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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony
+(Volume 1 of 2), by Ida Husted Harper
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (Volume 1 of 2)
+       Including Public Addresses, Her Own Letters and Many From Her
+       Contemporaries During Fifty Years
+
+
+Author: Ida Husted Harper
+
+Release Date: March 1, 2005 [EBook #15220]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUSAN B. ANTHONY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Leonard Johnson and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration HW: Susan B. Anthony]
+
+THE LIFE AND WORK
+
+OF
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+INCLUDING PUBLIC ADDRESSES, HER OWN LETTERS
+AND MANY FROM HER CONTEMPORARIES
+DURING FIFTY YEARS
+
+BY
+IDA HUSTED HARPER
+
+A Story of the evolution of the Status of Woman
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+VOLUME I
+ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS, PICTURES OF HOMES, ETC.
+
+INDIANAPOLIS AND KANSAS CITY
+THE BOWEN-MERRILL COMPANY
+1899
+
+
+
+
+TO WOMAN, FOR WHOSE FREEDOM
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+HAS GIVEN FIFTY YEARS OF NOBLE ENDEAVOR
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+A biography written during the lifetime of the subject is unusual, but
+to the friends of Miss Anthony it seemed especially desirable because
+the reform in which she and her contemporaries have been engaged has
+not been given a deserved place in the pages of history, and the
+accounts must be gleaned very largely from unpublished records and
+personal recollections. The wisdom of this course often has been
+apparent in the preparation of these volumes. In recalling how many
+times an entirely different interpretation of letters, scenes and
+actions would have been made from that which Miss Anthony declared to
+be the true one, the author must confess that hereafter all biographies
+will be read by her with a certain amount of skepticism--a doubt
+whether the historian has drawn correct conclusions from apparent
+premises, and a disbelief that one individual can state accurately the
+motives which influenced another.
+
+Most persons who have attained sufficient prominence to make a record
+of their lives valuable are too busy to prepare an autobiography, but
+there is only one other way to go down to posterity correctly
+represented, and that is to have some one else write the history while
+the hero still lives. If we admit this self-evident proposition, then
+the question is presented, should it be published during his lifetime?
+A reason analogous to that which justifies the writing, demands also
+the publication, in order that denials or attacks may be met by the
+person who, above all others, is best qualified to defend the original
+statement. It seems a pity, too, that he should be deprived of knowing
+what the press and the people think of the story of his life, since
+there is no assurance that he will meet the book-reviewers in the next
+world.
+
+These volumes may claim the merit of truthfully describing the
+principal events of Miss Anthony's life and presenting her opinions on
+the various matters considered. She has objected to the eulogies, but
+the writer holds that, as these are not the expressions of a partial
+biographer but the spontaneous tributes of individuals and newspapers,
+no rule of good taste is violated in giving them a place. It is only
+justice that, since the abuse and ridicule of early years are fully
+depicted, esteem and praise should have equal prominence; and surely
+every one will read with pleasure the proof that the world's scorn and
+repudiation have been changed to respect and approval. Many letters of
+women have been used to disprove the assertion so often made, that
+women themselves do not properly estimate the labors of Miss Anthony in
+their behalf. It can not be expected that the masses should understand
+or appreciate her work, but the written evidence herein submitted will
+demonstrate that the women of each decade most prominent in
+intellectual ability, in philanthropy, in reform, those who represent
+the intelligence and progress of the age, have granted to it the most
+cordial and thorough recognition.
+
+There has not been the slightest attempt at rhetorical display, but
+only an endeavor to tell in plain, simple language the story of the
+life and work of one who was born into the simplicity and
+straightforwardness of the Society of Friends and never departed from
+them. The constant aim has been to condense, but it has not been an
+easy task to crowd into limited space the history of nearly eighty
+busy, eventful years, comprising a revolution in social and legal
+customs. If the reader discover some things omitted which to him seem
+vital, or others mentioned which appear unimportant, it is hoped he
+will attribute them to an error of judgment rather than to an intention
+to minimize or magnify unduly any person or action.
+
+The fact should be kept in mind that this is not a history of woman
+suffrage, except in so far as Miss Anthony herself has been directly
+connected with it. A number of women have made valuable contributions
+to this movement whose lives have not come in contact with hers,
+therefore they have not been mentioned in these pages, which have been
+devoted almost exclusively to her personal labors and associations.
+Many of those even who have been her warm and faithful friends have had
+to be omitted for want of space. No one can know the regret this has
+caused, or the conscientious effort which has been made to render exact
+justice to Miss Anthony's co-workers. It was so difficult for her to
+select the few pictures for which room could be spared that she was
+strongly tempted to exclude all. Personal controversies have been
+omitted, in the belief that nothing could be gained which would justify
+handing them down to future generations. Where differences have existed
+in regard to matters of a public nature, only so much of them has been
+given as might serve for an object lesson on future occasions.
+
+In preparing these volumes over 20,000 letters have been read and,
+whenever possible, some of them used to tell the story, especially
+those written by Miss Anthony herself, as her own language seemed
+preferable to that of any other, but only a comparatively small number
+of the latter could be obtained. She kept copies of a few important
+official letters, and friends in various parts of the country kindly
+sent those in their possession. Every letter quoted in these volumes
+was copied from the original, hence there can be no question of
+authenticity. The autographs reproduced in fac-simile were clipped from
+letters written to Miss Anthony. Her diaries of over fifty years have
+furnished an invaluable record. The strict financial accounts of all
+moneys received and spent, frequently have supplied a date or incident
+when every other source had failed. A mine of information was found in
+her full set of scrap-books, beginning with 1850; the History of Woman
+Suffrage; almost complete files of Garrison's Liberator, the
+Anti-Slavery Standard, and woman's rights papers--Lily, Una,
+Revolution, Ballot-Box, Woman's Journal, Woman's Tribune. The reader
+easily can perceive the difficulty of condensation, with Miss Anthony's
+own history so closely interwoven with the periods and the objects
+represented by all these authorities.
+
+The intent of this work has been to trace briefly the evolution of a
+life and a condition. The transition of the young Quaker girl, afraid
+of the sound of her own voice, into the reformer, orator and statesman,
+is no more wonderful than the change in the status of woman, effected
+so largely through her exertions. At the beginning she was a chattel in
+the eye of the law; shut out from all advantages of higher education
+and opportunities in the industrial world; an utter dependent on man;
+occupying a subordinate position in the church; restrained to the
+narrowest limits along social lines; an absolute nonentity in politics.
+Today American women are envied by those of all other nations, and
+stand comparatively free individuals, with the exception of political
+disabilities.
+
+During the fifty years which have wrought this revolution, just one
+woman in all the world has given every day of her time, every dollar of
+her money, every power of her being, to secure this result. She was
+impelled to this work by no personal grievance, but solely through a
+deep sense of the injustice which, on every side, she saw perpetrated
+against her sex, and which she determined to combat. Never for one
+short hour has the cause of woman been forgotten or put aside for any
+other object. Never a single tie has been formed, either of affection
+or business, which would interfere with this supreme purpose. Never a
+speech has been given, a trip taken, a visit made, a letter written, in
+all this half-century, that has not been done directly in the interest
+of this one object. There has been no thought of personal comfort,
+advancement or glory; the self-abnegation, the self-sacrifice, have
+been absolute--they have been unparalleled.
+
+There has been no desire to emphasize the hardships and unpleasant
+features, but only to picture in the fewest possible words the many
+consecutive years of unremitting toil, begun amidst conditions which
+now seem almost incredible, and continued with sublime courage in the
+face of calumny and persecution such as can not be imagined by the
+women of today. Nothing has been concealed or mitigated. In those years
+of constant aggression, when every step was an experiment, there must
+have been mistakes, but the story would be incomplete if they were left
+untold. No effort has been made to portray a perfect character, but
+only that of a woman who dared take the blows and bear the scorn that
+other women might be free. Future generations will read these pages
+through tears, and will wonder what manner of people those were who not
+only permitted this woman to labor for humanity fifty years, almost
+unaided, but also compelled her to beg or earn the money with which to
+carry on her work. If certain opinions shall be found herein which the
+world is not ready to accept, let it be remembered that, as Miss
+Anthony was in advance of public sentiment in the past, she may be
+equally so in the present, and that the radicalism which we reject
+today may be the conservatism at which we will wonder tomorrow.
+
+Those who follow the story of this life will confirm the assertion that
+every girl who now enjoys a college education; every woman who has the
+chance of earning an honest living in whatever sphere she chooses;
+every wife who is protected by law in the possession of her person and
+her property; every mother who is blessed with the custody and control
+of her own children--owes these sacred privileges to Susan B. Anthony
+beyond all others. This biography goes to the public with the earnest
+hope that it may carry to every man a conviction of his imperative duty
+to secure for women the same freedom which he himself enjoys; and that
+it may impress upon every woman a solemn obligation to complete the
+great work of this noble pioneer.
+
+[Autograph: Ida Husted Harper]
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+VOL. I.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ANCESTRY, HOME AND CHILDHOOD. (1550-1826.), 1-15
+
+Berkshire Hills; noted persons born there; Anthony and Read genealogy;
+military record; religious beliefs; education; marriage of father and
+mother of Susan B. Anthony; her birth and childhood; characteristics of
+mother; first factory built.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GIRLHOOD AND SCHOOL LIFE. (1826-1838.), 17-31
+
+Removal to Battenville, N.Y.; manufacturing business; temperance and
+labor questions; new house; Susan's factory experience; Quaker
+discipline; the home school; first teaching; boarding-school life;
+Susan's letters and journals.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+FINANCIAL CRASH--THE TEACHER. (1838-1845.), 33-46
+
+The panic; father's letters; teaching at Union Village; the home
+sacrificed; life at Center Falls; more Quaker discipline; teaching at
+New Rochelle; Miss Anthony's letters on slavery, temperance, medical
+practice, Van Buren, etc.; teaching at Center Falls, Cambridge and Fort
+Edward; proposals of marriage; removal to Rochester, N. Y.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE FARM HOME--END OP TEACHING. (1845-1850.), 47-55
+
+Journey to Rochester; the farm home and life; teaching in Canajoharie;
+a devotee of fashion; death of Cousin Margaret; weary of the
+school-room; early temperance work; first public address; return home;
+end of teaching.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ENTRANCE INTO PUBLIC LIFE. (1850-1852.), 57-80
+
+Conditions leading to a public career; her home the center of
+reformers; temperance festival; first meeting with the Fosters, Mrs.
+Stanton, Mrs. Bloomer, Lucy Stone, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley;
+women silenced in men's temperance meeting at Albany, hold one of their
+own; advice from Greeley and Mrs. Stanton; first Woman's State
+Temperance Convention; men's State Temperance Convention in Syracuse
+rejects women delegates; Rev. Samuel J. May and Rev. Luther Lee stand
+by the women; Miss Anthony as temperance agent; her appeal to women;
+attends her first Woman's Rights Convention at Syracuse; criticises
+decollete dress; letters and speeches of Stanton, Mayo, Stone, Brown,
+Nichols, Rose, Gage, Gerrit Smith, etc.; Bible controversy; vicious
+comment of Syracuse Star, N.Y. Herald, Rev. Byron Sunderland, etc.;
+platform of Human Rights.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+TEMPERANCE AND TEACHERS' CONVENTIONS. (1852-1853.), 81-105
+
+Women's first appearance before Albany Legislature; Miss Anthony, Rev.
+Antoinette Brown and Mrs. Bloomer speak in New York and Brooklyn by
+invitation of S.P. Townsend and make tour of State; attack of Utica
+Telegraph; phrenological chart; visit at Greeley's; women insulted and
+rejected at temperance meeting in Brick Church, New York; abusive
+speeches of Wood, Chambers, Barstow and others; Greeley's defense;
+attack of N.Y. Commercial-Advertiser, Sun, Organ and Courier; first
+annual meeting Women's State Temperance Society; letters from Gerrit
+Smith and Neal Dow; right of Divorce; men control meeting; Mrs. Stanton
+and Miss Anthony withdraw from Society; Samuel F. Gary declines to
+attend Temperance Convention; characteristic advice from Greeley; Miss
+Anthony attends State Teachers' Convention and raises a commotion;
+Professor Davies' speech; disgraceful scene at World's Temperance
+Convention in New York; Woman's Rights Convention mobbed; Cleveland
+Convention; Miss Anthony and Rev. W.H. Channing call Woman's Rights
+Convention in Rochester.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+PETITIONS--BLOOMERS--LECTURES. (1854.), 107-122
+
+Development of character; securing petitions for better laws; Woman's
+Rights Convention at Albany; ridiculous report of Representative
+Burnett; Miss Anthony's speech; canvassing the State and raising the
+funds; history of the Bloomer Costume, with interesting letters;
+lecture trip to Washington; opinions on slavery; hard experiences;
+conventions at Saratoga and Philadelphia; preparing to canvass New York
+State.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+FIRST COUNTY CANVASS--THE WATER CURE. (1855.), 123-136
+
+Winter canvass of New York; extract from Rondout Courier; letter from
+Greeley on Woman Suffrage; another proposal; applying the "water cure;"
+hot meal for husbands, cold bite for wives; marriages of Lucy Stone and
+Antoinette Brown; speaking at birthplace; Saratoga Convention; goes to
+Worcester Hydropathic Institute; her letters from Boston and Worcester;
+first Republican meeting; treatment at "water cure;" letter from Dr.
+Rogers on marriage; takes out life insurance.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ADVANCE ALONG ALL LINES. (1856.), 137-148
+
+Invited to act as agent for American Anti-Slavery Society; second
+canvass of New York; her letters describing hardships of journey,
+position of wives, etc.; Senator Foote's insolent report on petitions;
+advice to a wife; preparing speech on Co-Education; its reception in
+Troy; letter from Mary L. Booth on injustice to women teachers; meeting
+at Saratoga; the raid at Osawatomie; letter to brother Merritt
+regarding it; pathetic letter from Mary L. Booth; Greeley provoked;
+Gerrit Smith on woman's dress; New York Convention; words of confidence
+from Anti-Slavery Committee.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+CAMPAIGNING WITH THE GARRISONIANS. (1857-1858.), 149-166
+
+Political conditions; Miss Anthony's band of speakers; Abolition
+meetings; Remond's speech; letter from Garrison; notes of her speeches;
+Maria Weston Chapman; lecture trip to Maine; stormy State Teachers'
+Convention at Binghamton; Mrs. Stanton's comment; letter of Miss
+Anthony on family affection: the "raspberry experiment;" the "good old
+times;" "health food cranks;" New York Convention in hands of mob;
+stirring up teachers at Lockport; mass meeting at Rochester in
+opposition to capital punishment; gift of Francis Jackson.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+CONDITIONS PRIOR TO THE WAR. (1859.), 167-184
+
+Scheme for Free Church; letter from Geo. Wm. Curtis on Woman's Rights;
+Miss Anthony's letters on pecuniary independence, denial of human
+rights, woman's individuality; criticism of Curtis; six weeks'
+legislative work in Albany; convention in New York under difficulties;
+extract from Tribune; Memorial to Legislatures; lecturing at New York
+watering places; journey on boat to Poughkeepsie; anecdote of waiter at
+hotel; incident of Quaker meeting in Easton; married women too busy to
+help in fall canvass; letter of Rev. Thomas K. Beecher; incident at
+Gerrit Smith's--the Solitude of Self; John Brown meeting; letters
+regarding it from Pillsbury and Mrs. Stanton; Hovey Legacy;
+correspondence with Judge Ormond, of Alabama; "We are your enemies!"
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+RIFT IN COMMON LAW--DIVORCE QUESTION. (1860.), 185-205
+
+Early Woman's Rights meetings not Suffrage conventions; Legal Status of
+Woman outlined by David Dudley Field; Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton as
+co-workers and writers; Tilton's description of the two; before the
+N.Y. Legislature; Married Woman's Property Law; woman's debt to Susan
+B. Anthony; Emerson on Lyceum Bureau; letters from Mary S. Anthony on
+injustice to school-teachers; Beecher's lecture on Woman's Rights;
+convention at Cooper Institute; Mrs. Stanton on Divorce; Phillips'
+objections; Mrs. Dall's proper convention in Boston; battle renewed at
+Progressive Friends' meeting; Miss Anthony's home duties; letter from
+her birthplace; Anti-Slavery depository at Albany; Agricultural address
+at Dundee; Miss Anthony's defiance of the law giving child to father.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+MOB EXPERIENCE--CIVIL WAR. (1861-1862.), 207-224
+
+Difference between Republicans and Abolitionists; Miss Anthony arranges
+series of Garrisonian meetings; mobbed in every city from Buffalo to
+Albany; Mayor Thacher preserves the peace at State capital; last
+Woman's Rights Convention before the War; Miss Anthony's views on
+motherhood; Phillips declares for War; letters on this subject from
+Beriah Green and Miss Anthony; opinion on "Adam Bede;" letter on Rosa
+Bonheur and Harriet Hosmer; N.Y. Legislature repeals laws recently
+enacted for women; letters from Anna Dickinson and Greeley on the War;
+Miss Anthony's opinion of private schools; attends her last Teacher's
+Convention; in the Anti-Slavery lecture field; death of father.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+WOMEN'S NATIONAL LOYAL LEAGUE. (1863-1864.), 225-240
+
+Disbelief that the War would lead to Woman Suffrage; letters from
+Tilton on Proclamation and Henry B. Stanton on condition of country;
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton issue appeal to women to form National
+Loyal League; organization in Church of the Puritans; Miss Anthony's
+speech; they prepare eloquent Address to President Lincoln;
+headquarters opened in Cooper Institute; petitions and letters sent out
+by Miss Anthony; description of draft riots; letters regarding her
+father and the sale of the home; lively note from Tilton; raising money
+for League; almost 400,000 names secured; Sumner presents petitions in
+Senate; letter from Sumner; merry letter from Phillips; first
+anniversary of the League; Amendment XIII submitted by Congress;
+closing of League headquarters; failure of the government to recognize
+its distinguished women.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+MALE IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. (1865.), 241-253
+
+Death of niece Ann Eliza McLean; letters on the loss of loved ones;
+trip to Kansas; work among refugees and in brother's newspaper office;
+appeals to return to the East; letters on division in Anti-Slavery
+Society; Ottumwa speech on Reconstruction; an unpleasant night; address
+to colored people at Leavenworth; Republicans object to a mention of
+Woman Suffrage; Miss Anthony learns of motion for Amendment to Federal
+Constitution to disfranchise on account of Sex, and immediately starts
+eastward; confers with Mrs. Stanton and they issue appeal to women of
+country to protest against proposed Fourteenth Amendment; Miss Anthony
+holds meetings at Concord, Westchester and many other places; N.Y.
+Independent supports women's demands.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE NEGRO'S HOUR. (1866.), 255-270
+
+Reconstruction period; Anti-Slavery Society declines coalition with
+Woman's Rights Society; Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton issue strong call
+for the reassembling in New York of Woman's Rights forces; Robert
+Purvis and Anna Dickinson approve; convention meets in Dr. Cheever's
+church; Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton present ringing Address to
+Congress; Miss Anthony's speech for union of the two organizations;
+Equal Rights Association formed; controversy of Phillips, Tilton,
+Anthony, Stanton in Standard office; Standard's offer of space
+rejected; Miss Anthony's speech at Equal Rights meeting in Albany;
+abusive article from N.Y. World; mass meetings held and petitions
+circulated to have women included in Fourteenth Amendment; Republicans
+refuse to recognize their claims; Democrats favor them to defeat the
+negroes; Miss Anthony complains of Standard's treatment; words from
+friends and foes.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+CAMPAIGNS IN NEW YORK AND KANSAS. (1867.), 271-294
+
+Canvass of New York to secure Woman Suffrage Amendment to new State
+Constitution; scurrilous comment of Buffalo Commercial; praise of Troy
+Times; Miss Anthony rebukes selfish woman; always assumes the drudgery;
+Beecher can not work in organizations; Lucy Stone's letters from Kansas
+on action of Republicans; Beecher's speech in New York on Woman
+Suffrage; Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton prepare Memorial to Congress;
+Miss Anthony and Greeley break lances at Albany; Curtis stands by the
+women; Mrs. Greeley's petition used to checkmate her husband; Anna
+Dickinson's indignation; Kansas Republican Committee fights Woman
+Suffrage; Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton go to Kansas; hardships of the
+campaign; Mrs. Starrett's description of Miss Anthony; negroes oppose
+woman suffrage; George Francis Train comes to the rescue; Suffrage
+Amendment defeated; Leavenworth Commercial pays tribute; Miss Anthony,
+Mrs. Stanton and Mr. Train make lecture tour from Omaha to Boston;
+persecution by former friends.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ESTABLISHING THE REVOLUTION. (1868.), 295-311
+
+Mr. Train and David M. Melliss furnish funds for starting Woman
+Suffrage newspaper, The Revolution; comments of press; Mr. Train in
+Dublin jail; Mrs. Stanton defends The Revolution; how women were
+sacrificed; bright description of paper and editors; Equal Rights
+Association divided between claims of woman and negro; Miss Anthony and
+Mrs. Stanton delegates to Democratic National Convention at Tammany
+Hall; their reception; Miss Anthony represents Workingwomen's
+Association at National Labor Congress in New York; her suffrage
+resolution rejected; her advice to women typesetters; sad case of
+Hester Vaughan; S. C. Pomeroy and George W. Julian present Woman
+Suffrage Amendments in Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+AMENDMENT XV--FOUNDING OF NATIONAL SOCIETY. (1869.), 313-336
+
+First National Convention in Washington; colored men object to Woman
+Suffrage; first hearing before Congressional Committee; descriptive
+letter from Grace Greenwood; Miss Anthony arraigns Republicans at
+Chicago; Mrs. Livermore's tribute to Miss Anthony; speech at N.Y. Press
+Club on woman's "proposing;" Fifteenth Amendment submitted; criticism
+by The Revolution; Train withdraws from paper; Woman's Bureau; letters
+from Mrs. Livermore, Anna Dickinson, Gail Hamilton; stormy session of
+Equal Rights Association; Miss Anthony's speech against Amendment XV;
+William Winter defends her; discussion of "free love" resolution; Equal
+Rights platform too broad; founding of National Woman Suffrage
+Association; forming of American Woman Suffrage Association; Miss
+Anthony secures testimonial for Mrs. Rose; conventions at Saratoga and
+Newport; Miss Anthony protests against paying taxes; Mr. and Mrs. Minor
+claim woman's right to vote under Fourteenth Amendment; Miss Anthony
+speaks at Dayton, O., on laws for married women; Mrs. Hooker's
+description of her; Miss Anthony's speech at Hartford Convention;
+anecdote of Beecher; Mrs. Hooker's account; letters from Dr. Kate
+Jackson and Sarah Pugh; division in suffrage ranks.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY--END OF EQUAL RIGHTS SOCIETY. (1870.), 337-350
+
+Washington Convention; Miss Anthony's speech on striking "male" from
+District of Columbia Bill; descriptions by Mrs. Fannie Howland, Hearth
+and Home, Mrs. Hooker, Mary Clemmer; Fiftieth Birthday celebration and
+comments of N.Y. Press; Phoebe Gary's poem; Miss Anthony's letter to
+mother; begins with Lyceum Bureau; Robert G. Ingersoll comes to her
+assistance; attack by Detroit Free Press; tribute of Chicago Legal
+News; efforts to unite the two National Suffrage organizations; Union
+Suffrage Society formed; end of Equal Rights Association.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+END OF REVOLUTION--STATUS OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (1870.), 351-370
+
+McFarland-Richardson trial; letter from Catharine Beecher on Divorce;
+financial struggle; touching letters; Mrs. Hooker offers to help; Alice
+and Phoebe Gary; prospectus of The Revolution; giving up of the paper;
+Miss Anthony's letter regarding it; in the lecture field; the little
+Professor; Miss Anthony's strong summing-up of the Status of Woman
+Suffrage; rejected by National Labor Congress in Philadelphia; attack
+of Utica Herald; Second Decade Meeting in New York; Mrs. Davis' History
+of the Movement for Twenty Years; death of nephew Thomas King McLean;
+meeting with Phillips.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+MRS. HOOKER'S CONVENTION--THE LECTURE FIELD. (1871.), 371-385
+
+Mrs. Hooker undertakes Washington Convention; amusing letters from
+Anthony, Stanton, Hooker, Wright; first appearance of Mrs. Woodhull;
+accounts by Philadelphia Press, Washington Daily Patriot and National
+Republican; resolution by Miss Anthony claiming right to vote under
+Fourteenth Amendment; Declaration signed by 80,000 women; Catharine
+Beecher and Mrs. Woodhull; Mrs. Stanton rebukes men who object to Mrs.
+Woodhull; hard life of a lecturer; Mrs. Griffing, Mrs. Stanton, Mrs.
+Hooker on political party attitude; Phoebe Couzins pleads for the
+National Association; Mrs. Woodhull at New York May Anniversary; charge
+of "free love" refuted; forcible letter from Miss Anthony declaring for
+one Moral Standard.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+FIRST TRIP TO THE PACIFIC COAST. (1871.), 387-408
+
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton cross the continent; newspaper comment;
+Miss Anthony's letters from Salt Lake City; hostile treatment by San
+Francisco press; description of trip to Yosemite; journey by boat to
+Oregon; her letters on lecture experiences in Oregon and Washington;
+ridicule of Portland Bulletin; misrepresentation of Territorial
+Despatch; "cards" in papers of British Columbia; account of stage ride
+back to San Francisco; banquet at Grand Hotel; journey eastward with
+Sargent family; snowbound among the Rockies.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+REPUBLICAN SPLINTER--MISS ANTHONY VOTES. (1872.), 409-429
+
+National Convention declares women enfranchised under Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments; Miss Anthony sustains this position before Senate
+Judiciary Committee; friends in Rochester present testimonial; she
+reads in Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly call to form New Party under
+auspices of National Suffrage Association; her indignant remonstrance;
+hastens to New York and prevents coalition; Liberal Republican
+Convention at Cincinnati refuses to adopt Suffrage resolution; Miss
+Anthony's comment; Republican Convention at Philadelphia makes first
+mention of Woman; Mr. Blackwell's and Miss Anthony's letters regarding
+this; Democratic Convention at Baltimore ignores Woman; Hon. John
+Cochran tells how not to do it; Miss Anthony and Mrs. Gage urge women
+to support Republican ticket; Miss Anthony states her Political
+Position; her delight and Mrs. Stanton's doubts; letter from Henry
+Wilson; Republican Committee summons her to Washington; she arranges
+series of Republican rallies; sustains party only on Suffrage plank;
+Miss Anthony Votes; newspaper comment; she is arrested; examination
+before U.S. Commissioner; Judge Henry R. Selden and Hon. John Van
+Voorhis undertake her case; Rochester Express defends her; letter on
+case from Benjamin F. Butler.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+TRIAL FOR VOTING UNDER FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. (1873.), 431-448
+
+Miss Anthony's speech at Washington Convention; she appears before U.S.
+District-Judge at Albany and bail is increased to $1,000; addresses
+State Constitutional Commission; indicted by grand jury; becomes
+unconscious on lecture platform at Ft. Wayne; votes again; call for
+Twenty-fifth Suffrage Anniversary; Miss Anthony delivers her great
+Constitutional Argument in twenty-nine post office districts in Monroe
+Co.; District-Attorney moves her trial to another county; she speaks at
+twenty-one places and Mrs. Gage at sixteen in that county; Rochester
+Union and Advertiser condemns her; trial opens at Canandaigua; masterly
+argument of Judge Selden; Justice Ward Hunt delivers Written Opinion
+without leaving bench; declines to submit case to Jury or to allow it
+to be polled; refuses new trial; spirited encounter between Miss
+Anthony and Judge; newspaper comment; trial of Inspectors; Judge
+refuses to allow Counsel to address Jury; opinion of Mr. Van Voorhis;
+contributions sent to Miss Anthony by friends; death of sister Guelma
+McLean; Miss Anthony's letter of grief to mother; generous gift of
+Anson Lapham.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO JURY OR FRANCHISE. (1874.), 449-465
+
+Appeal to Congress to remit fine and declare Right to Trial by Jury;
+report from House Committee for and against, by Butler and Tremaine;
+from Senate Committee for and against, by Carpenter and Edmunds; pardon
+of Inspectors by President Grant; Supreme Court decision in suit of
+Virginia L. Minor against Inspectors for refusing her vote;
+Representative Butler and Senator Lapham on Woman Suffrage; President
+Grant's opinion; letter of Judge A.G. Riddle on chief obstacles; death
+of Sumner; Miss Anthony's speech and letter on Women's Temperance
+Crusade; lying telegram and N.Y. Herald's truthful report of
+convention; letter by Miss Anthony, "honesty best policy;" suffrage
+campaign in Michigan; Beecher-Tilton case.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+REVOLUTION DEBT PAID--WOMEN'S FOURTH OF JULY. (1875-1876.), 467-482
+
+Miss Anthony's annual struggle to hold Washington Convention; speech in
+Chicago on Social Purity; comment of St. Louis Democrat and other
+papers; hard lecture tour in Iowa; shooting of brother Daniel R.;
+Revolution debt paid; commendation of press; Centennial Resolutions at
+Washington Convention; establishing Centennial headquarters at
+Philadelphia; Republicans again recognize Woman in National platform;
+Miss Anthony and others present Woman's Declaration of Independence at
+Centennial celebration; eloquent description; History of Woman Suffrage
+begun; writes articles for Johnson's Encyclopedia.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+COLORADO CAMPAIGN--POLITICAL ATTITUDE. (1877-1878.), 483-498
+
+Advocates of Woman Suffrage compelled to return to former policy of
+demanding Sixteenth Amendment to Federal Constitution; letters from
+Garrison and Phillips on this subject; descriptions by Mary Clemmer and
+Washington papers of presenting Suffrage petitions in Congress; Lyceum
+Bureau circular with comment of Forney; death of sister Hannah Mosher;
+friendship of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton; tribute of Annie McDowell;
+campaigning in Colorado; speaking in saloons; writing "Homes of Single
+Women" in Denver; prayer-meeting in Capitol at Washington; Miss Anthony
+urged not to miss another National Convention; Thirtieth Suffrage
+Anniversary at Rochester; letter from J.H. Hayford relative to Woman
+Suffrage in Wyoming; Miss Anthony defines her attitude in regard to
+Political Parties.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE REPORTS--COMMENT. (1879-1880.), 499-513
+
+Vigorous resolutions at National Convention; Senator Morton's position
+on Woman Suffrage; Senator Wadleigh scored by Mary Clemmer; first
+favorable Senate Committee report; advance in public sentiment;
+extracts from Indiana papers; bitter attacks of Richmond (Ky.) Herald
+and Grand Rapids (Mich.) Times; interview in Chicago Tribune on Woman's
+need of ballot for Temperance legislation; convention in St. Louis and
+Miss Anthony's response to floral offering; death of Wm. Lloyd
+Garrison; desire for a woman's paper; new workers; Washington
+Convention; hospitality of Riggs House; death of mother.
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF AUTOGRAPHS.
+
+
+ANTHONY, SUSAN B.
+ANTHONY, HUMPHREY
+ANTHONY, DANIEL
+ANTHONY, LUCY READ
+ANTHONY, COLONEL D.R.
+ANTHONY, MARY S.
+ANTHONY, SENATOR HENRY B.
+A. BRONSON ALCOTT
+AVERY, RACHEL FOSTER
+BARTON, CLARA
+BEECHER, HENRY WARD
+BIGGS, CAROLINE ASHURST
+BLACKWELL, ALICE STONE
+BLACKWELL, REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN
+BLACKWELL, DR. ELIZABETH
+BLAIR, SENATOR HENRY W.
+BLAKE, LILLIE DEVEREUX
+BLOOMER, AMELIA
+BOOTH, MARY L.
+BRIGHT, URSULA M.
+BROWN, SENATOR B. GRATZ
+BROWNE, THOMAS M., M.C.
+BUTLER, GENERAL BENJAMIN F.
+BUTLER, JOSEPHINE E.
+CAREY, SENATOR JOSEPH M.
+CARY, ALICE
+CARY, PHOEBE
+CATT, CARRIE CHAPMAN
+CHANNING, REV. WILLIAM HENRY
+CHAPIN, REV. E.H.
+CHAPMAN, MARIA WESTON
+CHEEVER, REV. GEORGE B.
+CHILD, LYDIA MARIA
+CLAY, LAURA
+CLEMMER, MARY
+COBBE, FRANCES POWER
+COBDEN, JANE
+COLBY, CLARA BEWICK
+COOPER, SARAH B.
+CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM
+DAVIS, PAULINA WRIGHT
+DICKINSON, ANNA E.
+DIGGS, ANNIE L.
+DOLPH, SENATOR J.N.
+DOUGLASS, FREDERICK
+DOW, NEAL
+EMERSON, RALPH WALDO
+FAWCETT, MILLICENT GARRETT
+FIELD, KATE
+FORNEY, COLONEL JOHN W.
+FOSTER, ABBY KELLY
+FOSTER, STEPHEN S.
+FOULKE, HON. WM. DUDLEY
+FROTHINGHAM, REV. O.B.
+GAGE, MATILDA JOSLYN
+GARFIELD, PRESIDENT JAMES A.
+GARRISON, WM. LLOYD
+GIBBONS, ABBY HOPPER
+GOODRICH, SARAH KNOX
+GRANT, MRS. U.S.
+GREELEY, HORACE
+GREENWOOD, GRACE
+HAMILTON, GAIL
+HARPER, IDA HUSTED
+HEARST, PHOEBE A.
+HOAR, SENATOR GEORGE F.
+HOOKER, ISABELLA BEECHER
+HOSMER, HARRIET
+HOWELL, MARY SEYMOUR
+JACOBI, DR. MARY PUTNAM
+JACKSON, FRANCIS
+JULIAN, GEORGE W., M.C.
+KELLEY, WILLIAM D., M.C.
+KING, REV. THOMAS STARR
+LAPHAM, SENATOR ELBRIDGE G.
+LOGAN, MRS. JOHN A.
+LOZIER, DR. CLEMENCE S.
+LUCAS, MARGARET BRIGHT
+MARTINEAU, HARRIET
+McCULLOCH, SECRETARY HUGH
+McLAREN, PRISCILLA BRIGHT
+MERRICK, CAROLINE E.
+MINOR, VIRGINIA L.
+MITCHELL, MARIA
+MORTON, SENATOR OLIVER P.
+MOTT, LUCRETIA
+NICHOL, ELIZABETH PEASE,
+OWEN, ROBERT DALE,
+PALMER, BERTHA HONORE,
+PALMER, SENATOR THOMAS W.,
+PARKER, REV. THEODORE,
+PHILLIPS, WENDELL,
+PILLSBURY, PARKER,
+POMEROY, SENATOR S.C.,
+POST, AMY,
+PURVIS, HARRIET,
+PURVIS, ROBERT,
+REED, SPEAKER THOMAS B.,
+RIDDLE, JUDGE A.G.,
+ROSE, ERNESTINE L.,
+SARGENT, SENATOR A.A.,
+SARGENT, ELLEN CLARK,
+SEWALL, MAY WRIGHT,
+SHAW, REV. ANNA HOWARD,
+SIMPSON, BISHOP MATTHEW,
+SMITH, GERRIT,
+SOMERSET, LADY HENRY,
+SPOFFORD, JANE H,
+STANFORD, JANE L.,
+STANFORD, SENATOR LELAND,
+STANTON, ELIZABETH CADY,
+STEVENS, THADDEUS,
+STONE, LUCINDA HINSDALE,
+STONE, LUCY,
+SUMNER, CHARLES,
+SWIFT, MARY WOOD,
+TAYLOR, EZRA B., M.C.,
+TAYLOR, HELEN,
+TAYLOR, MENTIA (MRS. PETER),
+THOMPSON, GEORGE, M.P.,
+TILTON, THEODORE,
+TODD, ISABELLA M.S.,
+TRAIN, GEORGE FRANCIS,
+TYNG, REV. STEPHEN H.,
+UPTON, HARRIET TAYLOR,
+WADE, SENATOR BENJAMIN F.,
+WALLACE, ZERELDA G.,
+WARREN, SENATOR FRANCIS E.,
+WHITE, SENATOR JOHN D.,
+WHITING, LILIAN,
+WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF,
+WILLARD, FRANCES E.,
+WILSON, VICE-PRESIDENT HENRY,
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+VOL. I.
+
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY, at the age of 76
+
+"THE OLD HIVE," birthplace of father
+  of SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+HOME OF LUCY READ, mother of SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+WEST END OF KITCHEN IN OLD HOMESTEAD
+
+BIRTHPLACE OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+TEMPORARY HOME AT BATTENVILLE, N.Y.
+
+THE BATTENVILLE HOME
+
+HOME AT CENTER FALLS, N. Y.
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY at the age of 28
+
+AUNT HANNAH, the Quaker preacher
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY at the age of 32
+
+HUMPHREY ANTHONY at the age of 95
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY at the age of 36
+
+THE FARM-HOME NEAR ROCHESTER
+
+ERNESTINE L. ROSE
+
+FATHER AND MOTHER OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+LUCRETIA MOTT
+
+ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY at the age of 48
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY at the age of 50,
+  from photograph by Sarony
+
+ISABELLA BEECHER HOOKER
+
+DR. CLEMENCE S. LOZIER
+
+VIRGINIA L. MINOR
+
+JANE H. SPOFFORD
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ANCESTRY, HOME AND CHILDHOOD.
+
+1550-1826.
+
+
+Among the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts is a very beautiful place in
+which to be born. It is famed in song and story for the loveliness of
+its scenery and the purity of its air. It has no lofty peaks, no great
+canyons, no mighty rivers, but it is diversified in the most
+picturesque manner by the long line of Green Mountains, whose lower
+ranges bear the musical name of "Berkshire Hills;" by rushing streams
+tumbling through rocky gorges and making up in impetuosity what they
+lack in size; by noble forests, gently undulating meadows, quaint
+farmhouses, old bridges and bits of roadway which are a never-ending
+delight to the artist. Writers, too, have found inspiration here and
+many exquisite descriptions in prose and verse commemorate the beauties
+of this region.
+
+Catharine Maria Sedgwick, the first woman in America to make a literary
+reputation on two continents, was born at Stockbridge, and her stories
+and sketches were located here. That old seat of learning, Williams
+College, is situated among these foothills. In his summer home at
+Pittsfield, Longfellow wrote "The Old Clock on the Stairs"; at
+Stockbridge, Hawthorne builded his "House of the Seven Gables"; and
+Lydia Sigourney poetically told of "Stockbridge Bowl" with "Its foot of
+stone and rim of green." It was at Lenox that Henry Ward Beecher
+created "Norwood" and "Star Papers." Here Charlotte Cushman and Fanny
+Kemble came for many summers to rest and find new life. Harriet Hosmer
+had her first dreams of fame at the Sedgwick school. The Goodale
+sisters, Elaine and Dora, were born upon one of these mountainsides and
+both embalmed its memory in their poems. Dora lovingly sings:
+
+  Dear Berkshire, dear birthplace, the hills are thy towers,
+    Those lofty fringed summits of granite and pine;
+  No valley's green lap is so spangled with flowers,
+    No stream of the wildwood so crystal as thine.
+  Say where do the March winds such treasures uncover,
+    Such maple and arrowwood burn in the fall,
+  As up the blue peaks where the thunder-gods hover
+    In cloud-curtained Berkshire who cradled us all?
+
+Henry Ward Beecher said:
+
+    This county of valleys, lakes and mountains is yet to be as
+    celebrated as the lake district of England and the hill country of
+    Palestine.... Here is such a valley as the ocean would be if, when
+    its waves were running tumultuous and high, it were suddenly
+    transformed and solidified.... The endless variety never ceases to
+    astonish and please.... It is indeed like some choice companion, of
+    rich heart and genial imagination, never twice alike in mood, in
+    conversation, in radiant sobriety or half-bright sadness; bold,
+    tender, deep, various.
+
+One has but to come into the midst of these hills to fall a victim to
+their fascination, while to those who were born among them there is no
+spot on earth so beautiful or so beloved. They have sent forth
+generations of men and women, whose fame is as imperishable as the
+marble and granite which form their everlasting foundations. Among the
+noted men who have gone out from the Berkshire region are William
+Cullen Bryant, Cyrus W. Field and brothers, Jonathan Edwards, Mark and
+Albert Hopkins, Senator Henry L. Dawes, Governor Edwin D. Morgan, of
+New York, George F. Root, the musical composer, Governor George N.
+Briggs, of Massachusetts, Governor and Senator Francis E. Warren, of
+Wyoming, the Deweys, the Barnards, a list too long for quoting. Oliver
+Wendell Holmes, whose grandfather was a Berkshire man, wrote:
+
+    Berkshire has produced a race which, for independent thought,
+    daring schemes and achievements that have had world-wide
+    consequences, has not been surpassed. We claim, also, that more of
+    those first things that draw the chariot of progress forward so
+    that people can see that it has moved, have been planned and
+    executed by the inhabitants of the 950 square miles that constitute
+    the territory of Berkshire than can be credited to any other tract
+    of equal extent in the United States.
+
+Of late years the world of wealth and fashion has invaded the Berkshire
+country and there are no more magnificent summer homes than those of
+Lenox, Stockbridge, Great Barrington and the neighboring towns.
+
+The first of the Anthony family of whom there is any record was
+William, born in Cologne, Germany, who came to England during the reign
+of Edward the Sixth and was made Chief Graver of the Royal Mint and
+Master of the Scales, holding this office through the reigns of Edward
+and Mary and part of that of Elizabeth. His crest and coat of arms are
+entered in the royal enumeration. His son Derrick was the father of Dr.
+Francis Anthony, born in London, 1550. According to the Biographia
+Britannica, he was graduated at Cambridge with the degree of Master of
+Arts and became a learned physician and chemist. Although a man of high
+character and generous impulses, he was intolerant of restraint and in
+continual conflict with the College of Physicians. He died in his
+seventy-fourth year, and was buried in the church of St. Bartholomew
+the Great, where his handsome monument still remains. He left a
+daughter and two sons, both of the latter distinguished physicians.
+From John, the elder, sprung the American branch of the family. His
+son, John, Jr., born in Hempstead, England, sailed to America in the
+ship Hercules, from that port, April 16, 1634, when he was twenty-seven
+years old. He settled in Portsmouth, R.I., and became a land-owner, an
+innkeeper and an office-holder. His five children who survived infancy
+left forty-three children. One of these forty-three, Abraham, had
+thirteen children, and his son William fourteen, his son, William, Jr.,
+four, his son David nine.
+
+It was just before the beginning of the Revolution that this David
+Anthony, with his wife, Judith Hicks, moved from Dartmouth, Mass., to
+Berkshire and settled near Adams at the foot of Greylock, the highest
+peak in the mountain range. This was considered the extreme West, as
+little was known of all that lay beyond. They brought two children with
+them and seven more were born here in the shadow of the mountains.
+Humphrey, the second son, born at Dartmouth, February 2, 1770, married
+Hannah Lapham, who was born near Adams (then called East Hoosac),
+November 11, 1773; and here, also, January 27, 1794, was born the first
+of their nine children, Daniel, father of Susan B. Anthony.
+
+On the maternal side the grandfather, Daniel Read, was born at
+Rehobeth, Mass., and said to be a lineal descendant and entitled to the
+coat of arms of Sir Brianus de Rede, A.D. 1075; but he had too much of
+the sturdy New England spirit to feel any special interest in the pomp
+and pride of heraldry, and the family tree he prized most was found in
+the grand old grove which shaded his own dooryard. Susannah Richardson,
+his wife, was born at Scituate, Mass., and her family were among the
+most wealthy and respected of that locality during the eighteenth
+century. Both Reads and Richardsons removed to Cheshire, Mass., before
+1770, and Daniel and Susannah were married there. It was but a few
+months after this marriage when the first gun was fired at Lexington
+and the whole country was ablaze with excitement. At the close of the
+sermon, on a bright spring morning, the old minister, his voice
+trembling with patriotic fervor, asked every man who was ready to
+enlist in the Continental army to stand forth, and Daniel Read was the
+first to step out into the aisle of the little meeting-house. Leaving
+the girl-bride he entered the service and soon became conspicuous for
+his bravery. He was one of the memorable expedition against Quebec
+under Arnold, in 1775, and of the party commanded by Ethan Allen at the
+capture of Ticonderoga. He was among that brave band from Cheshire
+(Stafford's Hill) who fought under Colonel Stafford at Bennington. On
+the 19th of October, 1780, he took part in the fatal fight of Stone
+Arabia, under Col. John Brown, and served with honor throughout the
+war. It was several years after peace had been declared and he had
+returned home and settled down to the quiet life of a New England
+farmer that, December 2, 1793, was born Lucy, the mother of Susan B.
+Anthony.
+
+[Illustration: THE "OLD HIVE," ADAMS, MASS.
+
+  BIRTHPLACE OF DANIEL, FATHER OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY.]
+
+Daniel Read was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1814 and
+was elected to various public offices. He was a Whig in politics and
+adhered always to staunch republican principles, but rose above
+partisanship and was universally respected. Daniel and Susannah were
+thrifty New England Puritans, leading members of the Baptist
+denomination and parishioners of the widely known Elder Leland. The
+cooking for Sunday always was done on Saturday, and the greater part of
+every Sunday, regardless of weather, was spent at church. They and
+their children sat through a service of two hours in the morning, ate a
+generous lunch at the noon intermission, and were ready for another two
+hours' sermon in the afternoon, through all the heat of summer and the
+terrible cold of New England winter.
+
+Susannah Read remained always a devout and consistent Baptist, but
+Daniel became, in later years, a thorough Universalist. Murray, the
+founder of this church in England, had come to the Colonies before the
+Revolutionary War, and by the close of the century the Universalists
+were organized as a sect, holding general conventions and sending
+itinerants among the people in the villages and country. Some of these
+doubtless had penetrated to Adams and converted Daniel Read, who was
+always liberal in his belief. He was an inveterate reader and pored
+over a vast amount of theological discussion which attracted so much
+attention in his day. The family moved from Cheshire to a suburb of
+Adams called Bowen's Corners. Near their house was the tavern, its
+proprietor known to all the people roundabout as "Uncle Sam" Bowen. He
+and Daniel Read never wearied in setting forth the merits of "free
+salvation." They were the only two persons in all that section of the
+country who did not believe in a literal hell. It was the common
+sentiment then that only those disbelieved in endless punishment who
+had reason to be afraid of it, and, since both these men were exemplary
+in every other respect, it was impossible for their friends to
+understand their aberration. Susannah Read, in the language of that
+time, "wore the skin off her knees," praying night and day that God
+would bring her husband back into the fold, but her prayers never were
+answered. Every Sunday regularly he accompanied her to church, and
+faithfully contributed to the support of the preacher, but he died, at
+the ripe old age of eighty-four, firm in his Universalist faith.
+
+Susannah was the care-taker of the family and looked after the farm,
+inheriting the Richardson energy and thrift. Daniel was genial,
+good-natured and very intelligent, but his health being impaired from
+army service, he was willing she should take the lead in business
+matters. The farm was one of only a hundred acres, but was carefully
+and economically managed and, at their death, the Reads left about
+$10,000, which was then considered a snug little fortune. Lucy, one of
+seven children, was born into a home of peace and comfort and had a
+happy and uneventful childhood. She attended the district school, was a
+fair writer and speller and, like her father very fond of reading. She
+learned to cook and sew, make butter and cheese, spin and weave, and
+was very domestic in all her tastes. The Reads and Anthonys were near
+neighbors, and although differing widely in religious belief, a subject
+of much prominence in those days, they were on terms of intimate
+friendship even before the ties were made still closer by marriage
+between the two families.
+
+Both Anthonys and Laphams were Quakers as far back as the sect was in
+existence. Both were families of wealth and influence, and when
+Humphrey and Hannah were married she received from her parents a house
+and thirty acres of land, which were entailed on her children. Silver
+spoons are still in the family, which were part of her dowry more than
+a century ago. Hannah Lapham Anthony was a most saintly woman and,
+because of her beautiful religious character was made an elder and
+given an exalted position on the "high seat."[1]
+
+[Illustration: HOME OF LUCY READ, ADAMS, MASS.]
+
+She was a very handsome brunette and was noted for the beauty and
+elegance of her Quaker attire, her bonnets always being made in New
+York. Humphrey never attained the "high seat;" he was too worldly. His
+ambition was constantly to add more to his broad acres, to take a
+bigger drove of cattle to Boston than any of his neighbors, and to get
+a higher price for his own than any other Berkshire cheese would bring.
+He had a number of farms and a hundred cows, while his wife made the
+best cheese and was the finest housekeeper in all that part of the
+country. The fame of her coffee and biscuits, apple dumplings and
+chicken dinners, spread far and wide. Their kitchen was forty feet
+long. One end was used for the dining-room, with the table seating
+twenty persons, and in the other were the sink and the "penstock,"
+which brought water from a clear, cold spring high up in the mountains.
+Here also were the huge fire-place, the big brick oven and the large
+pantry. Then there were the spacious "keeping" or sitting-room, with
+the mother's bedroom opening out of it, the great weaving-room with its
+wheels and loom, and two bed-rooms for the "help" down stairs, while
+above were the children's sleeping-rooms. Opening out of the kitchen
+was a room containing the cheese press and the big "arch" kettle, and
+near by was a two-story building where the cheese was stored. Up in the
+grove was the saw-mill, and at the foot of the hill was the blacksmith
+shop, where nails were made, horses shod, wagons and farm implements
+mended and, later, scythes manufactured. On all the farms were fine
+orchards of apples, plums, pears, cherries and quinces, among which
+stood long rows of beehives with their wealth of honey.
+
+Here Daniel, father of Susan B. Anthony, grew to manhood in the midst
+of comfort and abundance and in an atmosphere of harmony and love. The
+Anthonys were broad and liberal in religious ideas, and in 1826, when
+bitter dissensions regarding the divinity of Christ arose among the
+Quakers, they followed Elias Hicks and were henceforth known as
+"Hicksite Friends." This controversy divided many families, and on
+account of it the orthodox brother, Elihu Anthony, insisted on removing
+their aged father to his home in Saratoga, N.Y., to the great grief of
+Humphrey, who claimed that the old gentleman was too childish to know
+whether he was orthodox or Hicksite and ought not to be taken to "a new
+country" in his declining years Hannah Anthony was ambitious for her
+children and insisted that they should be placed where they might have
+better educational facilities than in the little school at home.
+Humphrey thought the boys could manage a farm and the girls weave good
+cloth and make fine cheese without a boarding-school education. He
+finally yielded, however, and Daniel and two daughters were sent to the
+"Nine Partners," that famous Quaker boarding-school in Dutchess county,
+N.Y. At the end of a year, Daniel, who was about nineteen, had made
+such rapid progress that he was appointed teacher. The quaint
+certificate given him by his associate teachers is still in existence
+and reads:
+
+    This may apprize the friends & relatives of D. Anthony, that,
+    during his residence with us, he has been an affectionate consort,
+    excellent, consistant in the School, of steady deportment and
+    conversation, being an example for us to follow when we are
+    separated. We sincerely wish his preservation in all things
+    laudable and believe we can with propriety hereunto set our names.
+
+    Elihu Marshall, Charles Clement, John Taber, Stephen Willitz, Henry
+    Cox, Frederick A. Underhill, William Seamen.
+
+There is a still more highly valued testimonial from the principal, the
+noble and dignified Richard F. Mott, who was held in loving reverence
+by all the distinguished Quaker families that confided their sons and
+daughters to his wise and tender care:
+
+    Daniel Anthony has been an assistant here & we can aprise his
+    friends that he has faithfully discharged his duty in that
+    particular, has been a very agreeable companion & his conduct
+    remarkably correct & exemplary, which, joined to his pleasant &
+    obliging disposition, has gained him our esteem & affection.
+
+    We sincerely wish his prosperity, spiritually & temporally, & shall
+    gratefully remember him and his services.
+
+      On behalf of the sitting-room circle, R.F. MOTT.
+      Boarding School, 4 M., 1 D., 1814.
+
+The profession of teacher did not appeal to hard-headed Humphrey
+Anthony, and when Daniel came back with his brain full of ambitious
+projects and with a thorough distaste for farming, and his sisters,
+with many airs and graces and a feeling of superiority over the girls
+in the neighborhood, Father Anthony declared that no more children of
+his should go away to boarding-school. The fact that young Daniel was
+skilled in mechanics and mathematics, able to superintend intelligently
+all the work on the farm and to make a finer scythe than any man in the
+shop, did not modify the father's opinion. When John, the next boy, was
+old enough and the mother began to urge that he be sent to school, the
+father offered him his choice to go or to stay at home and work that
+year for $100. This was a large sum for those days, it out-weighed the
+mother's arguments, John remained at home and regretted it all the rest
+of his life.
+
+[Illustration: WEST END OF KITCHEN IN OLD HOMESTEAD.]
+
+The Anthony and Read farms were adjoining a mile east of Adams, and lay
+upon the first level or "bench" of the Green mountains. From their
+door-yards the ascent of the mountains began, and only the Hoosac in a
+deep ravine separated them from the base of "Old Greylock." The crops
+were raised on the "intervale" and the cattle pastured on the mountain
+side. Adams was then a sleepy New England village, and the Hoosac was a
+lovely stream, whose waters were used for the flocks and for the grist
+and saw-mills; but in later years the village became a manufacturing
+center and the banks of the pretty river were lined for miles with
+great factories.
+
+In early times wealthy Quakers had a school in their home or door-yard
+for their own children. Those of the neighborhood were allowed to
+attend at a certain price, and in this way undesirable pupils could be
+kept out. At the Anthony residence this little school-house stood
+beneath a great weeping willow beside the front gate, and among the
+pupils was Lucy Read. She was the playmate of the sisters, and young
+Dan was the torment of their lives, jumping out at them from unexpected
+corners, eavesdropping to learn their little secrets and harassing them
+in ways common to boys of all generations, and she never hesitated to
+inform him that he was "the hatefullest fellow she ever knew." When
+Daniel returned from boarding-school with all the prestige of several
+years' absence, and was made master of the little home-school, one of
+his pupils was this same Lucy Read, now a tall, beautiful girl with
+glossy brown hair, large blue eyes and a fine complexion, the belle of
+the neighborhood. The inevitable happened, childish feuds were
+forgotten, and teacher and pupil decided to become husband and wife.
+Then arose a formidable difficulty. The Anthonys were Quakers, the
+Reads were Baptists, and a Quaker was not permitted to "marry out of
+meeting." Love laughed at rules and restrictions eighty years ago, just
+as it does to-day, and Daniel refused to let the Society come between
+him and the woman of his choice, but Lucy had many misgivings. Thanks
+to her father's ideas she had been brought up in a most liberal manner,
+allowed to attend parties, dance and wear pretty clothes to her heart's
+content, and it was a serious question with her whether she could give
+up all these and adopt the plain and severe habits of the Quakers. She
+had a marvelous voice, and, as she sang over her spinning-wheel, often
+wished that she might "go into a ten-acre lot with the bars down" so
+that she could let her voice out to its full capacity. The Quakers did
+not approve of singing, and that pleasure also would have to be
+relinquished. That the husband could give up his religious forms and
+accept those of the wife never had been imagined.
+
+Love finally triumphed, and the young couple were married July 13,
+1817. A few nights before the wedding Lucy went to a party and danced
+till four o'clock in the morning, while Friend Daniel sat bolt upright
+against the wall and counted the days which should usher in a new
+dispensation. A committee was sent at once to deal with Daniel, and
+Lucy always declared he told them he "was sorry he married her," but he
+would say, "No, my dear, I said I was sorry that in order to marry the
+woman I loved best, I had to violate a rule of the religious society I
+revered most." The matter was carefully talked over by the elders, and
+as he had said he was sorry he had to violate the rule, and as the
+family was one of much influence, and as he was their most highly
+educated and cultivated member, it was unanimously decided not to turn
+him out of meeting.[2] Lucy learned to love the Friends' religion and
+often said she was a much more consistent Quaker than her husband, but
+she never became a member of the Society, declaring she was "not good
+enough." She did not use the "plain language," though she always
+insisted that her husband should do so in addressing her; nor did she
+adopt the Quaker costume, but she dressed simply and wore little
+"cottage" straw bonnets with strings tied demurely under her chin and
+later had them made of handsome shirred silk, the full white cap-ruche
+showing inside. She sang no more except lullabies to the babies when
+they came, and then the Quaker relatives would laugh and ask her why
+she did it. Her long married life was very happy, notwithstanding its
+many hardships, and she never regretted accepting her Quaker lover.
+
+The previous summer Daniel had helped his father prepare the lumber and
+build a large two-story addition to his house, and in return he gave to
+his son the lumber for a new home, on a beautiful tract of ground
+presented to the young couple by Father Read adjoining his own. While
+this was being built they lived at the Read homestead, and the loom was
+kept busy preparing the housekeeping outfit. In those days this was
+made of linen, bleached and spun and woven by the women of the
+household. Cotton was just coming into use, and Lucy Anthony was
+considered very fortunate because she could have a few sheets and
+pillow-cases which were half cotton.
+
+The manufacture of cotton becoming a prominent industry in New England
+at this time, the alert mind of Daniel Anthony conceived the idea of
+building a factory and using the waters of Tophet brook and of a rapid
+little stream which flowed through the Read farm. This was done, and
+proved a success from the beginning. A document is still in existence
+by which "D. Read agrees to let D. Anthony have as much water from the
+brook on his farm as will run through a hole six inches in diameter."
+This was conveyed by an aqueduct, made from hollow logs, to the factory
+where it turned the over-shot wheel and furnished power to the
+twenty-six looms. The factory hands for the most part came down from
+the Green mountain regions, glad of an opportunity never before enjoyed
+of earning wages and supporting themselves. They were girls of
+respectability, and, as was the custom then, boarded with the families
+of the mill-owners. Those of the Anthony factory were divided between
+the wife and Hannah Anthony Hoxie, a married sister. Lucy Anthony soon
+became acquainted with the stern realities of life. Her third baby was
+born when the first was three years and two months old. That summer she
+boarded eleven factory hands, who roomed in her house, and she did all
+the cooking, washing and ironing, with no help except that of a
+thirteen-year-old girl, who went to school and did "chores" night and
+morning. The cooking for the family of sixteen was done on the hearth
+in front of the fire-place and in a big brick oven at the side. Daniel
+Anthony was a generous man, loved his wife and was well able to hire
+help, but such a thing was not thought of at that time. No matter how
+heavy the work, the woman of the household was expected to do it, and
+probably would have been the first to resent the idea that assistance
+was needed.
+
+During the first seventeen years of this marriage eight children were
+born. One died at birth and one at the age of two years. The eldest,
+born July 1, 1818, was named for the wife of William Penn, who married
+a member of the Anthony family, Gulielma Penn, which was contracted to
+Guelma. Susan was the second child, born February 15, 1820, and named
+for an aunt, Susan Anthony Brownell. She herself adopted the initial
+"B" when older, but never claimed or liked the full name.[3]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BIRTHPLACE OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY, ADAMS, MASS.
+  (BORN IN ROOM SHADED BY TREE.)]
+
+Lucy Read Anthony was of a very timid and reticent disposition and
+painfully modest and shrinking. Before the birth of every child she was
+overwhelmed with embarrassment and humiliation, secluded herself from
+the outside world and would not speak of the expected little one even
+to her mother. That mother would assist her overburdened daughter by
+making the necessary garments, take them to her home and lay them
+carefully away in a drawer, but no word of acknowledgment ever passed
+between them. This was characteristic of those olden times, when there
+were seldom any confidences between mothers and daughters in regard to
+the deepest and most sacred concerns of life, which were looked upon as
+subjects to be rigidly tabooed. Susan came into the world in a cold,
+dreary season. The event was looked forward to with dread by the
+mother, but when the little one arrived she received a warm and loving
+welcome. She was born into a staid and quiet but very comfortable home,
+where great respect and affection existed between father and mother.
+
+William Cullen Bryant, whose birth-place was but twenty miles distant,
+wrote of this immediate locality:
+
+    I stand upon my native hills again,
+      Broad, round and green, that in the summer sky,
+    With garniture of waving grass and grain,
+      Orchards and beechen forests, basking lie;
+  While deep the sunless glens are scooped between,
+  Where brawl o'er shallow beds the streams unseen.
+
+Each night in early childhood she watched the sun set behind the great
+dome of "Old Greylock," that noble mountain-peak so famed in the
+literature of Berkshire, from whose lofty summit one looks across four
+States. "It lifts its head like a glorified martyr," said Beecher, and
+Julia Taft Bayne wrote:
+
+  Come here where Greylock rolls
+  Itself toward heaven; in these deep silences,
+  World-worn and fretted souls,
+  Bathe and be clean.
+
+To the child's idea its top was very close against the sky, and its
+memory and inspiration remained with her through life.
+
+Susan was very intelligent and precocious. At the age of three she was
+sent to the grandmother's to remain during the advent of the fourth
+baby at home, and while there was taught to spell and read. Her memory
+was phenomenal, and she had an insatiable ambition, especially for
+learning the things considered beyond a girl's capacity.
+
+The mother was most charitable, always finding time amidst her own
+family cares to go among the sick and poor of the neighborhood. One of
+Susan's childish grievances, which she always remembered, was that the
+"Sunday-go-to-meeting" dresses of the three little Anthony girls were
+lent to the children of a poor family to wear at the funeral of their
+mother, while she and her sisters had to wear their old ones. She
+thought these were good enough to lend. She had no toys or dolls except
+of home manufacture, but her rag baby and set of broken dishes afforded
+just as much happiness as children nowadays get from a roomful of
+imported playthings.
+
+To go to school the children had to pass Grandmother Read's, and they
+were always careful to start early enough to stop there for a fresh
+cheese curd and a drink of "coffee," made by browning crusts of rye and
+Indian bread, pouring hot water over them and sweetening with maple
+sugar. Then in the evening they would stop again for some of the
+left-over, cold boiled dinner, which was served on a great pewter
+platter, a big piece of pork or beef in the center and, piled all
+round, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, beets, carrots, etc. The story runs
+that, when the mother remonstrated with the children for bothering the
+grandmother for what they could have at home, Susan replied, "Why,
+grandma's potato peelings are better than your boiled dinners." The
+Anthonys and Reads used white flour and real coffee on state occasions,
+but very few families could afford such luxuries.
+
+One of the recollections of Grandmother Anthony's house is of the
+little closet under the parlor stairs, where was set the tub of maple
+sugar, and, while the elders were chatting over neighborhood affairs,
+the children would gather like bees around this tub and have a feast.
+Always when they left, they were loaded down with apples, doughnuts,
+caraway cakes and other toothsome things which little ones love. Along
+the edges of the pantry shelves hung rows of shining pewter porringers,
+and the pride of the children's lives was to eat "cider toast" out of
+them. This was made by toasting a big loaf of brown bread before the
+fire, peeling off the outside, toasting it again, and finally pouring
+over these crusts hot sweetened water and cider. The dish, however,
+which was relished above all others was "hasty pudding," cooked slowly
+for hours, then heaped upon a platter in a great cone, the center
+scooped out and filled with sweet, fresh butter and honey or maple
+syrup.
+
+In those days every sideboard was liberally supplied with rum, brandy
+and gin, and every man drank more or less, even the elders and
+preachers. When the farmers came down the mountain road with their
+loads of wood or lumber, they always stopped at Grandfather Read's for
+a slice of bread and cheese and a drink of hard cider, but the elders
+and preachers were regaled with something stronger. This was the
+custom, and criticism would have been considered fanatical.
+
+The little factory nourished and produced many yards of excellent
+cotton cloth. A store was opened in one corner of the house to supply
+the wants of the employes and neighbors, and the Anthonys enjoyed a
+plenty and prosperity somewhat unusual where small incomes and close
+economy were the rule.
+
+[Footnote 1: Her oldest daughter, Hannah, became a famous Quaker
+preacher.]
+
+[Footnote 2: A wedding trip was taken to Palatine Bridge, Deerfield,
+Union Springs, Farmington, Rochester and other points in New York
+State, to visit relatives of both families, all the long journey being
+made in a light one-horse wagon, many miles of it over corduroy roads.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Hannah was born September 15, 1821; Daniel Read, named for
+father and grandfather, was born August 22, 1824; Mary S., April 2,
+1827; Eliza Tefft, April 22, 1832, and Jacob Merritt, April. 19, 1834.
+At the present writing, 1897, Susan, Daniel, Mary and Merritt still
+survive, aged seventy-seven, seventy-three, seventy and sixty-three,
+all remarkably vigorous in mind and body; a family of few words, quiet,
+undemonstrative and yet knit together with bonds of steel, loyal to
+each other in every thought and each ready to make any sacrifice for
+the others.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+GIRLHOOD AND SCHOOL-LIFE.
+
+1826--1838.
+
+
+By 1826, Daniel Anthony had become so well-known for business
+management that he received an offer from Judge John McLean, of
+Battenville, Washington county, N.Y., who already had built a factory
+there, to go into cotton manufacturing on an extensive scale, the judge
+to furnish capital, Mr. Anthony executive ability. There was much
+opposition from the two older families to having their children go so
+far away (forty-four miles) and Lucy Anthony's heart was almost broken
+at the thought of leaving her aged father and mother, but Daniel was
+too good a financier to lose such an opportunity. So on a warm, bright
+July morning the goods were started and the judge and his grandson,
+Aaron McLean, came with a big green wagon and two fine horses to take
+the family to Battenville. Young Aaron little thought as he lifted the
+eight-year-old Guelma into the wagon that he was taking with him his
+future wife. The new home was in a pretty village nestled among the
+hills on the Battenkill. The first year the Anthonys lived in part of
+Judge McLean's house, where were two slaves not yet manumitted, and the
+children saw negroes for the first time and were dreadfully frightened.
+Afterwards the family moved into an old but comfortable
+story-and-a-half house where they remained several years.
+
+Meanwhile a great deal of expensive machinery had been put into the
+factory and a large brick store erected. For a long time Daniel Anthony
+had been very much interested in the temperance cause. At Adams he had
+sold liquor, like every other merchant, but when a man was found by the
+roadside frozen to death with an empty jug which told the story,
+although Mr. Anthony had not sold him the rum, he resolved, as this was
+only one of many distressing cases, to sell no more. He was the first
+in that locality to put intoxicating liquors out of his store.
+
+He had not thought to discuss this question with Judge McLean when
+their contract was made, and had gone to Troy and selected goods for
+the store. The judge looked on while they were being unloaded and
+finally asked, "Why, Anthony, where are the rum barrels?" "There aren't
+any," he answered. "You don't expect to keep store without rum, do you?
+If you don't 'treat,' nobody will trade with you," said the judge.
+"Well, then I'll close the store," was the reply. It was opened; the
+farmers would come in, look around, peer behind the counter, finally go
+down cellar and make a search, and then declare they would not trade at
+a temperance store; but, as they found here the best goods and lowest
+prices, with square dealing, they could not afford to go elsewhere and
+the store soon enjoyed a large business.
+
+When it was decided to build a number of tenement houses, the judge
+said, "The men will not come to the 'raising' unless they can have
+their gin." "Then the houses will not be raised," replied Mr. Anthony,
+and sent out the invitations. His wife made great quantities of
+lemonade, "training-day" gingerbread, doughnuts and the best of tea and
+coffee. Everybody came, things went off finely, not an accident during
+the day and all went home sober, having learned, for the first time,
+that there could be a house-raising without liquor.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TEMPORARY HOME OF THE ANTHONYS, BATTENVILLE, N.Y., 1826
+  FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 1897. SUSAN AND MERRITT IN FOREGROUND.]
+
+But the battle had to be fought continually. A saw-mill and a
+grist-mill were built and no man was employed who drank to excess. The
+tavern keeper, who had expected to reap a rich harvest from the
+factory, was very indignant at the temperance regulations. He put every
+temptation in the way of the mill-hands, but Daniel Anthony remained
+firm. Among his papers are found several letters of repentance and
+pledges from his men who had fallen from grace and wanted another
+trial. He organized a temperance society, composed almost entirely of
+his men and women employes. The pledge, as was the custom, required
+"total abstinence from distilled liquor," but allowed wine and cider.
+He also established an evening school for them, many never having had
+any chance for an education, and it became unpopular not to attend.
+This was in session also a few hours on Sunday. It was taught by Mr.
+Anthony himself or his own family teacher without expense to the
+pupils. Everything about the factory was conducted with perfect system
+and order. Each man had a little garden around his house. Mr. Anthony
+looked upon his employes as his family and their mental and moral
+culture as a duty. Even thus early he was so strong an opponent of
+slavery that he made every effort to get cotton for his mills which was
+not produced by slave labor.
+
+The only persons ever allowed to smoke or drink intoxicants in the
+Anthony home were Quaker preachers. The house was half-way between
+Danby, Vt., and Easton, N.Y., where the Quarterly Meetings were held
+and the preachers and elders stopped there on their way. In a closet
+under the stairs were a case of clay pipes, a paper of tobacco and
+demijohns of excellent gin and brandy, from which the "high seat"
+brothers were permitted to help themselves. It is not surprising to
+find in the annals that a dozen or more would drop in to get one of
+Mrs. Anthony's good dinners and the refreshments above mentioned.
