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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15225-8.txt b/15225-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6752591 --- /dev/null +++ b/15225-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2684 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew, by Unknown + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew + +Author: Unknown + +Release Date: March 1, 2005 [EBook #15225] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANDREAS: THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW *** + + + + +Produced by S.R.Ellison, David Starner, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH + + ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR + + VII + + ANDREAS: + + THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW + + TRANSLATED FROM THE OLD ENGLISH + + BY + + ROBERT KILBURN ROOT + + + NEW YORK + + HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY + + 1899 + + + + +ERRATA. + + p. IV. For _Angelsächsen_ read _Angelsachsen_. + + p. V. " Fritsche " Fritzsche. + + p. IX. " homilest " homilist. + + p. 18, 1. 550. " has " hast. + + p. 27, 1. 835. " 'Till " Till. + + P. 57. " Siever's " Sievers'. + + + + +PREFACE + + +It is always a somewhat hardy undertaking to attempt the translation +of poetry, for such a translation will at the best be but a shadow of +that which it would fain represent. Yet I trust that even an imperfect +rendering of one of the best of the Old English poems will in some +measure contribute towards a wider appreciation of our earliest +literature, for the poem is accessible to the general reader only +in the baldly literal and somewhat inaccurate translation of Kemble, +published in 1843, and now out of print. + +I have chosen blank verse as the most suitable metre for the +translation of a long and dignified narrative poem, as the metre which +can most nearly reproduce the strength, the nobility, the variety and +rapidity of the original. The ballad measure as used by Lumsden in his +translation of _Beowulf_ is monotonous and trivial, while the measure +used by Morris and others, and intended as an imitation of the Old +English alliterative measure, is wholly impracticable. It is a hybrid +product, neither Old English nor modern, producing both weariness and +disgust; for, while copying the external features of its original, it +loses wholly its æsthetic qualities. + +In my diction I have sought after simple and idiomatic English, +studying the noble archaism of the King James Bible, rather than +affecting the Wardour Street dialect of William Morris or Professor +Earle, which is often utterly unintelligible to any but the special +student of Middle English. My translation is faithful, but not +literal; I have not hesitated to make a passive construction active, +or to translate a compound adjective by a phrase. To quote from King +Alfred's preface to his translation of Boethius, I have "at times +translated word by word, and at times sense by sense, in whatsoever +way I might most clearly and intelligibly interpret it." + +The text followed is that of Grein-Wülker in the _Bibliothek der +Angelsächsischen Poesie_ (Leipzig, 1894), and the lines of my +translation are numbered according to that edition. I have not, +however, felt obliged to follow his punctuation. Where it has seemed +best to adopt other readings, I have mentioned the fact in my notes. + +I have compared my translation with those of Kemble and Grein +(_Dichtungen der Angelsächsen_), and am occasionally indebted to them +for a word or a phrase. + +It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Frank +H. Chase, who has very carefully read my translation in manuscript; +and to Professor Albert S. Cook, who has given me his help and advice +at all stages of my work from its inception to its publication. To Mr. +Charles G. Osgood, Jr., I am also indebted for valuable criticism. + + ROBERT KILBURN ROOT. + + YALE UNIVERSITY, + April 7, 1899. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +[Sidenote: _The Manuscript_.] + +While traveling in Italy during the year 1832, Dr. Blume, a German +scholar, discovered in the cathedral library at Vercelli an Old +English manuscript containing both poetry and prose. The longest and +the best of the poems is the _Andreas_, or _Legend of St. Andrew_. + +How did this manuscript find its way across the Alps into a country +where its language was wholly unintelligible? Several theories have +been advanced, the most plausible being that advocated by Cook.[1] +According to this view it was carried thither by Cardinal Guala, who +during the reign of Henry III was prior of St. Andrew's, Chester. On +his return to Italy he built the monastery of St. Andrew in Vercelli, +strongly English in its architecture. Since the manuscript contained +a poem about St. Andrew, it would have been an appropriate gift to St. +Andrew's Church in Vercelli. Wülker's theory that it was owned by an +Anglo-Saxon hospice at Vercelli rests on very shadowy arguments, since +he adduces no satisfactory proof that such a hospice ever existed. + +[Footnote 1: _Cardinal Guala and the Vercelli Book_, Univ. of Cal. +Library Bulletin No. 10. Sacramento, 1888.] + +[Sidenote: _Authorship and Date_.] + +On the strength of certain marked similarities of style and diction +to the signed poems of Cynewulf, the earlier editors of the _Andreas_ +assigned the poem to him, and were followed by Dietrich, Grein, and +Ten Brink. But Fritsche (_Anglia_ II), arguing from other equally +marked dissimilarities, denies its Cynewulfian authorship, and is +sustained in his position by Sievers, though vigorously opposed by +Ramhorst. More recently Trautman (_Anglia_, Beiblatt VI. 17) reasserts +the older view, declaring his belief that the _Fates of the Apostles_, +in which Napier has discovered the runic signature of Cynewulf, is +but the closing section of the _Andreas_. There is much to be said +in favor of this last theory, which would establish Cynewulf as the +author of the entire work; but the whole question is far from being +settled. We can at least affirm that the author was a devout churchman +and a dweller by the sea, thoroughly acquainted with the poems of +Cynewulf. + +It is equally impossible to determine with any certainty the date +of authorship, since the poem is wholly lacking in contemporary +allusions. Nor can we base any argument upon its language, since, in +all probability, its present form is but a West Saxon transcript of an +older Northumbrian or Mercian version. If Cynewulf flourished in the +eighth century, the date of the _Andreas_ is probably not much later. +The Vercelli manuscript is assigned to the first half of the eleventh +century. + +[Sidenote: _Sources_.] + +Fortunately we can speak with more assurance about the sources of the +poem. It follows closely, though not slavishly, the _Acts of Andrew +and Matthew_, contained in the _Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles_.[1] +Like the great English poets of the fourteenth and sixteenth +centuries, the poet of the _Andreas_ has borrowed his story from a +foreign source, and like them he has added and altered until he has +made it thoroughly his own and thoroughly English. We can learn from +it the tastes and ideals of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers quite as well +as from a poem wholly original in its composition. Most clearly do we +discover their love of the sea. The action of the story brings in a +voyage, which the Greek narrative dismisses with a few words, merely +as a piece of necessary machinery. The Old English poem, on the +contrary, expands the incident into many lines. A storm is introduced +and described with great vigor; we see the circling gull and the +darting horn-fish; we hear the creaking of the ropes and the roaring +of the waves.[2] Every mention of the sea is dwelt upon with lingering +affection, and described with vivid metaphor. It is now the "bosom of +the flood," now the "whale-road" or the "fish's bath." Again it is the +"welter of the waves," or its more angry mood is personified as the +"Terror of the waters." In the first 500 lines alone there are no less +than 43 different words and phrases denoting the sea. + +[Footnote 1: _Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha_, ed. Tischendorf. Leipzig, +1851, pp. 132-166. (For a translation of part of the _Acts of Andrew +and Matthew_, see Cook's _First Book in Old English_, Appendix III.)] + +[Footnote 2: See 369-381.] + +Daybreak and sunset, too, are described with much beauty, and in one +passage at least with strong imagination. We can have no doubt that +the poet was a close watcher and keen lover of nature. We can imagine +him walking on the cliffs beside his beloved ocean, watching for the +sunrise, rejoicing in the glory of the sky, + + As heaven's candle shone across the floods.[1] + +[Footnote 1: See 243.] + +I have said, too, that he was a devout churchman. Many of the noble +hymns and prayers with which the poem abounds are largely original, +expanded from a mere line or two in the Greek. Many and beautiful are +the epithets or kennings which he applies to God, taken in part from +the Bible, and in part from the imagery of the not wholly extinct +heathen mythology. + +Thoroughly English is his love of violent action, of war and bloodshed. +Andrew is a "warrior brave in the battle"; the apostles are + Thanes of the Lord, whose courage for the fight + Failed never, e'en when helmets crashed in war. +and their missions are rather military expeditions than peaceful +pilgrimages. + +One concrete example will serve well to show in what spirit the author +has dealt with his original. The disciples of Andrew are so terrified +by the sea that the Lord (disguised as a shipmaster) suggests that +they shall go ashore and await the return of their master. In the +Greek the disciples answer: "If we leave thee, then shall we be +strangers to those good things which the Lord hath promised unto us. +Therefore will we abide with thee, wherever thou go."[1] In the Old +English :-- + + O whither shall we turn us, lordless men, + Mourning in heart, forsaken quite by God, + Wounded with sin, if we abandon thee? + We shall be odious in every land, + Hated of every folk, when sons of men, + Courageous warriors, in council sit, + And question which of them did best stand by + His lord in battle, when the hand and shield, + Worn out by broadswords on the battle-plain, + Suffered sore danger in the sport of war. (405-414.) + +[Footnote 1: Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ IV. 2.] + +There is in the Greek no trace of the Teutonic idea of loyalty to a +lord, which is the ruling motive of the Old English lines. + +But did the poet read the legend in the Greek? The study of that +language had, it is true, been introduced into England in the seventh +century by Archbishop Theodore[1], but we can hardly assume that +this study was very general. Moreover, there are several important +variations between the poem and the _Acts of Andrew and Matthew_, +facts wanting in the Greek, which the poet could not possibly have +invented. For example, the poem states that Andrew was in Achaia when +he received the mission to Mermedonia. In the Greek we find no mention +of Achaia, nor is the name "Mermedonia" given at all. After the +conversion of the Mermedonians, the poet says that Andrew appointed +a bishop over them, whose name was Platan. Again the Greek is silent. +There is, however, an Old English homily[1] of unknown authorship and +uncertain date, which contains these three facts, (though the name +of the bishop is not given). Still another remarkable coincidence has +been pointed out by Zupitza.[2] In line 1189 of the _Andreas_, Satan +is addressed as _d[=e]ofles str[=æ]l_ ("shaft of the devil"), and +in the homily also the same word (_str[=æ]l_) is found. But in +the corresponding passage of the Greek we find [Greek: O Belia +echthrotate] ("O most hateful Belial"). From this correspondence +between the poem and the homily, Zupitza argues the existence of a +Latin translation of the Greek, from which both the _Andreas_ and the +homily were made, assuming that the ignorant Latinist confused [Greek: +Belia] (Belial) with [Greek: Belos] ("arrow," "shaft,"), translating +it by _telum_ or _sagitta_. It is hardly probable that both the poet +and the homilest should have made the same mistake. + +[Footnote 1: Bright, _Anglo-Saxon Reader_, pp. 113-128.] + +[Footnote 2: _Zeitschrift für Deutsches Altertum_, XXX. 175.] + +The homily could not have been drawn from the poem, nor the poem from +the homily, for in each we find facts and phrases of the Greek not +contained in the other. For example, both in the Greek and in the +homily, the flood which sweeps away the Mermedonians proceeds from the +mouth of an alabaster image standing upon a pillar, while in the poem +it springs forth from the base of the pillar itself. On the other +hand, most of the dialogue between Andrew and the Lord on shipboard, +as well as other important incidents, are wanting in the homily. + +Summing up, then, we have the homily and the poem agreeing in +some important points in which both differ from the Greek, but so +dissimilar in other points that neither could have been the source of +the other. In the light of these similarities and variations, and of +others which space prevents me from mentioning, we must suppose the +homily to have been taken from an abridgment of the Latin version, of +which the poet saw a somewhat corrupt copy. It is also not improbable +that this Latin version may have been made from a Greek manuscript +varying in some details from the legend as it appears in Tischendorf's +edition. This view is sustained by a Syrian translation, which in some +respects agrees with our hypothetical Latin version. But this Latin +version has never been discovered, though some fragments of the legend +are found in the Latin of Pseudo-Abdias and the _Legenda Aurea_,[1] +which curiously enough supply several of the facts missing in the +Greek, namely, that Andrew was teaching in Achaia, and that the land +of the Anthropophagi was called Mermedonia. + +[Footnote 1: Grimm, _Andreas und Elene_, XIII-XVI.] + +So much for the sources of the poem as a whole. The poet is also +deeply indebted to the _Beowulf_ and to the poems of Cynewulf (unless +he be Cynewulf himself) for lines and phrases throughout his work. +One example of this borrowing will suffice. In line 999, when Andrew +reaches the prison, we read (translating literally): "The door quickly +opened at the touch of the holy saint's hand." In the Greek: "And he +made the sign of the cross upon the door, and it opened of its own +accord." Why has the poet omitted the sign of the cross? We are unable +to answer until we read in the _Beowulf_ (721) that at the coming of +the monster Grendel to Heorot "the door quickly opened ... soon as he +touched it with his hands." + +[Sidenote: _The Poem as a Work of Art_.] + +How shall we rank the _Legend of St. Andrew_ among the other poems of +the Anglo-Saxons? and what are its chief merits as a work of art? The +Old English epics may be divided into two general classes: the heroic +epic, of which the _Beowulf_ is the chief example; and the larger +group of religious epics, including the poems of Cynewulf, of +Pseudo-Cædmon, the _Judith_, and the _Andreas_. + +In spite of occasional Christian interpolations the _Beowulf_ is +essentially pagan, the expression of English sentiments and ideals +before Augustine led his little band of chanting monks through the +streets of Canterbury. In the _Andreas_ we see better, perhaps, +than in any of the religious epics, these same sentiments and ideals +softened and ennobled by the sweet spirit of the Christian religion. +We see the conversion of England in the very process of its +accomplishment. We see the beauties of Paganism and those of +Christianity blending with each other, much as the Medieval and the +Renaissance are blended in Spenser. In the one aspect Andrew is the +valiant hero, like Beowulf, crossing the sea to accomplish a mighty +deed of deliverance; in the other he is the saintly confessor, the +patient sufferer, whose whole trust is in the Lord. + +If we compare the poem with the other epics of its class, its most +formidable competitors are the anonymous _Judith_ and Cynewulf's +_Christ_. But _Judith_, though unquestionably more brilliant, is but +a fragment of 350 lines, and the _Christ_, in spite of its many +beautiful passages, is entirely lacking in movement. The _Andreas_ is +complete, and, if we except the long dialogue of Andrew and the Lord +at sea, moves steadily towards the end with considerable variety of +action. If the characterization is crude, the descriptions are vivid, +the speeches are often vigorous, and the treatment of nature is +throughout charming. It seems to me eminently suited by its subject +and manner to stand as an example of the Old English religious epic, +an example of a form of literature with which every serious student of +our English poetry should be familiar. For English literature does not +begin with Chaucer. He who would understand it well must know it also +in its purer English form before the coming of the Normans. + +[Sidenote: _The Argument_.] + +It only remains to give a brief synopsis of the poem. It has fallen to +the lot of Matthew to preach the Gospel to the cannibal Mermedonians; +they seize him and his company, binding him and casting him into +prison, where he is to remain until his turn comes to be eaten (1-58). +He prays to God for help, and the Lord sends Andrew to deliver him +(59-234). Andrew and his disciples come to the seashore and find +a bark with three seamen, who are in reality the Lord and His two +angels. On learning that Andrew is a follower of Jesus, the shipmaster +agrees to carry him to Mermedonia (234-359). A storm arises, at which +the disciples of Andrew are greatly terrified; he reminds them how +Christ stilled the tempest, and they fall asleep (360-464). A dialogue +ensues, in which Andrew relates to the shipmaster many of Christ's +miracles (465-817). He falls asleep, and is carried by the angels +to Mermedonia. On awaking, he beholds the city, and his disciples +sleeping beside him. They relate to him a vision which they had seen. +The Lord appears and bids him enter the city, covering him with a +cloud (818-989). He reaches the prison, the doors of which fly open +at his touch, and rescues Matthew, whom he sends away with all his +company (990-1057). The Mermedonians, confronted with famine, choose +one of their number by lot to serve as food for the rest. He offers +his son as a substitute, but, as the heathen are about to slay their +victim, Andrew interposes and causes their weapons to melt away like +wax (1058-1154). Instigated by the Devil, they seize Andrew, and for +three days subject him to the most cruel torments (1155-1462). On +the fourth the Lord comes to his prison and heals him of his wounds. +Beside the prison wall Andrew sees a marble pillar, which, at his +command, sends forth a great flood, destroying many of the people +(1462-1575). Andrew takes pity upon them and causes the flood to +cease. The mountain is cleft and swallows up the waters, together with +fourteen of the worst of the heathen. The others are restored to life +and baptized. After building a church and appointing a bishop, +Andrew returns to Achaia, followed by the prayers of his new converts +(1575-1722). + + + + +THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW + + Lo! we have learned of Twelve in days gone by, + Who dwelt beneath the stars, in glory rich, + Thanes of the Lord, whose courage for the fight + Failed never, e'en when helmets crashed in war, + From that time when they portioned each his place, + As God himself declared to them by lot, + High King of heaven above. Renownèd men + Were they through all the earth, and leaders bold, + Brave in the battle, warriors of might, + When shield and hand the helmet did protect 10 + Upon the field of fate. Of that brave band + Was Matthew one, who first among the Jews + Began to write the Gospel down in words + With wondrous power. To him did Holy God + Assign his lot upon that distant isle + Where never yet could any outland man + Enjoy a happy life or find a home. + Him did the murderous hands of bloody men + Upon the field of battle oft oppress + Right grievously. That country all about, + The folkstead of the men, was compassèd + With slaughter and with foemen's treachery, 20 + That home of heroes. Dwellers in that land + Had neither bread nor water to enjoy, + But on the flesh and blood of stranger men, + Come from afar, that people made their feast. + This was their custom: every foreigner + Who visited that island from without + They seized as food--these famine-stricken men. + This was the cruel practice of that folk, + Mighty in wickedness, most savage foes: 30 + With javelin points they poured upon the ground + The jewel of the head, the eyes' clear sight; + And after brewed for them a bitter draught-- + These wizards by their magic--drink accursed, + Which led astray the wits of hapless men, + The heart within their breasts, until they grieved + No longer for the happiness of men; + Weary for food they fed on hay and grass. + + When to this far-famed city Matthew came, 40 + There rose great outcry through the sinful tribe, + That cursed throng of Mermedonians. + Soon as those servants of the Devil learned + The noble saint was come unto their land, + They marched against him, armed with javelins; + Under their linden-shields they went in haste, + Grim bearers of the lance, to meet the foe. + They bound his hands; with foeman's cunning skill + They made them fast--those warriors doomed to hell-- 50 + With swords they pierced the jewel of his head. + Yet in his heart he honored Heaven's King, + Though of the drink envenomed he had drunk, + Of virtue terrible; steadfast and glad, + With courage unabashed, he worshiped still + The Prince of glory, King of heaven above; + And from the prison rose his holy voice. + Within his noble breast the praise of Christ + Stood fast imprinted; weeping tears of woe, + With sorrowful voice of mourning he addressed 60 + His Lord victorious, speaking thus in words:-- + "Behold how these fierce strangers knit for me + A chain of mischief, an ensnaring net. + Ever have I been zealous in my heart + To do Thy will in all things; now in grief + The life of the dumb cattle I must lead. + Thou, Lord, alone, Creator of mankind, + Dost know the hidden thoughts of every heart. + O Prince of glory, if it be thy will 70 + That with the sword's keen edge perfidious men + Put me at rest, I am prepared straightway + To suffer whatsoever Thou, my Lord, + Who givest bliss to that high angel-band, + Shalt send me as my portion in this world, + A homeless wanderer, O Lord of hosts. + In mercy grant to me, Almighty God, + Light in this life, lest, blinded in this town + By hostile swords, I needs must longer bear + Reviling words, the grievous calumny + Of slaughter-greedy men, of hated foes. 80 + On Thee alone, Protector of the world, + I fix my mind, my heart's unfailing love; + So, Father of the angels, Lord of hosts, + Bright Giver of all bliss, to Thee I pray, + That Thou appoint me not among my foes, + Artificers of wrong forever damned, + The death most grievous on this earth of Thine." + + After these words there came to his dark cell + A sacred sign all-glorious from heaven, + Like to the shining sun; then was it shown 90 + That holy God was working aid for him. + The voice of Heaven's Majesty was heard, + The music of the glorious Lord's sweet words, + Wondrous beneath the skies. To His true thane + Brave in the fight, in dungeon harsh confined, + He promised help and comfort with clear voice:-- + "Matthew, My peace on earth I give to thee; + Let not thy heart be troubled, neither mourn + Too much in mind; I will abide with thee, + And I will loose thee from these bonds that bind 100 + Thy limbs, and loose all that great multitude + That dwells with thee in strait captivity. + To thee I open by My holy power + The meadow radiant of Paradise, + Brightest of splendors, dwelling-place most fair, + That home most blessèd, where thou mayst enjoy + Glory and bliss to everlasting life. + Suffer this people's cruelty; not long + Can faithless men afflict thee sinfully + With chains of torment by their crafty wiles. + Straight will I send unto this heathen town 110 + Andrew to be thy comfort and defense; + He will release thee from thine enemies. + Thou hast not long to wait; in very truth + But seven and twenty days fulfil the time, + When, sorrow-laden, thou shalt go from hence, + Under God's care, with victory adorned." + The Holy One, Defense of all mankind, + The angels' Lord, departed to the land + High in the heavens--He is the King by right, 120 + Steadfast He rules supreme in all the world. + + Exalted high was Matthew at the voice + New-heard. The veil of darkness slipped away, + Vanished in haste; and straightway came the light, + The murmuring sound of early reddening dawn. + The host assembled; heathen warriors + Thronged in great crowds; their battle-armor sang; + Their spears they brandished, angry in their hearts, + Under the roof of shields; they fain would see + Whether those hapless men were yet alive, + Who fast in chains within their prison-walls 130 + Had dwelt a while in comfortless abode, + And which one they might first for their repast + Rob of his life after the time ordained. + They had set down, those slaughter-greedy foes, + In runic characters and numerals + The death-day of those men, when they should serve + As food unto that famine-stricken tribe. + Then clamored loudly that cold-hearted brood; + Throng pressed on throng; their cruel counsellors + Recked not at all of mercy or of right. + Oft did their souls, led by the devil's lore, 140 + Under the dusky shadows penetrate, + When in the might of beings ever-cursed + They put their trust. They found that holy man, + Prudent of mind, within his prison dark, + Awaiting bravely what the radiant King, + Creator of the angels, should vouchsafe. + Then was accomplished, all except three nights, + The appointed time, the season foreordained, + Which those fierce wolves of war had written down, + At end of which they planned to break his bones, 150 + And, parting straight his body and his soul, + To portion out as food to old and young + The body of the slain, a welcome feast; + They cared not for the soul, those greedy men, + How after death the spirit's pilgrimage + Might be decreed. So every thirty nights + They held their feast; most fierce was their desire + To tear with bloody jaws the flesh of men 160 + To be their food. Then He, who with strong might + Stablished this world, was mindful how that saint + Abode in misery 'mongst stranger men, + Fast bound in chains--that saint who for His sake + Had suffered from the Hebrews, had withstood + The magic incantations of the Jews. + + Where in Achaia holy Andrew dwelt, + Guiding his people in the way of life, 170 + A voice was heard from out the heavens above. + To him, that steadfast saint, the Lord of hosts, + Glory of kings, Creator of mankind, + Unlocked the treasure of His heart, and thus + In words He spake:--"Thou shalt go forth and bear + My peace, and journeying shalt fare where men, + Devourers of their kind, possess the land, + And hold their home secure by murderous might. + This is the custom of that multitude: + Within their land they spare no stranger's life, + But when those evil-doers chance to find + A helpless wight in Mermedonia, 180 + Death must be dealt and cruel murder done. + I know that 'mongst those townsmen, fast in chains, + Thy brother dwells, that saint victorious. + It lacks but three nights of the time ordained, + When, midst that people, by the hard-gripped spear, + In struggle with the heathens, he must needs + Send forth his soul all ready to depart; + Unless thou come before the appointed time." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again: + "My Lord, how can I o'er the ocean deep 190 + My course accomplish, to that distant shore, + As speedily as Thou, O King of glory, + Creator of the heavens, dost command? + That road thine angel can more easily + Traverse from heaven; he knows the watery ways, + The salt sea-streams, the wide path of the swan, + The battle of the surf against the shore, + The terror of the waters, and the tracks + Across the boundless land. These foreign men + Are not my trusty friends, nor do I know + In any wise the counsels of this folk; 200 + To me the cold sea-highways are unknown." + + Him answered then the everliving Lord:-- + "Alas, O Andrew, that thou shouldst be slow + To undertake this journey, since for God, + Almighty One, it were not hard to bring + That city hither, 'neath the circling sun, + Unto this country, o'er the ways of earth-- + The princely city famous, with its men-- + If He, the Lord of Glory, with a word 210 + Should bid it. So thou mayst not hesitate + To undertake this journey, nor art thou + Too weak in wit, if thou but keepest well + The faithful covenant with thy Lord. Be thou + Prepared against the hour, for there can be + No tarrying on this errand. Thou shalt go + And bear thy life into the grasp of men + Full violent, where 'gainst thee shall be raised + The strife of warfare, with the battle-din + Of heathens, and the warriors' martial might. + Even to-morrow with the early dawn, 220 + At the sea's border thou shalt straightway go + On shipboard, and upon the waters cold, + Over the ocean[1], break thy speedy way. + Thou hast My blessing over all the earth, + Wherever thou shalt fare!" The Holy One, + Ruler and Guardian, archangels' King, + The world's Defense, betook Him to His home, + That glorious home, where souls of righteous men + After the body's fall shall life enjoy. + So in that town this mission was decreed 230 + Unto the noble champion; not abashed + In mind was he, but steadfast for the deed + Heroic; hardy-hearted, firm in soul, + No skulker he from battle, but prepared + For warfare, in God's struggle stout and bold. + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "bath-road."] + + So at the dawning, when the day first broke, + He gat him o'er the sand-downs to the sea, + Valiant in heart, and with him went his thanes + To walk upon the shingle, where the waves + Loud thundered, and the streams of ocean beat + Against the shore. Full glad was that brave saint + To see upon the sands a galley fair 240 + Wide-bosomed. Then, behold, resplendent dawn, + Brightest of beacons, came upon her way, + Hasting from out the murky gloom of night, + And heaven's candle shone across the floods. + Three seamen saw he there, a glorious band, + Courageous men, upon their ocean-bark + Sitting all ready to depart, like men + Just come across the deep. The Lord himself + It was, the everlasting Lord of hosts, + Almighty, with His holy angels twain. + In raiment they were like seafaring men, 250 + These heroes, like to wanderers on the waves, + When in the flood's embrace they sail with ships + Upon the waters cold to distant lands. + + Then he who stood there, eager, on the shore, + Upon the shingle, greeted him and said:-- + "Whence come ye, men in seamanship expert, + Seafaring on your ocean-coursing bark, + Your lonely ship? whence has the ocean-stream + Wafted you o'er the welter of the waves?" + + Then answered him again Almighty God, 260 + In such wise that the saint who heard His words + Wist not what one of speaking men it was + With whom he was conversing on the strand. + "From the land of Mermedonia are we come, + Borne hither from afar; our high-prowed ship + Carried us o'er the whale's road with the flood, + Our sea-horse fleet, all girt about with speed, + Until we reached the country of this folk, + Sea-beaten, as the wind did drive us on." + + Then Andrew humbly answered him again:-- 270 + "I fain would beg thee, though but little store + Of jewels or of treasure I can give, + That thou wouldst bring us in thy lofty ship, + Over the ocean[1] on thy high-beaked boat, + Unto that people; thou shalt meed receive + From God, if kindness thou but show to us + Upon our journey." + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "whale's home."] + + The Defense of kings, + Maker of angels, answered from His ship:-- + "Wide-faring foreigners can never dwell + There in that country, nor enjoy the land; 280 + But in that city they must suffer death + Who thither bring their lives from distant shores. + And dost thou wish to traverse the wide main, + That thou mayst spill thy life in bitter war?" + + To him did Andrew answer give again:-- + "Our hearts' strong hope and yearning drives us forth + To seek that country and that far-famed town, + If thou, most noble sir, wilt show to us + Thy gracious kindness on the wave-tossed deep." + + Then from His vessel's prow, the angels' Lord, 290 + The Savior of mankind, replied to him:-- + "Gladly and freely we will carry thee + Across the ocean[1], e'en to that far land + Which thy desire doth urge thee so to seek, + When thou shalt give us the accustomed sum, + Thy passage-money; so upon our bark + We seamen will grant honor unto you." + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "fish's bath."] + + Then straightway Andrew spake to him in words, + That friendless saint:--"I have no beaten gold, 300 + No treasures, neither wealth nor sustenance, + No golden clasps, no land, nor bracelets woven, + That thy desire I now may satisfy, + Thy worldly wishes, as thou sayst in words." + The Prince of Men gave answer where He sat + Upon the gangway, o'er the dashing surge:-- + "How comes it thou wouldst visit, my dear friend, + The sea-hills, boundaries of the ocean-streams, + To seek a vessel by the cold sea-cliffs 310 + All penniless? Hast thou no store of bread + To comfort thee upon the ocean-road, + Or pure drink for thy thirst? The life is hard + For him who journeys far upon the flood." + + In answer then did Andrew, wise in wit, + Unlock to him the treasure of his words:-- + "It is not seemly that with arrogance + And words of taunting thou demand reply, + When God hath given thee abundant wealth + And worldly fortune; better for each man 320 + That with humility he kindly greet + A traveler bound to other lands far off, + As Christ commanded, Lord most glorious. + We are His thanes, chosen as champions; + He is the King by right, Author and Lord + Of wondrous glory, one eternal God + Of all created things; by His sole might + He comprehendeth all the heavens and earth + With holy strength, Giver of victory. + He spake the word himself, and bade us fare 330 + Throughout the spacious earth, converting souls:-- + 'Go now to all the corners of the earth, + Far as the waters compass it about, + Far as the meadows lie along the roads, + And preach the glorious Faith throughout the towns + Upon earth's bosom; I am your defense. + No gold nor silver treasures need ye bear + Upon this journey. I will freely give + All things that ye may need.' Lo, thou thyself + Mayst hear the story of our journeying 340 + With thoughtful mind. Right quickly shall I learn + What kindness thou wilt show us on our way." + + The Lord eternal answered him again:-- + "If ye are thanes of Him who did exalt + His glory o'er the world, as ye declare, + And ye have kept the Holy One's commands, + I'll gladly bear you o'er the ocean-streams, + As ye do beg me." + + Then upon the bark + They went, bold, valiant men; the heart of each 350 + Was filled with joy upon the tossing main. + Then Andrew, on the rolling of the waves, + Begged for that seaman mercy from the King + Who rules in glory; thus he spake in words:-- + "May God, the Lord of men, give unto thee + Exceeding honor--happiness on earth, + Riches in glory--since thou hast made known + Thy goodness to me on my journeying!" + He sat him by the Guardian of the sea, + That noble saint beside his noble Lord. + I never heard men tell of comelier ship 360 + Laden with sumptuous treasures. In it sat + Great heroes, glorious lords, and beauteous thanes. + Then spake the ever-living noble Lord, + Almighty King; he bade his angel go, + His glorious retainer, go and give + Meat to the desolate to comfort him + Upon the seething flood, that he might bear + The life upon the rushing of the waves + With greater ease. Then was the ocean[1] stirred + And deeply troubled, then the horn-fish played, 370 + Shot through the raging deep; the sea-gull gray, + Greedy for slaughter, flew in circling flight. + The candle of the sky grew straightway dark, + The winds waxed strong, the waves whirled, and the surge + Leapt high, the ropes creaked, dripping with the waves; + The Terror of the waters rose, and stood + Above them with the might of multitudes. + The thanes were sore afraid, not one of them + Dared hope that he would ever reach the land, + Of those who by the sea had sought a ship + With Andrew, for as yet they did not know 380 + Who pointed out the course for that sea-bark. + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "whale-sea."] + + When he had eaten, then the faithful thane, + Saint Andrew, thanked the noble Counselor, + Upon the ocean, on the oar-swept sea:-- + "For this repast may God, the righteous Lord, + Ruler of hosts, who sheds the light of life, + Grant thee reward, and give thee for thy food + The bread of heaven, e'en as thou hast shown + Good will and kindness to me on the deep. 390 + My thanes, these warriors young, are sore afraid; + Loud roars the raging, overwhelming sea; + The ocean is all troubled, deeply moved; + And weary is my band, my company + Of valiant-hearted men, afflicted sore." + The Lord of men gave answer from the helm:-- + "Our ship shall bear us back across the flood + Unto the land, and there thy men can wait + Upon the shore until thou come again." 400 + Straightway those men gave answer unto him, + Thanes much-enduring; they would not consent + To leave alone upon the vessel's prow + Their master dear, and choose themselves the land. + "O whither shall we turn us, lordless men, + Mourning in heart, forsaken quite by God, + Wounded with sin, if we abandon thee? + We shall be odious in every land, + Hated of every folk, when sons of men, + Courageous warriors, in council sit 410 + And question which of them did best stand by + His lord in battle, when the hand and shield, + Worn out by broadswords on the battle-plain, + Suffered sore danger in the sport of war." + + Then spake the noble Lord, the faithful King; + Straightway He lifted up His voice and said:-- + "If, as thou sayst, thou art indeed a thane + Of Him who sits enthroned in majesty, + All-glorious King, expound His mysteries, + How 'neath the sky He taught speech-uttering men. 420 + Long is this journey o'er the fallow flood; + Comfort the hearts of thy disciples; great + Is yet our way across the ocean-stream, + And land is far to seek; the sea is stirred, + The waves beat on the shore. Yet easily + Can God give aid to men who sail the deep." + + Then Andrew wisely stablished by his words + His followers, those heroes glorious:-- + "Ye did consider when ye put to sea + That ye would bear your life unto a folk 430 + Of foemen; ye would suffer death for love + Of God, would give your life within the realm + Of dark-skinned Ethiopians. I know + Myself that there is One who shieldeth us, + The Maker of the angels, Lord of hosts. + Rebuked and bridled by the King of might, + The Terror of the waters shall grow calm, + The leaping sea. So once in days of yore + Within a bark upon the struggling waves + We tried the waters, riding on the surge, + And very fearful seemed the sad sea-roads. 440 + The ocean-floods beat fierce against the shores; + Oft wave would answer wave; and whiles upstood + From out the ocean's bosom, o'er our ship, + A Terror on the breast of our sea-boat. + There on that ocean-courser bode His time + The glorious God, Creator of mankind, + Almighty One. The men were filled with fear, + They sought protection, mercy from the Lord. + And when that company began to call, + The King straightway arose, and stilled the waves, 450 + The seething of the waters--He who gives + Bliss to the angels; He rebuked the winds; + The sea subsided, and the boundaries + Of ocean-stream grew calm. Then laughed our soul, + When under heaven's course our eyes beheld + The winds and waves and Terror of the deep + Affrighted by the Terror of the Lord. + Therefore I say to you in very sooth, + The ever-living God does not forsake + A man on earth, if courage fail him not." 460 + + Thus spake the holy champion, wise of heart, + He taught his thanes, that blessed warrior; + He stablishèd his men, till suddenly + Sleep came upon them weary by the mast. + The sea grew still, the onset of the waves + Turned back again, rough tumult of the flood. + Then was the soul of that brave saint rejoiced, + After that time of terror; wise in wit, + In counsel prudent, he began to speak + And thus unlocked the treasure of his words:-- 470 + "I never found a better mariner, + More skilled than thou in sea-craft, as I think, + A stouter oarsman, one more wise in words, + Sager in counsel. I will beg of thee + Yet one more boon, hero most excellent; + Though little treasure I can give to thee, + Jewels or beaten gold, I fain would win + Thy friendship, if I might, most glorious lord. + So shalt thou gain good gifts, and blessed joy 480 + In heavenly glory, if of thy great lore + Thou'rt bountiful to weary voyagers. + One art I fain would learn of thee, brave sir; + That since the Lord, the Maker of mankind, + Hath given might and honor unto thee, + Thou shouldst instruct me how thou pointest out + The course of this thy billow-riding ship, + Thy sea-horse wet with spray. Though sixteen times, + In former days and late, I've been to sea, 490 + And rowed with freezing hands upon the deep, + The ocean-streams--this makes one voyage more-- + Yet even so mine eyes have ne'er beheld + A mighty captain steering at the stern + Like unto thee. Loud roars the surging flood, + Beats on the shore; this sea-boat is full fleet; + It fareth foamy-necked most like a bird, + And glides upon the deep. I surely know, + I never saw upon the ocean-road + Such wondrous skill in any seafarer. 500 + It is as though the ship were on the land, + Where neither storm nor wind can make it move, + Nor water-floods can break it, lofty-prowed; + Yet on the sea it hasteth under sail. + And thou art young, defense of warriors, + Not old in winters, rider of the surge; + Yet in thy heart thou hast the noble speech + Of princes, and dost wisely understand + All words employed by men upon the earth." + + Him answered then the everlasting Lord:-- 510 + "Full oft it happens when we sail the sea + That with our ships, our ocean-coursing steeds, + We break our way across the watery roads[1]-- + We and our seamen--when the tempest comes, + And many times we suffer sore distress + Upon the waves, though sailing bravely on + We end our journey; for the seething flood + Can hinder no man 'gainst the Maker's will. + The power of life He holds--He who doth bind + The billows, and doth threaten and rebuke + The dusky waves. With justice He shall rule 520 + The nations--He who raised the firmament, + And made it fast with His own hands; who wrought + And did uphold; and with His glory filled + Bright Paradise--so was the angels' home + Made blessèd by His sole eternal might. + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "bath-road."] + + The truth is manifest and clear to all, + That thou art thane most excellent of Him, + The King who sits enthroned in majesty; + Because the swelling ocean knew thee straight, + The circuit of the raging ocean knew 530 + That thou didst have the Holy Spirit's gifts. + The sea, the mingling waves, turned back again; + Still grew the Terror, the wide-bosomed flood; + The waves subsided straightway when they saw + That God had girt thee with His covenant, + He who did stablish by His own strong might + The blessedness of glory without end." + + Then spake with holy voice the champion + Valiant of heart; he magnified the King + Who rules in glory, speaking thus in words:-- 540 + "Blest art Thou, King of men, Redeeming Lord; + Thy power endureth ever; near and far + Thy name is holy, bright with majesty, + Renowned in mercy 'mong the tribes of men. + There lives no man beneath the vault of heaven, + Ruler of nations, Savior of men's souls, + No one of mortal race, who can declare + How gloriously Thou dealest Thy good gifts, + Or tell their number. It is manifest + That Thou has been most gracious to this youth. 550 + And hast adorned him with Thy holy grace, + Young as he is; for he is wise in wit + And in discourse of words. I never found + A mind more prudent in a man so young." + + The Glory of kings, the Source and End of all, + Gave answer from the ship and boldly asked:-- + "Tell, if thou canst, O prudent-minded thane, + How on the earth it ever came to pass + That faithless men, the nation of the Jews, + Raised blasphemy against the Son of God 560 + With hearts of wickedness. Unhappy men, + Cruel, malicious, they did not believe + In Him who gave them life, that He was God, + Though many miracles among the tribes + He showed full clear and manifest; but they, + Guilt-laden men, knew not the Royal Child, + Him that was born a comfort and defense + Unto mankind, to all who dwell on earth. + In wisdom and in power of speech increased + The noble Prince; and aye the Lord of might 570 + Showed forth his wonders to that stubborn folk." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "How could it happen 'mong the tribes of men + That thou, my friend, hast never heard men tell + The Savior's power, how He made known His grace + Throughout the world--Son of the Mighty One. + Speech gave He to the dumb; the deaf did hear; + The halt and lepers He made glad in heart, + Those who long time had suffered, sick of limb, + Weary and weak, fast bound in misery. 580 + Throughout the towns the blind received their sight, + Full many men upon the plains of earth + He woke from death by His almighty word; + And many another miracle He showed, + Royally famous, by His mighty strength. + Water He blessed before the multitude, + And bade it turn to wine, a better kind, + For happiness of men. Likewise He fed + Five thousand of mankind with fishes twain 590 + And with five loaves; the companies sat down + With hearts fatigued, rejoicing in their rest, + All weary after wandering; on the ground + Where pleased them best the men received their food. + Lo, thou mayst hear, good sir, how, while He lived, + The Lord of glory by His words and deeds + Showed love to us-ward, led us by His lore + To that fair home of joy where men may dwell + Freely with angels in high blessedness-- + Even they who after death go to the Lord." 600 + + Again the Ruler of the waves unlocked + The treasure of His words, and boldly spake:-- + "That I may truly know, I pray thee tell + Whether thy Lord showed forth His miracles-- + Which on the earth for comfort of mankind + Full many times He worked--before men's sight, + Where bishops, scribes, and princes held discourse + Sitting in council. For it seems to me + That out of envy they contrived this guile, 610 + Led by deep error and the Devil's lore; + Those men foredoomed to death too readily + Gave ear to wicked traitors; their ill fate + Deceived, misled them, gave them counsel false; + Weary 'mong weary men they soon must bear + Torments and biting flames in Satan's arms." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "I tell thee truly that He ofttimes worked + Wonder on wonder in the sight of men, 620 + Before their rulers; and in secret too + The Lord of men did deeds of public good, + Which he devised for their eternal peace." + + Him answered then the sure Defense of kings:-- + "Couldst thou, wise hero, warrior strong of heart, + Tell me in words the wonders that He showed + In secret, when, as oft, ye sat alone + In converse with the Lord who rules the skies?" + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "Why dost thou question me with crafty speech, + My dearest lord, thou who dost truly know 630 + By virtue of thy wisdom every hap." + + The Ruler of the waves replied to him:-- + "'Tis not in blame that I thus question thee, + Nor to insult thee on the ocean-road.