VANCOUVER    | H. S. Bartow     |      4,006 |   8,000
+ Waitsburg    | W. S. Guntle     |      1,011 |   1,600
+ WALLA WALLA  | A. C. Moore      |     10,049 |  22,000
+ Wuputo       |                  |            |     500
+ Washtucna    |                  |            |     400
+ WATERVILLE   | Jas. G. Tuttle   |        482 |   1,200
+ Waverley     | Jno. Reycraft    |            |     500
+ WENATCHEE    | D. N. Gellatly   |        451 |   5,000
+ White Salmon | J. M. Lewis      |            |     600
+ Wilbur       | T. W. Maxwell    |            |   1,500
+ Wilson Creek | F. E. Snedicor   |            |     500
+ Winlock      | C. E. Leonard    |            |   1,600
+ Woodland     | E. F. Bryant     |            |     800
+ Yacolt       | C. J. Dorsey     |            |     500
+
+ ====================================================
+     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
+ -------------|--------------------------------------
+ Oakesdale    | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Oakville     | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Ocosta       | Steamers and railway.
+ Odessa       | Great Northern railway.
+ Okanogan     | River steamers.
+ OLYMPIA      | N. P. Ry.; P. T. & S. Ry.; steamers.
+ Oroville     | Great Northern railway.
+ Orting       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Palouse City | Four railroads.
+ PASCO        | N. P. Ry.: P. & S. Ry.; steamers.
+ Pataha       | Oregon Railway & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Paulsbo      | Steamers to Seattle.
+ Pe Ell       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ POMEROY      | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ PORT ANGELES | Steamer and stage lines.
+ PT. ORCHARD  | Steamers, Seattle and Tacoma.
+ PT. TOWNSEND | P. T. & S. Ry. and Sound steamer.
+ Prescott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ PROSSER      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Pullman      | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Puyallup     | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; Elec. line Tac.
+ Quincy       | Great Northern railway.
+ Raymond      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Reardan      | Central Washington railway.
+ Renton       | Steam and electric railways.
+ REPUBLIC     | Great Northern branch line.
+ RITZVILLE    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Rockford     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Rosalla      | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Rys.
+ Roslyn       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Roy          | Northern Pacific and Tac. East. Rys.
+ Ruston       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ SEATTLE      | N. P.; G. N.; Mil.; C. P. R.; Bur.; C.
+              | & P. S.; P. S. E. Rys.; S. S. lines.
+ Sedro-Woolley| N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
+ SHELTON      | Steamers to Olympia.
+ Snohomish    | G. N., N. P. and C. P. Rys.; steamers.
+ Snoqualmie   | Northern Pacific railway.
+ SOUTH BEND   | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
+ Spangle      | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
+ SPOKANE      | N. P.; G. N.; O. R. & N.; P. & S.; Spok.
+              | Int.; W. W. P. and S. & I. Rys.
+ Sprague      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Springdale   | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
+ Stanwood     | Rail and steamer.
+ Starbuck     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Steilacoom   | Electric railway and steamers.
+ STEVENSON    | Portland & Seattle railway.
+ St. John     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
+ Sultan       | Great Northern railway.
+ Sumas        | C. P. Ry.; N. P. Ry. G. N. Ry.
+ Sumner       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Sunnyside    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ TACOMA       | N. P.; Mil.; T. & E.; U. P. and G. N.
+              | Rys.; Electric and S. S. lines.
+ Tekoa        | O. R. & N. and Milwaukee Rys.
+ Tenino       | Northern Pacific and P. T. & S. Rys.
+ Toledo       | Northern Pacific Ry.; River steamer.
+ Toppenish    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Tukwila      | Puget Sound Electric railway.
+ Tumwuter     | Port Townsend & Southern railway.
+ Uniontown    | Northern Pacific railway.
+ VANCOUVER    | N. P., P. & S. Rys. and steamers.
+ Waitsburg    | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
+ WALLA WALLA  | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
+ Wuputo       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Washtucna    | O. R. & N.; S., P. & S. railways.
+ WATERVILLE   | Stage and steamer.
+ Waverley     | O. R. & N. and Electric railways.
+ WENATCHEE    | Great Northern Ry.; Col. river strs.
+ White Salmon | S. P. & S. Ry., and river steamer.
+ Wilbur       | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Wilson Creek | Great Northern railway.
+ Winlock      | Northern Pacific railway.
+ Woodland     | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers
+ Yacolt       | Northern Pacific railway.
+
+
+[Page 96]
+ STATE OFFICERS, COMMISIONS, BOARDS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF WASHINGTON.
+===========================================================================
+             OFFICE.         |          Name.           |  P. O. Address.
+-----------------------------|--------------------------|------------------
+Governor                     | M. E. Hay                | Olympia.
+Governor's Private Secretary | Frank M. Dallam, Jr      | Olympia.
+Secretary of State           | I. M. Howell             | Olympia.
+Assistant Secretary of State | Ben R. Fish              | Olympia.
+Auditor                      | C. W. Clausen            | Olympia.
+Deputy Auditor               | F. P. Jameson            | Olympia.
+Treasurer                    | John G. Lewis            | Olympia.