+
+In the spring of 1832 a brick-kiln was burned in preparation for the
+new house. Mrs. Anthony boarded ten or twelve brick-makers and some of
+the factory hands, with no help but that of her daughters Guelma, Susan
+and Hannah, aged fourteen, twelve and ten. When the new baby came,
+these three little girls did all the work, cooking the food and
+carrying it four or five steps up from the kitchen to the mother's room
+to let her see if it were nicely prepared and if the dinner-pails for
+the men were properly packed.
+
+Soon after this, Mr. Anthony remarked that one of the "spoolers" was
+ill and there was no one to do her work. Susan and Hannah had spent
+many hours watching the factory girls, and at once raised a clamor to
+take the place of the sick "spooler." The mother objected, but the
+father, who always encouraged his children in their independent ideas,
+interceded and finally they were allowed to draw straws to decide which
+should go, the winner to divide her wages with the loser. The lot fell
+to Susan, who worked faithfully every day for two weeks and received
+full wages, $3. Hannah, with her $1.50, bought a green bead bag, then
+considered the crowning glory of a girl's wardrobe. Susan purchased
+half a dozen pale-blue coffee cups and saucers, which she had heard her
+mother wish for, and presented them to her with a happy heart.
+
+The next summer the house was built, the finest in that part of the
+country, a two-and-a-half-story brick with fifteen rooms and all the
+conveniences then known. Quakers never celebrate Christmas, but the
+Anthonys, having lived now for seven years in a Presbyterian
+neighborhood, decided to give the children a Christmas party in the new
+home. The walls had a beautiful hard finish, the woodwork was tinted
+light green and the new flag-bottomed chairs were painted black.
+Between the rough boots of the country youths and the chairs pushed or
+tipped against the wall, both woodwork and plastering were almost
+ruined, and the new house carried a lasting reminder of the
+festivities.
+
+About this time Daniel Anthony was again brought under Quaker
+criticism. On one of his journeys to New York he had bought a camlet
+cloak with a big cape, as affording the best protection for the long,
+cold rides he had to take. The Friends declared this to be "out of
+plainness" and insisted that he leave off the cape and cease wearing a
+brightly colored handkerchief about his neck and ears. Daniel, who was
+beginning to be rather restive under these restraints, refused to
+comply, but, as he was a valuable member, it was finally decided here
+also to condone his offense.
+
+Through all those years Lucy Anthony went to Quaker meeting with her
+husband. After public services were over, however, and the shutters
+pulled up between the men's and the women's sides of the house for
+business meeting, she was rigidly barred out. She would take her
+children and walk about in the grave-yard outside while she waited for
+Daniel, but, as the graves were all in a row without even a headstone
+to distinguish them, this was not a very interesting pastime and the
+wait was long and tedious. When the little girls went with the father
+they also were shut out of the executive session where such momentous
+questions were discussed as, "Are Friends careful to keep themselves
+and their children from attending places of diversion?" "Are Friends
+careful to refrain from tale-bearing and detraction?" "Are Friends
+careful to send their children to school, and all children in their
+employ?"
+
+One cold day, the mother being detained at home, ten-year-old Susan
+received permission to go with her father. When the business meeting
+began, she curled up quietly in a corner by the stove, thinking to
+escape detection, but was spied out by one of the elders, a woman with
+green spectacles, who tip-toed down from the "high seat" and said, "Is
+thee a member?" "No, but my father is," replied Susan. "That will not
+do, thee will have to go out." "My mother told me to stay in." "Thy
+mother doesn't manage things here." "But my father told me to stay in."
+"Neither thy father nor thy mother can say what thee shall do here;
+thee will have to go out;" and taking the child by the arm she led her
+into the cold vestibule. After remaining there until almost frozen,
+Susan decided to go to the nearest neighbor's. When she opened the gate
+a big dog sprung fiercely upon her. Her screams brought out the family
+and she was taken into the house, where it was found the only injury
+was a large piece bitten out of the new Scotch plaid cloak which she
+had gone to meeting on purpose to exhibit. The affair created
+considerable excitement, Mr. and Mrs. Anthony were very indignant, and
+it ended in the father's making a "request" that his children be made
+members of the Society, which was done.
+
+Daniel Anthony was by nature a broad, progressive man, and his family
+were not brought up according to the strictest and narrowest
+requirements of Quaker doctrine; while his wife, remembering the
+liberal teachings of her Universalist father and her own girlish love
+of youthful pastimes, went still further in making life pleasant for
+the children. Through her influence the daughters secured many a pretty
+article of wearing apparel, and, when there was a party whose hours
+were later than the father approved, the mother managed to have them
+spend the night with girls in the neighborhood.
+
+When the family first moved to Battenville the children went to the
+little old-fashioned district school taught by a man in winter and a
+woman in summer. None of the men could teach Susan "long division" or
+understand why a girl should insist upon learning it. One of the women
+maintained discipline by means of her corset-board used as a ferule. As
+soon as Mr. Anthony finished the brick store he set apart one room
+upstairs for a private school, employed the best teachers to be had and
+admitted only such children as he wished to associate with his own.
+When the new house was built a large room was devoted to school
+purposes. This was the first in that neighborhood to have a separate
+seat for each pupil, and, although only a stool without a back, it was
+a vast improvement on the long bench running around the wall, the same
+height for big and little. The girls were taught sewing as carefully as
+reading and spelling, and Susan was noted for her skill with the
+needle. A sampler is still in existence which she made at the age of
+eleven, a fine specimen of needle-work with the family record
+surrounded by a wreath of strawberries all carefully wrought in
+crewels. There is also a bedquilt, the pieces sewed together with the
+fine "over-and-over" stitch, and there are ruffles hemmed with stitches
+so tiny they scarcely can be distinguished. An early teacher was a
+cousin, Nancy Howe,[4] who was followed by another cousin, Sarah
+Anthony, a graduate of Rensselaer Quaker boarding-school. Among the
+teachers was Mary Perkins, just graduated from Miss Grant's seminary at
+Ipswich, Mass., and a pupil of Mary Lyon, founder of Mt. Holyoke. She
+was their first fashionably educated teacher and taught them to recite
+poems in concert, introduced school books with pictures, little black
+illustrations of Old Dog Tray, Mary and Her Lamb, etc., and gave them
+their first idea of calisthenics. She loved music, and wished to attend
+the village singing-school. Lucy Anthony sympathized with this desire
+and interceded for her, but Daniel decided it would be setting a bad
+example to the children and they would be wanting to sing.[5]
+
+Into this commodious home Lucy Anthony brought her aged father and
+mother, and carefully tended them until the death of both within the
+same year, aged eighty-four. In May, 1834, came the first great sorrow,
+the death of little Eliza, aged two years, and the mother was
+heart-broken. Her life was centered in her children, and she could not
+be reconciled to giving up even one. After her own death, nearly fifty
+years later, in her box of most sacredly guarded keepsakes, was found a
+little faded pink dress of the dear child's which many times had been
+moistened with the mother's tears.
+
+The children continued to attend this private school, and as Guelma and
+Susan reached the age of fifteen, each in turn was installed as teacher
+in summer when there were only young pupils. The factory now was at the
+height of prosperity; there was only one larger in all that part of the
+country, and Daniel Anthony was looked upon as a wealthy man. He was
+much criticised for allowing his daughters to teach, as in those days
+no woman worked for wages except from pressing necessity; but he was
+far enough in advance of his time to believe that every girl should be
+trained to self-support. In 1837, writing to Guelma at boarding-school,
+he urges her to accept the offer of the principal to remain through the
+winter as an assistant:
+
+    I am fully of the belief that shouldst thou never teach school a
+    single day afterwards, thou wouldst ever feel to justify thy
+    course.... Thou wouldst seem to me to be laying the foundation for
+    thy far greater usefulness. Thy remaining through the winter, must,
+    however, be left solely to thyself, as it would be of little avail
+    for thee to stay and not be contented. Thy home, Guelma, is just
+    the same as when thou left it, and shouldst thou decide to spend
+    the winter months away, we will try to keep it the same until thy
+    return in the spring. Let me know if thou canst be content to
+    remain away a few months longer from thy mother's kitchen.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Thy Father
+  Daniel Anthony]
+
+In the winter of 1837, at the age of seventeen, Susan taught in the
+family of Doris and Huldah Deliverge, at Easton, a few miles from
+Battenville, for $1 a week and board. The next summer she taught a
+district school at the neighboring village, Reid's Corners, for $1.50 a
+week and "boarded round," and proud was she to earn what was then
+considered excellent wages for a woman. In the fall she joined Guelma
+at boarding-school. The little circular, yellow with age, reads:
+
+    DEBORAH MOULSON, having obtained an agreeable location in the
+    pleasant village of Hamilton, in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
+    intends, with the assistance of competent Teachers, to open
+    immediately a Seminary for Females....
+
+    Terms, $125 per annum, for boarding and tuition....
+
+    The inculcation of the principles of Humility, Morality and a love
+    of Virtue, will receive particular attention.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTENVILLE HOME, BUILT IN 1833.
+  FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 1897]
+
+This was Susan's first long absence from home, and her letters and
+journals give a good idea of the thoughts and feelings of a girl at
+boarding-school in those days. She developed then the "letter-writing
+habit," which has clung to her through life. The letters of that time
+were laborious affairs, often consuming days in the writing, commencing
+even to children, "Respected Daughter," or "Son," and rarely exceeding
+one or two pages. They were written with a quill pen on foolscap paper,
+and almost wholly devoted to the weather and the sickness in the
+family. The amount of the latter would be appalling to modern
+households. The women's letters were written in infinitesimal
+characters, it being considered unladylike to write a large hand. The
+Anthonys were exceptional letter-writers. It cost eighteen cents to
+send a letter, but Daniel Anthony was postmaster at Battenville, and
+his family had free use of the mails. If he had had postage to pay on
+all of homesick Susan's epistles it would have cost him a good round
+sum. The rules of the school required these to be written on the slate,
+submitted to the teacher and then carefully copied by the pupil, so it
+is not unusual to find that a letter was five or six days in
+preparation. For the same reason it is impossible to tell how much
+sincerity there is in the frequent references to the "dear teacher" and
+the "most excellent school." The "stilted" style of Susan's letters is
+most amusing.[6] A few extracts will illustrate:
+
+    I regret that Brothers and Sisters have not the privilege of
+    attending a school better adapted to their improvement, both in
+    Science and Morality; surely a District School (unless they have
+    recently reformed) is not an appropriate place for the cultivation
+    of the latter, although in the former they may make some partial
+    progress. Deborah has not determined to relinquish this school,
+    although she has not yet ascertained whether the income from it
+    will be equal to the expenditures; but if it should continue I
+    shall have a wish for Hannah and Mary to attend; as I think another
+    one can not be named so agreeable on all accounts as is Deborah
+    Moulson's at Hamilton.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Much love to all the dear ones
+  I am your
+  Lucy Anthony]
+
+One may imagine that Susan got several credit marks when her teacher
+corrected this on the slate. The lecturer on philosophy and science
+came up from Philadelphia, and Susan tells her parents that "he is
+quite an interesting man," and that "his lecture on Philosophy was far
+more entertaining than I had dared to anticipate." Of the science
+lecture she says:
+
+    He had a microscope through which we had the pleasure of viewing
+    the dust from the wings of a butterfly, each minute particle of
+    which appeared as large as a common fly. He mentioned several very
+    interesting circumstances; but I must defer particularizing them
+    until I can have the privilege of verbally communicating them to my
+    dear friends at Battenville. Guelma joins with me in wishing love
+    distributed to all.
+
+Again she writes:
+
+    Beloved Parents: The second Seventh day of my short stay in
+    Hamilton arrives and finds me scarcely capable of informing you how
+    the intervening moments have been employed; but I hope they have
+    not passed without some improvement. Indeed, we should all improve,
+    perceptibly too, were we to attend to the instructions which are
+    here given, for the advancement both of moral and literary
+    pursuits. May I improve in both; but it is far easier for us to
+    perceive where others should reform, than to observe and correct
+    our own imperfections, while perhaps our failings are completely
+    disgusting in the sight of others. I find it very difficult leaving
+    off old habits so as to have a vacuum for the formation of those
+    which are new and more advantageous.
+
+    My letter will be short this week and I can assign no other cause
+    than that my ideas do not freely flow. The difference in weather is
+    quite material between this and our northern clime. Snow commenced
+    falling about 12 o'clock to-day and continued till evening; but,
+    Father, it was not such a storm as the one in which we travelled
+    during the second day of our journey to the beautiful and
+    sequestered shades of Hamilton. The cause of my neglecting to write
+    last week was not the absence of this mind from home, but that it
+    is obliged to occupy every moment in studies.
+
+A fire in Philadelphia gives her an opportunity for this bit of
+description:
+
+    I was requested, 5th day evening last, about 7 o'clock, by one of
+    the scholars, to step out and view the Aurora Borealis, which she
+    said was extremely brilliant and beautiful. When there I looked
+    towards the north, but discovered no light, and then to the zenith,
+    which was indeed very magnificent; "but," said I, "that does not
+    look like the Aurora, it is more like the light from a fire," and
+    upon investigation we found it so to be. The light appeared in the
+    east, we walked in that direction, when we beheld the flames
+    bursting forth in stupendous grandeur. Not a bell was heard, all
+    was calm, with the exception of the minds of some of the scholars
+    whose parents resided in the city. The scene indeed would have been
+    to the eye extremely pleasing, were it not for the reflection that
+    some of our fellow-beings were about being deprived of a home, and
+    perhaps lives also. We learned a few minutes after witnessing this
+    phenomena that the fire was occasioned by the conflagration of a
+    large board yard near Market Street Bridge.
+
+After many affectionate messages, she says:
+
+    I have not had but one real homesick fit and that was one week from
+    the night Father left us. I felt then as if I were taking leave of
+    him again; in fact the tears have come into my eyes as I write that
+    last sentence; but do not suppose I carry a gloomy countenance all
+    the time, far be it from that, yet oft I think seriously of home
+    and the endearing ties which bind us together. Father, we will look
+    at the sentiments, and not the Orthography and Grammar of thy
+    letters, in which I did discover some errors.
+
+She frequently admits that her sister admonishes her, "Susan, thee
+writes too much; thee should learn to be concise," but she delights in
+letter-writing and says:
+
+    Most of the girls are taking a walk this First day afternoon, but I
+    did not feel like enjoying myself by accompanying them as well as
+    in holding sweet communion in writing with those inestimable
+    friends I so dearly love, and arranging those thoughts in a manner
+    congenial to our feelings.... The query naturally arises, at least
+    to the thoughtful mind, How has our time since the last Annual
+    revolution of the Earth been employed? Have our minds become
+    improved from passing occurences, or do they remain in that
+    dormant-like state which so often degrades the human soul?
+
+She comes down from her lofty heights far enough to add, "It would have
+afforded us the greatest pleasure imaginable to have dined on that
+Goose in company with you on New Year's day." It is Susan's diary,
+however, which affords the most satisfactory glimpses of her true
+character, serious, devotional, deeply conscientious and strong in
+affection:
+
+    Five weeks have been spent in Hamilton and to what purpose? Has my
+    mind advanced either in Virtue or Literature? I fear that every
+    moment has not been profitably spent. O, may this careless mind be
+    more watchful in the future! O, may the many warnings which we
+    every day receive, tend to make me more attentive to what is right!
+
+    We were cautioned by our dear Teacher to-day to beware of
+    self-esteem and of all signs that would indicate an untruth. We
+    were referred to the condition of Ananias and Sapphira, who
+    intended to deceive the Apostle. Would that I were wholly free from
+    that same Evil Spirit which tempted those persons in ancient times.
+    The Spirit of Truth must have dominion in the mind in order to
+    attain a state of happiness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Resolves and resolves fill up my time. I resolve at night to do
+    better on the morrow, and when the morrow comes and I mingle with
+    my companions all the resolutions are obliterated.... In the
+    afternoon of Seventh day Deborah accompanied the scholars to Town
+    and visited the Academy of Arts and Sciences; beautiful indeed was
+    the sight. Nature, how bounteous and varied are thy works! On
+    beholding the splendid scene I was ready to exclaim, "O, Miracle of
+    Miracles," with the celebrated Naturalist when speaking of the
+    metamorphoses of insects.
+
+Her eyes troubled her then, as all through life, and in grieving over
+it she says: "Often does their non-conformance mortify this frail heart
+when attempting to read in class.... I arose at half-past five this
+morning. [January 15.] I find it so much more advantageous." But the
+next day she sleeps till half-past six and laments the fact.
+
+    Received a severe reproof from Deborah this evening on account of
+    the listlessness which prevailed in the school, also the immorality
+    of some of the pupils' minds. O, that I could feel perfectly clear
+    of all the deviations which have been enumerated. O, Morality, that
+    I could say I possessed thy charms! O, the happiness of an innocent
+    mind, would that I could say mine was so, but it is too far from
+    it. I think so much of my resolutions to do better that even my
+    dreams are filled with these desires.
+
+The sin thus bitterly bewailed consisted in neglecting to use "thee"
+and "thou" in addressing her schoolmates. She would wake up in the
+night and mourn over it. One would judge from Deborah's continual
+lectures that the school was made up of a lot of desperately wicked
+girls sent her to be reformed, instead of a band of demure and saintly
+little Quaker maidens. On the 31st Susan writes:
+
+    Our class has not recited in Philosophy, Chemistry or Physiology,
+    nor have we read, since the 20th of this month, for the reason of
+    there being such a departure among the scholars from the paths of
+    rectitude.
+
+Later she records that a new teacher has arrived "to relieve Deborah of
+some of her bodily labors," that "he is a stern-looking man," and that
+she was "somewhat mortified that she could not give him the desired
+definition of compendiums."
+
+    The woman who sells molasses candy has been here, but when she
+    leaves she does not carry the confusion with her which she
+    causes.... Deborah requested eight of us larger girls to remain
+    last evening, for the purpose of reproving us. The cause was the
+    levity and mirthfulness which were displayed on Third day of the
+    week previous. She compared us to Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his
+    master with a kiss. She said there were those amongst us who would
+    surely have to suffer deep affliction for not attending to the
+    manifestations of truth within.--I have been guilty of much levity
+    and nonsensical conversation and have also permitted thoughts to
+    occupy my mind which should have been far distant, but I do not
+    consider myself as having committed any wilful offence. Perhaps the
+    reason I can not see my own defects is because my heart is
+    hardened. O, may it become more and more refined until nothing
+    shall remain but perfect purity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    2nd mo. 11th day.--First day evening Deborah came down and sat with
+    us. In a few moments she called for her Bible, and in a short time
+    she read, "Jesus wept;" and then, after a long pause, she said,
+    "There are those present who, if they do not attend to what has
+    been said to them, will have their strings shortened, even as short
+    as this verse." This she said after having inquired on what subject
+    Abraham Loire preached in the morning and none of us was able to
+    tell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    2nd mo. 12th day.--Deborah came down in the afternoon to examine
+    our writing. She looked at M.'s and gave her a severe reproof; she
+    then looked at C.'s and said nothing. I, thinking I had improved
+    very much, offered mine for her to examine. She took it and pointed
+    out some of the best words as those which were not well written,
+    and then she asked me the rule for dotting an i, and I acknowledged
+    that I did not know. She then said it was no wonder she had
+    undergone so much distress in mind and body, and that her time had
+    been devoted to us in vain. This was like an Electrical shock to
+    me. I rushed upstairs to my room where, without restraint, I could
+    give vent to my tears. She said the same as that I had been the
+    cause of the great obstruction in the school. If I am such a vile
+    sinner, I would that I might feel it myself. Indeed I do consider
+    myself such a bad creature that I can not see any who seems
+    worse.--And we had a new scholar to witness this scene!
+
+Think of causing all this anguish and humiliation to a young girl
+because she did not know the rule for dotting an i!
+
+    2nd mo. 15th day.--This day I call myself eighteen. It seems
+    impossible that I can be so old, and even at this age I find myself
+    possessed of no more knowledge than I ought to have had at twelve.
+    Dr. Allen, a Phrenologist, gave us a short lecture this morning and
+    examined a few heads, mine among them. He described only the good
+    organs and said nothing of the bad. I should like to know the whole
+    truth.
+
+Susan relates with a good deal of satisfaction that she has written a
+letter to a schoolmate at home, without putting it on the slate for the
+teacher to see. A few days later Deborah sends for her. She "went down
+with cheerfulness," but what was her astonishment to see Deborah with
+the intercepted letter open in her hand! Susan closes her account of
+the interview by saying, "Little did I think, when I was writing that
+letter, that I was committing such an enormous crime."
+
+Learning that a young friend had married a widower with six children,
+she comments in her diary, "I should think any female would rather live
+and die an old maid." She has a cold and cough for which Deborah gives
+her a "Carthartick," followed by some "Laudanum in a silver spoon."
+"The beautiful spring weather," she says, "inhales me with fresh
+vigor." She sees some spiderwebs in the schoolroom and, her domestic
+habits asserting themselves, gets a broom and mounts the desks to sweep
+them down, "little thinking of the mortification and tears it was to
+occasion." Finally she steps upon Deborah's desk and breaks the hinges
+on the lid. That personage is informed by an assistant teacher and
+arrives on the scene:
+
+    "Deborah, I have broken your desk." She appeared not to notice me,
+    walked over, examined the desk and asked the teacher who broke it.
+    "What! Susan Anthony step on my desk! I would not have set a child
+    upon it," she said, and much more which I can not write. "How came
+    you to step on it?" she asked, but I was too full to speak and
+    rushed from the room in tears. That evening, after we read in the
+    Testament, she said that where there was no desire for moral
+    improvement there would be no improvement in reading. There was one
+    by the side of her who had not desired moral improvement and had
+    made no advancement in Literature.
+
+This deliberate cruelty to one whose heart was bursting with sorrow and
+regret! "Never will this day be forgotten," says the diary. In speaking
+of this incident Miss Anthony said: "Not once, in all the sixty years
+that have passed, has the thought of that day come to my mind without
+making me turn cold and sick at heart."
+
+On one occasion when a composition had been severely criticised, Susan
+blazed forth the inquiry why she always was censured and her sister
+praised. "Because," was the reply, "thy sister Guelma does the best she
+is capable of, but thou dost not. Thou hast greater abilities and I
+demand of thee the best of thy capacity." Throughout this little record
+are continual expressions of the pain of separation from the dear home,
+of keen disappointment if the expected letter fails to come, and most
+affectionate references to the beloved parents, brothers and sisters.
+Even the austere Deborah is mentioned always with respect and kindness
+for, notwithstanding her frequent censure, she inspired the girls with
+love and reverence.
+
+Subsequent events show that this lady was failing rapidly with
+consumption. Among the old letters, one from an assistant teacher to
+Daniel Anthony, dated 1839, a year after Susan left school, says: "The
+tender chord that so long confined our beloved Deborah to this world
+was broken on the 25th day of the 4th month, and we trust her happy
+spirit took its flight to realms of eternal felicity." Deborah Moulson
+was a cultured and estimable woman, but she represented the spirit of
+that age toward childhood, one of chilling severity and constant
+repression, when reproof was as liberally administered as praise was
+conscientiously withheld.
+
+[Footnote 4: Sixty-five years later, this cousin, Nancy Howe Clark,
+aged eighty-seven, wrote Miss Anthony:
+
+"The year I spent at your father's was the happiest of my whole long
+life. How well I remember the sweet voices saying 'Cousin Nancy,' and
+the affectionate way in which I was received by your dear father and
+mother. It had never been my fortune before to live in a household with
+an educated man at its head, and I felt a little shy of your father but
+soon found there was no occasion. Although it was a period of great
+financial depression, he always found time to be social and kindly in
+his family. He seemed to have an eye for everything, his business, the
+school and every good work. I considered your father and mother a model
+husband and wife and found it hard to leave such a loving home."]
+
+[Footnote 5: In later years the younger children were instructed on
+piano and violin, and he enjoyed nothing better than listening to
+them.]
+
+[Footnote 6: In reading them over, sixty years afterwards, she said
+mournfully, "That has been the way all my life. Whenever I take a pen
+in hand I always seem to be mounted on stilts." To those who are
+acquainted with her simple, straightforward style of speaking, this
+will seem hardly possible, yet it is probably one of the reasons which
+led her, very early in her public career, to abandon all attempts at
+written speeches.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+FINANCIAL CRASH--THE TEACHER.
+
+1838--1845.
+
+
+The prosperous days of the Anthonys were drawing to a close. All
+manufacturing industries of the country were in a ruinous state. The
+unsound condition of the banks with their depreciated and fluctuating
+currency had created financial chaos. Overproduction of cotton goods on
+a credit basis, inordinate speculation, reduction of duties on
+importations, produced the inevitable result, and the commercial world
+began to totter on its foundations. The final ruin is foreshadowed in
+the letters of Daniel Anthony. In one to his brother September 2, 1837,
+he says:
+
+    I am going next week on a tour of the eastern cities and when I
+    return shall be prepared to face the situation. My goods at present
+    will not sell for the actual cost of manufacturing. Van Buren's
+    message has just made its appearance. It is opposed to banks and
+    may operate unfavorably to business, but how it can be worse I
+    don't know.
+
+He writes from Washington to his wife, September 11:
+
+    I arrived last evening--came in R. Road cars from Baltimore, 39
+    miles, in two hours, over a barren and almost uncultivated tract of
+    country. The public buildings and one street called Pennsylvania
+    Avenue are all that are worth mention in this place.... As a
+    specimen of some of the big finery in the town, I will name one
+    room in Martin's [Van Buren's] house, 90 ft. by 42, the furniture
+    of which cost $22,000.... Our Congressmen are some like other
+    folks, they look out first for themselves. They have spent most of
+    this day in debating whether _they_ shall be paid in _specie_....
+    There are Black Folks in abundance here, but they don't act as if
+    they were even under the pressure of hard times, much less the
+    cruelties that we hear of slaves having to bear.
+
+From New York he writes his brother:
+
+    Such times in everything that pertains to business never were known
+    in this land before. To-day I have passed through Pine street and
+    have not seen one single box or bale of goods of any kind whatever.
+    Last year at this time a person could scarcely go through the
+    street without clambering over goods of all descriptions. A truck
+    cart loaded with merchandise is now a rare object. A bale of goods
+    can not be sold at any price. The countenances of all our best
+    business men are stretched out in a perpendicular direction and
+    when the times will let them come back into human shape not even
+    the wisest pretend to guess. Those that are out of all speculative
+    and ever-changing business may consider themselves in a Paradismal
+    state.
+
+In the spring of 1838 he writes to Guelma and Susan, at that time
+twenty and eighteen years of age, to know if they feel that they
+possibly can go alone from Philadelphia to New York, where he will join
+them and bring them home; but evidently they decide they can not, for
+Susan's journal speaks of "the happy moment when they run to the gate
+to meet him." On the journey he tells them that his business is ruined,
+they can not return to school and will have to give up their beautiful
+and beloved new home. In recalling those times Miss Anthony says that
+never in all her long life did she see such agony as her father passed
+through during the dreadful days which followed. All that he had
+accumulated in a lifetime of hard work and careful planning was swept
+away, and there was scarcely a spot of solid ground upon which he could
+plant his feet to begin the struggle once more.
+
+In her diary, speaking of an aunt who sympathizes with them and says it
+will be hard to give up going with the people they have been accustomed
+to, Susan observes, "I do not think that losing our property will cause
+us ever to mingle with low company." She is now somewhat uncertain
+about taking up teaching permanently, fearing she will "lose the habit
+of using the plain language;" but May 22, 1838, she writes at Union
+Village, now Greenwich:
+
+    On last evening, which was First day, I again left my home to
+    mingle with strangers, which seems to be my sad lot. Separation was
+    rendered more trying on account of the embarrassing condition of
+    our business affairs. I found my school small and quite disorderly.
+    O, may my patience hold out to persevere without intermission.
+
+In the summer of 1838 the factory, store, home and much of the
+furniture had to be given up to the creditors. Not an article was
+spared from the inventory. All the mother's wedding presents, the
+furniture and the silver spoons given her by her parents, the wearing
+apparel of the family, even the flour, tea, coffee and sugar, the
+children's school books, the Bible and the dictionary, were carefully
+noted. On this list, still in existence, are "underclothes of wife and
+daughters," "spectacles of Mr. and Mrs. Anthony," "pocket-knives of
+boys," "scraps of old iron"--and the law took all except the bare
+necessities. In this hour of extremity the guardian angel appeared in
+the person of Joshua Read, a brother of Mrs. Anthony, from Palatine
+Bridge, N.Y., who bid in all which the family desired to keep and
+restored to them their possessions, making himself their lenient
+creditor.
+
+The winter of 1839 Susan attended the home school, taught by Daniel
+Wright, a fine scholar and remarkably successful teacher. This ended
+her school days, and in her journal she says: "I probably shall never
+go to school again, and all the advancement which I hereafter make must
+be by my own exertions."
+
+In March, 1839, the family moved to Hardscrabble, a small village two
+miles further down the Battenkill. They went on a cold, blustering day,
+and one may imagine the feelings of Daniel and Lucy Anthony and their
+older children as they turned away from their big factory, their
+handsome home and the friends they had learned to love. Mrs. Anthony's
+heart was overflowing with sorrow, for in less than five years she had
+lost by death her little daughter, her father and mother, and now was
+swept away her home hallowed by their beloved memories.
+
+In his prosperous days Daniel Anthony had built a satinet factory and a
+grist-mill at Hardscrabble and, although these were mortgaged heavily,
+he hoped to weather the financial storm and through them to build up
+again his fallen fortunes. The family were soon comfortably established
+in a large house which had been a hotel or tavern in the days when
+lumber was cut in the Green mountains and floated down the river, an
+immense building, sixty feet square, with wide hall and broad piazza.
+They did not keep a hotel, but people were in the habit of stopping
+here, as it was a half-way house to Troy, and they found themselves
+obliged to entertain a number of travelers.
+
+Those were busy days for the family. Susan's journal contains many
+entries such as, "Did a large washing to-day.... Spent to-day at the
+spinning-wheel.... Baked 21 loaves of bread.... Wove three yards of
+carpet yesterday.... Got my quilt out of the frame last 5th day.... The
+new saw-mill has just been raised; we had 20 men to supper on 6th day,
+and 12 on 7th day." But there were quilting-bees and apple-parings and
+sleighing parties and many good times, for the elastic temperament of
+youth rallies quickly from grief and misfortune. Susan went to
+Presbyterian church one Sunday, and the gray-robed Quaker thus writes:
+
+    To see them partake of the Lord's supper, as they call it, was
+    indeed a solemn sight, but the dress of the communicants bespeaks
+    nothing but vanity of heart--curls, bows and artificials displayed
+    in profusion about most of them. They say they can dress in the
+    fashion without fixing their hearts on their costume, but surely if
+    their hearts were not vain and worldly, their dress would not be.
+
+The attic in this old house was finished off for a ball-room; it was
+said that great numbers of junk bottles had been laid under the floor
+to give especially nice tone to the fiddles. The young people of the
+village came to Daniel Anthony for permission to hold their
+dancing-school here but, with true Quaker spirit, he refused. Finally
+the committee came again and said: "You have taught us that we must not
+drink or go about places where liquor is sold. The only other
+dancing-hall in town is in a disreputable tavern, and if we can not
+come here we shall be obliged to go there." So Mr. Anthony called a
+council of his wife and elder daughters. The mother, remembering her
+own youth and also having a tender solicitude for the moral welfare of
+the young people, advised that they should have the hall. Mr. Anthony
+at last agreed on condition that his own daughters should not dance. So
+they came, and Susan, Guelma and Hannah sat against the wall and
+watched, longing to join them but never doing it. They danced every two
+weeks all winter; Mrs. Anthony gave them some simple refreshments, they
+went home early, there was no drinking and all was orderly and
+pleasant.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE HOME AT CENTER FALLS, N. Y., BUILT IN 1810.
+  THE PORCH LONG SINCE FALLEN AWAY.
+  FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 1897. SUSAN, DANIEL, MARY, AND MERRITT IN
+  FOREGROUND.]
+
+The Quakers at once had Daniel Anthony up before the committee, there
+was a long discussion, and finally they read him out of meeting
+"because he kept a place of amusement in his house." Reuben Baker, one
+of the old Quakers, said: "It is with great sorrow we have to disown
+friend Anthony, for he has been one of the most exemplary members in
+the Society, but we can not condone such an offense as allowing a
+dancing-school in his house."
+
+Mr. Anthony felt this very keenly. He said: "For one of the best acts
+of my life I have been turned out of the best religious society in the
+world;" but he had kept his wife, his cloak and his ideas of right, and
+was justified by his conscience. He continued to attend Quaker meeting
+but grew more liberal with every passing year and, long before his
+death, had lost every vestige of bigotry and believed in complete
+personal, mental and spiritual freedom. In early life he had
+steadfastly refused to pay the United States taxes because he would not
+give tribute to a government which believed in war. When the collector
+came he would lay down his purse, saying, "I shall not voluntarily pay
+these taxes; if thee wants to rifle my pocket-book, thee can do so."
+But he lived to do all in his power to support the Union in its
+struggle for the abolition of slavery and, although too old to go to
+the front himself, his two sons enlisted at the very beginning of the
+war.
+
+Mr. Anthony had the name Hardscrabble changed to Center Falls, and was
+made postmaster. Susan and Hannah secured schools, and Daniel R., then
+not sixteen, went into the mill with his father. Susan had several
+schools offered her and finally accepted one at New Rochelle. She went
+down the Hudson by the steamboat American Eagle, her father going with
+her as far as Troy. She speaks in her journal of several Louisiana
+slaveholders being on board, the discussion which took place in the
+evening and her horror at hearing them uphold the institution of
+slavery. The pages of this little book show that this question and
+those of religion and temperance were the principal subjects of
+conversation in these days. One entry reads: "Spent the evening at Mr.
+Burdick's and had a good visit with them, our chief topic being the
+future state." Then she comments: "Be the future what it may, our
+happiness in the present is far more complete if we live an upright
+life." From the time she was seventeen is constantly expressed a
+detestation of slavery and intemperance. Her life from the beginning
+seems to have had a serious purpose. When asked, during the writing of
+this biography, why her journals were not full of "beaux," as most
+girls' were, she replied: "There were plenty of them, but I never could
+bring myself to put anything about them on paper." There are many
+references to their calling, escorting her to parties, etc., but
+scarcely any expression of her sentiments toward them. One, of whom she
+says: "He is a most noble-hearted fellow; I have respected him highly
+since our first acquaintance," goes to see a rival, and she writes: "He
+is at ----'s this evening. O, may he know that in me he has found a
+spirit congenial with his own, and not suffer the glare of beauty to
+attract both eye and heart."
+
+Again she says: "Last night I dreamed of being married, queerly enough,
+too, for it seemed as if I had married a Presbyterian priest, whom I
+never before had seen. I thought I repented thoroughly before the day
+had passed and my mind was much troubled." This modest Quaker maiden
+writes of receiving a newspaper from a young man: "Its contents were
+none of the most polite; a piece of poetry on Love and one called
+'Ridin' on a Rail,' and numerous little stories and things equally as
+bad. What he means I can not tell, but silence will be the best
+rebuke." Another who comes a-wooing she describes as "a real
+soft-headed old bachelor," and remarks: "These old bachelors are
+perfect nuisances to society." A friend marries a man of rather feeble
+intellect, and she comments: "Tis strange, 'tis passing strange, that a
+girl possessed of common sense should be willing to marry a
+lunatic--but so it is."
+
+Miss Anthony went to New Rochelle as assistant in Eunice Kenyon's
+boarding-school, but the principal being ill most of the time, she has
+to take entire charge, and the responsibility seems to weigh heavily on
+the nineteen-year-old girl. She speaks also of watching night after
+night, with only such rest as she gets lying on the floor. She gives
+some idea of the medical treatment of those days: "The Doctor came and
+gave her a dose of calomel and bled her freely, telling me not to faint
+as I held the bowl. Her arm commenced bleeding in the night and she
+lost so much blood she fainted. Next day the Doctor came, applied a
+blister and gave her another dose of calomel."
+
+She meets some colored girls from the school at Oneida and writes home:
+"A strict Presbyterian school it is, but they eat, walk and associate
+with the white people. O, what a happy state of things is this, to see
+these poor, degraded sons of Afric privileged to walk by our side." On
+Sunday she hears Stephen Archer, the great Quaker preacher, who was at
+the head of a large Friends' boarding-school at Tarrytown, and says:
+
+    He is a much younger man than I expected to see, and wears a sweet
+    smile on his face.... The people about here are anti-Abolitionist
+    and anti-everything else that's good. The Friends raised quite a
+    fuss about a colored man sitting in the meeting-house, and some
+    left on account of it. The man was rich, well-dressed and very
+    polite, but still the pretended meek followers of Christ could not
+    worship their God and have this sable companion with them. What a
+    lack of Christianity is this! There are three colored girls here
+    who have been in the habit of attending Friends' meeting where they
+    have lived, but here they are not allowed to sit even on the back
+    seat. One long-faced elder dusted off a seat in the gallery and
+    told them to sit there. Their father was freed by his master and
+    left $60,000, and these girls are educated and refined.
+
+Aaron McLean, who is soon to marry her sister Guelma, writes in answer
+to this: "I am glad to hear that the people where your lot is cast for
+the present are sensible and reasonable on that exciting subject. I
+entreat you to be prudent in your remarks and not attempt to
+'niggerize' the good old Friends about you. Above all, let them know
+that you are about the only Abolitionist in _this_ vicinity." This
+severe letter does not seem to have affected her very deeply for, on
+the next day after receiving it, she writes her parents: "Since school
+to-day I have had the unspeakable satisfaction of visiting four colored
+people and drinking tea with them. Their name is Turpin, and Theodore
+Wright of New York is their stepfather. To show this kind of people
+respect in this heathen land affords me a double pleasure." Mr. McLean
+evidently did not believe in woman preachers, for the radical Susan
+writes him:
+
+    I attended Rose street meeting in New York and heard the strongest
+    sermon on "The Vices of the City," that has been preached in that
+    house very lately. It was from Rachel Barker, of Dutchess county. I
+    guess if you could hear her you would believe in a woman's
+    preaching. What an absurd notion that women have not intellectual
+    and moral faculties sufficient for anything but domestic concerns!
+
+She does not hesitate to write to an uncle, Albert Dickinson, and
+reprove him for drinking ale and wine at Yearly Meeting time. It seems
+that then, as now, girls had a habit of writing on the first page of a
+sheet, next on the third, then vertically on a page, etc. Uncle Albert
+retorts:
+
+    Thy aunt Ann Eliza says to tell thee we are temperate drinkers and
+    hope to remain so. We should think from the shape of thy letter
+    that thou thyself hadst had a good horn from the contents of the
+    cider barrel, a part being written one side up and a part the other
+    way, and it would need some one in nearly the same predicament to
+    keep track of it. We hope thy cranium will get straightened when
+    the answer to this is penned, so that we may follow thy varied
+    thoughts with less trouble. A little advice perhaps would be good
+    on both sides, and they that give should be willing to receive. See
+    to it that thou payest me down for this.
+
+This letter also gives an insight into the medical practice of the good
+old times. A niece, Cynthia, is being treated for the dropsy by
+"drinking copiously of a decoction made by charring wormwood in a close
+vessel and putting the ashes into brandy, and every night being
+subjected to a heavy sweat." It recommends plenty of blue pills and
+boneset for the ague. Later, Susan writes of a friend who is "under the
+care of both Botanical and Apothecary doctors." For hardening of wax in
+the ear she sends an infallible prescription: "Moisten salt with
+vinegar and drop it in the ear every night for six weeks; said to be a
+certain cure."
+
+The staid and puritanical young woman is much disturbed at the
+enthusiastic reception given President Van Buren at New Rochelle, and
+writes home:
+
+    We had quite a noise last Fifth day on the occasion of Martin's
+    passing through this village. A band of splendid music was sent for
+    from the city, and large crowds of people called to look at him as
+    if he were a puppet show. Really one would have thought an angelic
+    being had descended from heaven, to have heard and seen the
+    commotion. The whole village was in an uproar. Here was a mother
+    after her children to go and gaze upon the great man, and there was
+    a teacher rushing with one child by the hand and half a dozen
+    running after. Where was I? Why I, by mustering a little
+    self-government, concluded to remain at home and suffer the
+    President to pass along in peace. He was to dine at Washington
+    Irving's, at Tarrytown, and then proceed to the Capitol.
+
+Her extreme animosity is explained in a subsequent letter to Aaron
+McLean:
+
+    I regret to hear that the people of Battenville are possessed of so
+    little sound sense as to go 20 miles to shake hands with the
+    President at Saratoga Springs; merely to look at a human being who
+    is possessed of nothing more than ordinary men and therefore should
+    not be worshipped more than any mortal being, nor even so much as
+    many in the humble walks of life who are devoted to their God. Let
+    us look at his behavior and scan its effects on society. One day
+    while in New York was spent in riding through the streets preceded
+    by an extravagant number of military men and musicians, who were
+    kept in exercise on that and succeeding days of the week until all
+    were completely exhausted. On the next day, while he and his party
+    were revelling in their tents on luxuries and the all-debasing
+    Wine, many poor, dear children were crying for food and for water
+    to allay their thirst. On Friday evening he attended Park Theater
+    and on Monday Bowery Theater. Yes, he who is called by the majority
+    as most capable of ruling this republic, may be seen in the Theater
+    encouraging one of the most heinous crimes or practices with which
+    our country is disgraced.[7] Yes, and afterwards we find him
+    rioting at the Wine Table, the whole livelong night. Is it to be
+    wondered that there are such vast numbers of our population who are
+    the votaries of Vice and Dissipation? No, certainly not, and I do
+    not believe there ever will be less of this wickedness while a man
+    practising these abominable vices (in what is called a gentlemanly
+    manner) is suffered to sit at the head of our Government.
+
+The future orator and reformer is plainly foreshadowed in this burst of
+indignation, to which Mr. McLean replies in part:
+
+    I was agreeably disappointed in Van Buren's personal appearance.
+    From what I had heard of him as a little, smooth, intriguing
+    arch-magician, I expected his looks would bear that out but it was
+    far to the contrary. He is quite old and gray, very grave and
+    careworn. His dress was perfectly plain, not the least sign of
+    jewelry save his watch seal which was solid gold. I saw him drink
+    no wine, although there was plenty about him, nor did your father
+    and mother who saw him dine at the United States Hotel. If you do
+    not like him because he tastes wine, how can you like Henry Clay
+    who drinks it freely? Mr. Webster drinks wine also. At a Whig
+    festival got up in Boston in his honor, at which he and 1,200 other
+    Whigs were present, there were drunk 2,300 bottles of champagne,
+    two bottles to each man. Mr. Clay attended balls at the Springs. He
+    had a slave with him to wait on him and hand him water to clear out
+    his throat while he was speaking; and this while he was preaching
+    liberty and declaring what a fine thing this freedom is!
+
+While at New Rochelle Susan becomes greatly interested in the culture
+of silk-worms, upon which the principal was experimenting. She writes
+home full descriptions and urges them to ascertain if black mulberry
+trees grow about there; she herself knew of one. She insists that the
+sisters can teach school and take care of the silk-worms at the same
+time, but evidently receives no encouragement as no more is heard of
+the project. She retains the keenest interest in every detail of the
+life at home. She sends some cherry stones to be planted because the
+cherries were the largest and best she ever ate. A box of shells is
+carefully gathered for brother Merritt, and sent with a grass linen
+handkerchief for sister Mary. She sends back her mother's shawl for
+fear she may need it more than herself. In the currant season she
+writes that nothing in the world would taste so good as one of mother's
+currant pies. She urges them to send her part of the family sewing to
+do outside of school hours. She frequently walks down to Long Island
+sound, a mile and a half away, and says at one time:
+
+    The sun was passing toward the western horizon, and all seemed calm
+    and tranquil save the restless wash of the waves against the beach.
+    A gentle breeze from the water refreshed our tired bodies. To one
+    unaccustomed to such scenes it was like a glimpse into another
+    world. In the distance one could see the villages of Long Island,
+    but I could think only of that village called home, and I longed
+    every moment to be there.
+
+Her school commenced May 23 and closed September 6, a term of fifteen
+weeks, for which she received $30, and she expresses her grief that,
+after having paid for necessary clothes and incidentals, she has only
+enough left to take her home. She reaches Center Falls in time to
+assist in the final preparations for the wedding, on September 19,
+1839, of her sister Guelma to Aaron McLean, a prosperous merchant at
+Battenville.
+
+Susan's next school was in her home district at Center Falls, where she
+was very successful. One incident is on record in regard to the "bully"
+of the school. After having tried every persuasive method at her
+command to compel obedience, she proceeded to use the rod. He fought
+viciously, but she finally flogged him into complete submission and
+never had any further trouble with him or the other boys. She was,
+however, very tender-hearted toward children and animals.
+
+Among the outings enjoyed by the young people were excursions to
+neighboring villages. There were no railroads, but every young man
+owned his horse and buggy, and in pleasant weather a procession of
+twenty vehicles often might be seen, each containing a happy couple on
+their way to a supper and dance. On one occasion, according to the
+little diary, the night was so dark they did not dare risk the ten-mile
+drive home, as much of the road lay beside the river, so they continued
+the festivities till daylight. Once a party went to Saratoga Springs,
+and, to Miss Anthony's grief, her favorite young man invited another
+girl, and she had a long, dreary drive trying to be agreeable to one
+while her thought was with another. To add to the unpleasantness her
+escort took this opportunity to ask her to give up teaching and preside
+over a home for him.
+
+One winter was spent with relatives at Danby, Vt., and here, with the
+assistance of a cousin, Moses Vail, who was a teacher, she made a
+thorough study of algebra. Later, when visiting her irrepressible
+brother-in-law, Aaron McLean, she made some especially nice cream
+biscuits for supper, and he said, "I'd rather see a woman make such
+biscuits as these than solve the knottiest problem in algebra." "There
+is no reason why she should not be able to do both," was the reply.
+There are many references in the old letters to "Susan's tip-top
+dinners."
+
+She taught one summer in Cambridge, and then, for two years, in the
+home of Lansing G. Taylor, at Fort Edward. Mrs. Taylor was the daughter
+of Judge Halsey Wing. The journals of that date either were abandoned
+or have been lost in the half century since then, and there is but one
+letter in existence written during this very pleasant period. In it,
+July 11, 1844, she says:
+
+    As the week draws toward its close my mind travels to the dear home
+    roof. It seems to fly far hence to that loved father and mingle
+    with his spirit while he is wandering in the wilds of Virginia, and
+    it raises to the throne of grace an ardent wish for his safe
+    return. Oh, that he may make no change of land except for the
+    better! Then do my thoughts rest with my dear mother, toiling
+    unremittingly through the long day and at eve, seated in her
+    arm-chair, wrapt in solemn stillness, and later reclining on her
+    lonely pillow. How often, when I am enjoying the sweet hour of
+    twilight, do I think of the sadness that has so long o'ershadowed
+    her brow, and ardently entreat the God of love and mercy to give
+    her that peace which is found only in a resignation to his just and
+    holy will. How numerous are our favors! We have a comfortable
+    subsistence and health to relish it; but, more than this, we, as a
+    family, are bound together by the strongest ties of affection that
+    seem daily to grow stronger....
+
+    I arose this morning at half-past four. Two ladies from Albany are
+    visiting here, the beautiful Abigail Mott, a Friend and a
+    thorough-going Abolitionist and reformer, and Mrs. Worthington, a
+    strict Methodist. Mr. Taylor took eight of us to the Whig
+    convention at Sandy Hill yesterday, and I attended my first
+    political meeting. I enjoyed every moment of it.
+
+She also relates how Miss Mott would come to her room and expound to
+her most beautifully the doctrine of Unitarianism, and then Mrs.
+Worthington would come and pray with her long and earnestly to
+counteract the pernicious effect of Miss Mott's heresies. While she was
+accustomed to the liberal theology of the Hicksite Quakers, this was
+the first time she ever had heard the more scholarly interpretation of
+the Unitarian church.
+
+From 1840 to 1845 Susan and Hannah taught almost continuously,
+receiving only $2 or $2.50 a week and board, but living with most rigid
+economy and giving the father all they could spare to help pay interest
+on the mortgage which rested on factory, mills and home. He gave his
+notes for every dollar and, years afterwards, when prosperity came,
+paid all of them with scrupulous exactness. It was in these early days
+of teaching that Miss Anthony saw with indignation the injustice
+practiced towards women. Repeatedly she would take a school which a
+male teacher had been obliged to give up because of inefficiency and,
+although she made a thorough success, would receive only one-fourth of
+his salary. It was the custom everywhere to pay men four times the
+wages of women for exactly the same amount of work, often not so well
+done.
+
+Mr. Anthony went into his mills and performed the manual labor. In
+partnership with Dr. Hiram Corliss he employed a number of men to cut
+timber, going into the woods in the depths of winter personally to
+superintend them. His wife would cook great quantities of provisions,
+bake bread and cake, pork and beans, boil hams and roast chickens, and
+go to the logging camp with him for a week at a time, and she used to
+say that notwithstanding all the labor and anxiety of those days they
+were among the happiest recollections of her life.
+
+At home the loom and spinning-wheel were never idle. The mill-hands
+were boarded, transient travelers cared for, and every possible effort
+made to enable the father to secure another foothold, but all in vain.
+The manufacturing business was dead, there was no building to call for
+lumber, people had no money, and, after a desperate struggle of five
+years, the end came and all was lost. Mr. Anthony then spent months in
+looking for a suitable location to begin life anew. He went to Virginia
+and to Michigan, but found nothing that suited him. He and his wife
+made a trip through New York, visiting a number of relatives on the
+way, and were persuaded to examine a farm for sale near Rochester. It
+proved to be more satisfactory than anything they had seen, and they
+decided to take it. Joshua Read who, during all these years, had
+carefully protected the portion which his sister, Mrs. Anthony, had
+inherited from their father, took this to make the first payment on the
+farm.[8] They then returned to Center Falls and began preparations for
+what in those times was a long journey.
+
+One warm day in the summer of 1845, several Quaker elders had stopped
+to dine at the Anthony home on their way to Quarterly Meeting. Hannah
+and Susan were in the large, cool parlor working on the wonderful quilt
+which was to be a part of Hannah's wedding outfit, when one of the
+elders, a wealthy widower from Vermont, asked Susan to get him a drink.
+He followed her out to the well and there made her an offer of
+marriage, which she promptly refused. He pictured his many acres, his
+fine home, his sixty cows, told her how much she looked like his first
+wife, begged her to take time to consider and he would stop on his way
+back to get her answer. She assured him that it would be entirely
+unnecessary, as she was going with her father and mother to their new
+home and did not want to marry. He could scarcely understand a woman
+who did not desire matrimony, but was finally persuaded to gather up
+his slighted affections and go on to Quarterly Meeting.
+
+On September 4, Hannah was married to Eugene Mosher, a merchant at
+Easton. Daniel R. was now clerking at Lenox, Mass., so there were only
+Susan, Mary and Merritt to go with the father and mother. All the
+relatives bade them good-by as if forever, and the leave-taking was
+very sorrowful, for it was the first permanent separation of the
+family.
+
+[Footnote 7: In after years Miss Anthony greatly enjoyed attending a
+good play.]
+
+[Footnote 8: In 1848, when the law was enacted allowing a married woman
+to hold property, it was put in her name and she retained it till her
+death.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE FARM HOME--END OF TEACHING.
+
+1845--1850.
+
+
+On November 7, 1845, the parents and three children took the stage for
+Troy, and from there went by railroad to Palatine Bridge for a short
+visit to Joshua Read. The journey from here to Rochester was made by
+canal on a "line boat" instead of a "packet," because it was cheaper
+and because they wanted to be with their household goods. At Utica they
+found two cousins, Nancy and Melintha Howe, waiting for the packet to
+go west, but when they saw their relatives they gladly boarded the line
+boat. Mrs. Anthony did the cooking for the entire party, in the
+spotless little kitchen on the boat, and the young people, at least,
+had a merry journey.
+
+The family arrived in Rochester late in the afternoon of November 14.
+They landed at Fitzhugh street and went to the National Hotel. The
+father had just ten dollars, and it was out of the question to remain
+there over night; so he took the old gray horse and the wagon off the
+boat, with a few necessary articles, and with his family started for
+the farm, three miles west of the city. The day was cold and cheerless,
+the roads were very muddy, and by the time they reached their
+destination it was quite dark. An old man and his daughter had been
+left in charge and had nothing in the way of food but cornmeal and
+milk. Mrs. Anthony made a kettle of mush which her husband pronounced
+"good enough for the queen." The only bed was occupied by Mr. and Mrs.
+Anthony, and the rest slept on the floor. Next day the household goods
+were brought from the city and all were soon busy putting the new home
+in order. That was a long and lonesome winter. The closest neighbors
+were the DeGarmos, and there were a number of other Quaker families in
+the city. These called at once and performed every friendly office in
+their power, but the hearts of the exiles were very sad and home-sick.
+The cause of human freedom was then uppermost in many minds, and the
+Anthonys found here congenial spirits in their strong anti-slavery
+convictions, and numerous little "abolition" meetings were held during
+that winter at their home and in those of their new friends.
+
+When spring opened, the surroundings began to assume a more cheerful
+aspect. The farm was a very pretty one of thirty-two acres. The house
+stood on an elevation, the long walk that led up to it was lined on
+both sides with pinks, there were many roses and other flowers in the
+yard, and great numbers of peach, cherry and quince trees and currant
+and goose-berry bushes. The scenery was peaceful and pleasant, but they
+missed the rugged hills and dashing, picturesque streams of their
+eastern home. Back of the house were the barn, carriage-house and a
+small blacksmith shop. Mrs. Anthony used to say that her happiest hours
+were spent on Sunday mornings, when her husband would heat the little
+forge and mend the kitchen and farm utensils, while she sat knitting
+and talking with him, Quakers making no difference between Sunday and
+other days of the week. He had learned this kind of work in boyhood on
+his father's farm and always enjoyed the relaxation it afforded from
+the cares and worries which crowded upon him in later years.
+
+Mr. Anthony put into his farm the energy and determination
+characteristic of the man. He rose early; he ploughed and sowed and
+reaped; he planted peach and apple orchards, and improved the property
+in many ways, but it was unprofitable work. It seemed very small to him
+after the broad acres of his early home, and he was accustomed to refer
+to it as his "sixpenny farm." His life had been too large and too much
+among men of the great business world to make it possible for him to be
+content with the existence of a farmer. While he retained his farm
+home, he very soon went into business in Rochester, connecting himself
+with the New York Life Insurance Company, then just coming into
+prominence, and used to say he made money enough out of that to afford
+the luxury of keeping the farm. He was very successful, and continued
+with this company the remainder of his life.
+
+On April 25, 1846, Miss Anthony received this invitation:
+
+    At a meeting of the Trustees of the Canajoharie Academy held this
+    day, it was unanimously Resolved to offer you the Female Department
+    upon the terms which have heretofore been offered to the teachers
+    of that department, viz:--the tuition money of the female
+    department less 12-1/2 per cent., the teachers collecting their
+    tuition bills. Should these terms meet your views, please favor us
+    with an answer by return mail. The next term commences on the first
+    Monday of May proximo.
+
+        We are Very Respectfully Yours,
+    JOSHUA READ, LIVINGSTON SPEAKER, GEORGE G. JOHNSON.
+
+Miss Anthony accepted in a carefully worded and finely written letter,
+and arrived at the home of her uncle Joshua Saturday morning, May 2. He
+had lived many years at Palatine Bridge, just across the river, was
+school trustee, bank director, one of the owners of the turnpike, the
+toll bridge and the stage line, and also kept a hotel. His two
+daughters were well married, and Miss Anthony boarded with them during
+all of her three years' teaching in Canajoharie. She found her uncle
+very ill and being treated by the doctor "with calomel, opium and
+morphine." In a conversation he told her that "her success would depend
+largely upon thinking that she knew it all." Although there was now no
+postmaster in the family, letter postage had been reduced to five
+cents, and a voluminous correspondence is in existence covering the
+period from 1846 to 1849. The school commenced with forty boys and
+twenty-five girls, and the tuition was $5 per annum. The principal was
+Daniel B. Hagar, a man whom Miss Anthony always loved to remember,
+highly educated, a gentleman in deportment, kind, thoughtful, and
+always ready to help and encourage the young teacher.[9]
+
+Here Miss Anthony was for the first time entirely away from Quaker
+surroundings and influences, and her letters soon show the effects of
+environment. The "first month, second day," expressions are dropped and
+the "plain language" is wholly abandoned. She has more money now than
+ever before and is at liberty to use it for her own pleasure. A love of
+handsome clothes begins to develop. "I have a new pearl straw gypsy
+hat," she writes, "trimmed in white ribbon with fringe on one edge and
+a pink satin stripe on the other, with a few white roses and green
+leaves for inside trimming." The beaux hover around; a certain
+"Dominie," a widower with several children, is very attentive; another
+widower, a lawyer, visits the school so often as to set all the gossips
+in a flutter; a third is described as "very handsome, sleek as a ribbon
+and the most splendid black hair I ever looked at." She takes many
+drives with still another, "through a delightful country variegated
+with hill and valley, past fields of newly-mown grass, splendid forests
+and gently winding rivulets, with here and there a large patch of
+yellow pond lilies." In writing to a relative she urges her to break
+herself of "the miserable habit of borrowing trouble, which saps all
+the sweets of life." At another time she writes: "I have made up my
+mind that we can expect only a certain amount of comfort wherever we
+may be, and that it is the disposition of a person, more than the
+surroundings, that creates happiness."
+
+Her first quarterly examination, to be held in the presence of
+principal, trustees and parents, is a cause of great anxiety. She
+writes that her nerves were on fire and the blood was ready to burst
+from her face, and she slept none the night previous. She wore a new
+muslin gown, plaid in purple, white, blue and brown, two puffs around
+the skirt and on the sleeves at shoulders and wrists, white linen
+undersleeves and collarette; new blue prunella gaiters with
+patent-leather heels and tips; her cousin's watch with a gold chain and
+pencil. Her abundant hair was braided in four long braids, which cousin
+Margaret sewed together and wound around a big shell comb. Everybody
+said, "The schoolmarm looks beautiful," and "many fears were expressed
+lest _some one_ should be so smitten that the school would be deprived
+of a teacher." The pupils acquitted themselves with flying colors, and
+the teacher then went to spend her vacation with her married sisters at
+Easton and Battenville. They had "long talks and good laughs and cries
+together," but she writes her parents that if they will make one visit
+to this old home they will go back to Rochester thoroughly satisfied
+with the new one.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+  AT THE AGE OF 28, FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE.]
+
+For the winter she buys a broche shawl for $22.50, a gray fox muff for
+$8, a $5.50 white ribbed-silk hat, "which makes the villagers stare,"
+and a plum-colored merino dress at $2 a yard, "which everybody admits
+to be the sweetest thing entirely;" and she wonders if her sisters "do
+not feel rather sad because they are married and can not have nice
+clothes." Miss Anthony may be said to have been at this time at the
+height of her fashionable career.
+
+In the spring her pupils give an "exhibition" which far surpasses
+anything ever before seen in Canajoharie. She writes: "Can you begin to
+imagine my excitement? The nights seemed lengthened into days; the
+hopes, the fears that filled my mind are indescribable. Who ever
+thought that Susan Anthony could get up such an affair? I am sure I
+never did, but here I was; it was sink or swim, I made a bold effort
+and won the victory."[10]
+
+In June she attends her first circus, "Sands, Lent & Co., Proprietors."
+About this time she writes of being invited to a military ball and
+says: "My fancy for attending dances is fully satiated. I certainly
+shall not attend another unless I can have a total abstinence man to
+accompany me, and not one whose highest delight is to make a fool of
+himself." She says in this letter: "The town election has just been
+held and the good people elected a distiller for supervisor and a
+rumseller for justice of the peace."
+
+In 1848 she shows the first signs of growing tired of teaching and
+wonders if she is to follow it for a lifetime. She says: "I don't know
+whether I am weary of well-doing, but oh, if I could only unstring my
+bow for a few short months, I think I could take up my work with
+renewed vigor." She is very homesick, after the two years' absence, and
+so makes a visit to Rochester in August. For this she gets "a drab silk
+bonnet shirred inside with pink, and her blue lawn and her brown silk
+made over, half low-necked." She has "a beautiful green delaine and a
+black braise [barege] which are very becoming." She wants a fancy hat,
+a $15 pin and $30 mantilla, every one of which she resolves to deny
+herself, but afterwards writes: "There is not a mantilla in town like
+mine."
+
+In March, 1849, her beloved cousin Margaret, with whom she has been
+living for the past two years, gives birth to a child and she remains
+with her through the ordeal. In a letter to her mother immediately
+afterwards, she expresses the opinion that there are some drawbacks to
+marriage which make a woman quite content to remain single. She quotes
+a little bit of domestic life: "Joseph had a headache the other day and
+Margaret remarked that she had had one for weeks. 'Oh,' said the
+husband, 'mine is the real headache, genuine pain, yours is a sort of
+natural consequence.'" For seven weeks she is at Margaret's bedside
+every moment when out of school, and also superintends the house and
+looks after the children. There are a nurse and a girl in the kitchen,
+but the invalid will eat no food which Cousin Susan does not prepare;
+there is no touch so light and gentle as hers; her very presence gives
+rest and strength. At the end of this time Margaret dies, leaving four
+little children. Susan's grief is as intense as if she had lost a
+sister, and she decides to remain no longer in Canajoharie. She writes:
+"I seem to shrink from my daily tasks; energy and stimulus are wanting;
+I have no courage. A great weariness has come over me." In all the
+letters of the past ten years there has not been one note of discontent
+or discouragement, but now she is growing tired of the treadmill. At
+this time the California fever was at its height, hundreds of young men
+were starting westward, and she writes: "Oh, if I were but a man so
+that I could go!"
+
+Soon after coming to Canajoharie Miss Anthony joined the society of the
+Daughters of Temperance and was made secretary. Her heart and soul were
+enlisted in this cause. She realized the immense task to be
+accomplished, and, even then, saw dimly the power that women might
+wield if they were properly organized and given full authority and
+sanction to work. As yet no women had spoken in public on this
+question, and they had just begun to organize societies among
+themselves, called Daughters' Unions, which were a sort of annex to the
+men's organizations, but they were strongly opposed by most women as
+being unladylike and entirely out of woman's sphere.
+
+On March 1, 1849, the Daughters of Temperance gave a supper, to which
+were invited the people of the village, and the address of the evening
+was made by Miss Anthony. She thus describes the occasion in a letter:
+
+    I was escorted into the hall by the Committee where were assembled
+    about 200 people. The room was beautifully festooned with cedar and
+    red flannel. On the south side was printed in large capitals of
+    evergreen the name of "Susan B. Anthony!" I hardly knew how to
+    conduct myself amidst so much kindly regard. They had an elegant
+    supper. On the top of one pyramid loaf cake was a beautiful
+    bouquet, which was handed to the gentleman who escorted me (Charlie
+    Webster) and by him presented to me.
+
+The paper is interesting as the first platform utterance of a woman
+destined to become one of the noted speakers of the century. While it
+gives no especial promise of the oratorical ability which later
+developed, it illustrates the courage of the woman who dared read an
+address in public, when to do so provoked the severest criticism. The
+following extracts are taken verbatim from the original MS.:
+
+    Welcome, Gentlemen and Ladies, to this, our Hall of Temperance. We
+    feel that the cause we have espoused is a common cause, in which
+    you, with us, are deeply interested. We would that some means were
+    devised, by which our Brothers and Sons shall no longer be allured
+    from the _right_ by the corrupting influence of the fashionable
+    sippings of wine and brandy, those sure destroyers of Mental and
+    Moral Worth, and by which our Sisters and Daughters shall no longer
+    be exposed to the vile arts of the gentlemanly-appearing, gallant,
+    but really half-inebriated seducer. Our motive is to ask of you
+    counsel in the formation, and co-operation in the carrying-out of
+    plans which may produce a radical change in our Moral
+    Atmosphere....
+
+    But to the question, what good our Union has done? Though our Order
+    has been strongly opposed by ladies professing a desire to see the
+    Moral condition of our race elevated, and though we still behold
+    some of our thoughtless female friends whirling in the giddy dance,
+    with intoxicated partners at their side and, more than this, see
+    them accompany their reeling companions to some secluded nook and
+    there quaff with them from that Virtue-destroying cup, yet may we
+    not hope that an influence, though now unseen, unfelt, has gone
+    forth, which shall tell upon the future, which shall convince us
+    that our weekly resort to these meetings has not been in vain, and
+    which shall cause the friends of humanity to admire and
+    respect--nay, venerate--this now-despised little band of Daughters
+    of Temperance?...
+
+    We count it no waste of time to go forth through our streets, thus
+    proclaiming our desire for the advancement of our great cause. You,
+    with us, no doubt, feel that Intemperance is the blighting mildew
+    of all our social connections; you would be most happy to speed on
+    the time when no Wife shall watch with trembling heart and tearful
+    eye the slow, but sure descent of her idolized Companion down to
+    the loathsome haunts of drunkenness; you would hasten the day when
+    no Mother shall have to mourn over a darling son as she sees him
+    launch his bark on the circling waves of the mighty whirlpool.
+
+    How is this great change to be wrought, who are to urge on this
+    vast work of reform? Shall it not be women, who are most aggrieved
+    by the foul destroyer's inroads? Most certainly. Then arises the
+    question, how are we to accomplish the end desired? I answer, not
+    by confining our influence to our own home circle, not by centering
+    all our benevolent feelings upon our own kindred, not by caring
+    naught for the culture of any minds, save those of our own
+    darlings. No, no; the gratification of the _selfish_ impulses
+    _alone_, can never produce a desirable change in the Moral aspect
+    of Society....
+
+    It is generally conceded that it is our sex that fashions the
+    Social and Moral State of Society. We do not presume that females
+    possess unbounded power in abolishing the evil customs of the day;
+    but we do believe that were they en masse to discountenance the use
+    of wine and brandy as beverages at both their public and private
+    parties, not one of the opposite Sex, who has any claim to the
+    title of gentleman, would so insult them as to come into their
+    presence after having quaffed of that foul destroyer of all true
+    delicacy and refinement.
+
+    I am not aware that we have any inebriate females among us, but
+    have we not those, who are fallen from _Virtue_, and who claim our
+    efforts for their reform, equally with the inebriate? And while we
+    feel it our duty to extend the hand of sympathy and love to those
+    who are wanderers from the path of Temperance, should we not also
+    be zealous in reclaiming those poor, deluded ones, who have been
+    robbed of their most precious Gem, Virtue, and whom we blush to
+    think belong to our Sex?
+
+    Now, Ladies, all we would do is to do all in our power, both
+    individually and collectively, to harmonize and happify our Social
+    system. We ask of you candidly and seriously to investigate the
+    Matter, and decide for yourselves whether the object of our Union
+    be not on the side of right, and if it be, then one and all, for
+    the sake of erring humanity, come forward and _speed_ on the right.
+    If you come to the conclusion that the end we wish to attain is
+    right, but are not satisfied with the plan adopted, then I ask of
+    you to devise means by which this great good may be more speedily
+    accomplished, and you shall find us ready with both heart and hand
+    to co-operate with you. In my humble opinion, all that is needed to
+    produce a complete Temperance and Social reform in this age of
+    Moral Suasion, is for our Sex to cast their United influences into
+    the balance.
+
+    Ladies! there is no Neutral position for us to assume. If we
+    sustain not this noble enterprise, both by precept and example,
+    then is our influence on the side of Intemperance. If we say we
+    love the Cause, and then sit down at our ease, surely does our
+    action speak the lie. And now permit me once more to beg of you to
+    lend your aid to this great Cause, the Cause of God and all
+    Mankind.
+
+The next day on the streets, so the letters say, everybody was
+exclaiming, "Miss Anthony is the smartest woman who ever has been in
+Canajoharie." Soon afterwards the school closed and, after spending the
+summer visiting eastern relatives and friends, Miss Anthony returned to
+Rochester in the autumn of 1849. The thing she remembers most vividly
+is how she reveled in fruit. All the young orchards her father had
+planted were now bearing, including a thousand peach trees, and for the
+first time in her life she had all the peaches she wanted, and "lived
+on them for a month."
+
+The years of 1850 and 1851 Daniel Anthony conducted his insurance
+business in Syracuse and Susan remained at home, taking entire charge
+of the farm, superintending the planting of the crops, the harvesting
+and the selling. She also did most of the housework, as her mother was
+in delicate health, her sister was teaching school and both brothers
+were away. In the winter of 1852, she went into a school in Rochester
+as supply for three months. She found, however, that her taste for
+teaching was entirely gone, her work was without inspiration, her
+interest and sympathy had become enlisted in other things. She longed
+to take an active part in the two great reforms of temperance and
+anti-slavery, which now were absorbing public attention; she could not
+endure the narrow and confining life of the school-room, and so, in the
+spring, she abandoned teaching forever, after an experience of fifteen
+years.