[1] + My mind is blithe and blossoming with joy + At thy most noble speech; not I am blithe + Alone, for every man is glad in heart + And comforted in soul who far or near + Remembers in his heart what that One did, + God's Son on earth. Souls unto Him were turned; 640 + With eagerness they sought the joys of heaven, + The angels' home, by aid of His great might." + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "whale-road."] + + Straightway did Andrew answer Him again:-- + "In thee I see an understanding heart + Of wondrous power, the gift of victory; + With wisdom blooms thy breast, with brightest joy. + Lo, I will tell to thee from first to last + The words and wisdom of the noble Lord, 650 + As I have heard it oft from His own mouth + When He conversed with men upon the earth. + Oft did great multitudes, unnumbered throngs, + Assemble to the council of the Lord, + And hear the teachings of the Holy One. + The Shield of kings, bright Giver of all bliss, + Went to another house, where many men, + Wise elders, came to meet Him, praising God; + And ever men were joyful, glad of heart, + At the Lord's coming. + + Likewise it befell 660 + That once of yore the Lord of victory, + The mighty King, went on a pilgrimage; + Eleven glorious champions alone + Of His own people on that journey went; + He was Himself the twelfth. When we were come + Unto the kingly city where was built + The temple of the Lord with pinnacles + High towering, famous 'mong the tribes of men, + Beauteous in splendor--with reviling words + The high priest straight began to mock at Him 670 + Insultingly, from out his wicked heart; + He oped his inmost thoughts and mischief wove; + For in his heart he knew we followed aye + The footsteps of our ever-righteous Lord, + His teachings we performed; straightway he raised + His baneful voice infect with wickedness:-- + 'Lo, ye are wretched more than all mankind; + Ye go upon wide wanderings, and ye fare + On many toilsome journeys; ye give ear + Unto a stranger's teachings 'gainst our law; + A prince without a portion ye proclaim; 680 + Ye say, in sooth, that with the Son of God + Ye daily converse hold! The rulers know + From what beginning his high race is sprung. + In this land he was nourished, and was born + A child among his kindred; at their home + Thus are his father and his mother called-- + As we have learned by prudent questioning-- + Mary and Joseph; other children twain + Were born his brothers in that family, 690 + Simon and Jacob--Joseph's sons they are.' + So spake the counsellors of men, the lords + Ambitious, and they thought to hide the might + Of God; their sin returned to them again + From whom it rose, an everlasting bane. + + Then did the Prince, the Lord of hosts, depart + With all His thanes from out the council-hall, + Strong in His might, to seek an unknown land. + By wonders manifold and mighty deeds + In deserts wild He showed that He was King 700 + By right throughout the world, made strong with power, + Ruler and Author of bright majesty, + Eternal God of all created things. + Likewise He showed before the sight of men + Unnumbered other works miraculous. + + Upon another journey then He went + With a vast throng, and in the temple stood, + The glorious Prince. The sound of words arose + Within the lofty building; sinful men + Would not receive the holy Savior's words, + Though He had shown so many tokens true 710 + While they looked on. Upon the temple wall + On either side the Lord victorious saw + An image of His angels wondrous carved, + Brightly adorned and beautifully wrought; + Then to the multitude he spake in words:-- + 'This is the likeness of the angel-race + Most widely known to dwellers in this town. + In Paradise their names are Cherubim 720 + And Seraphim; before the face of God + They stand, strong-souled, and with their voices praise + In holy song the might of Heaven's King, + And God's protecting hand. Here is carved out + The holy angels' form; the thanes of glory + Are chiseled on the wall by handicraft.' + + The Lord of hosts, the Holy Spirit of heaven, + Spake yet again unto the multitude:-- + 'Now I command a sign to be disclosed, + A miracle before the throng of men, 730 + That from the wall this image shall descend + All beautiful to earth, and speak a word, + Shall tell them truly of My parentage, + That men throughout the land may then believe!' + + The ancient image durst not disobey + The Savior's words, but leapt from off the wall, + Stone cleft from stone; upon the earth it stood, + A wonder in the sight of all the throng; + Then came a voice loud sounding from the stone, 740 + Rebuking them in words; and wondrous seemed + The statue's speech to those proud-hearted men. + With tokens manifest it taught the priests, + Warned them with wisdom; thus it spake in words:-- + 'Accursed are ye and wretched in your thoughts, + Deceived with tricks, or else with clouded mind + No better do ye know. Ye call God's Son + Eternal but a man--Him who marked out + With His own hands the sea and solid ground, + Both heaven and earth, the stormy ocean-waves, + The salt sea-streams, and the high firmament. 750 + He is that self-same God all-powerful + Whom in the early days your fathers knew; + To Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob + He gave His grace, and honored them with wealth; + To Abraham He first declared in words + The covenant of his race, that of his seed + The God of glory should be born; this fate + Is now fulfilled among you, manifest; + And lo! your eyes can now behold the God + Of victory, who rules the heavens on high.' 760 + + After these words the crowd stood listening; + All silent were they through the spacious hall. + The elders then began again to say, + Those sinful men--the truth they did not know!-- + That it was magic art and sorcery + That made the shining stone to talk to men. + Evil was blossoming in their hearts, and hate + Welled hot as fire within their wicked breasts, + A serpent, foe to joy, a poison dire; 770 + And by their words of mocking were revealed + Their doubting hearts and thoughts of wickedness, + With murder girt about. Then did the Lord + Command the stone, that mighty work, to go + Along the way, from out the open place, + To tread the paths of earth, the meadows green, + To bear God's message into Canaan land, + And in God's name command that Abraham + And his descendants twain should rise again + From out their sepulchre, and leave their place 780 + Of rest beneath the earth, take up their limbs, + Receive a soul again and youth's estate; + That those wise patriarchs should come once more + Among mankind, to tell the folk what God + It was that they had known by His own might. + + It went and journeyed on the border-paths + As mighty God, Creator of mankind, + Commanded it, until it came to Mamre + All dazzling bright, as God had bidden it. + There had the bodies of those patriarchs 790 + Long time lain hid. It bade them straight arise + From out the earth, those princes, Abraham, + Isaac, and Jacob, leaving their deep sleep + To meet their God; it bade them to prepare + To come before the presence of the Lord; + For they must tell the folk Who at the first + Brought forth this earth all-green, and heaven above, + And where that Ruler was who stablished firm + All that great work. They durst not long delay + Fulfilment of the glorious King's command. 800 + So went those prophets three, those valiant men, + And trod the earth; they let their sepulchres + Stand open, for they would straightway proclaim + The Father of creation. Then the folk + With fear was stricken, when those Princes old + Honored the King of glory with their words. + The Lord of might bade them forthwith return + To blessedness, to seek a second time + The happiness of heaven in holy peace, + And there to live in bliss for evermore. 810 + + Lo, thou mayst hear, dear youth, how He performed + By His commands full many miracles; + Yet even so those people blind of heart + Did not believe His teachings. I could tell + Many more deeds which He, the Prince of heaven, + Wrought on the earth--a great and famous tale: + Such deeds as thou couldst never understand, + Nor comprehend in heart, though thou art wise." + Thus Andrew all day long showed forth the lore + Of holy Jesus in his words, until + A sleep came sudden o'er him as he sailed 820 + Upon the whale's road nigh to Heaven's King. + + The Lord of life then bade His angels bear + That saint beloved over the beating waves, + And gently carry him upon their breasts + Under the Father's care across the floods, + While sleep was on him weary of the sea. + So journeying through the air he reached the land + And came unto the city, which the King + Of angels bade him seek; the messengers + Departed joyful to their home on high. 830 + They left the holy man, that gracious saint, + Beside the highway, 'neath the vault of heaven, + Peacefully sleeping near the city wall + And near his foes malignant all night long, + 'Till God sent forth the candle of the day + Brightly to shine. Vanished the shadows dark + Beneath the welkin; then the torch of heaven, + The clear light of the sky, came forth and shone + Above the town. The warrior brave awoke + And gazed upon the fields; before the gates 840 + Steep hills high towered; about the hoary cliff + Stood buildings wrought of many-colored tiles, + Great towers, and wind-swept walls. The sage straight knew + That he had reached the Mermedonian land, + E'en as the Father of mankind declared, + When He prescribed that journey. On the ground + He saw his own disciples, valiant men, + Beside him deep in sleep. He straight began + To wake the warriors; thus he spake in words:-- 850 + "Lo, I can tell you one truth manifest, + That yesterday upon the ocean-stream + A noble Hero bore us o'er the sea. + The Glory of kings, the Ruler of mankind, + Was sailing in that ship; I knew His words, + Though He did hide the beauty of His face." + + His noble followers answered him again, + Giving reply from out their inmost souls:-- + "Our journey, Andrew, will we tell to thee, + That wisely thou mayst understand in heart:-- 860 + A sleep came o'er us weary of the sea, + And eagles came across the struggling waves + In flight, exulting in their mighty wings, + And while we slept they took our souls away; + With joy they bore us flying through the air, + Gracious and bright, rejoicing in their speed; + And gently they caressed us, while they hymned + Continual praise; there was unceasing song + Throughout the sky; a beauteous host was there, 870 + A glorious multitude. The angels stood + About the Prince, the thanes about their Lord, + In thousands; in the highest they gave praise + With holy voice unto the Lord of lords; + The angel-band rejoiced. We there beheld + The holy patriarchs and a mighty troop + Of martyrs; to the Lord victorious + That righteous throng sang never-ending praise; + And David too was with them, Jesse's son, + The King of Israel, blessed warrior, 880 + Come to Christ's throne. Likewise we saw you twelve + All standing there before the Son of God, + Full glorious men of great nobility; + Archangels holy throned in majesty + Did serve you; happy is it for the man + Who may enjoy that bliss. High joy was there, + Glory of warriors, an exalted life; + Nor was there sorrow there for any man. + Drear exile, open torment is the lot + Of him who must be stranger to those joys, 890 + And wander wretched when he goes from hence." + + Exceeding glad was holy Andrew's heart + Within his breast, soon as he heard the speech + Of his disciples, that above all men + God should so high esteem them, and this word + Spake then the brave defense of warriors:-- + "Lo, now I clearly see, Lord God, that Thou, + Glory of kings, wast very nigh to me + On the ocean-road, when on that ship I went; + Though on the beating sea I did not know 900 + The Lord of angels, Savior of men's souls! + Be gracious unto me, Almighty God, + Bright King of mercy! on the ocean-stream + Full many words I spake; but now I know + Who bore me o'er the sea-floods on His ship + With honor high; He is for all mankind + A Spirit of comfort; there is ready help, + And mercy from the Highest unto all + Who seek of Him--the gift of victory." + + Straightway before his eyes the Lord appeared, 910 + The Prince of glory, King of all that lives, + Like to a youth in form, and thus he spake:-- + "Hail to thee, Andrew, and thy faithful band; + Rejoice in heart, for I am thy defense, + That wicked foes may never harm thy soul, + Fierce-hearted workers of iniquity." + + Then fell to earth that hero wise in words, + Begging protection, and he asked his Lord:-- + "How did it happen, Ruler of mankind, 920 + That, sinning 'gainst the Savior of men's souls, + I knew Thee not upon the ocean-way + Good as Thou art? there spake I many words, + More than I should in presence of my God." + + Him answered straightway God all-powerful:-- + "Thou didst not sin so grievously as when + Thou madest protest in Achaian land + That on far journeyings thou couldst not go, + Nor come unto the town, accomplishing + Thy way within three days, the time ordained, 930 + As o'er the struggling waves I bade thee fare. + Thou knowest better now that easily + I can advance and further any man + Who is My friend whithersoe'er I will. + Quickly arise, and straightway learn My will, + Man highly blessed; so shall the Father bright + Adorn thee with His wondrous gifts, with strength + And wisdom unto all eternity! + Go thou into the town, within the walls, + Where bides thy brother; for I know full well 940 + Matthew thy kinsman is afflicted sore + With deadly wounds at wicked traitors' hands, + Beset with cunning snares. Him shalt thou seek + And loose from hate of foes, with all that band + Who dwell with him in strangers' cruel chains + Balefully bound. Forthwith he shall receive + In this world recompense, and high reward + In heaven, as I have promised unto him. + Now, Andrew, thou shalt straightway risk thy life 950 + Into the foeman's grasp; for thee is war + Ordained with grievous sword-blows; with sore wounds + Thy body shall be rent; thy blood shall flow + In floods like water. But those foes may not + Give o'er thy life to death, though heavy strokes, + The blows of sinful men, thou undergo. + Endure that grief; let not the heathens' might + Turn thee aside, nor bitter strife of spears, + That thou depart from God who is thy Lord. + Be eager aye for glory, bear in mind 960 + How it was widely known to many men, + Through many lands, that sinners mocked at Me + Bound fast in chains, reviled Me with their words, + Struck Me and scourged Me; with their taunting speech + Those sinful men could not declare the truth. + When 'mong the Jews I hung upon the cross, + When high the rood was raised, a certain man + Let forth the blood from out My wounded side + Upon the ground. Full many grievous woes + I suffered on the earth; I wished to give 970 + A high example to you by My grace, + Which shall be known 'mong men of foreign land. + Many there are within this famous town + Whom thou shalt turn unto the light of heaven + In My name, though they have in days gone by + Accomplished many deeds of violence." + The Holy One departed, King of kings, + In blessedness to seek the heavens above, + That purest home; there is for every man + Glory enow, for those who can attain. 980 + + That much-enduring man, brave for the fight, + Obeyed God's word; he went into the town + Forthwith, that steadfast warrior, with might + Endowed, courageous-hearted, true to God; + He walked along the street, the path his guide, + In such wise that no one could him behold, + No sinful man could see, for on the mead + The Lord victorious had covered him, + That chief beloved, with His protecting care + And His high favor. So the noble saint 990 + Nigh to the prison pressed his way in haste, + The champion of Christ. He saw a band + Of heathens gathered, seven warders there + Before the gate; death snatched them all away; + They perished powerless; the fierce rush of death + Clutched them all bloody. Then the holy saint + Prayed to the gracious Father in his heart; + He praised on high the goodness and the power + Of Heaven's King. The door forthwith gave way + At holy Andrew's touch; then entered in 1000 + The hero brave with thoughts of courage bold. + The heathens there were sleeping drunk with blood; + With their own blood they stained the field of death. + + Matthew he saw within that murderous den, + The warrior stout, within the prison mirk, + Singing the praise of God, and worshiping + The angels' King. Alone he sat in grief + In that drear dwelling. On this earth once more + His brother dear he saw--a holy saint + Beheld a holy saint--and hope grew strong. 1010 + Up rose he quick to meet him, thanking God + That 'neath the sun they had at last beheld + Each other hale and sound. New joy and love + Dwelt with those brethren twain; each in his arms + Enclosed the other; they embraced and kissed. + Unto the heart of Christ both saints were dear. + A holy radiance bright as heaven above + Shone round about them, and their hearts welled up + With joy. Then first did Andrew greet in words 1020 + His noble comrade, that God-fearing man: + He told him of the battle that must come, + The fight of hostile men:-- + + * * * * * + + After these words those brothers knelt and prayed, + Those thanes of glory, and they sent their prayer + Up to the Son of God; and Matthew too + Within the prison called upon his God, 1030 + Sought from the Savior succor and relief + Before he should be slain by battle-might + Of heathen men. Then from the prison strong, + Freed from their bonds, protected by the Lord, + He led two hundred men and forty-eight + Rescued from woe; not one he left behind + Within the prison-walls fast bound in chains; + And women too, besides this multitude, + Fifty less one he saved, o'erwhelmed with fear. 1040 + Glad were they to depart, in haste they went, + Nor waited longer in that house of woe + The outcome of the struggle. Matthew went + Leading that multitude, as Andrew bade, + Under God's keeping; on that longed-for way + He covered them with clouds, lest enemies, + Their ancient foes, should come to work them harm + With arrows' flight; there did those valiant saints + Take counsel with each other, faithful friends, + Before they parted; each of those brave men 1050 + Stablished the other with the hope of heaven; + The pains of hell they warded off by words. + So did the warriors with them, battle-brave, + Tried champions, with their holy voices praise + The Lord of fate, whose glory ne'er shall end. + + Glad-hearted, Andrew walked about the town + Unto the place where he had heard was met + A concourse of his cruel enemies, 1060 + Until he found beside the border-path + A brazen pillar standing near the road. + He sat him by its side; pure love had he + And contemplation high, the angels' bliss; + There waited he, within the city-walls, + What deed of war should be vouchsafed to him. + + Then gathered straight the leaders of the folk + Their mighty troops; unto the prison strong + The faithless host of heathen warriors + Came fully armed, where late their captive thralls 1070 + Had suffered woe within the prison mirk. + They weened and wished, those stubborn-hearted foes, + That they might make those foreign men their meat, + Food for the multitude; their hope was vain, + For, coming with their troops, those spearmen fierce + Found prison-doors wide open, and the work + Of hammers all unloosed, the watchmen dead. + So back they turned, those luckless warriors, + Robbed of their joy, to bear the tidings sad; + They told the folk that of the stranger men, 1080 + The men of foreign speech, not one they found + Remaining in that prison-house alive; + But there upon the ground all stained with gore, + Lifeless the watchmen lay, robbed of their souls, + Mere slaughtered bodies. At that sudden news + Dismayed was many a captain of the host, + Sad and cast down at thoughts of famine stern, + That pale guest at the board. No better way + They knew than on the dead to make their feast + For their own sustenance; in a single hour 1090 + The bed of death was spread by cruel fate + For all those watchmen. + + Then, as I have heard, + A gathering of the townsmen was proclaimed; + The heroes came, a host of warriors + Riding on horses, brave men on their steeds + Exchanging speech; skilled were they at the spear. + So in the meeting-place the people all + Were gathered, and they bade the lot decide + Among them, who should first give up his life 1100 + For food unto the rest; they cast the lots + With hellish craft; before their heathen gods + They counted them. Behold, the lot did fall + Upon an aged chieftain, one who was + A counselor among the noble lords, + In front rank of the host. Soon was he bound + In fetters fast, despairing of his life. + + Then cried that chieftain fierce with voice of woe, + Proclaiming he would give his own young son + Into their power as ransom for his life. 1110 + With thankful hearts they took his offering, + For greedily they lusted after food, + Sad-minded men; no joy had they in wealth, + Nor hope in hoarded riches; they were sore + Oppressed with hunger, for the famine dire + Held cruel sway. Then many a warrior + And hero battle-bold was fired in heart + To struggle for the life of that young man; + The sign of woe was published far and wide + Throughout the town to many a hero brave, 1120 + That they should seek in troops the young man's death, + That, young and old, they should receive their share + As food to keep their lives. The heathen priests + Straightway collected there a multitude + Of dwellers in that town; loud shouts arose. + + Bound there before the throng the youth began + To sing with mournful voice a song of woe; + The wretched thrall begged succor of his friends; + But no relief nor mercy could he find + From that fierce folk to give him back his life. 1130 + Those monstrous fiends had sought hostility; + It was their purpose that the sword's sharp edge + Made hard by blows, and stained with marks of fire, + In foeman's hand should take his life away. + But Andrew thought it grievous, hard to bear, + A public wrong, that one so innocent + Should forthwith lose his life. That people's hate + Was very fierce; the warriors, valiant thanes 1140 + Lusting for murder, rushed upon the youth; + They wished straightway to break his head with spears. + But God, the Holy One, from heaven above + Defended him against the heathen throng; + He bade their weapons melt away like wax + In the fierce onset, that his bitter foes + Should scathe him not with might of hostile swords. + So from his woe and from that people's hate + The youth was loosed. To God, the Lord of lords, 1150 + Be thanks for all, because He giveth might + To every man who wisely seeketh aid + From Him on high! There is eternal peace + Ever prepared for those who can attain. + + Then in that town was lamentation heard, + Loud outcry of the throng; heralds proclaimed + And mourned the lack of food; there stood they sad, + Held fast by hunger; the high-towering halls-- + Their wine-halls--all were empty; they possessed + No wealth to enjoy at that unhappy hour. 1160 + The wise men sat apart in council sad, + Talked of their woe; no joy was in their land. + Thus would one hero oft another ask:-- + "Let him who has good counsel in his heart, + And wisdom, hide it not! The hour is come + Exceeding woful; great is now the need + That we should hear the words of prudent men." + + Then to that band the Devil straight appeared + All black and ugly, and he had the form + Of one accursed. The Prince of death began, 1170 + The limping imp of hell, with wicked heart + To accuse the holy man; this word he spake:-- + "A certain prince is come into your town, + A stranger journeying from a distant land; + Andrew I heard him called. He worked you scath + But lately, when he led a company + Great beyond measure from your prison strong; + And now these deeds of harm ye may with ease + Wreak on their author; let your weapons' point, 1180 + Your hard-edged iron, hew his body down, + Doomed to destruction. Go now boldly forth, + That ye may overcome your foe in war." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "Why dost thou impudently teach this folk, + And urge them unto battle? Hast thou felt + The fiery torment hot in hell, and yet + Leadest an army forth, a troop to war? + Thou art a foe to God, the Lord of hosts; + Why dost thou thus heap up thy wretchedness? + Shaft of the devil, whom Almighty God 1190 + Bent humble down and into darkness hurled, + Where the King of kings did cover thee with chains; + And they who keep the covenant of God + Have called thee Satan ever since that hour." + + Again the Adversary by his words, + With fiendish craft urged on the folk to fight:-- + "Now do you hear the foeman of your tribe, + Him who has wrought most harm unto this host! + Andrew it is, who thus disputes with me + In cunning words before the throng of men." 1200 + Then to the townsmen was the signal given; + + Up leaped they valiant with the shout of hosts, + And to the city-gates the warriors thronged + Bold 'neath their banners; with their spears and shields, + In mighty troops they pressed unto the fight. + + Then spake the Lord of hosts, Almighty God, + And said these words unto His valiant thane:-- + "O Andrew, thou shalt do a deed of might; + Shrink not before this host, but thy brave heart + Strengthen against the strong! The hour is nigh 1210 + When these blood-thirsty men shall weigh thee down + With torments and cold chains. Reveal thyself, + Make firm thy soul, and strengthen thy brave heart, + That they may recognize My power in thee! + They cannot and they may not, crime-stained men, + Deal death unto thy body 'gainst My will, + Though thou shalt suffer many evil blows + From murderers. Lo, I abide with thee!" + + After these words there came a countless throng, + False leaders with their troops of shield-clad men, 1220 + Angry at heart. Straight rushed they out and bound + Saint Andrew's hands, soon as the joy of lords + Revealed himself, and they could see him there + Boldly triumphant. Many a warrior + Lusted for battle on that field of death, + Among the host of men. Little they cared + What recompense hereafter they should find. + They gave command to lead their hated foe + Over the country, and from time to time 1230 + To drag him fiercely as they could contrive. + Savage, they haled him, cruel-hearted foes, + Through mountain-caves, about the stony cliffs, + Far as their stone-paved streets and highways stretched-- + The ancient work of giants--through the town. + A tumult and a mighty outcry rose + Within the city from the heathen host. + With grievous wounds was Andrew's body pained, + Broken and wet with blood, which welled in streams 1240 + All hot with gore; yet had he in his breast + Courage undoubting; and his noble mind + Was free from sin, though he was doomed to bear + Such bitter suffering from his heavy wounds. + + Thus all day long till radiant evening came + Was Andrew scourged; and yet a second day + Pain pierced his breast, until the gleaming sun + With heavenly radiance to his setting went. + Then to the prison did those people lead + Their hated foe; yet to the heart of Christ 1250 + Was he full dear; within his holy breast + His soul shone bright--a mind invincible. + So all night long the hero brave of heart, + That holy saint, dwelt 'neath the gloomy shades, + Beset with cunning snares. Snow bound the earth + In wintry storms; the air grew bitter cold + With heavy showers of hail; the rime and frost, + Those warriors hoary, locked the homes of men, + The people's dwellings; frozen were the lands + With icicles; the water's might shrank up 1260 + Within the rivers, and the ice bridged o'er + The gleaming water-roads. The noble saint + Abode blithe-hearted, planning valiant deeds, + Bold and courageous in his misery, + Throughout the wintry night; nor did he e'er, + Dismayed by terror, cease to praise the Lord, + And ever worship Him, as at the first, + With righteous heart, until the radiant gem + Of glory rose. + + Then came a mighty troop, + A throng of warriors thirsting after blood, 1270 + With clamor loud unto the prison mirk. + They gave command to lead the noble saint, + That steadfast man, into his foemen's grasp; + And once again he suffered all day long, + Beaten with grievous blows; his blood welled out + In streams o'er all his body.... + ...Worn with wounds + He scarce felt any pain. Then from his breast + The sound of weeping issued faintly forth, + A stream welled up, and thus he spake in words:-- 1280 + "O God, my Lord, behold now mine estate, + Ruler of hosts, Thou who dost understand + And know the misery of every man; + I trust in Thee, Thou Author of my life, + That, in Thy mercy and Thy glorious power, + O Savior of mankind, Thou never wilt + Forsake me, everlasting God of might; + So while my life shall last I ne'er will leave, + O God, Thy gracious teachings! Lo, Thou art 1290 + A shield against the weapons of the foe + For all Thy saints, eternal Source of joy. + Let not man's foe, the first-born child of sin, + Revile me now, nor by his fiendish craft + Cover with woe the men who spread Thy praise." + + Then in their midst the ugly fiend appeared, + That wicked traitor damned to torments sharp; + Before the host he taught the warriors, + The Devil of hell, and this word did he speak:-- + "Come, smite the wicked wretch upon his mouth, 1300 + The foeman of this folk; too much he talks!" + + Then was the strife stirred up once more anew, + And violence arose, until the sun + Went to his setting 'neath the gloomy earth; + Night shrouded all, and spread o'er mountains steep, + A dusky brown. Then to the prison mirk + Once more the brave and righteous saint was led, + And all night long that true man had to dwell + Within his wretched den, the house unclean. 