+Deputy Treasurer             | W. W. Sherman            | Olympia.
+Attorney General             | W. P. Bell               | Olympia.
+Assistant Attorney General   | W. V. Tanner             | Olympia.
+   "         "       "       | W. F. McGill             | Olympia.
+   "         "       "       | Geo. A. Lee              | Spokane.
+Commissioner of Public Lands | E. W. Ross               | Olympia.
+Assistant Comm'r of Public   | Frank C. Morse           | Olympia.
+  Lands                      |                          |
+Insurance Commissioner       | John H. Shively          | Olympia.
+Deputy Insurance Commissioner| S. A. Madge              | Olympia.
+Superintendent Public        | Henry B. Dewey           | Olympia.
+  Instruction                |                          |
+Assistant Supt. Public       | J. M. Layhue             | Olympia.
+  Instruction                |                          |
+Deputy Supt. Public          | F. F. Nalder             | Olympia.
+  Instruction                |                          |
+Adjutant General             | Geo. B. Lamping          | Seattle.
+Commissioner of Labor        | Chas. F. Hubbard         | Olympia.
+State Librarian              | J. M. Hitt               | Olympia.
+Law Librarian                | C. W. Shaffer            | Olympia.
+Traveling Library            | Mrs. Lou J. Diven, Supt. | Olympia.
+Board of Control             | Eugene Lorton            | Walla Walla.
+                             | H. T. Jones              | Olympia.
+                             | H. E. Gilham             | Olympia.
+State Grain Inspector        | E. C. Armstrong          | Colfax.
+Dairy and Food Commissioner  | L. Davies                | Davenport.
+State Fish Commissioner      | Jno. L. Riseland         | Bellingham.
+Commissioner of Statistics   | I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio | Olympia.
+Deputy Commissioner of       | Geo. M. Allen            | Seattle.
+  Statistics                 |                          |
+Horticultural Commissioner   | F. A. Huntley            | Tacoma.
+Coal Mine Inspector          | D. C. Botting            | Seattle.
+Inspector of Oils            | F. A. Clark              | Seattle.
+Public Printer               | E. L. Boardman           | Olympia.
+Bank Examiner                | J. L. Mohundro           | Seattle.
+Hotel Inspector              | J. H. Munger             | Seattle.
+A.-Y.-P. E. Commission       | Geo. E. Dickson.         | Ellensburg.
+                             |  Chairman                |
+                             | L. P. Hornberger, Sec.   | Seattle.
+                             | W. A. Halteman,          | Seattle.
+                             |   Exec. Commis.          |
+                             | M. M. Godman             | Seattle.
+                             | R. W. Condon             | Port Gamble.
+                             | J. W. Slayden            | Steilacoom.
+                             | L. H. Burnett            | Aberdeen.
+Railway Commission           | H. A. Fairchild, Chairman| Olympia.
+Tax Commission               | T. D. Rockwell, Chairman | Olympia.
+Fire Warden and Forester     | J. R. Welty              | Olympia.
+Highway Commissioner         | J. M. Snow               | Olympia.
+Board of Accountancy         | Alfred Lister, Sec'y     | Tacoma.
+Bureau Inspection Public     | C. W. Clausen,           | Olympia.
+  Offices                    |    Ex-officio Chief      |
+Board of Health              | E. E. Hegg, Sec'y        | Seattle.
+Board of Barber Examiners    | Chas. W. Whisler         | Seattle.
+Board of Medical Examiners   | Dr. J. Clinton McFadden, | Seattle.
+                             |   Secy.                  |
+Board of Pharmacy            | P. Jensen, Sec'y         | Tacoma.
+Board of Dental Examiners    | E. B. Edgars             | Seattle.
+                             |                          |
+EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
+                             |                          |
+University of Washington     | Thomas Franklin Kane,    | Seattle.
+                             |   Pres.                  |
+State College                | E. A. Bryan, Pres.       | Pullman.
+State Normal School          | H. C. Sampson, Principal | Cheney.
+State Normal School          | E. C. Mathes, Principal  | Bellingham.
+State Normal School          | W. E. Wilson, Principal  | Ellensburg.
+School for Deaf              | Thos. P. Clark,          | Vancouver.
+                             |    Superintendent        |
+School for Blind             | Geo. H. Mullin, Principal| Vancouver.
+State Training School        | C. C. Aspinwall          | Chehalis.
+                             |                          |
+OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
+                             |                          |
+Soldiers' Home               | Gen. Geo. W. T.          | Orting.
+                             |    Tibbetts, Com.        |
+   "        "                | Willis L. Ames, Com.     | Port Orchard.
+Insane Asylum                | A. P. Calhoun. Supt.     | Fort Steilacoom.
+   "      "                  | J. M. Semple, Supt.      | Medical Lake.
+State Penitentiary           | C. S. Reed, Warden       | Walla Walla.
+State Reformatory            | Cleon B. Roe, Supt.      | Monroe.
+Institution for Feeble Minded| S. C. Woodruff, Supt.    | Medical Lake.
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 91.--Overflow Wheat Warehouse, at Pullman,
+Whitman County.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 92.--A Yakima County Vineyard.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 93.--Yakima County Potatoes--600 Bushels
+to the Acre.]