+
+[Footnote 9: Nearly fifty years afterwards, when Mr. Hagar was at the
+head of the Girls' High School, in Salem, Mass., Miss Anthony visited
+him and was most cordially invited to address his pupils "on any
+subject she pleased, even woman suffrage."]
+
+[Footnote 10: The play for this occasion was written by James Arkell,
+father of W.J. Arkell, proprietor of the Judge. He was a pupil in the
+boys' department of the old academy.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ENTRANCE INTO PUBLIC LIFE.
+
+1850--1852.
+
+
+Ill the conditions were such as to make it most natural for Miss
+Anthony, when she reached the age of maturity, to adopt a public career
+and go actively into reform work, and especially to enter upon that
+contest to secure equal rights for those of her own sex, which she was
+to wage unceasingly for half a century. Her father's mother and sister
+were "high seat" Quakers, the latter a famous preacher. Her mother's
+cousin, Betsey Dunnell White, of Stafford's Hill, was noted as the only
+woman in that locality who could "talk politics," and the men used to
+come from far and near to get her opinion on the political situation.
+She was brought up in a society which recognizes the equality of the
+sexes and encourages women in public speaking. In her own home the
+father believed in giving sons and daughters the same advantages, and
+in preparing the latter as well as the former for self-support. The
+daughters were taught business principles, and invested with
+responsibility at an early age. Two of them married, and the third was
+of a quiet and retiring disposition; but in Susan he saw ability of a
+high order and that same courage, persistence and aggressiveness which
+entered into his own character, enabling him to make his way in the
+business world and rally from his losses and defeats. He encouraged her
+desire to go into the reforms which were demanding attention, gave her
+financial backing when necessary, moral support upon all occasions, and
+was ever her most interested friend and faithful ally. She received
+also the sympathy and assistance of her mother, who, no matter how
+heavy the domestic burdens, or how precarious her own health, was never
+willing that she should take any time from her public work to give to
+the duties of home, although she frequently insisted upon doing so.
+
+During Miss Anthony's stay at Canajoharie she went often to Albany and
+there made the intimate acquaintance of Abigail Mott and her sister
+Lydia, whose names are now a blessed memory with the leaders of the
+abolition movement that still remain. Their modest home was a rallying
+center for the reformers of the day, and here Miss Anthony met many of
+the noted men and women with whom she was to become so closely
+associated in the future. She reached home in 1849 to find a hot-bed of
+discussion and fermentation. The first rift had been made in the old
+common law, which for centuries had held women in its iron grasp, by
+the passage, in April, 1848, of the Property Bill allowing a married
+woman to hold real estate in her own name in New York. Previous to this
+time all the property which a woman owned at marriage and all she might
+receive by gift or inheritance passed into the possession of the
+husband; the rents and profits belonged to him, and he could sell it
+during his lifetime or dispose of it by will at his death except her
+life interest in one-third of the real estate. The more thoughtful
+among women were beginning to ask why other unjust laws should not also
+be repealed, and the whole question of the rights of woman was thus
+opened.
+
+In 1848, Spiritualism may be said to have had its birth, and the
+remarkable manifestations of the Fox sisters brought numbers of people
+to Rochester, where they had-removed as soon as they began to be widely
+known. This form of religious belief soon acquired a large following,
+causing much controversy and great excitement.
+
+The Society of Friends had divided on the slavery issue and Miss
+Anthony found her family attending the Unitarian church, which soon
+afterwards called William Henry Channing to its pulpit. Both he and
+Samuel J. May, the father of Unitarianism in Syracuse, became her
+steadfast friends and never-failing support in all the great work which
+was developed in later years.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  AUNT HANNAH, THE QUAKER PREACHER.
+  FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE.]
+
+In July, 1848, the first Woman's Rights Convention had been held in
+Seneca Falls and adjourned to meet in Rochester August 2. Miss
+Anthony's father, mother and sister Mary had attended and signed the
+declaration demanding equal rights for women, and she found them
+enthusiastic upon this subject and also over Mrs. Stanton, Lucretia
+Mott and other prominent women who had taken part. Her cousin, Sarah
+Anthony Burtis, had acted as secretary of the convention.
+
+In 1849 Mrs. Mott published her admirable Discourse on Woman in answer
+to a lyceum lecture by Richard H. Dana ridiculing the idea of civil and
+political rights for women. In 1847 Frederick Douglass had brought his
+family to Rochester and established his paper, the North Star. As soon
+as Miss Anthony reached home she was taken by her father to call on
+Douglass, and this was the beginning of another friendship which was to
+last a lifetime.
+
+The year 1849 saw the whole country in a state of great unrest and
+excitement. Eighty thousand men had gone to California in search of
+gold. Telegraphs and railroads were being rapidly constructed, thus
+bringing widely separated localities into close communication. The
+unsettled condition of Europe and the famine in Ireland had turned
+toward America that tremendous tide of immigration which this year had
+risen to 300,000. The admission of Texas into the Union had
+precipitated the full force of the slavery question. Old parties were
+disintegrating and sectional lines becoming closely drawn. New
+territories were knocking at the door of the Union and the whole nation
+was in a ferment as to whether they should be slave or free. Threats of
+secession were heard in both the North and the South. A spirit of
+compromise finally prevailed and deferred the crisis for a decade, but
+the agitation and unrest continued to increase. The Abolitionists were
+still a handful of radicals, repudiated alike by the Free Soil Whigs
+and Free Soil Democrats. Slavery, as an institution, had not yet become
+a political issue, but only its extension into the territories.
+
+Such, in brief, was the situation at the beginning of 1850. It was a
+period of grave apprehension on the part of older men and women, of
+intense aggressiveness with the younger, who were eager for action. It
+is not surprising then that an educated, self-reliant, public-spirited
+woman who had just reached thirty should chafe against the narrow
+limits of a school-room and rebel at giving her time and strength to
+the teaching of children, when all her mind and heart were drawn toward
+the great issues then filling the press and the platform and even
+finding their way into the pulpit. Miss Anthony's whole soul soon
+became absorbed in the thought, "What service can I render humanity;
+what can I do to help right the wrongs of society?" At this time the
+one and only field of public work into which women had dared venture,
+except in a few isolated cases, was that of temperance. Miss Anthony
+had brought her credentials from the Daughters' Union at Canajoharie
+and presented them at once to the society in Rochester; they were
+gladly accepted and she soon became a leader. In these days John B.
+Gough was delivering his magnificent lectures throughout the country,
+and Philip S. White, of South Carolina, was winning fame as a
+temperance orator.
+
+The year 1850 was for her one of transition. A new world opened out
+before her. The Anthony homestead was a favorite meeting place for
+liberal-spirited men and women. On Sunday especially, when the father
+could be at home, the house was filled and fifteen or twenty people
+used to gather around the hospitable board. Susan always superintended
+these Sunday dinners, and was divided between her anxiety to sustain
+her reputation as a superior cook and her desire not to lose a word of
+the conversation in the parlor. Garrison, Pillsbury, Phillips, Channing
+and other great reformers visited at this home, and many a Sunday the
+big wagon would be sent to the city for Frederick Douglass and his
+family to come out and spend the day. Here were gathered many times the
+Posts, Hallowells, DeGarmos, Willises, Burtises, Kedzies, Fishes,
+Curtises, Stebbins, Asa Anthonys, all Quakers who had left the society
+on account of their anti-slavery principles and were leaders in the
+abolition and woman's rights movements. Every one of these Sunday
+meetings was equal to a convention. The leading events of the day were
+discussed in no uncertain tones. All were Garrisonians and believed in
+"immediate and unconditional emancipation." In 1850 the Fugitive Slave
+Law was passed and all the resources of the federal government were
+employed for its enforcement. Its provisions exasperated the
+Abolitionists to the highest degree. The house of Isaac and Amy Post
+was the rendezvous for runaway slaves, and each of these families that
+gathered on Sunday at the Anthony farm could have told where might be
+found at least one station on the "underground railroad."
+
+Miss Anthony read with deep interest the reports of the woman's rights
+convention held at Worcester, Mass., October, 1850, which were
+published in the New York Tribune.[11] She sympathized fully with the
+demand for equal rights for women, but was not yet quite convinced that
+these included the suffrage. This, no doubt, was largely because Quaker
+men did not vote, thinking it wrong to support a government which
+believed in war. Even so progressive and public-spirited a man as
+Daniel Anthony, much as he was interested in all national affairs,
+never voted until 1860, when he became convinced it was only by force
+of arms that the question of slavery could be settled.
+
+In 1851, the License Law having been arbitrarily repealed a few years
+before, there was practically no regulation of the liquor business, nor
+was there any such public sentiment against intemperance as exists at
+the present day. Drunkenness was not looked upon as an especial
+disgrace and there had been little agitation of the question. The wife
+of a drunkard was completely at his mercy. He had the entire custody of
+the children, full control of anything she might earn, and the law did
+not recognize drunkenness as a cause for divorce. Although woman was
+the greatest sufferer, she had not yet learned that she had even the
+poor right of protest. Oppressed by the weight of the injustice and
+tyranny of ages, she knew nothing except to suffer in silence; and so
+degraded was she by generations of slavish submission, that she
+possessed not even the moral courage to stand by those of her own sex
+who dared rebel and demand a new dispensation.
+
+The old Washingtonian Society of the first half of the nineteenth
+century, composed entirely of men, because reformed drunkards only
+could belong to it, was succeeded by the Sons of Temperance, and these
+had permitted the organization of subordinate lodges called Daughters
+of Temperance, which, as subsequent events will show, were entitled to
+no official recognition. It was in one of these, the only organized
+bodies of women known at this time,[12] that Miss Anthony first
+displayed that executive ability which was destined to make her famous.
+During 1851 she was very active in temperance work and organized a
+number of societies in surrounding towns. She instituted in Rochester a
+series of suppers and festivals to raise the funds which she at once
+saw were necessary before any efficient work could be done. An old
+invitation to one of these, dated February 21, 1851, and signed by
+Susan B. Anthony, chairman, reads: "The entertainment is intended to be
+of such a character as will meet the approbation of the wise and good;
+Supper, Songs, Toasts, Sentiments and short speeches will be the order
+of-the evening; $1 will admit a gentleman and a lady" A newpaper
+account says:
+
+    The five long tables were loaded with a rich variety of provisions,
+    tastefully decorated and arranged. Mayor Samuel Richardson presided
+    at the supper table. After the repast was over, Miss Susan B.
+    Anthony, Directress of the Festival and President of the
+    Association, introduced these highly creditable sentiments, which
+    were greatly applauded by the assemblage:
+
+    "The Women of Rochester--Powerful to fashion the customs of
+    society, may they not fail to exercise that power for the speedy
+    and total banishment of all that intoxicates from our domestic and
+    social circles, and thus speed on the day when no young man, be he
+    ever so _genteelly_ dressed or of ever so _noble_, origin, who
+    pollutes his lips with the touch of the drunkard's cup, shall
+    presume to seek the favor of any of our precious daughters.
+
+    "Our Cause--May each succeeding day add to its glory and every hour
+    give fresh impetus to its progress...."
+
+Many other toasts were proposed which space forbids quoting, but the
+following by one of the gentlemen deserves a place:
+
+  The Daughters--Our characters they elevate,
+                   Our manners they refine;
+                 Without them we'd degenerate
+                   To the level of the swine.
+
+It is curious how willing men have been, through all the centuries, to
+admit that only the influence of women saves them from being brutes and
+how anxious to confine that influence to the narrowest possible limits.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very truly and affectionately
+  Abby K. Foster]
+
+In the winter of 1851 Miss Anthony attended an anti-slavery meeting in
+Rochester, conducted by Stephen and Abby Kelly Foster. This was her
+first acquaintance with Mrs. Foster, who had been the most persecuted
+of all the women taking part in the anti-slavery struggle. She had been
+ridiculed, denounced and mobbed for years; and, for listening to her on
+Sunday, men and women had been expelled from church. Her strong and
+heroic spirit struck an answering spark in Miss Anthony's breast. She
+accompanied the Fosters for a week on their tour of meetings in
+adjoining counties, and was urged by them to go actively into this
+reform.
+
+The following May she went to the Anti-Slavery Anniversary in Syracuse.
+This convention had been driven out of New York by Rynders' mob in 1850
+and did not dare go back. On the way home she stopped at Seneca Falls,
+the guest of Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, to hear again Wm. Lloyd Garrison and
+George Thompson, the distinguished Abolitionist from England, who had
+stirred her nature to its depths. Here was fulfilled her long-cherished
+desire of seeing Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Their meeting is best
+described in that lady's own words: "Walking home with the speakers,
+who were my guests, we met Mrs. Bloomer with Miss Anthony on the corner
+of the street waiting to greet us. There she stood with her good,
+earnest face and genial smile, dressed in gray delaine, hat and all the
+same color relieved with pale-blue ribbons, the perfection of neatness
+and sobriety. I liked her thoroughly from the beginning." Both Mrs.
+Stanton and Mrs. Bloomer on this occasion wore what is known as the
+Bloomer costume. In the summer Miss Anthony went to Seneca Falls to a
+meeting of those interested in founding the People's College. Horace
+Greeley, Lucy Stone and herself were entertained by Mrs. Stanton. The
+three women were determined it should be opened to girls as well as
+boys. Mr. Greeley begged them not to agitate the question, assuring
+them that he would have the constitution and by-laws so framed as to
+admit women on the same terms as men, and he did as he promised, making
+a spirited fight. Before the college was fairly started, however, it
+was merged into Cornell University.
+
+This was Miss Anthony's first meeting with Lucy Stone and may be called
+the commencement of her life-long friendship with Mrs. Stanton. These
+women who sat at the dinner-table that day were destined to be recorded
+in history for all time as the three central figures in the great
+movement for equal rights. There certainly was nothing formidable in
+the appearance of the trio: Miss Anthony a quiet, dignified Quaker
+girl; Mrs. Stanton a plump, jolly, youthful matron, scarcely five feet
+high; and Lucy Stone a petite, soft-voiced young woman who seemed
+better fitted for caresses than for the hard buffetings of the world.
+
+Miss Anthony's public life may be said to have fairly begun in 1852.
+The Sons of Temperance had announced a mass meeting of all the
+divisions in the state, to be held at Albany, and had invited the
+Daughters to send delegates. The Rochester union appointed Susan B.
+Anthony. Her credentials, with those of the other women delegates, were
+accepted and seats given them in the convention, but when Miss Anthony
+rose to speak to a motion she was informed by the presiding officer
+that "the sisters were not invited there to speak but to listen and
+learn." She and three or four other ladies at once left the hall. The
+rest of the women had not the courage to follow, but called them "bold,
+meddlesome disturbers," and remained to bask in the approving smiles of
+the Sons. They sought advice of Lydia Mott, who said the proper thing
+was to hold a meeting of their own; so they secured the lecture-room of
+the Hudson street Presbyterian church, and then went to the office of
+the Evening Journal, edited by Thurlow Weed, to talk the situation over
+with him. He told them they had done exactly right, and in his paper
+that evening he announced their meeting and related their treatment by
+the men.
+
+The night was cold and snowy. The little room was dark, the stove
+smoked and the pipe fell down during the exercises, but the women were
+sustained by their indignation and sense of justice and would not allow
+themselves to be discouraged. Rev. Samuel J. May, who was in the city
+attending the "Jerry Rescue" trials, seeing the notice of their
+meeting, came to offer his assistance, accompanied by David Wright,
+husband of Martha C. Wright and brother-in-law of Lucretia Mott. These
+two, with a reporter, were the only men present at this little
+assemblage of women who had decided that they could do something better
+for the cause of temperance than being seen and not heard.
+
+Mr. May opened the meeting with prayer, and then showed them how to
+organize. Mary C. Vaughn, of Oswego, was made president; Miss Anthony,
+secretary; Lydia Mott, chairman of the business committee. Mrs. Vaughn
+gave an address. A letter had been received from Mrs. Stanton so
+radical that most of the ladies objected to having it read, but Miss
+Anthony took the responsibility. She read, also, letters from Clarina
+Howard Nichols and Amelia Bloomer, which had been intended for the
+Sons' meeting. Mrs. Lydia F. Fowler, who happened to be lecturing in
+Albany, spoke briefly, and Mr. May paid high tribute to the valuable
+work of women in temperance and anti-slavery, declaring their influence
+as indispensable to the state and the church as to the home. Miss
+Anthony then said their treatment showed that the time had come for
+women to have an organization of their own; and the final outcome was
+the appointment of a committee, with herself as chairman, to call a
+Woman's State Temperance Convention.
+
+She at once wrote to all parts of the State urging the unions to send
+delegates, and received many encouraging replies. Horace Greeley wrote
+as follows:
+
+    I heartily approve the call of the Woman's Temperance Convention,
+    and hope it may result in good. To this end I would venture to
+    suggest:
+
+    1st. Hold an informal and private meeting before you attempt to
+    meet in public. There select your officers, your business
+    committees, etc., so that there shall be no jarring when you
+    assemble in public.
+
+    2d. Have your addresses and resolves carefully prepared beforehand.
+    Make them very short and pointed. Have them in type so that they
+    may appear promptly and simultaneously in the daily papers. If you
+    will send us a copy of them the night before we will endeavor to
+    print them with our proceedings of the meeting received by
+    telegraph.
+
+    3d. Be sure that your strongest thinkers speak and that the weaker
+    forbear, and that extraneous matters, so far as possible, are let
+    alone.
+
+It will be seen that by adopting these shrewd political methods there
+would not be much left for the convention proper to do except listen to
+the speeches, but it would be hard to compress into smaller space more
+sensible advice. Mrs. Nichols wrote her: "It is most invigorating to
+watch the development of a woman in the work for humanity: first,
+anxious for the cause and depressed with a sense of her own inability;
+next, partial success of timid efforts creating a hope; next, a faith;
+and then the fruition of complete self-devotion. Such will be your
+history." From Mrs. Stanton came cheering words: "I will gladly do all
+in my power to help you. Come and stay with me and I will write the
+best lecture I can for you. I have no doubt a little practice will make
+you an admirable speaker. Dress loosely, take a great deal of exercise,
+be particular about your diet and sleep enough. The body has great
+influence upon the mind. In your meetings, if attacked, be cool and
+good-natured, for if you are simple and truth-loving no sophistry can
+confound you. As for my own address, if I am to be president it ought
+perhaps to be sent out with the stamp of the convention, but as
+anything from my pen is necessarily radical no one may wish to share
+with me the odium of what I may choose to say. If so, I am ready to
+stand alone. I never write to please any one. If I do please I am
+happy, but to proclaim my highest convictions of truth is always my
+sole object."
+
+After weeks of hard work, writing countless letters, taking numerous
+trips to various towns, and making almost without assistance all the
+necessary arrangements, the convention assembled in Corinthian Hall,
+Rochester, April 20, 1852. The morning audience was composed entirely
+of women, 500 being in attendance. Miss Anthony opened the meeting,
+read the call, which had been widely circulated, and in a clear,
+forcible manner set forth the object of the convention. The call urged
+the women to "meet together for devising such associated action as
+shall be necessary for the protection of their interests and of society
+at large, too long invaded and destroyed by legalized intemperance." It
+was signed by Daniel Anthony, William R. Hallowell and a number of
+well-known men and women, many of whom were present and took part in
+the discussions. Letters were read from distinguished persons and
+strong resolutions adopted, among them one thanking the New York
+Tribune for the kindness with which it had uniformly sustained women in
+their efforts for temperance. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was elected
+president; Mrs. Gerrit Smith, Mrs. E.C. Delavan, Antoinette L. Brown
+and nine others, vice-presidents; Susan B. Anthony and Amelia Bloomer,
+secretaries. In accepting the presidency, Mrs. Stanton made a powerful
+speech, certain parts of which acted as a bombshell not only at this
+meeting, but in press, pulpit and society. The two points which aroused
+most antagonism were:
+
+    1st. Let no woman remain in the relation of wife with a confirmed
+    drunkard. Let no drunkard be the father of her children.... Let us
+    petition our State government so to modify the laws affecting
+    marriage and the custody of children, that the drunkard shall have
+    no claims on wife or child.
+
+    2d. Inasmuch as charity begins at home, let us withdraw our mite
+    from all associations for sending the Gospel to the heathen across
+    the ocean, for the education of young men for the ministry, for the
+    building up of a theological aristocracy and gorgeous temples to
+    the unknown God, and devote ourselves to the poor and suffering
+    around us. Let us feed and clothe the hungry and naked, gather
+    children into schools and provide reading-rooms and decent homes
+    for young men and women thrown alone upon the world. Good schools
+    and homes, where the young could ever be surrounded by an
+    atmosphere of purity and virtue, would do much more to prevent
+    immorality and crime in our cities than all the churches in the
+    land could ever possibly do toward the regeneration of the
+    multitude sunk in poverty, ignorance and vice.
+
+The effect of such declarations on the conservatism of half a century
+ago hardly can be pictured. At this time the principal outlet for
+women's activities was through foreign missionary work, and even in
+this they were allowed no official responsibility. None of the many
+charitable organizations which are now almost wholly in the hands of
+women were in existence. In scarcely one State was drunkenness
+recognized as cause for divorce, and yet when Mrs. Stanton made these
+demands, the women throughout the country joined with the men in
+denouncing them. Only a few of the broader and more progressive, who
+were ahead of their age, sustained her. Among these were Miss Anthony,
+Ernestine L. Rose, Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, Frances D. Gage and
+Martha C. Wright.
+
+After six enthusiastic sessions and the forming of a strong
+organization, the convention adjourned. Thus the first Woman's State
+Temperance Society ever formed was due almost entirely to Susan B.
+Anthony, because of her courage in demanding independent action and her
+successful efforts in calling the convention which inaugurated it. The
+executive committee met in May and appointed her State agent, "with
+full power and authority to organize auxiliary societies, collect
+moneys, issue certificates of membership and do all things which she
+may judge necessary and expedient to promote the purposes for which our
+society has been organized."
+
+The Men's State Temperance Society had issued an official call for a
+convention to be held at Syracuse in June, containing these words:
+"Temperance societies of every name are invited to send delegates."
+Acting upon this invitation, the executive committee of the Woman's
+State Temperance Society appointed Gerrit Smith, Susan B. Anthony and
+Amelia Bloomer as delegates. Mr. Smith was not able to attend and,
+after their experience at Albany, there were serious doubts in the
+minds of the women whether they would be received. They were much
+encouraged, however, by the receipt of a letter from Rev. Samuel J.
+May, written June 14, saying: "The local committee are now in session.
+I have just read your letter to them, and every member has expressed
+himself in favor of receiving the delegates of the Woman's State
+Temperance Society, just as the delegates of any other society, and
+allowing them to take their own course, speak or not speak, as they
+choose."
+
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Bloomer went to Syracuse, and on the morning of
+the convention received a call from Mr. May. He came to inform them
+that their arrival had caused great excitement among the clergy, who
+comprised a large portion of the delegates and threatened to withdraw
+if the women were admitted. Their action had alarmed the other
+delegates, who feared a disturbance in the convention, and they had
+requested Mr. May, as probably having the most influence, to call upon
+the ladies and urge them not to ask for recognition. When they told him
+they should go to the meeting and present their credentials, he
+expressed great satisfaction and said that was just the decision he had
+hoped they would make. They quietly entered the hall and took seats
+with other ladies at one side of the platform. Immediately Rev.
+Mandeville, of Albany, turned his chair around with back to the
+audience and, facing them, attempted to stare them out of countenance.
+William H. Burleigh, secretary, read the annual report, which closed,
+"We hail the formation of the Woman's State Temperance Society as a
+valuable auxiliary." This precipitated the discussion. Rev. Mandeville
+sprung to his feet and moved to strike out the last sentence. His
+speech was filled with such venom and vulgarity as the foulest-mouthed
+politician would hesitate to utter. He denounced the Woman's State
+Temperance Society and all women publicly engaged in temperance work,
+declared the women delegates to be "a hybrid species, half man and half
+woman, belonging to neither sex," and announced finally that if this
+sentence were not struck out he would dissolve his connection with the
+society.
+
+A heated debate followed. Mr. Havens, of New York, offered an amendment
+recognizing "the right of women to work in their proper sphere--the
+domestic circle." Rev. May, of the Unitarian church, Rev. Luther Lee,
+of the Wesleyan Methodist, Hon. A.N. Cole, a leading Whig politician,
+and several others, defended the rights of the women in the most
+eloquent manner, but were howled down. Miss Anthony made only one
+attempt to speak and that was to remind them that over 100,000 of the
+signers to a petition for a Maine Law, the previous winter, were women,
+but her voice was drowned by Rev. Fowler, of Utica, shouting, "Order!
+Order!" Herman Camp, of Trumansburg, the president, ruled that she was
+not a delegate and had no right to speak. Amid great confusion the
+question was put to vote and the decision of the chair sustained. As no
+delegates had yet been accredited, everybody in the house was allowed
+to vote, but the secretary, J.T. Hazen, announced that he did not count
+the votes of the women!
+
+Rev. Luther Lee at once offered his church to the ladies for an evening
+meeting. They had a crowded house, fine speeches and good music, while
+the convention was practically deserted, not over fifty being present.
+After a masterly speech by Mr. May and stirring remarks from Mr. Lee,
+Mrs. Bloomer and others, Miss Anthony made the address of the evening,
+which she had prepared for the men's convention, a strong plea for the
+right of women to work and speak for temperance. Soon afterwards she
+wrote her father: "I feel there is a great work to be done which none
+but women can do. How I wish I could be daily associated with those
+whose ideas are in advance of my own, it would enable me to develop so
+much faster;" and then, notwithstanding all her rebuffs, she signed
+herself, "Yours cheerily."
+
+The anti-slavery convention this year was held in Rochester, and Miss
+Anthony had as a guest her dear friend, Lydia Mott, and again met
+Garrison, Phillips, May, the Fosters, Pillsbury, Henry C. Wright and
+others of that glorious band who together had received the baptism of
+fire. Although intensely interested in the anti-slavery question she
+did not dare think she had the ability to take up that work, but she
+did resolve to give all her time and energy to the temperance cause.
+The summer of 1852 was spent in traveling throughout the State with
+Mrs. Vaughn, Mrs. Attilia Albro and Miss Emily Clark. They canvassed
+thirty counties, organizing societies and securing 28,000 signatures to
+a petition for the Maine Law. Miss Anthony sent out a strong appeal,
+saying:
+
+    Women, and mothers in particular, should feel it their right and
+    duty to extend their influence beyond the circumference of the home
+    circle, and to say what circumstances shall surround children when
+    they go forth from under the watchful guardianship of the mother's
+    love; for certain it is that, if the customs and laws of society
+    remain corrupt as they now are, the best and wisest of the mother's
+    teachings will soon be counteracted....
+
+    Woman has so long been accustomed to non-intervention with
+    law-making, so long considered it man's business to regulate the
+    liquor traffic, that it is with much cautiousness she receives the
+    new doctrine which we preach; the doctrine that it is her right and
+    duty to speak out against the traffic and all men and institutions
+    that in any way sanction, sustain or countenance it; and, since she
+    can not vote, to duly instruct her husband, son, father or brother
+    how she would have him vote, and, if he longer continue to
+    mis-represent her, take the right to march to the ballot-box and
+    deposit a vote indicative of her highest ideas of practical
+    temperance.
+
+It will be seen by this that already she had taken her stand on the
+right of woman to the franchise.
+
+While at Elmira she happened into a teachers' convention and heard
+Charles Anthony, of the Albany academy, a distant relative, make an
+address on "The Divine Ordinance of Corporal Punishment." It was a
+severe and cruel justification of the unlimited use of the rod, but,
+although more than three-fourths of the teachers present were women,
+not a word was uttered in protest. Throughout the proceedings not a
+woman's voice was heard, none was appointed on committees or voted on
+any question, and they were as completely ignored as so many outsiders.
+Miss Anthony made up her mind that here also was a work to be done, and
+that henceforth she would attend the State teachers' conventions every
+year and demand for women all the privileges now monopolized by men.
+
+On September 8, 1852, she went to her first Woman's Rights Convention,
+which was held at Syracuse. She had read with avidity the accounts of
+the Ohio, Massachusetts, Indiana and Pennsylvania conventions, but this
+was her first opportunity of attending one. At the preliminary meeting,
+held the night before, she was made a member of the nominating
+committee with Paulina Wright Davis, of Providence, R.I., chairman.
+Mrs. Davis had come with the determination of putting in as president
+her dear friend Elizabeth Oakes Smith, a fashionable literary woman of
+Boston. Both attended the meeting and the convention in short-sleeved,
+low-necked white dresses, one with a pink, the other with a blue
+embroidered wool delaine sack with wide, flowing sleeves, which left
+both neck and arms exposed. At the committee meeting next morning,
+Quaker James Mott nominated Mrs. Smith for president, but Quaker Susan
+B. Anthony spoke out boldly and said that nobody who dressed as she did
+could represent the earnest, solid, hard-working women of the country
+for whom they were making the demand for equal rights. Mr. Mott said
+they must not expect all women to dress as plainly as the Friends; but
+she held her ground, and as all the committee agreed with her, though
+no one else had had the courage to speak, Mrs. Smith's name was voted
+down. This is but one instance of hundreds where Miss Anthony alone
+dared say what others only dared think, and thus through all the years
+made herself the target for criticism, blame and abuse. Others escaped
+through their cowardice; she suffered through her bravery.
+
+Lucretia Mott was made president, and the Syracuse Standard said: "It
+was a singular spectacle to see this Quaker matron presiding over a
+convention with an ease, grace and dignity that might be envied by the
+most experienced legislator in the country."[13] Susan B. Anthony and
+Martha C. Wright were the secretaries. Delegates were present from
+Canada and eight different States. Letters were received from Angelina
+Grimke Weld, William Henry Channing and others; Horace Greeley sent
+much good advice; Garrison wrote: "You have as noble an object in view,
+aye and as Christian a one too, as ever was advocated beneath the sun.
+Heaven bless all your proceedings." Rev. A.D. Mayo said in a long
+letter:
+
+    I have never questioned what I believed to be the central principle
+    of the reform in which you are engaged. I believe that every mature
+    soul is responsible directly to God, not only for its faith and
+    opinions, but for its details of life. The assertion that woman is
+    responsible to man for her belief or conduct, in any other sense
+    than man is responsible to woman, I reject, not as a believer in
+    any theory of "woman's rights," but as a believer in that religion
+    which knows neither male nor female in its imperative demand upon
+    the individual conscience.
+
+George W. Johnson, of Buffalo, chairman of the State committee of the
+Liberty party, sent $10 and these vigorous sentiments: "Woman has,
+equally with man, the inalienable right to education, suffrage, office,
+property, professions, titles and honors--to life, liberty and the
+pursuit of happiness. False to our sex, as well as her own, and false
+to herself and her God, is the woman who approves, or who submits
+without resistance or protest, to the social and political wrongs
+imposed upon her in common with her sex throughout the world." Mrs.
+Stanton's letter, read with hearty approval by Miss Anthony, raised the
+usual breeze in the convention. She suggested three points:
+
+    Should not all women, living in States where they have the right to
+    hold property, refuse to pay taxes so long as they are
+    unrepresented in the government?... Man has pre-empted the most
+    profitable branches of industry, and we demand a place at his side;
+    to this end we need the same advantages of education, and we
+    therefore claim that the best colleges of the country be opened to
+    us.... In her present ignorance, woman's religion, instead of
+    making her noble and free, by the wrong application of great
+    principles of right and justice, has made her bondage but more
+    certain and lasting, her degradation more helpless and complete.
+
+In the course of her argument Lucy Stone said:
+
+    The claims we make at these conventions are self-evident truths.
+    The second resolution affirms the right of human beings to their
+    persons and earnings. Is not that self-evident? Yet the common law,
+    which regulates the relation of husband and wife, and is modified
+    only in a few instances by the statutes, gives the "custody" of the
+    wife's person to the husband, so that he has a right to her even
+    against herself. It gives him her earnings, no matter with what
+    weariness they have been acquired, or how greatly she may need them
+    for herself or her children. It gives him a right to her personal
+    property, which he may will entirely away from her, also the use of
+    her real estate, and in some of the States married women, insane
+    persons and idiots are ranked together as not fit to make a will;
+    so that she is left with only one right, which she enjoys in common
+    with the pauper, the right of maintenance. Indeed, when she has
+    taken the sacred marriage vows, her legal existence ceases. And
+    what is our position politically? The foreigner, the negro, the
+    drunkard, all are entrusted with the ballot, all placed by men
+    politically higher than their own mothers, wives, sisters and
+    daughters! The woman who, seeing this, dares not maintain her
+    rights is the one to hang her head and blush. We ask only for
+    justice and equal rights--the right to vote, the right to our own
+    earnings, equality before the law; these are the Gibraltar of our
+    cause.
+
+Rev. Antoinette Brown, the first woman ever ordained to preach,
+declared:
+
+    Man can not represent woman. They differ in their nature and
+    relations. The law is wholly masculine; it is created and executed
+    by man. The framers of all legal compacts are restricted to the
+    masculine standpoint of observation, to the thoughts, feelings and
+    biases of man. The law then can give us no representation as women,
+    and therefore no impartial justice, even if the law-makers were
+    honestly intent upon this, for we can be represented only by our
+    peers.... When woman is tried for crime, her jury, her judges, her
+    advocates, all are men; and yet there may have been temptations and
+    various palliating circumstances connected with her peculiar nature
+    as woman, such as man can not appreciate. Common justice demands
+    that a part of the law-makers and law-executors should be of her
+    own sex. In questions of marriage and divorce, affecting interests
+    dearer than life, both parties in the compact are entitled to an
+    equal voice.
+
+Mrs. Nichols said in discussing the laws:
+
+    If a wife is compelled to get a divorce on account of the
+    infidelity of the husband, she forfeits all right to the property
+    which they have earned together, while the husband, who is the
+    offender, still retains the sole possession and control of the
+    estate. She, the innocent party, goes out childless and portionless
+    by decree of law, and he, the criminal, retains the home and
+    children by favor of the game law. A drunkard takes his wife's
+    clothing to pay his rum bills, and the court declares that the
+    action is legal because the wife belongs to the husband.
+
+Hon. Gerrit Smith here made his first appearance upon the woman
+suffrage platform, although he had written many letters expressing
+sympathy and encouragement, and made a grand argument for woman's
+equality. He closed by saying: "All rights are held by a precarious
+tenure if this one right to the ballot be denied. When women are the
+constituents of men who make and administer the laws they will pay due
+consideration to woman's interests, and not before. The right of
+suffrage is the great right that guarantees all others." Here also was
+the first public appearance of Matilda Joslyn Gage, the youngest woman
+taking part in the convention, who read an excellent paper urging that
+daughters should be educated with sons, taught self-reliance and
+permitted some independent means of self-support. A fine address also
+was made by Paulina Wright Davis, who had managed and presided over the
+two conventions held in 1850 and 1851 at Worcester, Mass.[14]
+
+The queen of the platform at this time was Ernestine L. Rose, a Jewess
+who had fled from Poland to escape religious persecution. She was
+beautiful and cultured, of liberal views and great oratorical powers.
+Her lectures on "The Science of Government" had attracted wide
+attention. Naturally, she took a prominent part in the early woman's
+rights meetings. On this occasion she presented and eloquently
+advocated the following resolution:
+
+    We ask for our rights not as a gift of charity, but as an act of
+    justice; for it is in accordance with the principles of
+    republicanism that, as woman has to pay taxes to maintain
+    government, she has a right to participate in the formation and
+    administration of it; that as she is amenable to the laws of her
+    country, she is entitled to a voice in their enactment and to all
+    the protective advantages they can bestow; that as she is as liable
+    as man to all the vicissitudes of life, she ought to enjoy the same
+    social rights and privileges. Any difference, therefore, in
+    political, civil and social rights, on account of sex, is in direct
+    violation of the principles of justice and humanity, and as such
+    ought to be held up to the contempt and derision of every lover of
+    human freedom.
+
+During the debate Rev. Junius Hatch, a Congregational minister from
+Massachusetts, made a speech so coarse and vulgar that the president
+called him to order. As he paid no attention to her, the men in the
+audience choked him off with cries of "Sit down! Shut up!" His idea of
+woman's modesty was that she should cast her eyes down when meeting
+men, drop her veil when walking up the aisle of a church and keep her
+place at home. Miss Anthony arose and stated that Mr. Hatch himself was
+one of the young ministers who had been educated through the efforts of
+women, and she had always noticed those were the ones most anxious for
+women to keep silence in the churches. This finished Mr. Hatch.
+
+A young teacher by the name of Brigham also attempted to define the
+spheres of Mrs. Mott, Mrs. Stanton[15] and the other great advocates of
+woman's freedom and declared: "Women ought to be keepers at home and
+mind domestic concerns; he had no doubt the true object of this meeting
+was not so much to acquire any real or supposed rights as to make the
+speakers and actors conspicuous; he wished to urge upon them to claim
+nothing masculine for women, for even in animals the spheres were
+different. He had no objections to woman's voice being heard, but let
+her seek out the breathing-holes of perdition to do her work." Mr.
+Brigham was badly worsted in the argument which followed, and at the
+next session he sent in a protest, declaring he had not had "justice."
+He evidently did not see the satire of this complaint, since he himself
+had been loudest in his refusal to do justice to woman.
+
+A heated discussion was called out by a resolution offered by Rev.
+Antoinette L. Brown declaring that "the Bible recognizes the rights,
+privileges and duties of woman as a public teacher, as in every way
+equal with those of man; that it enjoins upon her no subjection that is
+not enjoined upon him; and that it truly and practically recognizes
+neither male nor female in Christ Jesus." Mrs. Rose closed the
+discussion by saying:
+
+    I can not object to any one's interpreting the Bible as he or she
+    thinks best; but I do object that such interpretation go forth as
+    the doctrine of this convention, because it is a mere
+    interpretation and not even the authority of the Book; it is the
+    view of Miss Brown only, which is as good as that of any other
+    minister, but that is all. For my part I reject both
+    interpretations. Here we claim human rights and freedom, based upon
+    the laws of humanity, and we require no written authority from
+    Moses or Paul, because those laws and our claim are prior even to
+    these two great men.
+
+Miss Brown's resolution was not adopted. Susan B. Anthony spoke briefly
+but earnestly in behalf of the People's College and also of the Woman's
+State Temperance Society, for which she asked their endorsement. She
+then read the resolutions sent by Mrs. Stanton, all but one of which
+were adopted. The Syracuse Journal commented: "Miss Anthony has a
+capital voice and deserves to be made clerk of the Assembly." The
+Syracuse Standard said of this convention: "It was attended by not less
+than 2,000 persons. The discussions were characterized by a degree of
+ability that would do credit to any deliberative body." The Journal
+said: "No person can deny that there was a greater amount of talent in
+the woman's rights convention than has characterized any public
+gathering in this city during the last ten years, if ever before. The
+appearance of all the ladies was modest and unassuming, though prompt,
+energetic and confident. Business was brought forward, calmly
+deliberated upon and discussed with unanimity and in a spirit becoming
+true women, which would add an unknown dignity to the transactions of
+public associations of the 'lords.'" The Syracuse Star, however, took a
+different view:
+
+    The women of the Tomfoolery Convention, now being held in this
+    city, talk as fluently of the Bible and God's teachings in their
+    speeches as if they could draw an argument from inspiration in
+    maintenance of their woman's rights stuff.... The poor creatures
+    who take part in the silly rant of "brawling women" and Aunt Nancy
+    men are most of them "ismizers" of the rankest stamp, Abolitionists
+    of the most frantic and contemptible kind and Christian (?)
+    sympathizers with such heretics as Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Parker
+    Pillsbury, O.C. Burleigh and S.S. Foster. These men are all woman's
+    righters and preachers of such damnable doctrines and accursed
+    heresies as would make demons of the pit shudder to hear. We have
+    selected a few appropriate passages from God's Bible for the
+    consideration of the infuriated gang at the convention.
+
+The New York Herald, under the elder Bennett, which from the beginning
+of the demand had been the inveterate foe of equal rights for women,
+contained the following editorial, September 12, 1852:
+
+    The farce at Syracuse has been played out. We publish today the
+    last act, in which it will be seen that the authority of the Bible,
+    as a perfect rule of faith and practice for human beings, was voted
+    down, and what are called the laws of nature set up instead of the
+    Christian code. We have also a practical exhibition of the
+    consequences that flow from woman leaving her true sphere, where
+    she wields all her influence, and coming into public to discuss
+    morals and politics with men. The scene in which Rev. Mr. Hatch
+    violated the decorum of his cloth and was coarsely offensive to
+    such ladies present as had not lost that modest "feminine element"
+    on which he dwelt so forcibly, is the natural result of the conduct
+    of the women themselves who, in the first place, invited discussion
+    about sexes, and, in the second place, so broadly defined the
+    difference between the male and the female as to be suggestive of
+    anything but purity to the audience. The women of the convention
+    have no right to complain, but for the sake of his clerical
+    character, if no other motive influenced him, he ought not have
+    followed so bad an example. His speech was sound and his argument
+    conclusive, but his form of words was not in the best taste. The
+    female orators were the aggressors, but to use his own language he
+    ought not to have measured swords with a woman, especially when he
+    regarded her ideas and expressions as bordering upon the obscene.
+    But all this is the natural result of woman placing herself in a
+    false position. As Rev. Mr. Hatch observed, if she ran with horses
+    she must expect to be betted upon. The whole tendency of these
+    conventions is by no means to increase the influence of woman, to
+    elevate her condition or to command the respect of the other
+    sex....
+
+    How did woman first become subject to man, as she now is all over
+    the world? By her nature, her sex, just as the negro is and always
+    will be to the end of time, inferior to the white race and,
+    therefore, doomed to subjection; but she is happier than she would
+    be in any other condition, just because it is the law of her
+    nature....
+
+    What do the leaders of the woman's rights convention want? They
+    want to vote and to hustle with the rowdies at the polls. They want
+    to be members of Congress, and in the heat of debate subject
+    themselves to coarse jests and indecent language like that of Rev.
+    Mr. Hatch. They want to fill all other posts which men are
+    ambitious to occupy, to be lawyers, doctors, captains of vessels
+    and generals in the field. How funny it would sound in the
+    newspapers that Lucy Stone, pleading a cause, took suddenly ill in
+    the pains of parturition and perhaps gave birth to a fine bouncing
+    boy in court! Or that Rev. Antoinette Brown was arrested in the
+    pulpit in the middle of her sermon from the same cause, and
+    presented a "pledge" to her husband and the congregation; or that
+    Dr. Harriot K. Hunt, while attending a gentleman patient for a fit
+    of the gout or fistula in ano found it necessary to send for a
+    doctor, there and then, and to be delivered of a man or woman
+    child--perhaps twins.[16] A similar event might happen on the floor
+    of Congress, in a storm at sea or in the raging tempest of battle,
+    and then what is to become of the woman legislator?
+
+For months after this convention the discussions and controversies were
+kept up through press and pulpit. The clergymen in Syracuse and
+surrounding towns rang the changes on the cry of "infidel" as the
+surest way of neutralizing its influence. Rev. Byron Sunderland, a
+Congregational minister of Syracuse and afterwards chaplain of the
+United States Senate, preached a sermon on the "Bloomer Convention."
+Rev. Ashley, of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Syracuse, also preached a
+sermon against equality for woman, which was put into pamphlet form and
+scattered throughout the State. It called forth many protests, some
+from the women of his own church. The clergymen selected the Star, the
+most disreputable paper in the city, for the publication of their
+articles. Rev. Sunderland was ably answered by Matilda Joslyn Gage over
+the signature of "M." and replied in the Star: "If the author should
+turn out to be a man, I should have no objection to point out his
+inaccuracies through your columns, but if the writer is a lady, why,
+really, I don't know what I shall do. If I thought she would consent to
+a personal interview, I should like to see her." Some man, signing
+himself "A Reader," having criticised him in a perfectly respectful
+manner for making the above distinction, the reverend gentleman replied
+to him through the Star: "His impertinence is quite characteristic. He
+probably knows as much about the Bible as a wild ass' colt, and is
+requested at this time to keep a proper distance. When a body is trying
+to find out and pay attention to a lady, it is not good manners for 'A
+Reader' to be thrust in between us." In all the speeches and articles
+in favor of woman's rights there was not one which was not modest,
+temperate and dignified. Almost without exception those in opposition
+were vulgar, intemperate and abusive.
+
+No more brilliant galaxy of men and women ever assembled than at this
+Syracuse convention, and the great question of the rights of woman was
+discussed from every conceivable standpoint. Hundreds equally able have
+been held during the last half century, and these extensive quotations
+have been made simply to show that fifty years ago the whole broad
+platform of human rights was as clearly defined by the leading
+thinkers, and in as logical, comprehensive and dignified a manner, as
+it is today. There was as much opposition among the masses of both men
+and women against _all_ that they advocated as exists today against
+their demand for the ballot, perhaps more; yet the close of the century
+finds practically all granted except the ballot; the full right to
+speak in public; nearly the same educational and industrial
+opportunities; in many States almost equal legal rights, and not one
+State now wholly under the English common law, which everywhere
+prevailed at that time. The prejudice against all these innovations is
+rapidly disappearing but it still lingers in regard to the yielding of
+the suffrage, except in the four States where this also has been given.
+In not one instance have these concessions been made in response to the
+"voice of the people," but only because of the continued agitation and
+unceasing efforts of a few of the more advanced and progressive
+thinkers of each generation.
+
+[Footnote 11: The Tribune, at this time, was the only paper in New
+York, and, with few exceptions, the only large newspaper in the
+country, which treated the question of woman's rights in any but a
+contemptuous, abusive manner.]
+
+[Footnote 12: They may have been preceded by the Moral Reform Societies
+for the Rescue of Fallen Women, which originated in New York City, and
+by a few Female Anti-Slavery Societies.]
+
+[Footnote 13: At the first Woman's Rights Convention in 1848, Mrs. Mott
+and Mrs. Stanton were so opposed to having a woman for chairman that
+they came near leaving the hall. Four years later Mrs. Mott is herself
+the presiding officer.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Several of the speakers had weak, piping voices which did
+not reach beyond a few of the front seats and, after one of these had
+finished, Miss Anthony said: "Mrs. President, I move that hereafter the
+papers shall be given to some one to read who can be heard. It is an
+imposition on an audience to have to sit quietly through a long speech
+of which they can not hear a word. We do not stand up here to be seen,
+but to be heard." Then there was a protest. Mrs. Davis said she wished
+it understood that "ladies did not come there to screech; they came to
+behave like ladies and to speak like ladies." Miss Anthony held her
+ground, declaring that the question of being ladylike had nothing to do
+with it; the business of any one who read a paper was to be heard. Mr.
+May, always the peacemaker, said Miss Anthony was right; there was not
+a woman that had spoken in the convention who if she had been in her
+own home would not have adjusted her voice to the occasion. "If your
+boy were across the street you would not go to the door, put your head
+down and say in a little, weak voice, 'Jim, come home;' but you would
+fix your eye on him and shout, 'Jim, come home!' If the ladies, instead
+of looking down and talking to those on the front seats, would address
+their remarks to the farthermost persons in the house, all between
+would hear."]
+
+[Footnote 15: Mrs. Mott was the mother of six and Mrs. Stanton of seven
+children. Both were devoted mothers and noteworthy housekeepers.]
+
+[Footnote 16: No one of these ladies was married.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+TEMPERANCE AND TEACHERS' CONVENTIONS.
+
+1852--1853.
+
+
+Miss Anthony came away from the Syracuse convention thoroughly
+convinced that the right which woman needed above every other, the one
+indeed which would secure to her all others, was the right of suffrage.
+She saw that it was by the ballot men emphasized their opinions and
+enforced their demands; she realized that without it women exercised
+small influence upon law-makers and had no power to reward friends or
+punish enemies. A sense of the terrible helplessness of being utterly
+without representation came upon her with crushing force. The first
+great cause of the injustice which pressed upon women from every point
+was clearly revealed to her and she understood, as never before, that
+any class which is compelled to be legislated for by another class
+always must be at a disadvantage. She went home with these thoughts
+burning in her soul, and again took up her work for temperance, but
+much of her enthusiasm was gone. She felt that she was dealing with
+effects only and was shut out from all influence over causes. She still
+was loyal to her State society but the desire was growing strong for a
+larger field.
+
+In January, 1853, she arranged for a meeting to be held in Albany to
+secure a hearing before the Legislature and present petitions for a
+Maine Law. Lucy Stone, whom she urged to make an address, wrote: "I
+can't in conscience speak in favor of the Maine Law. It does not seem
+to me to be based upon sound philosophy. Such a law will not amount to
+much so long as there is not a temperance public sentiment behind it.
+God bless your earnest and faithful spirit, Susan. I am glad the
+temperance cause has so devoted and judicious a friend." She then
+invited Rev. Antoinette Brown, who gave several reasons why she did not
+think best to deliver the address and concluded: "But there is a better
+way; you yourself must come to the rescue. You will read the appeal,
+you can fit the address to it and you will do it grandly. Don't
+hesitate but, in the name of everything noble, go forward and you shall
+have our warmest sympathy."
+
+It was very hard to coax Miss Anthony into a speech in those days and
+she finally persuaded the Reverend Antoinette to make the address.
+There was a mass-meeting of all the temperance organizations in the
+State at Albany, January 21, and as the women made no attempt to take
+part in the men's meetings there was no disturbance. History is silent
+as to what the men did at that time, but the women held crowded
+sessions in the Baptist church, and in the Assembly chamber at night,
+Miss Anthony presiding, and a number of fine addresses were made. The
+rules were suspended one morning and the ladies invited to the
+speaker's desk. Mrs. Vaughn read Mrs. Stanton's eloquent appeal praying
+the Legislature to do one of two things: either give women a vote on
+this great evil of intemperance, or else truly represent them by
+enacting a Prohibitory Law. It was accompanied by the petition of
+28,000 names which had been collected by a few women at immense labor
+and expense during the past year.
+
+This was the first time in the history of New York that a body of women
+had appeared before the Legislature, and in their innocence they had
+full confidence that their request would be granted in a very short
+time.[17] While they were still in Albany their petition was discussed
+and a young member made a long speech against it, declared that women
+were "out of their sphere" circulating petitions and coming before the
+Legislature, and closed by saying, "Who are these asking for a Maine
+Law? Nobody but women and children!" Miss Anthony then and there made a
+solemn resolve that it should be her life work to make a woman's name
+on a petition worth as much as a man's.
+
+S.P. Townsend, who had made a fortune in the manufacture of
+sarsaparilla, happening to be at the Capitol, called upon the ladies
+and invited them to come to New York and hold a meeting, offering to
+advertise and entertain them. Miss Anthony, Mrs. Bloomer and Miss Brown
+accepted his invitation and were entertained at his elegant home, and
+also by Professor and Mrs. L.N. Fowler. He engaged Metropolitan Hall
+(where Jenny Lind sang) for February 7, and the ladies spoke to an
+audience of 3,000 at twenty-five cents admission. Mrs. Fowler presided,
+and on the platform were Horace Greeley, who made a strong address,
+Mrs. Greeley, Abby Hopper Gibbons and others. The Tribune and Post were
+very complimentary, saying it was the first time a woman had spoken
+within those walls and the meeting would compare favorably with any
+ever held in the building. After it was over Mr. Townsend divided the
+net proceeds among the three women. He also arranged for them to speak
+in Broadway Tabernacle and in Brooklyn Academy of Music, each of which
+was crowded to its capacity.
+
+During March and April they made a successful tour of the principal
+cities in the State, Miss Anthony assuming the management and financial
+responsibility. They went to Sing Sing, Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Troy,
+Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo and other places, greeted
+everywhere with large and attentive audiences attracted by the unusual
+spectacle of women speaking in public. They lectured chiefly on
+temperance, but asked incidentally for equal civil and political
+rights. While they received from most of the papers respectful
+treatment, they were sometimes viciously assailed. The Utica Evening
+Telegraph gave the following false and malicious report:
+
+    Miss SUSAN B. ANTHONY AND REV. A.L. BROWN ON THE STUMP.--Mechanics'
+    Hall was tolerably well filled last evening by persons wishing to
+    hear the above-named ladies "spout" about temperance. Seven-eighths
+    of the audience was composed of women, and there was noticeable an
+    absence of all rank, fashion and wealth. The _ladies_ proper of
+    Utica don't seem desirous of giving countenance to the silly
+    vagaries disseminated by these strong-minded women. We conceived a
+    very unfavorable opinion of this _Miss_ Anthony when she performed
+    in this city on a former occasion, but we confess that, after
+    listening attentively to her discourse last evening, we were
+    inexpressibly disgusted with the impudence and impiety evinced in
+    her lecture. Personally repulsive, she seems to be laboring under
+    feelings of strong hatred towards male men, the effect, we presume,
+    of jealousy and neglect. She spent some hour or so to show the
+    evils endured by the mothers, wives and daughters of drunkards. She
+    gravely announced that the evil is a great one, and that no remedy
+    might hopefully be asked from licentious statesmen nor from
+    ministers of the gospel, who are always well fed and clothed and
+    don't care for oppressed women. Prominent among the remedies which
+    she suggested for the evils which she alleges to exist, are
+    complete enfranchisement of women, allowing them the run of the
+    legislative halls, ballot-box, etc. With a degree of impiety which
+    was both startling and disgusting, this shrewish _maiden_ counseled
+    the numerous wives and mothers present to separate from their
+    husbands whenever they became intemperate, _and particularly not to
+    allow the said husbands to add another child to the family_
+    (probably no _married_ advocate of woman's rights would have made
+    this remark). Think of such advice given in public by one who
+    claims to be a _maiden_ lady!
+
+    Miss Anthony may be a very respectable lady, but such conversation
+    is certainly not calculated to enhance public regard for her....
+    She announced quite confidently that wives don't de facto love
+    their husbands if they are dissipated. Everyday observation proves
+    the utter falsity of this statement, and if there is one
+    characteristic of the sex which more than another elevates and
+    ennobles it, it is the _persistency_ and intensity of woman's love
+    for man. But what does Miss Anthony know of the thousand delights
+    of married life; of the sweet stream of affection, of the golden
+    ray of love which beams ever through life's ills? Bah! Of a like
+    disgusting character was her advice to mothers about not using
+    stimulants, even when prescribed by physicians, for the benefit of
+    the young. What in the name of crying babies does Miss Anthony know
+    about such matters?
+
+    In our humble judgment, it is by no means complimentary to wives
+    and mothers to be found present at such discourses, encouraging
+    such untruthful and pernicious advice. If Miss Anthony's ideas were
+    practically applied in the relations of life, women would sink from
+    the social elevation they now hold and become the mere _appendages_
+    of men. Miss Anthony concluded with a flourish of trumpets, that
+    the woman's rights question could not be put down, that women's
+    souls were beginning to expand, etc., after which she gathered her
+    short skirts about her tight pants, sat down and wiped her
+    spectacles.
+
+A letter written to Miss Anthony by her father during this tour shows
+that even thus early he recognized the utter inability of women to
+effect great reforms without a vote: "I see notices of your meetings in
+multitudes of papers, all, with a few exceptions, in a rejoicing mood
+that woman at last has taken hold in earnest to aid in the reformation
+of the mighty evils of the day. Yet with all this 'rejoicing' probably
+not one of these papers would advocate placing the ballot in the hands
+of woman as the easiest, quickest and most efficient way of enabling
+her to secure not only this but other reforms. They are willing she
+should talk and pray and 'flock by herself in conventions and tramp up
+and down the State, footsore and weary, gathering petitions to be
+spurned by legislatures, but not willing to invest her with the only
+power that would do speedy and efficient work."
+
+At this time interest in the study of phrenology was at its height and
+while Miss Anthony was in New York she had an examination made of her
+head by Nelson Sizer (with Fowler & Wells) who, blindfolded, gave the
+following character sketch:
+
+    You have a finely organized constitution and a good degree of
+    compactness and power. There is such a balance between the brain
+    and the body that you are enabled to sustain mental effort with
+    less exhaustion than most persons. You have an intensity of emotion
+    and thought which makes your mind terse, sharp, spicy and clear.
+    You always work with a will, a purpose and a straightforwardness of
+    mental action. You seldom accomplish ends by indirect means or
+    circuitous routes, but unfurl your banner, take your position and
+    give fair warning of the course you intend to pursue. You are not
+    naturally fond of combat, but when once fairly enlisted in a cause
+    that has the sanction of your conscience and intellect, your
+    firmness and ambition are such, combined with thoroughness and
+    efficiency of disposition, that all you are in energy and talent is
+    enlisted and concentrated in the one end in view.
+
+    You are watchful but not timid, careful to have everything right
+    and safe before you embark; but when times of difficulty and danger
+    arrive, you meet them with coolness and intrepidity. You have more
+    of the spirit of acquisition than of economy; you would rather make
+    new things than patch the old. Your continuity is not large enough.
+    You find it at times difficult to bring the whole strength of your
+    mind to bear upon a subject and hold it there patiently in writing
+    or speaking. You are apt to seize upon fugitive thoughts and
+    wander, unless it be a subject on which you have so drilled your
+    intellect as to become master of it.
+
+    You have a full development of the social group. I judge that in
+    the main you have your father's character and talents and your
+    mother's temperament. You have the spirit of her nature, but the
+    framework in the main is like the father. You have large
+    benevolence, not only in the direction of sympathy but of
+    gratitude. You have frankness of character, even to sharpness, and
+    you are obliged to bridle your tongue lest you speak more than is
+    meet. You have mechanical ingenuity, the planning talent, and the
+    minds of others are apt to be used as instruments to accomplish
+    your objects. For instance, if you were a lawyer, you would arrange
+    the testimony and the mode of argument in such a way that the best
+    final result would be achieved. You judge correctly of the fitness
+    and propriety, as well as of the power, of the means you have to be
+    employed. You would plan a thing better than you could use the
+    tools to make it. Your reasoning organs are gaining upon your
+    perceptions. At fifteen your mind was devoted to facts and
+    phenomena; of late years you have been thinking of principles and
+    ideas. You are a keen critic, especially if you can put wit as a
+    cracker on your whip; you can make people feel little and mean if
+    they are so, and when you are vexed can say very sharp things.
+
+    You are a good judge of character. You have a full development of
+    language devoted rather to accuracy and definiteness of meaning
+    than volubility; and yet I doubt not you talk fast when
+    excited--that belongs to your temperament. Your intellect is active
+    and your mind more naturally runs in the channel of intellect than
+    of feeling. It seeks an intellectual development rather than to be
+    developed through the affections merely. You have fair veneration
+    and spirituality but are nothing remarkable in these respects. Your
+    chief religious elements are conscience and benevolence; these are
+    your working religious organs, and a religion that does not gratify
+    them is to you "as sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal."
+
+Those who know Miss Anthony intimately will readily testify to the
+accuracy of this analysis. It seems remarkable in view of the fact that
+the examiner was in utter ignorance of the subject, and that, even if
+he had known her name, she had not, at the age of thirty-three,
+developed the characteristics which are now so familiar to the general
+public.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+  AT THE AGE OF 32, FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE.]
+
+On this trip Miss Anthony was invited to spend an evening with Mr. and
+Mrs. Greeley and met for the first time Charles A. Dana, Alice and
+Phoebe Gary, Elizabeth F. Ellet, with a number of other literary men
+and women of New York. Mr. Greeley himself opened the door for them and
+sent them hunting through the house for a place to lay their wraps.
+After awhile Mrs. Greeley came down stairs with a baby in her arms. She
+had put her apron over its face and would not let the visitors look at
+it "because their magnetism might affect it unfavorably." During the
+evening she rang a bell and a man-servant came in. After a few words
+with her he retired and presently brought in a big dish of cake, one of
+cheese and a pile of plates, set them on the table and went out. There
+was a long pause and Mr. Greeley said, "Well, mother, shall I serve the
+cake?" "Yes, if you want to." So he went over to the table, took a
+piece of cake and one of cheese in his fingers, putting them on a plate
+and carrying to each, until all were served. The guests nibbled at them
+as best they could and after a long time the man brought in a pitcher
+of lemonade and some glasses and left the room. Mr. Greeley again
+asked, "Well, mother, shall I serve the lemonade?" "Yes, if you want
+to," she replied, so he filled the glasses, carried to each separately,
+and then gathered them up one at a time, instead of all together on a
+waiter. Both Mr. and Mrs. Greeley were thoroughly cordial and
+hospitable, both intellectually great, but utterly without social
+graces. Yet the conversation at their receptions was so brilliant that
+the most elegantly served refreshments would have been an unwelcome
+interruption.
+
+At another time, when Miss Anthony was visiting them, she asked Mrs.
+Greeley if she would marry the same man again if she were single.
+"Yes," said she, "if I wanted a worthy father for my children, but for
+personal comfort I should prefer one who did not put his feet where I
+fell over them every time I went into the room, who knew how to eat,
+when to go to bed and how to wear his clothes."
+
+A World's Temperance Convention had been called to meet in New York
+September 6 and 7, 1853, and a preliminary meeting was held May 12 in
+Dr. Spring's old Brick Church on Franklin Square, where the Times
+building now stands. The call invited "all friends of temperance" to be
+present. After attending the Anti-Slavery Anniversary in New York, Miss
+Anthony and Emily Clark went as representatives of the New York Woman's
+Temperance Society, and Abby Kelly Foster and Lucy Stone were sent from
+Massachusetts. The meeting was organized with Hon. A.C. Barstow, mayor
+of Providence, chairman; Rev. R.C. Crampton, of New York, and Rev.
+George Duffield, of Pennsylvania, secretaries. It was opened with
+prayer, asking God's blessing on the proceedings about to take place. A
+motion was made that all the gentlemen present be admitted as
+delegates. Dr. Trail, of New York City, moved that the word "ladies" be
+inserted, as there were delegates present from the Woman's State
+Temperance Society. The motion was carried, their credentials received,
+and every man and woman present became members of the convention. A
+business committee of one from each State was appointed and a motion
+was made that Susan B. Anthony, secretary of the Woman's Temperance
+Society, be added to the committee. This opened the battle with the
+opposition and one angry and abusive speech followed another. Abby
+Kelly Foster, the eloquent anti-slavery orator, tried to speak, but
+shouts of "order" drowned her voice and, after holding her position for
+ten minutes, she finally was howled down.
+
+Almost the entire convention was composed of ministers of the Gospel.
+Hon. Bradford R. Wood, of Albany, moved that, as there was a party
+present determined to introduce the question of woman's rights and run
+it into the ground, the convention adjourn sine die. He finally was
+persuaded to withdraw this and substitute a motion that a committee be
+appointed to decide who were members of the convention, although this
+had been settled at the opening of the meeting by the accepting of
+credentials. This committee consisted of Mr. Wood, Rev. John Chambers,
+a Presbyterian clergyman of Philadelphia, and Rev. Condit, of New
+Jersey. They were out fifteen minutes and reported that, as in their
+opinion the call for this meeting was not intended to include female
+delegates, and custom had not sanctioned the public action of women in
+similar situations, their credentials should be rejected. And this
+after they already had been accepted!
+
+Rev. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, pastor of the Unitarian church in
+Worcester, Mass., at once resigned from the business committee and
+withdrew from the meeting, as did also the women delegates and such
+gentlemen, including several ministers, as thought the ladies had been
+unjustly treated. They met at Dr. Trail's office and decided to call a
+Whole World's Temperance Convention which should not exclude one-half
+the world, and that the half which was doing the most effective work
+for temperance.
+
+After they left the Brick Church meeting there were many speeches made
+condemning the action of women in taking public part in any reforms,
+led by Rev. Fowler, of Utica, Rev. Hewitt, of Bridgeport, Conn., and
+Rev. Chambers. The last said he rejoiced that the women were gone, as
+they were "now rid of the scum of the convention." Mayor Barstow, who
+had threatened to resign rather than put the motion that Miss Anthony
+should be on the business committee, made a speech which the press
+declared too indecent to be reported. It must be remembered that this
+entire discussion was founded on the mere proposal to place Miss
+Anthony on a committee of a temperance meeting. Horace Greeley handled
+these men without gloves in an article in the Tribune beginning:
+
+    Rev. John! We have allowed you to be heard at full length; now you
+    and your set will be silent and hear us. Very palpably your palaver
+    about Mr. Higginson's motion is a dodge, a quirk, a most
+    contemptible quibble, reluctant as we are to speak thus
+    irreverently of the solemn utterances of a Doctor of Divinity.
+    Right well do you know, reverend sir, that the particular form or
+    time or fashion in which the question came up is utterly
+    immaterial, and you interpose it only to throw dust in the eyes of
+    the public. Suppose a woman had been nominated at the right time
+    and in the right way, according to your understanding of
+    punctilios, wouldn't the same resistance have been made and the
+    same row got up? You know right well that there would. Then what is
+    all your pettifogging about technicalities worth? The only question
+    that anybody cares a button about is this, "Shall woman be allowed
+    to participate in your World's Temperance Convention on a footing
+    of perfect equality with man?" If yea, the whole dispute turns on
+    nothing, and isn't worth six lines in the Tribune. But if it was
+    and is the purpose of those for whom you pettifog to keep woman off
+    the platform of that convention and deny her any part in its
+    proceedings except as a spectator, what does all your talk about
+    Higginson's untimeliness and the committee's amount to? Why not
+    treat the subject with some show of honesty?
+
+The women and their friends held a grand rally in the Broadway
+Tabernacle the second day afterwards. Every foot of sitting and
+standing room was crowded, although there was an admission fee of a
+shilling. Miss Anthony presided and there was the strongest enthusiasm,
+but perfect order was maintained. The following comment was made by the
+New York Commercial-Advertiser:
+
+        THE BATTLE OF THE SEXES.--On Saturday evening the Broadway
+    Tabernacle reverberated with the shrill, defiant notes of Miss Lucy
+    Stone and her "sisters," who have thrown down the gauntlet to the
+    male friends of temperance and declared not literally "war to the
+    knife" but conflict with tongues.... Henceforth the women's rights
+    ladies--including among them the misses, Lucy herself, Emily Clark,
+    Susan B. Anthony, Antoinette Brown, some Harriets and Angelinas,
+    Melissas and Hannahs, with a Fanny too (and more's the pity for it
+    is a sweet name) and sundry matrons whose names are _household_
+    words in _newspapers_--are to be in open hostility to the regularly
+    constituted temperance agencies, under cover of association with
+    whom they have contrived to augment their notoriety. The delegates
+    at the Brick Church, who took the responsibility of knocking off
+    these parasites, deserve the thanks of the temperance friends the
+    Union through.... Such associations would mar any cause. Left to
+    themselves such women must fall into contempt; they have used the
+    temperance cause for a support long enough, and we are glad that
+    the seeming alliance has been thus formally disowned by the
+    temperance delegates.
+
+The New York Sun, Moses Beach, editor, said:
+
+    The quiet duties of daughter, wife or mother are not congenial to
+    those hermaphrodite spirits who thirst to win the title of champion
+    of one sex and victor over the other. What is the love and
+    submission of one manly heart to the woman whose ambition it is to
+    sway the minds of multitudes as did a Demosthenes or a Cicero? What
+    are the tender affections and childish prattle of the family
+    circle, to women whose ears itch for the loud laugh and boisterous
+    cheer of the public assembly?...
+
+    Could a Christian man, cherishing a high regard for woman and for
+    the proprieties of life feel that he was promoting woman's
+    interests and the cause of temperance by being introduced to a
+    temperance meeting by Miss Susan B. Anthony, her ungainly form
+    rigged out in bloomer costume and provoking the thoughtless to
+    laughter and ridicule by her very motions upon the platform? Would
+    he feel that he was honoring the women of his country by accepting
+    as their representatives women whom they must and do despise? Will
+    any pretend to say that women, whose tongues have dishonored their
+    God and their Savior, while uttering praise of infidels and infidel
+    theories, are worthy to receive the suffrages of their Christian
+    sisters?...
+
+    We were much pleased with the remark made a few days since by one
+    of the most distinguished as well as refined and polished men of
+    the day on this very subject: "What are the rights which women
+    seek, and have not?" said he; and answering his own question, he
+    replied, "The right to do wrong! that alone is denied to them--that
+    is the only right appropriated exclusively by men, and surely no
+    true woman would seek to divide or participate in such a right."
+
+The Organ, the New York temperance paper, had this to say:
+
+    The harmony and pleasantness of the meeting were disturbed by an
+    evidently preconcerted irruption of certain women, who have
+    succeeded beyond doubt in acquiring notoriety, however much they
+    may have failed in winning respect. The notorious Abby Kelly, the
+    Miss Stone whose crusade against the Christian doctrine on the
+    subject of marriage has shocked the better portion of society, and
+    several other women in pantaloons were present insisting upon their
+    right to share in the deliberations of the convention.