1310 + + Then came unto the hall with other six + That demon vile, mindful of evil deeds, + The lord of murder, shrouded in deep gloom, + The Devil fierce, bereft of majesty, + And to the saint he spake reviling words:-- + "Andrew, why didst thou plan thy coming here, + Into the power of foes? Where is that fame + Which in thy arrogance thou didst set up, + When thou wouldst overthrow our gods' renown? + Thou hast claimed all things for thyself alone, 1320 + The land and people, as thy master did; + He set up royal power upon the earth, + As long as it might stand--Christ was his name. + Herod, the king, deprived him of his life, + He overcame the King of the Jews in war, + Robbed him of power, and nailed him on the rood, + That on the cross he might give up his life. + So now I bid my sons, my mighty thanes, + To vanquish thee, his follower, in the fight. + Let javelin-point and arrow poison-dipped 1330 + Pierce his doomed breast! Advance, ye bold of heart, + That ye may humble low this warrior's pride!" + + Fierce-souled were they, and quickly rushed they on + With greedy hands; but God defended him, + Guiding him steadfast by His own strong might. + Soon as they recognized upon his face + The glorious token of Christ's holy cross, + They all were terrified in the attack, + Sorely afraid, thrown headlong into flight. 1340 + + The ancient fiend, the prisoner of hell, + Began once more to sing his mournful song:-- + "What happened, O my warriors so bold, + My shield-companions, that ye fared so ill?" + + An ill-starred wretch, a fiend of wicked heart, + Gave answer then, and to his father said:-- + "We shall not quickly work him any harm, + Nor slay him by our wiles; go thou to him; + There wilt thou surely find a bitter fight, + A savage battle, if again thou dar'st 1350 + To risk thy life against that lonely man. + Much better counsel in the play of swords + We easily can give thee, lord beloved: + Before thou shalt resort to open war + And battle-rush, see to it how thou fare + In that exchange of blows; but let us go + Again, that we may mock him fast in bonds, + And taunt him with his misery; have words + Ready devised against that wicked wretch." + + Then with a mighty voice cried out that fiend 1360 + Weighed down with torments, and this word he spake:-- + "Long time, O Andrew, hast thou been well versed + In arts of sorcery; thou hast deceived + And led astray much people; but thou shalt + No longer now have power upon such works, + For grievous torments are decreed for thee + According to thy deeds. With weary heart, + Joyless, degraded, thou shalt suffer woes, + The bitter pangs of death. My warriors + Are ready for the battle; they will soon + Deprive thee of thy life by valiant deeds. 1370 + What man on earth so mighty that he may + Release thee from thy bonds, if I oppose?" + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "Almighty God with ease can rescue me + From all my grief--He who in days of yore + Fettered thee fast with fiery chains in woe. + There, shorn of glory, bound with torments fierce, + In exile hast thou dwelt e'er since the day 1380 + When thou didst set at naught the word of God, + Of Heaven's King; then did thy woe begin, + And to thy exile there shall be no end; + But thou shalt still heap up thy wretchedness + To everlasting life, and evermore + Thy lot shall grow yet harsher day by day." + Then fled that fiend who in the years long past + Began a deadly feud against his God. + + Then at the dawning, when the day first broke, + A troop of heathens came to find the saint, + A mighty throng, and gave command to lead 1390 + That valiant-hearted thane a third time forth. + They wished straightway to overcome the soul + Of that bold saint--but it was not to be. + Then was the battle stirred up once again, + Cruel and very fierce. The holy man, + Bound fast with cunning skill, was sorely scourged, + Pierced through with wounds, until the daylight failed; + And, sad of heart, he cried aloud to God + Bravely from prison with his holy voice; + Weary of soul, he spake these words with tears:-- 1400 + "Ne'er have I suffered by God's holy will + A lot more grievous under heaven's vault, + In lands where I have had to preach His law! + My limbs are wrenched apart, my body sore + Is broken, and my flesh is stained with blood; + My thews are torn and bloody. Lo, Thou too, + Ruler of victory, Redeeming Lord, + Wast filled with grief among the Jews that day + When from the cross, Thou, everlasting God, + Glory of kings, creation's mighty Lord, 1410 + Called to the Father, and thus spake to him :-- + 'Father of angels, source of light and life, + Oh why hast Thou forsaken me, I pray?' + Torments most cruel I have had to bear + For three long days. I beg thee, Lord of hosts, + That I may give my soul into Thy hands, + Thy very hands, Thou Nourisher of souls! + For Thou didst promise by Thy holy word, + When Thou didst stablish us, the chosen Twelve, + That we should ne'er be scathed by foeman's sword, 1420 + No member of our bodies be destroyed, + No bone nor sinew left beside the way; + That no lock should be lost from off our heads, + If we would keep Thy teachings faithfully. + My sinews now are loosed, my blood is spilled + My hair lies scattered wide upon the ground, + And death were dearer far than this sad life." + + Then spake a voice unto that steadfast man; + The King of glory's words resounded clear:-- 1430 + "Weep not, O man beloved, at this thy woe; + Too hard it is not for thee; with My aid, + With My protection, I will hold thee up, + And compass thee about with My great might. + All power is given to Me upon this earth, + And glorious victory. Full many a man + Shall bear Me witness at the judgment day, + That all this beauteous world, the heavens and earth, + Shall fall in ruin, before a single word + Which I have spoken with My mouth shall fail. 1440 + Look now where thou hast walked, and where thy blood + Was spilled, where from thy wounds the path was stained + With spots of blood. No more harsh injury + Can they do unto thee by stroke of spears + Who most have harmed thee by their cruel deeds." + Then looked behind him that dear champion, + Even as the glorious King commanded him; + Fair flowering trees beheld he standing there, + With blossoms decked, where he had shed his blood. + + Then spake in words that shield of warriors:-- 1450 + "Ruler of nations, thanks and praise to Thee + And glory in heaven both now and evermore, + For that Thou didst not leave me in my woe, + Alone, a stranger, Lord of victory!" + So to the Lord that doer of great deeds + Gave praise with holy voice until the sun + In glorious brightness went beneath the waves. + + Then yet a fourth time those fierce-hearted foes, + The leaders of the folk, brought back the prince + Unto his prison; for they hoped to turn 1460 + In the dark night the hero's mighty soul. + Then came the Lord unto that prison-house, + Glory of warriors, and with words of cheer + The Guide of life, the Father of mankind, + Greeted His thane and bade him once again + Soundness enjoy:--"From henceforth and for aye + Thou shalt no more bear woe from armed men." + + Freed from the bondage of his grievous pains, 1470 + The mighty saint arose and thanked his God. + His beauty was not marred, nor was the hem + Loosed from his cloak, nor lock from off his head; + No bone was broken, and no bloody wounds + Were in his body, and no injured limb + Wet with his blood through wounding stroke of sword; + But there he stood by God's most noble might + Whole as before, giving to Him the praise. + + Lo, I awhile the story of the saint-- + The song of praise of him who did the deeds-- + Have set forth here in words, a tale well known, 1480 + Beyond my power; much is there yet to tell-- + A weary task--what he in life endured, + From the beginning on! A wiser man + Upon the earth than I account myself + Must in his heart invent it, one who knows + From the beginning all the misery + Which bravely he endured in cruel wars. + Yet in small parts we further must relate + A portion of that tale. It has been told + Already how he suffered many woes 1490 + From grievous warfare in the heathen town. + + Beside the prison-wall set wondrous fast + He saw great pillars, work of giants old, + All beaten by the storms. With one of these + He converse held, mighty and bold of heart; + Prudent and wondrous wise, he spake these words:-- + "Give ear, thou marble stone, to God's command, + Before whose presence all created things-- + The heavens and earth--stand trembling, when they see + The Father with a countless multitude 1500 + Visit the race of men upon the earth! + Let streams well forth from out thy firm support, + A gushing river; for the King of heaven, + Almighty God, commands thee that straightway + Upon this stubborn-hearted folk thou send + Water wide-flowing for the people's death, + A rushing sea. Lo, thou art better far + Than gold or treasure! for the King Himself, + The God of glory, wrote on thee, and showed 1510 + His mysteries forth in words; Almighty God + In ten commandments showed His righteous law, + Gave it to Moses, and true-hearted men + Kept it thereafter, mighty warriors, + Joshua and Tobias, faithful thanes, + God-fearing men. Now dost thou truly know + That in the days of old the angels' King + Decked thee more fair than all the precious stones. + Now at His holy bidding thou shalt show 1520 + If thou hast any knowledge of thy God!" + + Then was there no delay; straightway the stone + Split open, and a stream came rushing out + And flowed along the ground; at early dawn + The foaming billows covered up the earth; + The ocean-flood waxed great; mead was outpoured + After that day of feasting! Mail-clad men + Shook off their slumbers; water deeply stirred + Seized on the earth; the host was sore dismayed + At terror of the flood; the youths were doomed, 1530 + And perished in the deep; the rush of war + Snatched them away with tumult of the sea. + That was a grievous trouble, bitter beer; + The ready cup-bearers did not delay; + From daybreak on each man had drink to spare. + The might of waters waxed, the men wailed loud, + Old bearers of the spear; they strove to flee + The fallow stream; they fain would save their lives + And seek a refuge in the mountain caves, + Firm earth's support. An angel drove them back, 1540 + Compassing all the town with gleaming fire, + With savage flames. Wild beat the sea within; + No troop of men could scape from out the walls. + The waves waxed, and the waters thundered loud; + The firebrands flew; the flood welled up in streams. + + Then easy was it in that town to find + The song of sorrow sung, and grief bemoaned, + And many a heart afraid, and dirges sad. + The dreadful fire was plain to every eye, 1550 + Fierce pillager, the uproar terrible; + And rushing through the air the blasts of fire + Hurled themselves round the walls; the floods grew great. + There far and wide was lamentation heard, + The cries of helpless men. Straightway began + One wretched warrior to collect the folk + Humble and sad, he spake with mournful voice:-- + "Now may ye truly know that we did wrong + When we o'erwhelmed this stranger with our chains, + With bonds of torment, in the prison-house; 1560 + For Fate is crushing us, most fierce and stern-- + That is full clear!--And better is it far, + So hold I truth, that we with one accord + Should loose him soon as may be from his bonds, + And beg the holy man to give us help, + Comfort and aid! Full quickly we shall find + Peace after sorrow, if we seek of him." + + Then Andrew knew the purpose of the folk + Within his heart; he knew the warriors' might, 1570 + The pride of valiant men, was humbled low. + The waters compassed them about, and fierce + The rushing torrent flowed, the flood rejoiced, + Until the welling sea o'ertopped their breasts, + And reached their shoulders. Then the noble saint + Bade the wild flood subside, the storms to cease + About the stony cliffs. Straight walked he out + And left his prison, valiant, firm of soul, + Wise-hearted, dear to God; for him forthwith + A way was opened through the spreading stream; 1580 + Calm was the field of victory, the earth + Was dry at once where'er he placed his foot. + Blithe-hearted waxed the dwellers in that town, + And glad in soul; for help was come to pass + After their grief. The flood subsided straight, + And at the saint's behest the storm was stilled, + The waters ceased. Then was the mountain cloven-- + A frightful chasm--into itself it drew + The flood, and swallowed up the fallow waves, + The struggling sea--the abyss devoured it all. 1590 + Yet not the waves alone it swallowed up; + But fourteen men, worst caitiffs of the throng, + Went headlong to destruction with the flood + Under the yawning earth. Then sore afraid + Was many a heart at that calamity; + They feared the slaughter both of men and wives, + A yet more wretched season of distress, + When once those sin-stained cruel murderers, + Those warriors fierce, plunged headlong down the abyss. 1600 + + Straightway then spake they all with one accord:-- + "Now is it plain to see that one true God, + The King of every creature, rules with might-- + He who did hither send this messenger + To help the people! Great is now our need + That we should follow righteousness with zeal." + + Then did the saint give comfort to those men, + He cheered the throng of warriors with his words:-- + "Be not too fearful, though the sinful race + Sought ruin, suffered death--the punishment 1610 + Due to their sins. A bright and glorious light + On you is risen if ye but purpose well." + His prayer he sent before the Son of God, + And begged the Holy One to give His aid + Unto those youths who in the ocean-stream + Had lost their life within the flood's embrace, + So that their souls, forsaken by the Lord, + Shorn of their glory, had been borne away + To death and torments in the power of fiends. + + Saint Andrew's prayer was pleasing unto God, 1620 + Almighty One, the Counselor of men; + He bade the youths, those whom the flood had slain, + Rise up unscathed in body from the ground. + Then straightway stood there up among the throng + Many an ungrown child, as I have heard; + Body and soul were joined again in one, + Though but a short time gone in flood's fierce rush + They all had lost their lives. Then they received + True baptism and the covenant of peace, 1630 + The pledge of glory, God's protecting grace, + Freedom from punishment. The valiant saint, + The craftsman of the King, then bade them build + A church, and make a temple of the Lord + Upon the spot where those young men arose + By baptism, even where the flood sprang forth. + From far and wide the warriors of that town + Gathered in throngs; both men and women said + That they would faithfully obey his word, + Receive the bath of baptism joyfully 1640 + According to God's will, and straightway leave + Their devil-worship and their ancient shrines. + Then noble baptism was exalted high + Among that folk, the righteous law of God + Established 'mong those men--a mighty boon + Unto their country--and the church was blessed. + + The messenger of God appointed one, + A man of wisdom tried, of prudent speech, + To be a bishop in that city bright + Over the people, and he hallowed him + By virtue of his apostolic power 1650 + Before the multitude for their behoof,-- + His name was Platan. Strictly Andrew bade + That they should keep his teachings zealously, + And should work out salvation for their souls. + He told them he was eager to depart, + And fain would leave that city bright with gold, + Their revelry and wealth, their bounteous halls, + And seek a ship beside the breaking sea. + Hard was it for the multitude to bear + That he, their leader, would no longer dwell 1660 + Among them there. But as he journeyed forth + The glorious God straightway appeared to him, + The Lord of hosts, and to His thane He said:-- + "[Why dost thou leave this people in such haste? + For hardly have they turned them from their sin], + This nation from their crimes. Their minds for death + Are longing, sad of heart they go about, + Their grief bemoaning, men and women both; + Weeping has come among them, woful hearts, + [Since thou across the floods in thy sea-bark] + Wilt haste away. Thou shalt not leave this flock + In joy so new, but in My holy Name 1670 + Fast stablish thou their hearts! Within this town, + Abide, O shield of warriors, in their halls + Richly adorned, the space of seven nights, + Then with My favor thou shalt go thy way." + + So once again that brave and mighty saint + Returned to seek the Mermedonian town. + In wisdom and in speech the Christians waxed, + After their eyes beheld the glorious thane, + The noble King's apostle. In the way + Of faith he guided them; with glory bright + He made them strong; a countless multitude 1680 + Of glorious men he led to blessedness, + Toward that most holy home in Heaven's realm, + Where Father, Son, and Holy Comforter + In blessed Trinity hold mighty rule, + World without end, within those mansions fair. + Likewise the saint attacked their idol-shrines, + Banished their devil-worship, and put down + Their errors. Mighty grief and hard to bear + Was that for Satan, when he saw them turn 1690 + With hearts of gladness from the halls of hell + At Andrew's teaching to that land more bright, + Where fiends and evil spirits never come. + + Then was the number of the days fulfilled + Which God had set, and had commanded him + That he should linger in that wind-swept town; + And quickly he made ready for the waves + With joyful heart; he wished once more to seek + Achaia in his ocean-coursing ship; 1700 + (There was he doomed to lose his life and die + A death of violence. This deed was fraught + With little laughter for his murderer; + To the jaws of hell he went, and since that day + No solace has that friendless wretch e'er found.) + + Then in great companies, as I have heard, + They led unto his ship their master dear, + Men sad of soul; the heart of many a one + Was welling hot in grief within his breast. + They brought the zealous champion to his ship 1710 + Beside the sea-cliffs, and upon the shore + They stood and mourned while they could still behold + The joy of princes sailing o'er the waves, + The path of seals. They praised the glorious King; + The throngs cried out aloud, and thus they spake:-- + "One and eternal is the God who rules + O'er all created things; throughout the earth + His might and His dominion far and near + Are magnified. His glory over all + Shines on His saints in heavenly majesty 1720 + Among the angels now and evermore + In splendor fair. He is a noble King!" + + + + +NOTES + + +38 f. Lit. "hay and grass oppressed them." + +298. Reading /[=a]ra/ with Grein. + +368. The MS. says /h[=i]e/ (they), with change of subject; for the +sake of clearness I have kept Andrew as the subject. + +424. Reading /sund/ with Grein. + +592. Adopting Siever's reading, /r[=e]onigm[=o]de/ (_Beitr._ X, 506). + +656. "another house"; I am at a loss to explain this apparent +inconsistency. + +713. That there are two images is shown by the Greek. + +719. I omit /is/. The passage as it stands is meaningless. + +746. Reading /g[=e] mon c[=i]gað/, with Cosijn. + +826. Lit. "'Till sleep came o'er them weary of the sea"; but Andrew is +already asleep. The line is probably corrupt. + +828. Something is apparently missing, though the MS. shows no break. +Without attempting an emendation I have supplied: "bade him seek," as +completing the obvious sense. + +1024. At this point a page is missing in the manuscript. It must have +corresponded to the end of Chap. 19 and to Chap. 20 of the Greek, in +which Andrew and Matthew exchange short speeches, after which Andrew +utters a long tirade against the Devil as the author of this woe. +I have omitted lines 1023^b, 1024, and 1025, which are meaningless +without what has been lost. + +1035. The number of men is uncertain. According to the Greek it is +270, but the Homily says 248. The manuscript reads: "two and a hundred +by number, also forty," but l. 1036 is evidently deficient. Wülker +emends to /swylce seofontig/. This is unsatisfactory, since the line +is metrically deficient, and since, moreover, the regular word for +seventy is not /seofontig/, but /hundseofontig/. Without venturing +an emendation, I have taken the number 248 from the Homily, as being +nearer the manuscript than the 270 of the Greek. This similarity is +an additional argument for a common Latin original of the poem and the +Homily. + +1212. The poet has neglected to mention the circumstance, clearly +stated in the Greek, that Andrew was still invisible both to the Devil +and to the Mermedonians. This makes clear several passages, i.e., ll. +1203, 1212, 1223 f. + +1242. Reading /untw[=e]onde/ with Grein and Cosijn. 1276. I have here +omitted two half-lines, of which the sense is very obscure. Grein +connects /lifrum/ with Germ. _liefern_="to coagulate" (cf. Eng. +_loppered milk_), instead of assigning it to /lifer/="liver," but this +interpretation is not very satisfactory. See also Cosijn's note (Paul +und Braune's _Beiträge_, XXI, 17). + +1338. The Greek explains that God had put the sign of the cross on +Andrew's face. + +1376. I have here ventured an emendation of my own. The sentence as it +stands is without a main verb, and 1377^a is metrically deficient. I +would read:-- + + Hwaet m[=e] [=e]aðe [mæg] ælmihtig God + n[=i]ða [generian], se ðe in n[=i]edum [=i]u. + +See under /generian/ in Grein's _Sprachschalz_. + +1478 ff. This passage is certainly ambiguous. That /h[=a]liges/ refers +to Andrew, and not to God, is shown by the use of /h[=e]/ in 1. 1482. + +1493. I follow Grein's emendation, and read /sælwäge/ = "castle wall," +although the word is not found elsewhere. If we read sælwange with +Wülker, the meaning of /under/ must be greatly stretched. Moreover, +the Greek says: "He saw a pillar standing in the midst of the prison." + +1508. Reading /geofon/ with Grimm, Kemble, etc., as also in 393 and +1585. + +1545. Reading /wadu/ with Kemble and Grein. + +1663. Apparently a line or two is missing here, though there is +no break in the manuscript. I have translated in brackets Grein's +conjectural emendation, as supplying the probable meaning. + +1667. I have again translated Grein's emendation. + +1681. Reading /t[=i]r[=e]adigra/ with Kemble. + + + + +PROOFREADER'S COMMENTS + +Text between slashes - e.g. /xxxxx/ - was originally BOLD. +Non-Ascii characters are marked e.g. [=o] for o with a Macron. +The line numbers are inconsistent, as in the original text. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANDREAS: THE LEGEND OF ST. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew + +Author: Unknown + +Release Date: March 1, 2005 [EBook #15225] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANDREAS: THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW *** + + + + +Produced by S.R.Ellison, David Starner, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH + + ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR + + VII + + ANDREAS: + + THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW + + TRANSLATED FROM THE OLD ENGLISH + + BY + + ROBERT KILBURN ROOT + + + NEW YORK + + HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY + + 1899 + + + + +ERRATA. + + p. IV. For _Angelsaechsen_ read _Angelsachsen_. + + p. V. " Fritsche " Fritzsche. + + p. IX. " homilest " homilist. + + p. 18, 1. 550. " has " hast. + + p. 27, 1. 835. " 'Till " Till. + + P. 57. " Siever's " Sievers'. + + + + +PREFACE + + +It is always a somewhat hardy undertaking to attempt the translation +of poetry, for such a translation will at the best be but a shadow of +that which it would fain represent. Yet I trust that even an imperfect +rendering of one of the best of the Old English poems will in some +measure contribute towards a wider appreciation of our earliest +literature, for the poem is accessible to the general reader only +in the baldly literal and somewhat inaccurate translation of Kemble, +published in 1843, and now out of print. + +I have chosen blank verse as the most suitable metre for the +translation of a long and dignified narrative poem, as the metre which +can most nearly reproduce the strength, the nobility, the variety and +rapidity of the original. The ballad measure as used by Lumsden in his +translation of _Beowulf_ is monotonous and trivial, while the measure +used by Morris and others, and intended as an imitation of the Old +English alliterative measure, is wholly impracticable. It is a hybrid +product, neither Old English nor modern, producing both weariness and +disgust; for, while copying the external features of its original, it +loses wholly its aesthetic qualities. + +In my diction I have sought after simple and idiomatic English, +studying the noble archaism of the King James Bible, rather than +affecting the Wardour Street dialect of William Morris or Professor +Earle, which is often utterly unintelligible to any but the special +student of Middle English. My translation is faithful, but not +literal; I have not hesitated to make a passive construction active, +or to translate a compound adjective by a phrase. To quote from King +Alfred's preface to his translation of Boethius, I have "at times +translated word by word, and at times sense by sense, in whatsoever +way I might most clearly and intelligibly interpret it." + +The text followed is that of Grein-Wuelker in the _Bibliothek der +Angelsaechsischen Poesie_ (Leipzig, 1894), and the lines of my +translation are numbered according to that edition. I have not, +however, felt obliged to follow his punctuation. Where it has seemed +best to adopt other readings, I have mentioned the fact in my notes. + +I have compared my translation with those of Kemble and Grein +(_Dichtungen der Angelsaechsen_), and am occasionally indebted to them +for a word or a phrase. + +It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Frank +H. Chase, who has very carefully read my translation in manuscript; +and to Professor Albert S. Cook, who has given me his help and advice +at all stages of my work from its inception to its publication. To Mr. +Charles G. Osgood, Jr., I am also indebted for valuable criticism. + + ROBERT KILBURN ROOT. + + YALE UNIVERSITY, + April 7, 1899. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +[Sidenote: _The Manuscript_.] + +While traveling in Italy during the year 1832, Dr. Blume, a German +scholar, discovered in the cathedral library at Vercelli an Old +English manuscript containing both poetry and prose. The longest and +the best of the poems is the _Andreas_, or _Legend of St. Andrew_. + +How did this manuscript find its way across the Alps into a country +where its language was wholly unintelligible? Several theories have +been advanced, the most plausible being that advocated by Cook.[1] +According to this view it was carried thither by Cardinal Guala, who +during the reign of Henry III was prior of St. Andrew's, Chester. On +his return to Italy he built the monastery of St. Andrew in Vercelli, +strongly English in its architecture. Since the manuscript contained +a poem about St. Andrew, it would have been an appropriate gift to St. +Andrew's Church in Vercelli. Wuelker's theory that it was owned by an +Anglo-Saxon hospice at Vercelli rests on very shadowy arguments, since +he adduces no satisfactory proof that such a hospice ever existed. + +[Footnote 1: _Cardinal Guala and the Vercelli Book_, Univ. of Cal. +Library Bulletin No. 10. Sacramento, 1888.] + +[Sidenote: _Authorship and Date_.] + +On the strength of certain marked similarities of style and diction +to the signed poems of Cynewulf, the earlier editors of the _Andreas_ +assigned the poem to him, and were followed by Dietrich, Grein, and +Ten Brink. But Fritsche (_Anglia_ II), arguing from other equally +marked dissimilarities, denies its Cynewulfian authorship, and is +sustained in his position by Sievers, though vigorously opposed by +Ramhorst. More recently Trautman (_Anglia_, Beiblatt VI. 17) reasserts +the older view, declaring his belief that the _Fates of the Apostles_, +in which Napier has discovered the runic signature of Cynewulf, is +but the closing section of the _Andreas_. There is much to be said +in favor of this last theory, which would establish Cynewulf as the +author of the entire work; but the whole question is far from being +settled. We can at least affirm that the author was a devout churchman +and a dweller by the sea, thoroughly acquainted with the poems of +Cynewulf. + +It is equally impossible to determine with any certainty the date +of authorship, since the poem is wholly lacking in contemporary +allusions. Nor can we base any argument upon its language, since, in +all probability, its present form is but a West Saxon transcript of an +older Northumbrian or Mercian version. If Cynewulf flourished in the +eighth century, the date of the _Andreas_ is probably not much later. +The Vercelli manuscript is assigned to the first half of the eleventh +century. + +[Sidenote: _Sources_.] + +Fortunately we can speak with more assurance about the sources of the +poem. It follows closely, though not slavishly, the _Acts of Andrew +and Matthew_, contained in the _Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles_.[1] +Like the great English poets of the fourteenth and sixteenth +centuries, the poet of the _Andreas_ has borrowed his story from a +foreign source, and like them he has added and altered until he has +made it thoroughly his own and thoroughly English. We can learn from +it the tastes and ideals of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers quite as well +as from a poem wholly original in its composition. Most clearly do we +discover their love of the sea. The action of the story brings in a +voyage, which the Greek narrative dismisses with a few words, merely +as a piece of necessary machinery. The Old English poem, on the +contrary, expands the incident into many lines. A storm is introduced +and described with great vigor; we see the circling gull and the +darting horn-fish; we hear the creaking of the ropes and the roaring +of the waves.[2] Every mention of the sea is dwelt upon with lingering +affection, and described with vivid metaphor. It is now the "bosom of +the flood," now the "whale-road" or the "fish's bath." Again it is the +"welter of the waves," or its more angry mood is personified as the +"Terror of the waters." In the first 500 lines alone there are no less +than 43 different words and phrases denoting the sea. + +[Footnote 1: _Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha_, ed. Tischendorf. Leipzig, +1851, pp. 132-166. (For a translation of part of the _Acts of Andrew +and Matthew_, see Cook's _First Book in Old English_, Appendix III.)] + +[Footnote 2: See 369-381.] + +Daybreak and sunset, too, are described with much beauty, and in one +passage at least with strong imagination. We can have no doubt that +the poet was a close watcher and keen lover of nature. We can imagine +him walking on the cliffs beside his beloved ocean, watching for the +sunrise, rejoicing in the glory of the sky, + + As heaven's candle shone across the floods.[1] + +[Footnote 1: See 243.] + +I have said, too, that he was a devout churchman. Many of the noble +hymns and prayers with which the poem abounds are largely original, +expanded from a mere line or two in the Greek. Many and beautiful are +the epithets or kennings which he applies to God, taken in part from +the Bible, and in part from the imagery of the not wholly extinct +heathen mythology. + +Thoroughly English is his love of violent action, of war and bloodshed. +Andrew is a "warrior brave in the battle"; the apostles are + Thanes of the Lord, whose courage for the fight + Failed never, e'en when helmets crashed in war. +and their missions are rather military expeditions than peaceful +pilgrimages. + +One concrete example will serve well to show in what spirit the author +has dealt with his original. The disciples of Andrew are so terrified +by the sea that the Lord (disguised as a shipmaster) suggests that +they shall go ashore and await the return of their master. In the +Greek the disciples answer: "If we leave thee, then shall we be +strangers to those good things which the Lord hath promised unto us. +Therefore will we abide with thee, wherever thou go."[1] In the Old +English :-- + + O whither shall we turn us, lordless men, + Mourning in heart, forsaken quite by God, + Wounded with sin, if we abandon thee? + We shall be odious in every land, + Hated of every folk, when sons of men, + Courageous warriors, in council sit, + And question which of them did best stand by + His lord in battle, when the hand and shield, + Worn out by broadswords on the battle-plain, + Suffered sore danger in the sport of war. (405-414.) + +[Footnote 1: Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ IV. 2.] + +There is in the Greek no trace of the Teutonic idea of loyalty to a +lord, which is the ruling motive of the Old English lines. + +But did the poet read the legend in the Greek? The study of that +language had, it is true, been introduced into England in the seventh +century by Archbishop Theodore[1], but we can hardly assume that +this study was very general. Moreover, there are several important +variations between the poem and the _Acts of Andrew and Matthew_, +facts wanting in the Greek, which the poet could not possibly have +invented. For example, the poem states that Andrew was in Achaia when +he received the mission to Mermedonia. In the Greek we find no mention +of Achaia, nor is the name "Mermedonia" given at all. After the +conversion of the Mermedonians, the poet says that Andrew appointed +a bishop over them, whose name was Platan. Again the Greek is silent. +There is, however, an Old English homily[1] of unknown authorship and +uncertain date, which contains these three facts, (though the name +of the bishop is not given). Still another remarkable coincidence has +been pointed out by Zupitza.[2] In line 1189 of the _Andreas_, Satan +is addressed as _d[=e]ofles str[=ae]l_ ("shaft of the devil"), and +in the homily also the same word (_str[=ae]l_) is found. But in +the corresponding passage of the Greek we find [Greek: O Belia +echthrotate] ("O most hateful Belial"). From this correspondence +between the poem and the homily, Zupitza argues the existence of a +Latin translation of the Greek, from which both the _Andreas_ and the +homily were made, assuming that the ignorant Latinist confused [Greek: +Belia] (Belial) with [Greek: Belos] ("arrow," "shaft,"), translating +it by _telum_ or _sagitta_. It is hardly probable that both the poet +and the homilest should have made the same mistake. + +[Footnote 1: Bright, _Anglo-Saxon Reader_, pp. 113-128.] + +[Footnote 2: _Zeitschrift fuer Deutsches Altertum_, XXX. 175.] + +The homily could not have been drawn from the poem, nor the poem from +the homily, for in each we find facts and phrases of the Greek not +contained in the other. For example, both in the Greek and in the +homily, the flood which sweeps away the Mermedonians proceeds from the +mouth of an alabaster image standing upon a pillar, while in the poem +it springs forth from the base of the pillar itself. On the other +hand, most of the dialogue between Andrew and the Lord on shipboard, +as well as other important incidents, are wanting in the homily. + +Summing up, then, we have the homily and the poem agreeing in +some important points in which both differ from the Greek, but so +dissimilar in other points that neither could have been the source of +the other. In the light of these similarities and variations, and of +others which space prevents me from mentioning, we must suppose the +homily to have been taken from an abridgment of the Latin version, of +which the poet saw a somewhat corrupt copy. It is also not improbable +that this Latin version may have been made from a Greek manuscript +varying in some details from the legend as it appears in Tischendorf's +edition. This view is sustained by a Syrian translation, which in some +respects agrees with our hypothetical Latin version. But this Latin +version has never been discovered, though some fragments of the legend +are found in the Latin of Pseudo-Abdias and the _Legenda Aurea_,[1] +which curiously enough supply several of the facts missing in the +Greek, namely, that Andrew was teaching in Achaia, and that the land +of the Anthropophagi was called Mermedonia. + +[Footnote 1: Grimm, _Andreas und Elene_, XIII-XVI.] + +So much for the sources of the poem as a whole. The poet is also +deeply indebted to the _Beowulf_ and to the poems of Cynewulf (unless +he be Cynewulf himself) for lines and phrases throughout his work. +One example of this borrowing will suffice. In line 999, when Andrew +reaches the prison, we read (translating literally): "The door quickly +opened at the touch of the holy saint's hand." In the Greek: "And he +made the sign of the cross upon the door, and it opened of its own +accord." Why has the poet omitted the sign of the cross? We are unable +to answer until we read in the _Beowulf_ (721) that at the coming of +the monster Grendel to Heorot "the door quickly opened ... soon as he +touched it with his hands." + +[Sidenote: _The Poem as a Work of Art_.] + +How shall we rank the _Legend of St. Andrew_ among the other poems of +the Anglo-Saxons? and what are its chief merits as a work of art? The +Old English epics may be divided into two general classes: the heroic +epic, of which the _Beowulf_ is the chief example; and the larger +group of religious epics, including the poems of Cynewulf, of +Pseudo-Caedmon, the _Judith_, and the _Andreas_. + +In spite of occasional Christian interpolations the _Beowulf_ is +essentially pagan, the expression of English sentiments and ideals +before Augustine led his little band of chanting monks through the +streets of Canterbury. In the _Andreas_ we see better, perhaps, +than in any of the religious epics, these same sentiments and ideals +softened and ennobled by the sweet spirit of the Christian religion. +We see the conversion of England in the very process of its +accomplishment. We see the beauties of Paganism and those of +Christianity blending with each other, much as the Medieval and the +Renaissance are blended in Spenser. In the one aspect Andrew is the +valiant hero, like Beowulf, crossing the sea to accomplish a mighty +deed of deliverance; in the other he is the saintly confessor, the +patient sufferer, whose whole trust is in the Lord. + +If we compare the poem with the other epics of its class, its most +formidable competitors are the anonymous _Judith_ and Cynewulf's +_Christ_. But _Judith_, though unquestionably more brilliant, is but +a fragment of 350 lines, and the _Christ_, in spite of its many +beautiful passages, is entirely lacking in movement. The _Andreas_ is +complete, and, if we except the long dialogue of Andrew and the Lord +at sea, moves steadily towards the end with considerable variety of +action. If the characterization is crude, the descriptions are vivid, +the speeches are often vigorous, and the treatment of nature is +throughout charming. It seems to me eminently suited by its subject +and manner to stand as an example of the Old English religious epic, +an example of a form of literature with which every serious student of +our English poetry should be familiar. For English literature does not +begin with Chaucer. He who would understand it well must know it also +in its purer English form before the coming of the Normans. + +[Sidenote: _The Argument_.] + +It only remains to give a brief synopsis of the poem. It has fallen to +the lot of Matthew to preach the Gospel to the cannibal Mermedonians; +they seize him and his company, binding him and casting him into +prison, where he is to remain until his turn comes to be eaten (1-58). +He prays to God for help, and the Lord sends Andrew to deliver him +(59-234). Andrew and his disciples come to the seashore and find +a bark with three seamen, who are in reality the Lord and His two +angels. On learning that Andrew is a follower of Jesus, the shipmaster +agrees to carry him to Mermedonia (234-359). A storm arises, at which +the disciples of Andrew are greatly terrified; he reminds them how +Christ stilled the tempest, and they fall asleep (360-464). A dialogue +ensues, in which Andrew relates to the shipmaster many of Christ's +miracles (465-817). He falls asleep, and is carried by the angels +to Mermedonia. On awaking, he beholds the city, and his disciples +sleeping beside him. They relate to him a vision which they had seen. +The Lord appears and bids him enter the city, covering him with a +cloud (818-989). He reaches the prison, the doors of which fly open +at his touch, and rescues Matthew, whom he sends away with all his +company (990-1057). The Mermedonians, confronted with famine, choose +one of their number by lot to serve as food for the rest. He offers +his son as a substitute, but, as the heathen are about to slay their +victim, Andrew interposes and causes their weapons to melt away like +wax (1058-1154). Instigated by the Devil, they seize Andrew, and for +three days subject him to the most cruel torments (1155-1462). On +the fourth the Lord comes to his prison and heals him of his wounds. +Beside the prison wall Andrew sees a marble pillar, which, at his +command, sends forth a great flood, destroying many of the people +(1462-1575). Andrew takes pity upon them and causes the flood to +cease. The mountain is cleft and swallows up the waters, together with +fourteen of the worst of the heathen. The others are restored to life +and baptized. After building a church and appointing a bishop, +Andrew returns to Achaia, followed by the prayers of his new converts +(1575-1722). + + + + +THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW + + Lo! we have learned of Twelve in days gone by, + Who dwelt beneath the stars, in glory rich, + Thanes of the Lord, whose courage for the fight + Failed never, e'en when helmets crashed in war, + From that time when they portioned each his place, + As God himself declared to them by lot, + High King of heaven above. Renowned men + Were they through all the earth, and leaders bold, + Brave in the battle, warriors of might, + When shield and hand the helmet did protect 10 + Upon the field of fate. Of that brave band + Was Matthew one, who first among the Jews + Began to write the Gospel down in words + With wondrous power. To him did Holy God + Assign his lot upon that distant isle + Where never yet could any outland man + Enjoy a happy life or find a home. + Him did the murderous hands of bloody men + Upon the field of battle oft oppress + Right grievously. That country all about, + The folkstead of the men, was compassed + With slaughter and with foemen's treachery, 20 + That home of heroes. Dwellers in that land + Had neither bread nor water to enjoy, + But on the flesh and blood of stranger men, + Come from afar, that people made their feast. + This was their custom: every foreigner + Who visited that island from without + They seized as food--these famine-stricken men. + This was the cruel practice of that folk, + Mighty in wickedness, most savage foes: 30 + With javelin points they poured upon the ground + The jewel of the head, the eyes' clear sight; + And after brewed for them a bitter draught-- + These wizards by their magic--drink accursed, + Which led astray the wits of hapless men, + The heart within their breasts, until they grieved + No longer for the happiness of men; + Weary for food they fed on hay and grass. + + When to this far-famed city Matthew came, 40 + There rose great outcry through the sinful tribe, + That cursed throng of Mermedonians. + Soon as those servants of the Devil learned + The noble saint was come unto their land, + They marched against him, armed with javelins; + Under their linden-shields they went in haste, + Grim bearers of the lance, to meet the foe. + They bound his hands; with foeman's cunning skill + They made them fast--those warriors doomed to hell-- 50 + With swords they pierced the jewel of his head. + Yet in his heart he honored Heaven's King, + Though of the drink envenomed he had drunk, + Of virtue terrible; steadfast and glad, + With courage unabashed, he worshiped still + The Prince of glory, King of heaven above; + And from the prison rose his holy voice. + Within his noble breast the praise of Christ + Stood fast imprinted; weeping tears of woe, + With sorrowful voice of mourning he addressed 60 + His Lord victorious, speaking thus in words:-- + "Behold how these fierce strangers knit for me + A chain of mischief, an ensnaring net. + Ever have I been zealous in my heart + To do Thy will in all things; now in grief + The life of the dumb cattle I must lead. + Thou, Lord, alone, Creator of mankind, + Dost know the hidden thoughts of every heart. + O Prince of glory, if it be thy will 70 + That with the sword's keen edge perfidious men + Put me at rest, I am prepared straightway + To suffer whatsoever Thou, my Lord, + Who givest bliss to that high angel-band, + Shalt send me as my portion in this world, + A homeless wanderer, O Lord of hosts. + In mercy grant to me, Almighty God, + Light in this life, lest, blinded in this town + By hostile swords, I needs must longer bear + Reviling words, the grievous calumny + Of slaughter-greedy men, of hated foes. 80 + On Thee alone, Protector of the world, + I fix my mind, my heart's unfailing love; + So, Father of the angels, Lord of hosts, + Bright Giver of all bliss, to Thee I pray, + That Thou appoint me not among my foes, + Artificers of wrong forever damned, + The death most grievous on this earth of Thine." + + After these words there came to his dark cell + A sacred sign all-glorious from heaven, + Like to the shining sun; then was it shown 90 + That holy God was working aid for him. + The voice of Heaven's Majesty was heard, + The music of the glorious Lord's sweet words, + Wondrous beneath the skies. To His true thane + Brave in the fight, in dungeon harsh confined, + He promised help and comfort with clear voice:-- + "Matthew, My peace on earth I give to thee; + Let not thy heart be troubled, neither mourn + Too much in mind; I will abide with thee, + And I will loose thee from these bonds that bind 100 + Thy limbs, and loose all that great multitude + That dwells with thee in strait captivity. + To thee I open by My holy power + The meadow radiant of Paradise, + Brightest of splendors, dwelling-place most fair, + That home most blessed, where thou mayst enjoy + Glory and bliss to everlasting life. + Suffer this people's cruelty; not long + Can faithless men afflict thee sinfully + With chains of torment by their crafty wiles. + Straight will I send unto this heathen town 110 + Andrew to be thy comfort and defense; + He will release thee from thine enemies. + Thou hast not long to wait; in very truth + But seven and twenty days fulfil the time, + When, sorrow-laden, thou shalt go from hence, + Under God's care, with victory adorned." + The Holy One, Defense of all mankind, + The angels' Lord, departed to the land + High in the heavens--He is the King by right, 120 + Steadfast He rules supreme in all the world. + + Exalted high was Matthew at the voice + New-heard. The veil of darkness slipped away, + Vanished in haste; and straightway came the light, + The murmuring sound of early reddening dawn. + The host assembled; heathen warriors + Thronged in great crowds; their battle-armor sang; + Their spears they brandished, angry in their hearts, + Under the roof of shields; they fain would see + Whether those hapless men were yet alive, + Who fast in chains within their prison-walls 130 + Had dwelt a while in comfortless abode, + And which one they might first for their repast + Rob of his life after the time ordained. + They had set down, those slaughter-greedy foes, + In runic characters and numerals + The death-day of those men, when they should serve + As food unto that famine-stricken tribe. + Then clamored loudly that cold-hearted brood; + Throng pressed on throng; their cruel counsellors + Recked not at all of mercy or of right. + Oft did their souls, led by the devil's lore, 140 + Under the dusky shadows penetrate, + When in the might of beings ever-cursed + They put their trust. They found that holy man, + Prudent of mind, within his prison dark, + Awaiting bravely what the radiant King, + Creator of the angels, should vouchsafe. + Then was accomplished, all except three nights, + The appointed time, the season foreordained, + Which those fierce wolves of war had written down, + At end of which they planned to break his bones, 150 + And, parting straight his body and his soul, + To portion out as food to old and young + The body of the slain, a welcome feast; + They cared not for the soul, those greedy men, + How after death the spirit's pilgrimage + Might be decreed. So every thirty nights + They held their feast; most fierce was their desire + To tear with bloody jaws the flesh of men 160 + To be their food. Then He, who with strong might + Stablished this world, was mindful how that saint + Abode in misery 'mongst stranger men, + Fast bound in chains--that saint who for His sake + Had suffered from the Hebrews, had withstood + The magic incantations of the Jews. + + Where in Achaia holy Andrew dwelt, + Guiding his people in the way of life, 170 + A voice was heard from out the heavens above. + To him, that steadfast saint, the Lord of hosts, + Glory of kings, Creator of mankind, + Unlocked the treasure of His heart, and thus + In words He spake:--"Thou shalt go forth and bear + My peace, and journeying shalt fare where men, + Devourers of their kind, possess the land, + And hold their home secure by murderous might. + This is the custom of that multitude: + Within their land they spare no stranger's life, + But when those evil-doers chance to find + A helpless wight in Mermedonia, 180 + Death must be dealt and cruel murder done. + I know that 'mongst those townsmen, fast in chains, + Thy brother dwells, that saint victorious. + It lacks but three nights of the time ordained, + When, midst that people, by the hard-gripped spear, + In struggle with the heathens, he must needs + Send forth his soul all ready to depart; + Unless thou come before the appointed time." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again: + "My Lord, how can I o'er the ocean deep 190 + My course accomplish, to that distant shore, + As speedily as Thou, O King of glory, + Creator of the heavens, dost command? + That road thine angel can more easily + Traverse from heaven; he knows the watery ways, + The salt sea-streams, the wide path of the swan, + The battle of the surf against the shore, + The terror of the waters, and the tracks + Across the boundless land. These foreign men + Are not my trusty friends, nor do I know + In any wise the counsels of this folk; 200 + To me the cold sea-highways are unknown." + + Him answered then the everliving Lord:-- + "Alas, O Andrew, that thou shouldst be slow + To undertake this journey, since for God, + Almighty One, it were not hard to bring + That city hither, 'neath the circling sun, + Unto this country, o'er the ways of earth-- + The princely city famous, with its men-- + If He, the Lord of Glory, with a word 210 + Should bid it. So thou mayst not hesitate + To undertake this journey, nor art thou + Too weak in wit, if thou but keepest well + The faithful covenant with thy Lord. Be thou + Prepared against the hour, for there can be + No tarrying on this errand. Thou shalt go + And bear thy life into the grasp of men + Full violent, where 'gainst thee shall be raised + The strife of warfare, with the battle-din + Of heathens, and the warriors' martial might. + Even to-morrow with the early dawn, 220 + At the sea's border thou shalt straightway go + On shipboard, and upon the waters cold, + Over the ocean[1], break thy speedy way. + Thou hast My blessing over all the earth, + Wherever thou shalt fare!" The Holy One, + Ruler and Guardian, archangels' King, + The world's Defense, betook Him to His home, + That glorious home, where souls of righteous men + After the body's fall shall life enjoy. + So in that town this mission was decreed 230 + Unto the noble champion; not abashed + In mind was he, but steadfast for the deed + Heroic; hardy-hearted, firm in soul, + No skulker he from battle, but prepared + For warfare, in God's struggle stout and bold. + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "bath-road."] + + So at the dawning, when the day first broke, + He gat him o'er the sand-downs to the sea, + Valiant in heart, and with him went his thanes + To walk upon the shingle, where the waves + Loud thundered, and the streams of ocean beat + Against the shore. Full glad was that brave saint + To see upon the sands a galley fair 240 + Wide-bosomed. Then, behold, resplendent dawn, + Brightest of beacons, came upon her way, + Hasting from out the murky gloom of night, + And heaven's candle shone across the floods. + Three seamen saw he there, a glorious band, + Courageous men, upon their ocean-bark + Sitting all ready to depart, like men + Just come across the deep. The Lord himself + It was, the everlasting Lord of hosts, + Almighty, with His holy angels twain. + In raiment they were like seafaring men, 250 + These heroes, like to wanderers on the waves, + When in the flood's embrace they sail with ships + Upon the waters cold to distant lands. + + Then he who stood there, eager, on the shore, + Upon the shingle, greeted him and said:-- + "Whence come ye, men in seamanship expert, + Seafaring on your ocean-coursing bark, + Your lonely ship? whence has the ocean-stream + Wafted you o'er the welter of the waves?" + + Then answered him again Almighty God, 260 + In such wise that the saint who heard His words + Wist not what one of speaking men it was + With whom he was conversing on the strand. + "From the land of Mermedonia are we come, + Borne hither from afar; our high-prowed ship + Carried us o'er the whale's road with the flood, + Our sea-horse fleet, all girt about with speed, + Until we reached the country of this folk, + Sea-beaten, as the wind did drive us on." + + Then Andrew humbly answered him again:-- 270 + "I fain would beg thee, though but little store + Of jewels or of treasure I can give, + That thou wouldst bring us in thy lofty ship, + Over the ocean[1] on thy high-beaked boat, + Unto that people; thou shalt meed receive + From God, if kindness thou but show to us + Upon our journey." + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "whale's home."] + + The Defense of kings, + Maker of angels, answered from His ship:-- + "Wide-faring foreigners can never dwell + There in that country, nor enjoy the land; 280 + But in that city they must suffer death + Who thither bring their lives from distant shores. + And dost thou wish to traverse the wide main, + That thou mayst spill thy life in bitter war?" + + To him did Andrew answer give again:-- + "Our hearts' strong hope and yearning drives us forth + To seek that country and that far-famed town, + If thou, most noble sir, wilt show to us + Thy gracious kindness on the wave-tossed deep." + + Then from His vessel's prow, the angels' Lord, 290 + The Savior of mankind, replied to him:-- + "Gladly and freely we will carry thee + Across the ocean[1], e'en to that far land + Which thy desire doth urge thee so to seek, + When thou shalt give us the accustomed sum, + Thy passage-money; so upon our bark + We seamen will grant honor unto you." + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "fish's bath."] + + Then straightway Andrew spake to him in words, + That friendless saint:--"I have no beaten gold, 300 + No treasures, neither wealth nor sustenance, + No golden clasps, no land, nor bracelets woven, + That thy desire I now may satisfy, + Thy worldly wishes, as thou sayst in words." + The Prince of Men gave answer where He sat + Upon the gangway, o'er the dashing surge:-- + "How comes it thou wouldst visit, my dear friend, + The sea-hills, boundaries of the ocean-streams, + To seek a vessel by the cold sea-cliffs 310 + All penniless? Hast thou no store of bread + To comfort thee upon the ocean-road, + Or pure drink for thy thirst? The life is hard + For him who journeys far upon the flood." + + In answer then did Andrew, wise in wit, + Unlock to him the treasure of his words:-- + "It is not seemly that with arrogance + And words of taunting thou demand reply, + When God hath given thee abundant wealth + And worldly fortune; better for each man 320 + That with humility he kindly greet + A traveler bound to other lands far off, + As Christ commanded, Lord most glorious. + We are His thanes, chosen as champions; + He is the King by right, Author and Lord + Of wondrous glory, one eternal God + Of all created things; by His sole might + He comprehendeth all the heavens and earth + With holy strength, Giver of victory. + He spake the word himself, and bade us fare 330 + Throughout the spacious earth, converting souls:-- + 'Go now to all the corners of the earth, + Far as the waters compass it about, + Far as the meadows lie along the roads, + And preach the glorious Faith throughout the towns + Upon earth's bosom; I am your defense. + No gold nor silver treasures need ye bear + Upon this journey. I will freely give + All things that ye may need.' Lo, thou thyself + Mayst hear the story of our journeying 340 + With thoughtful mind. Right quickly shall I learn + What kindness thou wilt show us on our way." + + The Lord eternal answered him again:-- + "If ye are thanes of Him who did exalt + His glory o'er the world, as ye declare, + And ye have kept the Holy One's commands, + I'll gladly bear you o'er the ocean-streams, + As ye do beg me." + + Then upon the bark + They went, bold, valiant men; the heart of each 350 + Was filled with joy upon the tossing main. + Then Andrew, on the rolling of the waves, + Begged for that seaman mercy from the King + Who rules in glory; thus he spake in words:-- + "May God, the Lord of men, give unto thee + Exceeding honor--happiness on earth, + Riches in glory--since thou hast made known + Thy goodness to me on my journeying!" + He sat him by the Guardian of the sea, + That noble saint beside his noble Lord. + I never heard men tell of comelier ship 360 + Laden with sumptuous treasures. In it sat + Great heroes, glorious lords, and beauteous thanes. + Then spake the ever-living noble Lord, + Almighty King; he bade his angel go, + His glorious retainer, go and give + Meat to the desolate to comfort him + Upon the seething flood, that he might bear + The life upon the rushing of the waves + With greater ease. Then was the ocean[1] stirred + And deeply troubled, then the horn-fish played, 370 + Shot through the raging deep; the sea-gull gray, + Greedy for slaughter, flew in circling flight. + The candle of the sky grew straightway dark, + The winds waxed strong, the waves whirled, and the surge + Leapt high, the ropes creaked, dripping with the waves; + The Terror of the waters rose, and stood + Above them with the might of multitudes. + The thanes were sore afraid, not one of them + Dared hope that he would ever reach the land, + Of those who by the sea had sought a ship + With Andrew, for as yet they did not know 380 + Who pointed out the course for that sea-bark. + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "whale-sea."] + + When he had eaten, then the faithful thane, + Saint Andrew, thanked the noble Counselor, + Upon the ocean, on the oar-swept sea:-- + "For this repast may God, the righteous Lord, + Ruler of hosts, who sheds the light of life, + Grant thee reward, and give thee for thy food + The bread of heaven, e'en as thou hast shown + Good will and kindness to me on the deep. 390 + My thanes, these warriors young, are sore afraid; + Loud roars the raging, overwhelming sea; + The ocean is all troubled, deeply moved; + And weary is my band, my company + Of valiant-hearted men, afflicted sore." + The Lord of men gave answer from the helm:-- + "Our ship shall bear us back across the flood + Unto the land, and there thy men can wait + Upon the shore until thou come again." 400 + Straightway those men gave answer unto him, + Thanes much-enduring; they would not consent + To leave alone upon the vessel's prow + Their master dear, and choose themselves the land. + "O whither shall we turn us, lordless men, + Mourning in heart, forsaken quite by God, + Wounded with sin, if we abandon thee? + We shall be odious in every land, + Hated of every folk, when sons of men, + Courageous warriors, in council sit 410 + And question which of them did best stand by + His lord in battle, when the hand and shield, + Worn out by broadswords on the battle-plain, + Suffered sore danger in the sport of war." + + Then spake the noble Lord, the faithful King; + Straightway He lifted up His voice and said:-- + "If, as thou sayst, thou art indeed a thane + Of Him who sits enthroned in majesty, + All-glorious King, expound His mysteries, + How 'neath the sky He taught speech-uttering men. 420 + Long is this journey o'er the fallow flood; + Comfort the hearts of thy disciples; great + Is yet our way across the ocean-stream, + And land is far to seek; the sea is stirred, + The waves beat on the shore. Yet easily + Can God give aid to men who sail the deep." + + Then Andrew wisely stablished by his words + His followers, those heroes glorious:-- + "Ye did consider when ye put to sea + That ye would bear your life unto a folk 430 + Of foemen; ye would suffer death for love + Of God, would give your life within the realm + Of dark-skinned Ethiopians. I know + Myself that there is One who shieldeth us, + The Maker of the angels, Lord of hosts. + Rebuked and bridled by the King of might, + The Terror of the waters shall grow calm, + The leaping sea. So once in days of yore + Within a bark upon the struggling waves + We tried the waters, riding on the surge, + And very fearful seemed the sad sea-roads. 440 + The ocean-floods beat fierce against the shores; + Oft wave would answer wave; and whiles upstood + From out the ocean's bosom, o'er our ship, + A Terror on the breast of our sea-boat. + There on that ocean-courser bode His time + The glorious God, Creator of mankind, + Almighty One. The men were filled with fear, + They sought protection, mercy from the Lord. + And when that company began to call, + The King straightway arose, and stilled the waves, 450 + The seething of the waters--He who gives + Bliss to the angels; He rebuked the winds; + The sea subsided, and the boundaries + Of ocean-stream grew calm. Then laughed our soul, + When under heaven's course our eyes beheld + The winds and waves and Terror of the deep + Affrighted by the Terror of the Lord. + Therefore I say to you in very sooth, + The ever-living God does not forsake + A man on earth, if courage fail him not." 460 + + Thus spake the holy champion, wise of heart, + He taught his thanes, that blessed warrior; + He stablished his men, till suddenly + Sleep came upon them weary by the mast. + The sea grew still, the onset of the waves + Turned back again, rough tumult of the flood. + Then was the soul of that brave saint rejoiced, + After that time of terror; wise in wit, + In counsel prudent, he began to speak + And thus unlocked the treasure of his words:-- 470 + "I never found a better mariner, + More skilled than thou in sea-craft, as I think, + A stouter oarsman, one more wise in words, + Sager in counsel. I will beg of thee + Yet one more boon, hero most excellent; + Though little treasure I can give to thee, + Jewels or beaten gold, I fain would win + Thy friendship, if I might, most glorious lord. + So shalt thou gain good gifts, and blessed joy 480 + In heavenly glory, if of thy great lore + Thou'rt bountiful to weary voyagers. + One art I fain would learn of thee, brave sir; + That since the Lord, the Maker of mankind, + Hath given might and honor unto thee, + Thou shouldst instruct me how thou pointest out + The course of this thy billow-riding ship, + Thy sea-horse wet with spray. Though sixteen times, + In former days and late, I've been to sea, 490 + And rowed with freezing hands upon the deep, + The ocean-streams--this makes one voyage more-- + Yet even so mine eyes have ne'er beheld + A mighty captain steering at the stern + Like unto thee. Loud roars the surging flood, + Beats on the shore; this sea-boat is full fleet; + It fareth foamy-necked most like a bird, + And glides upon the deep. I surely know, + I never saw upon the ocean-road + Such wondrous skill in any seafarer. 500 + It is as though the ship were on the land, + Where neither storm nor wind can make it move, + Nor water-floods can break it, lofty-prowed; + Yet on the sea it hasteth under sail. + And thou art young, defense of warriors, + Not old in winters, rider of the surge; + Yet in thy heart thou hast the noble speech + Of princes, and dost wisely understand + All words employed by men upon the earth." + + Him answered then the everlasting Lord:-- 510 + "Full oft it happens when we sail the sea + That with our ships, our ocean-coursing steeds, + We break our way across the watery roads[1]-- + We and our seamen--when the tempest comes, + And many times we suffer sore distress + Upon the waves, though sailing bravely on + We end our journey; for the seething flood + Can hinder no man 'gainst the Maker's will. + The power of life He holds--He who doth bind + The billows, and doth threaten and rebuke + The dusky waves. With justice He shall rule 520 + The nations--He who raised the firmament, + And made it fast with His own hands; who wrought + And did uphold; and with His glory filled + Bright Paradise--so was the angels' home + Made blessed by His sole eternal might. + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "bath-road."] + + The truth is manifest and clear to all, + That thou art thane most excellent of Him, + The King who sits enthroned in majesty; + Because the swelling ocean knew thee straight, + The circuit of the raging ocean knew 530 + That thou didst have the Holy Spirit's gifts. + The sea, the mingling waves, turned back again; + Still grew the Terror, the wide-bosomed flood; + The waves subsided straightway when they saw + That God had girt thee with His covenant, + He who did stablish by His own strong might + The blessedness of glory without end." + + Then spake with holy voice the champion + Valiant of heart; he magnified the King + Who rules in glory, speaking thus in words:-- 540 + "Blest art Thou, King of men, Redeeming Lord; + Thy power endureth ever; near and far + Thy name is holy, bright with majesty, + Renowned in mercy 'mong the tribes of men. + There lives no man beneath the vault of heaven, + Ruler of nations, Savior of men's souls, + No one of mortal race, who can declare + How gloriously Thou dealest Thy good gifts, + Or tell their number. It is manifest + That Thou has been most gracious to this youth. 550 + And hast adorned him with Thy holy grace, + Young as he is; for he is wise in wit + And in discourse of words. I never found + A mind more prudent in a man so young." + + The Glory of kings, the Source and End of all, + Gave answer from the ship and boldly asked:-- + "Tell, if thou canst, O prudent-minded thane, + How on the earth it ever came to pass + That faithless men, the nation of the Jews, + Raised blasphemy against the Son of God 560 + With hearts of wickedness. Unhappy men, + Cruel, malicious, they did not believe + In Him who gave them life, that He was God, + Though many miracles among the tribes + He showed full clear and manifest; but they, + Guilt-laden men, knew not the Royal Child, + Him that was born a comfort and defense + Unto mankind, to all who dwell on earth. + In wisdom and in power of speech increased + The noble Prince; and aye the Lord of might 570 + Showed forth his wonders to that stubborn folk." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "How could it happen 'mong the tribes of men + That thou, my friend, hast never heard men tell + The Savior's power, how He made known His grace + Throughout the world--Son of the Mighty One. + Speech gave He to the dumb; the deaf did hear; + The halt and lepers He made glad in heart, + Those who long time had suffered, sick of limb, + Weary and weak, fast bound in misery. 580 + Throughout the towns the blind received their sight, + Full many men upon the plains of earth + He woke from death by His almighty word; + And many another miracle He showed, + Royally famous, by His mighty strength. + Water He blessed before the multitude, + And bade it turn to wine, a better kind, + For happiness of men. Likewise He fed + Five thousand of mankind with fishes twain 590 + And with five loaves; the companies sat down + With hearts fatigued, rejoicing in their rest, + All weary after wandering; on the ground + Where pleased them best the men received their food. + Lo, thou mayst hear, good sir, how, while He lived, + The Lord of glory by His words and deeds + Showed love to us-ward, led us by His lore + To that fair home of joy where men may dwell + Freely with angels in high blessedness-- + Even they who after death go to the Lord." 600 + + Again the Ruler of the waves unlocked + The treasure of His words, and boldly spake:-- + "That I may truly know, I pray thee tell + Whether thy Lord showed forth His miracles-- + Which on the earth for comfort of mankind + Full many times He worked--before men's sight, + Where bishops, scribes, and princes held discourse + Sitting in council. For it seems to me + That out of envy they contrived this guile, 610 + Led by deep error and the Devil's lore; + Those men foredoomed to death too readily + Gave ear to wicked traitors; their ill fate + Deceived, misled them, gave them counsel false; + Weary 'mong weary men they soon must bear + Torments and biting flames in Satan's arms." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "I tell thee truly that He ofttimes worked + Wonder on wonder in the sight of men, 620 + Before their rulers; and in secret too + The Lord of men did deeds of public good, + Which he devised for their eternal peace." + + Him answered then the sure Defense of kings:-- + "Couldst thou, wise hero, warrior strong of heart, + Tell me in words the wonders that He showed + In secret, when, as oft, ye sat alone + In converse with the Lord who rules the skies?" + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "Why dost thou question me with crafty speech, + My dearest lord, thou who dost truly know 630 + By virtue of thy wisdom every hap." + + The Ruler of the waves replied to him:-- + "'Tis not in blame that I thus question thee, + Nor to insult thee on the ocean-road.