+
+[Illustration: Plate No. 94.--A Yakima County Orchard Scene.]
+
+[Page 97]
+STATEMENT SHOWING AREA OF STATE SCHOOL AND GRANTED LANDS IN EACH COUNTY.
+AREA SOLD BY DEEDS AND CONTRACTS OF SALE. COMPILED FOR PERIOD UP TO
+AND INCLUDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1908.
+==========================================================================
+            |            |           |           |   Total   |
+            | Total area |  Total    |   Area    | area sold |  Remaining
+  COUNTIES. |  of school |   area    |   under   |  by deed  |    area
+            | and granted|  deeded.  |  contract | and under |   unsold.
+            |   lands.   |           |  of sale. | contract. |
+------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
+Adams       |  85,632.25 |  1,063.30 | 12,320.00 | 13,383.30 |  72,248.95
+Asotin      |  26,906.56 |    161.90 |  1,360.00 |  1,521.90 |  25,384.66
+Benton      |  92,937.68 |  1,626.75 |  8,629.90 | 10,256.65 |  82,681.03
+Chehalis    |  77,064.41 |  7,883.93 |  1,823.85 |  9,707.78 |  67,356.63
+Chelan      |  52,526.50 |    212.34 |  1,074.70 |  1,287.04 |  51,239.46
+Clallam     |  77,514.28 |  2,914.42 |    320.00 |  3,234.42 |  74,279.86
+Clarke      |  36,972.16 |  3,694.27 |  1,585.85 |  5,280.12 |  31,692.04
+Columbia    |  24,640.00 |  5,084.00 |  1,620.00 |  6,704.00 |  17,936.00
+Cowlitz     |  85,373.80 |  6,364.43 |  1,063.73 |  7,428.16 |  77,945.00
+Douglas     | 313,235.66 |  3,416.62 | 64,211.62 | 67,628.52 | 245,607.14
+Ferry       |  21,219.51 |           |           |           |  21,219.51
+Franklin    |  40,731.85 |    101.83 |  3,720.00 |  3,821.83 |  36,910.02
+Garfield    |  21,298.47 |  2,179.21 |  1,760.00 |  3,939.21 |  17,359.26
+Island      |  16,202.70 |  4,679.93 |  1,350.25 |  6,030.18 |  10,172.52
+Jefferson   |  87,358.34 | 12,760.91 |  1,306.77 | 14,067.68 |  73,290.66
+King        |  86,020.13 | 15,667.80 |  5,195.95 | 20,863.75 |  65,156.38
+Kitsap      |  27,157.40 | 12,178.10 |  1,794.70 | 13,972.80 |  13,184.60
+Kittitas    | 129,590.97 |  4,648.01 |  1,840.00 |  6,488.01 | 123,102.96
+Klickitat   |  77,280.86 |  2,340.84 |  4,143.17 |  6,484.01 |  70,796.85
+Lewis       |  86,566.86 |  4,328.31 |  2,106.01 |  6,434.32 |  80,132.54
+Lincoln     |  84,088.45 |  4,818.00 | 12,620.00 | 17,438.00 |  66,650.45
+Mason       |  48,057.72 |  4,750.53 |    651.98 |  5,402.51 |  42,655.21
+Okanogan    |  90,517.34 |    399.55 | 12,487.62 | 12,887.17 |  77,630.17
+Pacific     |  60,529.29 |  2,187.81 |  1,401.90 |  3,589.71 |  56,939.58
+Pierce      |  62,118.55 |  8,899.98 |  2,056.82 | 10,956.80 |  51,161.75
+San Juan    |   4,765.63 |    366.35 |    205.25 |    571.60 |   4,194.03
+Skagit      |  92,191.75 |  4,551.83 |  1,718.17 |  6,270.00 |  85,921.75
+Skamania    |  44,699.55 |  5,690.08 |    988.50 |  6,678.58 |  38,020.97
+Snohomish   |  47,937.99 |  7,545.13 |  5,392.45 | 12,927.58 |  35,000.41
+Spokane     |  67,457.64 |  6,943.59 | 15,360.20 | 22,303.79 |  45,153.85
+Stevens     | 164,063.72 |    561.19 |  4,748.50 |  5,309.69 | 158,754.03
+Thurston    |  33,443.79 |  4,286.82 |  1,636.87 |  5,923.69 |  27,520.10
+Wahkiakum   |  26,053.26 |  1,795.95 |    451.55 |  2,257.50 |  23,795.76
+Walla Walla |  50,536.97 |  6,785.98 |  7,219.46 | 14,005.44 |  36,531.53
+Whatcom     |  41,196.49 |  2,729.50 |  4,591.52 |  7,321.02 |  33,875.47
+Whitman     |  80,351.82 | 14,583.47 | 21,322.96 | 35,906.43 |  44,445.39
+Yakima      | 143,102.97 |  3,927.59 |  5,169.50 |  9,097.09 | 134,005.88
+            |------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
+  Totals    |2,607,343.32|172,130.53 |215,259.75 |387,390.28 |2,219,953.04
+
+NOTE:--The statement of total area of school and granted lands
+by counties includes only approved indemnity selected, approved
+granted lands, and school sections 16 and 36 in place.