+
+    We wish our friends abroad to understand that the breeze got up
+    here is nothing but an attempt to ride the woman's rights theory
+    into respectability on the back of Temperance. And what absurd,
+    infidel and licentious follies are not packed up under the general
+    head of woman's rights, it would puzzle any one to say. While,
+    however, we approve the act excluding the women at the Brick
+    Church, we feel bound to say that we regretted what seemed to us an
+    unnecessary acerbity on the part of some of the gentlemen opposing
+    them. What a load of extraneous, foolish and crooked people and
+    things the temperance cause has been burdened with during the years
+    of its progress! To our mind this conspiracy of women to crush the
+    cause by making it the bearer of their woman's rights absurdities,
+    is the saddest of all the phenomena of the reform.
+
+The New York Courier, James Watson Webb, editor, gave its readers the
+following Sunday article:
+
+    Anniversary week has the effect of bringing to New York many
+    strange specimens of humanity, masculine and feminine. Antiquated
+    and very homely females made themselves ridiculous by parading the
+    streets in company with hen-pecked husbands, attenuated
+    vegetarians, intemperate Abolitionists and sucking clergymen, who
+    are afraid to say "no" to a strong-minded woman for fear of
+    infringing upon her rights. Shameless as these females--we suppose
+    they _were_ females--looked, we should really have thought they
+    would have blushed as they walked the streets to hear the
+    half-suppressed laughter of their own sex and the remarks of men
+    and boys. The Bloomers figured extensively in the anti-slavery
+    amalgamation convention, and were rather looked up to, but their
+    intemperate ideas would not be tolerated in the temperance meeting
+    at the Brick Chapel....
+
+    A scene of the utmost confusion prevailed and there was a perfect
+    warfare of tongues; but, singular to _say_, the women were
+    compelled to hold their tongues and depart, followed by a number of
+    male Betties and subdued husbands, wearing the apparel of manhood,
+    but in reality emasculated by strong-minded women....
+
+    So the Bloomers put their credentials in their breeches pockets and
+    assembled at Dr. Trail's Cold Water Institute, where the men and
+    Bloomers all took a bath and a drink together.
+
+These sentiments were echoed by the newspapers, great and small, of the
+entire country. Not a word in regard to "women's rights" had been
+uttered at the Brick Church meeting except the right to have their
+credentials from regularly-organized temperance societies accepted, and
+the same privileges as other delegates granted. The continual reference
+to the "warfare of tongues" is rather amusing in face of the fact that
+no woman was allowed to speak and the talking was entirely monopolized
+by men. Is it a matter of surprise that only a very limited number of
+women had the courage to ally themselves with a movement which called
+down upon them and their families such an avalanche of ridicule and
+condemnation?
+
+Miss Anthony, on reaching home, immediately began active preparations
+for the first annual meeting of the Woman's State Temperance Society,
+which was to be held in Rochester. As usual she wrote hundreds of
+letters, raised the money, printed and circulated the call, looked
+after the advertising, engaged the speakers and took the whole
+responsibility. The convention assembled in Corinthian Hall, June 1,
+1853, with a large attendance. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the president,
+after stating that the society had over 2,000 members, and was in a
+most flourishing condition, said:
+
+    It has been objected that we do not confine ourselves to the
+    subject of temperance, but talk too much about woman's rights,
+    divorce and the church.... We have been obliged to preach woman's
+    rights because many, instead of listening to what we had to say on
+    temperance, have questioned the right of woman to speak on any
+    subject. In courts of justice and legislative assemblies, if the
+    right of any person to be there is questioned, all business waits
+    until that point is settled. Now, it is not settled in the minds of
+    the masses that woman has any right to stand on an even pedestal
+    with man, look him in the face as an equal and rebuke the sins of
+    her day and generation. Let it be clearly understood then that we
+    are a Woman's Rights Society; that we believe it is woman's duty to
+    speak whenever she feels the impression to do so; that it is her
+    right to be present in all the councils of Church and State.
+
+Continuing, she took firm ground in favor of the right of a woman to be
+divorced from an habitual drunkard, a position which brought upon her a
+storm of censure from press, pulpit and society. She was strongly
+supported, however, by the most prominent women of the day and received
+many letters of approval, among them one from Lucy Stone, saying: "On
+the divorce question, I am on your side, for the reason that
+drunkenness so depraves a man's system that he is not fit to be a
+father." Gerrit Smith wrote to the convention:
+
+    I know not why it is not as much the duty of your sex as of mine to
+    establish newspapers, write books and hold public meetings for the
+    promotion of the cause of temperance. The current idea that modesty
+    should hold women back from such services is nonsense and
+    wickedness. Female modesty! female delicacy! I would that I might
+    never again hear such phrases. There is but one standard of modesty
+    and delicacy for both men and women; and so long as different
+    standards are tolerated, both sexes will be perverse and
+    corrupt.... The Quakers are the best people I have ever known, the
+    most serious and chaste and yet the most brave and resisting; but
+    there are no other people who are so little concerned lest women
+    get out of their sphere. None make so little difference between man
+    and woman. Others appear to think that the happiness and safety of
+    the world consist in magnifying the difference. But when reason and
+    religion shall rule, there will be no difference between man and
+    woman, in respect to the intellect, the heart or the manners.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very respectfully
+  your friend
+  Gerrit Smith]
+
+A stirring letter was sent by Neal Dow, expressing his great pleasure
+that women were taking active and decided measures for the suppression
+of intemperance, and closing: "It is absurd, therefore, to argue that
+the community has no power to control this great evil; that any citizen
+has the right to inflict it upon society, or that society should
+hesitate to exercise its right and power of self-protection against
+it."
+
+Many other letters were read from friends, among them Abby Kelly
+Foster, who said to Miss Anthony: "So far as separate organizations for
+women's action in the temperance cause are concerned, I consider you
+the center and soul, without whom nothing could have been done
+heretofore and I doubt whether anything would be done now." Strong
+addresses were made by Rev. Channing, Frederick Douglass, Lucy Stone,
+Mrs. Nichols, Antoinette Brown, Mrs. Bloomer and others.
+
+When this association was formed a clause was placed in the
+constitution allowing men to become members and to speak in all
+meetings but making them ineligible to office. There were two reasons
+for this: it was desired to throw the full responsibility on woman,
+compelling her to learn to preside and to think, speak and act for
+herself, which she never would do if men were present to perform these
+duties for her; and it was feared that, on account of long habit, men
+would soon take matters into their own hands and gain control of the
+society, possibly to the extent of forbidding women to speak at the
+meetings. Many of the ladies, however, objected to this clause, among
+them Antoinette Brown, who refused to join the society on account of
+it. So, yielding to the pressure, Mrs. Stanton, on this first
+anniversary, said "as this seemed to many a violation of men's rights,
+and as the women had now learned to stand alone, it might perhaps be
+safe to admit men to all the privileges of the society, hoping,
+however, that they would modestly permit woman to continue the work she
+had so successfully begun."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very respectfully yours
+  Neal Dow]
+
+Miss Anthony, chairman of the committee on revising the constitution,
+brought in a report in favor of admitting the men, which was vigorously
+discussed. Before the close of this meeting the serious mistake of such
+action was apparent. The men present monopolized the floor, tried to
+have the name changed to the People's League, insisted that the society
+should have nothing to do with any phase of woman's rights, and showed
+their hand so plainly that Miss Anthony at once took the alarm and in
+an indignant speech declared the men were trying to drive the women
+from their own society.
+
+There was a strong undercurrent of opposition to Mrs. Stanton on
+account of her radical views in regard to equal rights, divorce for
+drunkenness and the subjection of woman to Bible authority, but those
+opposing her being wholly inexperienced did not know how to prevent her
+re-election. As the majority of the men, for obvious reasons, agreed
+with them in wishing to get rid of Mrs. Stanton, they proceeded to
+teach them political tactics, got out a printed opposition ticket and
+defeated her for president by three votes. She was chosen
+vice-president but emphatically declined. Miss Anthony was almost
+unanimously re-elected secretary but refused to serve, stating that
+"the vote showed they would not accept the principle of woman's rights
+and, as she believed thoroughly in standing for the equality of woman,
+she could not act as officer of such a society; besides, Mrs. Vaughn,
+the newly elected president, had openly declared that 'principle must
+sometimes be sacrificed to expediency.' She herself would never admit
+this; her doctrine was, 'Do right, and leave the consequences with
+God.'" Frederick Douglass and a number of others urged her in the most
+earnest manner to remain, paying high tribute to her services and
+pointing out how much they were needed, but in vain.
+
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton at once severed all connection with the
+organization they had founded; it passed into the hands of a body of
+conservative women, who believed they could accomplish by prayer what
+these two knew never could be done except through legislation with a
+constituency of women behind it. The society had a precarious existence
+of one or two years and finally went to pieces. There was not another
+strong, concerted movement of women in the cause of temperance for
+twenty years.[18] Miss Anthony, although a total abstainer all her
+life, was never again connected with a temperance organization. She has
+steadfastly held to the opinion that the vital work for women is to
+secure for themselves the ballot which, above all other agencies, will
+make them an effective power for dealing not only with this but with
+all moral questions.
+
+Relieved from her onerous duties in connection with the State society,
+she at once set about working up the Whole World's Temperance
+Convention in New York, for which she felt a personal responsibility.
+Many of those who had seceded from the Brick Church meeting, including
+Mr. Higginson himself, were beginning to doubt the propriety of holding
+a separate convention. Miss Anthony was strongly in favor of it and
+wrote Lucy Stone:
+
+    We have not the slightest reason for supposing that we shall be
+    received at the World's Convention to be held September 5. The same
+    men that controlled the Brick Church meeting are to be the leading
+    spirits there. Not one of them, so far as I can learn, has
+    expressed a regret that the women-delegates were excluded last May;
+    how then can we entertain a hope that they will act differently in
+    September? We may pretend to go in good faith but there will be no
+    faith in us. If it is not too late I beg of you to see that the
+    call is issued and for the very day that the Old Fogies hold their
+    convention.
+
+Lucy Stone agreed with her and, through their efforts, the committee
+were persuaded to send out the call. It was decided, however, to hold
+the meeting September 1 and 2, just before the other, and then, while
+the great crowds from all parts of the country were in the city, to
+have a regular Woman's Rights Convention on the same date as that of
+Rev. John Chambers et al. Miss Anthony received many cordial replies to
+her numerous letters, and some not so cordial. Samuel F. Gary wrote in
+his characteristic style: "You ask whether I will speak at a Whole
+World's Temperance Convention to be held in New York during the World's
+Fair. You will have observed that my humble name is signed to a call
+for such a convention at that time and place, together with Chancellor
+Walworth's and others of like distinction. Providence favoring, it is
+my purpose to participate in the deliberations of that meeting and I
+see no sufficient reason for another convention having the same object
+in view." Possibly if Mr. Gary and "others of like distinction" had
+been refused permission to speak a word or even to serve on a
+committee, they might have been able to see "sufficient reason for
+another convention." Horace Greeley sent the following:
+
+    I may not be able to write you a long letter, as you request, but I
+    will give you a little confidential advice. All I know on
+    temperance (pretty nearly) I put into a tract which was long ago
+    printed at the Organ office.... Now, as to tracts: Make it your
+    first rule to Be Thorough. Most of our temperance tracts are too
+    short and flimsy and not calculated to convince reasoning beings.
+    Let each tract take up some one aspect of the question and exhaust
+    it, none of your fly-away five or six pages but from twelve to
+    thirty-two, the whole case presented in all its aspects and proved
+    up. Nothing less than this will do much good.
+
+    Now as to church matters: The short and safe way is simply to set
+    them aside. If those who have outgrown the church do not introduce
+    the subject by treading on the old lady's corns, they can
+    effectually resist all interposition of shibboleths by the
+    followers of Pusey in all sects. Do not make the reform movement a
+    pretext for assaulting the church. In short, the whole question
+    with regard to the woman's movement is best solved by those engaged
+    in it going quietly and effectively on with their work. That will
+    soonest stop the mouths of gainsayers. "It does move, though," is
+    the true answer to all cavils.
+
+    I can't be at your convention, and Mrs. Greeley is overwhelmed with
+    moving and babies.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours,
+  Horace Greeley]
+
+While Miss Anthony was thus engaged, the State Teachers' Convention was
+held in Corinthian Hall, Rochester, August 3, 1853, and true to her
+resolve made the year previous she put aside everything else in order
+to attend. According to the rules any one paying a dollar was entitled
+to all the rights and privileges of the convention; so she paid her
+dollar and took her seat. There were over 500 teachers in attendance,
+two-thirds at least being women. For two entire days Miss Anthony sat
+there, and during that time not a woman spoke; in all the deliberations
+there was not the slightest recognition of their presence, and they did
+not vote on any question, though all had paid the fee and were members
+of the association. In a letter describing the occasion Miss Anthony
+said: "My heart was filled with grief and indignation thus to seethe
+minority, simply because they were men, presuming that in them was
+vested all wisdom and knowledge; that they needed no aid, no counsel
+from the majority. And what was most humiliating of all was to look
+into the faces of those women and see that by far the larger proportion
+were perfectly satisfied with the position assigned them."
+
+Toward the close of the second day's session the subject under
+discussion was, "Why the profession of teacher is not as much respected
+as that of lawyer, doctor or minister?" After listening for several
+hours, Miss Anthony felt that the decisive moment had come and, rising
+in her seat, she said, "Mr. President." A bombshell would not have
+created greater commotion. For the first time in all history a woman's
+voice was heard in a teachers' convention. Every neck was craned and a
+profound hush fell upon the assembly. Charles Davies, LL. D., author of
+Davies' text books and professor of mathematics at West Point, was
+president. In full-dress costume with buff vest, blue coat and brass
+buttons, he was the Great Mogul. At length recovering from the shock of
+being thus addressed by a woman, he leaned forward and asked with
+satirical politeness, "What will the lady have?" "I wish to speak to
+the question under discussion," said Miss Anthony calmly, although her
+heart was beating a tattoo. Turning to the few rows of men in front of
+him, for the women occupied the back seats, he inquired, "What is the
+pleasure of the convention?" "I move she shall be heard," said one man;
+this was seconded by another, and thus was precipitated a debate which
+lasted half an hour, although she had precisely the same right to speak
+as any man who was taking part in the discussion.
+
+She stood during all this time, fearing to lose the floor if she sat
+down. At last a vote was taken, men only voting, and it was carried in
+the affirmative by a small majority. Miss Anthony then said: "It seems
+to me you fail to comprehend the cause of the disrespect of which you
+complain. Do you not see that so long as society says woman has not
+brains enough to be a doctor, lawyer or minister, but has plenty to be
+a teacher, every man of you who condescends to teach, tacitly admits
+before all Israel and the sun that he has no more brains than a
+woman?"--and sat down. She had intended to draw the conclusion that the
+only way to place teaching upon a level with other professions was
+either to admit woman to them or exclude her from teaching, but her
+trembling limbs would sustain her no longer.
+
+The convention soon adjourned for the day and, as Miss Anthony went out
+of the hall, many of the women drew away from her and said audibly:
+"Did you ever see such a disgraceful performance?" "I never was so
+ashamed of my sex." But a few of them gathered about her and said: "You
+have taught us our lesson and hereafter we propose to make ourselves
+heard."
+
+The next day, at the opening of the morning session, President Davies,
+who had evidently spent the night in preparing the greatest effort of
+his life, arose in all his majesty and was delivered of the following:
+
+    I have been asked why no provisions have been made for female
+    lecturers before this association and why ladies are not appointed
+    on committees. I will answer: "Behold this beautiful hall! Mark
+    well the pilaster, its pedestal, its shaft, its rich entablature,
+    the crowning glory of this superb architecture, the different
+    parts, each in its appropriate place, contributing to the strength,
+    beauty and symmetry of the whole! Could I aid in bringing down this
+    splendid entablature from its proud elevation and trailing it in
+    the dust and dirt that surround the pedestal? No, never!"
+
+To quote further from Miss Anthony's letter: "Many of the ladies
+readjusted their ribbons and laces and looked at each other as much as
+to say, 'Beautiful, perfectly beautiful!' But a few there were whose
+faces spoke scorn and utter contempt, and whose flashing eyes said:
+'Such flattery as this adds insult to injury upon those of us who,
+equally qualified with men, are toiling side by side with them for
+one-half the salary. And this solely because of our sex!'"
+
+The women had no desire to pull down the building, entablature and all,
+about the head of the magnificent Davies, but some of them were aroused
+to the injustice with which they had so long been treated. To the
+astonishment of the professor and his following, these resolutions were
+presented by Mrs. Northrop, a teacher in the Rochester schools:
+
+    _Resolved_, That this association recognizes the right of female
+    teachers to share in all the privileges and deliberations of this
+    body.
+
+    _Resolved_, That female teachers do not receive an adequate and
+    sufficient compensation, and that, as salaries should be regulated
+    only according to the amount of labor performed, this association
+    will endeavor by judicious and efficient action to remove this
+    existing evil.
+
+An attempt was made to smother them, and when Mrs. Northrop asked why
+they had not been read, the president blandly replied that he regretted
+they could not be reached but other order of business preceded them.
+Mrs. Northrop, having found her voice, proceeded to speak strongly on
+the discrimination made against women in the matter of salaries, and
+was ably supported by her sister, Mrs. J.R. Vosburg. J. D. Fanning, of
+New York, recording secretary, asked that the resolutions be read,
+which was done. Miss Anthony then made a forcible speech in their favor
+and they were passed unanimously, to the utter amazement and
+discomfiture of President Davies.
+
+She went home well satisfied with her work, and completed preparations
+for the Whole World's Temperance Convention, which was held in New
+York, September 1 and 2. Her zeal is amusingly illustrated by her
+proposal to invite Victor Hugo and Harriet Martineau to speak. It was a
+splendid assemblage, addressed by the leading men and women of the day,
+the large hall packed at every session, the audience sitting hour after
+hour, orderly but full of earnestness and enthusiasm. The New York
+Tribune said of it: "This has been the most spirited and able meeting
+on behalf of temperance that ever was held."
+
+The men's convention has a different record. New York, in the month of
+September, 1853, was in a whirlwind of excitement. The first World's
+Fair of the United States was in progress and people had gathered from
+all parts of this and other countries. In order to reach these crowds,
+many conventions had been called to meet in this city, among them the
+two Temperance, the Anti-Slavery and the Woman's Rights. The Whole
+World's Temperance and the Anti-Slavery closed just in time for the
+opening of the World's Temperance and the Woman's Rights meetings. Rev.
+Antoinette Brown was appointed a delegate from two different societies
+to the World's Temperance Convention and, although they had every
+reason to believe that no woman would be received, it was decided to
+make the attempt in order to show their willingness to co-operate with
+the men's associations in temperance work.
+
+Wendell Phillips accompanied her to Metropolitan Hall, where she handed
+her credentials to the secretary and, after they were passed upon, the
+president, Neal Dow, informed her that she was a member of the
+convention. Later, when she arose to speak to a motion, he invited her
+to the platform and then pandemonium broke loose. There were cries of
+"order," "order," hisses, shouts of "she shall not speak," and above
+all the voice of Rev. John Chambers, who, pointing his finger at her,
+cried over and over, "Shame on the woman!" Miss Brown stood an hour and
+a half on the platform, in the midst of this bedlam, not because she
+was anxious to speak, but to establish the principle that an accredited
+delegate to a world's convention should not be denied the right of
+speech on account of sex; but she was finally compelled to leave the
+hall.
+
+Win. Lloyd Garrison said: "I have seen many tumultuous meetings in my
+day, but on no occasion have I ever seen anything more disgraceful to
+our common humanity." Samuel F. Gary led in the opposition to Miss
+Brown, offering a resolution that "women be not allowed to speak," and
+afterwards declaring in his paper that he did it "because she tried to
+force the question of woman's rights upon the convention." To this Rev.
+William Henry Channing replied in a public address: "If any man says
+that, _he lies_. She stood there simply asking her privilege as a
+delegate." The New York Tribune said: "This convention has completed
+three of its four business sessions and the results may be summed up as
+follows: First day--Crowding a woman off the platform; second
+day--Gagging her; third day--Voting that she shall stay gagged. Having
+thus disposed of the main question, we presume the incidentals will be
+finished this morning."
+
+This was not an exaggerated statement, as practically nothing was done
+during the three days of the convention except to fight over the
+question of allowing Miss Brown, an accepted delegate, an ordained
+minister, a young, beautiful and modest woman, to stand upon their
+platform and speak on the subject of temperance. Miss Anthony was a
+witness to these proceedings, her Quaker blood rose to the boiling
+point and she registered anew a solemn vow within herself that she
+never would relax her efforts for one single day, if it took a
+lifetime, until woman had the right of speech on every platform in the
+land.
+
+The mob which had begun with the anti-slavery and gathered strength at
+the temperance meeting, now turned its attention to the Woman's Rights
+Convention in Broadway Tabernacle. The president was that lovely
+Quaker, Lucretia Mott, and the speakers were among the greatest men and
+women in the nation: Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Rev.
+Channing, Rev. John Pierpont, Mrs. Rose, Lucy Stone, Frances D. Gage,
+Miss Brown, Mrs. Nichols. In Miss Anthony's address she reviewed the
+action of the recent teachers' convention at Rochester and closed by
+saying: "A woman principal in that city receives $250, while a man
+principal, doing exactly the same work, receives $650. In this State
+there are 11,000 teachers and of these four-fifths are women. By the
+reports it will be seen that of the annual State fund of $800,000,
+two-thirds are paid to men and one-third to women; that is to say,
+two-thirds are paid to one-fifth of the laborers, and the other
+four-fifths are paid with the remaining one-third of the fund!" This
+was the first appearance of Madame Mathilde Anneke, a highly-educated
+German of noble family, a political exile from Hungary, and a friend of
+Kossuth. That wonderful colored woman, Sojourner Truth, also was
+present.
+
+The resolutions were, in effect, that "each human being should be the
+judge of his or her sphere and that human rights should be recognized."
+There never were, there never will be, grander speeches than those
+which were made on this occasion, and yet the entire convention was in
+the hands of a mob. The women, as well as the men, were greeted with
+cries of "shut up," "sit down," "get out," "bow-wow," "go it, Susan,"
+and their voices drowned with hisses and cat-calls. The uproar was
+indescribable, with shouting, yelling, screaming, bellowing, stamping
+and every species of noise that could be made. Horace Greeley went down
+among the crowd and tried to quiet them. The police were appealed to in
+vain, and the meeting finally closed in the midst of tumult and
+confusion. The Tribune under the management of Greeley, and the Evening
+Post under that of William Cullen Bryant, condemned the rioters with
+the greatest severity, but the other leading dailies of New York
+sustained the mob spirit and made the ladies a target for ridicule and
+condemnation.
+
+After leaving New York, Miss Anthony went to the Fourth National
+Woman's Rights Convention at Cleveland, O., which was one of the
+largest and most enthusiastic that had been held. It was attended by
+many noted people, among them Hon. Joshua R. Giddings, always a
+consistent advocate of woman's rights, and the proceedings were marked
+with perfect order and propriety. Miss Anthony was continued at the
+head of the finance committee, as it was found that no one could raise
+so much money. The three weeks following she traveled through the
+southern counties in New York and spoke in a number of villages. A year
+before she had gone over the same ground and organized woman's
+temperance societies. She found that, with the exception of one at
+Elmira, none of these was in existence. The explanation in every
+instance was that they had no money to secure lecturers, or to do any
+practical work and, as all the members were wives and housekeepers,
+they were not in a position to earn any. Miss Anthony makes this entry
+in her journal:
+
+    Thus as I passed from town to town was I made to feel the great
+    evil of woman's utter dependence on man for the necessary means to
+    aid reform movements. I never before took in so fully the grand
+    idea of pecuniary independence. Woman must have a purse of her own,
+    and how can this be so long as the law denies to the wife all right
+    to both the individual and the joint earnings? Reflections like
+    these convince me that there is no true freedom for woman without
+    the possession of equal property rights, and that these can be
+    obtained only through legislation. If this is so, then the sooner
+    the demand is made, the sooner it will be granted. It must be done
+    by petition, and this, too, of the very next legislature. How can
+    the work be started? We must hold a convention and adopt some plan
+    of united action.
+
+With her, to think was always to act. She reached Rochester on the
+morning of election day, and went at once to the home of William and
+Mary Hallowell, that home whose doors never were closed to her, where
+for more than fifty years she was welcome day or night, where she
+always turned for advice, assistance and sympathy and ever found them
+in the fullest measure. She explained to them her idea of calling a
+meeting in Rochester for the specific purpose of starting a petition
+for more extended property rights to women. They encouraged the
+project, and she then turned toward her other Mecca, the home of Maria
+G. Porter. Three of the Porter sisters kept a private school in this
+city for thirty years, while the eldest, Maria, made a home for them
+and also took a select class of boarders. This was a literary center,
+she often invited Miss Anthony to meet her distinguished guests, and
+ever encouraged and sustained her public work. Mr. Channing was
+boarding here, and when Miss Anthony unfolded her plan, he exclaimed,
+"Capital! Capital!" and at once prepared an eloquent call for the
+convention. This meant for her the writing of letters to scores of
+influential people asking their signatures, which were almost
+invariably given, and was followed by all the drudgery necessary for
+every meeting of this kind.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  W. H. Channing]
+
+The convention opened Nov. 30 at Corinthian Hall, Rev. May presiding
+and Rev. Channing the leading spirit. Two forms of the petition were
+adopted, one for the just and equal rights of women in regard to wages
+and children; the other for the right of suffrage. Miss Anthony was
+appointed one of the lecturers, and also put in charge of the
+petitions. Sixty women began circulating these, and she herself
+canvassed her own city, lectured in a number of towns, and at the same
+time made arrangements for a State suffrage convention to be held in
+Albany February 14 and 15. At this time Parker Pillsbury wrote to Lydia
+Mott:
+
+    Is there work down among you for Susan to do? Any shirt-making,
+    cooking, clerking, preaching or teaching, indeed any honest work,
+    just to keep her out of idleness! She seems strangely
+    unemployed--almost expiring for something to do, and I could not
+    resist the inclination to appeal to you, _as a person of particular
+    leisure_, that an effort be made in her behalf. At present she has
+    only the Anti-Slavery cause for New York, the "Woman's Rights
+    Movement" for the world, the Sunday evening lectures for Rochester
+    and other lecturing of her own from Lake Erie to the "Old Man of
+    Franconia mountains;" private cares and home affairs and the
+    various et ceteras of _womanity_. These are about all so far as
+    appears, to occupy her seven days of twenty-four hours each, as the
+    weeks rain down to her from Eternal Skies. Do pity and procure work
+    for her if it be possible!
+
+[Footnote 17: From 1840 to 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Ernestine L.
+Hose, Lydia Mott and Paulina Wright (afterwards Davis), circulated
+petitions for a Married Woman's Property Law and, in presenting them,
+addressed a legislative committee several times.]
+
+[Footnote 18: The W.C.T.U. was organized in 1874 and the temperance
+work passed almost entirely into the hands of women.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+PETITIONS----BLOOMERS----LECTURES.
+
+1854.
+
+
+Considerable space has been given to detailed accounts of these early
+conventions to illustrate the prejudice which existed against woman's
+speaking in public, and the martyrdom suffered by the pioneers to
+secure the right of free speech for succeeding generations. From this
+time until the merging of all questions into the Civil War, such
+conventions were held every year, producing a great revolution of
+sentiment in the direction of an enlarged sphere for woman's activities
+and a modification of the legal and religious restraints that so long
+had held her in bondage. They have been fully described also in order
+to indicate some of the causes which operated in the development of the
+mind and character of Susan B. Anthony, transforming her by degrees
+from a, quiet, domestic Quaker maiden to a strong, courageous,
+uncompromising advocate of absolute equality of rights for woman.
+Brought into close association with the most advanced men and women of
+the age, seeing on every hand the injustice perpetrated against her sex
+and hearing the magnificent appeals for the liberty of every human
+being, her soul could not fail to respond; and having passed the age
+when women are apt to consecrate themselves to love and marriage, it
+was most natural that she should dedicate her services to the struggle
+for the freedom of woman. She did not realize then that this would
+reach through fifty years of exacting and unending toil, but even had
+she done so, who can doubt that she freely would have given up her life
+to the work?
+
+In the ten weeks before the State convention at Albany, 6,000 names
+were secured for the petition that married women should be entitled to
+the wages they earned and to the equal guardianship of their children,
+and 4,000 asking for the suffrage. Miss Anthony herself trudged from
+house to house during that stormy winter, many of the women slamming
+the door in her face with the statement that they "had all the rights
+they wanted;" although at this time an employer was bound by law to pay
+the wife's wages to the husband, and the father had the power to
+apprentice young children without the mother's consent, and even to
+dispose of them by will at his death. One minister, in Rochester, after
+looking her over carefully, said: "Miss Anthony, you are too fine a
+physical specimen of woman to be doing such work as this. You ought to
+marry and have children." Ignoring the insult, she replied in a
+dignified manner: "I think it a much wiser thing to secure for the
+thousands of mothers in this State the legal control of the children
+they now have, than to bring others into the world who would not belong
+to me after they were born."
+
+The State convention met in Association Hall, Albany, February 14,
+1854. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, president, delivered a magnificent
+address which Miss Anthony had printed and laid upon the desk of every
+member of the Legislature; she also circulated 50,000 of these
+pamphlets throughout the State. The convention had been called for two
+days, but so great was the interest aroused and so popular were the
+speakers in attendance that evening meetings were held for two weeks;
+the questions under consideration were taken up by the newspapers of
+Albany and the discussion spread through the press of the State,
+finding able defenders as well as bitter opponents. A peculiar
+illustration of the uncertain disposition of an audience was here
+given. While in other places women had been prevented from speaking,
+now they would not hear any but women, and whenever Mr. Channing or Mr.
+May attempted to speak he was at once cried down in a good-natured but
+effective manner. The women were greatly distressed at this, as these
+men had been their strongest allies, their leaders, their educators;
+but their appeals to the audience to listen to masculine eloquence were
+made in vain.
+
+The petitions with their 10,000 names were presented in the Assembly,
+and strongly advocated by Mr. Peters, and Mr. D. P. Wood, of Onondaga
+county, but vehemently opposed by Mr. Burnett, of Essex. In his speech
+against the petition asking only that married women might possess their
+own wages and have equal guardianship of their children, he said:
+
+    I hope before even this motion is put, gentlemen will be allowed to
+    reflect upon the important question whether these individuals
+    deserve any consideration at the hands of the Legislature. Whatever
+    may be their pretensions or their sincerity, they do not appear
+    satisfied with having unsexed themselves, but they desire to unsex
+    every female in the land and to set the whole community ablaze with
+    unhallowed fire. I trust, sir, the House may deliberate before we
+    suffer them to cast their firebrand into our midst. True, as yet,
+    there is nothing officially before us, but it is well known that
+    the object of these unsexed women is to overthrow the most sacred
+    of our institutions, to set at defiance the divine law which
+    declares man and wife to be one, and establish on its ruins what
+    will be in fact and in principle but a species of legalized
+    adultery.
+
+    It is, therefore, a matter of duty, a duty to ourselves, to our
+    consciences, to our constituents and to God, who is the source of
+    all law and of all obligations, to reflect long and deliberately
+    before we shall even seem to countenance a movement so unholy as
+    this. Are we, sir, to give the least countenance to claims so
+    preposterous, disgraceful and criminal as are embodied in this
+    address? Are we to put the stamp of truth upon the libel here set
+    forth, that men and women in the matrimonial relation are to be
+    equal? We know that God created man as the representative of the
+    race; that after his creation, his Creator took from his side the
+    material for woman's creation; and that, by the institution of
+    matrimony, woman was restored to the side of man, and they became
+    one flesh and one being, he the head....
+
+    But we are now asked to have the ordinance of matrimony based on
+    jealousy and distrust; and, as in Italy, so in this country, should
+    this mischievous scheme be carried out to its legitimate results,
+    we, instead of reposing safe confidence against assaults upon our
+    honor in the love and affection of our wives, shall find ourselves
+    obliged to close the approaches to those assaults by the padlock.
+
+The petitions were referred to a select committee of the Senate and the
+Assembly, which Miss Anthony addressed. The Albany Argus reported her
+speech as follows:
+
+    Miss Anthony said that she appeared on behalf of the signers of the
+    petitions and tendered to the Legislature thanks for the courteous
+    manner in which they had been received. They asked that husband and
+    wife should be tenants in common of property, but with a partition
+    upon the death of one; that a wife should be competent to discharge
+    trusts and powers, the same as a single woman; that the statute in
+    respect to married women's property should be made effectual, and
+    the wife's property descend as though she had been unmarried; that
+    married women should be entitled to execute letters testamentary
+    and of administration; that they should have power to make
+    contracts and transact business; that they should be entitled to
+    their own earnings, subject to their proportionate liability for
+    support of children; that post nuptial acquisitions should belong
+    equally to husband and wife; that married women should stand on the
+    same footing with single as parties or witnesses in legal
+    proceedings; that they should be equal guardians of their minor
+    children; that the homestead should be inviolable and inalienable
+    for widows and their children; that laws in relation to divorce
+    should be revised, and habitual drunkenness be made cause of
+    absolute divorce; that the preference of males in descent of real
+    estate should be abolished; that women should exercise the right of
+    suffrage, be eligible to all offices, occupations and professions,
+    entitled to act as jurors, eligible to employment in public
+    offices; that a law should be passed extending the masculine
+    designation in all statutes to females.
+
+The committee, James L. Angle, of Monroe county, chairman, presented a
+dignified and respectful report, denying the petition for suffrage but
+recommending that the laws be so changed as to allow the wife to
+collect and control her own earnings if the family were neglected by
+the husband, and to require the written consent of the mother to the
+apprenticeship of her children. The Legislature, however, refused to
+pass such a bill, as did all succeeding Legislatures until 1860.
+
+There was nothing but to go to work again, for Miss Anthony and her
+co-laborers were determined not to relax their efforts until the
+obnoxious laws against women were repealed. It was at this rallying of
+the forces and renewing of the attack that Mr. Channing declared Miss
+Anthony to be "the Napoleon of the movement," a title so appropriate
+that it has clung to her to the present day. She had now thoroughly
+systematized the work in New York and was appointed general agent. It
+was decided to hold a series of conventions throughout the state for
+the purpose of rolling up mammoth petitions to present to the
+Legislature every session until they should be granted. Two strong
+appeals, one written by Mrs. Stanton and one by Mr. Channing, were
+widely circulated and a large corps of able speakers was engaged. All
+this work the State committee assigned to Miss Anthony, but did not
+provide her with one dollar to pay expenses.
+
+For many years thereafter she canvassed the State annually; held
+meetings, organized societies and secured thousands of signatures,
+without any guaranteed fund. Not only did she give all her time and
+perform far greater labor than any other person engaged in this
+movement, but she also took the whole financial responsibility. The
+anxiety of this hardly can be imagined, but she was seldom discouraged,
+never daunted. Her father had repaid the few hundred dollars she had
+loaned him from her slender earnings as teacher in the days of his
+adversity, and these she used freely without expectation of replacing
+them. She never hesitated because she had not money but went boldly
+forward, trusting to collections and contributions to pay expenses.
+Sometimes she came out even, sometimes behind. In the latter case she
+sent at once to her father who supplied the necessary funds, which were
+repaid when there was a surplus. Had she waited to have the money in
+hand, had she feared to take the chances, her work never would have
+been done; and unless some one else had been developed who could and
+would assume the risk and manage the business part of the State
+campaigns, the progress of woman, slow as it has been, would have been
+still longer delayed. The one ruling characteristic of her life ever
+has been courage, moral and physical. There never have been hardships
+which she feared to endure, never scorn, ridicule or abuse which she
+did not dare face. While she might have risen to a high position and
+commanded a large salary as teacher, or have lived at home in restful
+comfort, she voluntarily chose the hardest field of work the world
+offered, one shadowed with obloquy, holding out no prospect of money or
+fame and no hope of success except through long and bitter conflict.
+
+Soon after the Albany convention Lucy Stone wrote: "God bless you,
+Susan dear, for the brave heart that will work on even in the midst of
+discouragement and lack of helpers. Everywhere I am telling people what
+your State is doing, and it is worth a great deal to the cause. The
+example of positive action is what we need.... Does not Channing
+deserve the blessing of all the race for his fidelity to the cause of
+women? I believe he understands better than any others, unless it be
+Higginson and Phillips, just what we need. Give my love and best wishes
+to the household of faith." Channing, when she wanted him to preside at
+a meeting, answered facetiously: "Napoleon will not be surprised that a
+corporal of an awkward squad hesitates to appear in command where the
+general-in-chief is present."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Affectionately
+  Lucy Stone]
+
+It was at the close of this Albany convention that Miss Anthony decided
+to abandon the Bloomer costume. The subject had been occupying her
+sleeping and waking hours for some time, and it was only after a long
+and agonizing struggle that she persuaded herself to take the step. In
+order to show how very serious a question this had been with the women,
+it will be necessary to go into a somewhat detailed account of this
+first movement toward dress reform.
+
+The costume consisted of a short skirt and a pair of Turkish trousers
+gathered at the ankle or hanging straight, and was made of ordinary
+dress materials. It was first introduced at the various "water cures"
+to relieve sick and delicate women, often rendered so by their
+unhealthful mode of dress, and was strongly recommended in the "water
+cure" journals. When women began to go into public work, they could not
+fail to recognize the disadvantages of the unyielding corsets, heavy,
+quilted and stiffly-starched petticoats, five or six worn at one time
+to hold out the long, voluminous dress skirts; and to feel that to be
+consistent they must give freedom to the body. The proprietors of the
+"water cures" were, for the most part, in touch with all reform
+movements and their hospitality was freely extended to those engaged in
+them. In this way the women had an opportunity to see the comfort which
+the patients enjoyed in their loose, short garments, and began to ask
+why they also should not adopt what seemed to them a rational dress.
+
+Hon. Gerrit Smith, of Peterboro, N.Y., the wealthy and influential
+reformer and philanthropist, became an earnest advocate of this
+costume, and his daughter, Elizabeth Smith Miller, a beautiful and
+fashionable woman, was the first to put it on. In Washington she wore
+it, made of the most elegant materials, during all her father's term in
+Congress. She was soon followed by his cousin, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+and with this social sanction it was adopted in 1851 and '52 by a small
+number, including Lucy Stone, Amelia Bloomer, Dr. Harriet Austin, Celia
+Burleigh, Charlotte Wilbour, the Grimke sisters, probably less than one
+hundred in the whole country. In order to be entirely relieved from the
+care of personal adornment, they also cut off their hair. Miss Anthony
+was the very last to adopt the style. In May, 1852, she wrote Lucy
+Stone that Mrs. Stanton had offered to make her a present of the
+costume, but she would not wear it. In December she wrote again, dating
+her letter from Mrs. Stanton's nursery, "Well, at last I am in short
+skirt and trousers!" At this time she also sacrificed her abundant
+brown tresses.
+
+The world was not ready for this innovation. There were no gymnasiums
+or bicycles to plead for the appropriateness of the costume and it was
+worn chiefly by women who preached doctrines for which the public was
+no better prepared than for dress reform. The outcry against it
+extended from one end of the country to the other; the press howled in
+derision, the pulpit hurled its anathemas and the rabble took up the
+refrain. On the streets of the larger cities the women were followed by
+mobs of men and boys, who jeered and yelled and did not hesitate to
+express their disapproval by throwing sticks and stones and giving
+three cheers and a tiger ending in the loudest of groans.[19] Sometimes
+these demonstrations became so violent that the women were obliged to
+seek refuge in a store and, after the mob had grown tired of waiting
+and dispersed, they would slip out of the back door and find their way
+home through the alleys. Their husbands and children refused to be seen
+with them in public, and they were wholly ostracized by other women.
+Mrs. Bloomer was at this time publishing a paper called the Lily, which
+was the organ for the reforms of the day. Its columns were freely used
+to advocate the short dress, the paper thus became the target of attack
+and, because the costume had no distinctive name, it was christened
+with that of the editor, much to her grief. Later a substitute for the
+trousers was adopted, consisting of high shoes with buttoned gaiters
+fitting in the tops and extending up over the leg, and an effort was
+made to change the name to the "American costume," but the people would
+not have it and "Bloomer" it will remain for all time. An extract from
+one of her unpublished letters will show how all the women felt on this
+subject. After protesting against connecting it with the question of
+woman's rights, she says:
+
+    It is only one of our rights to dress comfortably. Many have put on
+    the short dress who have never taken any part in the woman's rights
+    movement and who have no idea they are going to be any less womanly
+    by such a change. I feel no more like a man now than I did in long
+    skirts, unless it be that enjoying more freedom and cutting off the
+    fetters is to be like a man. I suppose in that respect we are more
+    mannish, for we know that in dress, as in all things else, we have
+    been and are slaves, while man in dress and all things else is
+    free. I admit that we have "got on the pantaloons," but I deny that
+    putting them on is going to make us any the less womanly or any the
+    more masculine and immodest. On the contrary, I feel that if all of
+    us were less slaves to fashion we would be nobler women, for both
+    our bodies and minds are now rendered weak and useless from the
+    unhealthy and barbarous style of dress adopted, and from the time
+    and thought bestowed in making it attractive. A change is demanded
+    and if I have been the means of calling the attention of the public
+    to it and of leading only a few to disregard old customs and for
+    once to think and act for themselves, I shall not trouble myself
+    about the false imputations that may be cast upon me.
+
+[Autograph: Amelia Bloomer]
+
+Mrs. Bloomer wore the costume eight years, but very few held out
+one-fourth of that time. With the exception of Gerrit Smith, all the
+prominent men, Garrison, Phillips, Channing, May, were bitterly opposed
+to the short dress and tried to dissuade the women from wearing it by
+every argument in their power. The costume, however, was adopted as a
+matter of principle, and for it they suffered a martyrdom which would
+have made burning at the stake seem comfortable. It requires far more
+heroism to bear jibes and jeers for one's personal appearance than for
+one's opinions. No pen can describe what these women endured for the
+two or three years in which they tried to establish this principle,
+through such sacrifices as only a woman can understand. So long as they
+were upheld by the belief that they were giving strength to the cause
+they loved, they bravely submitted to the persecution, but when they
+realized that they were injuring instead of helping it, endurance
+reached its limit. Mrs. Stanton was the first to capitulate, and as she
+had tried to induce the others to wear the costume so she endeavored to
+persuade them to abandon it. She wrote to Miss Anthony and Lucy Stone:
+"I know what you must suffer in consenting to bow again to the tyranny
+of fashion, but I know also what you suffer among fashionable people in
+wearing the short dress; and so, not for the sake of the cause, nor for
+any sake but your own, take it off! We put it on for greater freedom,
+but what is physical freedom compared with mental bondage?" In agony of
+spirit as to whether the cause was helped or hindered by wearing it,
+and ready to put aside all personal feeling in the matter, Miss Anthony
+appealed to Lucy Stone, who answered:
+
+    Now, Susan, it is all fudge for anybody to pretend that a cause
+    which deserves to live is impeded by the length of your skirt. I
+    know, from having tried through half the Union, that audiences
+    listen and assent just as well to one who speaks truth in a short
+    as in a long dress; but I am annoyed to death by people who
+    recognize me by my clothes, and when I travel get a seat by me and
+    bore me for a whole day with the stupidest stuff in the world. Then
+    again, when I go to each new city a horde of boys pursue me and
+    destroy all comfort. I have bought a nice new dress, which I have
+    had a month, and it is not made because I can't decide whether to
+    make it long or short. Not that I think any cause will suffer, but
+    simply to save myself a great deal of annoyance and not feel when I
+    am a guest in a family that they are mortified if other persons
+    happen to come in. I was at Lucretia Mott's a few weeks ago, and
+    her daughters took up a regular labor with me to make me abandon
+    the dress. They said they would not go in the street with me, and
+    when Grace Greenwood called and others like her, I think it would
+    have been a real relief to them if I had not been there. James and
+    Lucretia defended me bravely.
+
+This was received by Miss Anthony while at the Albany convention, and
+she wrote:
+
+    Your letter caused a bursting of the floods, long pent up, and
+    after a good cry I went straight to Mrs. Stanton and read it to
+    her. She has had a most bitter experience in the short dress, and
+    says she now feels a mental freedom among her friends that she has
+    not known for two years past. If Lucy Stone, with all her power of
+    eloquence, her loveliness of character, who wins all that hear the
+    sound of her voice, can not bear the martyrdom of the dress, who
+    can? Mrs. Stanton's parting words were, "Let the hem out of your
+    dress to-day, before to-morrow night's meeting." I have not obeyed
+    her but have been in the streets and printing offices all day long,
+    had rude, vulgar men stare me out of countenance and heard them say
+    as I opened the door, "There comes my Bloomer!" O, hated name! I
+    have been compelled to attend to all the business here, as at
+    Rochester. There every one knew me, knew my father and brother, and
+    treated me accordingly, but here I am known only as one of the
+    women who ape men--coarse brutal men! Oh, I can not, can not bear
+    it any longer.
+
+To this Lucy Stone replied:
+
+    I am sure you are all worn out or you would not feel so intensely
+    about the dress. I never shed a tear over it in my life or came
+    within a thousand ages of martyrdom on account of it; and to be
+    compelled to travel in rain and snow, mud and dirt, in a long dress
+    would cost me more in every respect than the short dress ever did.
+    I don't think I can abandon it, but I will have two skirts. I have
+    this feeling: Women are in bondage; their clothes are a great
+    hindrance to their engaging in any business which will make them
+    pecuniarily independent, and since the soul of womanhood never can
+    be queenly and noble so long as it must beg bread for its body, is
+    it not better, even at the expense of a vast deal of annoyance,
+    that they whose lives deserve respect and are greater than their
+    garments should give an example by which woman may more easily work
+    out her own emancipation?... It is a part of the "mint, anise and
+    cumin," and the weightier matters of justice and truth occupy my
+    thoughts more.
+
+She did abandon the costume, however, before the year was ended, as did
+most of the others. The establishment of gymnasiums and the
+encouragement of athletic sports among women eventually made a short
+dress an acknowledged necessity, and the advent of the bicycle so
+thoroughly swept away the old prejudice that the word "Bloomers" no
+longer strikes terror to the heart, nor does the wearing of a short
+skirt ostracise a woman and destroy her good works. Miss Anthony wore
+hers a little over a year. It was not very different from the bicycle
+dress of the present day, the skirt reaching almost to the shoe tops
+and made of satin or heavy merino, and yet for years afterwards she was
+described as attending meetings in "the regulation bombazine Bloomers,"
+and it was impossible to convince people to the contrary until they had
+seen her with their own eyes. She herself said in regard to it: "I felt
+the need of some such garments because I was obliged to be out every
+day in all kinds of weather, and also because I saw women ruined in
+health by tight lacing and the weight of their clothing; and I hoped to
+help establish the principle of rational dress. I found it a physical
+comfort but a mental crucifixion. It was an intellectual slavery; one
+never could get rid of thinking of herself, and the important thing is
+to forget self. The attention of my audience was fixed upon my clothes
+instead of my words. I learned the lesson then that to be successful a
+person must attempt but one reform. By urging two, both are injured, as
+the average mind can grasp and assimilate but one idea at a time. I
+have felt ever since that experience that if I wished my hearers to
+consider the suffrage question I must not present the temperance, the
+religious, the dress, or any other besides, but must confine myself to
+suffrage." With the exception of that one year, Miss Anthony always has
+been particular to follow, in a modified and conservative form, the
+prevailing styles, and has fought strenuously the repeated efforts to
+graft any kind of dress reform on the suffrage movement.
+
+In March, 1854, after getting back into long skirts, Miss Anthony
+decided to go to Washington with Mrs. Rose, and see how the propaganda
+of equal rights would be received at the capital of the nation. This
+was her first visit to that city and she enjoyed it, but the meetings
+were not a financial success. Great prejudice existed against Mrs. Rose
+on account of her alleged infidelity, there was no interest in the
+question of woman's rights, and Washington was not a good field for
+lectures of any sort, Congress furnishing all the oratory for which the
+public cared. The papers were kind about publishing notices, but with
+the exception of the Star, gave no reports. Chaplain Milburn refused to
+let them have the Representative chamber for a Sunday lecture, "because
+Mrs. Rose was not a member of any church." Miss Anthony replied that
+"our country stood for religious as well as civil liberty." He
+acknowledged the truth of this but still refused the use of the room.
+Then they applied to Professor Henry for permission to speak in the
+hall of the Smithsonian Institute, and he told them that "it was
+necessary to avoid the discussion of any exciting questions there, and
+it would disturb the harmony of feeling for a woman to speak, so he
+hoped they would not ask permission of the board of regents." They had
+several good audiences, however, while in the city, made many warm
+friends and were handsomely entertained at the home of Gerrit Smith,
+then in Congress.
+
+They went to Alexandria and to Baltimore, where they had much better
+houses, but everywhere were warned not to touch on the question of
+slavery. Miss Anthony was terribly disgusted with the general
+shiftlessness she saw about the hotels and boarding-houses, and was in
+a state of pent-up indignation to see on every hand the evils of
+slavery and not be allowed to lift her voice against them, but later
+writes in her journal: "This noon I ate my dinner without once asking
+myself, 'Are these human beings who minister to my wants slaves who can
+be bought and sold?' Yes, even I am growing accustomed to slavery; so
+much so that I cease to think of its accursed influence and calmly eat
+from the hands of the bondman without being mindful that he is such. O,
+Slavery, hateful thing that thou art thus to blunt the keen edge of
+conscience!" The landlord failing to have her called in time for the
+train, she complains:
+
+    There is no promptness, no order, no system down here. The
+    institution of slavery is as ruinous to the white man as to the
+    black.... Three northern servants, engineered by a Yankee
+    boarding-house keeper, would do more work than a dozen of these
+    slaves. The free blacks, who receive wages, do no more than the
+    others. Such is the effect of slavery upon labor. I can understand
+    why northern men make the most exacting overseers; they require an
+    amount of work from the slave equal to what they would from the
+    paid white laborer of the north.
+
+From Baltimore Miss Anthony went to Philadelphia, where she found
+herself among friends, and as wherever two or three were gathered
+together in those days they always decided to hold a woman's rights
+meeting, James Mott sallied forth to arrange for one in the Quaker
+city, and she comments in her diary: "O, how good it seems to have some
+one take the burden off my shoulders!" They visited, made excursions,
+attended anti-slavery meetings and also spiritual seances, which were
+then attracting great attention. Of the many discussions which arose as
+to existence or non-existence after death, she writes: "The negative
+had reason on their side; not an argument could one of us bring, except
+an intuitive feeling that we should not cease to exist. If it be true
+that we die like the flower, what a delusion has the race suffered,
+what a vain dream is life!"
+
+Miss Anthony went from here to New York, Brooklyn and Albany, and then
+to her old home at Battenville, stopping with relatives and friends at
+each place and speaking in the interest of the petitions. An example of
+the courage required to go into a strange town and arrange for a
+meeting may be given by an extract from one of many similar letters:
+
+    I speak in this village to-morrow night; had written a gentleman
+    but he was away, so I had all the work to do myself. I first called
+    on the Methodist minister to get his church. I stated my business
+    and he asked: "What are you driving at? Do you want to vote and be
+    President?" I answered that I did not personally aspire to the
+    presidency, but when the nation decided a woman was most competent
+    for that office, I would be willing she should fill it. "Well,"
+    said he, "if the Bible teaches anything, it is that women should be
+    quiet keepers at home and not go gadding round the country;" and
+    much more. In all my traveling, in short or long skirts, I have
+    never been treated so contemptuously, so insultingly, as by this
+    same wretch of a minister. He is void of the first spark of
+    reverence for humanity, therefore must be equally so for God. Just
+    now his pious church bell is ringing for prayer-meeting; I have
+    half a mind to go, to see if he warns his flock to beware of my
+    heresies. From him I went to the Wesleyan Methodist minister, and
+    what a contrast! He thought I wanted the church for to-night and
+    said: "We have our prayer-meeting, but will adjourn it for you."
+    This kindness made me so weak, the tears came in spite of me, and I
+    explained the rowdy treatment of the other minister. I have had a
+    varied experience ever since I left Easton. Verily, I am embarked
+    in an unpopular cause and must be content to row up stream.
+
+In May she went to the great Anti-Slavery Anniversary in New York. In
+August she attended the State Teachers' Convention at Oswego. Victor M.
+Rice, of Buffalo, was president and accorded her every courtesy and
+encouragement. The question of woman's right to speak had been settled
+at the Rochester convention the previous year and never again was
+disputed, so she turned her attention to the right of women to hold
+office in the association and to fill the position of principal in the
+public schools, which called forth vigorous discussion. She secured the
+election of a woman as one of the vice-presidents. The Oswego press
+declared: "Miss Anthony made the speech of the convention; in grace of
+oratory and in spirit and style of thought it fully vindicated her
+claim to woman's right to speak in public. Her arguments were good, her
+speaking talents of the first order, and we hope that when men answer
+such pleas as she made, they will do it in a manly and generous
+spirit."
+
+She saw at this time that a Temperance and also an Anti-Nebraska
+Convention were to be held this month at Saratoga Springs, and at once
+conceived the idea of calling a woman's rights meeting for the same
+week. The time was short but she wrote urgent letters to Lucy Stone,
+Antoinette Brown, Ernestine Rose and Lucretia Mott. At the appointed
+time, every one failed to come. Each, supposing all the rest would be
+there, had allowed some other duty to keep her away. The meeting had
+been advertised and Miss Anthony was in despair. Judge William Hay, of
+Saratoga, always her faithful friend, had made the arrangements and he
+encouraged her to go ahead. In those days she had no faith in herself
+as a speaker. She was accustomed to raise the money, marshal the
+forces, then take the onerous position of secretary and let the orators
+come in and carry off all the glory. She spoke only when there was
+nobody else who could or would do so. In the present emergency she
+could utilize her one written speech and she was fortunate enough to
+find at the hotel Matilda Joslyn Gage and Sarah Pellet, a graduate of
+Oberlin, who consented to help her out. St. Nicholas Hall was crowded
+at both sessions. Twenty-five cents admission was charged, many tracts
+were sold, she paid all expenses, gave each of her speakers $10 and had
+a small balance left. She needed it, for while at Saratoga her purse
+had been stolen with $15, all she possessed.
+
+In 1854 the Missouri Compromise had been repealed, trouble in Kansas
+had reached its height, the Know Nothing party was at its zenith, the
+Whigs were demoralized and the Free Soilers were gaining the
+ascendency. This anti-Nebraska meeting at Saratoga may be said to have
+witnessed the birth of the Republican party. It possessed an additional
+interest for Miss Anthony, who attended all its sessions, from the fact
+that her brother, Daniel R., made on this occasion his first political
+speech. He had just returned from Kansas and could describe from
+personal observation the outrages perpetrated in that unhappy
+territory. After leaving Saratoga, Miss Anthony spoke in many places on
+the way to Rochester, among them Canajoharie, the scene of her last
+teaching. Her experience here is described in a letter home:
+
+    The trustees of the Methodist church said I could have it for my
+    meeting, but the minister protested and put the key into his
+    saintly pocket. Brown Stafford said to him, "Keep that key, if you
+    dare! I guess Uncle Read and Uncle John Stafford and I have done
+    enough to build and sustain that church to warrant us in having our
+    say about it full as much as you, sir;" and he was compelled to
+    give up the key. Uncle Read went to aunt and said: "I have not
+    thought of going to an evening meeting in a long time, but I will
+    go tonight if it kills me." So they went, also the very best of the
+    folks from both sides of the river, and I seldom have spoken
+    better. Uncle seemed very much pleased, and when Aunt Mary and the
+    trustees urged me to take the school again, he said: "No, some one
+    ought to go around and set the people thinking about the laws and
+    it is Susan's work to do this."
+
+Miss Anthony reached home, October 1, after seven months' constant
+travel and hard work, and on the 17th went to the National Woman's
+Rights Convention at Philadelphia and gave the report for New York. It
+was through her determined efforts, overcoming the objection that she
+was an atheist and declaring that every religion or none should have an
+equal right on their platform, that Mrs. Rose was made president. She
+met here for the first time Anna and Adeline Thomson, Sarah Pugh and
+Mary Grew, and was the guest of James and Lucretia Mott, who
+entertained twenty-four visitors in their hospitable house during all
+the convention. This is the quaint invitation sent her by Mrs. Mott:
+"It will give us pleasure to have thy company at 338 Arch street, where
+we hope thou wilt make thy home. We shall of course be crowded, but we
+expect thee and shall prepare accordingly. We think such as thyself,
+devoted to good causes, should not have to seek a home." Wm. Lloyd
+Garrison sat at her right hand at table and Miss Anthony at her left.
+At the conclusion of each meal she had brought in to her a little cedar
+tub filled with hot water and washed the silver, glass and fine china,
+Miss Anthony drying them with the whitest of towels, while the
+brilliant conversation at the table went on uninterrupted.
+
+At the close of 1854, Miss Anthony decided to make a thorough canvass
+of every county in New York in the interest of the petitions to the
+Legislature, a thing no woman ever had dreamed of doing. Most of the
+papers responded cordially to her request that they publish her
+notices. Mr. Greeley wrote: "I have your letter and your programme,
+friend Susan. I will publish the latter in all our editions, but return
+your dollars. To charge you full price would be too hard and I prefer
+not to take anything." As she had not a dollar of surplus left from her
+year's work she went in debt, with her father as security, for the
+hand-bills which she had printed to announce her meetings. These were
+folded and addressed by her brother Merritt and a young relative, Mary
+Luther, his future wife, and under the direction of her father were
+sent two weeks in advance to sheriff and postmaster, accompanied by a
+letter from Miss Anthony requesting that they be put up in a
+conspicuous place. She then wrote Wendell Phillips asking if any funds
+were available from the Philadelphia convention, and he replied "no,"
+but sent a personal check for $50. With this money in her pocket, and
+without the promise of another dollar, she started out alone, at the
+beginning of winter, to canvass the great State of New York.
+
+[Footnote 19: At the top of their voices they shouted such doggerel as
+this:
+
+"Heigh ho,
+Thro' sleet and snow,
+Mrs. Bloomer's all the go.
+Twenty tailors take the stitches,
+Plenty of women wear the breeches,
+Heigh ho,
+Carrion crow!"
+
+And this:
+
+"Gibbery, gibbery gab,
+The women had a confab
+And demanded the rights
+To wear the tights.
+Gibbery, gibbery gab."
+*/]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+FIRST COUNTY CANVASS----THE WATER CURE.
+
+1855.
+
+
+Miss Anthony left home on Christmas Day, 1854, and held her first
+meeting at Mayville, Chautauqua Co., the afternoon and evening of the
+26th. On her expense account is the item: "56 cents for four pounds of
+candles to light the courthouse." The weather was cold and damp and the
+audiences small, although people were present from eight towns,
+attracted by curiosity to hear a woman. At the evening session a "York
+shilling" admittance fee was charged. At Sherman, the next evening,
+there was a large audience and the diary says: "I never saw more
+enthusiasm on the subject; even the orthodox churches vied with each
+other as to which should open its doors."
+
+The plan adopted was to hold these meetings every other day, allowing
+for the journey from place to place; but whenever distances would
+permit, one was held on the intervening day. Occasionally Miss Anthony
+had the assistance of another speaker, but more than half the meetings
+were conducted with the little local help she could secure. In the
+afternoon she would read half of her one and only speech and try to
+form a society, but there was scarcely a woman to be found who would
+accept the presidency. In the evening she would read the other half,
+sell as many tracts as possible and secure names to the petitions. In
+almost every instance she found the sheriff had put up her posters,
+inserted notices in the papers, had them read in the churches and
+prepared the courthouse for her. From only one of the sixty counties
+did she receive an insulting reply to her letters, and this was from
+Schoharie. The postmasters also pasted her hand-bills in a conspicuous
+place, and they were a source of much amusement and comment. Most of
+the towns never had been visited by a woman speaker, and wagon-loads of
+people would come from miles around to see the novelty. The audiences
+were cold but respectful and, as a rule, she was treated decently by
+the county papers. Occasionally a smart editor would get off the joke
+about her relationship to Mark Antony, which even then had become
+threadbare, and invariably the articles would begin, "While we do not
+agree with the theories which the lady advocates." Most of them,
+however, paid high tribute to her ability as a speaker and to the
+clearness, logic and force of her arguments. A quotation from the
+Rondout Courier will illustrate:
+
+    At the appointed hour a lady, unattended and unheralded, quietly
+    glided in and ascended the platform. She was as easy and
+    self-possessed as a lady should always be when performing a plain
+    duty, even under 600 curious eyes. Her situation would have been
+    trying to a non-self-reliant woman, for there was no volunteer
+    co-operator. The custodian of the hall, with his stereotyped
+    stupidity, had dumped some tracts and papers on the platform. The
+    unfriended Miss Anthony gathered them up composedly, placed them on
+    a table disposedly, put her decorous shawl on one chair and a very
+    exemplary bonnet on another, sat a moment, smoothed her hair
+    discreetly, and then deliberately walked to the table and addressed
+    the audience. She wore a becoming black silk dress, gracefully
+    draped and made with a basque waist. She appears to be somewhere
+    about the confines of the fourth luster in age, of pleasing rather
+    than pretty features, decidedly expressive countenance, rich brown
+    hair very effectively and not at all elaborately arranged, neither
+    too tall nor too short, too plump nor too thin--in brief one of
+    those juste milieu persons, the perfection of common sense
+    physically exhibited. Miss Anthony's oratory is in keeping with all
+    her belongings, her voice well modulated and musical, her
+    enunciation distinct, her style earnest and impressive, her
+    language pure and unexaggerated.
+
+Judging from other friendly notices this must be an accurate
+description of Miss Anthony at the age of thirty-five. The experiment
+of a woman on the platform was too new, however, and the doctrines she
+advocated too unpopular for it to be possible that she should receive
+fair treatment generally, and there were few papers which described her
+in as unprejudiced a manner as the one quoted. A letter from her father
+during this trip said: "Would it not be wise to preserve the many and
+amusing observations by the different papers, that years hence, in your
+more solitary moments, you and maybe your children can look over the
+views of both the friends and opponents of the cause?" This was the
+beginning of the scrap books carefully kept up for nearly half a
+century.
+
+The journal for that year gives a detailed account of the hardships of
+this winter, one of the coldest and snowiest on record. Many towns were
+off the railroad and could be reached only by sleigh. After a long ride
+she would be put for the night into a room without a fire, and in the
+morning would have to break the ice in the pitcher to take that sponge
+bath from head to foot which she never omitted. All that she hoped from
+a financial standpoint was to pay the expenses of the trip, and had she
+desired fame or honor, she would not have sought it in these remote
+villages. The diary relates:
+
+    At Olean, not a church or schoolhouse could be obtained for the
+    lecture and it would have had to be abandoned had not the landlord,
+    Mr. Comstock, given the use of his dining-room....
+
+    At Angelica, nine towns represented; crowded house, courtroom
+    carpeted with sawdust. A young Methodist minister gave his name for
+    the petition, but one of his wealthy parishioners told him he
+    should leave the church unless it was withdrawn....
+
+    At Corning, none of the ministers would give the notice of our
+    meeting, which so incensed some of the men that they went to the
+    printing office, struck off handbills and had boys standing at the
+    door of the churches as the people passed out. Who was responsible
+    for the Sabbath breaking?...
+
+    At Elmira, took tea at Mrs. Holbrook's with Rev. Thomas K. Beecher.
+    His theology, as set forth that evening, is a dark and hopeless
+    one. He sees no hope for the progress of the race, does not believe
+    that education even will improve the species. I find great apathy
+    wherever the clergy are opposed to the advancement of women.
+
+In February Miss Anthony suspended her canvass long enough to go to
+Albany to the State convention and present the petitions. In response
+to her request to be present Horace Greeley wrote: "You know already
+that I am thoroughly committed to the principle that woman shall decide
+for herself whether she shall have a voice and vote in legislation or
+shall continue to be represented and legislated for exclusively by man.
+My own judgment is that woman's presence in the arena of politics would
+be useful and beneficent but I do not assume to judge for her. She must
+consider, determine and act for herself. Moreover, when she shall in
+earnest have resolved that her own welfare and that of the race will be
+promoted by her claiming a voice in the direction of civil government,
+as I think she ultimately will do, then the day of her emancipation
+will be very near. That day, I will hope yet to see."
+
+Her mission accomplished, Miss Anthony plunged again into the ice and
+snow of northern New York. At Albany a wealthy and cultured Quaker
+gentleman had been an attentive and interested listener, and when she
+took the stage a few days later at Lake George, she found not only that
+he was to be her fellow-passenger, but that he had a thick plank
+heated, which he asked permission to place under her feet. Whenever the
+stage stopped he had it re-heated, and in many ways added to the
+comfort of her journey. At the close of the next meeting to her
+surprise she found his fine sleigh waiting filled with robes and drawn
+by two spirited gray horses, and he himself drove her to his own
+beautiful home presided over by a sister, where she spent Sunday. In
+this same luxurious conveyance she was taken to several towns and,
+during one of these trips, was urged in the most earnest manner to give
+up the hard life she was leading and accept the ease and protection he
+could offer. But her heart made no response to this appeal while it did
+urge her strongly to continue in her chosen work.
+
+All through the Schroon Lake country the snow was over the fences and
+the weather bitterly cold. At Plattsburg, Miss Anthony was a guest at
+Judge Watson's. Before leaving Rochester she had had a pair of high
+boots made to protect her from the deep snows, which were so much
+heavier than she was accustomed to that they almost ruined her feet.
+She was at that time an ardent convert to the "water cure" theories
+and, after suffering tortures from one foot especially, she came home
+from the afternoon meeting, put it under the "penstock" in the kitchen
+and let the cold water run over it till it was perfectly numb, then
+Crapped it up in flannels. That evening it did not hurt her a particle,
+and concluding that what was good for one foot must be good for two,
+she put both under the "penstock" till they were almost congealed. In
+the morning she scarcely could get out of bed, all the pain having
+settled in her back, but in spite of protests from the family she
+resumed her journey. All the way to Malone, she had to hold fast to the
+seat in front of her to relieve as much as possible the motion of the
+cars. She managed to conduct her afternoon and evening meetings, and
+then went on to Ogdensburg, where she stopped with a cousin. The next
+morning she hardly could move and the women of the family had to help
+her make her toilet. Nothing they could say would persuade her to
+remain; she was advertised to speak at Canton and proposed to do it if
+she were alive, so she was carried out, put into a sleigh and driven
+seventeen miles actually doubled up with her head on her knees. She
+finished the two meetings and then resolved on heroic measures. Arising
+at 4 A.M. she rode in a stage to within ten miles of Watertown, took
+the cars to that city and went to a hotel. Here she ordered the
+chambermaid to bring several buckets of ice water into her room and,
+sitting down in a tub, she had them poured on her back, then wrapping
+up in hot blankets went to bed. The next morning she was apparently
+well and held her meetings.
+
+At Auburn, Mrs. Stanton came over from Seneca Falls to assist and they
+were entertained by Martha C. Wright. As a usual thing Miss Anthony
+stopped at a hotel but after the first session some one in her audience
+would be so pleased with her that she was sure to be invited into a
+comfortable home for the rest of her stay. One cold spring day she was
+to speak at Riverhead, L.I. Reaching the courthouse, at 1 o'clock, she
+found it swept and garnished and a good fire but not a person in sight
+except the janitor; so she sat down and waited and finally one man
+after another dropped in, until there were perhaps a dozen. Not at all
+discouraged, she began her speech. Presently the door opened a little
+and she saw a woman's bonnet peep in but it was quickly withdrawn. This
+was repeated a number of times but not one ventured in. Whether each
+woman saw her own husband and was afraid to enter, or whether she did
+not dare face the other women's husbands, there was not one in the
+audience. The men heard her through, bought her tracts and signed the
+petition. Having decided there was nothing dangerous about her, they
+came back in the evening, bringing their wives and neighbors.
+
+She closed her campaign May 1, having made a thorough canvass of
+fifty-four counties, during which she sold 20,000 pamphlets. The total
+receipts for the four months were $2,367, and the expenses were $2,291,
+leaving a balance of $76. Out of this she sent Mr. Phillips the $50 he
+had advanced, but he returned it saying he thought she had earned it.
+
+The diary relates that it was the common practice in those days for the
+husband, upon coming to an eating station, to go in and get a hot
+dinner, while the wife sat in the car and ate a cold lunch. It tells of
+an old farmer who came with his wife to her lecture and went into the
+dining-room for the best meal the tavern afforded, while the wife sat
+in the parlor and nibbled a little food she had brought with her. Miss
+Anthony and her companions were the only women who dared go out when
+the train stopped, to walk up and down for air and exercise, and they
+were considered very bold for so doing.
+
+In 1855, to Miss Anthony's great regret, Lucy Stone and Antoinette
+Brown were married. Both were very active in the reforms of the day,
+and there was such a dearth of effective workers she felt that they
+could ill be spared. Their semi-apologetic letters and her
+half-sorrowful, half-indignant remonstrances are both amusing and
+pathetic. They assure her that marriage will make no difference with
+their work, that it will only give them more power and earnestness. She
+knew from observation that the married woman who attempts to do public
+work must neglect either it or home duties, and that the advent of
+children necessarily must compel the mother to withdraw practically
+from outside occupation. She was not opposed to marriage per se, but
+she felt that such women as Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown might make
+a sacrifice and consecrate themselves to the great needs of the world
+which were demanding the services of the ablest women.