[1] + My mind is blithe and blossoming with joy + At thy most noble speech; not I am blithe + Alone, for every man is glad in heart + And comforted in soul who far or near + Remembers in his heart what that One did, + God's Son on earth. Souls unto Him were turned; 640 + With eagerness they sought the joys of heaven, + The angels' home, by aid of His great might." + + [Footnote 1: Lit. "whale-road."] + + Straightway did Andrew answer Him again:-- + "In thee I see an understanding heart + Of wondrous power, the gift of victory; + With wisdom blooms thy breast, with brightest joy. + Lo, I will tell to thee from first to last + The words and wisdom of the noble Lord, 650 + As I have heard it oft from His own mouth + When He conversed with men upon the earth. + Oft did great multitudes, unnumbered throngs, + Assemble to the council of the Lord, + And hear the teachings of the Holy One. + The Shield of kings, bright Giver of all bliss, + Went to another house, where many men, + Wise elders, came to meet Him, praising God; + And ever men were joyful, glad of heart, + At the Lord's coming. + + Likewise it befell 660 + That once of yore the Lord of victory, + The mighty King, went on a pilgrimage; + Eleven glorious champions alone + Of His own people on that journey went; + He was Himself the twelfth. When we were come + Unto the kingly city where was built + The temple of the Lord with pinnacles + High towering, famous 'mong the tribes of men, + Beauteous in splendor--with reviling words + The high priest straight began to mock at Him 670 + Insultingly, from out his wicked heart; + He oped his inmost thoughts and mischief wove; + For in his heart he knew we followed aye + The footsteps of our ever-righteous Lord, + His teachings we performed; straightway he raised + His baneful voice infect with wickedness:-- + 'Lo, ye are wretched more than all mankind; + Ye go upon wide wanderings, and ye fare + On many toilsome journeys; ye give ear + Unto a stranger's teachings 'gainst our law; + A prince without a portion ye proclaim; 680 + Ye say, in sooth, that with the Son of God + Ye daily converse hold! The rulers know + From what beginning his high race is sprung. + In this land he was nourished, and was born + A child among his kindred; at their home + Thus are his father and his mother called-- + As we have learned by prudent questioning-- + Mary and Joseph; other children twain + Were born his brothers in that family, 690 + Simon and Jacob--Joseph's sons they are.' + So spake the counsellors of men, the lords + Ambitious, and they thought to hide the might + Of God; their sin returned to them again + From whom it rose, an everlasting bane. + + Then did the Prince, the Lord of hosts, depart + With all His thanes from out the council-hall, + Strong in His might, to seek an unknown land. + By wonders manifold and mighty deeds + In deserts wild He showed that He was King 700 + By right throughout the world, made strong with power, + Ruler and Author of bright majesty, + Eternal God of all created things. + Likewise He showed before the sight of men + Unnumbered other works miraculous. + + Upon another journey then He went + With a vast throng, and in the temple stood, + The glorious Prince. The sound of words arose + Within the lofty building; sinful men + Would not receive the holy Savior's words, + Though He had shown so many tokens true 710 + While they looked on. Upon the temple wall + On either side the Lord victorious saw + An image of His angels wondrous carved, + Brightly adorned and beautifully wrought; + Then to the multitude he spake in words:-- + 'This is the likeness of the angel-race + Most widely known to dwellers in this town. + In Paradise their names are Cherubim 720 + And Seraphim; before the face of God + They stand, strong-souled, and with their voices praise + In holy song the might of Heaven's King, + And God's protecting hand. Here is carved out + The holy angels' form; the thanes of glory + Are chiseled on the wall by handicraft.' + + The Lord of hosts, the Holy Spirit of heaven, + Spake yet again unto the multitude:-- + 'Now I command a sign to be disclosed, + A miracle before the throng of men, 730 + That from the wall this image shall descend + All beautiful to earth, and speak a word, + Shall tell them truly of My parentage, + That men throughout the land may then believe!' + + The ancient image durst not disobey + The Savior's words, but leapt from off the wall, + Stone cleft from stone; upon the earth it stood, + A wonder in the sight of all the throng; + Then came a voice loud sounding from the stone, 740 + Rebuking them in words; and wondrous seemed + The statue's speech to those proud-hearted men. + With tokens manifest it taught the priests, + Warned them with wisdom; thus it spake in words:-- + 'Accursed are ye and wretched in your thoughts, + Deceived with tricks, or else with clouded mind + No better do ye know. Ye call God's Son + Eternal but a man--Him who marked out + With His own hands the sea and solid ground, + Both heaven and earth, the stormy ocean-waves, + The salt sea-streams, and the high firmament. 750 + He is that self-same God all-powerful + Whom in the early days your fathers knew; + To Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob + He gave His grace, and honored them with wealth; + To Abraham He first declared in words + The covenant of his race, that of his seed + The God of glory should be born; this fate + Is now fulfilled among you, manifest; + And lo! your eyes can now behold the God + Of victory, who rules the heavens on high.' 760 + + After these words the crowd stood listening; + All silent were they through the spacious hall. + The elders then began again to say, + Those sinful men--the truth they did not know!-- + That it was magic art and sorcery + That made the shining stone to talk to men. + Evil was blossoming in their hearts, and hate + Welled hot as fire within their wicked breasts, + A serpent, foe to joy, a poison dire; 770 + And by their words of mocking were revealed + Their doubting hearts and thoughts of wickedness, + With murder girt about. Then did the Lord + Command the stone, that mighty work, to go + Along the way, from out the open place, + To tread the paths of earth, the meadows green, + To bear God's message into Canaan land, + And in God's name command that Abraham + And his descendants twain should rise again + From out their sepulchre, and leave their place 780 + Of rest beneath the earth, take up their limbs, + Receive a soul again and youth's estate; + That those wise patriarchs should come once more + Among mankind, to tell the folk what God + It was that they had known by His own might. + + It went and journeyed on the border-paths + As mighty God, Creator of mankind, + Commanded it, until it came to Mamre + All dazzling bright, as God had bidden it. + There had the bodies of those patriarchs 790 + Long time lain hid. It bade them straight arise + From out the earth, those princes, Abraham, + Isaac, and Jacob, leaving their deep sleep + To meet their God; it bade them to prepare + To come before the presence of the Lord; + For they must tell the folk Who at the first + Brought forth this earth all-green, and heaven above, + And where that Ruler was who stablished firm + All that great work. They durst not long delay + Fulfilment of the glorious King's command. 800 + So went those prophets three, those valiant men, + And trod the earth; they let their sepulchres + Stand open, for they would straightway proclaim + The Father of creation. Then the folk + With fear was stricken, when those Princes old + Honored the King of glory with their words. + The Lord of might bade them forthwith return + To blessedness, to seek a second time + The happiness of heaven in holy peace, + And there to live in bliss for evermore. 810 + + Lo, thou mayst hear, dear youth, how He performed + By His commands full many miracles; + Yet even so those people blind of heart + Did not believe His teachings. I could tell + Many more deeds which He, the Prince of heaven, + Wrought on the earth--a great and famous tale: + Such deeds as thou couldst never understand, + Nor comprehend in heart, though thou art wise." + Thus Andrew all day long showed forth the lore + Of holy Jesus in his words, until + A sleep came sudden o'er him as he sailed 820 + Upon the whale's road nigh to Heaven's King. + + The Lord of life then bade His angels bear + That saint beloved over the beating waves, + And gently carry him upon their breasts + Under the Father's care across the floods, + While sleep was on him weary of the sea. + So journeying through the air he reached the land + And came unto the city, which the King + Of angels bade him seek; the messengers + Departed joyful to their home on high. 830 + They left the holy man, that gracious saint, + Beside the highway, 'neath the vault of heaven, + Peacefully sleeping near the city wall + And near his foes malignant all night long, + 'Till God sent forth the candle of the day + Brightly to shine. Vanished the shadows dark + Beneath the welkin; then the torch of heaven, + The clear light of the sky, came forth and shone + Above the town. The warrior brave awoke + And gazed upon the fields; before the gates 840 + Steep hills high towered; about the hoary cliff + Stood buildings wrought of many-colored tiles, + Great towers, and wind-swept walls. The sage straight knew + That he had reached the Mermedonian land, + E'en as the Father of mankind declared, + When He prescribed that journey. On the ground + He saw his own disciples, valiant men, + Beside him deep in sleep. He straight began + To wake the warriors; thus he spake in words:-- 850 + "Lo, I can tell you one truth manifest, + That yesterday upon the ocean-stream + A noble Hero bore us o'er the sea. + The Glory of kings, the Ruler of mankind, + Was sailing in that ship; I knew His words, + Though He did hide the beauty of His face." + + His noble followers answered him again, + Giving reply from out their inmost souls:-- + "Our journey, Andrew, will we tell to thee, + That wisely thou mayst understand in heart:-- 860 + A sleep came o'er us weary of the sea, + And eagles came across the struggling waves + In flight, exulting in their mighty wings, + And while we slept they took our souls away; + With joy they bore us flying through the air, + Gracious and bright, rejoicing in their speed; + And gently they caressed us, while they hymned + Continual praise; there was unceasing song + Throughout the sky; a beauteous host was there, 870 + A glorious multitude. The angels stood + About the Prince, the thanes about their Lord, + In thousands; in the highest they gave praise + With holy voice unto the Lord of lords; + The angel-band rejoiced. We there beheld + The holy patriarchs and a mighty troop + Of martyrs; to the Lord victorious + That righteous throng sang never-ending praise; + And David too was with them, Jesse's son, + The King of Israel, blessed warrior, 880 + Come to Christ's throne. Likewise we saw you twelve + All standing there before the Son of God, + Full glorious men of great nobility; + Archangels holy throned in majesty + Did serve you; happy is it for the man + Who may enjoy that bliss. High joy was there, + Glory of warriors, an exalted life; + Nor was there sorrow there for any man. + Drear exile, open torment is the lot + Of him who must be stranger to those joys, 890 + And wander wretched when he goes from hence." + + Exceeding glad was holy Andrew's heart + Within his breast, soon as he heard the speech + Of his disciples, that above all men + God should so high esteem them, and this word + Spake then the brave defense of warriors:-- + "Lo, now I clearly see, Lord God, that Thou, + Glory of kings, wast very nigh to me + On the ocean-road, when on that ship I went; + Though on the beating sea I did not know 900 + The Lord of angels, Savior of men's souls! + Be gracious unto me, Almighty God, + Bright King of mercy! on the ocean-stream + Full many words I spake; but now I know + Who bore me o'er the sea-floods on His ship + With honor high; He is for all mankind + A Spirit of comfort; there is ready help, + And mercy from the Highest unto all + Who seek of Him--the gift of victory." + + Straightway before his eyes the Lord appeared, 910 + The Prince of glory, King of all that lives, + Like to a youth in form, and thus he spake:-- + "Hail to thee, Andrew, and thy faithful band; + Rejoice in heart, for I am thy defense, + That wicked foes may never harm thy soul, + Fierce-hearted workers of iniquity." + + Then fell to earth that hero wise in words, + Begging protection, and he asked his Lord:-- + "How did it happen, Ruler of mankind, 920 + That, sinning 'gainst the Savior of men's souls, + I knew Thee not upon the ocean-way + Good as Thou art? there spake I many words, + More than I should in presence of my God." + + Him answered straightway God all-powerful:-- + "Thou didst not sin so grievously as when + Thou madest protest in Achaian land + That on far journeyings thou couldst not go, + Nor come unto the town, accomplishing + Thy way within three days, the time ordained, 930 + As o'er the struggling waves I bade thee fare. + Thou knowest better now that easily + I can advance and further any man + Who is My friend whithersoe'er I will. + Quickly arise, and straightway learn My will, + Man highly blessed; so shall the Father bright + Adorn thee with His wondrous gifts, with strength + And wisdom unto all eternity! + Go thou into the town, within the walls, + Where bides thy brother; for I know full well 940 + Matthew thy kinsman is afflicted sore + With deadly wounds at wicked traitors' hands, + Beset with cunning snares. Him shalt thou seek + And loose from hate of foes, with all that band + Who dwell with him in strangers' cruel chains + Balefully bound. Forthwith he shall receive + In this world recompense, and high reward + In heaven, as I have promised unto him. + Now, Andrew, thou shalt straightway risk thy life 950 + Into the foeman's grasp; for thee is war + Ordained with grievous sword-blows; with sore wounds + Thy body shall be rent; thy blood shall flow + In floods like water. But those foes may not + Give o'er thy life to death, though heavy strokes, + The blows of sinful men, thou undergo. + Endure that grief; let not the heathens' might + Turn thee aside, nor bitter strife of spears, + That thou depart from God who is thy Lord. + Be eager aye for glory, bear in mind 960 + How it was widely known to many men, + Through many lands, that sinners mocked at Me + Bound fast in chains, reviled Me with their words, + Struck Me and scourged Me; with their taunting speech + Those sinful men could not declare the truth. + When 'mong the Jews I hung upon the cross, + When high the rood was raised, a certain man + Let forth the blood from out My wounded side + Upon the ground. Full many grievous woes + I suffered on the earth; I wished to give 970 + A high example to you by My grace, + Which shall be known 'mong men of foreign land. + Many there are within this famous town + Whom thou shalt turn unto the light of heaven + In My name, though they have in days gone by + Accomplished many deeds of violence." + The Holy One departed, King of kings, + In blessedness to seek the heavens above, + That purest home; there is for every man + Glory enow, for those who can attain. 980 + + That much-enduring man, brave for the fight, + Obeyed God's word; he went into the town + Forthwith, that steadfast warrior, with might + Endowed, courageous-hearted, true to God; + He walked along the street, the path his guide, + In such wise that no one could him behold, + No sinful man could see, for on the mead + The Lord victorious had covered him, + That chief beloved, with His protecting care + And His high favor. So the noble saint 990 + Nigh to the prison pressed his way in haste, + The champion of Christ. He saw a band + Of heathens gathered, seven warders there + Before the gate; death snatched them all away; + They perished powerless; the fierce rush of death + Clutched them all bloody. Then the holy saint + Prayed to the gracious Father in his heart; + He praised on high the goodness and the power + Of Heaven's King. The door forthwith gave way + At holy Andrew's touch; then entered in 1000 + The hero brave with thoughts of courage bold. + The heathens there were sleeping drunk with blood; + With their own blood they stained the field of death. + + Matthew he saw within that murderous den, + The warrior stout, within the prison mirk, + Singing the praise of God, and worshiping + The angels' King. Alone he sat in grief + In that drear dwelling. On this earth once more + His brother dear he saw--a holy saint + Beheld a holy saint--and hope grew strong. 1010 + Up rose he quick to meet him, thanking God + That 'neath the sun they had at last beheld + Each other hale and sound. New joy and love + Dwelt with those brethren twain; each in his arms + Enclosed the other; they embraced and kissed. + Unto the heart of Christ both saints were dear. + A holy radiance bright as heaven above + Shone round about them, and their hearts welled up + With joy. Then first did Andrew greet in words 1020 + His noble comrade, that God-fearing man: + He told him of the battle that must come, + The fight of hostile men:-- + + * * * * * + + After these words those brothers knelt and prayed, + Those thanes of glory, and they sent their prayer + Up to the Son of God; and Matthew too + Within the prison called upon his God, 1030 + Sought from the Savior succor and relief + Before he should be slain by battle-might + Of heathen men. Then from the prison strong, + Freed from their bonds, protected by the Lord, + He led two hundred men and forty-eight + Rescued from woe; not one he left behind + Within the prison-walls fast bound in chains; + And women too, besides this multitude, + Fifty less one he saved, o'erwhelmed with fear. 1040 + Glad were they to depart, in haste they went, + Nor waited longer in that house of woe + The outcome of the struggle. Matthew went + Leading that multitude, as Andrew bade, + Under God's keeping; on that longed-for way + He covered them with clouds, lest enemies, + Their ancient foes, should come to work them harm + With arrows' flight; there did those valiant saints + Take counsel with each other, faithful friends, + Before they parted; each of those brave men 1050 + Stablished the other with the hope of heaven; + The pains of hell they warded off by words. + So did the warriors with them, battle-brave, + Tried champions, with their holy voices praise + The Lord of fate, whose glory ne'er shall end. + + Glad-hearted, Andrew walked about the town + Unto the place where he had heard was met + A concourse of his cruel enemies, 1060 + Until he found beside the border-path + A brazen pillar standing near the road. + He sat him by its side; pure love had he + And contemplation high, the angels' bliss; + There waited he, within the city-walls, + What deed of war should be vouchsafed to him. + + Then gathered straight the leaders of the folk + Their mighty troops; unto the prison strong + The faithless host of heathen warriors + Came fully armed, where late their captive thralls 1070 + Had suffered woe within the prison mirk. + They weened and wished, those stubborn-hearted foes, + That they might make those foreign men their meat, + Food for the multitude; their hope was vain, + For, coming with their troops, those spearmen fierce + Found prison-doors wide open, and the work + Of hammers all unloosed, the watchmen dead. + So back they turned, those luckless warriors, + Robbed of their joy, to bear the tidings sad; + They told the folk that of the stranger men, 1080 + The men of foreign speech, not one they found + Remaining in that prison-house alive; + But there upon the ground all stained with gore, + Lifeless the watchmen lay, robbed of their souls, + Mere slaughtered bodies. At that sudden news + Dismayed was many a captain of the host, + Sad and cast down at thoughts of famine stern, + That pale guest at the board. No better way + They knew than on the dead to make their feast + For their own sustenance; in a single hour 1090 + The bed of death was spread by cruel fate + For all those watchmen. + + Then, as I have heard, + A gathering of the townsmen was proclaimed; + The heroes came, a host of warriors + Riding on horses, brave men on their steeds + Exchanging speech; skilled were they at the spear. + So in the meeting-place the people all + Were gathered, and they bade the lot decide + Among them, who should first give up his life 1100 + For food unto the rest; they cast the lots + With hellish craft; before their heathen gods + They counted them. Behold, the lot did fall + Upon an aged chieftain, one who was + A counselor among the noble lords, + In front rank of the host. Soon was he bound + In fetters fast, despairing of his life. + + Then cried that chieftain fierce with voice of woe, + Proclaiming he would give his own young son + Into their power as ransom for his life. 1110 + With thankful hearts they took his offering, + For greedily they lusted after food, + Sad-minded men; no joy had they in wealth, + Nor hope in hoarded riches; they were sore + Oppressed with hunger, for the famine dire + Held cruel sway. Then many a warrior + And hero battle-bold was fired in heart + To struggle for the life of that young man; + The sign of woe was published far and wide + Throughout the town to many a hero brave, 1120 + That they should seek in troops the young man's death, + That, young and old, they should receive their share + As food to keep their lives. The heathen priests + Straightway collected there a multitude + Of dwellers in that town; loud shouts arose. + + Bound there before the throng the youth began + To sing with mournful voice a song of woe; + The wretched thrall begged succor of his friends; + But no relief nor mercy could he find + From that fierce folk to give him back his life. 1130 + Those monstrous fiends had sought hostility; + It was their purpose that the sword's sharp edge + Made hard by blows, and stained with marks of fire, + In foeman's hand should take his life away. + But Andrew thought it grievous, hard to bear, + A public wrong, that one so innocent + Should forthwith lose his life. That people's hate + Was very fierce; the warriors, valiant thanes 1140 + Lusting for murder, rushed upon the youth; + They wished straightway to break his head with spears. + But God, the Holy One, from heaven above + Defended him against the heathen throng; + He bade their weapons melt away like wax + In the fierce onset, that his bitter foes + Should scathe him not with might of hostile swords. + So from his woe and from that people's hate + The youth was loosed. To God, the Lord of lords, 1150 + Be thanks for all, because He giveth might + To every man who wisely seeketh aid + From Him on high! There is eternal peace + Ever prepared for those who can attain. + + Then in that town was lamentation heard, + Loud outcry of the throng; heralds proclaimed + And mourned the lack of food; there stood they sad, + Held fast by hunger; the high-towering halls-- + Their wine-halls--all were empty; they possessed + No wealth to enjoy at that unhappy hour. 1160 + The wise men sat apart in council sad, + Talked of their woe; no joy was in their land. + Thus would one hero oft another ask:-- + "Let him who has good counsel in his heart, + And wisdom, hide it not! The hour is come + Exceeding woful; great is now the need + That we should hear the words of prudent men." + + Then to that band the Devil straight appeared + All black and ugly, and he had the form + Of one accursed. The Prince of death began, 1170 + The limping imp of hell, with wicked heart + To accuse the holy man; this word he spake:-- + "A certain prince is come into your town, + A stranger journeying from a distant land; + Andrew I heard him called. He worked you scath + But lately, when he led a company + Great beyond measure from your prison strong; + And now these deeds of harm ye may with ease + Wreak on their author; let your weapons' point, 1180 + Your hard-edged iron, hew his body down, + Doomed to destruction. Go now boldly forth, + That ye may overcome your foe in war." + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "Why dost thou impudently teach this folk, + And urge them unto battle? Hast thou felt + The fiery torment hot in hell, and yet + Leadest an army forth, a troop to war? + Thou art a foe to God, the Lord of hosts; + Why dost thou thus heap up thy wretchedness? + Shaft of the devil, whom Almighty God 1190 + Bent humble down and into darkness hurled, + Where the King of kings did cover thee with chains; + And they who keep the covenant of God + Have called thee Satan ever since that hour." + + Again the Adversary by his words, + With fiendish craft urged on the folk to fight:-- + "Now do you hear the foeman of your tribe, + Him who has wrought most harm unto this host! + Andrew it is, who thus disputes with me + In cunning words before the throng of men." 1200 + Then to the townsmen was the signal given; + + Up leaped they valiant with the shout of hosts, + And to the city-gates the warriors thronged + Bold 'neath their banners; with their spears and shields, + In mighty troops they pressed unto the fight. + + Then spake the Lord of hosts, Almighty God, + And said these words unto His valiant thane:-- + "O Andrew, thou shalt do a deed of might; + Shrink not before this host, but thy brave heart + Strengthen against the strong! The hour is nigh 1210 + When these blood-thirsty men shall weigh thee down + With torments and cold chains. Reveal thyself, + Make firm thy soul, and strengthen thy brave heart, + That they may recognize My power in thee! + They cannot and they may not, crime-stained men, + Deal death unto thy body 'gainst My will, + Though thou shalt suffer many evil blows + From murderers. Lo, I abide with thee!" + + After these words there came a countless throng, + False leaders with their troops of shield-clad men, 1220 + Angry at heart. Straight rushed they out and bound + Saint Andrew's hands, soon as the joy of lords + Revealed himself, and they could see him there + Boldly triumphant. Many a warrior + Lusted for battle on that field of death, + Among the host of men. Little they cared + What recompense hereafter they should find. + They gave command to lead their hated foe + Over the country, and from time to time 1230 + To drag him fiercely as they could contrive. + Savage, they haled him, cruel-hearted foes, + Through mountain-caves, about the stony cliffs, + Far as their stone-paved streets and highways stretched-- + The ancient work of giants--through the town. + A tumult and a mighty outcry rose + Within the city from the heathen host. + With grievous wounds was Andrew's body pained, + Broken and wet with blood, which welled in streams 1240 + All hot with gore; yet had he in his breast + Courage undoubting; and his noble mind + Was free from sin, though he was doomed to bear + Such bitter suffering from his heavy wounds. + + Thus all day long till radiant evening came + Was Andrew scourged; and yet a second day + Pain pierced his breast, until the gleaming sun + With heavenly radiance to his setting went. + Then to the prison did those people lead + Their hated foe; yet to the heart of Christ 1250 + Was he full dear; within his holy breast + His soul shone bright--a mind invincible. + So all night long the hero brave of heart, + That holy saint, dwelt 'neath the gloomy shades, + Beset with cunning snares. Snow bound the earth + In wintry storms; the air grew bitter cold + With heavy showers of hail; the rime and frost, + Those warriors hoary, locked the homes of men, + The people's dwellings; frozen were the lands + With icicles; the water's might shrank up 1260 + Within the rivers, and the ice bridged o'er + The gleaming water-roads. The noble saint + Abode blithe-hearted, planning valiant deeds, + Bold and courageous in his misery, + Throughout the wintry night; nor did he e'er, + Dismayed by terror, cease to praise the Lord, + And ever worship Him, as at the first, + With righteous heart, until the radiant gem + Of glory rose. + + Then came a mighty troop, + A throng of warriors thirsting after blood, 1270 + With clamor loud unto the prison mirk. + They gave command to lead the noble saint, + That steadfast man, into his foemen's grasp; + And once again he suffered all day long, + Beaten with grievous blows; his blood welled out + In streams o'er all his body.... + ...Worn with wounds + He scarce felt any pain. Then from his breast + The sound of weeping issued faintly forth, + A stream welled up, and thus he spake in words:-- 1280 + "O God, my Lord, behold now mine estate, + Ruler of hosts, Thou who dost understand + And know the misery of every man; + I trust in Thee, Thou Author of my life, + That, in Thy mercy and Thy glorious power, + O Savior of mankind, Thou never wilt + Forsake me, everlasting God of might; + So while my life shall last I ne'er will leave, + O God, Thy gracious teachings! Lo, Thou art 1290 + A shield against the weapons of the foe + For all Thy saints, eternal Source of joy. + Let not man's foe, the first-born child of sin, + Revile me now, nor by his fiendish craft + Cover with woe the men who spread Thy praise." + + Then in their midst the ugly fiend appeared, + That wicked traitor damned to torments sharp; + Before the host he taught the warriors, + The Devil of hell, and this word did he speak:-- + "Come, smite the wicked wretch upon his mouth, 1300 + The foeman of this folk; too much he talks!" + + Then was the strife stirred up once more anew, + And violence arose, until the sun + Went to his setting 'neath the gloomy earth; + Night shrouded all, and spread o'er mountains steep, + A dusky brown. Then to the prison mirk + Once more the brave and righteous saint was led, + And all night long that true man had to dwell + Within his wretched den, the house unclean. 