+
+[Page 98]
+              UNAPPROPRIATED FEDERAL LANDS OF WASHINGTON.
+===========================================================================
+             |     Area unappropriated     |
+     LAND    |       and unreserved        |    Brief description of
+   DISTRICT  |-----------------------------| character of unappropriated
+     AND     |         |  Unsur- |         |    and unreserved land.
+   COUNTRY.  |Surveyed.|  veyed. |  Total. |
+-------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------------------
+North Yakima:| _Acres._| _Acres._| _Acres._|
+  Benton     |   27,062|         |   27,062| Rolling prairie, hilly,
+             |         |         |         |   grazing.
+  Douglas    |   15,003|         |   15,003| Grazing, prairie, hilly,
+             |         |         |         |   and timber.
+  Kittitas   |  149,351|  245,967|  395,318| Grazing, arid prairie,
+             |         |         |         |   and timber.
+  Yakima     |  126,072|  274,500|  400,572|
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  317,488|  520,467|  837,955|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Olympia:     |         |         |         |
+  Chehalis   |    1,491|         |    1,491| Mountainous timbered lands.
+  Jefferson  |      860|         |      860|    Do.
+  King       |      560|         |      560|    Do.
+  Kitsap     |       40|         |       40|    Do.
+  Lewis      |       40|         |       40|    Do.
+  Mason      |    2,537|         |    2,537|    Do.
+  Pacific    |       80|         |       80|    Do.
+  Pierce     |      571|         |      571|    Do.
+  Thurston   |      207|         |      207|    Do.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |    6,886|         |    6,386|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Seattle:     |         |         |         |
+  Clallam    |    1,240|    1,840|    3,080| Mountainous and broken; good
+             |         |         |         |   supply of excellent timber.
+  King       |      680|   11,680|   12,360| Broken and mountainous.
+  San Juan   |      324|         |      324| Broken, with little timber.
+  Skagit     |    2,475|   25,540|   28,015| Broken, heavily timbered, and
+             |         |         |         |   mountainous.
+  Snohomish  |      320|    5,484|    5,804|   Do.
+  Whatcom    |      840|    8,923|    9,768|   Do.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |    5,879|   53,467|   59,346|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Spokane:     |         |         |         |
+  Adams      |   26,512|         |   26,512| Arid lands, valuable for fruit
+             |         |         |         |   and grain.
+  Douglas    |         |    l,500|    l,500| Arid lands.
+  Ferry      |  165,526|  379,732|  545,258| Farming, grazing, timber, and
+             |         |         |         |   mineral.
+  Lincoln    |   35,632|    4,448|   40,080| Farming and grazing.
+  Okanogan   |   13,343|  114,756|  128,099| Farming, grazing, and mineral.
+  Spokane    |    2,896|    3,094|    5,990|   Do.
+  Stevens    |  409,093|  711,981|1,121,044| Mountainous, farming, and
+             |         |         |         |   mineral.
+  Whitman    |    2,053|         |    2,053| Grazing lands.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  655,055|1,215,511|1,870,566|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Vancouver:   |         |         |         |
+  Clarke     |    4,787|         |    4,787| Timbered and agricultural.
+  Cowlitz    |   16,703|    7,080|   23,783|   Do.
+  Klickitat  |   61,553|    2,600|   64,153| Timbered, agricultural,
+             |         |         |         |   grazing
+  Lewis      |    8,013|    4,995|   13,008| Timbered and agricultural.
+  Pacific    |    1,981|         |    1,981|   Do.
+  Skamania   |    7,418|         |    7,418|   Do.
+  Wahkiakum  |      316|         |      316| Timbered.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  100,771|   14,675|  115,446|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+Walla Walla: |         |         |         |
+  Adams      |   15,188|         |   15,188| Prairie, farming, and
+             |         |         |         |   grazing lands.
+  Asotin     |   83,631|   13,293|   96,924| Mountainous, some timber, and
+             |         |         |         |   prairie.
+  Benton     |   40,395|         |   40,395| Desert, grazing, some timber,
+             |         |         |         |   prairie, and farming.
+  Columbia   |   15,203|  152,279|  167,482| Mountainous, some timber,
+             |         |         |         |   and prairie.
+  Franklin   |   42,363|         |   42,368| Prairie, grazing lands;
+             |         |         |         |   no timber.
+  Garfield   |   45,468|   44,539|   90,007| Farming, grazing, and timber.
+  Klickitat  |   24,926|         |   24,926| Grazing and farming; some
+             |         |         |         |   timber.
+  Walla Walla|   15,522|         |   15,522|   Do.
+  Whitman    |   15,835|         |   15,835| Prairie, farming, and grazing
+             |         |         |         |   lands.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  298,531|  210,111|  508,642|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+[Page 99]
+Waterville:  |         |         |         |
+  Chelan     |  321,518|    9,880|  331,398| Mountainous, timber, farming.
+  Douglas    |  435,207|   44,890|  480,097| Prairie, farming, and grazing.
+  Okanogan   |  206,990|  218,175|  425,165| Mountainous, timber, and
+             |         |         |         |   farming.