+
+In May Miss Anthony went as usual to the Anti-Slavery Anniversary. In
+regard to this her father wrote: "Were I in your place I should like to
+attend these anniversaries. The women are soon to have their rights and
+should there be any slavery left in the world after they are liberated,
+it should be your business to help clear it out." Very few of those who
+were actively engaged in the effort to secure equal rights for women
+had the slightest conception of the half century and more of long and
+steady work before them. To their minds the demand seemed so evident,
+so just and so forcible, that prejudice and opposition must yield in a
+short time and the foundation principles of the government be
+established in fact as well as in theory.
+
+From New York she went to her birthplace, Adams, Mass., and spoke in
+the Baptist church. Just as she began, to her amazement, her Quaker
+grandfather eighty-five years old came up the aisle and sat down on the
+pulpit steps. While he had been very anxious that she should speak and
+that her lecture should be well advertised she had not expected him to
+be present, as he was not in the habit of entering an orthodox church.
+She stopped at once, gave him her hand and assisted him to a seat in
+the pulpit, where he listened with deep interest. When she finished he
+said: "Well, Susan, that is a smart talk thee has given us tonight."
+
+After Miss Anthony returned home, outraged nature asserted itself and
+at every moment the pain in her back was excruciating. She went to a
+doctor for the first time in her life and was given a fly-blister and
+some drugs to put in whiskey. The last two she threw away but applied
+the blister, which only increased her misery. She suffered terribly all
+summer but was busy every moment writing a new speech and sending out
+scores of letters for a second woman's rights convention which had been
+called to meet at Saratoga in August. Most of the replies were
+favorable. T.W. Higginson wrote: "With great pleasure will I come to
+Saratoga Springs on August 15 and 16. It is a capital idea to have a
+convention there, coax in some curious fashionables and perhaps make
+those who come to scoff, remain to pray." Lucretia Mott sent a letter
+full of good cheer. From Mrs. Stanton, overwhelmed with the cares of
+many little children, came this pathetic message: "I can not go. I have
+so many drawbacks to all my efforts for women that every step is one of
+warfare, but there is a good time coming and I am strong and happy in
+hope. I long to see you, dear Susan, and hear of your wanderings."
+
+Paulina Wright Davis said, in discussing the convention; "I get almost
+discouraged with women. They will work for men, but a woman must ride
+in triumph over everything before they will give her a word of aid or
+cheer; they are ready enough to take advantage of every step gained,
+but not ready to help further steps. When will they be truer and
+nobler? Not in our day, but we must work on for future generations."
+Lucy Stone, enjoying her honeymoon at the Blackwell home near
+Cincinnati, wrote in a playful mood: "When, after reading your letter,
+I asked my husband if I might go to Saratoga, only think of it! He did
+not give me permission, but told me to ask Lucy Stone. I can't get him
+to govern me at all.... The Washington Union, noticing our marriage,
+said: 'We understand that Mr. Blackwell, who last fall assaulted a
+southern lady and stole her slave, has lately married Miss Lucy Stone.
+Justice, though sometimes tardy, never fails to overtake her victim.'
+They evidently think him well punished. With the old love and good will
+I am now and ever,
+
+LUCY STONE (only)."
+
+[Illustration: H Anthony
+
+  AT THE AGE OF 95, IN HIS OWN ROOM AT THE OLD HOMESTEAD.]
+
+On the way to Saratoga Miss Anthony stopped at Utica for the State
+Teachers' Convention and was appointed to read a paper at the next
+annual meeting on "Educating the Sexes Together." This action showed
+considerable advance in sentiment during the two years since this same
+body at Rochester debated for half an hour whether a woman should be
+allowed to speak to a motion. She called the Woman's Rights Convention
+to order in Saratoga, August 15, 1855, and Martha C. Wright was made
+president. The brilliant array of speakers addressed cultured audiences
+gathered from all parts of the country at this fashionable resort. The
+newspapers were very complimentary; the Whig, however, declared, "The
+business of the convention was to advocate woman's right to do wrong."
+It was here that Mary L. Booth, afterwards for many years editor of
+Harper's Bazar, made her first public appearance, acting as secretary.
+
+She decided to go for a while to the Worcester Hydropathic Institute
+conducted by her cousin, Dr. Seth Rogers, and she found here complete
+change and comparative rest, although occupying a great deal of her
+time in sending out tracts and petitions. Her account-books show the
+purchase of 600 one-cent stamps, each of which meant the addressing of
+an envelope with her own hand, and her letters to her father are full
+of directions for printing circulars, etc. She was, however, enabled to
+take some recreation, a thing almost unknown in her busy life. On
+September 18 she attended the Massachusetts Woman's Rights Convention,
+and wrote home:
+
+    I went into Boston with Lucy Stone and stopped at Francis
+    Jackson's, where we found Antoinette Brown and Ellen Blackwell, a
+    pleasant company in that most hospitable home. As this was my first
+    visit to Boston, Mr. Jackson took us to see the sights; and then we
+    dined with his daughter, Eliza J. Eddy, returning in the afternoon.
+    In the evening, we attended a reception at Garrison's, where we met
+    several of the literati, and were most heartily welcomed by Mrs.
+    Garrison, a noble, self-sacrificing woman, loving and loved,
+    surrounded with healthy, happy children in that model home. Mr.
+    Garrison was omnipresent, now talking with and introducing guests,
+    now soothing some child to sleep, and now, with his wife, looking
+    after the refreshments. There we met Caroline H. Dall, Elizabeth
+    Peabody, Mrs. McCready, the Shakespearian reader, Caroline M.
+    Severance, Dr. Harriot K. Hunt, Charles F. Hovey, Wendell Phillips,
+    Sarah Pugh and others. Having worshipped these distinguished people
+    afar off, it was a great satisfaction to meet them face to face.
+
+    Saturday morning, with Mr. and Mrs. Garrison and Sarah Pugh, I
+    visited Mount Auburn. What a magnificent resting-place! We could
+    not find Margaret Fuller's monument, which I regretted. I spent
+    Sunday with Charles Lenox Remond at Salem, and we drove to Lynn
+    with his matchless steeds to hear Theodore Parker preach a sermon
+    which filled our souls. We discussed its excellence at James
+    Buffum's where we all dined. Monday Mr. Garrison escorted me to
+    Charlestown; we stood on the very spot where Warren fell and
+    mounted the interminable staircase to the top of Bunker Hill
+    Monument. Then we called on Theodore Parker; found him up three
+    nights of stairs in his library which covers that whole floor of
+    his house; the room is lined with books to the very top--16,000
+    volumes--and there at a large table in the center of the apartment
+    sat the great man himself. It really seemed audacious in me to be
+    ushered into such a presence and on such a commonplace errand as to
+    ask him to come to Rochester to speak in a course of lectures I am
+    planning, but he received me with such kindness and simplicity that
+    the awe I felt on entering was soon dissipated. I then called on
+    Wendell Phillips in his sanctum for the same purpose. I have
+    invited Ralph Waldo Emerson by letter and all three have promised
+    to come. In the evening with Mr. Jackson's son James, Ellen
+    Blackwell and I went to see Hamlet. In spite of my Quaker training,
+    I find I enjoy all these worldly amusements intensely.
+
+    Returning to Worcester, I attended the Anti-Slavery Bazaar. I
+    suppose there were many beautiful things exhibited, but I was so
+    absorbed in the conversation of Mr. Higginson, Samuel May, Jr.,
+    Sarah Earle, cousin Seth Rogers and Stephen and Abby Foster, that I
+    really forgot to take a survey of the tables. The next day Charles
+    F. Hovey drove with me out to the home of the Fosters where we had
+    a pleasant call.[20]
+
+[Autograph: Theodore Parker]
+
+Miss Anthony visited a baby show but she considered it "a sad
+exhibition, unless it may be the crude and rude beginning of arousing
+an interest in the laws which govern the production of strong, healthy,
+beautiful children." She heard Mr. Higginson preach every Sunday, and
+of one sermon on the "Secret Springs of True Greatness" she writes
+home:
+
+    The minister read from the Book of Esdras in the Apocrypha. It is
+    astonishing that such a beautiful and forcible exemplification of
+    the governing principle of life should have been cast aside as
+    doubtful by those who presumed to sit in judgment upon the revealed
+    will of the Almighty. That they did fail to perceive in this the
+    divine stamp, proves all the more conclusively to me that we, who
+    have the experience of all past generations to enlighten our
+    understanding and deepen our convictions, are infinitely more
+    competent to discern between the good and evil in that wonderful
+    book than were any king-appointed councils of olden times.
+
+During Mr. Higginson's absence his place was filled by Rev. David A.
+Wasson, who was temporarily a resident of the "water cure." His sermons
+and his daily companionship were a revelation to Miss Anthony of a
+higher intellectual and spiritual life than she had known before, and
+she records in her diary: "It is plain to me now that it is not sitting
+under preaching that I dislike, but the fact that most of it is not of
+a stamp that my soul can respond to." While in Worcester she went to
+her first Republican meeting and heard John P. Hale. Her cousin
+escorted her to a seat on the platform and Mr. Hale gave her a cordial
+welcome. She was the only woman present, although several peeped in at
+the door but had not the courage to enter. She also heard Henry Wilson,
+Charles Sumner and Anson Burlingame, and writes: "Had the accident of
+birth given me place among the aristocracy of sex, I doubt not I should
+be an active, zealous advocate of Republicanism; unless, perchance, I
+had received that higher, holier light which would have lifted me to
+the sublime height where now stand Garrison, Phillips and all that
+small but noble band whose motto is 'No Union with Slaveholders.'"
+
+She was at this time becoming deeply interested in politics but had not
+dreamed that she herself ever would enter the ranks of political
+speakers. In October she complains of her restlessness and her anxiety
+to go home, but she is not strong and knows it would be impossible to
+keep up the treatment there, so she says: "Because of this, and because
+of my great desire to be able to do what now seems my life work, I have
+decided to stay awhile longer." But in this same letter she adds: "If
+Merritt is sick and needs me I will go to him at once. My waking and
+sleeping thoughts are with him." This young brother had insisted upon
+going West to seek his fortune and was taken ill in Iowa. At one time
+when he asked for some money he had saved, and his father, thinking he
+was too young to be trusted, did not let him have it, Miss Anthony
+wrote: "It is too bad to treat him like a child. Let him make a blunder
+even; it will do much more to develop him than the judgment of father,
+mother and all the brothers and sisters. He ought to have the
+privilege, since it is clearly his right, to invest his money exactly
+as he pleases and I hope he will yet be trusted at least with his own
+funds."
+
+To a woman who is publishing a paper and complains that her efforts are
+neither helped nor appreciated, she replies: "Every individual woman
+who launches into a work hitherto monopolized by men, must stand or
+fall in her own strength or weakness. Whatever we manufacture we must
+study to make it for the interest of the community to purchase. If we
+fail in this, we must improve the work.... Each of us individually has
+her own duties to perform and each of us alone must work out her life
+problem."
+
+In October the National Woman's Rights Convention was held in
+Cincinnati but she was unable to attend. It was the only one she missed
+from 1852 until the breaking out of the war, when they were abandoned
+for a number of years, and she felt so distressed that she wrote to
+Rochester and persuaded her sister Mary to get leave of absence from
+school and go in her place. We know she has a very pretty bonnet this
+fall, for she says: "It is trimmed with dark green ribbon, striped with
+black and white, and for face trimming, lace and cherry and green
+flowers with the least speck of blue." She grieves because her married
+sisters never have time to write her, and says:
+
+    But so it is; every wife and mother must devote herself wholly to
+    home duties, washing and cleaning, baking and mending--these are
+    the must be's; the culture of the soul, the enlargement of the
+    faculties, the thought of anything or anybody beyond the home and
+    family are the may be's. When society is rightly organized, the
+    wife and mother will have time, wish and will to grow
+    intellectually, and will know that the limits of her sphere, the
+    extent of her duties, are prescribed only by the measure of her
+    ability.
+
+Her daily treatment at the "water cure" is thus described: "First thing
+in the morning, dripping sheet; pack at 10 o'clock for forty-five
+minutes, come out of that and take a shower, followed by a sitz bath,
+with a pail of water at 75 deg. poured over the shoulders, after which dry
+sheet and then, brisk exercise. At 4 P.M. the programme repeated, and
+then again at 9 P.M. My day is so cut up with four baths, four
+dressings and undressings, four exercisings, one drive and three
+eatings, that I do not have time to put two thoughts together." Miss
+Anthony recovered her health, either as a result of the treatment or of
+the rest and the long rides which she took daily with her cousin as he
+made his round of visits. While he was indoors she sat in the chaise
+enjoying the sunshine and fresh air and reading some interesting book.
+The journal shows that during the fall she read Sartor Resartus,
+Consuelo, bits from Gerald Massey, Villette, Gaskell's Life of
+Charlotte Bronte, Corinne, and a number of other works. Dr. Rogers, the
+intimate friend of Thoreau and Emerson, was a cultured gentleman,
+liberal in his views, strong in his opinions, yet tender, sympathetic
+and companionable. Many of his beautiful letters to Miss Anthony have
+been preserved. In speaking of political cowardice and corruption, he
+says: "Were it not for the thunder and lightning of the Garrisonians to
+purify the moral atmosphere, we would all sink into perdition
+together." His love of liberty is thus expressed:
+
+    I believe in the absolute freedom of every human being so long as
+    the rights of others are left undisturbed. Conformity too often
+    cuts down our stature and makes us Lilliputians, no longer units
+    but unities. Help me to stand alone and I will help you to right
+    the universe. Better, a thousand times better, that societies,
+    friendships even, never were formed, that we all were Robinson
+    Crusoes, than that the terrible tragedy of soul-annihilation
+    through conformity be so conspicuous in the drama of human life.
+    How many wives do you see who are not acting this tragedy? How many
+    husbands who do not applaud? Hence degeneracy after marriage, more
+    directly of the wife than the husband, but too often of both.
+
+As soon as Miss Anthony reached home, the last of November, she began
+preparing for another winter campaign in the interest of the petitions,
+and also for a course of lectures to be given in Rochester by the
+prominent men of the day. Lucy Stone wrote her at this time: "Your
+letter full of plans reaches me here. I wish I lived near enough to
+catch some of your magnetism. For the first time in my life I feel, day
+after day, completely discouraged. When my Harry sent your letter to me
+he said, 'Susan wants you to write a tract, and I say, Amen.' When I go
+home I will see whether I have any faith in nay power to do it....
+Susan, don't you lecture this winter on pain of my everlasting
+displeasure. I am going to retire from the field; and if you go to work
+too soon and kill yourself, the two wheelhorses will be gone and then
+the chariot will stop."
+
+Arguments were of no avail, however, when the field was waiting and the
+workers few, and while Miss Anthony was ever ready to excuse others,
+she never spared herself. She decided before starting to take out a
+policy in the New York Life Insurance Company. The medical certificate
+given on December 18, 1855, by Dr. Edward M. Moore, the leading surgeon
+of western New York, read as follows: "Height, 5 ft. 5 in.; figure,
+full; chest measure 38 in.; weight, 156 lbs.; complexion, fair; habits,
+healthy and active; nervous affections, none; character of respiration,
+clear, resonant, murmur perfect; heart, normal in rhythm and valvular
+sound; pulse 66 per minute; disease, none. The life is a very good
+one." And so it has proved to be, as she has paid her premiums for over
+forty years.[21]
+
+Just before she was ready to start on her long lecture tour in the
+interest of educational, civil and political rights for women, she
+received a letter, which was an entire surprise and added a new feature
+to the work to which she was devoting her time and energy.
+
+[Footnote 20: At this Boston convention Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a
+flowery description of the changed condition when women should vote and
+the polls would be in a beautiful hall decorated with paintings,
+statuary, etc. The women were very much worried, fearing that the
+politicians would be frightened at the idea of so much respectability.]
+
+[Footnote 21: The president of the company, John A. McCall, in a
+personal letter, written December 21, 1897, just forty-two years
+afterwards, says: "That you may be spared for many, many years to your
+numerous friends and admirers is the wish of this company and its
+officials."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ADVANCE ALONG ALL LINES.
+
+1856.
+
+
+The letter which Miss Anthony received with so much pleased surprise
+was from Samuel May, Jr., cousin of Rev. S.J. May. He was secretary of
+the American Anti-Slavery Society, which had its headquarters in
+Boston; Wm. Lloyd Garrison was its president, and among its officers
+were Wendell Phillips, Francis Jackson, Charles Hovey, Stephen and Abby
+Kelly Foster, Parker Pillsbury, Maria Weston Chapman, the most
+distinguished Abolitionists of the day. This letter read:
+
+    The executive committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society desire
+    to engage you as an agent, for such time between now and the first
+    of May next as you may be able to give. Will you let us know what
+    your engagements are, and, if you can enter into this agency, when
+    you will be ready to commence? The committee passed no vote as to
+    compensation. We would like to be informed what would be
+    acceptable. It is quite probable that your field of service at
+    first would be western and central New York. An early answer will
+    much oblige.
+
+A previous chapter has told how Miss Anthony longed to take part in
+anti-slavery work, and behold here was the coveted opportunity! And
+then to have such a recognition of her ability by this body of men and
+women, who represented the brains and conscience of this period of
+reforms, was the highest compliment she could receive. The salary, even
+though small, would relieve her from the pressing anxiety of making
+each day's work pay its own expenses, and while she should be laboring
+in a reform in which she was greatly interested, she could at the same
+time even more effectually advance the cause which lay nearest to her
+heart. But the woman's rights meetings already announced by posters,
+what should be done in regard to them? She finally decided to hold them
+during January with Frances D. Gage, initiate her and then leave her to
+fill the remainder of the winter's engagements. So she accepted Mr.
+May's offer and at his request planned a route and arranged meetings
+for a number of speakers. Stephen S. Foster wrote, "I shall give myself
+entirely into your power, only stipulating for the liberty of speech."
+
+[Autograph: Stephen S. Foster]
+
+Miss Anthony started with Mrs. Gage January 4, 1856. As many of their
+meetings were off the railroad, there was a hard siege ahead of them.
+The diary says: "January 8: Terribly cold and windy; only a dozen
+people in the hall; had a social chat with them and returned to our
+hotel. Lost more here at Dansville than we gained at Mount Morris. So
+goes the world.... January 9: Mercury 12 deg. below zero but we took a
+sleigh for Nunda. Trains all blocked by snow and no mail for several
+days, yet we had a full house and good meeting." Extracts from one or
+two letters written home will give some idea of this perilous journey:
+
+    HALL'S CORNERS, January 11, 8-1/2 o'clock.
+
+    Just emerged from a long line of snowdrifts and stepped at this
+    little country tavern, supped and am now roasting over a hot stove.
+    Oh, oh, what an experience! No trains running and we have had a
+    thirty-six mile ride in a sleigh. Once we seemed lost in a drift
+    full fifteen feet deep. The driver went on ahead to a house, and
+    there we sat shivering. When he returned we found he had gone over
+    a fence into a field, so we had to dismount and plough through the
+    snow after the sleigh; then we reseated ourselves, but oh, the poor
+    horses!...
+
+    WENDTE'S STATION, January 14, 12-1/2 o'clock P. M.
+
+    Well, well, good folks at home, these surely are the times that try
+    women's souls. After writing you last, the snows fell and the winds
+    blew and the cars failed to go and come at their appointed hours.
+    We could have reached Warsaw if the omnibus had had the energy to
+    come for us. The train, however, got no farther than Warsaw, where
+    it stuck in a snowdrift eleven feet deep and a hundred long, but we
+    might have kept that engagement at least. Friday morning we went to
+    the station; no trains and no hope of any, but a man said he could
+    get us to Attica in time for an evening meeting, so we agreed to
+    pay him $5. He had a noble pair of greys and we floundered through
+    the deepest snowbanks I ever saw, but at 7 o'clock were still
+    fourteen miles from Attica.
+
+    We stopped at a little tavern where the landlady was not yet twenty
+    and had a baby fifteen months old. Her supper dishes were not
+    washed and her baby was crying, but she was equal to the occasion.
+    She rocked the little thing to sleep, washed the dishes and got our
+    supper; beautiful white bread, butter, cheese, pickles, apple and
+    mince pie, and excellent peach preserves. She gave us her warm
+    bedroom to sleep in, and on a row of pegs hung the loveliest
+    embroidered petticoats and baby clothes, all the work of that young
+    woman's fingers, while on a rack was her ironing perfectly done,
+    wrought undersleeves, baby dresses, embroidered underwear, etc. She
+    prepared a 6 o'clock breakfast for us, fried pork, mashed potatoes,
+    mince pie, and for me, at my especial request, a plate of delicious
+    baked sweet apples and a pitcher of rich milk. Now for the moral of
+    this story: When we came to pay our bill, the dolt of a husband
+    took the money and put it in his pocket. He had not lifted a hand
+    to lighten that woman's burdens, but had sat and talked with the
+    men in the bar room, not even caring for the baby, yet the law
+    gives him the right to every dollar she earns, and when she needs
+    two cents to buy a darning needle she has to ask him and explain
+    what she wants it for.
+
+    Here where I am writing is a similar case. The baby is very sick
+    with the whooping cough; the wife has dinner to get for all the
+    boarders, and no help; husband standing around with his hands in
+    his pockets. She begs him to hold the baby for just ten minutes,
+    but before the time is up he hands it back to her, saying, "Here,
+    take this child, I'm tired." Yet when we left he was on hand to
+    receive the money and we had to give it to him. We paid a man a
+    dollar to take us to the station, and saw the train pull out while
+    we were stuck in a snowdrift ten feet deep, with a dozen men trying
+    to shovel a path for us; so we had to come back. In spite of this
+    terrible weather, people drive eight and ten miles to our meetings.
+
+On January 20, Mrs. Gage was called home by illness in her family,
+leaving Miss Anthony to finish the campaign alone. This destroyed all
+plans for her work with the anti-slavery committee, as no inducement
+could have been offered which would cause her to abandon these woman's
+rights meetings after having advertised them. She requested Mr. May to
+release her and he did so, stipulating however that she should inform
+him as soon as she was at liberty. She begged various speakers to
+assist her but received no favorable replies. Lucy Stone wrote, "I wish
+you had a good husband; it is a great blessing." Her intense desire for
+help may be judged by a letter to Martha C. Wright in regard to a
+meeting which had been announced for Auburn: "Mrs. Gage has gone; now,
+dear Mrs. Wright, won't you give an address? Be brave and make this
+beginning. You can speak so much better, so much more wisely, so much
+more everything than I can; do rejoice my heart by consenting. I wish I
+could see you tonight; I'm sure I could prevail upon you. Yours
+beseechingly." She got no aid from any quarter, and went on alone
+through the dreary winter. To those who were to advertise her meetings
+she said: "I should like a particular effort made to call out the
+teachers, seamstresses and wage-earning women generally. It is for them
+rather than for the wives and daughters of the rich that I labor."
+
+In February she returned to Rochester to look after Mr. Garrison's
+lecture and entertained him at her home. As it had been decided not to
+hold a convention at Albany she took this opportunity to go there and
+present the petitions to the Legislature. They were referred to the
+Senate Judiciary Committee, Samuel G. Foote, chairman. Mr. Foote was a
+lawyer, prominent in society, the father of daughters, and yet reported
+as follows on the petition asking that a woman might control her wages
+and have the custody of her children:
+
+    The committee is composed of married and single gentlemen. The
+    bachelors, with becoming diffidence, have left the subject pretty
+    much to the married gentlemen. They have considered it with the aid
+    of the light they have before them and the experience married life
+    has given them. Thus aided, they are enabled to state that the
+    ladies always have the best place and choicest titbit at the table.
+    They have the best seat in the cars, carriages and sleighs; the
+    warmest place in winter and the coolest in summer. They have their
+    choice on which side of the bed they will lie, front or back. A
+    lady's dress costs three times as much as that of a gentleman; and
+    at the present time, with the prevailing fashion, one lady occupies
+    three times as much space in the world as a gentleman. It has thus
+    appeared to the married gentlemen of your committee, being a
+    majority (the bachelors being silent for the reason mentioned, and
+    also probably for the further reason that they are still suitors
+    for the favors of the gentler sex) that if there is any inequality
+    or oppression in the case, the gentlemen are the sufferers. They,
+    however, have presented no petitions for redress, having doubtless
+    made up their minds to yield to an inevitable destiny.
+
+    On the whole, the committee have concluded to recommend no measure,
+    except that they have observed several instances in which husband
+    and wife have both signed the same petition. In such case, they
+    would recommend the parties to apply for a law authorizing them to
+    change dresses, so that the husband may wear petticoats, and the
+    wife breeches, and thus indicate to their neighbors and the public
+    the true relation in which they stand to each other.
+
+The Albany Register said "this report was received with roars of
+laughter." Judge Hay, Lydia Mott and a number of Miss Anthony's friends
+wrote her not to be discouraged at this insult, but it may be imagined
+that she took up the work again with a heart filled with resentment and
+indignation. She had many peculiar experiences during her travels and
+had to listen to many a chapter of family history which was far from
+harmonious. On one occasion a friend was pouring into her ears an
+account of the utter uncongeniality between herself and husband,
+largely because he was wholly unappreciative of her higher thoughts and
+feelings. As an example she related that when they visited Niagara
+Falls and her soul was soaring into the seventh heaven of glory,
+majesty and sublimity, he exclaimed, "What a magnificent water power
+this would be, if utilized;" and that he did it on purpose to shock her
+sensibilities. Miss Anthony finally said: "Now, my dear, the trouble is
+you fail to recognize that your husband is so constituted that he sees
+the practical while you feel only the sentimental. He does not jar your
+feelings any more by his matter-of-fact comments than you jar his by
+flying off into the realms of poetry on every slight provocation." She
+then recalled a number of similar instances which the wife had detailed
+as illustrating the husband's cruelty, impressing upon her that they
+were born with different temperaments and neither had any right to
+condemn the other. At the end of this conversation, the woman, weeping,
+put her arms around Miss Anthony and said: "You have taught me to
+understand my husband better and love and respect him more than I had
+learned to do in all my long years of living with him."
+
+In March Garrison wrote, thanking her and her family for their generous
+hospitality, concluding, "Nowhere do I visit with more real
+satisfaction." He told her that he had had to give up his lecture
+engagements on account of the heavy snows, but she had gone straight
+through with hers. She now closed her series of meetings and went home
+to arrange for Theodore Parker's lecture. Antoinette Brown Blackwell
+wrote her: "I hear a certain bachelor making a number of inquiries
+about Susan B. Anthony. This means that we shall look for another
+wedding in our sisternity before the year ends. Get a good husband,
+that's all, dear."
+
+On Miss Anthony's return from the May anti-slavery meeting in New York,
+she received a reminder from the president of the State Teachers'
+Association that she would be expected to read her paper on
+"Co-Education" before that body in August. This recollection had been
+keeping her awake nights for some time. It had been an easy thing to
+present a resolution or make a five-minute speech, but it was quite
+another to write an hour's lecture to be delivered before a most
+critical audience. As was always her custom in such a dilemma, she
+turned to Mrs. Stanton, who responded:
+
+    Your servant is not dead but liveth. Imagine me, day in and day
+    out, watching, bathing, dressing, nursing and promenading the
+    precious contents of a little crib in the corner of my room. I pace
+    up and down these two chambers of mine like a caged lioness,
+    longing to bring nursing and housekeeping cares to a close. Come
+    here and I will do what I can to help you with your address, if you
+    will hold the baby and make the puddings. Let Antoinette and Lucy
+    rest in peace and quietness thinking great thoughts. It is not well
+    to be in the excitement of public life all the time, so do not keep
+    stirring them up or mourning over their repose. You, too, must
+    rest, Susan; let the world alone awhile. We can not bring about a
+    moral revolution in a day or a year. Now that I have two daughters,
+    I feel fresh strength to work for women. It is not in vain that in
+    myself I feel all the wearisome care to which woman even in her
+    best estate is subject.
+
+Together they ground out the address, taking turns at writing and baby
+tending, and then she went home. It seemed to her that in order to
+prove the absolute equality of woman with man she ought to present this
+as an oration instead of reading it as an essay; so she labored many
+weary hours to commit it to memory, pacing from one end of the house to
+the other, and when these confines became too small rushing out into
+the orchard, but all in vain. It was utterly impossible for her, then
+or ever, to memorize the exact words of anything.
+
+The lecture, occupying an entire evening, was given before a large
+audience in Rand's Hall, Troy, and cordially received. At its close Mr.
+L. Hazeltine of New York, president of the association, took Miss
+Anthony by the hand, saying: "Madam, that was a splendid production and
+well delivered. I could not have asked for a single thing different
+either in matter or manner; but I would rather have followed my wife or
+daughter to Greenwood cemetery than to have had her stand here before
+this promiscuous audience and deliver that address." Superintendent
+Randall, of the city schools of New York, over-hearing the
+conversation, said: "Father Hazeltine, I fully agree with the first
+part of your remark but dissent entirely from the latter. I should be
+proud if I had a wife or daughter capable of either writing or reading
+that paper as Miss Anthony has done." She was invited by the
+Massachusetts teachers who were present to come to their State
+convention at Springfield and give the address, which she did. It was
+afterwards delivered at a number of teachers' institutes. Mary L. Booth
+had written her:
+
+    I am glad that you will represent us at the Troy gathering. You
+    will bear with you the gratitude of very many teachers whose hearts
+    are swelling with repressed indignation at the injustice which you
+    expose, but who have not grown strong enough yet to give open
+    utterance to words which would jeopardize the positions on which
+    they depend for support. There is not a female principal in
+    Brooklyn or New York whose salary exceeds the half of that of the
+    male principals. Each female principal and assistant is required to
+    attend the normal school under penalty of loss of position, while
+    male teachers are excused from such attendance. There are plenty of
+    indignation meetings among us.
+
+In August Miss Anthony planned a meeting at Saratoga and, as on a
+previous occasion, every speaker failed her, nor could she find among
+the visitors one who could help her out. As she was not in the habit of
+giving up what she undertook, she went through the meeting alone,
+making the speeches herself. Her faithful friend Judge Hay[22] came to
+her rescue with a donation of $20 and she was just able to pay
+expenses.
+
+The public was not in a mood for woman's conventions. The presidential
+campaign was at its height, with three tickets in the field, and the
+troubles in Kansas were approaching a crisis. In September came the
+news of the raid at Osawatomie and that thirty out of the fifty
+settlers had been killed by the "border ruffians." This brought
+especial gloom to the Anthony homestead, as the dispatches also stated
+that the night before the encounter, John Brown had slept in the cabin
+of the young son Merritt, and for weeks they were unable to learn
+whether he were among the thirty who died or the twenty who lived. At
+last the welcome letters came which related how the coffee was just
+ready to be put on the table in the cabin when the sound of firing was
+heard, and how without waiting to drink it, John Brown and his little
+band rushed to the conflict. The old hero gave strict orders to Merritt
+not to leave the house, as he had been very ill, but as soon as they
+were out of sight he seized his gun, staggered down to the bank of the
+Marais du Cygne and was soon in the thick of the fight. When it was
+over he crawled on his hands and knees back to his cabin, where he lay
+ill for weeks, entirely alone and uncared for. A letter from Miss
+Anthony to this brother shows the tender, domestic side of her nature,
+which the public is seldom permitted to see:
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+  AT THE AGE OF 36. FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE.]
+
+    How much rather would I have you at my side tonight than to think
+    of your daring and enduring greater hardships even than our
+    Revolutionary heroes. Words can not tell how often we think of you
+    or how sadly we feel that the terrible crime of this nation against
+    humanity is being avenged on the heads of our sons and brothers....
+    Wednesday night, Mr. Mowry, who was in the battle, arrived in town.
+    Like wild fire the news flew. D.R. was in pursuit of him when
+    father reached his office. He thought you were not hurt. Mother
+    said that night, "I can go to sleep now there is a hope that
+    Merritt still lives;" but father said: "I suppose I shall sleep
+    when nature is tired out, but the hope that my son has survived
+    brings little solace to my soul while the cause of all this
+    terrible wrong remains untouched."...
+
+    Your fish pole never caught so luscious a basketful as it has this
+    afternoon. I made a march through the peach orchard with pole in
+    hand to fish down the soft Early Crawfords that had escaped even
+    the keen eyes of father and mother when they made their last
+    detour. As the pole reached to the top-most bough and down dropped
+    the big, fat, golden, red-cheeked Crawfords, thought went away to
+    the owner of the rod, how he in days gone by planted these little
+    trees, pruned them and nursed them and now we were enjoying the
+    fruits of his labor, while he, the dear boy, was away in the
+    prairie wilds of Kansas. I thought of many things as I walked
+    between the rows to spy out every ambushed, not enemy but friend of
+    the palate. With the haul made I filled the china fruit dish and
+    then hallooed for Mary L. and Ann Eliza to see what I had found,
+    and down they came for a feast. I shall send Aaron and Guelma the
+    nicest ones and how I wish my dearest brother could have some to
+    cool his fevered throat.
+
+    Evening.--Father brings the Democrat giving a list of killed,
+    wounded and missing, and the name of our Merritt is not therein,
+    but oh! the slain are sons, brothers and husbands of others as
+    dearly loved and sadly mourned.
+
+    Later.--Your letter is in to-day's Democrat, and the Evening
+    Advertiser says there is "another letter from our dear brother in
+    this morning's Shrieker for Freedom." The tirade is headed
+    "Bleeding Kansas." The Advertiser, Union and American all ridicule
+    the reports from Kansas, and even say your letters are gotten up in
+    the Democrat office for political effect. I tell you, Merritt, we
+    have "border ruffians" here at home--a little more refined in their
+    way of outraging and torturing the lovers of freedom, but no less
+    fiendish.
+
+Miss Anthony was busy through September and October securing speakers
+for the national convention. She still believed that her chief strength
+lay in her executive ability. Having written Lucy Stone that she could
+not and would not speak, the latter answered: "Why do you say the
+people won't listen to you, when you know you never made a speech that
+was not attentively heard? All you need is to cultivate your power of
+expression. Subjects are so clear to you that you can soon make them as
+clear to others." In response to an invitation to the Hutchinson family
+to sing at the convention, Asa wrote: "The time is coming, I hope, when
+we can do something for the glorious cause which you are so nobly
+advocating." John added: "It would rejoice my heart to be at the
+convention and help along, with the one talent God has given me, the
+greatest reform ever attempted by lovers of the human race." Miss
+Anthony asked Mary L. Booth, at that time just beginning to attract
+attention by her fine translations, to speak at the coming convention
+and received this touching response:
+
+    The hope of yet aiding the cause is the polar star which guides all
+    my efforts. If it were possible I would do this directly, but the
+    fashion of the times has made me a dependant and home aid would
+    scarcely be extended to me in this. I am trying to make myself
+    independent. Fortune now promises favorable things. If I succeed,
+    count on me. All that I can do, I will, to rescue my sex from the
+    fetters which have chafed me so bitterly, from the evils of the
+    giant system which makes woman everywhere a satellite. I have drank
+    of the cup which is offered as the wine of woman's life, and have
+    found the draught frothy and unsatisfactory. Now am I willing, if
+    successful, to give all to purchase her a purer aliment. I have
+    faith enough in the cause to move mountains, but if I speak at
+    present I forfeit all claims on my home forever.
+
+Lucy Stone when appealed to with the intimation that she was losing
+interest in the work, replied: "Now that I occupy a legal position in
+which I can not even draw in my own name the money I have earned or
+give a valid receipt for it when it is drawn or make any contract, but
+am rated with fools, minors and madmen, and can not sign a legal
+document without being examined separately to see if it is by my own
+free will, and even the right to my own name questioned, do you think
+that, in the grip of such pincers, I am likely to grow remiss?... I am
+not at all sanguine of the success of the convention. However much I
+hope, or try to hope, the old doubt comes back. My only trust is in
+your great, indomitable perseverance and your power of work."
+
+That the answers were not always favorable and that the women
+constantly found themselves between two fires, the following letters
+will show. Horace Greeley, who heretofore had been so friendly, wrote:
+
+    The only reason why I can not publish your notices in our news
+    columns is that my political antagonists take advantage of such
+    publications to make the Tribune responsible for the anti-Bible,
+    anti-Union, etc., doctrines, which your conventions generally put
+    forth. I do not desire to interfere with your "free speech." I
+    desire only to secure for myself the liberty of treating public
+    questions in accordance with my own convictions, and not being made
+    responsible for the adverse convictions of others. I can not,
+    therefore, print this programme without being held responsible for
+    it. If you advertise it, that is not in my department, nor under my
+    control.[23]
+
+From Gerrit Smith came these emphatic opinions:
+
+    You invite me to attend the woman's convention in New York. It will
+    not be in my power to do so. You suggest that I write a letter in
+    case I can not attend, but so peculiar and offensive are my views
+    of the remedy for woman's wrongs, that a letter inculcating them
+    would not be well received. Hence, I must not write it. I believe
+    that poverty is the great curse of woman, and that she is powerless
+    to assert her rights, because she is poor. Woman must go to work to
+    get rid of her poverty, but that she can not do in her present
+    disabling dress, and she seems determined not to cast it aside. She
+    is unwilling to sacrifice grace and fashion, even to gain her
+    rights; albeit, too, that this grace is an absurd conventionalism
+    and that this fashion is infinite folly. Were woman to adopt a
+    rational dress, a dress that would not hinder her from any
+    employment, how quickly would she rise from her present degrading
+    dependence on man! How quickly would the marriage contract be
+    modified and made to recognize the equal rights of the parties to
+    it! And how quickly would she gain access to the ballot-box.
+
+Thus one man refused to assist the cause because its advocates were too
+radical, and another because they were not radical enough; or, in other
+words, each wanted the women to be and to do according to his own
+ideas.
+
+The Seventh National Woman's Rights Convention met in the Broadway
+Tabernacle, New York, November 25 and 26. Lucy Stone presided and
+Wendell Phillips was one of the prominent speakers. The election was
+over, the mob spirit temporarily quieted, and the convention was not
+disturbed except when certain of the men attempted to make long
+speeches or introduce politics. The audience had come to hear women
+plead their own cause and insisted that this should be the program.
+
+In this fall of 1856 Miss Anthony renewed her engagement with the
+anti-slavery committee, writing Mr. May: "I shall be very glad if I am
+able to render even the most humble service to this cause. Heaven knows
+there is need of earnest, effective radical workers. The heart sickens
+over the delusions of the recent campaign and turns achingly to the
+unconsidered _whole question_." The committee answered: "We put all New
+York into your control and want your name to all letters and your hand
+in all arrangements. We like your form of posters; by all means let 'No
+Union with Slaveholders' be conspicuous upon them." An extract from a
+letter received from Mr. May, the secretary, dated October 22, shows
+the estimate placed upon her services by the committee:
+
+    The Anti-Slavery Society wants you in the field. I really think the
+    efficiency and success of our operations in New York this winter
+    will depend more on your personal attendance and direction than
+    upon that of any other of our workers. We need your earnestness,
+    your practical talent, your energy and perseverance to make these
+    conventions successful. The public mind will be sore this winter,
+    disappointment awaits vast numbers, dismay will overtake many. We
+    want your cheerfulness, your spirit--in short, yourself.
+
+[Footnote 22: In 1854 Judge William Hay brought out a new edition of
+his romance, Isabel D'Avalos, the Maid of Seville, with a sequel, The
+Siege of Granada, dedicated as follows:
+
+                                  TO
+                           SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+          whose earnestness of purpose, honesty of intention,
+          unintermitted industry, indefatigable perseverance,
+                 and extraordinary business-talent,
+  are surpassed only by the virtues which have illustrated her life,
+                devoted, like that of Dorothea Dix,
+                       TO THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY.
+
+In a letter to her he said: "I have placed in my will a bequest to you,
+the only person to whose care I would willingly entrust them, that at
+my death the manuscripts and plates of this work are to be your
+absolute property. I sincerely desire and faintly hope that you may
+derive some pecuniary benefit from them."]
+
+[Footnote 23: Three years before Mr. Greeley had written to the
+suffrage convention at Cleveland: "I recognize most thoroughly the
+right of woman to choose her own sphere of activity and usefulness If
+she sees fit to navigate vessels, print newspapers, frame laws and
+select her rulers, I know no principle that justifies man in placing
+any impediment to her doing so." The letter used above shows, however,
+that not even so great a paper as the Tribune could endure the
+misrepresentation heaped upon every one who advocated the unpopular
+doctrine of woman's rights.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+CAMPAIGNING WITH THE GARRISONIANS.
+
+1857--1858.
+
+
+One scarcely could imagine a more unfavorable time than the winter of
+1857 for a campaign under the Garrisonian banner of "No Union with
+Slaveholders." The anti-slavery forces were divided among themselves,
+but were slowly crystallizing into the Republican party. The triumph of
+the Democrats over Republicans, Know Nothings and Whigs at the recent
+presidential election had warned these diverse elements that it was
+only by uniting that they could hope to prevent the further extension
+of slavery. The "Dred Scott decision" by the Supreme Court of the
+United States, declaring "slaves to be not persons but property" and
+the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional and void, had roused a
+whirlwind of indignation throughout the Northern States. Those who were
+seeking to prevent the extension of slavery into the Territories were
+stigmatized by their opponents as traitors defying the Constitution.
+While this supported the claim of the Garrisonians that the
+Constitution did sanction slavery and protect the slaveholder, yet the
+majority of the anti-slavery people were not ready to accept the
+doctrine of "immediate and unconditional emancipation, even at the cost
+of a dissolution of the Union." The Republicans had polled so large a
+vote as to indicate that further extension of slavery could be
+prevented through that organization, and they were excessively hostile
+toward any element which threatened to antagonize or weaken it. Thus
+into whatever town Miss Anthony took her little band, the backbone of
+the Garrison party, they had to encounter not only the hatred of the
+pro-slavery people, but also the enmity of this new and rapidly
+increasing Republican element, which at this time did not stand for the
+abolition of slavery, but simply for no further extension.
+
+The first year of Mr. Buchanan's administration was marked by a severe
+and widespread financial stringency. A decade of unparalleled
+prosperity, with its resultant speculation and expansion of business,
+was followed by heavy losses, failures and panic. The whole year of
+1857 was one continued struggle and vain effort to ward off the
+impending crisis. To make the situation still more trying the winter
+was one of great severity, so it is not surprising, accustomed though
+she was to hardships and disappointments, that Miss Anthony should have
+found this series of meetings the most disheartening experience of her
+life. She engaged Stephen and Abby Foster, Parker Pillsbury, Aaron M.
+Powell, Benjamin and Elizabeth Jones, Charles Remond and his sister
+Sarah, the last two educated and refined colored people; marked out
+routes, planned the meetings, kept three companies of speakers
+constantly employed, and spared herself no labor, no exposure, no
+annoyance. She found that envy, jealousy and other disagreeable traits
+were not confined to one sex, but that it required quite as much tact
+and judgment to deal with men as with women. She had the usual
+experience of a manager, speakers complaining of their routes, refusing
+to go where sent, falling ill at the most critical times, and continual
+fault-finding from the people who stayed at home and did nothing.
+
+She had been working for the public long enough to expect all this, but
+was distressed beyond measure because she could not make the meetings
+pay for themselves. For reasons already mentioned the audiences were
+small and collections still smaller. At her woman's rights lectures she
+had encountered indifference and ridicule; now she was met with open
+hostility. In every town a few friends rallied around and extended
+hospitality and support, but the ordeal was of that kind which leaves
+ineffaceable marks on the soul. For all this she was paid $10 a week
+and expenses; not through any desire to be unjust, but because the
+committee were having a hard struggle to secure the necessary funds to
+carry on their vast work. Her last woman's rights campaign had left her
+in debt and she could not provide herself with a new wardrobe for this
+tour, but records in her diary at the beginning of winter: "A
+double-faced merino, which I bought at Canajoharie ten years ago, I
+have had colored dark green and a skirt made of it. I bought some green
+cloth to match for a basque, and it makes a handsome suit. With my
+Siberian squirrel cape I shall be very comfortable."
+
+Lucy Stone wrote: "I know how you feel with all the burden of these
+conventions and it is not just that you should bear it. There is not a
+man in the whole anti-slavery ranks who could do it. I wish I could
+help you but I can not. You are one of those who are sufficient unto
+themselves and I thank God every day for you. Antoinette can not come
+because she is so busy with that baby!" From Mr. May came these
+comforting words: "We sympathize in all your trials and hope that
+fairer skies will be over your head before long. Garrison says, 'Give
+my love to Susan, and tell her I will do for her what I would hardly do
+for anybody else.' I hope from that he means to attend your Rochester
+and Syracuse conventions.... You must be dictator to all the agents in
+New York; when you say, 'Go,' they must go, or 'Come,' they must come,
+or 'Do this,' they must do it. I see no other way of getting along, and
+I am sure to your gentle and wholesome rule they will cheerfully defer.
+God bless you all; and if you don't get pay in money from your
+audiences, you will have the satisfaction of knowing you have given
+them the hard, solid truth as they never had it before."
+
+These meetings often took the form of debates between the speakers and
+the audience, and frequently lasted till midnight. Of one place Miss
+Anthony says in her diary, "All rich farmers, living in princely style,
+but no moral backbone;" at another time: "I spoke for an hour, but my
+heart fails me. Can it be that my stammering tongue ever will be
+loosed? I am more and more dissatisfied with my efforts." The diary
+shows that they had many delightful visits among friends and many good
+times sandwiched between the disagreeable features of their trip, and
+that everywhere they roused the community to the highest pitch on the
+slavery question. She gives a description of one of these gatherings at
+Easton:
+
+    That Sunday meeting was the most impressive I ever attended. Aaron
+    and I had spoken, Charles Remond followed, picturing the contumely
+    and opprobrium everywhere heaped upon the black man and all
+    identified with him, the ostracism from social circles, etc. At the
+    climax he exclaimed: "I have a fond and loving mother, as true and
+    noble a woman as God ever made; but whenever she thinks of her
+    absent son, it is that he is an outcast." He sank into his seat,
+    overwhelmed with emotion, and wept like a child. In a moment, while
+    sitting, he said: "Some may call this weak, but I should feel
+    myself the less a man, if tears did not flow at a thought like
+    that." The whole audience was in sympathy with him, all hearts were
+    melted and many were sobbing. When sufficiently composed he rose
+    and related, in a subdued and most impressive manner, his
+    experience at the last village we visited where not one roof could
+    be found to shelter him because he had a black face. At the close
+    of his speech several men came up, handed us money and left the
+    house because they could not bear any more, while others crowded
+    around and assured him that their doors were open to him and his
+    sister.
+
+From the home of her dear friend Elizabeth Powell,[24] where she had
+gone for a few days' rest, she writes: "At Poughkeepsie, Parker
+Pillsbury spoke grandly for freedom. I never heard from the lips of man
+such deep thoughts and burning words. In the ages to come, the
+prophecies of these noble men and women will be read with the same
+wonder and veneration as those of Isaiah and Jeremiah inspire today.
+Now while the people worship the prophets of that time, they stone
+those of their own." Mr. Garrison wrote her:
+
+    I seize a moment to thank you for your letter giving an account of
+    your anti-slavery meetings and those of the Friends of Progress. I
+    am highly gratified to learn that the latter followed the example
+    of the Progressive Friends at Longwood in favor of a dissolution of
+    our blood-stained American Union. I meant to have sent to you in
+    season some resolutions or "testimony" on the subject, but
+    circumstances prevented. I felt perfectly satisfied however that
+    all would go right with you and Aaron and Oliver Johnson present to
+    enforce the true doctrine. You must have had a soul-refreshing
+    time, even though there appear to have been present what Emerson
+    calls "The fleas of the convention."... On Wednesday, there was a
+    great popular demonstration here to inaugurate the statue of
+    Warren. Think of Mason, of Virginia, the author of the Fugitive
+    Slave Bill, being one of the speakers on Bunker Hill!
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours for the triumph of liberty,
+  Wm. Lloyd Garrison]
+
+On this great tour Miss Anthony became so thoroughly aroused that she
+could no longer confine herself to written addresses, which seemed cold
+and formal and utterly unresponsive to the inspiration of the moment.
+She threw them aside and used them thereafter only on rare occasions.
+Her speeches from that time were made from notes or headings and among
+those used during the winter of 1857 are the following:
+
+    Object of meeting; to consider the fact of 4,000,000 slaves in a
+    Christian and republican government.... Everybody is anti-slavery,
+    ministers and brethren. There are sympathy, talk, prayers and
+    resolutions in ecclesiastical and political assemblies. Emerson
+    says "Good thoughts are no better than good dreams, unless they be
+    executed;" so anti-slavery prayers, resolutions and speeches avail
+    nothing without action.... Our mission is to deepen sympathy and
+    convert it into right action; to show that the men and women of the
+    North are slave-holders, those of the South slave-owners. The guilt
+    rests on the North equally with the South, therefore our work is to
+    rouse the sleeping consciences of the North.... No one is ignorant
+    now. You recognize the facts which we present. We ask you to feel
+    as if you, yourselves, were the slaves. The politician talks of
+    slavery as he does of United States banks, tariff or any other
+    commercial question. We demand the abolition of slavery because the
+    slave is a human being, and because man should not hold property in
+    his fellowman. The politician demands it because its existence
+    produces poverty and discord in the nation and imposes taxes on
+    free labor for its support, since the government is dominated by
+    southern rule.... We preach revolution; the politicians reform. We
+    say disobey every unjust law; the politician says obey them, and
+    meanwhile labor constitutionally for repeal.
+
+Accompaning these notes are many special incidents illustrating the
+evils of slavery. With Miss Anthony's strong, rich voice, her powerful
+command of language and her intensity of feeling in regard to her
+subject, it may be imagined that her speeches were eloquent appeals and
+roused to action both her friends and her enemies. Some meetings were
+successful financially, others failures, and her report to the
+committee in the spring showed that she lacked $1,000 of having paid
+the total expenses, including salaries of speakers. A few of the
+committee were inclined to the opinion that meetings should not have
+been held in places where they would not pay, but that noble woman,
+Maria Weston Chapman, said: "My friends, if all you say is true,
+regarding this young woman's business enterprise, practical sagacity
+and platform ability, I think $1,000 expended in her education and
+development for this work is one of the best investments that possibly
+could have been made." At the unanimous request of the committee Miss
+Anthony remained in office and during the year canvassed the entire
+state with her speakers. Mr. May wrote: "We cheerfully pay your
+expenses and want to keep you at the head of the work."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours in affectionate remembrance,
+  MW Chapman"]
+
+In March she was invited to go to Bangor, Me., and speak on woman's
+rights, in a course which included Henry Wilson, Gough, Phillips,
+Beecher and other notables. For this she was paid $50 and expenses, the
+first large sum she had received for a lecture, and it gave her much
+hope and courage. While in Maine she spoke a number of times, going
+from point to point in sleigh or wagon through snow, slush and mud. The
+press was very complimentary.[25]
+
+In August Miss Anthony attended the State Teachers' Convention at
+Binghamton, and here created another commotion by introducing the
+following:
+
+    _Resolved_, That the exclusion of colored youth from our public
+    schools, academies, colleges and universities is the result of a
+    wicked prejudice.
+
+    _Resolved_, That the expulsion of Miss Latimer from the normal
+    school at Albany, when after six months of successful scholarship
+    it was discovered that colored blood coursed in her veins, was mean
+    and cruel.
+
+    _Resolved_, That a flagrant outrage was perpetrated against the
+    teachers and pupils of the colored schools of New York City, in
+    that no provision was made for their attendance at the free
+    concerts given to the public schools.
+
+    _Resolved_, That the recent exclusion of the graduates of the
+    colored normal school of New York City, from the public diploma
+    presentation at the Academy of Music, was a gross insult to their
+    scholarship and their womanhood.
+
+    _Resolved_, That all proscription from educational advantages and
+    honors, on account of color, is in perfect harmony with the
+    infamous decision of Judge Taney--"that black men have no rights
+    which white men are bound to respect."
+
+After considerable uproar these were referred to a select committee on
+which were placed two ladies, Mary L. Booth and Julia A. Wilbur, both
+strong supporters of Miss Anthony. The committee brought in a majority
+report in favor of the resolutions but this make-shift minority report
+was adopted: "In our opinion the colored children of the State should
+enjoy equal advantages of education with the white." Miss Anthony then
+proceeded to throw another bomb by presenting this resolution:
+
+    Since the true and harmonious development of the race demands that
+    the sexes be associated together in every department of life;
+    therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That it is the duty of all our schools, colleges and
+    universities to open their doors to woman and to give her equal and
+    identical educational advantages side by side with her brother man.
+
+This opened the flood gates. Motions to lay on the table, to refer to a
+committee, etc., were voted down. A few strong speeches were made in
+favor, but most of them were in opposition and very bitter, insisting
+that "it was sought to uproot the theory and practice of the whole
+world." The antique Professor Davies was in his element. He declared:
+"Here is an attempt to introduce a vast social evil. I have been trying
+for four years,[_i.e._ ever since Miss Anthony's first appearance at a
+teachers' convention] to escape this question, but if it has to come,
+let it be boldly met and disposed of. I am opposed to anything that has
+a tendency to impair the sensitive delicacy and purity of the female
+character or to remove the restraints of life. These resolutions are
+the first step in the school which seeks to abolish marriage, and
+behind this picture I see a monster of social deformity."
+
+Another speaker, whose name is lost in oblivion, said in tones which
+would melt a heart of stone: "Shall an oak and a rose tree receive the
+same culture? Better to us is the clear, steady, softened, silvery
+moonlight of woman's quiet, unobtrusive influence, than the flashes of
+electricity showing that the true balance of nature is destroyed. Aye,
+better a thousand times is it than the glimmering ignus fatuus rising
+from decayed hopes and leading the deluded follower to those horrible
+quagmires of social existence--amalgamation and Mormonism."
+
+Prof. John W. Buckley, of Brooklyn, opposed the resolution in coarse
+and abusive language. State Superintendent of Public Instruction Henry
+H. Van Dyck demolished its last hope when he demanded with outstretched
+arm and pointed finger: "Do you mean to say you want the boys and girls
+to room side by side in dormitories? To educate them together can have
+but one result!"
+
+The Binghamton Daily Republican said: "Miss Anthony vindicated her
+resolutions with eloquence, force, spirit and dignity, and showed
+herself a match, at least, in debate for any member of the convention.
+She was equal if not identical. Whatever may be thought of her notions
+or sense of propriety in her bold and conspicuous position, personally,
+intellectually and socially speaking, there can be but one opinion as
+to her superior energy, ability and moral courage; and she may well be
+regarded as an evangel and heroine by her own sex."
+
+The woman who advocated co-education in those days was indeed in a
+"bold and conspicuous position." The resolutions were lost by a large
+majority. Even if every man present had voted against them, there were
+enough women to have carried them had they voted in the affirmative.
+The Republican said: "If the lady members had voted so as to be heard
+we know not what would have been the result; but their voices, to say
+the least, have not been ordained by the Creator to be equal or
+identical with man's, and are drowned by his louder sounds." Mrs.
+Stanton's opinion can best be learned by an extract from a letter:
+
+    I see by the papers that you have once more stirred that pool of
+    intellectual stagnation, the educational convention. What an
+    infernal set of fools those schoolmarms must be! Well, if in order
+    to please men they wish to live on air, let them. The sooner the
+    present generation of women dies out, the better. We have idiots
+    enough in the world now without such women propagating any more....
+    The New York Times was really quite complimentary. Mr. Stanton
+    brought every item he could find about you. "Well, my dear," he
+    would say, "another notice of Susan. You stir up Susan, and she
+    stirs the world." I was glad you went to torment those devils. I
+    guess they will begin to think their time has come. I glory in your
+    perseverance. O, Susan, I will do anything to help you on. You and
+    I have a prospect of a good long life. We shall not be in our prime
+    before fifty, and after that we shall be good for twenty years at
+    least. If we do not make old Davies shake in his boots or turn in
+    his grave, I am mistaken.
+
+The proceedings of the convention were published in full in the New
+York Tribune, and Miss Anthony received letters of commendation from
+Judge William Hay, Charles L. Reason, superintendent of the New York
+city colored schools, and many others. William Marvin, of Binghamton,
+wrote: "The sympathy of the people here, during the teachers'
+association, was decidedly with you. A vote from the audience would
+have carried any one of your resolutions."
+
+In the autumn the anti-slavery meetings were resumed, and Miss Anthony
+was unsparing of herself and everybody else. Parker Pillsbury
+complained: "What a task-mistress our general agent is proving herself.
+I expect as soon as women get command, an end will have come to all our
+peace. We shall yet have societies for the protection of men's rights,
+in the cause of which many of us will have to be martyrs." Her brother,
+Daniel R., was sending frequent letters from Kansas containing graphic
+descriptions of the terrible condition of affairs in that unhappy
+territory, and scathing denunciations of the treachery of northern
+"dough faces," thus fanning the fires of patriotism that glowed in her
+breast and filling her with renewed zeal for the cause to which she was
+giving her time and strength. During these days she wrote a cherished
+sister:
+
+    Though words of love are seldom written or spoken by one of us to
+    the other, there must ever remain the abiding faith that the heart
+    still beats true and fond. Our family is now so widely separated
+    that our enjoyment must consist in soul communing. Indeed, I almost
+    believe in the power of affection to draw unto itself the yearning
+    heart of the absent one. What the modern Spiritualist tells of
+    feeling the presence of departed friends and enjoying their loving
+    ministrations, I sometimes imagine to be true, not of the spirits
+    of those gone hence, but of those still in the body who are
+    separated from us. I often pass blessed moments in these sweet,
+    silent communings.... Every day brings to me new conceptions of
+    life and its duties, and it is my constant desire that I may be
+    strong and fearless, baring my arm to the encounter and pressing
+    cheerfully forward, though the way is rough and thorny.
+
+    I have just returned from the hardest three weeks' tour of
+    anti-slavery meetings I have had yet, so cold and disheartening.
+    The masses seem devoid of conscience and looking only for some new
+    expedient to accomplish the desired good; but in every town there
+    are some true spirits who walk in God's sunlight and do what is
+    right, trusting results to the great Immutable Law.... I wish all
+    the dear ones would write me more often. Though I am sure of their
+    affection, yet when the soul is burdened and one is surrounded by
+    strangers, a letter from a loved one brings healing to the spirit,
+    and I need it more than I can tell.
+
+There is scarcely a letter to her own family, in the large number
+preserved, which does not express a longing for love and sympathy, a
+craving that no public career, no devotion to any cause, however
+absorbing, ever eradicates from the human soul.
+
+Although so fully occupied, Miss Anthony did not neglect the beloved
+cause of woman. This year, however, when she attempted to arrange for
+the annual convention, she found to her dismay that every one of the
+speakers whom she always depended upon was unable to be present because
+of maternal duties. Some were anticipating an event, others had very
+young infants, and the older women were kept at home by expected or
+recently arrived grandchildren. She was used to overcoming obstacles,
+but the conditions on this occasion were too much for her and, with
+feelings which can not well be put into language, she was obliged to
+give up the national convention, the only one omitted from 1850 to
+1861.
+
+Amidst the hard work and many disappointments of the year, there is one
+gleam of humor in what was known to the family as "Susan's raspberry
+experiment." During her wanderings she visited her friend Sarah Hallock
+who had made a great success of raspberry culture, selling 40,000
+baskets during the season, and she did not see why she could not do
+quite as well. She unfolded her plan to her father, who supported her
+in that as in everything and gave her as much ground as she desired.
+While at home for a short time she had this underdrained and prepared,
+$100 worth of raspberry plants set out and staked; then went away and
+left the family to look after them. The father was in the city all day
+attending to business, the sister Mary teaching school, the mother was
+not well and there was no one else but the hired man, who knew nothing
+about the culture of raspberries and was otherwise occupied; so the
+bushes took their chances.
+
+The fame of the experiment, however, spread far and wide, the
+newspapers announced that Miss Anthony had bought a large farm and
+stocked it with raspberries; that she had abandoned the platform and
+taken up fruit culture. She received scores of letters asking
+information as to the best plants and most successful methods, others
+begging her not to give up public work, and many from friends who had
+no end of fun at her expense. The bushes grew and bore fruit enough to
+give the family a number of delicious meals. Then a very cold winter
+followed and there was no one to care for the tender plants. In
+December came a letter from the irrepressible brother-in-law, Aaron
+McLean: "As to your raspberry 'spec,' I regret to tell you it has 'gone
+up.' The poor, little, helpless things expired of a bad cold about two
+weeks since. Do you remember that text of Scripture, which says, 'She
+who by the plow would thrive, herself must either hold or drive'? It
+has cost you $200 to learn the truth of it." Her sister Mary wrote: "I
+hope, Susan, when you get a husband and children, you will treat them
+better than you did your raspberry plants, and not leave them to their
+fate at the beginning of winter."
+
+It was a deep regret to Miss Anthony that she could not give the
+necessary time and care to make this experiment a success, as she was
+anxious to encourage women to go into the pursuit of agriculture,
+horticulture, floriculture, anything which would take them out of
+doors. In a letter to Mr. Higginson she says: "The salvation of the
+race depends, in a great measure, upon rescuing women from their
+hothouse existence. Whether in kitchen, nursery or parlor, all alike
+are shut away from God's sunshine. Why did not your Caroline Plummer,
+of Salem, why do not all of our wealthy women leave money for
+industrial and agricultural schools for girls, instead of ever and
+always providing for boys alone?" This is one of the many instances
+where Miss Anthony foreshadowed reforms and improvements which have
+been fulfilled in the present generation.
+
+In 1858 is presented same routine of unremitting work which
+characterized so many previous years. The winter was given up to
+anti-slavery meetings with their attendant hardships. Miss Anthony has
+great scorn for those who talk regretfully of the "good old days." She
+thinks one lecture season under the conditions which then existed would
+be an effectual cure to any longing for them one might have. The
+conveniences of modern life, bathrooms with plenty of hot water,
+toiletrooms, steam-heated houses, gas and hundreds of comforts so
+common at the present time that one scarcely can realize they have not
+always existed, were comparatively unknown. One of the greatest trials
+these travellers had to endure was the wretched cooking which was the
+rule and not exception among our much-praised foremothers. In one of
+the old diaries is this single ejaculation, "O, the crimes that are
+committed in the kitchens of this land!" In those days the housewife
+could not step around the corner and buy for two cents a cake of yeast
+which insured good bread, but the process of yeast-making was long and
+difficult and not well understood by the average housekeeper, so a
+substitute was found in "salt risings," and a heavy indigestible mass
+generally resulted. White flour was little used and was of a poor
+quality. Baking powder was unknown and all forms of cakes and warm
+bread were made with sour milk and soda, easily ruined by too much or
+too little of the latter. In no particular did the table compare
+favorably with that of modern families.
+
+[Illustration: THE FARM-HOME NEAR ROCHESTER, N.Y., 1845-65.]
+
+The anti-slavery and woman's rights lecturers always accepted private
+hospitality when offered, for reasons of economy and, as many of the
+people who favored these reforms were seeking light in other directions
+also, they were very apt to find themselves the guests of "cranks" upon
+the food question and were thus made the subject of most of the
+experiments in vogue at that period. On one occasion Miss Anthony,
+Aaron Powell and Oliver Johnson were entertained by prominent and
+well-to-do people in a town near New York, who had not a mouthful for
+any of the three meals except nuts, apples and coarse bran stirred in
+water and baked. At the end of one day the men ignominiously fled and
+left her to stay over Sunday and hold the Monday meeting. She lived
+through it but on Tuesday started for New York and never stopped till
+she reached Delmonico's, where she revelled in a porterhouse steak and
+a pot of coffee.
+
+During these winter meetings all of the men broke down physically and
+their letters were filled with complaints of their heads, their backs,
+their lungs, their throats and their eyes. Garrison wrote at one time:
+"I hope to be present at the meeting but I can not foresee what will be
+my spinal condition at that time, and I could not think of appearing as
+a 'Garrisonian Abolitionist' without a backbone." Miss Anthony never
+lost a day or missed an engagement, although it may be imagined that
+she had many hours of weariness when she would have been glad to drop
+the burden for a while. On March 17 she writes: "How happy I am to lay
+my head on my own home pillow once more after a long four months,
+scarcely stopping a second night under one roof." Mr. May wrote in
+behalf of the committee: "We rejoice with you in the success of your
+meetings and in all your hopes for the upspringing of the good seed
+sown by the faithful joint labors of you and your gallant little band.
+We have made the following a committee of arrangements for the annual
+meeting: Garrison, Phillips, Quincy, Johnson and Susan B. Anthony."
+
+So she at once girded on her armor and began to prepare for the May
+anniversary and, being determined the National Woman's Rights
+Convention should not be omitted this year, she conducted also an
+extensive correspondence in regard to that. Referring to all this
+drudgery Lucy Stone urged: "Don't do it; quit common work such as a
+common worker could do; and don't mourn over us and our babies. We are
+growing workers. I know you are tired with your four months' work, but
+it is not half so hard as taking care of a child night and day. I shall
+not assume any responsibility for another convention till I have had my
+ten daughters." But Miss Anthony knew that this "common work," this
+hiring halls, raising money and advertising meetings was just what
+nobody else could or would do. She understood also that while the other
+women were at home "growing workers," somebody must be in the field
+looking after the harvest.
+
+Abby Hutchinson, the only sister in the famous family of singers, wrote
+from their Jersey home, Dawnwood: "I want so much to help you; I have
+longed to do some good with my voice but public life wears me out very
+fast." Nevertheless she came and sang for them. Mrs. Stanton and Mrs.
+Brown Blackwell brought new babies into the world a few weeks before
+the convention, to Miss Anthony's usual discomfiture. She wrote to the
+latter: "Mrs. Stanton sends her love to you and says if you are going
+to have a large family, go right on and finish up as she has done. She
+has only devoted eighteen years out of the very heart of her existence
+to this great work. But I say, stop now."
+
+The convention in Mozart Hall followed close upon the Anti-Slavery
+Anniversary, Miss Anthony presided and there were the usual
+distinguished speakers, Phillips, Pillsbury, Garrison, Douglass,
+Higginson, Lucretia Mott, Mrs. Gage, Mrs. Rose, and, for the first
+time, George William Curtis spoke on the woman's rights platform.
+Notwithstanding this array of talent, the convention through all its
+six sessions was threatened with a mob, encouraged by the Herald and
+other New York papers. The disturbance at times was so great the
+speakers could not be heard, even Curtis was greeted with hisses and
+groans, but Miss Anthony stood at the helm unterrified through all and
+did not leave her post until the last feature of the program was
+completed and the convention adjourned. She was growing accustomed to
+mobs.
+
+In August, 1858, she attended the teachers' convention at Lockport. The
+sensational feature of this meeting was the reading by Professor Davies
+of the first cablegram from England, a message from the Queen to the
+President. The press reports show that she took a prominent part in the
+proceedings and possibly merited the name which some one gave her of
+"the thorn in the side of the convention." These annual gatherings were
+very largely in the nature of mutual admiration societies among the
+men, who consumed much of the time in complimenting each other and the
+rest of it in long-winded orations. During this one Miss Anthony arose
+and said that, as all members had the same right to speak, she would
+suggest that speeches should be limited so as to give each a chance.
+She made some of the men furious by stating that they spoke so low they
+could not be heard.
+
+At another time she suggested that, as there were only a few hours left
+for the business of the convention, they should not be frittered away
+in trifling discussions, saying, "if she were a man she would be
+ashamed to consume the time in telling how much she loved women and in
+fulsome flattery of other men." She moved also that they set aside the
+proposed discussion on "The Effects of High Intellectual Culture on the
+Efficiency and Respectability of Manual Labor," and take up pressing
+questions. When one man was indulging in a lot of the senseless twaddle
+about his wife which many of them are fond of introducing in their
+speeches, she called him to order saying that the kind of a wife he
+had, had nothing to do with the subject. She introduced again the
+resolution demanding equal pay for equal work without regard to sex. A
+friend wrote of this occasion: "She arraigned those assembled teachers
+for their misdemeanors as she would a class of schoolboys, in perfect
+unconsciousness that she was doing anything unusual. We women never can
+be sufficiently thankful to her for taking the hard blows and still
+harder criticisms, while we reaped the benefits."
+
+The press reports said: "Miss Anthony has gained in the estimation of
+the teachers' convention, and is now listened to with great attention."
+She gave her lecture on "Co-Education" to a crowded house of Lockport's
+prominent citizens, introduced by President George L. Farnham, of
+Syracuse, always her friend in those troublous days. By this time more
+than a score of the eminent educators of the day had become her
+steadfast friends, and they welcomed her to these conventions, aiding
+her efforts in every possible manner. Rev. Samuel J. May, who had
+delivered an address, upon his return home wrote: "You are a great
+girl, and I wish there were thousands more in the world like you. Some
+foolish old conventionalisms would be utterly routed, and the legal and
+social disabilities of women would not long be what they are." Miss
+Anthony herself, writing to Antoinette Blackwell, said: "I wish I had
+time to tell you of my Lockport experience; it was rich. I never felt
+so cool and self-possessed among the plannings and plottings of the few
+old fogies, and they never appeared so frantic with rage. They
+evidently felt that their reign of terror is about ended."