1310 + + Then came unto the hall with other six + That demon vile, mindful of evil deeds, + The lord of murder, shrouded in deep gloom, + The Devil fierce, bereft of majesty, + And to the saint he spake reviling words:-- + "Andrew, why didst thou plan thy coming here, + Into the power of foes? Where is that fame + Which in thy arrogance thou didst set up, + When thou wouldst overthrow our gods' renown? + Thou hast claimed all things for thyself alone, 1320 + The land and people, as thy master did; + He set up royal power upon the earth, + As long as it might stand--Christ was his name. + Herod, the king, deprived him of his life, + He overcame the King of the Jews in war, + Robbed him of power, and nailed him on the rood, + That on the cross he might give up his life. + So now I bid my sons, my mighty thanes, + To vanquish thee, his follower, in the fight. + Let javelin-point and arrow poison-dipped 1330 + Pierce his doomed breast! Advance, ye bold of heart, + That ye may humble low this warrior's pride!" + + Fierce-souled were they, and quickly rushed they on + With greedy hands; but God defended him, + Guiding him steadfast by His own strong might. + Soon as they recognized upon his face + The glorious token of Christ's holy cross, + They all were terrified in the attack, + Sorely afraid, thrown headlong into flight. 1340 + + The ancient fiend, the prisoner of hell, + Began once more to sing his mournful song:-- + "What happened, O my warriors so bold, + My shield-companions, that ye fared so ill?" + + An ill-starred wretch, a fiend of wicked heart, + Gave answer then, and to his father said:-- + "We shall not quickly work him any harm, + Nor slay him by our wiles; go thou to him; + There wilt thou surely find a bitter fight, + A savage battle, if again thou dar'st 1350 + To risk thy life against that lonely man. + Much better counsel in the play of swords + We easily can give thee, lord beloved: + Before thou shalt resort to open war + And battle-rush, see to it how thou fare + In that exchange of blows; but let us go + Again, that we may mock him fast in bonds, + And taunt him with his misery; have words + Ready devised against that wicked wretch." + + Then with a mighty voice cried out that fiend 1360 + Weighed down with torments, and this word he spake:-- + "Long time, O Andrew, hast thou been well versed + In arts of sorcery; thou hast deceived + And led astray much people; but thou shalt + No longer now have power upon such works, + For grievous torments are decreed for thee + According to thy deeds. With weary heart, + Joyless, degraded, thou shalt suffer woes, + The bitter pangs of death. My warriors + Are ready for the battle; they will soon + Deprive thee of thy life by valiant deeds. 1370 + What man on earth so mighty that he may + Release thee from thy bonds, if I oppose?" + + Straightway did Andrew answer him again:-- + "Almighty God with ease can rescue me + From all my grief--He who in days of yore + Fettered thee fast with fiery chains in woe. + There, shorn of glory, bound with torments fierce, + In exile hast thou dwelt e'er since the day 1380 + When thou didst set at naught the word of God, + Of Heaven's King; then did thy woe begin, + And to thy exile there shall be no end; + But thou shalt still heap up thy wretchedness + To everlasting life, and evermore + Thy lot shall grow yet harsher day by day." + Then fled that fiend who in the years long past + Began a deadly feud against his God. + + Then at the dawning, when the day first broke, + A troop of heathens came to find the saint, + A mighty throng, and gave command to lead 1390 + That valiant-hearted thane a third time forth. + They wished straightway to overcome the soul + Of that bold saint--but it was not to be. + Then was the battle stirred up once again, + Cruel and very fierce. The holy man, + Bound fast with cunning skill, was sorely scourged, + Pierced through with wounds, until the daylight failed; + And, sad of heart, he cried aloud to God + Bravely from prison with his holy voice; + Weary of soul, he spake these words with tears:-- 1400 + "Ne'er have I suffered by God's holy will + A lot more grievous under heaven's vault, + In lands where I have had to preach His law! + My limbs are wrenched apart, my body sore + Is broken, and my flesh is stained with blood; + My thews are torn and bloody. Lo, Thou too, + Ruler of victory, Redeeming Lord, + Wast filled with grief among the Jews that day + When from the cross, Thou, everlasting God, + Glory of kings, creation's mighty Lord, 1410 + Called to the Father, and thus spake to him :-- + 'Father of angels, source of light and life, + Oh why hast Thou forsaken me, I pray?' + Torments most cruel I have had to bear + For three long days. I beg thee, Lord of hosts, + That I may give my soul into Thy hands, + Thy very hands, Thou Nourisher of souls! + For Thou didst promise by Thy holy word, + When Thou didst stablish us, the chosen Twelve, + That we should ne'er be scathed by foeman's sword, 1420 + No member of our bodies be destroyed, + No bone nor sinew left beside the way; + That no lock should be lost from off our heads, + If we would keep Thy teachings faithfully. + My sinews now are loosed, my blood is spilled + My hair lies scattered wide upon the ground, + And death were dearer far than this sad life." + + Then spake a voice unto that steadfast man; + The King of glory's words resounded clear:-- 1430 + "Weep not, O man beloved, at this thy woe; + Too hard it is not for thee; with My aid, + With My protection, I will hold thee up, + And compass thee about with My great might. + All power is given to Me upon this earth, + And glorious victory. Full many a man + Shall bear Me witness at the judgment day, + That all this beauteous world, the heavens and earth, + Shall fall in ruin, before a single word + Which I have spoken with My mouth shall fail. 1440 + Look now where thou hast walked, and where thy blood + Was spilled, where from thy wounds the path was stained + With spots of blood. No more harsh injury + Can they do unto thee by stroke of spears + Who most have harmed thee by their cruel deeds." + Then looked behind him that dear champion, + Even as the glorious King commanded him; + Fair flowering trees beheld he standing there, + With blossoms decked, where he had shed his blood. + + Then spake in words that shield of warriors:-- 1450 + "Ruler of nations, thanks and praise to Thee + And glory in heaven both now and evermore, + For that Thou didst not leave me in my woe, + Alone, a stranger, Lord of victory!" + So to the Lord that doer of great deeds + Gave praise with holy voice until the sun + In glorious brightness went beneath the waves. + + Then yet a fourth time those fierce-hearted foes, + The leaders of the folk, brought back the prince + Unto his prison; for they hoped to turn 1460 + In the dark night the hero's mighty soul. + Then came the Lord unto that prison-house, + Glory of warriors, and with words of cheer + The Guide of life, the Father of mankind, + Greeted His thane and bade him once again + Soundness enjoy:--"From henceforth and for aye + Thou shalt no more bear woe from armed men." + + Freed from the bondage of his grievous pains, 1470 + The mighty saint arose and thanked his God. + His beauty was not marred, nor was the hem + Loosed from his cloak, nor lock from off his head; + No bone was broken, and no bloody wounds + Were in his body, and no injured limb + Wet with his blood through wounding stroke of sword; + But there he stood by God's most noble might + Whole as before, giving to Him the praise. + + Lo, I awhile the story of the saint-- + The song of praise of him who did the deeds-- + Have set forth here in words, a tale well known, 1480 + Beyond my power; much is there yet to tell-- + A weary task--what he in life endured, + From the beginning on! A wiser man + Upon the earth than I account myself + Must in his heart invent it, one who knows + From the beginning all the misery + Which bravely he endured in cruel wars. + Yet in small parts we further must relate + A portion of that tale. It has been told + Already how he suffered many woes 1490 + From grievous warfare in the heathen town. + + Beside the prison-wall set wondrous fast + He saw great pillars, work of giants old, + All beaten by the storms. With one of these + He converse held, mighty and bold of heart; + Prudent and wondrous wise, he spake these words:-- + "Give ear, thou marble stone, to God's command, + Before whose presence all created things-- + The heavens and earth--stand trembling, when they see + The Father with a countless multitude 1500 + Visit the race of men upon the earth! + Let streams well forth from out thy firm support, + A gushing river; for the King of heaven, + Almighty God, commands thee that straightway + Upon this stubborn-hearted folk thou send + Water wide-flowing for the people's death, + A rushing sea. Lo, thou art better far + Than gold or treasure! for the King Himself, + The God of glory, wrote on thee, and showed 1510 + His mysteries forth in words; Almighty God + In ten commandments showed His righteous law, + Gave it to Moses, and true-hearted men + Kept it thereafter, mighty warriors, + Joshua and Tobias, faithful thanes, + God-fearing men. Now dost thou truly know + That in the days of old the angels' King + Decked thee more fair than all the precious stones. + Now at His holy bidding thou shalt show 1520 + If thou hast any knowledge of thy God!" + + Then was there no delay; straightway the stone + Split open, and a stream came rushing out + And flowed along the ground; at early dawn + The foaming billows covered up the earth; + The ocean-flood waxed great; mead was outpoured + After that day of feasting! Mail-clad men + Shook off their slumbers; water deeply stirred + Seized on the earth; the host was sore dismayed + At terror of the flood; the youths were doomed, 1530 + And perished in the deep; the rush of war + Snatched them away with tumult of the sea. + That was a grievous trouble, bitter beer; + The ready cup-bearers did not delay; + From daybreak on each man had drink to spare. + The might of waters waxed, the men wailed loud, + Old bearers of the spear; they strove to flee + The fallow stream; they fain would save their lives + And seek a refuge in the mountain caves, + Firm earth's support. An angel drove them back, 1540 + Compassing all the town with gleaming fire, + With savage flames. Wild beat the sea within; + No troop of men could scape from out the walls. + The waves waxed, and the waters thundered loud; + The firebrands flew; the flood welled up in streams. + + Then easy was it in that town to find + The song of sorrow sung, and grief bemoaned, + And many a heart afraid, and dirges sad. + The dreadful fire was plain to every eye, 1550 + Fierce pillager, the uproar terrible; + And rushing through the air the blasts of fire + Hurled themselves round the walls; the floods grew great. + There far and wide was lamentation heard, + The cries of helpless men. Straightway began + One wretched warrior to collect the folk + Humble and sad, he spake with mournful voice:-- + "Now may ye truly know that we did wrong + When we o'erwhelmed this stranger with our chains, + With bonds of torment, in the prison-house; 1560 + For Fate is crushing us, most fierce and stern-- + That is full clear!--And better is it far, + So hold I truth, that we with one accord + Should loose him soon as may be from his bonds, + And beg the holy man to give us help, + Comfort and aid! Full quickly we shall find + Peace after sorrow, if we seek of him." + + Then Andrew knew the purpose of the folk + Within his heart; he knew the warriors' might, 1570 + The pride of valiant men, was humbled low. + The waters compassed them about, and fierce + The rushing torrent flowed, the flood rejoiced, + Until the welling sea o'ertopped their breasts, + And reached their shoulders. Then the noble saint + Bade the wild flood subside, the storms to cease + About the stony cliffs. Straight walked he out + And left his prison, valiant, firm of soul, + Wise-hearted, dear to God; for him forthwith + A way was opened through the spreading stream; 1580 + Calm was the field of victory, the earth + Was dry at once where'er he placed his foot. + Blithe-hearted waxed the dwellers in that town, + And glad in soul; for help was come to pass + After their grief. The flood subsided straight, + And at the saint's behest the storm was stilled, + The waters ceased. Then was the mountain cloven-- + A frightful chasm--into itself it drew + The flood, and swallowed up the fallow waves, + The struggling sea--the abyss devoured it all. 1590 + Yet not the waves alone it swallowed up; + But fourteen men, worst caitiffs of the throng, + Went headlong to destruction with the flood + Under the yawning earth. Then sore afraid + Was many a heart at that calamity; + They feared the slaughter both of men and wives, + A yet more wretched season of distress, + When once those sin-stained cruel murderers, + Those warriors fierce, plunged headlong down the abyss. 1600 + + Straightway then spake they all with one accord:-- + "Now is it plain to see that one true God, + The King of every creature, rules with might-- + He who did hither send this messenger + To help the people! Great is now our need + That we should follow righteousness with zeal." + + Then did the saint give comfort to those men, + He cheered the throng of warriors with his words:-- + "Be not too fearful, though the sinful race + Sought ruin, suffered death--the punishment 1610 + Due to their sins. A bright and glorious light + On you is risen if ye but purpose well." + His prayer he sent before the Son of God, + And begged the Holy One to give His aid + Unto those youths who in the ocean-stream + Had lost their life within the flood's embrace, + So that their souls, forsaken by the Lord, + Shorn of their glory, had been borne away + To death and torments in the power of fiends. + + Saint Andrew's prayer was pleasing unto God, 1620 + Almighty One, the Counselor of men; + He bade the youths, those whom the flood had slain, + Rise up unscathed in body from the ground. + Then straightway stood there up among the throng + Many an ungrown child, as I have heard; + Body and soul were joined again in one, + Though but a short time gone in flood's fierce rush + They all had lost their lives. Then they received + True baptism and the covenant of peace, 1630 + The pledge of glory, God's protecting grace, + Freedom from punishment. The valiant saint, + The craftsman of the King, then bade them build + A church, and make a temple of the Lord + Upon the spot where those young men arose + By baptism, even where the flood sprang forth. + From far and wide the warriors of that town + Gathered in throngs; both men and women said + That they would faithfully obey his word, + Receive the bath of baptism joyfully 1640 + According to God's will, and straightway leave + Their devil-worship and their ancient shrines. + Then noble baptism was exalted high + Among that folk, the righteous law of God + Established 'mong those men--a mighty boon + Unto their country--and the church was blessed. + + The messenger of God appointed one, + A man of wisdom tried, of prudent speech, + To be a bishop in that city bright + Over the people, and he hallowed him + By virtue of his apostolic power 1650 + Before the multitude for their behoof,-- + His name was Platan. Strictly Andrew bade + That they should keep his teachings zealously, + And should work out salvation for their souls. + He told them he was eager to depart, + And fain would leave that city bright with gold, + Their revelry and wealth, their bounteous halls, + And seek a ship beside the breaking sea. + Hard was it for the multitude to bear + That he, their leader, would no longer dwell 1660 + Among them there. But as he journeyed forth + The glorious God straightway appeared to him, + The Lord of hosts, and to His thane He said:-- + "[Why dost thou leave this people in such haste? + For hardly have they turned them from their sin], + This nation from their crimes. Their minds for death + Are longing, sad of heart they go about, + Their grief bemoaning, men and women both; + Weeping has come among them, woful hearts, + [Since thou across the floods in thy sea-bark] + Wilt haste away. Thou shalt not leave this flock + In joy so new, but in My holy Name 1670 + Fast stablish thou their hearts! Within this town, + Abide, O shield of warriors, in their halls + Richly adorned, the space of seven nights, + Then with My favor thou shalt go thy way." + + So once again that brave and mighty saint + Returned to seek the Mermedonian town. + In wisdom and in speech the Christians waxed, + After their eyes beheld the glorious thane, + The noble King's apostle. In the way + Of faith he guided them; with glory bright + He made them strong; a countless multitude 1680 + Of glorious men he led to blessedness, + Toward that most holy home in Heaven's realm, + Where Father, Son, and Holy Comforter + In blessed Trinity hold mighty rule, + World without end, within those mansions fair. + Likewise the saint attacked their idol-shrines, + Banished their devil-worship, and put down + Their errors. Mighty grief and hard to bear + Was that for Satan, when he saw them turn 1690 + With hearts of gladness from the halls of hell + At Andrew's teaching to that land more bright, + Where fiends and evil spirits never come. + + Then was the number of the days fulfilled + Which God had set, and had commanded him + That he should linger in that wind-swept town; + And quickly he made ready for the waves + With joyful heart; he wished once more to seek + Achaia in his ocean-coursing ship; 1700 + (There was he doomed to lose his life and die + A death of violence. This deed was fraught + With little laughter for his murderer; + To the jaws of hell he went, and since that day + No solace has that friendless wretch e'er found.) + + Then in great companies, as I have heard, + They led unto his ship their master dear, + Men sad of soul; the heart of many a one + Was welling hot in grief within his breast. + They brought the zealous champion to his ship 1710 + Beside the sea-cliffs, and upon the shore + They stood and mourned while they could still behold + The joy of princes sailing o'er the waves, + The path of seals. They praised the glorious King; + The throngs cried out aloud, and thus they spake:-- + "One and eternal is the God who rules + O'er all created things; throughout the earth + His might and His dominion far and near + Are magnified. His glory over all + Shines on His saints in heavenly majesty 1720 + Among the angels now and evermore + In splendor fair. He is a noble King!" + + + + +NOTES + + +38 f. Lit. "hay and grass oppressed them." + +298. Reading /[=a]ra/ with Grein. + +368. The MS. says /h[=i]e/ (they), with change of subject; for the +sake of clearness I have kept Andrew as the subject. + +424. Reading /sund/ with Grein. + +592. Adopting Siever's reading, /r[=e]onigm[=o]de/ (_Beitr._ X, 506). + +656. "another house"; I am at a loss to explain this apparent +inconsistency. + +713. That there are two images is shown by the Greek. + +719. I omit /is/. The passage as it stands is meaningless. + +746. Reading /g[=e] mon c[=i]gaeth/, with Cosijn. + +826. Lit. "'Till sleep came o'er them weary of the sea"; but Andrew is +already asleep. The line is probably corrupt. + +828. Something is apparently missing, though the MS. shows no break. +Without attempting an emendation I have supplied: "bade him seek," as +completing the obvious sense. + +1024. At this point a page is missing in the manuscript. It must have +corresponded to the end of Chap. 19 and to Chap. 20 of the Greek, in +which Andrew and Matthew exchange short speeches, after which Andrew +utters a long tirade against the Devil as the author of this woe. +I have omitted lines 1023^b, 1024, and 1025, which are meaningless +without what has been lost. + +1035. The number of men is uncertain. According to the Greek it is +270, but the Homily says 248. The manuscript reads: "two and a hundred +by number, also forty," but l. 1036 is evidently deficient. Wuelker +emends to /swylce seofontig/. This is unsatisfactory, since the line +is metrically deficient, and since, moreover, the regular word for +seventy is not /seofontig/, but /hundseofontig/. Without venturing +an emendation, I have taken the number 248 from the Homily, as being +nearer the manuscript than the 270 of the Greek. This similarity is +an additional argument for a common Latin original of the poem and the +Homily. + +1212. The poet has neglected to mention the circumstance, clearly +stated in the Greek, that Andrew was still invisible both to the Devil +and to the Mermedonians. This makes clear several passages, i.e., ll. +1203, 1212, 1223 f. + +1242. Reading /untw[=e]onde/ with Grein and Cosijn. 1276. I have here +omitted two half-lines, of which the sense is very obscure. Grein +connects /lifrum/ with Germ. _liefern_="to coagulate" (cf. Eng. +_loppered milk_), instead of assigning it to /lifer/="liver," but this +interpretation is not very satisfactory. See also Cosijn's note (Paul +und Braune's _Beitraege_, XXI, 17). + +1338. The Greek explains that God had put the sign of the cross on +Andrew's face. + +1376. I have here ventured an emendation of my own. The sentence as it +stands is without a main verb, and 1377^a is metrically deficient. I +would read:-- + + Hwaet m[=e] [=e]aethe [maeg] aelmihtig God + n[=i]etha [generian], se ethe in n[=i]edum [=i]u. + +See under /generian/ in Grein's _Sprachschalz_. + +1478 ff. This passage is certainly ambiguous. That /h[=a]liges/ refers +to Andrew, and not to God, is shown by the use of /h[=e]/ in 1. 1482. + +1493. I follow Grein's emendation, and read /saelwaege/ = "castle wall," +although the word is not found elsewhere. If we read saelwange with +Wuelker, the meaning of /under/ must be greatly stretched. Moreover, +the Greek says: "He saw a pillar standing in the midst of the prison." + +1508. Reading /geofon/ with Grimm, Kemble, etc., as also in 393 and +1585. + +1545. Reading /wadu/ with Kemble and Grein. + +1663. Apparently a line or two is missing here, though there is +no break in the manuscript. I have translated in brackets Grein's +conjectural emendation, as supplying the probable meaning. + +1667. I have again translated Grein's emendation. + +1681. Reading /t[=i]r[=e]adigra/ with Kemble. + + + + +PROOFREADER'S COMMENTS + +Text between slashes - e.g. /xxxxx/ - was originally BOLD. +Non-Ascii characters are marked e.g. [=o] for o with a Macron. +The line numbers are inconsistent, as in the original text. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANDREAS: THE LEGEND OF ST. 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