+             |---------|---------|---------|
+    Total    |  963,715|  272,945|1,236,660|
+             |=========|=========|=========|
+ State total |2,347,825|2,287,176|4,635,001|
+
+
+CLIMATIC SUMMARY FOR WASHINGTON.
+
+PREPARED BY GEO. N. SALISBURY,
+
+Of the Weather Bureau at Seattle.
+
+The following tables represent averages of observations, covering ten
+years or more. The stations included in the list are so distributed
+as to indicate the climatic conditions in every portion of the
+state.
+
+                     SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON.
+                        STATION: ABERDEEN.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |39.9| 61| 1900| 10|1893| |10.56| 4.8| | 3|13|15|19|    W
+February  |40.6| 73| 1905| 13|1899| |10.43| 3.5| | 3|11|14|20|   SW
+March     |43.7| 82| 1905| 22|1896| | 7.89| 1.6| | 5|19| 7|20|    W
+April     |48.2| 88| 1905| 28|1899| | 7.66|   T| | 6|16| 8|17|    W
+May       |53.0| 91| 1897| 29|1901| | 4.58|   0| | 6|17| 8|15|    W
+June      |56.8|100| 1903| 34|1901| | 3.72|   0| | 6|15| 9|13|    W
+July      |60.8|105| 1891| 37|1901| | 1.02|   0| | 9|17| 5| 7|    W
+August    |62.1| 96| 1898| 40|1902| | 1.06|   0| |11|17| 3| 5|    W
+September |57.5| 88| 1894| 30|1901| | 4.98|   0| | 9|15| 6| 9|    W
+October   |52.3| 85| 1891| 29|1893| | 6.71|   0| | 6|14|10|14|    W
+November  |45.1| 73| 1904| 22|1900| |15.28| 0.5| | 2|10|18|22|    W
+December  |40.9| 60| 1892| 20|1901| |14.66| 0.5| | 4|11|16|20| SW & W
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |88.55|10.9| | 6|14|10|15|
+ Means or\|50.0|105|July,| 10|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1893| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+[Page 100]
+                       PUGET SOUND DISTRICT.
+                    STATION: TACOMA AND ASHFORD.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |38.0| 64| 1891|  0|1888| | 7.20|11.0| | 4| 6|21|20|   SW
+February  |38.9| 66| 1905|  5|1887| | 6.68|12.4| | 4| 7|18|17|   SW
+March     |44.4| 74| 1900| 16|1897| | 4.82| 8.0| | 6| 8|17|18|   SW
+April     |48.9| 84| 1897| 28|1896| | 4.40| 2.8| | 6|12|12|14|   SW
+May       |54.1| 90| 1892| 33|1894| | 4.11| 0.2| | 6|12|13|14|   SW
+June      |58.2| 97| 1903| 39|1895| | 2.62|   T| | 8|10|12|11|    N
+July      |62.0| 99| 1891| 42|1894| | 1.20|   0| |15| 9| 7| 6|    N
+August    |61.6| 92| 1898| 40|1895| | 1.28|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|    N
+September |56.2| 87| 1894| 36|1902| | 2.74|   0| |12| 8|10|10|    N
+October   |50.6| 82| 1892| 25|1893| | 4.51|   0| | 8| 8|15|12|   SW
+November  |44.2| 70| 1892|  8|1896| | 9.11| 5.2| | 2| 5|23|21|   SW
+December  |40.9| 61| 1900| 19|1894| | 9.55| 4.4| | 4| 7|20|18|   SW
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |58.22|44.0| | 7| 8|15|14|
+ Means or\|49.8| 99|July,|  0|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                         EASTERN WASHINGTON.
+                          STATION: SPOKANE.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |24.5| 55| 1893|-30|1888| | 2.54| 9.4| | 4| 4|23|14|    S
+February  |28.5| 59| 1896|-23|1890| | 2.02| 8.1| | 4| 7|17|13| E & SW
+March     |39.7| 72| 1889|-10|1891| | 1.40| 3.0| | 7| 8|16|12|    S
+April     |48.0| 86| 1890| 22|1890| | 1.38| 0.2| | 6|10|14| 9| S & SW
+May       |57.0| 95| 1897| 29|1905| | 1.39|   T| | 6|10|15|10|    S
+June      |62.4| 96| 1896| 34|1891| | 1.67|   T| | 9|12|10| 9|   SW
+July      |69.0|102| 1890| 39|1893| | 0.71|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|   SW
+August    |69.0|104| 1898| 40|1902| | 0.46|   0| |17| 8| 6| 5|    S
+September |58.1| 98| 1888| 26|1889| | 1.04|   0| |12| 7|11| 7|   NE
+October   |48.0| 86| 1892| 12|1887| | 1.39|   T| | 8| 9|14| 7|   NE
+November  |37.8| 70| 1903|-13|1896| | 1.67| 2.9| | 1| 5|24|15|    S
+December  |31.3| 57| 1886|-18|1884| | 2.56| 4.9| | 3| 4|24|13|   SW
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |18.23|29.4| | 7| 8|15|10|
+ Means or\|47.8|104|Aug. |-30|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1898 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+[Page 101]
+                       SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON.