+
+October, 1858, brought another crucial occasion. In Rochester, a young
+man, Ira Stout, had been condemned to be hung for murder. A number of
+persons strongly opposed to capital punishment believed this a suitable
+time to make a demonstration. It was not that they doubted the guilt of
+Stout, but they were opposed to the principle of what they termed
+judicial murder. As the Anthonys and many of the leading Quaker
+families, Frederick Douglass and a number of Abolitionists shared in
+this opinion, it was not surprising that Miss Anthony undertook to get
+up the meeting. In a cold rain she made the round of the orthodox
+ministers but none would sign the call. The Universalist minister, Rev.
+J.H. Tuttle, agreed to be present and speak. She secured thirty or
+forty signatures, engaged the city hall and advertised extensively. The
+feeling against Stout was very strong and there was a determination
+among certain members of the community that this meeting should not be
+held. Huge placards were posted throughout the city, urging all opposed
+to the sentiments of the call to be out in force, a virtual invitation
+to the mob.
+
+When the evening arrived, October 7, the hall was filled with a crowd
+of nearly 2,000, a large portion of whom only needed the word to break
+into a riot. Miss Anthony called the assemblage to order and Frederick
+Douglass was made chairman, but when he attempted to speak, his voice
+was drowned with groans and yells. Aaron M. Powell, William C. Bloss
+and others tried to make themselves heard but the mob had full sway.
+Miss Anthony was greeted with a perfect storm of hisses. Finally the
+demonstrations became so threatening that she and the other speakers
+were hurried out of the hall by a rear door, the meeting was broken up
+and the janitor turned out the lights. No attempt was made by the mayor
+or police to quell the disturbance and mob law reigned supreme.
+
+The brightest ray of sunshine in the closing days of 1858 was the
+following letter from Mr. Phillips: "I have had given me $5,000 for the
+woman's rights cause; to procure tracts on that subject, publish and
+circulate them, pay for lectures and secure such other agitation of the
+question as we deem fit and best to obtain equal civil and political
+position for women. The name of the giver of this generous fund I am
+not allowed to tell you. The only condition of the gift is that it is
+to remain in my keeping. You, Lucy Stone and myself are a committee of
+trustees to spend it wisely and efficiently." The donor proved to be
+Francis Jackson, the staunch friend of the emancipation of woman as
+well as the negro.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  With much respect and esteem,
+  Francis Jackson"]
+
+[Footnote 24: Now Elizabeth Powell Bond, dean of Swarthmore College for
+many years.]
+
+[Footnote 25: The Bangor Jeffersonian said: "Miss Anthony is far from
+being an impracticable enthusiast. Dignity, conscientiousness and
+regard for the highest welfare of her sex, are the impressions which
+one receives of her. Doubtless all (if any there were) who went to
+scoff, remained to pray for the success of the doctrine she advocated.
+Personally she is good-looking, of symmetrical figure and modest and
+ladylike demeanor."
+
+The Bangor Whig was equally favorable. The Ellsworth American said:
+"Her enunciation is very clear and remarkably distinct, yet there is
+nothing in it of the unfeminine character and tone which people had
+been led to expect from the usual criticisms of the press. The lecture
+itself, as an intellectual effort, was satisfactory as well to those
+who dissented as to those who sympathized with its positions and
+arguments. It was fruitful in ideas and suggestions and we doubt not
+many a woman, and man too, went home that night, with the germ of more
+active ideas in their heads than had gathered there for a twelvemonth
+before."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+CONDITIONS PRIOR TO THE WAR.
+
+1859.
+
+
+Among Miss Anthony's many schemes for regenerating the world was one to
+have a Free church in Rochester, after the manner of Theodore Parker's
+in Boston, similar to an ethical society, where no doctrines should be
+preached and all should be welcome, contributing what they chose. This
+was in her mind for years, and at the beginning of 1859 she engaged
+Corinthian Hall for Sunday evenings, her good friend, William A.
+Reynolds, as usual making her a reduced rate; and here Antoinette Brown
+Blackwell and Parker Pillsbury each preached for a month. She tried to
+engage Mrs. Stanton for a year and also Aaron M. Powell, but the
+financial support was too uncertain and the project had to be
+abandoned. All her life, however, Miss Anthony cherished the hope of
+seeing this Free church established and sustained. She arranged a
+series of lectures for this winter. George William Curtis accepted her
+invitation in this characteristic letter:
+
+    I think of no title for your course, but why have any? Why not say
+    simply, "A Course of Independent Lectures?" To call them woman's
+    rights would damn them in advance, so strong is prejudice. The only
+    one I have at all suited to your purpose is "Fair Play for
+    Women."[26] I hate the words "woman's rights," nor do they properly
+    describe my treatment of the question which, in my mind, is not one
+    of sex but of humanity. My lecture is a plea for the recognition of
+    the equal humanity of women and an assertion that they have rights
+    not as women but as human beings. In respect to terms, I leave it
+    with you. I usually receive $50, but you will understand that I
+    should prefer to pay the expenses myself rather than that you or
+    any one interested should expend a penny; so if you can not justly
+    give me anything, I shall be content.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours very faithfully
+  George William Curtis]
+
+Miss Anthony always came out of these lecture courses in debt, but she
+would call upon her friends or borrow from sister or father enough to
+make up the deficit, and replace the loan out of her scanty earnings.
+She persisted in having them to educate the public on the progressive
+questions of the day. At this time the long, severe mental and physical
+strain of years began to be felt in her one weak spot, and the old
+trouble with her back asserted itself. From every quarter came urgent
+appeals for her assistance. At first she answered: "If New York calls a
+constitutional convention for next spring, this will be a capital
+winter to strike heavy blows for freedom and equality such as we shall
+not have for a long time to come. I am ready just as soon as the armies
+can be marshaled and equipped." But later she wrote:
+
+    It is being forced upon me that nature orders me to stay quietly at
+    home this winter and it may be that it is to enable me to get a
+    greater literary culture than I possibly could, amidst the hurry
+    and bustle of continual meetings. Somehow I can not philosophize
+    away a shrinking from going into active work. I can not get up a
+    particle of enthusiasm or faith in the success, either financial or
+    spiritual, of another series of conventions. For the past five
+    years I have gone through this routine and something within me
+    keeps praying to be spared from more of it. There has been such a
+    surfeit of lecturing, the people are tired of it. Then I never was
+    so poor in purse and I fear to end another campaign with a heavy
+    debt to still further encroach upon my small savings. I can not
+    bear to make myself dependent upon relatives for the food I eat and
+    the clothes I wear; I never have done it and hope I may never have
+    to. Perhaps I may feel a renewed faith in myself and my work but
+    the past years have brought me so much isolation and spiritual
+    loneliness, although in the midst of crowds, that I confess to a
+    longing to stay for awhile among my own people.
+
+The commands of the physician were imperative that she should avoid all
+fatigue and nervous excitement, but her pen was not idle, and the time
+which she hoped to devote to the reading of many books was occupied in
+sending out letters, petitions, appeals and the various documents
+necessary to keep the work going. In answer to an invitation from the
+Friends of Human Progress she wrote:
+
+    To be esteemed worthy to speak for woman, for the slave, for
+    humanity, is ever grateful to me, and I regret that I can not be
+    with you at your annual gathering to get for myself a fresh
+    baptism, a new and deeper faith. I would exhort all women to be
+    discontented with their present condition and to assert their
+    individuality of thought, word and action by the energetic doing of
+    noble deeds. Idle wishes, vain repinings, loud-sounding
+    declamations never can bring freedom to any human soul. What woman
+    most needs is a true appreciation of her womanhood, a self-respect
+    which shall scorn to eat the bread of dependence. Whoever consents
+    to live by "the sweat of the brow" of another human being
+    inevitably humiliates and degrades herself.... No genuine equality,
+    no real freedom, no true manhood or womanhood can exist on any
+    foundation save that of pecuniary independence. As a right over a
+    man's subsistence is a power over his moral being, so a right over
+    a woman's subsistence enslaves her will, degrades her pride and
+    vitiates her whole moral nature.
+
+To her brother Daniel R., in Kansas, who was somewhat skeptical on the
+woman question, she sent this strong letter:
+
+    Even the smallest human right denied, is large. The fact that the
+    ruling class withhold this right is prima facie evidence that they
+    deem it of importance for good or for evil. In either case,
+    therefore, the human being is outraged. It, perchance, may matter
+    but little whether Kansas be governed by a constitution made by her
+    bona fide settlers or by people of another State or by Congress;
+    but for Kansas to be denied the right to make her own constitution
+    and laws is an outrage not to be tolerated. So the constitution and
+    laws of a State and nation may be just as considerate of woman's
+    needs and wants as if framed by herself, yet for man to deny her
+    the right to a voice in making and administering them, is
+    paralleled only by the Lecompton usurpation. For any human being or
+    class of human beings, whether black, white, male or female, tamely
+    to submit to the denial of their right to self-government shows
+    that the instinct of liberty has been blotted out.
+
+    You blunder on this question of woman's rights just where thousands
+    of others do. You believe woman unlike man in her nature; that
+    conditions of life which any man of spirit would sooner die than
+    accept are not only endurable to woman but are needful to her
+    fullest enjoyment. Make her position in church, State, marriage,
+    your own; everywhere your equality ignored, everywhere made to feel
+    another empowered by law and time-honored custom to prescribe the
+    privileges to be enjoyed and the duties to be discharged by you;
+    and then if you can imagine yourself to be content and happy, judge
+    your mother and sisters and all women to be.
+
+    It was not because the three-penny tax on tea was so exorbitant
+    that our Revolutionary fathers fought and died, but to establish
+    the principle that such taxation was unjust. It is the same with
+    this woman's revolution; though every law were as just to woman as
+    to man, the principle that one class may usurp the power to
+    legislate for another is unjust, and all who are now in the
+    struggle from love of principle would still work on until the
+    establishment of the grand and immutable truth, "All governments
+    derive their just powers from the consent of the governed."
+
+She wrote Lydia Mott: "The new encyclopedia is just out and I notice in
+regard to Antoinette Brown Blackwell that it gives a full description
+of her work up to the time of her marriage, then says: 'She married
+Samuel Blackwell and lives near New York.' Not a word of the splendid
+work she has done on the platform and in the pulpit since. Thus does
+every married woman sink her individuality." This brought from Lydia a
+spirited answer:
+
+    For my part, when you speak of the individuality of one who is
+    truly married being inevitably lost, I think you mistake. If there
+    ever was any individuality it will remain. I don't believe it is
+    necessary for development that the individual must always force
+    itself upon us. We naturally fall into the habits and frequently
+    the train of thought of those we love and I like the expression
+    "we" rather than "I." I never feel that my interests and actions
+    can be independent of the dear ones with whom I am surrounded. Even
+    the one who seems to be most absorbed may, in reality, possess the
+    strongest soul. This standing alone is not natural and therefore
+    can not be right. I am sure one of these days you will view this
+    matter from a different standpoint.
+
+Miss Anthony so far yielded as to reply: "Institutions, among them
+marriage, are justly chargeable with many social and individual ills
+but, after all, the whole man or woman will rise above them. I am sure
+my 'true woman' never will be crushed or dwarfed by them. Woman must
+take to her soul a purpose and then make circumstances conform to this
+purpose, instead of forever singing the refrain, 'if and if and if!'"
+But later when one woman failed to keep a lecture engagement because
+her husband wanted her to go somewhere with him, and another because
+her husband was not willing she should leave home, she again poured out
+her sorrows to her friend:
+
+    There is not one woman left who may be relied on, all have "first
+    to please their husband," after which there is but little time or
+    energy left to spend in any other direction. I am not complaining
+    or despairing, but facts are stern realities. The twain become one
+    flesh, the woman, "we"; henceforth she has no separate work, and
+    how soon the last standing monuments (yourself and myself, Lydia),
+    will lay down the individual "shovel and de hoe" and with proper
+    zeal and spirit grasp those of some masculine hand, the mercies and
+    the spirits only know. I declare to you that I distrust the power
+    of any woman, even of myself, to withstand the mighty matrimonial
+    maelstrom!
+
+    But how did I get into this dissertation? If to you it seems
+    morbid, pardon the pen-wandering. In the depths of my soul there is
+    a continual denial of the self-annihilating spiritual or legal
+    union of two human beings. Such union, in the very nature of
+    things, must bring an end to the free action of one or the other,
+    and it matters not to the individual whose freedom has thus
+    departed whether it be the gentle rule of love or the iron hand of
+    law which blotted out from the immortal being the individual
+    soul-stamp of the Good Father. How I do wish those who know
+    something of the real social needs of our age would rescue this
+    greatest, deepest, highest question from the present
+    unphilosophical, unspiritual discussers.
+
+As might be expected, the legacy of $5,000 brought not only a flood of
+requests from all parts of the country, but some division of opinion
+among those who had it in control. Miss Anthony would use all of it in
+the work of propaganda, lectures, conventions, tracts and newspaper
+articles. Lucy Stone wished to use part in suits to prove the
+unconstitutionality of the law which taxes women and refuses them
+representation. Antoinette Blackwell wanted a portion to establish a
+church where she could spread the doctrine of woman's rights along with
+the gospel. Most of the women lecturers and some of the men wished to
+be engaged immediately at a fixed salary. Miss Anthony writes for
+advice to Phillips, who replies: "Go ahead with your New York plan as
+sketched to me. I am willing to risk spending $1,000 on it. Never
+apologize as if you troubled me; it is my business as much as yours,
+and I am only sorry to be of so little help." Brief records in the
+little diary say:
+
+    Sister Mary and I passed New Year's Day, 1859, most quietly and
+    happily in the dear farm-home. Mother is in the East with sister
+    Hannah, and father dined in the city with sister Guelma, who sent
+    us a plate of her excellent turkey.... In the afternoon Mary and I
+    drove to Frederick Douglass' and had a nice visit; stayed to tea
+    and listened to a part of his new lecture on "Self-Made Men."...
+    Father and Mary gone to their work in the city, and I am writing on
+    my lecture "The True Woman." Ground out four commercial-note pages
+    in five mortal hours, but they are strong.... Ten degrees below
+    zero. Mother home; no writing today; all talk about the eastern
+    folks.... Antoinette Blackwell preached here yesterday, and we have
+    had a good visit together today. Just helped two fugitive slaves,
+    perhaps genuine and perhaps not.... Went to the city to hear A.A.
+    Willit's lecture on "A Plea for Home." Gives woman a place only in
+    domestic life--sad failure.... Twenty letters written and mailed
+    today. Took tea with the Hallowells. Am glad to learn that the
+    money forwarded to the Anti-Slavery Bazar and lost was sent by a
+    man instead of a woman.... Heard Bayard Taylor on "Life in
+    Lapland." Hundreds could not gain admittance. Curtis lectured on
+    "Fair Play for Women"; great success, but I feel that he has not
+    yet been tried by fire. Afterwards visited with Curtis and Taylor,
+    and Mr. Curtis said: "Rather than have a radical thinker like Mrs.
+    Rose at your suffrage conventions, you would better give them up.
+    With such speakers as Beecher, Phillips, Theodore Parker, Chapin,
+    Tilton and myself advocating woman's cause, it can not fail."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Respectfully yours,
+  E.H. Chapin"]
+
+Miss Anthony did not hesitate to criticise even Mr. Curtis, writing him
+in reference to his great lecture, "Democracy and Education": "When all
+the different classes of industrial claimants for a voice in the
+government were enumerated, there was not one which could be
+interpreted to represent womanhood. Hence only the few who know that
+with George William Curtis, the words 'man,' 'people,' 'citizens,' are
+not, as with the vast majority of lecturers, mere glittering
+generalities, can understand that his grand principles of democracy are
+intended to be applied to woman equally with man. I listen for the
+unthinking masses and pray that every earnest, manly spirit shall help
+make women free." In reply Mr. Curtis closed a long and cordial letter
+by saying: "Believe me that I have thought of the point you make but
+the greater statement must inevitably include the less." She scribbled
+a comment on the back of this for her own satisfaction: "Men still the
+greater, women the less."
+
+The last of January Miss Anthony went to Albany to attend the
+anti-slavery convention and remained six weeks during the legislative
+session to work in the interest of the women's petitions and the
+Personal Liberty Bill. This was a season of great enjoyment for her,
+notwithstanding much tramping about in the rain and snow and many
+discouraging experiences with the Legislature. She writes a friend:
+"Well, I am a member of the lobby but lacking the two most essential
+requisites, for I neither accept money nor have I any to pay out. Dr.
+Cheever speaks tonight in the Assembly chamber on 'The Guilt of the
+Slave Traffic and of the Legislation by which it is Supported.' I have
+been going about all day to collect enough to defray his expenses."
+
+Phillips, Garrison, Pillsbury and all the host were at the convention.
+They dined in Lydia Mott's simple little home and had a merry time.
+Between the meetings the party visited the Legislature, Geological
+Hall, Palmer's studio and other places of interest and managed to get a
+bit of holiday recreation. Miss Anthony stayed with her friend Miss
+Mott, visited Rev. Mayo, called often on Thurlow Weed, went to Troy to
+hear Beecher lecture on "The Burdens of Society," to Hudson to hear
+Phillips on "Toussaint L'Ouverture" and, whenever she could spare a day
+from her work with the Legislature, held woman's rights meetings in
+neighboring towns; thus every hour was filled to overflowing.
+
+In March she finished her lecture, "The True Woman," and plunged into
+the preparations for the approaching woman's rights convention. She
+also indulged the love for gardening which her busy life so seldom
+permitted and, judging from her diary, must have given the hired men
+more attention than they ever received before or afterwards:
+
+    Uncovered the strawberry and raspberry beds.... Worked with Simon
+    building frames for the grape vines in the peach orchards.... Set
+    out eighteen English black currants, twenty-two English
+    gooseberries and Muscadine grape vines, also Lawton
+    blackberries.... Worked in the garden all day, then went to the
+    city to hear Dr. Cheever; few there, but grand lecture. How he
+    unmasked the church hypocrites!... Wrote reports of the lecture
+    for Standard and Liberator, and helped father plan the new
+    kitchen.... Finished setting out the apple trees and the 600
+    blackberry bushes, then took the 6 o'clock train for Seneca Falls.
+    Hot and dusty, and I am very, very tired.
+
+[Autograph: Wendell Phillips]
+
+She spoke in various towns all the way to New York where she arrived in
+time to attend the Anti-Slavery Anniversary and make final arrangements
+for the convention in Mozart Hall, May 12. She had written asking
+Lucretia Mott to preside, who answered, "I am sure there needs not a
+better presiding officer than thyself," but agreed to come. When the
+hour arrived the hall was so packed that it was impossible for Mrs.
+Mott to reach the platform and Miss Anthony was obliged to open the
+meeting. This convention, like several which preceded it, was greatly
+disturbed by noise and interruptions from the audience, until finally
+it was turned over to Wendell Phillips who "knew better than any one
+else how to play with and lash a mob and thrust what he wished to say
+into their long ears." At the end of his speech Miss Anthony
+immediately adjourned the convention, to prevent violent
+demonstrations. The Tribune said:
+
+    The woman's rights meeting last night was well calculated to
+    advance the cause that the reformers met to plead. The speakers
+    were comparatively so temperate, while sundry voters were so
+    intemperate in demonstrating their folly, rudeness, ignorance and
+    indecency, that almost any cause which the one pleaded and the
+    other objected to would be likely to find favor with order-loving
+    people. The presence of a single policeman might have preserved
+    perfect order, saved the reputation of our city before crowds of
+    strangers and given hundreds an opportunity to hear. Of course it
+    being a meeting that women were to address, as "women have no
+    rights in public which men are bound to maintain," there was no
+    policeman present.
+
+The disturbances at these conventions were not so much because the mob
+objected to the doctrine of woman's rights as that they were addressed
+by the leading anti-slavery speakers and therefore had to bear the
+odium attached to that hated cause.
+
+A strong memorial, asking for equal social, civil and political rights
+for women and based on the guarantees of the Declaration of
+Independence, was prepared by a committee consisting of Miss Anthony,
+Mr. Phillips and seven others, to be presented to every legislature in
+the Union. By the time the legislatures met in 1860, political affairs
+had reached a crisis and the country was in a state of unrest and
+excitement which made it impossible to secure consideration for this or
+any other question outside the vital issues that were pressing,
+although it was presented in several States.
+
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton wrote an eloquent appeal to be circulated
+with the petitions to rouse public sentiment. Armed with this the
+former began correspondence with speakers in reference to a summer and
+fall campaign of the state. The diary shows that she actually found
+time to attend a picnic, but as she was called upon for a speech while
+there the day was not wholly wasted. There are also references to
+"moonlight rides," and one entry records: "Mr. ---- walked home with
+me; marvelously attentive. What a pity such powers of intellect should
+lack the moral spine!"
+
+Out of the Francis Jackson fund Mr. Phillips sent Miss Anthony $1,500
+for her extensive campaign. She engaged speakers to come into New York
+in different months, and July 13 opened the series with Antoinette
+Blackwell at Niagara Falls. From here they made the round of the
+watering places, Avon, Clifton, Trenton Falls, Sharon, Saratoga,
+Ballston Spa and Lake George, where persons of wealth and prominence
+were gathered from all parts of the Union. In some places they spoke in
+a grove to thousands of people; at others in hotel parlors, and
+everywhere met a friendly spirit and respectful treatment.
+
+Miss Anthony did not forget to go to Poughkeepsie this summer, and stir
+up the teachers at their annual meeting. Antoinette Blackwell says of
+this trip: "I shall always recollect our journey on the boat with two
+or three dozen teachers, and your walking the deck with one and
+another, talking about women and their rights, in school and out of
+school, in the most matter-of-fact way, although it was plainly evident
+that most of them would sooner have listened to a discussion on the
+rights of the Hottentots." The teacher who was her chief support at
+these conventions was Helen Philleo.[27] There were very few of them in
+those days who had the courage to help fight this battle for their own
+interests. At the last session she announced a woman's rights meeting
+and many remained to attend it.
+
+After the summer resorts were closed the meetings were continued in the
+principal towns. Mrs. Blackwell thus describes an incident in the Fort
+William Henry hotel: "I remember a rich scene at the breakfast table.
+Aaron Powell was with us and the colored waiter pointedly offered him
+the bill of fare. Miss Anthony glanced at it and began to give her
+order, not to Powell in ladylike modesty, but promptly and
+energetically to the waiter. He turned a grandiloquent, deaf ear;
+Powell fidgeted and studied his newspaper; she persisted, determined
+that no man should come between her and her own order for coffee,
+cornbread and beefsteak. 'What do I understand is the full order, sir,
+for your party?' demanded the waiter, doggedly and suggestively. Powell
+tried to repeat her wishes, but stumbled and stammered and grew red in
+the face. I put in a working oar to cover the undercurrent of laughter,
+while she, coolly unconscious of everything except that there was no
+occasion for a 'middleman,' since she was entirely competent to look
+after her own breakfast, repeated her order, and the waiter, looking
+intensely disgusted, concluded to bring something, right or wrong."
+
+While at Easton among her old friends Miss Anthony attended Quaker
+meeting and the spirit moved her to speak very forcibly, as she relates
+in a letter: "A young Quaker preacher from Virginia, who happened to be
+there, said: 'Christ was no agitator, but a peacemaker; George Fox was
+no agitator; the Friends at the South follow these examples and are
+never disturbed by fanaticism.' This was more than I could bear; I
+sprung to my feet and quoted: 'I came into the world not to bring peace
+but a sword.... Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites that
+devour widow's houses!' Read the New Testament, and say if Christ was
+not an agitator. Who is this among us crying 'peace, peace, when there
+is no peace?'--and sat down." It is a matter of regret that she did not
+tell what became of the gentleman from Virginia.
+
+Miss Anthony writes to Mary Hallowell, during these days: "I am more
+tired than ever before and know that I am draining the millpond too low
+each day to be filled quite up during the night, but I am having fine
+audiences of thinking men and women. Oh, if we could but make our
+meetings ring like those of the anti-slavery people, wouldn't the world
+hear us? But to do that we must have souls baptized into the work and
+consecrated to it."
+
+Mrs. Blackwell's domestic affairs will not permit any further lecturing
+and Miss Anthony says in a letter to her: "O, dear, dear, how I do wish
+you could have kept on with me. I can't tell you how utterly awful is
+the suspense these other women keep me in: first, they can't, then they
+can, then they won't unless things are so and so; and when I think
+everything is settled, it all has to be gone over again. The fact is I
+am not fit to deal with anybody who is not terribly in earnest." To
+this she replies: "Dear child, I'm sorry I can not help you, but pity a
+poor married woman and forgive. The ordeal that I have been going
+through, four sewingwomen each giving about two days, no end of little
+garments to alter and to make, with a husband whose clothes as well as
+himself have been neglected for three months, the garden to be covered
+up from the frost, shrubs to transplant, winter provisions to lay in
+and only one good-natured, stupid servant to help with all. This,
+Susan, is 'woman's sphere.'"
+
+As Miss Anthony never approved of a woman's neglecting her household
+for any purpose, she urged no more but sought elsewhere for assistance.
+There was not one unmarried woman except herself in all the corps of
+available speakers and, while some of them could make a trip of a few
+weeks, not one could be depended on for steady work. In October she
+secured Mrs. Tracy Cutler for awhile, and later Frances D. Gage, J.
+Elizabeth Jones and Lucy N. Coleman, but was obliged to hold many
+meetings alone. These were continued at intervals through the fall of
+1859 and the winter and spring of 1860, and numerous pages of foolscap
+are still in existence containing a carefully kept account of the
+expenses. Each meeting was made partly to pay for itself, the lecturers
+received $12 a week, Miss Anthony herself taking only this sum, and it
+may be believed that no more extended and effective propaganda work
+ever was accomplished with the same amount of money. While this was
+being done, she also assisted Clarina Howard Nichols and Susan E.
+Wattles to plan an important campaign in Kansas with money furnished
+from the Jackson fund.
+
+She received the following characteristic letter from Rev. Thomas K.
+Beecher when she asked for the use of his church in Elmira: "I will
+answer for myself and afterwards append the decision of the trustees.
+Anybody with good moral character and clean feet is welcome to use our
+meeting house, if they like, but were I you I should prefer Holden's
+Hall. But, lastly, I should shrink from holding such a meeting. I fear
+that you will come to pain of disappointment when your enthusiasm is
+chilled and bruised against the stone walls of Elmira apathy. More
+people will attend at Holden's Hall than at church. So speaks in brief,
+yours with hearty respect."
+
+Mrs. Blackwell writes her teasingly about what she calls her
+obtuseness, going straight ahead with her work, never knowing when she
+was snubbed or defeated, giving the undiluted doctrine to people
+without ever perceiving their frantic efforts to escape, and ignoring
+all the humorous features of the campaigns. Miss Anthony retorts: "You
+might give some of the funny things at your own expense, but tell just
+as many as you please at mine. You see I have always gone with such a
+blind rush that I never had time to see the ridiculous, and blessed for
+me and my work and my happiness that I did not." Another invariable
+habit was never to notice complaints written to her. She always
+answered the business points but entirely ignored complainings, charges
+against other people and all extraneous matters.
+
+She relates a significant incident which occurred during this summer
+campaign when she and Antoinette Blackwell spent a Sunday at Gerrit
+Smith's. He had established at Peterboro and was maintaining at his own
+expense a Free church. Mrs. Blackwell, under the influence of Theodore
+Parker, Chapin and other liberal thinkers, had become very broad in her
+doctrines, and was greatly pleased at an opportunity to preach for Mr.
+Smith, thinking to find perfect appreciation and sympathy. After church
+Miss Anthony went to her room and found her weeping bitterly, but she
+begged to be left to herself. When more composed she sent for her and
+told how in the midst of her sermon, when she felt herself surpassing
+anything she ever had done, she heard a gentle snore, and looking down
+beheld Mr. Smith sound asleep! She was terribly disappointed and now
+had made up her mind there was but one thing for the human soul, and
+that was to live absolutely within itself. There is no friend, no
+relative, who can enter into the depths of another individuality. A
+husband and wife may be very happy together; in all the little
+occurrences which really make up the sum of everyday life, they may be
+perfectly congenial; but there will be times when each will feel the
+other separated by an immeasurable distance. Henceforth she would enjoy
+what solace there was in her religious faith for herself but would
+expect no other soul to share it with her. "This was to me a wonderful
+revelation," said Miss Anthony, "and I realized, as never before, that
+in our most sacred hours we dwell indeed in a world of solitude."
+
+[Autograph: Antoinette Brown Blackwell]
+
+On December 2, 1859, occurred that terrible tragedy in the country's
+history, the execution of John Brown for the raid on the United States
+arsenal at Harper's Ferry. The nation was shaken as by a great
+earthquake. Its dreadful import was realized perhaps by none so
+strikingly as by that little band of Abolitionists who never had
+wavered in their belief that slavery must ultimately disrupt the Union.
+When the country was paralyzed with horror and uncertainty, they alone
+dared call public meetings of mourning and indignation. It was natural
+that in Rochester they should turn to Susan B. Anthony for leadership.
+Without a moment's hesitation for fear of consequences she engaged
+Corinthian Hall and set about arranging a meeting for the evening of
+that day. Parker Pillsbury wrote:
+
+    Can you not make this gathering one of a popular character? What I
+    mean is will not some sturdy Republican or Gerrit Smith man
+    preside, another act as secretary and several make addresses? Only
+    we must not lose the control. I do not believe that any observance
+    of the day will be instituted outside our ranks. I am without
+    tidings from the "seat of war" since Tuesday evening; and do not
+    know what we shall hear next. My voice is against any attempt at
+    rescue. It would inevitably, I fear, lead to bloodshed which could
+    not compensate nor be compensated. If the people dare murder their
+    victim, as they are determined to do, and in the name of law, he
+    dares and is prepared to die and the moral effect of the execution
+    will be without a parallel since the scenes on Calvary eighteen
+    hundred years ago, and the halter that day sanctified shall be the
+    cord to draw millions to salvation.
+
+[Autograph: Parker Pillsbury]
+
+Miss Anthony found that beyond the little band of Abolitionists not a
+person dared give her any assistance. Her diary says: "Not one man of
+prominence in religion or politics will publicly identify himself with
+the John Brown meeting." She went from door to door selling tickets and
+collecting money. Samuel D. Porter, a prominent member of the Liberty
+party, assisted her, as did that circle of staunch Quaker friends who
+never failed her in any undertaking; Frederick Douglass had been
+obliged to flee to England. An admission fee of fifty cents kept out
+the rabble, and not more than 300 were present. The masses of the
+people, even those in full sympathy, were afraid to attend. Rev. Abram
+Pryn, a Free church minister, made a fine address, and Parker Pillsbury
+spoke as never before. Mr. Porter said: "This was the only occasion
+that ever matched Pillsbury's adjectives." Miss Anthony presided and
+there was no disturbance. The surplus receipts were sent to John
+Brown's family.
+
+Mrs. Stanton wrote shortly afterwards, urging her to come to Seneca
+Falls: "Indeed it would do me great good to see some reformers just
+now. The death of my father, the worse than death of my dear cousin
+Gerrit,[28] the martyrdom of that great and glorious John Brown, all
+conspire to make me regret more than ever my dwarfed and perverted
+womanhood. In times like these every soul should do the work of a
+fullgrown man. When I pass the gate of the celestials and good Peter
+asks me where I wish to sit, I will say: 'Anywhere so that I am neither
+a negro nor a woman. Confer on me, great angel, the glory of white
+manhood, so that henceforth I may feel unlimited freedom.'"
+
+In this year of 1859, Charles F. Hovey, a wealthy merchant of Boston, a
+radical in religion and a noted reformer and philanthropist, left
+$50,000 to be expended in securing equal rights for women, the
+abolition of slavery, and other reforms, at the discretion of Wendell
+Phillips, Wm. Lloyd Garrison and the other executors. As slavery was
+abolished four years later, a considerable portion of this was used for
+the cause of woman.
+
+Early in December the anti-slavery committee insisted that Miss Anthony
+should resume the management of their conventions, as they wished to
+hold a series throughout the large cities of the State and had been
+unable to find any one who could so successfully conduct them. Abby
+Kelly Foster, though often critical and censorious, wrote her regarding
+one of her speeches: "It is a timely, noble, clear-sighted and fearless
+vindication of our platform. I want to say how delighted both Stephen
+and myself are to see that you, though much younger than some others in
+the anti-slavery school, have been able to appreciate so entirely the
+genius of our enterprise." The distinguished George B. Cheever, of the
+Church of the Puritans in New York, one of the few orthodox clergymen
+who stood with the Abolitionists in those early days, wrote Miss
+Anthony: "May God be with you and guide and bless you in your efforts.
+That is the strength we all need and must have if we accomplish
+anything good and permanent in this terrible conflict."
+
+[Autograph: George B. Cheever]
+
+A single instance will show how closely the question of woman's rights
+was connected with that of anti-slavery in the popular mind. When Miss
+Anthony and Mrs. Blackwell were at Fort William Henry, at the head of
+Lake George, they spoke one evening in the hotel parlors. There were a
+number of southerners present and many of them were delighted with the
+meeting, whose doctrines were entirely new to them, and made liberal
+contributions. The next day the speakers left in the stage with one of
+these, Judge John J. Ormond and his two daughters, of Tuscaloosa, Ala.
+He told Miss Anthony he had been instrumental in securing many laws
+favorable to women in that state and it would be a pleasure to him to
+see that their memorial was presented to the Alabama Legislature. When
+she reached home she sent it to him with the following letter:
+
+    Enclosed is a copy of our woman's rights memorial. Will you give me
+    a full report of the action taken upon it?... I hope you and your
+    daughters arrived home safe. Say to the elder I shall be most happy
+    to hear from her when she shall have fairly inaugurated some noble
+    life work. I trust each will take to her soul a strong purpose and
+    that on her tombstone shall be engraved her own name and her own
+    noble deeds instead of merely the daughter of Judge Ormond, or the
+    relict of some Honorable or D. D. When true womanhood shall be
+    attained it will be spoken of and remembered for itself alone. My
+    kindest regards to them, accompanied with the most earnest desire
+    that they shall make truth and freedom the polar star of their
+    lives.
+
+To this Judge Ormond made cordial reply, October 17, 1859:
+
+    DEAR MADAM: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
+    letter of the 2d inst., with the papers enclosed. The petition to
+    the Legislature will be presented by the senator from this county
+    and I will apprise you of the action had upon it. My daughters are
+    obliged to you for the interest you take in them. To a certain
+    extent I agree with you as to the duties of woman. I am greatly in
+    favor of her elevation to her proper sphere as the equal of man as
+    to her civil rights, the security of her person, the right to her
+    property and, where there is a separation after marriage, her equal
+    right with the father to the custody and education of the children.
+    All this as a legislator I have endeavored to accomplish, making
+    large innovations upon the ancient common law. If I differ from you
+    as to her political rights, it is because I think that, from
+    political as well as moral considerations, she is unfit for, indeed
+    incapacitated from, the performance of most of the duties which are
+    now performed by men as members of the body politic; but there are
+    many avocations and professions now exclusively occupied by men
+    which women are as well, perhaps better fitted to fill. I hope
+    these will soon be thrown open to an active competition of both
+    sexes.
+
+Then came the raid on Harper's Ferry and all its terrible consequences,
+and in December Judge Ormond wrote again:
+
+    MADAM: In redemption of my promise to tell you the fate of the
+    woman's rights petition to our Legislature, I have the honor to
+    inform you that it was virtually rejected, being laid on the table.
+    I interested a distinguished member of our Senate in its
+    presentation and, in addition, wrote a letter which under ordinary
+    circumstances would have insured its respectful consideration. But
+    after your petition was forwarded came the treasonable and
+    murderous invasion of John Brown. The atrocity of this act,
+    countenanced as it manifestly was by a great party at the North,
+    has extinguished our last spark of fraternal feeling. Whilst we are
+    all living under a Constitution which secures to us our right to
+    our slaves, the results of which are in truth more beneficial to
+    the whole North, and especially to the New England States, than to
+    us, you are secretly plotting murderous inroads into our peaceful
+    country and endeavoring to incite our slaves to cut the throats of
+    our wives and children. Can you believe that this state of things
+    can last? We now look upon you as our worst enemies and are ready
+    to separate from you. Measures are in progress as far as
+    practicable to establish non-intercourse with you and to proscribe
+    all articles of northern manufacture or origin, including New
+    England teachers. We can live without you; it remains to be seen
+    how you will get along without us. You will probably find that
+    fanaticism is not an element of national wealth or conducive to the
+    happiness or comfort of the people.
+
+    In conclusion, let me assure you this is written more in sorrow
+    than in anger. I am not a politician and have always been a
+    strenuous friend of the Union. I am now in favor of a separation,
+    unless you immediately retrace your steps and give the necessary
+    guarantees by the passage of appropriate laws that you will
+    faithfully abide by the compromises of the Constitution, by which
+    alone the slaveholding States can with honor or safety remain in
+    the Union. But that this will be done, I have very little hope, as
+    "madness seems to rule the hour;" and as you have thus constituted
+    yourselves our enemies, you must not be surprised at finding that
+    we are yours.
+
+[Footnote 26: A critic said of this: "It is the most faultless
+presentation of the question to which I have listened. Mr. Curtis takes
+the broadest view of the subject, his logic in its sweep is convincing
+as demonstration itself. His satire is cutting, but not bitter; his wit
+keen as a Damascus blade. He came out bravely for the suffrage." For
+forty years the advocates of equal rights have been using this lecture
+as one of their strongest documents.]
+
+[Footnote 27: By an odd coincidence, while this chapter was being
+written a letter came to Miss Anthony from Dean M. Jenkins, of Detroit,
+which said: "Enclosed please find my check to help on the good work to
+which you have devoted your life. You see I have almost pardoned you
+for saying, 'I have never quite forgiven you for marrying Helen Philleo
+and taking her away from the suffrage work.' In place of one worker you
+now have four. Mrs. Jenkins made a convert of me. Our daughter, Mrs.
+Spalding, is as earnest a worker for the suffrage cause as her mother,
+and our son is a defender of his mother's principles...."]
+
+[Footnote 28: He had become temporarily insane on account of the
+persecution he suffered in connection with the John Brown raid.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+RIFT IN COMMON LAW--DIVORCE QUESTION.
+
+1860.
+
+
+During the first decade of its history the movement toward securing a
+larger liberty for women was known by the comprehensive term "woman's
+rights." At its inception, under the English common law which
+everywhere prevailed, woman was legally a part of man's belongings, one
+of his chattels. Restrained by custom from speaking in public or
+expressing herself through the newspapers, she had been silent under
+the oppression of ages. When at length she found her voice there were
+so many wrongs to be righted that she scarcely knew which first should
+receive attention. Those early meetings could not be called woman
+suffrage conventions, for many who advocated all the other reforms
+which they considered either disbelieved in or were indifferent to the
+franchise. It was only the Anthonys, Stantons, Stones, Roses,
+Garrisons, Phillips of this great movement for woman's liberty who were
+philosophical enough to see that the right of suffrage was the
+underlying principle of the whole question; so it was not for many
+years, not until practically all other demands had been granted, that
+they were finally resolved into a suffrage organization, pure and
+simple. At the beginning of 1860 the laws relating to women, as briefly
+stated by the great jurist, David Dudley Field, were as follows:
+
+    The elective franchise is confined entirely to men. A married woman
+    can not sue for her services, as all she earns legally belongs to
+    the husband, whereas his earnings belong to himself, and the wife
+    legally has no interest in them. Where children have property and
+    both parents are living, the father is the guardian. In case of the
+    wife's death without a will, the husband is entitled to all her
+    personal property and to a life interest in the whole of her real
+    estate to the entire exclusion of the children, even though this
+    property may have come to her through a former husband and the
+    children of that marriage still be living. If the husband die
+    without a will, the widow is entitled to one-third of the personal
+    property and to a life interest in one-third only of the real
+    estate. In case a wife be personally injured, either in reputation
+    by slander, or in body by accident, compensation must be recovered
+    in the joint name of herself and her husband, and when recovered it
+    belongs to him. On the other hand, the wife has no legal claim in a
+    similar case in regard to the husband. The father may by deed or
+    will appoint a guardian for the minor children, who may thus be
+    taken entirely away from the jurisdiction of the mother at his
+    death. Where both parents are dead, the children shall be given to
+    the nearest of kin and, as between relatives of the same degree of
+    consanguinity, males shall be preferred. No married woman can act
+    as administrator in any case.
+
+One can not but ask why, under such laws, women ever would marry, but
+in those days virtually all occupations were closed to them and the
+vast majority were compelled to marry for support. In the few cases
+where women had their own means, they married because of the public
+sentiment which considered it a serious reproach to remain a spinster
+and rigorously forbade to her all the pleasures and independence that
+are freely accorded to the unmarried woman of today. And they married
+because it is natural for women to marry, and all laws and all customs,
+all restrictions and all freedom, never will circumvent nature.
+
+On February 3 and 4, 1860, the State Woman's Rights Convention was held
+at Albany in Association Hall, an interesting and successful meeting.
+At its close, in a letter to Mrs. Wright, Miss Anthony said: "Mr. Anson
+Bingham, chairman of the judiciary committee, will bring in a radical
+report in favor of all our claims, but previous to doing so he wishes
+our strongest arguments made before the committee and says Mrs. Stanton
+must come. I wish you would slip over there and make her feel that the
+salvation of the Empire State, at least of the women in it, depends
+upon her bending all her powers to move the hearts of our law-givers at
+this time. I should go there myself this very night but I must watch
+and encourage friends here." Mrs. Stanton replied to her urgent appeal:
+"I am willing to do the appointed work at Albany. If Napoleon says
+cross the Alps, they are crossed. You must come here and start me on
+the right train of thought, as your practical knowledge of just what is
+wanted is everything in getting up the right document."
+
+The readers of history never will be able to separate Miss Anthony's
+addresses from Mrs. Stanton's; they themselves scarcely could do it.
+Some of the strongest ever written by either were prepared without the
+assistance of the other, but most of their resolutions, memorials and
+speeches were the joint work of both. Miss Anthony always said, "Mrs.
+Stanton is my sentence maker, my pen artist." No one can excel Miss
+Anthony in logic of thought or vigor of expression; no one is so
+thoroughly supplied with facts, statistics and arguments, but she finds
+it difficult and distasteful to put them into written form. When,
+however, some one else has taken her wonderful stock of material and
+reduced it to shape, she is a perfect critic. Her ear is as carefully
+attuned to the correct balance of words as that of a skilled musician
+to harmony in music. She will detect instantly a weak spot in a
+sentence or a paragraph and never fail to suggest the exact word or
+phrase needed to give it poise and strength.
+
+Mrs. Stanton had a large house and a constantly increasing family,
+making it exceedingly difficult to find time for literary work; so when
+a state paper was to be written, Miss Anthony would go to Seneca Falls.
+After the children were in bed, the two women would sit up far into the
+night arranging material and planning their work. The next day Mrs.
+Stanton would seek the quietest spot in the house and begin writing,
+while Miss Anthony would give the children their breakfast, start the
+older ones to school, make the dessert for dinner and trundle the
+babies up and down the walk, rushing in occasionally to help the writer
+out of a vortex. Many an article which will be read with delight by
+future generations was thus prepared. Mrs. Stanton describes these
+occasions in her charming Reminiscences:
+
+    It was mid such exhilarating scenes that Miss Anthony and I wrote
+    addresses for temperance, anti-slavery, educational and woman's
+    rights conventions. Here we forged resolutions, protests, appeals,
+    petitions, agricultural reports and constitutional arguments, for
+    we made it a matter of conscience to accept every invitation to
+    speak on every question, in order to maintain woman's right to do
+    so. It is often said by those who know Miss Anthony best, that she
+    has been my good angel, always pushing and guiding me to work. With
+    the cares of a large family, perhaps I might in time, like too many
+    women, have become wholly absorbed in a narrow selfishness, had not
+    my friend been continually exploring new fields for missionary
+    labors. Her description of a body of men on any platform,
+    complacently deciding questions in which women had an equal
+    interest without an equal voice, readily roused me to a
+    determination to throw a fire-brand in the midst of their assembly.
+
+    Thus, whenever I saw that stately Quaker girl coming across my lawn
+    I knew that some happy convocation of the sons of Adam were to be
+    set by the ears with our appeals or resolutions. The little
+    portmanteau stuffed with facts was opened and there we had what
+    Rev. John Smith and Hon. Richard Roe had said, false interpretation
+    of Bible texts, statistics of women robbed of their property, shut
+    out of some college, half-paid for their work, reports of some
+    disgraceful trial--injustice enough to turn any woman's thoughts
+    from stockings and puddings. Then we would get out our pens and
+    write articles for papers, a petition to the Legislature, letters
+    to the faithful here and there, stir up the women in Ohio,
+    Pennsylvania or Massachusetts, call on the Lily, the Una, the
+    Liberator, the Standard, to remember our wrongs. We never met
+    without issuing a pronunciamento on some question.
+
+    In thought and sympathy we were one, and in the division of labor
+    we exactly complemented each other. In writing we did better work
+    together than either could do alone. While she is slow and
+    analytical in composition, I am rapid and synthetic. I am the
+    better writer, she the better critic. She supplied the facts and
+    statistics, I the philosophy and rhetoric, and together we made
+    arguments which have stood unshaken by the storms of nearly fifty
+    long years.[29]
+
+In 1878 Theodore Tilton gave this graphic description: "These two
+women, sitting together in their parlors, have for the last thirty
+years been diligent forgers of all manner of projectiles, from
+fireworks to thunderbolts, and have hurled them with unexpected
+explosion into the midst of all manner of educational, reformatory,
+religious and political assemblies, sometimes to the pleasant surprise
+and half welcome of the members; more often to the bewilderment and
+prostration of numerous victims; and in a few signal instances, to the
+gnashing of angry men's teeth. I know of no two more pertinacious
+incendiaries in the whole country; nor will they themselves deny the
+charge. In fact, this noise-making twain are the two sticks of a drum
+for keeping up what Daniel Webster called 'the rub-a-dub of
+agitation.'"
+
+On March 19, 1860, Mrs. Stanton presented her address to a joint
+session of the Legislature at Albany, occupying the speaker's desk and
+facing as magnificent an audience as ever assembled in the old Capitol.
+It was a grand plea for a repeal of the unjust and oppressive laws
+relating to women, and it was universally said that its eloquence could
+not have been surpassed by any man in the United States. A bill was
+then in the hands of the judiciary committee, simply an amendment of
+the Property Law of 1848, to which Andrew J. Colvin objected as not
+liberal enough. Miss Anthony gave him a very radical bill just
+introduced into the Massachusetts Legislature, which he examined
+carefully, adding several clauses to make it still broader. It was
+accepted by the committee, composed of Messrs. Hammond, Ramsey and
+Colvin, reported to the Senate and passed by that body in February. It
+was concurred in by the Assembly the day following Mrs. Stanton's
+speech, and signed by Governor Edwin D. Morgan.[30] This new law
+declared in brief:
+
+    Any property, real and personal, which any married woman now owns,
+    or which may come to her by descent, etc., shall be her sole and
+    separate property, not subject to control or interference by her
+    husband.
+
+    Any married woman may bargain, sell, etc., carry on any trade or
+    perform any services on her own account, and her earnings shall be
+    her sole and separate property and may be used or invested by her
+    in her own name.
+
+    A married woman may buy, sell, make contracts, etc., and if the
+    husband has willfully abandoned her, or is an habitual drunkard, or
+    insane, or a convict, his consent shall not be necessary.
+
+    A married woman may sue and be sued, bringing action in her own
+    name for damages and the money recovered shall be her sole
+    property.
+
+    Every married woman shall be joint guardian of her children with
+    her husband, with equal powers, etc., regarding them.
+
+    At the decease of the husband the wife shall have the same property
+    rights as the husband would have at her death.
+
+This remarkable action, which might be termed almost a legal
+revolution, was the result of nearly ten years of laborious and
+persistent effort on the part of a little handful of women who, by
+constant agitation through conventions, meetings and petitions, had
+created a public sentiment which stood back of the Legislature and gave
+it sanction to do this act of justice. While all these women worked
+earnestly and conscientiously to bring about this great reform, there
+was but one, during the entire period, who gave practically every month
+of every year to this purpose, and that one was Susan B. Anthony. In
+storm and sunshine, in heat and cold, in seasons of encouragement and
+in times of doubt, criticism and contumely, she never faltered, never
+stopped. Going with her petition from door to door, only to have them
+shut in her face by the women she was trying to help; subjecting
+herself to the jeers and insults of men whom she need never have met
+except for this mission; held up by the press to the censure and
+ridicule of thousands who never had seen or heard her; misrepresented
+and abused above all other women because she stood in the front of the
+battle and offered herself a vicarious sacrifice--can the women of New
+York, can the women of the nation, ever be sufficiently grateful to
+this one who, willingly and unflinchingly, did the hardest pioneer work
+ever performed by mortal?
+
+Miss Anthony divided the winter of 1860 between the anti-slavery and
+the woman's cause. As she had very little on hand (!) she arranged
+another course of lectures for Rochester, inviting A.D. Mayo, Ralph
+Waldo Emerson, Thomas Starr King and others. These speakers were in the
+employ of the lyceum bureau, but were so restricted by it that they
+could give their great _reform_, lectures only under private
+management. At the close of Emerson's he said to Miss Anthony that he
+had been instrumental in establishing the lyceum for the purpose of
+securing a freedom of speech not permitted in the churches, but he
+believed that now he would have to do as much to break it up, because
+of its conservatism, and organize some new scheme which would permit
+men and women to utter their highest thought. She was in the habit of
+arranging many of her woman's rights meetings in different towns when
+Phillips or others were to be there for a lyceum lecture, thus securing
+them for a speech the following afternoon.
+
+[Autograph: Cordially yours, T.S. King]
+
+A letter received this winter from her sister Mary is interesting as
+showing that the belief in equal rights for women was quite as strong
+in other members of the family. She had been requested by the board of
+education to fill the place of one of the principals who was ill, and
+gives the following account:
+
+    I was willing to do the best I could to help out, so the next
+    morning, with fear and trembling, I faced the 150 young men and
+    women, many of whom, like their fathers and mothers before them,
+    felt that no woman had the ability to occupy such a place. All went
+    well until it was noised about that I should expect as much salary
+    as had been paid the principal. To establish such a precedent would
+    never do, so a man from a neighboring town was sent for post-haste,
+    but the moment he began his administration the boys rebelled. After
+    slates and books had been thrown from the window and I had been
+    obliged to guard him from their snowballs on his way home, he
+    decided teaching, in that place at least, was not his "sphere" and
+    refused to return.
+
+    Next morning the committee asked me to resume the management. I
+    answered: "No person can fill the place of a long-tried teacher,
+    but I in a measure succeeded--yet not one of you would entertain
+    the idea of paying me as much as the principal. You sent to another
+    town for a man, who has made an absolute failure, and yet you do
+    not hesitate to pay him the full salary for the time he was here.
+    If you will be as just to me, I will resume the work and do my
+    best--on any other conditions I must decline." They agreed to the
+    proposition, I finished the term and for the first time on record a
+    woman received a principal's salary!
+
+A little later Miss Mary continues the story:
+
+    You know the principal of Number Ten has been ill nearly two
+    months. I asked him if Miss Hayden, who took his place, was to
+    receive his salary. He replied: "Do you think after the money has
+    been audited to me, I ought to turn around and give it all to her?"
+    Said I: "If the board are willing to pay you $72 a month while you
+    are sick and pay her the same, all right; but if only one is to
+    receive that salary, I say, and most emphatically, she is the one."
+    He wanted to know if I was not aware that mine was the only case
+    where such a thing had been done in Rochester. I told him I was
+    heartily glad I had been the means of having justice done for once,
+    and was really in hopes other women teachers would follow my
+    example and suffer themselves no longer to be duped.
+
+Miss Hayden however was obliged to accept $25 a month for doing exactly
+the work for which the man received $72 during all his illness. To keep
+her from making trouble, the board gave her a small present with the
+understanding that it was not to be considered as salary. A short time
+afterwards Miss Mary wrote again: "A woman teacher on a salary of $20 a
+month has just been ill for a week and another was employed to take her
+place; when she recovered, she was obliged to have the supply teacher's
+salary deducted from her own. So I posted down to the superintendent's
+office and had another decidedly plain talk. He owned that it was
+unjust but said there was no help for it."
+
+In the winter of 1860, Henry Ward Beecher delivered his great woman's
+rights speech at Cooper Institute, New York. At that time his name was
+a power in the whole world and his masterly exposition of the rights of
+women is still used as one of the best suffrage leaflets. Miss Anthony
+tells in her diary of meeting Tilton and of his amusing account of the
+struggle they had to get this speech published in the Independent. Her
+little visits to New York and Boston always inspired her with fresh
+courage, for here she would meet Theodore Parker, Frothingham, Cheever,
+Chapin, Beecher, Greeley, Phillips, Garrison, the great spirits of that
+age, and all in perfect sympathy with what she represented.
+
+The Tenth National Woman's Rights Convention assembled in Cooper
+Institute, May 10, 1860. Miss Anthony called it to order and read a
+full and interesting report of the work and progress of the past year.
+The usual eloquent speeches were made by Phillips, Mrs. Rose, Rev.
+Beriah Green, Mary Grew, Rev. Samuel Longfellow, brother of the poet,
+and others. The warmest gratitude was expressed "toward Susan B.
+Anthony, through whose untiring exertions and executive ability the
+recent laws for women were secured." A hearty laugh was enjoyed at the
+expense of the man who shouted from the audience, "She'd a great deal
+better have been at home taking care of her husband and children." The
+proceedings were pleasant and harmonious, but next morning the whole
+atmosphere was changed and Elizabeth Cady Stanton did it with a little
+set of resolutions declaring that, under certain conditions, divorce
+was justifiable. She supported them by an address which for logic of
+argument, force of expression and beauty of diction never has been,
+never can be surpassed. No such thoughts ever before had been put into
+words. She spoke on that day for all the women of the world, for the
+wives of the present and future generations. The audience sat
+breathless and, at the close of the following peroration, burst into
+long-continued applause:
+
+    We can not take our gauge of womanhood from the past but from the
+    solemn convictions of our own souls, in the higher development of
+    the race. No parchments, however venerable with the mold of ages,
+    no human institutions, can bound the immortal wants of the royal
+    sons and daughters of the great I Am--rightful heirs of the joys of
+    time and joint heirs of the glories of eternity. If in marriage
+    either party claim the right to stand supreme, to woman, the mother
+    of the race, belongs the scepter and the crown. Her life is one
+    long sacrifice for man. You tell us that among all womankind there
+    is no Moses, Christ or Paul--no Michael Angelo, Beethoven or
+    Shakespeare--no Columbus or Galileo--no Locke or Bacon. Behold
+    those mighty minds so grand, so comprehensive--they themselves are
+    _our_ great works! Into you, O sons of earth, goes all of us that
+    is immortal. In you center our very life, our hopes, our intensest
+    love. For you we gladly pour out our heart's blood and die, knowing
+    that from our suffering comes forth a new and more glorious
+    resurrection of thought and life.
+
+This speech set the convention on fire. Antoinette Blackwell spoke
+strongly in opposition, Mrs. Rose eloquently in favor. Mr. Phillips was
+not satisfied even with the motion to lay the resolutions on the table
+but moved to expunge them from the journal of the convention, which, he
+said, had nothing to do with laws except those that rested unequally
+upon women and the laws of divorce did not. It seems incredible that
+Mr. Phillips could have taken this position, when by the law the wife
+had no legal claim upon either property or children in case of divorce,
+and, even though the innocent party, must go forth into the world
+homeless and childless; in the majority of States she could not sue for
+divorce in her own name nor could she claim enough of the community
+property to pay the costs of the suit. Miss Anthony said:
+
+    I hope Mr. Phillips will withdraw his motion. It would be contrary
+    to all parliamentary usage that when the speeches which advocated
+    them are published in the proceedings, the resolutions should not
+    be. I wholly dissent from the point that this question does not
+    belong on our platform. Marriage has ever been a one-sided
+    contract, resting most unequally upon the sexes. Woman never has
+    been consulted; her wish never has been taken into consideration as
+    regards the terms of the marriage compact. By law, public sentiment
+    and religion, woman never has been thought of other than as a piece
+    of property to be disposed of at the will and pleasure of man. This
+    very hour, by our statute books, by our so-called enlightened
+    Christian civilization, she has no voice whatever in saying what
+    shall be the basis of this relation. She must accept marriage as
+    man proffers it, or not at all.
+
+    And then again, on Mr. Phillips' own ground, the discussion is
+    perfectly in order, since nearly all the wrongs of which we
+    complain grow out of the inequality, the injustice of the marriage
+    laws, that rob the wife of the right to herself and her children
+    and make her the slave of the man she marries. I hope, therefore,
+    the resolutions will be allowed to go out to the public, that there
+    may be a fair report of the ideas which actually have been
+    presented here and that they may not be left to the mercy of the
+    press.
+
+Abby Hopper Gibbons supported Mr. Phillips, but Mr. Garrison favored
+the publication of the resolutions. The motion to expunge them from the
+minutes was lost.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours affectionately
+  Ernestine L. Rose]
+
+This discussion stirred the country from center to circumference, and
+all the prominent newspapers had editorials favoring one side or the
+other. It produced the first unpleasantness in the ranks of those who
+had stood together for the past decade. Greeley launched thunderbolts
+against the right of divorce under any circumstances, and Mrs. Stanton
+replied to him in his own paper. Lucy Stone, who just before the
+convention had written to Mrs. Stanton, "That is a great, grand
+question, may God touch your lips," now took sides with Phillips. To
+Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony came letters from far and wide, both
+approving and condemning. Mrs. William H. Seward and her sister, Mrs.
+Worden, wrote that it not only was a germane question to be discussed
+at the convention but that there could be no such thing as equal rights
+with the existing conditions of marriage and divorce. From Lucretia
+Mott came the encouraging words: "I was rejoiced to have such a defense
+of the resolutions as yours. I have the fullest confidence in the
+united judgment of Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony and I am glad
+they are so vigorous in the work." Parker Pillsbury sent a breezy note:
+"What a pretty kettle of hot water you tumbled into at New York! Your
+marriage and divorce speeches and resolutions you must have learned in
+the school of a Wollstonecraft or a Sophie Arnaut. You broke the very
+heart of the portly Evening Post and nearly drove the Tribune to the
+grave."
+
+For the censure of the world at large they did not care, but Phillips'
+defection almost broke their hearts. He was their ideal of the brave
+and the true and always before they had had his approval and assistance
+in every undertaking. Miss Anthony wrote Mrs. Stanton: "It is not for
+you or for me, any more than for Mr. Phillips, to dictate our platform;
+that must be fixed by the majority. He is evidently greatly distressed.
+I find my only comfort in that glorious thought of Theodore Parker:
+'All this is but the noise and dust of the wagon bringing the harvest
+home.' These things must be, and happy are they who see clearly to the
+end." And to her friend Amy Post: "It is wonderful what letters of
+approval we are receiving, some of them from the noblest women of the
+State, not connected in any way with our great movement but
+sympathizing fully with our position on the question of divorce. I only
+regret that history may not see Wendell Phillips first and grandest in
+the recognition of this great truth; but he is a man and can not put
+himself in the position of a wife, can not feel what she does under the
+present marriage code. And yet in his relations to his own wife he is
+the embodiment of chivalry, tenderness and love."
+
+In a letter to Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton said: "We are right. My
+reason, my experience, my soul proclaim it. Our religion, laws,
+customs, all are founded on the idea that woman was made for man. I am
+a woman, and I can feel in every nerve where my deepest wrongs are
+hidden. The men know we have struck a blow at their greatest
+stronghold. Come what will, my whole soul rejoices in the truth I have
+uttered. One word of thanks from a suffering woman outweighs with me
+the howls of Christendom."
+
+Notwithstanding all that had passed, Miss Anthony wrote Mr. Phillips
+for money from the Hovey fund to publish the report of the convention
+containing these very resolutions, and he sent it accompanied with a
+cordial letter. With his generous disposition he soon recognized the
+fact that it was eminently proper to agitate this question of divorce,
+in order to make it possible for a woman to secure release from a
+habitual drunkard, or a husband who treated her with personal violence
+or willfully abandoned her, and to have some claim on their property
+and a right to their children, if she were the innocent party. Before
+three months he wrote Miss Anthony, "Go ahead, you are doing grandly,"
+and he spoke many times afterwards on their platform. During the height
+of this discussion Miss Anthony was in Albany and Rev. Mayo, thinking
+to annihilate her, said: "You are not married, you have no business to
+be discussing marriage." "Well, Mr. Mayo," she replied, "you are not a
+slave, suppose you quit lecturing on slavery."
+
+As a result of this agitation a little clique of women in Boston, led
+by Caroline H. Dall, announced that they would hold a convention which
+should not be open to free discussion but should be "limited to the
+subjects of Education, Vocation and Civil Position." They drew to
+themselves a small body of conservatives and it was thought might start
+a new movement, but the meeting had no permanent results. Parker
+Pillsbury said of it: "With the exception of Phillips, no soul kindled
+with volcanic fire was permitted a solitary spark. O, such a meeting!
+Beautiful as parlor theatricals, but as a bold shriek for freedom or a
+protest against tyrant laws, not a sparrow on the housetop could have
+been more harmless." Miss Anthony wrote at this time: "Cautious,
+careful people, always casting about to preserve their reputation and
+social standing, never can bring about a reform. Those who are really
+in earnest must be willing to be anything or nothing in the world's
+estimation, and publicly and privately, in season and out, avow their
+sympathy with despised and persecuted ideas and their advocates, and
+bear the consequences."
+
+In June she and Mrs. Stanton went to a large meeting of Progressive
+Friends at Waterloo, where the latter read this same speech on divorce
+and then, to quote Miss Anthony's own words, "As usual when she had
+fired her gun she went home and left me to finish the battle." In this
+case it lasted several days, but Mrs. Stanton knew she could count upon
+her friend to defend her to the last ditch. Miss Anthony was always on
+the skirmish line. She would interview the married women who could not
+leave home and children, get their approval of her plans and then go to
+the front. Once or twice a year she would gather her hosts for a big
+battle, but the rest of the time she did picket duty, acted as scout
+and penetrated alone the enemy's country. Between meetings she would
+find her way home, make over her old dresses and on rare occasions get
+a new one. This she called "looking after the externals." Then, as her
+mother was an invalid, she would clean the house from top to bottom and
+do a vast amount of necessary work.
+
+In her diary are many such entries as these: "Washed all the shutters.
+Took up the carpet this morning.... Whitewashed the kitchen today....
+Helped the girl wash this morning; in the afternoon ironed six shirts,
+and started for New York at 4 o'clock. Was a little bit tired." At one
+time, with the help of a seamstress, she made fourteen shirts,
+stitching by hand all the collars, bosoms and wristbands, and, as this
+woman had worked in the Troy laundry, she taught Miss Anthony to
+clear-starch and iron them. Each summer she managed to be home long
+enough to assist with the canning, pickling and preserving. The little
+journal gives the best glimpses of her daily life, usually only a hasty
+scrawl of a few lines but containing many flashes of humor and wisdom.
+Thus the records run:
+
+    Crowded house at Port Byron. I tried to say a few words at opening,
+    but soon curled up like a sensitive plant. It is a terrible
+    martyrdom for me to speak.... Very many Abolitionists have yet to
+    learn the A B C of woman's rights.... The Boston Congregationalist
+    has a scurrilous article. Shall write the editor.... It is
+    discouraging that no man does right for right's sake, but
+    everything to serve party.... I find such comfort in Aurora Leigh
+    when I am sorely pressed.... Heard Stephen A. Douglas today; a low
+    spectacle for both eye and ear.... Gave my lecture on "The True
+    Woman" at Penn Yan teachers' institute. Some strange gentleman
+    present supported my plea for physical culture for girls.... Had a
+    talk with Frederick Douglass. He seems to have no faith in simple
+    and abstract right.... Lost patience this morning over a lamp and
+    suffered vastly therefor. Why can I not learn self-control?...
+    Company came and found me out in the garden picking peas and
+    blackberries--and hoopless.... A fine-looking young colored man on
+    train presented me with a bouquet. Can't tell whether he knew me or
+    only felt my sympathy.... Am reading Buckle's History of
+    Civilization and Darwin's Descent of Man. Have finished his Origin
+    of Species. Pillsbury has just given me Emerson's poems....
+
+Miss Anthony did not fail to put aside everything long enough to attend
+the State Teachers' Convention at Syracuse. The right of women to take
+part had now become so well established that it needed no further
+defense, but she still fought for equal pay for equal services, and
+equal advantages of education for colored children, and each year found
+her views gaining a stronger support from both men and women. After
+this convention she continued her meetings, anti-slavery and woman's
+rights, and during the summer visited again her birthplace at Adams,
+Mass., writing home:
+
+    Found grandfather working in the oat field, just think of it,
+    ninety-and-a-half years old! But in honor of my arrival he remained
+    home and visited all the afternoon. How hard the women here work,
+    and how destitute they are of all the conveniences. It is perfectly
+    barbarous when they have plenty of money. I borrowed a calico dress
+    and sunbonnet and with the cousins climbed to the very top of Old
+    Greylock. Later I visited the "Daniel House," as grandfather calls
+    our old home. I rambled through the orchard, but the spice-apple
+    tree is dead and the little tree in the corner that we children
+    loved so well. I visited the old spring up in the pasture, and
+    thought how many times the tired feet of mother and grandmother had
+    trod those paths--and the little brook runs over the stones as
+    merry and beautiful as ever.
+
+From here she went to Boston to attend a meeting of the Hovey fund
+committee and urged them to establish a "depository" at Albany with
+Lydia Mott in charge, which was done. This depot of supplies of
+literature, etc., for the anti-slavery cause, and central meeting place
+for its friends, was continued throughout the war. The Mott sisters,
+cousins of James, lovely and cultured Quaker women, had a little home
+in Maiden Lane and kept a gentlemen's furnishing store, making by hand
+the ruffled shirtbosoms and other fine linen. As their home had been so
+long the center for the reformers of the day, the committee were glad
+to put Lydia in charge of this depository, at a small salary, and she
+conducted an extensive correspondence for them during several years.
+Miss Anthony stayed with her till everything was arranged and in good
+running order. In July she had received the following invitation:
+
+    By a unanimous vote of the Union Agricultural Society of Dundee a
+    resolution was passed to tender you an invitation to deliver the
+    annual address at our next fair. We know it is a departure from
+    established usage, but your experience as one of a brave band of
+    radical reformers will have taught you that only by gradual steps
+    and continued efforts can the prejudices of custom be overcome and
+    the rights of humanity maintained. Woman's rights are coming to be
+    respected more and more every year, and we hope you will aid us in
+    demonstrating that a woman can deliver as profitable an address at
+    an agricultural fair as can a lord of creation....
+
+    Yours respectfully, WILLIAM HOUSE, _Secretary, per_ D. S. BRUNER.
+
+To refuse such an opportunity was not to be thought of, so she
+accepted, and then wrote Mrs. Stanton, who answered: "Come on and we
+will grind out the speech. I shall expect to get the inspiration,
+thoughts and facts from you, and will agree to dress all the children
+you bring."
+
+She found a cordial welcome when she reached Dundee, October 17. It
+rained so hard her address was deferred till the next day, as it had to
+be delivered out of doors, so she visited the "art" and "culinary"
+departments of the fair, and records in her diary: "I have just put an
+extra paragraph in my speech on bedquilts and bad cooking." Her stage
+was a big lumber wagon, and her desk the melodeon of James G. Clark,
+the noted singer and Abolitionist, who held an umbrella over her head
+to keep off the rain. The diary says: "More than 2,000 feet were
+planted in the mud, but I had a grand listening to the very end." The
+speech was a great success and was published in full in the Dundee
+Record, occupying the entire front page. It was a fine exposition of
+modern methods of farming and a strong plea for beautifying the home,
+giving the children books and music and making life so pleasant they
+would not want to leave the country for the city. These ideas at that
+time were new and attracted much attention and favorable comment. This
+was the first instance of a woman's making an address on such an
+occasion.
+
+At the close of 1860 an incident occurred which attracted wide
+attention and strikingly illustrated Miss Anthony's unflinching courage
+and firm persistence when she felt she was right. One evening in
+December she was in Albany at the depository with Lydia Mott when a
+lady, heavily veiled, entered and in a long, confidential talk told her
+story, which in brief was as follows: She was the sister of a United
+States senator and of a prominent lawyer, and in her younger days was
+principal of the academy and had written several books. She married a
+distinguished member of the Massachusetts Senate and they had three
+children. Having discovered that her husband was unfaithful to her and
+confronted him with the proofs, he was furious and threw her down
+stairs, and thereafter was very abusive. When she threatened to expose
+him, he had her shut up in an insane asylum, a very easy thing for
+husbands to do in those days. She was there a year and a half, but at
+length, through a writ of habeas corpus, was released and taken to the
+home of her brother. Naturally she longed to see her children and the
+husband permitted the son to visit her a few weeks. When she had to
+give him up she begged for the thirteen-year-old daughter, who was
+allowed to remain for two weeks, and then the father demanded her
+return. The mother pleaded for longer time but was refused. She prayed
+her brother to interfere but he answered: "It is of no use for you to
+say another word. The child belongs by law to the father and it is your
+place to submit. If you make any more trouble about it we'll send you
+back to the asylum."