+                         STATION: WALLA WALLA.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |32.6| 67| 1902|-17|1888| | 2.17| 6.1| | 3|11|17|12|    S
+February  |37.0| 69| 1896|-15|1893| | 1.55| 5.1| | 6|13| 9|12|    S
+March     |45.2| 74| 1905|  2|1891| | 1.73| 2.7| | 8|16| 7|13|    S
+April     |52.6| 89| 1890| 29|1890| | 1.76|   2| |10|17| 3| 9|    S
+May       |60.1|100| 1897| 34|1905| | 1.72|   0| |12|16| 3|11|    S
+June      |65.8|105| 1896| 40|1901| | 1.13|   0| |15|14| 1| 8|    S
+July      |73.8|108| 1891| 45|1891| | 0.37|   0| |24| 6| 1| 4|    S
+August    |73.8|113| 1898| 47|1899| | 0.43|   0| |23| 7| 1| 4|    S
+September |63.6|100| 1888| 36|1900| | 0.97|   0| |17| 9| 4| 7|    S
+October   |54.4| 87| 1904| 24|1887| | 1.50|   T| |15|12| 4| 8|    S
+November  |42.8| 76| 1891| -9|1896| | 2.17| 2.0| | 4|13| 3|13|    S
+December  |37.3| 65| 1890| -2|1898| | 2.07| 3.5| | 3|11|17|14|    S
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |17.58|19.6| |12|12| 6|10|
+ Means or\|53.2|113|Aug. |-17|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1898 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                       THE IRRIGATED WASHINGTON.
+              STATION: NORTH YAKIMA, SUNNYSIDE, FT. SIMCOE.
+
+========================================================================
+          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
+          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
+          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
+          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
+  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
+          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
+          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
+          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
+          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
+          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
+----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+January   |30.4| 62| 1899|-16|1899| | 1.82| 9.2| | 7|13|11| 7|    W
+February  |35.2| 71| 1901|-22|1893| | 1.14| 5.6| | 8|12| 9| 6|    W
+March     |42.5| 78| 1895|  2|1896| | 0.57| 0.4| |12|14| 5| 3|    W
+April     |51.1| 90| 1897| 18|1896| | 0.47|   T| |12|13| 5| 3|    W
+May       |59.1|101| 1897| 24|1896| | 0.74|   0| |11|14| 6| 5|    W
+June      |65.4|106| 1896| 30|1901| | 0.32|   0| |15|10| 5| 4|    W
+July      |71.6|112| 1896| 36|1905| | 0.11|   0| |24| 5| 2| 2|    W
+August    |71.1|109| 1897| 35|1895| | 0.21|   0| |19| 9| 3| 3|    W
+September |61.1| 98| 1896| 24|1891| | 0.44|   0| |17| 8| 5| 4|    W
+October   |51.0| 89| 1891| 13|1893| | 0.50|   0| |15|10| 6| 4|    W
+November  |39.4| 73| 1897|-23|1896| | 1.56| 4.4| | 4|12|14| 9|    W
+December  |32.3| 67| 1898| -8|1895| | 1.47| 6.2| | 7|10|14| 7|   SW
+          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
+  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | | 9.35|25.8| |12|11| 7| 5|
+ Means or\|50.9|112|July,|-23|Nov.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+ Extremes/|    |   |1896 |   |1896| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Page 102]
+TOTAL ASSESSMENT OF ALL PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON AS
+EQUALIZED BY THE STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION FOR THE YEAR 1908.
+==============================================================
+            |        _Total Real and Personal Property,_
+            |-------------------------------------------------
+            |            |              | Ratio  |           |
+            |  Assessed  |              |assessed|           |
+  COUNTIES. |    value   |    Actual    |   to   |  *Exemp-  |
+            |  returned  |    value.    | actual |   tions.  |
+            | by county. |              | value. |           |
+------------|------------|--------------|--------|-----------|
+Adams       | $12,934,270|   $32,730,750|  $39.51|*  $347,380|
+Asotin      |   3,186,570|     6,346,110|   50.21|     73,600|
+Benton      |   5,900,630|    13,967,229|   42.24|    201,105|
+Chehalis    |  14,832,671|    63,320,298|   23.42|*   897,053|
+Chelan      |   7,510,825|    17,903,363|   41.95|    317,510|
+Clallam     |   7,045,161|    14,294,907|   49.28|    148,017|
+Clarke      |   9,548,965|    22,951,958|   41.60|*   552,000|
+Columbia    |   6,677,175|    12,916,674|   51.69|    164,855|
+Cowlitz     |   7,506,911|    18,774,621|   39.98|*   258,305|
+Douglas     |  13,714,378|    32,623,076|   42.03|*   792,735|
+Ferry       |   1,323,524|     2,205,873|   60.00|*   132,674|
+Franklin    |   4,029,979|    12,053,842|   33.43|*   121,309|
+Garfield    |   4,230,446|     9,466,437|   44.68|    123,027|
+Island      |   1,296,572|     3,706,168|   34.98|    100,545|
+Jefferson   |   4,566,042|     9,932,771|   45.96|     92,864|
+King        |*204,852,223|   437,905,564|   46.78|  5,011,716|
+Kitsap      |   4,145,045|     9,133,183|   45.38|*   271,777|
+Kittitas    |   8,853,102|    20,145,643|   43.98|    421,605|
+Klickitat   |   5,869,515|    14,199,834|   41.33|    366,835|
+Lewis       |  17,959,730|    39,028,152|   46.01|    673,137|
+Lincoln     |  18,046,865|    44,933,712|   40.16|*   844,061|
+Mason       |   3,030,375|    10,744,059|   28.20|     97,386|
+Okanogan    |   3,750,417|     6,540,821|   57.33|    421,615|
+Pacific     |   7,036,354|    22,947,129|   30.66|     95,700|
+Pierce      |  76,828,090|   181,499,746|   42.33|  2,903,450|
+San Juan    |   1,553,856|     3,789,892|   41.00|*   126,818|
+Skagit      |  10,867,150|    38,346,941|   28.33|    297,600|
+Skamania    |   4,063,188|     6,375,330|   63.73|     66,300|
+Snohomish   |* 25,699,461|    54,494,192|   47.16|  1,221,570|
+Spokane     |  80,038,409|   154,967,786|   51.64|  2,956,265|
+Stevens     |   6,675,908|    17,811,897|   37.48|*   654,238|
+Thurston    |   8,325,065|    23,882,038|   34.85|    518,971|
+Wahkiakum   |   1,668,376|     4,319,197|   38.62|     69,616|
+Walla Walla |  19,434,380|    45,866,287|   42.37|    369,000|
+Whatcom     |  19,853,046|    48,038,017|   41.32|* 1,460,250|
+Whitman     |  19,098,175|    60,560,413|   31.53|  1,160,290|
+Yakima      |  23,625,355|    48,428,184|   48.78|* 1,517,390|
+            |------------|--------------|--------|-----------|
+    Totals  |$675,578,199|$1,567,152,094|  $43.11|$25,902,569|
+
+========================================
+_Exclusive of Railroad and Telegraph._ |
+------------|-------------|------------|
+            |  Aggregate  | Aggregate  |
+            |value of tax-|  value as  |
+  COUNTIES. |able property| equalized  |
+            | as returned |  by state  |
+            |  by county. |   board.   |
+------------|-------------|------------|
+Adams       |  $12,586,890| $13,762,846|
+Asotin      |    3,112,970|   2,662,208|
+Benton      |    5,699,525|   5,820,167|
+Chehalis    |   13,935,618|  26,400,327|
+Chelan      |    7,193,315|   7,400,630|
+Clallam     |    6,897,144|   6,014,517|
+Clarke      |    8,996,965|   9,342,589|
+Columbia    |    6,512,320|   5,403,523|
+Cowlitz     |    7,248,606|   7,835,434|
+Douglas     |   12,921,643|  13,271,073|
+Ferry       |    1,190,850|     818,278|
+Franklin    |    3,908,670|   5,075,102|
+Garfield    |    4,107,419|   3,957,954|
+Island      |    1,196,027|   1,497,184|
+Jefferson   |    4,473,178|   4,189,154|
+King        |  199,840,507| 183,769,507|
+Kitsap      |    3,873,268|   3,665,538|
+Kittitas    |    8,431,497|   8,263,182|
+Klickitat   |    5,502,680|   5,754,713|
+Lewis       |   17,286,593|  16,151,899|
+Lincoln     |   17,202,804|  18,526,862|
+Mason       |    2,932,989|   4,534,378|
+Okanogan    |    3,328,802|   2,398,133|
+Pacific     |    6,940,654|   9,796,807|
+Pierce      |   73,924,640|  75,341,091|
+San Juan    |    1,427,038|   1,507,004|
+Skagit      |   10,569,550|  16,233,766|
+Skamania    |    3,996,883|   2,682,105|
+Snohomish   |   24,477,891|  22,270,886|
+Spokane     |   77,082,144|  63,850,348|
+Stevens     |    6,021,670|   7,024,471|
+Thurston    |    7,806,094|   9,776,576|
+Wahkiakum   |    1,598,760|   1,792,390|
+Walla Walla |   19,065,380|  19,403,957|
+Whatcom     |   18,392,796|  19,248,939|
+Whitman     |   17,937,885|  24,947,304|
+Yakima      |   22,053,965|  19,306,001|
+            |-------------|------------|
+    Totals  | $649,675,630|$649,696,709|
+
+==================================================================
+            |_Railroads._| _Electric_ |_Telegraph._|   TOTAL.    |
+            |            |   _Rys._   |            |  Aggregate  |
+            |  Value as  |  Value as  |  Value as  |value as real|
+            | corrected, | corrected, | corrected, |and personal |
+  COUNTIES. |revised and |revised and |revised and | property as |
+            |equalized by|equalized by|equalized by|equalized by |
+            |state board.|state board.|state board.|state board. |
+------------|------------|------------|------------|-------------|
+Adams       |  $2,445,703|            |     $10,499|  $16,219,048|
+Asotin      |            |            |            |    2,662,208|
+Benton      |   2,595,331|            |       5,477|    8,420,975|
+Chehalis    |     798,828|     165,258|       2,212|   27,366,625|
+Chelan      |   2,860,892|            |       9,058|   10,270,580|
+Clallam     |            |            |       4,073|    6,018,590|
+Clarke      |     891,275|            |          87|   10,233,951|
+Columbia    |     908,202|            |       6,775|    6,318,500|
+Cowlitz     |   1,363,089|            |      11,016|    9,209,539|