+
+Then in her desperation she took the child and fled from the house,
+finding refuge with a Quaker family, where she stayed until she learned
+that her hiding-place was discovered, and now as a last resort she came
+to these women. They assured the unhappy mother that they would help
+her and, upon making careful inquiry among her friends, found that,
+while all believed her sane, no one was willing to take her part
+because of the prominence of her brothers and husband. Finally it was
+decided that Miss Anthony should go with the mother and child to New
+York and put them in a safe place, so they were directed to disguise
+themselves and be at the train on Christmas afternoon. Miss Anthony
+went on board and soon saw a woman in an old shawl, dilapidated bonnet
+and green goggles, accompanied by a poorly dressed child, and she knew
+that so far all was well, but she found the woman in a terrible state
+of nervousness. She had met her brother coming out of another car where
+he had just placed his young son to return to boarding-school, after a
+happy vacation at home, while his sister with her child was fleeing
+like a criminal; but fortunately he had not recognized her.
+
+Miss Anthony and her charges reached New York at 10 o'clock at night
+and went through snow and slush to a hotel but were refused admittance
+because it did not take women "unaccompanied by a gentleman." They made
+their weary way to another, only to be met with a similar refusal.
+Finally she thought of an acquaintance who had had a wretched
+experience with a bad husband and was now divorced, and she felt that
+sympathy would certainly impel this woman to give them shelter. When
+they reached the house they found her keeping boarders and she said all
+would leave if they learned she was "harboring a runaway wife." It was
+then midnight. They went in the cold arid darkness to a hotel on
+Broadway, but here the excuse was made that the house was full. Miss
+Anthony's patience had reached its limit and she declared: "I know that
+is not so. You can give us a place to sleep or we will sit in this
+office all night." The clerk threatened to call the police. "Very
+well," was the reply, "we will sit here till they come and take us to
+the station." At last he gave them a room without a fire, and there,
+cold, wet and exhausted, they remained till morning. Then they started
+out again on foot, as they had not enough money left to hire a
+carriage.
+
+They went to Mrs. Rose but she could not accommodate them; then to Abby
+Hopper Gibbons, who sent them to Elizabeth F. Ellet, saying if they
+could not find quarters to come back and she would care for them. Mrs.
+Ellet was not at home. All day they went from place to place but no one
+was willing to accept the responsibility of sheltering them, and at
+night, utterly worn out, they returned to Mrs. Gibbons. She promised to
+keep the mother and child until other arrangements could be effected,
+and Miss Anthony left them there and took the 10 o'clock train back to
+Albany. She arrived toward morning, tired out in mind and body, but
+soon was made comfortable by the ministrations of her faithful friend
+Lydia.
+
+[Autograph: Abby Hopper Gibbons]
+
+It was not long before the family became convinced that Miss Anthony
+knew the whereabouts of mother and child and then began a siege of
+persecution. She had at this time commenced that never-to-be-forgotten
+series of anti-slavery conventions which were mobbed in every town from
+Buffalo to Albany. In the midst of all this excitement and danger, she
+was constantly receiving threats from the brothers that they would have
+her arrested on the platform. They said she had broken the laws and
+they would make her pay the penalty; that their sister was an "ugly"
+woman and nobody could live with her. To this she replied: "I have
+heard there was Indian blood in your family; perhaps your sister has
+got a little of it as well as yourselves. I think you would not allow
+your children to be taken away from you, law or no law. There is no
+reason or justice in a woman's submitting to such outrages, and I
+propose to defy the law and you also."
+
+If she had been harassed only by these men, it would have caused her no
+especial worry, but letters and telegrams from friends poured in urging
+her to reveal the hiding-place and, most surprising of all, both
+Garrison and Phillips wrote that she had abducted a man's child and
+must surrender it! Mr. Phillips remonstrated: "Let us urge you,
+therefore, at once to advise and insist upon this woman's returning to
+her relatives. Garrison concurs with me fully and earnestly in this
+opinion, thinking that our movement's repute for good sense should not
+be compromised by any such mistake." In a letter from Mr. Garrison
+covering six pages of foolscap, he argued: "Our identification with the
+woman's rights movement and the anti-slavery cause is such that we
+ought not unnecessarily involve them in any hasty and ill-judged, no
+matter how well-meant, efforts of our own. We, at least, owe to them
+this--that if for any act of ours we are dragged before courts we ought
+to be able to show that we acted discreetly as well as with good
+intentions." Both men spoke kindly and affectionately but they were
+unable to view the question from a mother's or even from a woman's
+standpoint. Miss Anthony replied to them:
+
+    I can not give you a satisfactory statement on paper, but I feel
+    the strongest assurance that all I have done is wholly right. Had I
+    turned my back upon her I should have scorned myself. In all those
+    hours of aid and sympathy for that outraged woman I remembered only
+    that I was a human being. That I should stop to ask if my act would
+    injure the reputation of any movement never crossed my mind, nor
+    will I now allow such a fear to stifle my sympathies or tempt me to
+    expose her to the cruel, inhuman treatment of her own household.
+    Trust me that as I ignore all law to help the slave, so will I
+    ignore it all to protect an enslaved woman.
+
+At the anti-slavery convention in Albany Mr. Garrison pleaded with her
+to give up the child and insisted that she was entirely in the wrong.
+He said: "Don't you know the law of Massachusetts gives the father the
+entire guardianship and control of the children?" "Yes, I know it," she
+replied, "and does not the law of the United States give the
+slaveholder the ownership of the slave? And don't you break it every
+time you help a slave to Canada?" "Yes, I do." "Well, the law which
+gives the father the sole ownership of the children is just as wicked
+and I'll break it just as quickly. You would die before you would
+deliver a slave to his master, and I will die before I will give up
+that child to its father." It was impossible for even such great men as
+Garrison and Phillips to feel for a wronged and outraged woman as they
+could for a wronged and outraged black man. Miss Anthony wrote at this
+time: "Only to think that in this great trial I should be hounded by
+the two men whom I adore and reverence above all others!" Through all
+this ordeal her father sustained her position, saying: "My child, I
+think you have done absolutely right, but don't put a word on paper or
+make a statement to any one that you are not prepared to face in court.
+Legally you are wrong, but morally you are right, and I will stand by
+you."
+
+Mrs. Elizabeth F. Ellet, author of Women of the Revolution and other
+works, cared for and protected the unfortunates, obtained sewing for
+the mother and helped her to live in peaceful seclusion for a year. She
+was placed in the family of a physician who watched her closely and
+testified, as did all connected with her, that she was perfectly sane.
+According to her letters still in existence, the husband took
+possession of her funds in bank, drew all the money due to her from her
+publishers and forbade them to pay her any more from the sale of her
+books, as he had a legal right to do. In this extremity one of the
+brothers sent her some money through Miss Mott, who stood as firm as
+Miss Anthony in the face of threat and persecution. At length, feeling
+safe, the mother let the little girl go to Sunday-school alone and at
+the door of the church she was suddenly snatched up, put into a close
+carriage and in a few hours placed in possession of the father. The
+mother and her friends made every effort to secure the child, but the
+law was on the side of the father and they never succeeded.
+
+[Footnote 29: At Miss Anthony's request only such speeches are
+published in the appendix of this biography as were prepared entirely
+without the co-operation of Mrs. Stanton.]
+
+[Footnote 30: In a letter to Miss Anthony regretting that no action was
+taken on the suffrage question, Mr. Colvin wrote: "The more reflection
+I give, the more my mind becomes convinced that in a republican
+government we have no right to deny woman the privileges she claims.
+Besides, the moral element which those privileges would bring into
+action would, in my judgment, have a powerful influence in perpetuating
+our form of government."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+MOB EXPERIENCE----CIVIL WAR.
+
+1861--1862.
+
+
+The beginning of 1861 found the country in a state approaching
+demoralization. Lincoln had received a majority of the electoral vote
+but far from a majority of the popular vote. The victory was so narrow
+that the Republicans did not feel themselves strong enough for
+aggressive action, and the party was composed of a number of diverse
+elements not yet sufficiently united to agree upon a distinctive
+policy. Its one cohesive force was the principle of no further
+extension of slavery, but there was no thought among its leaders of any
+interference with this institution in the States where it already
+existed. They accepted the interpretation of the Constitution which
+declared that it sanctioned and protected slavery, but were determined
+that the Territories should be admitted into the Union as free States.
+While many of them were in favor of emancipation, they expected that in
+some way this question would be settled without recourse to extreme
+measures, and they feared the effect, not only on the South but on the
+North, of the forcible language and radical demands of the
+Abolitionists.
+
+The latter were roused to desperation. Never for an instant did they
+accept the doctrine that the North should be satisfied merely by the
+prevention of any further spread of slavery; they believed the system
+should be exterminated root and branch. They were angered at the
+reserved and dispassionate language of Lincoln and alarmed at the
+threats of the secession of the South, which must result either in
+putting it forever beyond the power of the government to interfere with
+slavery, or in terrorizing it into making such concessions as would
+enable the slave power to intrench itself still more strongly under the
+protection of the Constitution.
+
+At this critical moment, therefore, the Abolitionists put forth every
+effort to rouse public sentiment to the impending dangers. They
+gathered their forces and sent them throughout New England, New York
+and the Western States, bearing upon their banners the watchwords, "No
+Compromise with Slaveholders. Immediate and Unconditional
+Emancipation." One detachment, under the intrepid leadership of Susan
+B. Anthony, arranged a series of meetings for New York in the winter of
+1861. This party was composed of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Rev. Samuel J.
+May, Rev. Beriah Green, Aaron M. Powell and Stephen S. Foster; but one
+after another gave out and went home, while Miss Anthony still remained
+at the helm. The series began at Buffalo, January 3, in St. James Hall.
+The mob was ready for them and, led by ex-Justice George Hinson and
+Birdseye Wilcox, hissed, hooted, yelled and stamped, making it utterly
+impossible for the speakers to be heard. Prominent among the disturbers
+were young Horatio Seymour and a son of ex-President Fillmore. The
+police refused to obey the orders of a Republican mayor and joined in
+the efforts of the mob, which held carnival two entire days, finally
+crowding upon the platform and taking possession; and in the midst of
+the melee the gas was turned off. Miss Anthony stood her ground,
+however, until lights were brought in, and then herself declared the
+meeting adjourned.
+
+In towns where there were not enough people to create a disturbance,
+the meetings passed off quietly, but they were mobbed and broken up in
+every city from Buffalo to Albany. Democratic officials encouraged the
+mob spirit and where Republicans might have wished to oppose it, they
+were too cowardly to do so. The meetings were advertised for three days
+in Rochester, beginning January 12, and, as the newspapers occupied
+many columns with a discussion as to whether they would be broken up
+here as elsewhere, the opposition was thoroughly aroused and the
+turbulent elements had time to become fully organized. The board of
+aldermen were called together to consider whether means could not be
+found to prevent Mr. Reynolds allowing the use of Corinthian Hall,
+which had been rented for the occasion, and whether it would not be
+wise to issue an order forbidding the owner of any public building to
+let it to the Abolitionists; but finally adjourned without action.
+
+The mob, under the lead of Constable Richard L. Swift, fully answered
+all expectations. As Miss Anthony stepped forward to open the meeting,
+she was greeted with a broadside of hisses and ironical applause. When
+Mrs. Stanton began her address her voice was drowned in jeers and
+groans and, although she persevered for some time, she was unable to
+complete a single sentence. Rev. May attempted to speak and was met by
+yells, and stamping of feet. A Southerner in the audience rose and
+said: "Well, I may as well go back to Kentucky, for this is ahead of
+any demonstration against free speech I ever saw in the South;" but he
+was stopped by cries of, "Put him out!" The men kept on their hats,
+smoked pipes and cigars, stamped, bellowed, swore, and bedlam reigned.
+The acting mayor, sheriff and chief of police were present, but not an
+arrest was made. Mrs. Stanton finally left the platform, but Miss
+Anthony courageously maintained her position until the chief of police
+mounted the rostrum and declared the meeting adjourned. Even then the
+rioters refused to go out of the hall, and the speakers were obliged to
+leave under protection of the police amid the hooting and howling of
+the rabble. All wanted to give up the rest of the meetings, but Miss
+Anthony declared they had a right to speak and it was the business of
+the authorities to protect them, and persisted in finishing the series
+as advertised. On Sunday the only place where they were allowed to hold
+services was in Zion's colored church. The house was filled, morning
+and evening, and they were left in peace.
+
+At Port Byron the meeting was broken up by the throwing of cayenne
+pepper on the stove. When the speakers reached Utica, where Mechanics'
+Hall had been engaged, they learned that the board of directors had met
+and decided it should not be used, in direct violation of the contract
+with Miss Anthony, who had spent $60 on the meeting. They found the
+doors locked and a large crowd on the outside. The mayor was among them
+and begged her not to attempt to hold a meeting. In reply she demanded
+that the doors be opened. He refused but offered to escort her to a
+place of safety. She answered: "I am not afraid. It is you who are the
+coward. If you have the power to protect me in person, you have also
+the power to protect me in the right of free speech. I scorn your
+assistance." She declined his proffered arm, but he persisted in
+escorting her through the mob. As no hall could be had they held their
+meeting at the residence of her host, James C. DeLong, and formed an
+anti-slavery organization. The instigator of the opposition in Utica
+was ex-Governor Horatio Seymour. Of the meeting at Rome, Miss Anthony
+wrote:
+
+    Last evening there was a furious organized mob. I stood at the foot
+    of the stairs to take the admission fee. Some thirty or forty had
+    properly paid and passed up when a great uproar in the street told
+    of times coming. It proved to be a closely packed gang of forty or
+    fifty rowdies, who stamped and yelled and never halted for me. I
+    said, "Ten cents, sir," to the leader, but he brushed me aside, big
+    cloak, furs and all, as if I had been a mosquito, and cried, "Come
+    on, boys!" They rushed to the platform, where were Foster and
+    Powell who had not yet commenced speaking, seated themselves at the
+    table, drew out packs of cards, sang the Star-Spangled Banner and
+    hurrahed and hooted. After some thirty or forty minutes, Mr. Foster
+    and Aaron came down and I accompanied them back to Stanwix Hotel,
+    where the gang made desperate efforts to get through the entrance
+    room in pursuit of the "damned Abolitionists." The Republican paper
+    called us pestiferous fanatics and infidels, and advised every
+    decent man to stay away. Were the Republicans true at this crisis,
+    we not only should be heard quietly, as in past years, but should
+    have far larger audiences; and yet a hundred unmolested conventions
+    would not have made us a tithe of the sympathizers this one
+    diabolical mob has done.
+
+Mr. May was in favor of giving up the conventions and was especially
+anxious that one should not be attempted in Syracuse, which city, he
+said, had always maintained freedom of speech and he did not want the
+record broken; but still, if they insisted upon coming he would do all
+in his power to help them. Miss Anthony was firm, replying: "If
+Syracuse is capable of maintaining free speech the record will not be
+broken; if it is not capable, it has no right to the reputation."
+Convention Hall was engaged and Mr. May and Mr. C.D.B. Mills lent every
+possible assistance, but the Abolitionists encountered here the worst
+opposition of all. The hall was filled with a howling, drunken,
+infuriated crowd, headed by Ezra Downer, a liquor dealer, and Luke
+McKenna, a pro-slavery Democrat. Even Mr. May, who was venerated by all
+Syracuse, was not allowed to speak. Rotten eggs were thrown, benches
+broken, and knives and pistols gleamed in every direction. The few
+ladies present were hurried out of the room, and Miss Anthony faced
+that raging audience, the only woman there. The Republican chief of
+police refused to make any effort toward keeping order. The mob crowded
+upon the platform and took possession of the meeting, and Miss Anthony
+and her little band were forced out of the hall. They repaired to the
+residence of Dr. R.W. and Mrs. Hannah Fuller Pease, which was crowded
+with friends of the cause. That evening the rioters dragged through the
+streets hideous effigies of Susan B. Anthony and Rev. S.J. May, and
+burned them in the public square.
+
+Not at all daunted or discouraged, Miss Anthony took her speakers
+forthwith into the very heart of the enemy's country, the capital of
+the State. Albany had at that time a Democratic mayor, George H.
+Thacher. As soon as the papers announced the coming of the
+Abolitionists, over a hundred prominent citizens addressed a petition
+to the mayor to forbid their meeting for fear of the same riotous
+demonstrations which had disgraced the other cities. He replied at
+considerable length, saying that he had taken an oath to support the
+Constitutions of the United States and the State of New York, that both
+guaranteed the right of free speech to all citizens, and while he was
+mayor he intended to protect them in that right.
+
+On the day of the convention he called at the Delevan House for Miss
+Anthony and Mrs. Stan ton, now reinforced by Lucretia Mott, Martha C.
+Wright, Gerrit Smith and Frederick Douglass, and accompanied them to
+Association Hall. They found it packed to the doors. The mayor went on
+the platform and announced that he had placed policemen in various
+parts of the hall in citizens' clothes, and that whoever made the least
+disturbance would be at once arrested. Then he laid a revolver across
+his knees, and there he sat during the morning, afternoon and evening
+sessions. Several times the mob broke forth, and each time arrests were
+promptly made. Toward the close of the evening he said to Miss Anthony:
+"If you insist upon holding your meetings tomorrow, I shall still
+protect you, but it will be a difficult thing to hold this rabble in
+check much longer. If you will adjourn at the close of this session I
+shall consider it a personal favor." Of course she willingly acceded to
+his request. He accompanied the ladies to their hotel, the mob
+following all the way.
+
+This closed the series of conventions. With a Republican mayor in every
+other city, there had been no attempt at official protection; and yet
+it may be remembered, in extenuation, that it is always easier for the
+party out of power than for the one in power to stand for principle;
+the former has nothing to lose. The Republicans at this time were
+panic-stricken and staggering under the weight of responsibility
+suddenly laid upon them; and the Abolitionists, by their radical
+demands and scathing criticism, were adding to their difficulties.
+There can be no justification, however, for any official who is too
+cowardly or too dishonest to fulfill the duties of his office.
+
+Immediately upon the close of this anti-slavery meeting, the State
+Woman's Rights Convention was held in Albany, February 7 and 8. Mr.
+Garrison, Mrs. Rose, Lucretia Mott and many of the old brilliant galaxy
+were among the speakers. They little thought that this was the last
+convention they would hold for five years, that a long and terrible war
+would cast its shadow over every household before they met again, that
+differences would arise in their own ranks, and that never more would
+they come together in the old, fraternal spirit that had bound them so
+closely and given them strength to bear the innumerable hardships which
+so largely had been their portion.
+
+After the Albany meeting, Miss Anthony at once began preparations for
+the National Woman's Rights Convention in New York in May. The date was
+set, the Tabernacle secured and many of the speakers engaged, but in
+the meantime the affairs of the nation had become more and more
+complicated; the threatened secession of the Southern States had been
+accomplished; the long-expected, long-dreaded crisis seemed close at
+hand; the people were uncertain and bewildered in the presence of the
+dreadful catastrophe. All thought, all interest, all action were
+centered in the new President. The whole nation was breathlessly
+awaiting the declaration of Lincoln's policy. To call any kind of
+meeting which had an object other than that relating to the
+preservation of the Union seemed almost a sacrilege. Letters poured in
+upon Miss Anthony urging her to relinquish all idea of a convention,
+but she never had learned to give up. Even after the fall of Sumter and
+the President's call for troops, the letters were still insisting that
+she declare the meeting postponed; but it was not until the abandonment
+of the Anti-Slavery Anniversary, which always took place the same week,
+and until she found there were absolutely no speakers to be had, that
+she finally yielded.
+
+About this time she takes care of a sister with a baby, and writes Mrs.
+Stanton: "O this babydom, what a constant, never-ending, all-consuming
+strain! We should never ask anything else of the woman who has to
+endure it. I realize more and more that rearing children should be
+looked upon as a profession which, like any other, must be made the
+primary work of those engaged in it. It can not be properly done if
+other aims and duties are pressing upon the mother." And yet so great
+was her spirit of self-sacrifice that in this same letter she offers to
+take entire charge of Mrs. Stanton's seven children while she makes a
+three months' trip abroad. At a later date, when caring for a young
+niece, she says: "The dear little Lucy engrosses most of my time and
+thoughts. A child one loves is a constant benediction to the soul,
+whether or not it helps to the accomplishment of great intellectual
+feats."
+
+The watchword of the Abolitionists ever had been "Peace." Under the
+leadership of Garrison, their policy had been one of non-resistance.
+When war actually was precipitated, when the South had fired upon the
+stars and stripes and the tread of marching feet resounded through
+every northern city, they were amazed and bewildered. Instinctively
+they turned to their great leaders for guidance. In Music Hall, Boston,
+April 21, 1861, to an audience of over 4,000, Wendell Phillips made
+that masterly address, justifying "this last appeal to the God of
+Battles," and declaring for War. It was one of the matchless speeches
+of all history, and touched the keynote which soon swelled into a grand
+refrain from ocean to ocean. But even then there were those who waited
+for the declaration of Garrison, the great pioneer of Abolitionism. A
+letter written by Rev. Beriah Green to Miss Anthony, May 22, expresses
+the sentiment which pervaded the minds of many Abolitionists at this
+period:
+
+    I looked forward to the Anti-Slavery Anniversary with the keenest
+    pleasure and hope. I should see luminous faces; I should bear the
+    voice of wisdom; I should gather strength and courage and return to
+    my task-garden refreshed and quickened. But when I read the
+    official notice in the Standard and Liberator of the grounds on
+    which the meeting was given up, "that nothing should be done at
+    this solemn crisis needlessly to check or divert the mighty current
+    of popular feeling which is now sweeping southward with the
+    strength and impetuosity of a thousand Niagaras," I was surprised
+    and puzzled. I have read Phillips' War Speech, marked the tenor and
+    spirit of the Liberator, seen the stars and stripes paraded in the
+    Standard, perused James Freeman Clarke's sermon, and I feel more
+    desolate and solitary than ever. Mrs. Stanton, too, is for War for
+    the Union, and I say to myself: "How will Susan Anthony and Parker
+    Pillsbury and all the other old comrades be affected by these signs
+    of the times?"
+
+Miss Anthony replied in the same strain:
+
+    A feeling of sadness, almost of suffocation, has been mine ever
+    since the first announcement that the anti-slavery meeting was
+    postponed. I can not welcome the demon of expediency or consent to
+    be an abettor, by silence any more than by word or act, of wicked
+    means to accomplish an end, not even for the sake of emancipating
+    the slaves. I have tried hard to persuade myself that I alone
+    remained mad, while all the rest had become sane, because I have
+    insisted that it is our duty to bear not only our usual testimony
+    but one even louder and more earnest than ever before.... The
+    Abolitionists, for once, seem to have come to an agreement with all
+    the world that they are out of time and place, hence should hold
+    their peace and spare their rebukes and anathemas. Our position to
+    me seems most humiliating, simply that of the politicians, one of
+    expediency not principle. I have not yet seen one good reason for
+    the abandonment of all our meetings, and am more and more ashamed
+    and sad that even the little Apostolic number have yielded to the
+    world's motto--"the end justifies the means."
+
+As the long, hard winter's work had left her very tired she gladly
+turned to that haven of refuge, the farm-home. The father, who was
+willing always to put the control of affairs into her capable hands,
+took this opportunity to make a long-desired trip to Kansas, going the
+first of May and returning in September. She assumed the entire
+management of the farm, put in the crops, watched over, harvested and
+sold them; assisted her mother with the housework and the family sewing
+and, by way of variety, pieced a silk quilt and wove twenty yards of
+rag carpet in the old loom. She found time, more-over, to go to the
+Progressive Friends' meeting at Junius and to attend the State
+Teachers' Convention at Watertown. She also managed a large
+anti-slavery Fourth of July meeting at Gregory's grove, near Rochester,
+securing a number of distinguished speakers. In writing her, relative
+to this meeting, Frederick Douglass said: "I rejoice not in the death
+of any one, yet I can not but feel that, in the death of Stephen A.
+Douglas, a most dangerous person has been removed. No man of his time
+has done more than he to intensify hatred of the negro and to
+demoralize northern sentiment. Since Henry Clay he has been the King of
+Compromise. Yours for the freedom of man and of woman always."
+
+[Autograph: Frederick Douglass]
+
+From her diary may be obtained an idea of the busy life which only
+allowed the briefest entries, but these show her restlessness and
+dissatisfaction:
+
+    Tried to interest myself in a sewing society; but little
+    intelligence among them.... Attended Progressive Friends' meeting;
+    too much namby-pamby-ism.... Went to colored church to hear
+    Douglass. He seems without solid basis. Speaks only popular
+    truths.... Quilted all day, but sewing seems to be no longer my
+    calling.... I stained and varnished the library bookcase today, and
+    superintended the plowing of the orchard.... The last load of hay
+    is in the barn; all in capital order. Fitted out a fugitive slave
+    for Canada with the help of Harriet Tubman.... The teachers'
+    convention was small and dull. The woman's committee failed to
+    report. I am mortified to death for them.... Washed every window in
+    the house today. Put a quilted petticoat in the frame. Commenced
+    Mrs. Browning's Portuguese Sonnets. Have just finished Casa Guidi
+    Windows, a grand poem and so fitting to our terrible struggle.... I
+    wish the government would move quickly, proclaim freedom to every
+    slave and call on every able-bodied negro to enlist in the Union
+    army. How not to do it seems the whole study at Washington. Good,
+    stiff-backed Union Democrats would dare to move; they would have
+    nothing to lose and all to gain for their party. The present
+    incumbents have all to lose; hence dare not avow any policy, but
+    only wait. To forever blot out slavery is the only possible
+    compensation for this merciless war.
+
+All through the chroniclings of the monotonous daily life is the cry:
+"The all-alone feeling will creep over me. It is such a fast after the
+feast of great presences to which I have been so long accustomed."
+During these days she reads Adam Bede, and thus writes Mrs. Stanton:
+
+    I finished Adam Bede yesterday noon. I can not throw off the
+    palsied oppression of its finale to poor, poor Hetty--and Arthur
+    almost equally commands my sympathy. He no more desired to wrong
+    her or cause her one hour of sorrow than did Adam, but the impulse
+    of his nature brooked no restraint. Should public sentiment
+    tolerate such a consummation of love--or passion, if it were not
+    love? (But I believe it was, only the impassable barrier of caste
+    forbade its public avowal.) If such a birth could be left free from
+    odium and scorn, contempt and pity from the world, it would be a
+    thousand times more holy, more happy, than many of those in legal
+    marriage. It will not do for me to read romances; they are too real
+    to shake off. What is the irresistible power so terrifically
+    pictured in both Hetty and Arthur, which led them on to the very
+    ill they most would shun?
+
+    To crown the result I went to the colored church to hear Sallie
+    Holley, but she did not come. Mrs. Coleman was in the pulpit and
+    read a poem of Gerald Massey on Peace, spoke a few minutes and said
+    she saw Miss Anthony present and hoped she'd occupy the time. Then
+    rang round the house the appalling cry of "Miss Anthony." There was
+    no escape, and I staggered up and stammered out a few words and sat
+    down--dead, killed--thoroughly enraged that I had not spent the
+    forenoon in making myself ready at least to read something, instead
+    of poring over Adam Bede.
+
+To this Mrs. Stanton replies: "You speak of the effect of Adam Bede on
+you. It moved me deeply, and The Mill on the Floss is another agony.
+Such books as these explain why the 'marriage question' is
+all-absorbing. O, Susan, are you ever coming to visit me again? It
+would be like a new life to spend a day with you. How I shudder when I
+think of our awful experience with those mobs last winter, and yet even
+now I long for action." Miss Anthony was equally restive in her own
+seclusion which, although by no means an idle one, had shut her from
+the great outside world that at this hour seemed to cry aloud for the
+best service of every man and woman. In January, 1862, she went to Mrs.
+Stanton's and together they prepared an address for the State
+Anti-Slavery Convention to be held at Albany, February 7 and 8, and
+here in the society of Garrison and Phillips, she received fresh
+inspiration. Soon after reaching home, at Phillips' request, she
+arranged a lecture for him in Rochester. After paying all expenses, she
+sent him a check--there is no record of its size--but he returned a
+portion, saying:
+
+    DEAR SUSAN: Thank you, but you are too generous. I can't take such
+    an awful big lion's share, even to satisfy your modesty. Put the
+    enclosed, with my thanks, into your own pocket, as a slight
+    compensation for all your trouble. Remember and pay my successor
+    not one cent more than you can afford.... I had to charter a
+    locomotive all to myself to get back from Oswego in time for
+    Rondout. Riding in the darkness with the engineer through the snow
+    gave me time to think of the pleasant group and supper I missed the
+    night before at the Hallowells. Kind regards to them. Tell Mrs.
+    Hallowell her lunch tasted good about midnight, as I entered
+    Syracuse.
+
+Miss Anthony managed the usual series of lectures this winter. When she
+sent Mr. Tilton his check he returned this rollicking answer:
+
+    DEAR S.B.A.: I received your letter and its enclosure, which latter
+    has already vanished like April snow, to pay the debts of the
+    subscriber.... Our morning ride with our good friend Frederick
+    gives me pleasure whenever I think of it. Those pictures of Mount
+    Hope and the waterfall were better than any in the Academy of
+    Design. As to yourself, I have had some talk with Rev. Oliver
+    Johnson about your "sphere," and we both agree that you are
+    defrauding some honest man of his just due. I recommend that you
+    form an acquaintance, with a view to prospective results for life,
+    with some well-settled, Old-School Presbyterian clergyman, and send
+    me some of the cake.
+
+[Autograph: Theodore Tilton]
+
+In 1862, as the previous year, Miss Anthony was determined to hold a
+National Woman's Rights Convention in New York, but her efforts met
+with no favorable response and so, for the second time, she was obliged
+to give up the annual protest which seemed to her a sacred duty. She
+did not then acknowledge, nor has she ever admitted, that there is any
+question of more vital importance than that relating to the freedom of
+woman. Defeated here she decided to start out again in the anti-slavery
+lecture field, since, as she wrote her friend Lydia: "It is so easy to
+feel your power for public work slipping away if you allow yourself to
+remain too long snuggled in the Abrahamic bosom of home. It requires
+great will-force to resurrect one's soul." In her tour she visited
+Adams, accompanied by her loved niece, Ann Eliza McLean, and wrote back
+an amusing account of how she lectured the male relatives for requiring
+their women folks to use worn-out cook-stoves, broken kitchen utensils
+and all sorts of inconvenient things in the household. While there she
+went with a large party of relatives over the mountains to see the
+wonderful Hoosac Tunnel, now well under way. One day she spoke to an
+audience on the very top of the Green mountains. On this trip, having
+for a rarity a little leisure, she visited the art galleries of New
+York and wrote:
+
+    My very heart of hearts has been made to rejoice in the work of two
+    of earth's noblest women--Harriet Hosmer and Rosa Bonheur. Twice
+    have I visited the Academy of Design and there have I sat in
+    silent, reverential awe, with eyes intent upon the marble face of
+    Harriet Hosmer's Beatrice Cenci. I have no power to express my
+    hope, my joy, my renewed faith in womanhood. In the accomplishment
+    of that grand work of the sculptor's chisel, making that cold
+    marble breathe and pulsate, Harriet Hosmer has done more to ennoble
+    and elevate woman than she possibly could have done by mere words,
+    it matters not how Godlike; though I would not ignore true words,
+    for it is these which rouse to action the latent powers of the
+    Harriet Hosmers.... Even the rude and uncultivated seem awed into
+    silence when they come into the presence of that sleeping, but
+    speaking purity. Rosa Bonheur is the first woman who has dared
+    venture into the field of animal painting, and her work not only
+    surpasses anything ever done by a woman, but is a bold and
+    successful step beyond all other artists. Mark another significant
+    fact: The three greatest productions of art during the past three
+    years are by women--Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh, Rosa
+    Bonheur's Horse Fair and Harriet Hosmer's Beatrice Cenci--and these
+    triumphs are in three of its most difficult and exalted
+    departments.
+
+In April she took Mrs. Stanton's four boys from Seneca Falls to New
+York, and cared for them while the family were removing to that city.
+In May she attended the New York Anniversary and the New England
+convention in Boston, and on the Fourth of July the celebration at
+Framingham, and during this time gave many addresses on anti-slavery.
+When in Boston she had a delightful visit with the Garrisons, and
+called on Mrs. Phillips with Mrs. Garrison, one of the few persons
+admitted to the invalid's seclusion.
+
+While all the women were giving themselves, body and soul, to the great
+work of the war, the New York Legislature, April 10, 1862, finding them
+off guard, very quietly amended the law of 1860 and took away from
+mothers the lately-acquired right to the equal guardianship of their
+children. They also repealed the law which secured to the widow the
+control of the property for the care of minor children. Thus at one
+blow were swept away the results of nearly a decade of hard work on the
+part of women, and wives and mothers were left in almost the same
+position as under the old common law. Had one woman been a member of
+the Legislature, such an act never would have been possible; but the
+little band who for ten years had watched and toiled to protect the
+interests of their sex, were in the sanitary commission, the hospitals,
+at the front, on the platform in the interest of the Union, or at home
+doing the work of those who had gone into the army, and this was their
+reward! Miss Anthony's anger and sorrow were intense when she heard of
+the repeal of the laws which she had spent seven long years to obtain,
+tramping through cold and heat to roll up petitions and traversing the
+whole State of New York in the dead of winter to create public
+sentiment in their favor. In her anguish she wrote Lydia Mott:
+
+    Your startling letter is before me. I knew some weeks ago that
+    abominable thing was on the calendar, with some six or eight
+    hundred bills before it, and hence felt sure it would not come up
+    this winter, and that in the meantime we should sound the alarm.
+    Well, well; while the old guard sleep the "young devils" are wide
+    awake, and we deserve to suffer for our confidence in "man's sense
+    of justice;" but nothing short of this could rouse our women again
+    to action. All our reformers seem suddenly to have grown politic.
+    All alike say: "Have no conventions at this crisis; wait until the
+    war excitement abates;" which is to say: "Ask our opponents if they
+    think we had better speak, or rather if they do not think we had
+    better remain silent." I am sick at heart, but I can not carry the
+    world against the wish and will of our best friends. What can we do
+    now when even the motion to retain the mother's joint guardianship
+    is voted down? Twenty thousand petitions rolled up for that--a hard
+    year's work--the law secured--the echoes of our words of gratitude
+    in the Capitol scarcely died away, and now all is lost!
+
+This year began the acquaintance with Anna Dickinson, whose letters are
+as refreshing as a breeze from the ocean:
+
+    The sunniest of sunny mornings to you, how are you today? Well and
+    happy, I hope. To tell the truth I want to see you very much
+    indeed, to hold your hand in mine, to hear your voice, in a word, I
+    want _you_--I can't have you? Well, I will at least put down a
+    little fragment of my foolish self and send it to look up at
+    you.... I work closely and happily at my preparations for next
+    winter--no, for the future--nine hours a day, generally; but I
+    never felt better, exercise morning and evening, and never touch
+    book or paper after gaslight this warm weather; so all those talks
+    of yours were not thrown away upon me.
+
+    What think you of the "signs of the times?" I am sad always, under
+    all my folly;--this cruel tide of war, sweeping off the fresh,
+    young, brave life to be dashed out utterly or thrown back shattered
+    and ruined! I know we all have been implicated in the "great
+    wrong," yet I think the comparatively innocent suffer today more
+    than the guilty. And the result--will the people save the country
+    they love so well, or will the rulers dig the nation's grave?
+
+    Will you not write to me, please, soon? I want to see a touch of
+    you very much.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very Affectionately Yours
+  Anna E. Dickinson]
+
+Early in September Greeley writes her: "I still keep at work with the
+President in various ways and believe you will yet hear him proclaim
+universal freedom. Keep this letter and judge me by the event."
+
+Miss Anthony thus lectures Mrs. Stanton because she has a teacher and
+educates her children at home: "I am still of the opinion that whatever
+the short-comings of the public schools your children would be vastly
+more profited in them, side by side with the very multitude with whom
+they must mingle as soon as school days are over. Any and every private
+education is a blunder, it seems to me. I believe those persons
+stronger and nobler who have from childhood breasted the commonalty. If
+children have not the innate strength to resist evil, keeping them
+apart from what they must inevitably one day meet, only increases their
+incompetency."
+
+In the summer of 1862 Miss Anthony attended her last State Teachers'
+Convention, which was held in Rochester, where she began her labors in
+this direction. In 1853 she had forced this body to grant her a share
+in their deliberations, the first time a woman's voice had been heard.
+For ten years she never had missed an annual meeting, keeping up her
+membership dues and allowing no engagement to interfere. Year after
+year she had followed them up, insisting that in the conventions women
+teachers should hold offices, serve on committees and exercise free
+speech; demanding that they should be eligible to all positions in the
+schools with equal pay for equal work; and compelling a general
+recognition of their rights. All these points, with the exception of
+equal pay, had now been gained and there was much improvement in
+salaries.
+
+Her mission here being ended, she turned her attention to other fields;
+but for the privileges which are enjoyed by the women teachers of the
+present day, they are indebted first of all to Susan B. Anthony.[31]
+
+After speaking at intervals through the summer, she started on a
+regular tour early in the fall, writing Lydia Mott: "I can not feel
+easy in my conscience to be dumb in an hour like this. I am speaking
+now extempore and more to my satisfaction than ever before. I am amazed
+at myself, but I could not do it if any of our other speakers were
+listening to me. I am entirely off old anti-slavery grounds and on the
+new ones thrown up by the war. What a stay, counsel and comfort you
+have been to me, dear Lydia, ever since that eventful little temperance
+meeting in that cold, smoky chapel in 1852. How you have compelled me
+to feel myself competent to go forward when trembling with doubt and
+distrust. I never can express the magnitude of my indebtedness to you."
+
+A letter from Abby Kelly Foster at this time said: "I am especially
+gratified to know that you have entered the field in earnest as your
+own speaker, which you ought to have done years ago instead of always
+pushing others to the front and taking the drudgery yourself." Miss
+Anthony was very successful, each day gaining more courage. Her sole
+theme was "Emancipation the Duty-of the Government." A prominent
+citizen of Schuyler county wrote her after she had spoken at
+Mecklinburg: "There is not a man among all the political speakers who
+can make that duty as plain as you have done." Her whole heart was in
+the work and she was constantly inspired by the thought that the day of
+deliverance for the slave was approaching.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FATHER AND MOTHER OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+  AGED 60, FROM DAGUERREOTYPES]
+
+At the height of her enthusiasm came the heaviest blow it would have
+been possible for her to receive. She had come home for a few days, and
+the Sunday morning after election was sitting with her father talking
+over the political situation. They had been reading the Liberator and
+the Anti-Slavery Standard and were discussing the probable effect of
+Lincoln's proclamation, when suddenly he was stricken with acute
+neuralgia of the stomach. He had not had a day's illness in forty years
+and had not the slightest premonition of this attack. He lingered in
+great suffering for two weeks and died on November 25, 1862.
+
+No words can express the terrible bereavement of his family. He had
+been to them a tower of strength. From childhood his sons and daughters
+had carried to him every grief and perplexity and there never had been
+a matter concerning them too trivial to receive his careful attention.
+In manhood and womanhood they still had turned to him above all others
+for advice and comfort, even the grandchildren receiving always the
+same loving care. Between husband and wife there ever had been the
+deepest, truest affection. He was far ahead of his time in his
+recognition of the rights of women. Years before he had written to a
+brother: "Take your family into your confidence and give your wife the
+purse." He was never willing to enter into any pleasure which his wife
+did not share. They tell of him that once the daughters persuaded him
+to remain in town on a stormy evening and go to the Hutchinson concert.
+As they were driving home he said: "Never again ask me to do such a
+thing; I suffered more in thinking of your mother at home alone than
+any enjoyment could possibly compensate." A short time before his death
+he and his wife went to Ontario Beach one afternoon and did not return
+till 10 o'clock. When asked by the daughters what detained them, the
+mother answered that they had a fish supper and then strolled on the
+beach by moonlight; and on their laughing at her and saying she was
+worse than the girls, she replied: "Your father is more of a lover
+today than he was the first year of our marriage."
+
+He was a broad, humane, great-hearted man, always mindful of the rights
+of others, always standing for liberty to every human being.
+Public-spirited, benevolent and genial in disposition, his loss was
+widely mourned. The family's devoted friend, Rev. Samuel J. May,
+conducted the funeral services, at which Frederick Douglass and several
+prominent Abolitionists paid affectionate tribute, expressing "profound
+reverence for Mr. Anthony's character as a man, a friend and a
+citizen." Many letters of sympathy were received by Miss Anthony, but
+nothing brought consolation to her heart; her best and strongest friend
+was gone. Parker Pillsbury expressed her sorrow when he wrote: "You
+must be stricken sore indeed in the loss of your constant helper in the
+great mission to which you are devoted, your counselor, your consoler,
+your all that man could be, besides the endearing relation of father.
+What or who can supply the loss?"
+
+There had not been a day in her life which had not felt his presence.
+She went forth to every duty sustained by his cheery and brave
+encouragement. With her father's support she could face the opposition
+and calumny of the world, and when these became too great she had but
+to turn again to him for the fullest sympathy and appreciation. He had
+inspired all she had done and with his wise advice and financial aid
+had assisted in the doing. When he passed away she felt the foundations
+taken from beneath her feet. For a little while she was stunned and
+helpless, and then the old strength came slowly back. The same
+spiritual force that had upheld her so many years still spoke to her
+soul and bade her once more take up life's duties.
+
+[Footnote 31: A few years after the war, Miss Anthony chancing to be in
+Binghamton at the time of a teachers' convention went in. Immediately
+the whole body rose to give her welcome, she was escorted to the
+platform and, amid great applause, invited to address them.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+WOMEN'S NATIONAL LOYAL LEAGUE.
+
+1863--1864.
+
+
+It was with a sore and heavy heart that Miss Anthony again turned to
+her public work, but she was impelled by the thought that it would have
+been her father's earnest wish, and also by the feeling that work alone
+could give relief to the sorrow which overwhelmed her. She was bitterly
+disappointed that the "old guard" persisted in putting the question of
+the rights of women in the background, thus losing the vantage points
+gained by years of agitation. She alone, of all who had labored so
+earnestly for this sacred cause, was not misled by the sophistry that
+the work which women were doing for the Union would compel a universal
+recognition of their demands when the war was ended. Subsequent events
+showed the correctness of her judgment in maintaining that the close of
+the war would precipitate upon the country such an avalanche of
+questions for settlement that the claims of women would receive even
+less consideration than heretofore had been accorded. Next to this
+cause, however, that of the slaves appealed to her most strongly and
+she willingly continued her labors for them, trusting that the day
+might come when Garrison, Phillips, Greeley and the other great spirits
+would redeem their pledges and unite their strength in securing justice
+for women.
+
+On January 11, 1863, Miss Anthony received this letter from Theodore
+Tilton: "Well, what have you to say to the proclamation? Even if not
+all one could wish, it is too much not to be thankful for. It makes the
+remainder of slavery too valueless and precarious to be worth keeping.
+The millenium is on the way. Three cheers for God!... I had the
+pleasure of dining yesterday with Wendell Phillips in New York. Shall I
+tell you a secret? I happened to allude to one Susan Anthony. 'Yes,'
+said he, 'one of the salt of the earth.'" On the 16th came this from
+Henry B. Stanton: "I date from the federal capital. Since I arrived
+here I have been more gloomy than ever. The country is rapidly going to
+destruction. The army is almost in a state of mutiny for want of its
+pay and for lack of a leader. Nothing can carry the North through but
+the Southern negroes, and nobody can marshal them into the struggle
+except the Abolitionists. The country was never so badly off as at this
+moment. Such men as Lovejoy, Hale and the like have pretty much given
+up the struggle in despair. You have no idea how dark the cloud is
+which hangs over us.... We must not lay the flattering unction to our
+souls that the proclamation will be of any use if we are beaten and
+have a dissolution of the Union. Here then is work for you. Susan, put
+on your armor and go forth!"
+
+From many prominent men and women came the same cry, and so she did
+gird on her armor and go forth. The latter part of February she took up
+her abode with Mrs. Stanton in New York. Herculean efforts were being
+made at this time by the Republicans, under the leadership of Charles
+Sumner, to secure congressional action in regard to emancipation. A
+widespread fear existed that the President's proclamation might not
+prove sufficient, that some way of overriding it might be found, and
+there was much anxiety to secure such an expression of public sentiment
+as would justify Congress in submitting an amendment to the United
+States Constitution which should forever abolish slavery. This could
+best be done through petitions, and here Miss Anthony recognized her
+work. An eloquent appeal was sent out, enclosing the following:
+
+    CALL FOR A MEETING OF THE LOYAL WOMEN OF THE NATION.
+
+    In this crisis it is the duty of every citizen to consider the
+    peculiar blessings of a republican form of government, and decide
+    what sacrifices of wealth and life are demanded for its defense and
+    preservation.... No mere party or sectional cry, no technicalities
+    of constitutional or military law, no methods of craft or policy,
+    can touch the heart of a nation in the midst of revolution. A grand
+    idea of freedom or justice is needful to kindle and sustain the
+    fires of a high enthusiasm.
+
+    At this hour the best word and work of every man and woman are
+    imperatively demanded. To man, by common consent, are assigned the
+    forum, camp and field. What is woman's legitimate work and how she
+    may best accomplish it is worthy our earnest counsel one with
+    another.... Woman is equally interested and responsible with man in
+    the final settlement of this problem of self-government; therefore
+    let none stand idle spectators now. When every hour is big with
+    destiny and each delay but complicates our difficulties, it is high
+    time for the daughters of the Revolution in solemn council to
+    unseal the last will and testament of the fathers, lay hold of
+    their birthright of freedom and keep it a sacred trust for all
+    coming generations.
+
+    To this end we ask the loyal women of the nation to meet in the
+    Church of the Puritans, New York, on Thursday, the 14th of May
+    next. Let the women of every State be largely represented both in
+    person and by letter.
+
+    On behalf of the Woman's Central Committee,
+
+    ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+
+An immense audience, mostly women, assembled in Dr. Cheever's famous
+church. Miss Anthony called the convention to order and nominated Lucy
+Stone for president. Stirring addresses were made by Mrs. Stanton and
+the veteran anti-slavery speaker, Angelina Grimke Weld, while the
+Hutchinson family with their songs added inspiration to the occasion.
+Miss Anthony presented a series of patriotic resolutions with the
+following spirited address:
+
+    There is great fear expressed on all sides lest this shall be made
+    a war for the negro. I am willing that it shall be. It is a war
+    which was begun to found an empire upon slavery, and shame on us if
+    we do not make it one to establish the freedom of the
+    negro--against whom the whole nation, North and South, East and
+    West, in one mighty conspiracy, has combined from the beginning.
+    Instead of suppressing the real cause of the war, it should have
+    been proclaimed not only by the people but by the President,
+    Congress, Cabinet and every military commander. Instead of
+    President Lincoln's waiting two long years before calling to the
+    aid of the government the millions of allies whom we have had
+    within the territory of rebeldom, it should have been the first
+    decree he sent forth. By all the laws of common sense--to say
+    nothing of laws military or civil--if the President, as
+    commander-in-chief of the army and navy, could have devised any
+    possible means whereby he might hope to suppress the rebellion
+    without the sacrifice of the life of one loyal citizen, without the
+    sacrifice of one dollar of the loyal North, it was clearly his duty
+    to have done so. Every interest of the insurgents, every dollar of
+    their property, every institution, every life in every rebel State
+    even, if necessary, should have been sacrificed, before one dollar
+    or one man should have been drawn from the free States. How much
+    more then was it the President's duty to confer freedom on the
+    millions of slaves, transform them into an army for the Union,
+    cripple the rebellion and establish justice, the only sure
+    foundation of peace. I therefore hail the day when the government
+    shall recognize that this is a war for freedom.
+
+    We talk about returning to "the Union as it was" and "the
+    Constitution as it is"--about "restoring our country to peace and
+    prosperity--to the blessed conditions which existed before the
+    war!" I ask you what sort of peace, what sort of prosperity, have
+    we had? Since the first slave ship sailed up the James river with
+    its human cargo and there, on the soil of the Old Dominion, it was
+    sold to the highest bidder, we have had nothing but war. When that
+    pirate captain landed on the shores of Africa and there kidnapped
+    the first stalwart negro and fastened the first manacle, the
+    struggle between that captain and that negro was the commencement
+    of the terrible war in the midst of which we are today. Between the
+    slave and the master there has been war, and war only. This is but
+    a new form of it. No, no; we ask for no return to the old
+    conditions. We ask for something better. We want a Union which is a
+    Union in fact, a Union in spirit, not a sham. By the Constitution
+    as it is, the North has stood pledged to protect slavery in the
+    States where it existed. We have been bound, in case of
+    insurrections, to go to the aid, not of those struggling for
+    liberty but of the oppressors. It was politicians who made this
+    pledge at the beginning, and who have renewed it from year to year.
+    These same men have had control of the churches, the
+    Sabbath-schools and all religious institutions, and the women have
+    been a party in complicity with slavery. They have made the large
+    majority in all the churches throughout the country and have,
+    without protest, fellowshipped the slaveholder as a Christian;
+    accepted proslavery preaching from their pulpits; suffered the
+    words "slavery a crime" to be expurgated from all the lessons
+    taught their children, in defiance of the Golden Rule, "Do unto
+    others as you would that others should do unto you." They have
+    meekly accepted whatever morals and religion the selfish interest
+    of politics and trade dictated.
+
+    Woman must now assume her God-given responsibilities and make
+    herself what she is clearly designed to be, the educator of the
+    race. Let her no longer be the mere reflector, the echo of the
+    worldly pride and ambition of man. Had the women of the North
+    studied to know and to teach their sons the law of justice to the
+    black man, they would not now be called upon to offer the loved of
+    their households to the bloody Moloch of war. Women of the North, I
+    ask you to rise up with earnest, honest purpose and go forward in
+    the way of right, fearlessly, as independent human beings,
+    responsible to God alone for the discharge of every duty. Forget
+    conventionalisms; forget what the world will say, whether you are
+    in your place or out of it; think your best thoughts, speak your
+    best words, do your best works, looking to your own consciences for
+    approval.
+
+The fourth resolution, asking equal rights for women as well as
+negroes, was seriously objected to by several who insisted that they
+did not want political rights. Lucy Stone, Mrs. Weld, Mrs. Rose and
+Mrs. Coleman made strong speeches in its favor, and Miss Anthony said:
+
+    This resolution merely makes the assertion that in a genuine
+    republic, every citizen must have the right of representation. You
+    remember the maxim "Governments derive their just powers from the
+    consent of the governed." This is the fundamental principle of
+    democracy, and before our government can be placed on a lasting
+    foundation, the civil and political rights of every citizen must be
+    practically established. This is the meaning of the resolution. It
+    is a philosophical statement, made not because women suffer, not
+    because slaves suffer, not because of any individual rights or
+    wrongs--but as a simple declaration of the fundamental truth of
+    democracy proclaimed by our Revolutionary fathers. I hope the
+    discussion will no longer be continued as to the comparative rights
+    or wrongs of one class or another. This is the question before us:
+    Is it possible that peace and union shall be established in this
+    country, is it possible for this government to be a true democracy,
+    a genuine republic, while one-sixth or one-half of the people are
+    disfranchised?
+
+The resolution was adopted by a large majority. A business meeting was
+held in the afternoon to decide upon the practical work, and again the
+room was crowded. Miss Anthony was in the chair. There were women of
+all ages, classes and conditions, and the assembly was pervaded with
+deep and solemn feeling. The following was unanimously adopted: "We,
+loyal women of the nation, assembled in convention this 14th day of
+May, 1863, hereby pledge ourselves one to another in a Loyal League, to
+give support to the government in so far as it makes a war for
+freedom." Mrs. Stanton was elected president and Miss Anthony secretary
+of the permanent organization. A great meeting was held in Cooper
+Institute in the evening. An eloquent address to President Lincoln,
+read by Miss Anthony, was adopted and sent to him.[32] Powerful
+speeches were made by Ernestine L. Rose and Rev. Antoinette Blackwell,
+a patriotic address to the soldiers was adopted, and the convention
+closed amid great enthusiasm.
+
+At subsequent meetings it was decided to confine the work of the League
+to the one object of securing signatures to petitions to the Senate and
+House of Representatives, praying for an act emancipating all persons
+of African descent held in involuntary servitude. They set their
+standard at a million names. Their scheme received the commendation of
+the entire anti-slavery press, and of prominent men and women in all
+parts of the country. The first of June headquarters were opened in
+Room 20, Cooper Institute, and the great work was begun. Miss Anthony
+prepared and sent out thousands of petitions accompanied by this
+letter:
+
+    THE WOMEN'S NATIONAL LOYAL LEAGUE TO THE WOMEN OF THE REPUBLIC: We
+    ask you to sign and circulate this petition for the entire
+    abolition of slavery. Remember the President's proclamation reaches
+    only the slaves of rebels. The jails of loyal Kentucky are today
+    filled with Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama slaves, advertised to
+    be sold for their jail fees "according to law," precisely as before
+    the war! While slavery exists anywhere there can be freedom
+    nowhere. There must be a law abolishing slavery. We have undertaken
+    to canvass the nation for freedom. Women, you can not vote or fight
+    for your country. Your only way to be a power in the government is
+    through the exercise of this one, sacred, constitutional "right of
+    petition;" and we ask you to use it now to the utmost. Go to the
+    rich, the poor, the high, the low, the soldier, the civilian, the
+    white, the black--gather up the names of all who hate slavery, all
+    who love liberty, and would have it the law of the land, and lay
+    them at the feet of Congress, your silent but potent vote for human
+    freedom guarded by law....
+
+Every day and every hour were given to the Loyal League. All through
+the hot summer Miss Anthony remained at her post in Cooper Institute,
+scattering her letters far and wide, pushing into the field every woman
+who was willing to work, sending out lecturers to stir up the people,
+directing affairs with the sagacity of an experienced general, sparing
+no one who could be pressed into service, and herself least of all. On
+July 15, during the New York Draft Riots, she writes home: "These are
+terrible times. The Colored Orphan Asylum which was burned was but one
+block from Mrs. Stanton's, and all of us left the house on Monday
+night. Yesterday when I started for Cooper Institute I found the cars
+and stages had been stopped by the mob and I could not get to the
+office. I took the ferry and went to Flushing to stay with my cousin,
+but found it in force there. We all arose and dressed in the middle of
+the night, but it was finally gotten under control."
+
+Miss Anthony had many heartaches during these trying times and longed
+more and more for that strength which had been taken from her forever.
+Writing to her mother of her brother Daniel R.'s election as mayor of
+Leavenworth, Kan., she says: "O, how has our dear father's face flitted
+before me as I have thought what his happiness would have been over
+this honor. Last night when my head was on my pillow, I seemed to be in
+the old carriage jogging homeward with him, while he happily recounted
+D.R.'s qualifications for this high post and accepted his election as
+the triumph of the opposition to rebels and slaveholders. Every day I
+appreciate more fully father's desire for justice to every human being,
+the lowest and blackest as well as the highest and whitest, and my
+constant prayer is to be a worthy daughter."
+
+On the anniversary of his death she writes again to her mother: "It has
+seemed to me last night and today that I must fly to you and with you
+sit down _in the quiet_. It is torture here with not one who knew or
+cared for the loved one. It is sacrilege to speak his name or tell my
+grief to those who knew him not. O, how my soul reaches out in yearning
+to his dear spirit! Does he see me, will he, can he, come to me in my
+calm, still moments and gently minister and lift me up into nobler
+living and working?"
+
+In a letter to her, relative to the sale of the home, the mother uses
+these touching words: "If it had been my heart that had ceased to beat,
+all might have gone on as before, but now all must go astray. I know I
+ought to get rid of this care, and Mary and I should not try to live
+here alone, but every foot of ground is sacred to me, and I love every
+article bought by the dear father of my children." On this subject Miss
+Anthony writes to her sister Mary:
+
+    Your letter sent a pang to my very heart's core that the dear old
+    home, so full of the memory of our father, must be given up. I do
+    wish it could be best to keep it, and yet I do not think he will be
+    less with us away from that loved spot, for my experience in the
+    past months disproves such feeling. Every place, every movement,
+    almost, suggests him. Last evening, I strolled west on Forty-fifth
+    street to the Hudson river, a mile or more. There was newly-sawed
+    lumber there and the smell carried me back, back to the old sawmill
+    and childhood's days. I looked at the beautiful river and the
+    schooners with their sails spread to the breeze. I felt alone, but
+    my mind traversed the entire round of the loved ones. I doubt if
+    there be any mortal who clings to loves with greater tenacity than
+    do I. To see mother without father in the old home, to feel the
+    loneliness of her spirit, and all of us bereft of the joy of
+    looking into the loved face, listening to the loved tones, waiting
+    for his sanction or rejection--O, how I could see and feel it all!
+
+    The rest of us have our work to engross us and other objects to
+    center our affections upon, but mother now lives in her children,
+    and I often feel as if we did too little to lighten her heart and
+    cheer her path. Never was there a mother who came nearer to knowing
+    nothing save her own household, her husband and children, whether
+    high in the world's esteem or crucified, the same still with her
+    through all. If we sometimes give her occasion to feel that we
+    prized father more than her, it was she who taught us ever to hold
+    him thus above all others. Our high respect and deep love for him,
+    our perfect trust in him, we owe to mother's precepts and vastly
+    more to her example. And, by and by, when we have to reckon her
+    among the invisible, we shall live in remembrance of her wise
+    counsel, tender watching, self-sacrifice and devotion not second to
+    that we now cherish for the memory of our father--nay, it will even
+    transcend that in measure, as a mother's constant and ever-present
+    love and care for her children are beyond those of a father.
+
+A bit of mirth comes into the somber atmosphere with a note from
+Theodore Tilton:
+
+    To SUSAN B. ANTHONY, ADJUTANT-GENERAL--Since of late you have been
+    bold in expressing your opinion that the draft should be
+    strenuously enforced and that the broken ranks of our brave armies
+    should be supplied with new men, it will serve to show you how
+    great the difference is between those who _say_ and those who _do_,
+    if I inform you--as in duty bound I do hereby--that I know a little
+    lady only half your size who doubles your zeal in all these
+    respects and who, without waiting for your tardy example, presented
+    on her own account to the government on Thursday last a new man,
+    weighing nine pounds, to be enrolled among the infantry of the
+    United States.
+
+Miss Anthony undertook the great work of this National Loyal League
+without the guarantee from any source of a single dollar. The expenses
+were very heavy; office rent, clerk hire, printing bills, postage,
+etc., brought them up to over $5,000, but as usual she was fertile in
+resources for raising money. All who signed the petition were requested
+to give a cent and in this way about $3,000 were realized. A few
+contributions came in, but the demands were infinite for every dollar
+which patriotic citizens could spare, and the league felt desirous of
+paying its own way. To assist in this, she arranged a course of
+lectures at Cooper Institute. Among those who responded to her call
+were Hon. William D. Kelley, Edwin P. Whipple, Theodore D. Weld, Rev.
+Stephen H. Tyng, Frederick Douglass, Wendell Phillips, George William
+Curtis, Frances D. Gage and several others. Most of these donated their
+services and others reduced their price. Letters of commendation were
+received from editors, ministers, senators and generals. George
+Thompson, the British Abolitionist and ex-member of Parliament, gave
+hearty sympathy and co-operation.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Respectfully
+  Stephen H. Tyng]
+
+Benjamin F. Wade wrote: "You may count upon any aid which I am
+competent to bestow to forward the object of your league. As a member
+of Congress, you shall have my best endeavors for your success, for a
+cause more honorable to human nature or one that promised more benefit
+to the world, never called forth the efforts of the patriot or
+philanthropist." From Major-General Rosecrans came the message: "The
+cause in which you are engaged is sacred, and would ennoble mean and
+sanctify common things. You have my best wishes for continued success
+in your good work."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  My hearty sympathy
+  In extreme haste,
+  Very Sincerely
+  Geo Thompson]
+
+In December, 1863, Miss Anthony went to Philadelphia to attend the
+great meeting which celebrated the thirtieth anniversary of the
+founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and was strengthened and
+encouraged by the lofty and enthusiastic addresses and the renewed
+expressions of friendship and fealty to herself.
+
+The work of securing the petitions was rapidly and energetically pushed
+during the winter and spring of 1864. Miss Anthony gave all her time to
+the office.[33] During the year and a half of her arduous labors, she
+received from the Hovey Committee $12 a week. As she boarded with Mrs.
+Stanton at a reduced price she managed to keep her expenses within this
+limit. She writes home: "I go to a restaurant near by for lunch every
+noon. I take always strawberries with two tea-rusks. Today I said, 'All
+this lacks is a glass of milk from my mother's cellar,' and the girl
+replied, 'We have very nice Westchester county milk.' So tomorrow I
+shall add that to my bill of fare. My lunch costs, berries, five cents,
+rusks five, and tomorrow the milk will be three." There is reason to
+believe, however, that she often would have been glad to afford a
+second dish of strawberries.
+
+The Hovey Committee sent $155, Gerrit Smith $200, Schieffelin Brothers,
+Druggists, $100, and Jessie Benton Fremont, $50. In her great need of
+funds, Miss Anthony decided to appeal to Henry Ward Beecher and she
+relates how, as she was wearily climbing Columbia Heights to his home,
+she felt a hand on her shoulder and heard a hearty voice say: "Well,
+old girl, what do you want now?" It was Mr. Beecher himself who, the
+moment she explained her mission, said: "I'll take up a collection in
+Plymouth church next Sunday." The result of this was $200. The
+carefully kept books still in existence show that when the accounts of
+the league were closed, there was a deficit of $4.72 to settle all
+indebtedness, and this Miss Anthony paid out of her own pocket!
+
+In January the brother Daniel R. came East for his beautiful young
+bride, and the mother from her quiet farm-nook sends her petition to
+New York. She can not manage the "infare" unless Susan comes home and
+helps. So she drops the affairs of government long enough to skim
+across the State and lend a hand in preparing for this interesting
+event, and then back again to her incessant drudgery, made doubly hard
+by financial anxiety.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Faithfully yours,
+  Robert Dale Owen]
+
+During all this work of the Loyal League, Miss Anthony found her
+strongest and staunchest support in Robert Dale Owen, who was then in
+New York by appointment of President Lincoln as chairman of the
+Freedman's Inquiry Commission. She was also in constant communication
+with Senator Charles Sumner, who was most anxious that the work should
+be hastened. The blank petitions were sent in great sacks to him at
+Washington, and distributed under his "frank" to all parts of the
+Union. On February 9, 1864, he presented in the Senate the first
+installment. The petitions from each State were tied by themselves in a
+large bundle and endorsed with the number of signatures. Two
+able-bodied negroes carried them into the Senate chamber, and Mr.
+Sumner presented them, saying in part:
+
+    These petitions are signed by 100,000 men and women, who unite in
+    this unparalleled number to support their prayer. They are from all
+    parts of the country and from every condition of life.... They ask
+    nothing less than universal emancipation, and this they ask
+    directly at the hands of Congress. It is not for me to assign
+    reasons which the army of petitioners has forborne to assign; but I
+    may not improperly add that, naturally and obviously, they all feel
+    in their hearts, what reason and knowledge confirm, not only that
+    slavery is the guilty origin of the rebellion, but that its
+    influence everywhere, even outside the rebel States, has been
+    hostile to the Union, always impairing loyalty and sometimes openly
+    menacing the national government. The petitioners know well that to
+    save the country from peril, especially to save the national life,
+    there is no power in the ample arsenal of self-defense which
+    Congress may not grasp; for to Congress under the Constitution,
+    belongs the prerogative of the Roman Dictator to see that the
+    republic receives no detriment. Therefore to Congress these
+    petitioners now appeal.
+
+After an earnest discussion by the Senate the petition was referred to
+the Select Committee on Slavery and Freedom, whose chairman was Thomas
+D. Eliot, of Massachusetts. Immediately afterwards several thousand
+more blank petitions were sent out, accompanied by a second appeal
+which closed: "Shall we not all join in one loud, earnest, effectual
+prayer to Congress, which will swell on its ear like the voice of many
+waters, that this bloody, desolating war shall be arrested and ended by
+the immediate and final removal by statute law and amended
+Constitution, of that crime and curse which alone has brought it upon
+us?"
+
+[Autograph: Charles Sumner]
+
+In answer to an invitation to be present at the first anniversary of
+the Women's National Loyal League, Senator Sumner wrote:
+
+    I can not be with you for my post of duty is here. I am grateful to
+    your association for what you have done to arouse the country to
+    insist on the extinction of slavery. Now is the time to strike and
+    no effort should be spared. The good work must be finished, and to
+    my mind nothing seems to be done, while anything remains to be
+    done. There is one point to which attention must be directed. No
+    effort should be spared to castigate and blast the whole idea of
+    _property in man_, which is the corner-stone of the rebel
+    pretension and the constant assumption of the partisans of slavery,
+    or of its lukewarm opponents. Let this idea be trampled out and
+    there will be no sympathy with the rebellion, and there will be no
+    such abomination as slave-hunting, which is beyond question the
+    most execrable feature of slavery itself.
+
+As Miss Anthony herself had asked so many favors of Wendell Phillips,
+she thought it would be a good idea to have Mrs. Stanton invite him to
+make an address at this anniversary; but he was not in the least
+deceived, as his reply shows:
+
+    DEAR MRS. STANTON: Your S.B.A. thinks she is very cunning. As if I
+    did not see a huge pussy under that meal! She has been so modest,
+    humble, ashamed, reluctant, apologetic, contrite, self-accusing
+    whenever the last ten years she has asked me to do anything, go
+    anywhere, speak on any topic! Now she makes you pull the chestnuts
+    out of the fire and thinks I do not see her waiting behind. Ah, the
+    hand is the hand of Esau, the voice is the voice of Jacob, wicked,
+    sly, skulking, mystifying Jacob. Why don't "secretaries" write the
+    official letters? How much they leave the "president" to do!
+    Naughty idlers, those secretaries! Well, let me thank Miss
+    Secretary Anthony for her gentle consideration; then let me say
+    I'll try to speak, as you say, fifteen minutes.... Remember me
+    defiantly to S.B.A.
+
+In the midst of all this correspondence came a letter from a sweetheart
+of her girlhood, now a prominent officeholder in Ohio, stating that he
+was a widower but would not long remain one if his old friend would
+take pity upon him. It is sincerely to be hoped that the secretary of
+the Loyal League found time at least to have one of her clerks answer
+this epistle.
+
+The meeting was held in the Church of the Puritans, May 12, 1864, and
+soul-stirring speeches were made by Phillips, Mrs. Rose, Lucretia Mott,
+George Thompson, Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony. The report of the
+executive committee showed that a debt of $5,000, including $1,000 for
+postage alone, had been paid; that 25,000 blank petitions had been sent
+out; that the league now numbered 5,000 members, and that branch Loyal
+Leagues had been formed in many cities. Strong resolutions were adopted
+demanding not only emancipation but enfranchisement for the negroes.
+The entire proceedings of the convention illustrated how thoroughly the
+leading women of the country understood the political situation, how
+broad and comprehensive was their grasp of public affairs, and with
+what a patriotic and self-sacrificing spirit they performed their part
+of the duties imposed by the great Civil War.
+
+By August, 1864, the signatures to the petitions had reached almost
+400,000. Again and again Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson had written
+Miss Anthony that these petitions formed the bulwark of their demand
+for congressional action to abolish slavery. Public sentiment on this
+point had now become emphatic, the Senate had passed the bill for the
+prohibition of slavery, and the intention of the House of
+Representatives was so apparent that it did not seem necessary to
+continue the petitions. The headquarters in Cooper Institute were
+closed, and the magnificent work, which from this center had radiated
+throughout the country, found its reward in the proposition by
+Congress, on February 1, 1865, for Amendment XIII to the Federal
+Constitution:
+
+    Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment
+    for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall
+    exist in the United States, or any place subject to their
+    jurisdiction.
+
+The faithful, untiring, persistent chief of this Women's National Loyal
+League was Susan B. Anthony, whose only material reminder of that great
+achievement for the freedom of the slave is the arm-chair in which, for
+the past thirty-five years, she has sat and conducted her vast
+correspondence in the interest of liberty for the half of humanity
+still in bondage; yet in the blessed thought that her efforts were an
+important factor in securing freedom for millions of her
+fellow-creatures, she has been rewarded a thousandfold. But what words
+can express her sense of humiliation when, at the close of this long
+conflict, the government which she had served so faithfully still held
+her unworthy a voice in its councils, while it recognized as the
+political superiors of all the noble women of the nation, the negro men
+just emerged from slavery and not only totally illiterate but also
+densely ignorant of every public question?