+Douglas     |   3,703,546|            |       9,650|   16,984,269|
+Ferry       |   1,359,278|            |            |    2,177,641|
+Franklin    |   1,852,025|            |       7,975|    6,935,102|
+Garfield    |     144,067|            |         555|    4,102,576|
+Island      |            |            |            |    1,497,184|
+Jefferson   |     417,464|            |       3,695|    4,610,313|
+King        |  11,882,802|   7,477,860|      38,645|  203,168,680|
+Kitsap      |            |            |       2,325|    3,667,863|
+Kittitas    |   3,674,706|            |      10,194|   11,948,082|
+Klickitat   |   1,108,683|            |            |    6,863,396|
+Lewis       |   2,050,492|            |      12,186|   18,214,576|
+Lincoln     |   4,456,845|            |      12,648|   22,996,355|
+Mason       |       7,791|            |            |    4,542,169|
+Okanogan    |     834,844|            |            |    3,232,977|
+Pacific     |     418,310|            |       1,438|   10,216,555|
+Pierce      |   4,589,415|   1,900,370|      22,077|   81,852,953|
+San Juan    |            |            |            |    1,507,004|
+Skagit      |   2,177,605|            |       7,518|   18,418,889|
+Skamania    |     332,926|            |            |    3,015,031|
+Snohomish   |   8,064,368|     910,195|      18,950|   31,264,399|
+Spokane     |   8,402,563|   2,131,611|      31,075|   74,415,597|
+Stevens     |   1,994,897|            |       6,353|    9,025,721|
+Thurston    |   1,561,390|      76,530|      10,096|   11,424,592|
+Wahkiakum   |            |            |            |    1,792,390|
+Walla Walla |   3,797,744|     131,082|      14,574|   23,347,357|
+Whatcom     |   3,372,306|     630,373|       7,457|   23,259,075|
+Whitman     |   3,296,322|     528,248|      19,897|   28,791,771|
+Yakima      |   3,278,556|      10,000|       6,852|   22,601,409|
+            |------------|------------|------------|-------------|
+    Totals  | $84,642,349| $13,961,527|    $293,357| $748,593,942|
+
+*Exception includes the amount returned by these counties under
+the item "Moneys on hand" allowed by the Board.
+
+
+
+
+[Page 103]
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
+
+Distribution of this publication at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition
+has been made possible through financial assistance extended by
+the State A.-Y.-P. E. Commission. An edition of a few thousand
+copies only was originally contemplated, but funds provided by
+the State Commission have enabled us to increase the quantity to
+25,000. This help thus given in extending the field of usefulness
+of this report is herewith gratefully acknowledged.
+
+  STATE BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION.
+
+  I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State,
+  _Ex-Officio Commissioner._
+
+  GEO. M. ALLEN,
+  _Deputy Commissioner._
+
+
+
+
+[Page 104]
+INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.
+
+Acknowledgment 103
+Adams County 46
+Agriculture 22
+Asotin County 47
+Bee Culture 26
+Benton County 48
+Coal Fields 10
+Coal Mining 19
+Chehalis County 49
+Chelan County 50
+Clallam County 51
+Clarke County 52
+Columbia County 53
+Cowlitz County 54
+Dairying 25
+Douglas County 55
+Educational System 32-33
+Ferry County 56
+Forests 9
+Fisheries 12
+Franklin County 57
+Game 16
+Garfield County 58
+Government Lands 14
+Grant County 59
+Horticulture 24
+Indian Lands 14
+Industries of Washington 18-28
+Introduction 3-4
+Irrigation 40-41
+Island County 60
+Jefferson County 61
+King County 62
+Kitsap County 64
+Kittitas County 65
+Klickitat County 66
+Lands 14
+Letter of Transmittal 2
+Lewis County 67
+Lincoln County 69
+Logged-off Lands 33-39
+Lumbering 18
+Manufacturing 26
+Mason County 70
+Mineral Ores 11
+Natural Division 5
+Okanogan County 71
+Opportunities in Washington 29-31
+Pacific County 72
+Pierce County 74
+Poultry 26
+Resources of Washington 8-17
+San Juan County 76
+Scenery 16
+Skagit County 77
+Skamania County 79
+Snohomish County 80
+Soils 13
+Spokane County 81
+State Lands 14
+Stevens County 83
+Stock Raising 24
+Thurston County 85
+Title Page 1
+Transportation 27
+Wahkiakum County 86
+Walla Walla County 87
+Water Power 15
+Whatcom County 87
+Whitman County 89
+Yakima County 90
+
+
+INDEX TO STATISTICAL APPENDIX.
+
+Assessed valuations by counties 102
+Climatic tables 99-101
+Federal lands, distribution by counties 98-99
+State officers, boards and commissions 96
+State lands, distribution by counties 97
+Statistics of incorporated cities and towns 92-95
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Review of the Resources and
+Industries of the State of Washington, 1909, by Ithamar Howell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF WASHINGTON ***
+
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