+
+[Autograph: Elizabeth Blackwell]
+
+There never can be an adequate portrayal of the services rendered by
+the women of this country during the Civil War, but none will deny
+that, according to their opportunities, they were as faithful and
+self-sacrificing as were the men. A comparison of values is impossible,
+but women's labors supplemented those of men, and together they wrought
+out the freedom of the slave and the salvation of the Union. Among the
+great body of women, a few stand out in immortal light. The plan of the
+vital campaign of the Tennessee, one of the great strategic movements
+of history, was made by Anna Ella Carroll. The work of Dorothea Dix,
+government superintendent of women nurses, with its onerous and
+important duties, needs no eulogy. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, fresh from
+England and an intimacy with Florence Nightingale, originated the
+Sanitary Commission. No name is held in more profound reverence than
+that of Clara Barton, for her matchless services upon the battlefield
+among the dead and dying. To Josephine S. Griffing belongs the full
+credit of founding the Freedmen's Bureau, which played so valuable a
+part in the help and protection of the newly emancipated negroes. Who
+of all the public speakers rendered greater aid to the Union than the
+inspired Anna Dickinson? Yet not one of these ever received the
+slightest official recognition from the government. In the cases of
+Miss Carroll, Dr. Blackwell and Mrs. Griffing, the honors and the
+profits all were absorbed by men. Neither Dorothea Dix nor Clara Barton
+ever asked for a pension. All of these women at the close of the war
+appealed for the right of suffrage, a voice in the affairs of
+government; but such appeals were and still are treated with
+contemptuous denial. The situation was thus eloquently summed up by
+that woman statesman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
+
+    The lessons of the war were not lost on the women of this nation;
+    through varied forms of suffering and humiliation, they learned
+    that they had an equal interest with men in the administration of
+    the government, alike enjoying its blessings or enduring its
+    miseries. When in the enfranchisement of the black men they saw
+    another ignorant class of voters placed above their heads, and
+    beheld the danger of a distinctively "male" government, forever
+    involving the nations of the earth in war and violence; and
+    demanded for the protection of themselves and children, that
+    woman's voice should be heard and her opinions in public affairs be
+    expressed by the ballot, they were coolly told that the black man
+    had earned the right to vote, that he had fought and bled and died
+    for his country.
+
+[Footnote 32: See Appendix for this address.]
+
+[Footnote 33: She was assisted from time to time by Mrs. Stanton, Lucy
+Stone, Charlotte B. Wilbour, Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, Mary F. Gilbert,
+Frances V. Hallock, Mattie Griffith (Brown), Rebecca Shepard (Putnam),
+and Frances M. Russell, all donating their services. The bookkeeper and
+the clerks were paid small salaries from the office receipts.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+"MALE" IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.
+
+1865.
+
+
+Soon after closing the league headquarters, Miss Anthony went to Auburn
+to attend the wedding of Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr., and Ellen, daughter
+of her dear friend Martha C. Wright and niece of Lucretia Mott, a union
+of two families very acceptable to the friends of both. From this scene
+of festivity she returned home to meet a fresh sorrow in the sudden
+death, almost at the hour of her arrival, of Ann Eliza, daughter of her
+eldest sister Guelma and Aaron McLean, the best beloved of all her
+nieces. She was twenty-three years old, beautiful and talented, a good
+musician and an artist of fine promise. In her Miss Anthony had
+centered many hopes and ambitions, and the letters show that she was
+always planning and working for her future as she would have done for
+that of a cherished daughter. She was laid to rest on the silver
+wedding anniversary of her parents. Miss Anthony writes: "She had
+ceased to be a child and had become the fullgrown woman, my companion
+and friend. I loved her merry laugh, her bright, joyous presence, and
+yet my loss is so small compared to the awful void in her mother's life
+that I scarcely dare mention it."
+
+Months afterwards she wrote her sister Hannah: "Today I made a
+pilgrimage to Mount Hope. The last rays of red, gold and purple fringed
+the horizon and shone serenely on the mounds above our dear father and
+Ann Eliza. What a contrast in my feelings; for the one a subdued sorrow
+at the sudden ending of a life full-ripened, only that we would have
+basked in its sunshine a little longer; for the other a keen anguish
+over the untimely cutting off in the dawn of existence, with the hopes
+and longings but just beginning to take form, the real purpose of life
+yet dimly developed, a great nature but half revealed. The faith that
+she and all our loved and gone are graduated into a higher school of
+growth and progress is the only consolation for death."
+
+At another time she wrote her brother: "This new and sorrowful reminder
+of the brittleness of life's threads should soften all our expressions
+to each other in our home circles and open our lips to speak only words
+of tenderness and approbation. We are so wont to utter criticisms and
+to keep silence about the things we approve. I wish we might be as
+faithful in expressing our likes as our dislikes, and not leave our
+loved ones to take it for granted that their good acts are noted and
+appreciated and vastly outnumber those we criticise. The sum of home
+happiness would be greatly multiplied if all families would
+conscientiously follow this method."
+
+There were urgent appeals in these days from the lately-married brother
+and his wife for sister Susan to come to Kansas and, as no public work
+seemed to be pressing, she started the latter part of January, 1865.
+She stopped in Chicago to visit her uncle Albert Dickinson, was
+detained a week by heavy storms, and reached Leavenworth the last day
+of the month. Of her journey she wrote home:
+
+    I paid a dollar for a ride across the Mississippi on the ice. When
+    we reached Missouri all was devastation. I asked the conductor if
+    there were not a sleeper and he replied, "Our sleeping cars are in
+    the ditch." Scarcely a train had been over the road in weeks
+    without being thrown off the track. We were nineteen hours going
+    the 200 miles from Quincy to St. Joe. Twelve miles out from the
+    latter we had to wait for the train ahead of us to get back on the
+    rails. I was desperate. Any decent farmer's pigpen would be as
+    clean as that car. There were five or six families, each with half
+    a dozen children, moving to Kansas and Nebraska, who had been shut
+    up there for days. A hovel stood up the bank a little way and
+    several of the men went there and washed their faces. After
+    watching them enjoy this luxury for a while I finally rushed up
+    myself and asked the woman in charge if she would sell me a cup of
+    coffee. She grunted out yes, after some hesitation, and while she
+    was making it, I washed my face and hands. When she handed me my
+    drink she said, "This is no rye; it is real coffee." And so it was
+    and I enjoyed it, brass spoon, thick, dingy, cracked cup and all.
+
+This was Miss Anthony's first visit to Kansas and she found much to
+interest her in Leavenworth--caravans of emigrants long trains of
+supplies for the army, troops from the barracks crowds of colored
+refugees, the many features of frontier life so totally different from
+all she had seen and known in her eastern home. The prominence of her
+brother brought many distinguished visitors to his house, she enjoyed
+the long carriage drives and the days were filled with pleasant duties,
+so that she writes, "I am afraid I shall get into the business of being
+comfortable." On her birthday, February 15, the diary shows that she
+wagered a pair of gloves with the family physician that it would not
+rain before morning, and on the 16th is recorded: "The bell rang early
+this morning and a boy left a box containing a pair of gloves with the
+compliments of the doctor." In March one entry reads: "The new
+seamstress starts in pretty well but she can not sew nicely enough for
+the little clothes. We shall have to make those ourselves."
+
+This life of ease proved to be of short duration. Her brother was
+renominated for mayor and plunged at once into the thick of a political
+campaign, while Miss Anthony went to the office to help manage his
+newspaper, limited only by his injunction "not to have it all woman's
+rights and negro suffrage." The labor, however, which she most enjoyed
+was among the colored refugees. Soon after the slaves were set free
+they flocked to Kansas in large numbers, and what should be done with
+this great body of uneducated, untrained and irresponsible people was a
+perplexing question. She went into the day schools, Sunday-schools,
+charitable societies and all organizations for their relief and
+improvement. The journal shows that four or five days or evenings every
+week were given to this work and that she formed an equal rights league
+among them. A colored printer was put into the composing-room, and at
+once the entire force went on strike. The diary declares "it is a
+burning, blistering shame," and relates her attempts to secure other
+work for him. She met at this time Hiram Revels, a colored Methodist
+preacher, afterwards United States senator from Mississippi.
+
+During these months she was in constant receipt of letters pressing her
+to return to the East. Phillips said: "Come back, there is work for you
+here." From Lydia Mott came the pathetic cry: "Our old fraternity is no
+more; we are divided, bodily and spiritually, and I seem to grow more
+isolated every day." Pillsbury wrote: "We do not know much now about
+one another. We called a meeting of the Hovey Committee and only
+Whipple and I were present. Why have you deserted the field of action
+at a time like this, at an hour unparalleled in almost twenty
+centuries? If you watch our papers you must have observed that with you
+gone, our forces are scattered until I can almost truly say with him of
+old, 'I only am left.' It is not for me to decide your field of labor.
+Kansas needed John Brown and may need you. It is no doubt missionary
+ground and, wherever you are, I know you will not be idle; but New York
+is to revise her constitution next year and, if you are absent, who is
+to make the plea for woman?" Mrs. Stanton insisted that she should not
+remain buried in Kansas and concluded a long letter:
+
+    I hope in a short time to be comfortably located in a new house
+    where we will have a room ready for you when you come East. I long
+    to put my arms around you once more and hear you scold me for my
+    sins and short-comings. Your abuse is sweeter to me than anybody
+    else's praise for, in spite of your severity, your faith and
+    confidence shine through all. O, Susan, you are very dear to me. I
+    should miss you more than any other living being from this earth.
+    You are intertwined with much of my happy and eventful past, and
+    all my future plans are based on you as a coadjutor. Yes, our work
+    is one, we are one in aim and sympathy and we should be together.
+    Come home.
+
+Miss Anthony's own heart yearned to return, but the workers were so few
+in Kansas and so many in the Eastern States. that she scarcely knew
+where the call of duty was strongest. At the close of the war her mind
+grasped at once the full import of the momentous questions which would
+demand settlement and she felt the necessity of placing herself in
+touch with those who would be most powerful in moulding public
+sentiment. The threatened division in the Abolitionist ranks and the
+reported determination of Mr. Garrison to disband the Anti-Slavery
+Society, filled her with dismay and she sent back the strongest
+protests she could put into words:
+
+    How can any one hold that Congress has no right to demand negro
+    suffrage in the returning rebel States because it is not already
+    established in all the loyal ones? What would have been said of
+    Abolitionists ten or twenty years ago, had they preached to the
+    people that Congress had no right to vote against admitting a new
+    State with slavery, because it was not already abolished in all the
+    old States? It is perfectly astounding, this seeming eagerness of
+    so many of our old friends to cover up and apologize for the
+    glaring hate toward the equal recognition of the manhood of the
+    black race. Well, you will be in New York to witness, perhaps, the
+    disbanding of the Anti-Slavery Society--and I shall be away out
+    here, waiting anxiously to catch the first glimpse of the spirit of
+    the meeting. But Phillips will be glorious and genial to the end.
+    All through this struggle he has stood up against the tide, one of
+    the few to hold the nation to its vital work--its one necessity,
+    moral as military--absolute justice and equality for the black man.
+    I wish every ear in this country might listen to his word.
+
+A letter from Mr. Phillips said: "Thank you for your kind note. I see
+you understand the lay of the land and no words are necessary between
+you and me. Your points we have talked over. If Garrison should resign,
+we incline to Purvis for president for many, many reasons. We (Hovey
+Committee) shall aid in keeping our Standard floating till the enemy
+comes down." All the letters received by Miss Anthony during May and
+June were filled with the story of the dissension in the Anti-Slavery
+Society.
+
+It is not a part of this work to go into the merits of that discussion.
+In brief, Mr. Garrison and his followers believed that, with the
+ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, slavery was forever abolished
+in the United States and there was no further need of the Anti-Slavery
+Society which he himself had founded. Phillips and his following held
+that "no emancipation can be effectual and no freedom real, unless the
+negro has the ballot and the States are prohibited from enacting laws
+making any distinction among their citizens on Account of race or
+color." There were minor differences of opinion respecting men and
+measures, but the above are the fundamental points which led to the
+first breach that had occurred for a quarter of a century in the ranks
+of the great anti-slavery leaders, who had borne a persecution never
+equalled in the history of our country. It resulted, at the May
+Anniversary in New York, in Garrison's declining a re-election to the
+presidency of the society, which he had held for thirty-two years, and
+in the election of Phillips.
+
+Those most intimately connected with Miss Anthony sustained the
+position of Mr. Phillips--Mrs. Stanton, Parker Pillsbury, Robert
+Purvis, Charles Remond, Stephen Foster, Lucretia and Lydia Mott, Anna
+Dickinson, Sarah Pugh--and she herself was his staunchest defender.
+Believing as strongly as she did that the suffrage is the very
+foundation of liberty, that without it there can be no real freedom for
+either man or woman, she could not have done otherwise, and yet, so
+great was her reverence and affection for Mr. Garrison, it was with the
+keenest regret she found herself no longer able to follow him. She
+writes: "I am glad I was spared from witnessing that closing scene. It
+will be hard beyond expression to leave him out of our councils, but he
+never will be out of our sympathies. I hope you will refrain from all
+personalities. Pro-slavery signs are too apparent and too dangerous at
+this hour for us to stop for personal adjustments. To go forward with
+the great work pressing upon the society, without turning to the right
+or the left, is the one wise course."
+
+Parker Pillsbury was made editor of the Standard in place of Oliver
+Johnson, and was assisted by George W. Smalley, who had married an
+adopted daughter of Wendell Phillips. Mr. Pillsbury wrote Miss Anthony
+soon after the anniversary:
+
+    We could not see how the colored race were to be risked, shut up in
+    the States with their old masters, whom they had helped to conquer
+    and out of whose defeat their freedom had come; so we voted to keep
+    the machinery in gear until better assurances were given of a free
+    future than we yet possess. We have offended some by our course. I
+    am sorry, but it was Mr. Garrison who taught me to be true to
+    myself. To my mind, suffrage for the negro is now what immediate
+    emancipation was thirty years ago. If we emancipate from slavery
+    and leave the European doctrine of serfdom extant, even in the
+    mildest form, then the colored race, or we, or perhaps both, have
+    another war in store. And so my work is not done till the last
+    black man can declare in the full face of the world, "I am a man
+    and a brother."
+
+In June, as the expected little stranger had arrived safe, Miss Anthony
+accepted an invitation to deliver the Fourth of July address at
+Ottumwa, and then went through her inevitable agony whenever she had a
+speech to prepare. She took the stage for Topeka, finding among her
+fellow-passengers her relative, Major Scott Anthony, with Mr.
+Butterfield of the Overland Dispatch, and the long, hot, dusty ride was
+enlivened by an animated discussion of the political questions of the
+day. During this drive over the unbroken prairies, she made the
+prediction that, given a few decades of thrift, they would be dotted
+with farms, orchards and villages and the State would be a paradise.
+
+Miss Anthony was among the first of the Abolitionists to declare that
+the negroes must have the suffrage, one of the most unpopular ideas
+ever broached, and she writes: "As fearless, radical and independent as
+my brother is, he will not allow my opinions on this subject to go into
+his paper." At Topeka she spoke to a large audience in the Methodist
+church on this question. In order to reach Ottumwa she had to ride 125
+miles by stage in the heat of July, and her expenses were considerable.
+No price had been guaranteed for her address, but she learned to her
+surprise that she was expected to make it a gratuitous offering, as was
+the custom on account of the poverty of the people. They came from
+miles around and were enthusiastic over her speech on "President
+Johnson's Mississippi Reconstruction Proclamation." The Republicans
+insisted that she should put her notes in shape for publication, but
+urged her to leave out the paragraph on woman suffrage.[34]
+
+The other speakers were Sidney Clark, M.C., and a professor from
+Lawrence University. They were entertained by a prominent official who
+had just built a new house, the upper story of which was unfinished. It
+was divided into three rooms by hanging up army blankets, and each of
+the orators was assigned to one of these apartments. Miss Anthony was
+so exhausted from the long stage-ride, the speaking and the heat, that
+she scarcely could get ready for bed, but no sooner had she touched the
+pillow than she was assailed by a species of animals noted for the
+welcome they extended to travellers in the early history of Kansas. Her
+dilemma was excruciating. Should she lie still and be eaten alive, or
+should she get up, strike a light and probably rouse the honorable
+gentlemen on the other side of the army blankets? A few minutes decided
+the question; she slipped out of bed, lighted her tallow dip and
+reconnoitered. Then she blew out her light, and sat by the window till
+morning.
+
+She spoke at Lawrence in the Unitarian and the Congregational churches,
+and August 1, the thirty-first anniversary of England's emancipation of
+the slaves in the West Indies, she addressed an immense audience in a
+grove near Leavenworth. She discussed the changed condition of the
+colored people and their new rights and duties, and called their
+attention to the fact that not one of the prominent politicians
+advertised was there; pointed out that if they possessed the ballot and
+could vote these men into or out of office, all would be eager for an
+opportunity to address them; and then drew a parallel between their
+political condition and that of women. At this time she received a
+second intimation of what was to come, when prominent Republicans
+called upon her and insisted that hereafter she should not bring the
+question of woman's rights into her speeches on behalf of the negro.
+
+A few days afterwards Miss Anthony was seated in her brother's office
+reading the papers when she learned to her amazement that several
+resolutions had been offered in the House of Representatives
+sanctioning disfranchisement on account of sex. Up to this time the
+Constitution of the United States never had been desecrated by the word
+"male," and she saw instantly that such action would create a more
+formidable barrier than any now existing against the enfranchisement of
+women. She hesitated no longer but started immediately on her homeward
+journey, stopping in Atchison, where she was the guest of ex-Mayor
+Crowell. Senator Pomeroy called, accompanied her to church and arranged
+for her to address the colored people next day. She lectured also in
+St. Joseph, Mo. At Chillicothe one of the editors sent word that if she
+would not "lash" him he would print her handbills free of charge. Here
+she addressed a great crowd of colored people in a tobacco factory. At
+Macon City she spoke to them in an abandoned barracks, and slept in a
+slab house. Her night's experience at Ottumwa was repeated here, except
+that the army of invaders were fleas. The next day she was invited to
+the Methodist minister's home and his church placed at her disposal,
+where she addressed a large white audience. Of her speech in St. Louis
+she wrote:
+
+    Sunday afternoon I spoke to the colored people in an old slave
+    church in which priests used to preach "Servants, obey your
+    masters;" and in which slaves never dared breathe aloud their
+    hearts' deepest prayer for freedom. The church was built by actual
+    slaves with money they earned working odd hours allowed them by
+    their masters. The greatest danger for these people now lies in
+    being duped by the priests and Levites who used to pass them by on
+    the other side but who, now that they have become popular prey,
+    wildly run to and fro to do them good--that is, get their money and
+    give themselves easy, fat posts as superintendents, missionaries,
+    teachers, etc. The country is full of these soul-sharks, men who
+    haven't had brains enough to find pulpits or places in the free
+    States.
+
+As Miss Anthony took the train for Chicago, a woman-thief picked her
+pocket but she caught her and, without any appeal to the police,
+compelled her to deliver up the stolen goods. At Chicago she lectured
+several times, visited the Freedmen's Commission, heard General Howard,
+called on General Sherman, went to the board of trade, where she was
+greatly shocked at the roaring of the "bulls and bears," and had
+pleasant visits with relatives in the city and adjacent towns, speaking
+at a number of these places. She lectured at Battle Creek and Ann
+Arbor, arriving at Rochester September 23. Pausing only for a brief
+visit, she went on to New York to fulfill the purpose which brought her
+eastward. She stopped at Auburn to counsel with Mrs. Wright and Mrs.
+Worden, but found both very dubious about reviving interest in woman's
+rights at this critical moment. After a night of mapping out the
+campaign with Mrs. Stanton, she started out bright and early the next
+morning on that mission which she was to follow faithfully and
+steadfastly, without cessation or turning aside, for the next thirty
+years--to compel the Constitution of the United States to recognize the
+political rights of woman! The days were spent in hunting up old
+friends and supporters of the years before the war and enlisting their
+sympathies in the great work now at hand; and the evenings were
+occupied with Mrs. Stanton in preparing an appeal and a form of
+petition praying Congress to confer the suffrage on women.[35] This was
+the first demand ever made for Congressional action on this question.
+The Fourteenth Amendment, as proposed, contained in Section 2, to which
+the women objected, the word "male" three times, and read as follows:
+
+    Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
+    according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
+    persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
+    right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
+    president and vice-president of the United States, representatives
+    in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the
+    members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the _male_
+    inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and
+    citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
+    participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of
+    representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the
+    number of such _male_ citizens shall bear to the whole number of
+    _male_ citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
+
+If it had been adopted without this word "male," all women would have
+been virtually enfranchised, as men would have let women vote rather
+than have them counted out of the basis of representation. Thaddeus
+Stevens made a vigorous attempt to have women included in the
+provisions of this amendment.
+
+[Autograph: Thaddeus Stevens]
+
+A letter written by Mrs. Stanton to Martha Wright is a sample of
+hundreds which were sent to friends in all parts of the country:
+
+    I enclose you the proof of the memorial which Susan and I have just
+    been getting up for Congress. I have been writing to Mr. Garrison
+    to make some mention of us, "the only disfranchised class now
+    remaining," in his last Liberator. It is fitting that we should be
+    recognized in his valedictory. We have now boosted the negro over
+    our own heads, and we had better begin to remember that
+    self-preservation is the first law of nature. Will you see if you
+    can get our petition in your city and county papers? Sign it
+    yourself and send it to your representatives in Senate and
+    Congress, and then try to galvanize the women of your district into
+    life. Some say: "Be still; wait; this is the negro's hour." We
+    believe this is the hour for everybody to do the best thing for
+    reconstruction.
+
+Miss Anthony found the leaders among the men so absorbed with their
+interest in the male negro that they had given little thought to the
+suffrage as related to women; but the Hovey Committee appropriated $500
+to begin the petition work. She went to Concord and held a parlor
+meeting attended by Emerson, Alcott, Sanborn and other sages of that
+intellectual center, stating what the women desired to accomplish.
+After she finished, Emerson was appealed to for an opinion but said:
+"Ask my wife. I can philosophize, but I always look to her to decide
+for me in practical matters." Mrs. Emerson replied without hesitation
+that she fully agreed with Miss Anthony in regard to the necessity for
+petitioning Congress at once to enfranchise women, either before this
+great body of negroes was invested with the ballot or at the same time.
+Mr. Emerson and the other gentlemen then assured her of their sympathy
+and support.
+
+[Autograph: R. Waldo Emerson]
+
+She presented her claims at the annual anti-slavery meeting in
+Westchester and at many other gatherings. She went also to Philadelphia
+to visit James and Lucretia Mott and interest Mary Grew and Sarah Pugh
+and all the friends in that locality; then back to New York with
+tireless energy and unflagging zeal. She wrote articles for the
+Anti-Slavery Standard, sent out petitions and left no stone unturned to
+accomplish her purpose. The diary shows the days to have been well
+filled:
+
+    Went to Tilton's office to express regrets at not being able to
+    attend their tin wedding. He read us his editorial on Seward and
+    Beecher. Splendid!... Went to hear Beecher, morning and evening.
+    There is no one like him.... Spent the day at Mrs. Tilton's and
+    went with her to Mrs. Bowen's.... Listened to O.B. Frothingham,
+    "Justice the Mother of Wisdom."... Put some new buttons on my
+    cloak. This is its third winter.... Excellent audience in Friends'
+    meeting house, at Milton-on-the-Hudson. Visited the grave of Eliza
+    W. Farnham.... Went over to New Jersey to confer with Lucy Stone
+    and Antoinette Blackwell.... Called at Dr. Cheever's, and also had
+    an interview with Robert Dale Owen.... Went to Worcester to see
+    Abby Kelly Foster and from there to Boston.... Found Dr. Harriot K.
+    Hunt ready for woman suffrage work. Took dinner at Garrison's. Saw
+    Whipple and May, then went to Wendell Phillips'.... Spent the day
+    with Caroline M. Severance, at West Newton. She is earnest in the
+    cause of women.... Returned to New York and commenced work in
+    earnest. Spent nearly all the Christmas holidays addressing and
+    sending off petitions.
+
+Henry Ward Beecher and Theodore Tilton entered heartily into the plans
+of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton. Mr. Tilton proposed that they should
+form a National Equal Rights Association, demanding suffrage for
+negroes and for women, that Mr. Phillips should be its president, the
+Anti-Slavery Standard its official organ; and Mr. Beecher agreed to
+lecture in behalf of this new movement. Mr. Tilton came out with a
+strong editorial in the Independent, advocating suffrage for women and
+paying a beautiful tribute to the efficient services in the past of
+those who were now demanding recognition of their political rights:
+
+    A LAW AGAINST WOMEN.--The spider-crab walks backward. Borrowing
+    this creature's mossy legs, two or three gentlemen in Washington
+    are seeking to fix these upon the Federal Constitution, to make
+    that instrument walk backward in like style. For instance, the
+    Constitution has never laid any legal disabilities upon woman.
+    Whatever denials of rights it formerly made to our slaves, it
+    denied nothing to our wives and daughters. The legal rights of an
+    American woman--for instance, her right to her own property, as
+    against a squandering husband; or her right to her own children as
+    against a malicious father--have grown, year by year, into a more
+    generous and just statement in American laws. This beautiful result
+    is owing in great measure to the persistent efforts of many noble
+    women who, for years past, both publicly and privately, by pen and
+    speech, have appealed to legislative committees and to the whole
+    community for an enlargement of the legal and civil status of their
+    fellow-countrywomen. Signal, honorable and beneficent have been the
+    works and words of Lucretia Mott, Lydia Maria Child, Paulina Wright
+    Davis, Abby Kelly Foster, Frances D. Gage, Lucy Stone, Caroline H.
+    Ball, Antoinette Blackwell, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady
+    Stanton and many others. Not in all the land lives a poor woman or
+    a widow who does not owe some portion of her present safety under
+    the law to the brave exertions of these faithful laborers.
+
+    All forward-looking minds know that, sooner or later, the chief
+    public question in this country will be woman's claim to the
+    ballot. The Federal Constitution, as it now stands, leaves this
+    question an open one for the several States to settle as they
+    choose. Two bills, however, now lie before Congress proposing to
+    array the fundamental law of the land against the multitude of
+    American women by ordaining a denial of the political rights of a
+    whole sex. To this injustice we object totally! Such an amendment
+    is a snap judgment before discussion; it is an obstacle to future
+    progress; it is a gratuitous bruise inflicted on the most tender
+    and humane sentiment that has ever entered into American politics.
+    If the present Congress is not called to legislate _for_ the rights
+    of women, let it not legislate _against_ them. Americans now live
+    who shall not go down into the grave till they have left behind
+    them a republican government; and no republic is republican that
+    denies to half its citizens those rights which the Declaration of
+    Independence and a true Christian democracy make equal to all.
+    Meanwhile, let us break the legs of the spider-crab.
+
+[Footnote 34: See Appendix for full speech.]
+
+[Footnote 35: As the question of suffrage is now agitating the public
+mind, it is the hour for woman to make her demand. Propositions already
+have been made on the floor of Congress to so amend the Constitution as
+to exclude women from a voice in the government. As this would be to
+turn the wheels of legislation backward, let the women of the nation
+now unitedly protest against such a desecration of the Constitution,
+and petition for that right which is at the foundation of all
+government, the right of representation. Send your petition when signed
+to your representative in Congress, at your earliest convenience.
+
+ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, SUSAN B. ANTHONY, LUCY STONE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE NEGRO'S HOUR.
+
+1866.
+
+
+The reconstruction period of our government was no less trying a time
+than the four years of warfare which preceded it. The Union had been
+preserved but the disorganization of the Southern States was complete.
+Lincoln, whose cool judgment, restraining wisdom and remarkable genius
+for understanding and persuading men never had been more needed, was
+dead by the hand of an assassin. In his place was a man, rash,
+headlong, aggressive, stubborn, distrusted by the party which had
+placed him in power. This chief executive had to deal not only with the
+great, perplexing questions which always follow upon the close of a
+war, but with these rendered still more difficult by the great mass of
+bewildered and helpless negroes, ignorant of how to care for
+themselves, with no further claims upon their former owners, and yet
+destined to live among them. The immense Republican majority in
+Congress found itself opposed by a President, southern in birth and
+sympathy and an uncompromising believer in State Rights.
+
+The southern legislatures, while accepting the Thirteenth Amendment,
+which prohibited slavery, passed various laws whose effect could not be
+other than to keep the negro in a condition of "involuntary servitude."
+To the South these measures seemed to be demanded by ordinary prudence
+to retain at least temporary control of a race unfitted for a wise use
+of liberty; to the North they appeared a determination to evade the
+provisions of the Thirteenth Amendment, and Congress decided upon more
+radical measures. One wing of the old Abolitionists, under the
+leadership of Phillips, had steadfastly insisted that there could be no
+real freedom without the ballot. Several attempts had been made to
+secure congressional action for the enfranchisement of the negro, which
+the majority of Republicans had now come to see was essential for his
+protection, and these resulted finally in the submission of the
+Fourteenth Amendment. Charles Sumner stated that he covered nineteen
+pages of foolscap in his effort so to formulate it as to omit the word
+"male" and, at the same time, secure the ballot for the negro.
+
+When Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton sounded the alarm, the old leaders
+in the movement for woman's rights came at once to their aid, but they
+were soon to meet with an unexpected and serious disappointment. In
+January Miss Anthony went to the anti-slavery meeting at Boston, full
+of the new idea of consolidating the old Anti-Slavery and the Woman's
+Rights Societies under one name, that of the Equal Rights Association.
+She was warmly supported by Tilton, Lucy Stone, Powell and others, but
+to their amazement they found Mr. Phillips very cool and discouraging.
+He said this could be done only by amending the constitution of the
+Anti-Slavery Society, which required three months' notice. Still they
+did not dream of his opposing the proposition and so deputized Mr.
+Powell to give the formal notice, in order that it might be acted upon
+at the coming May Anniversary. On the way back the New York delegation
+discussed this new plan enthusiastically, and Miss Anthony wrote home
+that there was a strong wish in the society to widen its object so as
+to include universal suffrage, believing this to be the case. The
+necessary steps at once were taken for calling a national woman's
+rights meeting to convene in New York the same week as the Anti-Slavery
+Anniversary, and the following call was issued setting forth its
+principal objects:
+
+    Those who tell us the republican idea is a failure, do not see the
+    deep gulf between our broad theory and our partial legislation; do
+    not see that our government for the last century has been but a
+    repetition of the old experiments of class and caste. Hence the
+    failure is not in the principle, but in the lack of virtue on our
+    part to apply it. The question now is, have we the wisdom and
+    conscience, from the present upheavings of our political system to
+    reconstruct a government on the one enduring basis which never yet
+    has been tried--Equal Rights to All?
+
+    From the proposed class legislation in Congress, it is evident we
+    have not yet learned wisdom from the experience of the past; for,
+    while our representatives at Washington are discussing the right of
+    suffrage for the black man as the only protection to life, liberty
+    and happiness, they deny that "necessity of citizenship" to woman,
+    by proposing to introduce the word "male" into the Federal
+    Constitution. In securing suffrage but to another shade of manhood,
+    while disfranchising 15,000,000 women, we come not one line nearer
+    the republican idea. Can a ballot in the hand of woman and dignity
+    on her brow, more unsex her than do a scepter and a crown? Shall an
+    American Congress pay less honor to the daughter of a President
+    than a British Parliament to the daughter of a King? Should not our
+    petitions command as respectful a hearing in a republican Senate as
+    a speech of Victoria in the House of Lords? Do we not claim that
+    here all men and women are nobles--all heirs apparent to the
+    throne? The fact that this backward legislation has roused so
+    little thought or protest from the women of the country but proves
+    what some of our ablest thinkers already have declared, that the
+    greatest barrier to a government of equality is the aristocracy of
+    its women; for while woman holds an ideal position above man and
+    the work of life, poorly imitating the pomp, heraldry and
+    distinction of an effete European civilization, we as a nation
+    never can realize the divine idea of equality.
+
+    To build a true republic, the church and the home must undergo the
+    same upheavings we now see in the state; for while our egotism,
+    selfishness, luxury and ease are baptized in the name of Him whose
+    life was a sacrifice, while at the family altar we are taught to
+    worship wealth, power and position, rather than humanity, it is
+    vain to talk of a republican government. The fair fruits of
+    liberty, equality and fraternity must be blighted in the bud till
+    cherished in the heart of woman. At this hour the nation needs the
+    highest thought and inspiration of a true womanhood infused into
+    every vein and artery of its life; and woman needs a broader,
+    deeper education such as a pure religion and lofty patriotism alone
+    can give. From the baptism of this second Revolution should she not
+    rise up with new strength and dignity, clothed in all those
+    "rights, privileges and immunities" which shall best enable her to
+    fulfill her highest duties to humanity, her country, her family and
+    herself?
+
+    On behalf of the National Woman's Rights Central Committee,
+
+    ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, _President_; SUSAN B. ANTHONY, _Secretary_.
+
+Letters both encouraging and discouraging were received. Robert Purvis,
+one of the most elegant and scholarly colored men our country has
+known, whose father was a Scotchman and mother a West Indian with no
+slave blood, sent this noble response: "....I can not agree that this
+or any hour is 'especially the negro's.' I am an anti-slavery man
+because I hate tyranny and in my nature revolt against oppression,
+whatever its form or character. As an Abolitionist, therefore, I am for
+the equal rights movement, and as one of the confessedly oppressed
+race, how could I be otherwise? With what grace could I ask the women
+of this country to labor for my enfranchisement, and at the same time
+be unwilling to put forth a hand to remove the tyranny, in some
+respects greater, to which they are subjected? Again wishing you a
+successful meeting, I am very gratefully yours."
+
+[Autograph: Robert Purvis]
+
+Anna Dickinson, who had come upon the scene of action since the last
+woman's rights convention five years before, wrote Miss Anthony that
+she should be present but was not sure that she was yet ready to speak:
+"I'm a great deal of a Quaker--I don't like to take up any work till I
+feel called to it. My personal interest is perhaps stronger in that of
+which thee writes me than in any other, but my hands are so full just
+now. I see what I shall do in the future, and I hope the near future.
+Wait for me a little--forbear, and I honestly believe I'll do thee some
+good and faithful service; I don't mean wait for me, but be patient
+with me. I write this out of my large love for and confidence in thee.
+I will talk to thee more of it by end of the month when I see thee in
+Boston and put my mite in thy hands; till then believe me, dear friend,
+affectionately and truly thine."
+
+At the business meeting of the anti-slavery convention the proposition
+was made by the National Woman's Rights Committee that, as all there
+was left for the society to do was to secure suffrage for the negro,
+and as the woman's society also was working for universal suffrage,
+they should merge the two into one, and in that way the same
+conventions, appeals, petitions, etc., would answer for both. To this
+Mr. Phillips vigorously objected because the necessary three months'
+notice had not been given! As Mr. Powell had been delegated the
+previous January to give this, there could be no other conclusion than
+that he had refrained from doing so. There was considerable discussion
+on the question but, as president of the Anti-Slavery Society, Mr.
+Phillips' influence was supreme and the coalition was declined.
+
+The Woman's Rights Convention met in Dr. Cheever's church, May 10,
+1866, with a large audience present. It was their first meeting since
+before the war, and while it had many elements of gladness, yet it was
+not unmixed with sorrow. Mr. Garrison was absent, the first rift had
+been made in the love and gratitude in which for many years Mr.
+Phillips had been held, and a vague feeling of distrust and alarm was
+beginning to creep over the women, lest, after all these years of
+patient work, they were again to be sacrificed.
+
+Miss Anthony presented a ringing set of resolutions, and splendid
+addresses were given by Mrs. Stanton, Theodore Tilton and Henry Ward
+Beecher. Mr. Phillips then made a long and eloquent speech which was
+rapturously received by the audience, but which filled the leaders with
+sadness, because of the skillful evasion of the disputed question which
+they never had expected from this staunch friend. Miss Anthony read an
+address to Congress[36] which was adopted with unanimous approval. At
+the close of the convention a business session was held, at which she
+offered a resolution declaring that, since by the act of emancipation
+and the Civil Rights Bill, the negro and woman now had the same civil
+and political status, alike needing only the ballot, therefore the time
+had come for an organization which should demand universal suffrage;
+and that hereafter their society should be known as the American Equal
+Rights Association. She supported this by an able speech in which she
+said:
+
+    For twenty years we have pressed the claims of woman to the right
+    of representation in the government. Each successive year after
+    1848, conventions were held in different States, until the
+    beginning of the war. Up to this hour we have looked only to State
+    action for the recognition of our rights; but now, by the results
+    of the war, the whole question of suffrage reverts back to the
+    United States Constitution. The duty of Congress at this moment is
+    to declare what shall be the basis of representation in a
+    republican form of government. There is, there can be, but one true
+    basis, viz.: that taxation and representation must be inseparable;
+    hence our demand must now go beyond woman--it must extend to the
+    farthest limit of the principle of the "consent of the governed,"
+    as the only authorized or just government. We therefore wish to
+    broaden our woman's rights platform and make it in name what it
+    ever has been in spirit, a human rights platform. As women we can
+    no longer claim for ourselves what we do not for others, nor can we
+    work in two separate movements to get the ballot for the two
+    disfranchised classes, negroes and women, since to do so must be at
+    double cost of time, energy and money.... Therefore, that we may
+    henceforth concentrate all our forces for the practical application
+    of our one grand, distinctive, national idea--universal suffrage--I
+    hope we will unanimously adopt the resolution before us, thus
+    resolving ourselves into the American Equal Eights Association.
+
+Notwithstanding the rebuff they had received from the Anti-Slavery
+Society, this resolution was unanimously adopted and the Woman's Rights
+Society which had existed practically for sixteen years was merged into
+the American Equal Rights Association to work for universal suffrage. A
+constitution was adopted and officers chosen.[37] Mrs. Stanton thus
+describes the last moments of the convention: "As Lucretia Mott uttered
+her few parting words of benediction, the fading sunlight through the
+stained windows falling upon her pure face, a celestial glory seemed
+about her, a sweet and peaceful influence pervaded every heart, and all
+responded to Theodore Tilton when he said this closing meeting was one
+of the most beautiful, delightful and memorable which any of its
+participants ever enjoyed."
+
+A short time thereafter Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton, Mr. Phillips and
+Mr. Tilton were in the Standard office discussing the work. Mr.
+Phillips argued that the time was ripe for striking the word "white"
+out of the New York constitution, at its coming convention, but not for
+striking out "male." Mr. Tilton supported him, in direct contradiction
+to all he had so warmly advocated only a few weeks before, and said
+what the women should do was to canvass the State with speeches and
+petitions for the enfranchisement of the negro, leaving that of the
+women to come afterward, presumably twenty years later, when there
+would be another revision of the constitution. Mrs. Stanton, entirely
+overcome by the eloquence of these two gifted men, acquiesced in all
+they said; but Miss Anthony, who never could be swerved from her
+standard by any sophistry or blandishments, was highly indignant and
+declared that she would sooner cut off her right hand than ask the
+ballot for the black man and not for woman. After Phillips had left,
+she overheard Tilton say to Mrs. Stanton, "What does ail Susan? She
+acts like one possessed." Mrs. Stanton replied, "I can not imagine; I
+never before saw her so unreasonable and absolutely rude."
+
+She was obliged to leave immediately to keep an engagement, but as soon
+as she was at liberty went straight to Mrs. Stanton's home, and found
+her walking up and down the long parlors, wringing her hands. She threw
+her arms around Miss Anthony, exclaiming: "I never was so glad to see
+you. Do tell me what is the matter with me? I feel as if I had been
+scourged from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet!" They sat
+down together and went over the whole conversation, and she then saw
+and felt most keenly the insult and degradation concealed in the
+proposition of the two men, and agreed with Miss Anthony that she would
+sacrifice her life before she would accept it.
+
+This incident illustrates one marked difference in these two women,
+each so strong in her own characteristics. Mrs. Stanton in the presence
+of brilliant intellect and elegant culture at times would seem to be
+entirely psychologized, even though the arguments used were in direct
+conflict with her own instincts and judgment. On the contrary, no
+eloquence, no persuasiveness of manner, no magnetic power could induce
+Miss Anthony for one moment to abandon her convictions of truth and
+justice. Mrs. Stanton's disposition was one of extreme suavity which
+loved to please, while Miss Anthony's nature was rugged, unflinching
+and stern in upholding the right without regard to expediency.
+
+On May 31 both the Anti-Slavery Society and the Equal Rights
+Association held large meetings in Boston. The latter, in conformity
+with its new name, announced that "any member of the audience, man or
+woman, was entitled to speak on the topics under debate and would be
+made welcome." This had been the rule always in the old woman's rights
+conventions, but it was reaffirmed now in order to show the broad and
+catholic spirit of the new organization. At this Boston meeting Anna
+Dickinson made her first speech for the rights of woman. It was one of
+those bursts of inspiration which no pen can reproduce, and was
+received by the audience with cheer upon cheer. She gave $100 to the
+cause, assuring them of her services henceforth, and Miss Anthony wrote
+of her, "She is sound to the heart's core."
+
+The great work of rolling up petitions, not only to Congress but to the
+New York Constitutional Convention, was then commenced. The executive
+board of the Standard offered to lease to the Equal Rights Association
+office-room and a certain amount of space in the paper. These, however,
+were put at such a price and placed under such restrictions as it was
+thought unwise to accept. All the matter submitted would be subject to
+"editorial revision," even though the association paid for the space,
+and as Mr. Pillsbury had resigned the editorship and Mr. Powell had
+taken it, they decided they could not trust the "editorial revision."
+The women had done so vast an amount of gratuitous work for the
+Standard in past years, that they felt themselves entitled to more
+liberal treatment. The editor had written, only a short time before, of
+the excellent service Miss Anthony had rendered in straightening out
+the accounts. She also had secured numerous subscribers, sending in as
+many as thirty at a time from some of her meetings.
+
+For the purpose of arousing public interest in the approaching New York
+Constitutional Convention, an equal rights meeting was held at Albany,
+in Tweddle Hall, November 21. To make this a success Miss Anthony spent
+many weeks of hard work. The diary notes that, among other things, she
+directed and sent out 1200 complimentary tickets.[38] At this Albany
+convention political differences began to appear. Mrs. Stanton
+complimented the Democrats for the assistance they had rendered;
+Frederick Douglass objected to their receiving any credit, branding
+their advocacy as a trick of the enemy, and there were frequent sharp
+encounters. Miss Anthony made an extended speech, of which there is but
+this newspaper report:
+
+    She referred to the assertion of Horace Greeley, that while women
+    had the abstract right to suffrage the great majority of them did
+    not wish it. So they told us when we said the negro ought to be
+    free; he did not wish it; he was contented and happy. As we replied
+    relative to the negro, so do we regarding women. If they do not
+    desire the right to vote, it is an evidence of the depth to which
+    they have been degraded by its deprivation. A woman clerk, in the
+    New York Mercantile Library, told her that during the war the
+    salaries of the male clerks all had been raised, but not those of
+    the women, and a man's, who held an inferior position, had been
+    increased to $300 more than her own. The clerk said that if she had
+    been a voter she did not believe such injustice would have been
+    perpetrated. In Rochester the salaries of the male teachers in the
+    public schools were raised $100 per annum while the small salaries
+    of the women were still further reduced. In Auburn $200 additional
+    compensation was voted to the male teachers and $25 to the women,
+    who thereupon held a meeting and passed an ironical resolution
+    thanking the board for their liberal allowance. The board then
+    required them to sign a paper saying they did not intend an insult,
+    and those who did not make such recantation were discharged. The
+    speaker then referred to the power of the ballot. No politician
+    dared oppose the eight-hour agitation, because the workingman held
+    the franchise. Give the workingwoman a vote and she, too, can
+    protect herself.
+
+A form of petition was approved asking that women might be members of
+the coming Constitutional Convention and vote on the new constitution.
+Respectful reports were made by the New York papers with the exception
+of the World, which said in a long and abusive article:
+
+    Altogether the ablest, most dignified and best-balanced man in the
+    body is Frederick Douglass, and there is a deep feeling for him for
+    United States senator in spite of the drift of the convention,
+    which is evidently in favor of Susan B. Anthony; notwithstanding
+    which Elizabeth Cady Stanton is likewise a candidate with
+    considerable strength, favoring as she does the Copperheads, the
+    Democratic party and other dead and buried remains of alleged
+    disloyalty. Susan is lean, cadaverous and intellectual, with the
+    proportions of a file and the voice of a hurdy-gurdy. She is the
+    favorite of the convention. Mrs. Stanton is of intellectual stock,
+    impressive in manner and disposed to henpeck the convention which
+    of course calls out resistance and much cackling.... Susan has a
+    controlling advantage over her in the fact that she is unencumbered
+    with a husband. As male members of Congress rarely have wives in
+    Washington, so female members will be expected to be without
+    husbands at the capital....
+
+    Parker Pillsbury, one of the notabilities of the body, is a
+    good-looking white man naturally, but has a cowed and sneakish
+    expression stealing over him, as though he regretted he had not
+    been born a nigger or one of these females.... Lucy Stone, the
+    president of the convention, is what the law terms a "spinster."
+    She is a sad old girl, presides with timidity and hesitation, is
+    wheezy and nasal in her pronunciation and wholly without dignity or
+    command.... Mummified and fossilated females, void of domestic
+    duties, habits and natural affections; crack-brained, rheumatic,
+    dyspeptic, henpecked men, vainly striving to achieve the liberty of
+    opening their heads in presence of their wives; self-educated,
+    oily-faced, insolent, gabbling negroes, and Theodore Tilton, make
+    up the less than a hundred members of this caravan, called, by
+    themselves, the American Equal Rights Association.
+
+On December 6 and 7 a mass meeting was held in Cooper Institute, Miss
+Anthony presiding. There were the usual effective speeches and large
+and appreciative audiences present at every session. From New York the
+speakers went at once to Rochester and held a two days' convention
+there. The forces then divided and, under the management of Miss
+Anthony, held meetings in a large number of the towns of western and
+central New York, to arouse public sentiment in favor of giving women a
+representation at the Constitutional Convention.
+
+Meanwhile the petitions asking Congress to include women in the
+proposed Fourteenth Amendment were rapidly pushed, and as soon as ten
+or twelve thousand names were secured they were sent at once to
+Washington, as the resolution was then under discussion. And here came
+the revelation which had been for some time foreshadowed--the
+Republicans refused to champion this cause! From the founding of the
+Anti-Slavery Society in 1833, women had been always its most loyal
+supporters, bearing their share of the odium and persecution of early
+days. When the Republican party was formed, the leading women of the
+country had allied themselves with it and given faithful service during
+the long, dark years which followed. All the Abolitionists and
+prominent Republicans had upheld the principle of equal rights to all,
+and now, when the test came, they refused to recognize the claims of
+woman! Some of the senators and representatives declined to present the
+petitions sent from their own districts; others offered them merely as
+petitions for "universal suffrage," carefully omitting the word "woman"
+and trusting that it would be inferred they meant suffrage for the
+negro men.
+
+Even Charles Sumner, who so many times had acknowledged his
+indebtedness to Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and the other women who were
+now asking for their rights, presented a petition from Massachusetts,
+headed by Lydia Maria Child, with the declaration that he did it under
+protest and that it was "most inopportune." Mrs. Child was the first
+and one of the ablest editors of the Anti-Slavery Standard, and had
+battled long and earnestly for the freedom of the slave at the cost of
+her literary popularity; but now when she asked that she might receive
+the rights of citizenship at least at the same time they were conferred
+upon the freedman, her plea was declared "most inopportune."
+
+The Democrats in Congress, who never had favored or assisted in any way
+the so-called woman's rights doctrines, seized upon this opportunity to
+harass the Republicans and defeat negro suffrage. They not only
+presented the women's petitions but made long and eloquent speeches in
+their favor, using with telling force against the Republicans their own
+oft-repeated arguments for equal rights to all. In the midst of this
+agitation, the District of Columbia Suffrage Bill being under
+discussion, Edgar Cowan, a Pennsylvania Democrat, moved to strike out
+the word "male," and thus precipitated a debate which occupied three
+entire days in the Senate. Among the Republicans Benjamin F. Wade and
+B. Gratz Brown made splendid arguments for woman suffrage and announced
+their votes in favor of the measure. Senator Wilson, from
+Massachusetts, declared himself ready at any and all times to vote for
+a separate bill enfranchising women, but opposed to connecting it with
+negro suffrage. The vote in the Senate to strike the word "male" from
+the proposed bill resulted: yeas, 9; nays, 47; in the House, yeas, 49;
+nays, 74--68 not voting. A number of members in both Houses who
+believed in woman suffrage voted "no" because they preferred to
+sacrifice the women rather than the negroes.[39]
+
+[Autograph: B.F. Wade]
+
+[Autograph: With the respects of B. Gratz Brown]
+
+The Republican press was equally hostile to the proposition to
+enfranchise women. Mr. Greeley, who in times past had been so staunch a
+supporter of woman's rights, now said in the New York Tribune:
+
+    A CRY FROM THE FEMALES,--.... Our heart warms with pity towards
+    these unfortunate creatures. We fancy that we can see them,
+    deserted of men, and bereft of those rich enjoyments and exalted
+    privileges which belong to women, languishing their unhappy lives
+    away in a mournful singleness, from which they can escape by no art
+    in the construction of waterfalls or the employment of
+    cotton-padding. Talk of a true woman needing the ballot as an
+    accessory of power, when she rules the world by a glance of her
+    eye! There was sound philosophy in the remark of an Eastern
+    monarch, that his wife was sovereign of the empire, because she
+    ruled his little ones and his little ones ruled him. The sure
+    panacea for such ills as the Massachusetts petitioners complain of,
+    is a wicker-work cradle and a dimple-cheeked baby.
+
+The New York Post, which under Mr. Bryant's editorship had favored the
+enfranchisement of women, also took ground against it now, and this was
+the attitude of Republican papers in all parts of the country. The
+Democratic press was opposed, except when it could make capital against
+the Republicans by espousing it.
+
+In November Miss Anthony went to a great anti-slavery meeting in
+Philadelphia. Between the two sessions, Lucretia Mott invited about
+twenty of the leading men and women to lunch with her. At her request
+Miss Anthony acted as spokesman and, in behalf of the women, begged Mr.
+Phillips to reconsider his position and make the woman's and the
+negro's cause identical, but here, in the presence of the women who had
+stood shoulder to shoulder with him in all his hard-fought battles of
+the last twenty years, he again refused, declaring that their time had
+not yet come. Miss Anthony sent the most impassioned appeals to the
+Joint Committee of Fifteen, with Thaddeus Stevens as chairman, which
+had charge of the congressional policy on reconstruction, urging that
+if they could not report favorably on the petitions, at least they
+would not interpose any new barrier against woman's right to the
+ballot; but, although Mr. Stevens had ever been friendly to the claims
+of women, he refused to recognize them now. Everywhere they were met by
+the cry, "This is the negro's hour!"
+
+It was a long time before the women could believe that the Republicans
+and Abolitionists, who had advocated their cause for years, would
+forsake them at this critical moment. The letters written during this
+period showed the agony of spirit they endured as they beheld one after
+another repudiating their demands and setting them aside in favor of
+the negro. Not only did the men thus abandon the cause of equal rights
+but, by their specious arguments, they persuaded many of the women that
+it was their duty to sacrifice their own claims and devote themselves
+to securing suffrage for the colored men. This indignant letter from
+Mrs. Stanton to one of the "old guard," who at first declined to
+circulate petitions, will serve as an example of many which were sent
+to the women:
+
+    I have just read your letter, and it would have been a wet blanket
+    to Susan and me were we not sure that we are right. With three
+    bills before Congress to exclude us from all hope of representation
+    in the future, I thank God that _two_ women of the nation felt the
+    insult and decided to rouse the rest to use the only right we have
+    in the government--the right of petition. If the petition goes with
+    our names alone, ours be the glory, and the disgrace to all the
+    rest! We have sent out 1,000 franked by Representative James
+    Brooks, of the New York Express, and if they come back to us empty,
+    Susan and I will sign all of them, that every Democratic member may
+    have one to shame those hypocritical Republicans. When your
+    granddaughters hear that against such insults you made no protest,
+    they will blush for their ancestry.
+
+This letter from Lucretia Mott shows that some men remained true to the
+woman's cause: "My husband and myself cordially hail this movement. The
+negro's hour came with his emancipation from cruel bondage. He now has
+advocates not a few for his right to the ballot. Intelligent as these
+are, they must see that this right can not be consistently withheld
+from women. We pledge $50 toward the necessary funds." At this time
+Miss Anthony in a strong and earnest letter showed the injustice of the
+Standard's behavior:
+
+    How I do wish the good old Standard would preach the whole gospel
+    of the whole loaf of republicanism; but I am sorry to say the
+    present indications are that it will extend even less favor to us
+    than ever before. I gather this from Mr. Powell's announcement to
+    me last week that henceforth, if I were not going to give my
+    personal efforts to the Standard, he should not publish notices of
+    our meetings except at "full advertising rates." I was not a little
+    startled but answered: "Of course I shall say the Standard is the
+    truest and best paper for negro suffrage; but I can not say that it
+    is so for woman suffrage." He said he saw this and hereafter we
+    must pay for all notices.
+
+[Illustration: Lucretia Mott]
+
+    Now, I do complain of this and with just cause, so long as $2,000
+    of the sainted Hovey's money are sunk annually in the struggle to
+    keep the Standard afloat, while Mr. Hovey's will expressly says:
+    "In case chattel slavery should be abolished before the expenditure
+    of the full amount, the residue shall be applied toward securing
+    woman's rights," etc. Mr. Pillsbury told the Hovey Committee last
+    winter, after abolition was proclaimed, that he could not in
+    conscience accept his salary from them as editor of the Standard
+    for another year unless it should advocate woman's claims equally
+    with those of the negro.
+
+In her diary she writes: "Even Charles Sumner bends to the spirit of
+compromise and presents a constitutional amendment which concedes the
+right to disfranchise law-abiding, tax-paying citizens." Robert Purvis
+again expressed his cordial sympathy: "I am heartily with you in the
+view 'that the reconstruction of the Union is a work of greater
+importance than the restoration of the rebel States;' and that it
+should be in accordance with the true republican idea of the personal
+rights of all our citizens, without regard to sex or color. If the
+settlement of this question upon the comprehensive basis of equal
+rights and impartial justice to all should require the postponement of
+the enfranchisement of the colored man, I am willing for the delay,
+though it should take a decade of years to 'fight it out on that
+line.'" Mr. Purvis frequently said in the debates of those days that he
+would rather his son never should be enfranchised than that his
+daughter never should be, as she bore the double disability of sex and
+color and, by every principle of justice, should be the first to be
+protected.
+
+As the struggle for the enfranchisement of the negro grew more intense,
+and the entire burden of it fell upon the Republican party, its members
+became more and more insistent that the women should not jeopardize the
+claims of the colored man by pressing their own. Miss Anthony, Mrs.
+Stanton and a few others of the stronger and more independent women
+declared they would not suffer in silence the injustice and insult of
+having this great body of ignorant men granted the political rights
+which were denied intelligent women; nor would they submit without
+protest to having a million ballots added to the mass which already
+were sure to be cast against the enfranchisement of women if ever the
+question came to a popular vote. As a result of their stand for
+justice, they found themselves utterly deserted by all the great
+leaders with whom they had labored so earnestly and harmoniously for
+many years--Garrison, Phillips, Greeley, Curtis, Tilton, Higginson,
+Douglass, Gerrit Smith. Of all the old Abolitionists only four--Samuel
+J. May, Robert Purvis, Parker Pillsbury and Stephen S. Foster--remained
+loyal to their standard. There was not one of the men repudiating them
+who did not believe thoroughly in the principle of woman's full right
+to the ballot. The women simply were sacrificed to political
+expediency; set aside without a moment's hesitation in obedience to the
+party shibboleth. "This is the negro's hour!"
+
+[Footnote 36: See Appendix for this address.]
+
+[Footnote 37: 'WHEREAS, by the war, society is once more resolved into
+its original elements, and in the reconstruction of our government we
+again stand face to face with the broad question of natural rights, all
+associations based on special claims for special classes are too narrow
+and partial for the hour; therefore, from the baptism of a second
+Revolution, purified and exalted by suffering, seeing with a holier
+vision that the peace, prosperity and perpetuity of the republic rest
+on Equal Rights to All, we, today assembled in our Eleventh National
+Woman's Rights Convention, bury the woman in the citizen, and our
+organization in that of the American Equal Rights Association.
+
+_President_, Lucretia Mott; _vice-presidents_, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+Theodore Tilton, Frederick Douglass, Josephine S. Griffing, Frances D.
+Gage, Robert Purvis, Martha C. Wright, Rebecca W. Mott; _corresponding
+secretaries_, Susan B. Anthony, Caroline M. Severance, Mattie Griffith;
+_treasurer_, Ludlow Patton; _recording secretary_, Henry B. Blackwell.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Mr. Beecher was invited to one of the preliminary
+meetings held during the summer and thus replied: "I can not come to
+Syracuse, much as I should like to, for I am, from the middle of
+August, a victim of ophthalmic catarrh, often called hay-fever or hay
+cold, which unfits me for any serious duty except that of sneezing and
+crying. That which the prophet longed for--that his eyes might become a
+fountain of tears--I have, unlonged for, and I am persuaded that
+Jeremiah would never have asked for it a second time, if he had but
+once tried it. The visit to Gerrit Smith's is tempting but at this,
+like many another good thing, I look and pass on."]
+
+[Footnote 39: See History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. II; p. 103.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+CAMPAIGNS IN NEW YORK AND KANSAS.
+
+1867.
+
+
+The first three months of 1867 were spent by Miss Anthony and a corps
+of speakers in a series of conventions throughout the State of New York
+in order to secure for women a representation in the Constitutional
+Convention. The history of these was that of many which had preceded
+them, large crowds and much enthusiasm in some places, small audiences
+and chilling receptions at others. The press comments were generally
+fair, but occasionally there was a weak attempt at wit or satire. For
+instance, the editor of the Buffalo Commercial thus replied through his
+columns to a polite note from Miss Anthony enclosing an advertisement
+of the convention and requesting that the blank space left be filled
+with the names of places where tickets usually were sold, the bill to
+be sent to her:
+
+    By reference to the notice which we publish elsewhere, it will be
+    seen that we have complied with the request of Susan, except in
+    giving the names of places where tickets are to be had. "The bars
+    of the principal hotels" suggested itself; but then it occurred to
+    us that perhaps some of our strong-minded female fellow-citizens
+    might not like to go to these places for cards of admission. Then
+    we thought of inserting "for freight or passage apply to the
+    captain on board;" but we did not know whether Susan or Elizabeth
+    was captain, and a row might have resulted, in which case the
+    former would probably become "black-eyed Susan." We finally
+    concluded not to meddle with the matter but to let Susan and
+    Elizabeth do as the man insisted upon doing who enacted the part of
+    the king in the play, and who profanely declared that as he _was_
+    king, he would die just where he d---- pleased. The girls can sell
+    tickets just where "they've a mind ter." We may not be able to give
+    the proposed meeting "frequent editorial notice;" still the
+    probabilities are that we shall allude to it if we live and do
+    well, and we shan't charge Susan a cent for our services. We would
+    not have it said, nor would we have you, "O Susan, Susan, lovely
+    dear," imagine that we are ag'in "the one true basis of a genuine
+    republic."
+
+And yet, after all this, the freedom-loving General Rufus Saxton had
+the courage to preside at the meeting and introduce the speakers. He
+subsequently wrote: "I pray that God will bless your noble work and
+that, sooner than you think, woman shall be admitted to her proper
+place, where God intended she should be, and to exclude her from which
+must, like any other great wrong, bring misery and sorrow." The Troy
+Times said:
+
+    The last time we heard Miss Anthony speak was in 1861, shortly
+    after the election of Lincoln when, it will be remembered, she was
+    mobbed from city to city. Since then time and the various
+    undertakings in which she has engaged have apparently had no effect
+    upon her, unless to render her more eloquent and more sanguine of
+    the ultimate righting of all wrongs, and to inspire additional
+    enthusiasm for a cause to which she has clung with a perseverance
+    deserving admiration. She is very choice in the selection of words
+    and phrases, speaks in an earnest, attractive monotone, and really
+    made one of the most eloquent and sensible speeches for female
+    suffrage to which we ever listened.
+
+At Fairfield, Herkimer Co., Miss Anthony spoke in the presence of a
+large number of students from the academy and, at the close of her
+address, there were vigorous calls for the wife of the principal, who
+was known to be opposed to any phase of so-called woman's rights. She
+finally responded and, in the course of her remarks, said that when she
+was a teacher she used to believe that women should receive the same
+salary as men, but since she had married and realized the
+responsibilities of a man of family, she had been converted to the
+belief that men should receive more than women. Miss Anthony at once
+retorted: "It would seem then, that so long as you were earning your
+own living you wanted a good salary, but so soon as you give your
+services to a husband, you want him to receive the value of both your
+work and his own, regardless of those women who still have to support
+themselves and very often a family." The fact that the lady was her
+hostess did not save her from this merited rebuke, which was heartily
+appreciated and enjoyed by the students.
+
+In these tours the burden of the preliminary arrangements always was
+assumed by Miss Anthony. When Mrs. Stanton and she reached a place
+where a meeting was to be held, the former would go at once to bed,
+while the latter rushed to the newspaper offices to look after the
+advertising, then to the hall to see that all was in readiness, and
+usually conducted the afternoon session alone. In the evening Mrs.
+Stanton would appear, rested and radiant, and read a carefully written
+address, while Miss Anthony, exhausted and having had no time to
+prepare a speech, would make a few impromptu remarks as best she could.
+Then the papers would comment on the difference between the beautiful
+and amiable Mrs. Stanton and the aggressive and jaded Miss Anthony, and
+attribute it to the fact that one was a wife and the other a
+spinster.[40]
+
+At Albany Miss Anthony arranged with Charles J. Folger, chairman of the
+Senate Judiciary Committee, for an address by Mrs. Stanton, which was
+given January 13, 1867, before the joint committees, in the Assembly
+chamber, crowded with men and women. She based her claim on the
+assumption that when a new constitution is demanded, the State is
+resolved into its original elements and all the people have a right to
+a voice in its reconstruction, supporting her position by an imposing
+array of legal authorities. Of the discussion by the legislators, which
+followed the address, Mr. Pillsbury wrote to the Hallowells: "Their
+arguments against universal suffrage Susan could have extinguished with
+her thimble."
+
+While Miss Anthony was in Albany she learned that a member from New
+York City had presented a bill to license houses of ill-repute, and she
+protested to Judge Folger. He told her that this was a subject which
+could not be publicly discussed, especially by women. She replied that
+if there were any attempt to pass the bill she would arouse the women
+and it should be discussed from one end of the State to the other. The
+bill never was taken up.
+
+In answer to an invitation to be present at Albany, Mr. Beecher sent
+his regrets as follows:
+
+    I should certainly come and contribute my share of influence if I
+    were not tied hand and foot. I am to preside and speak on Wednesday
+    night in my own church; on Thursday I preside and introduce a
+    lecturer at the Academy of Music, in Brooklyn; on Friday, at Cooper
+    Institute, I have a speech to make for the starving people of the
+    South; and on Saturday, at the same place, a speech for the
+    Cretans. These are but the punctuations of my main business, which,
+    just now, is to write a novel for Bonner, at which I am working
+    every forenoon. I have also a matter of two sermons every week to
+    prepare. I write these details, because our friend Studwell
+    intimates to me that you feel I do not care to be identified with
+    this movement in such a way as to take the unpopularity of the
+    women chiefly engaged in it. I should be unwilling to have you
+    think so. I have never belonged even to an anti-slavery society,
+    Christian or heathen. I am willing to take my stand with anybody on
+    great issues or objects, but in regard to the organizations and
+    instruments by which to attain the end, I have always let others
+    work their way and I mine. I think there is a touch of wildness in
+    my blood (some of my ancestors must have nursed an Indian breast)
+    which is impatient of the harness and so I have always worked on my
+    own hook. I am surprised to see how rapidly the thoughts of
+    intelligent men and women are ameliorating on this question. It
+    needs only that women should have a conscience educated to this
+    duty of suffrage, and it will be yielded.
+
+Early in March the Legislature of Kansas submitted two amendments, one
+enfranchising the negroes and one the women. State Senator Samuel N.
+Wood wrote Miss Anthony that an equal rights convention had been called
+to meet in Topeka, April 2, and urged her to send out the strongest
+speakers to canvass the State in behalf of the woman suffrage
+amendment. This was the first time the enfranchisement of women ever
+had been presented for a popular vote and its advocates were most
+anxious that it should be carried. Neither Miss Anthony nor Mrs.
+Stanton could go to Kansas at this time, so they appealed to Lucy
+Stone, begging her to make the campaign. Since her marriage, twelve
+years before, she had been practically out of public work, insisting
+that she had lost her power for speaking. Miss Anthony assured her that
+if she would take the platform it would come back to her, and Mr.
+Blackwell joined in the entreaty. He gave up his business position to
+accompany his wife and they made a thorough canvass of that State
+during April and May. Mr. Phillips was unwilling that any money from
+the Jackson fund should be used for this purpose, as he did not want
+the question agitated at this time, but as Miss Anthony and Lucy Stone
+constituted a majority of the committee, they appropriated $1,500 for
+it. Even thus early in the contest the Republican managers began to
+show their hand. Lucy Stone wrote from Atchison May 9:
+
+    I should be glad to be with you tomorrow at the equal rights
+    convention in New York and to know this minute whether Phillips has
+    consented to take the high ground which sound policy, as well as
+    justice and statesmanship require. Just now there is a plot here to
+    get the Republican party to drop the word "male," and canvass only
+    for the word "white." A call has been signed by the chairman of the
+    Republican State Central Committee, for a meeting at Topeka on the
+    15th, to pledge the party to that single issue. As soon as we saw
+    it and the change of tone in some of the papers, we sent letters to
+    all those whom we had found true, urging them to be at Topeka and
+    vote for both words. Till this action of the Republicans is
+    settled, we can affirm nothing. Everywhere we go, we have the
+    largest and most enthusiastic meetings and any one of our audiences
+    would give a majority for women; but the negroes are all against
+    us. _These men ought not to be allowed to vote before we do_
+    because they will be so much more dead weight to lift.
+
+Again she wrote of the situation in Kansas:
+
+    The Tribune and Independent alone, if they would urge universal
+    suffrage as they do negro suffrage, could carry this whole nation
+    upon the only just plane of equal human rights. What a power to
+    hold and not use!.... They must take it up. I shall see them the
+    very first thing when I get home. At your meeting next Monday
+    evening, I think you should insist that all of the Hovey fund used
+    for the Standard and anti-slavery purposes since slavery was
+    abolished, must be returned with interest to the three causes which
+    by the express terms of the will were to receive _all_ of the fund
+    when slavery should be ended. I trust you will not fail to rebuke
+    the cowardly use of the terms "universal," "impartial" and "equal,"
+    applied to hide a dark skin and an unpopular client.... I hope not
+    a man will be asked to speak at the convention. If they volunteer,
+    very well, but I have been for the last time on my knees to
+    Phillips, Higginson or any of them. If they help now, they should
+    ask us and not we them.
+
+On May 9 and 10 the Equal Rights Association held its first anniversary
+in New York, at the Church of the Puritans. Cordial and encouraging
+letters were received from Lydia Maria Child, Anna Dickinson, Clara
+Barton, Mary A. Livermore and many other distinguished women. While
+there were the usual number of able speeches, the strongest discussion
+was on the following resolution, offered by Miss Anthony: "The proposal
+to reconstruct our government on the basis of manhood suffrage, which
+emanated from the Republican party and has received the recent sanction
+of the American Anti-Slavery Society, is but a continuation of the old
+system of class and caste legislation, always cruel and proscriptive in
+itself and ending, in all ages, in national degradation and
+revolution." Henry Ward Beecher spoke eloquently in its favor, saying
+in part:
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours truly,
+  L. Maria Child.]
+
+    I am not a farmer, but I know that spring comes but once in the
+    year. When the furrow is open is the time to put in your seed, if
+    you would gather a harvest in its season. Now, when the red-hot
+    plowshare of war has opened a furrow in this nation, is the time to
+    put in the seed. If any say to me, "Why will you agitate the woman
+    question when it is the hour for the black man?" I answer, it is
+    the hour for every man and every woman, black or white. The bees go
+    out in the morning to gather the honey from the morning-glories.
+    They take it when they are open, for by 10 o'clock they are shut,
+    never to open again. When the public mind is open, if you have
+    anything to say, say it. If you have any radical principles to
+    urge, any higher wisdom to make known, don't wait until quiet times
+    come, until the public mind shuts up altogether.
+
+    We are in the favored hour; and if you have great principles to
+    make known, this is the time to advocate them. I therefore say
+    whatever truth is to be known for the next fifty years in this
+    nation, let it be spoken now--let it be enforced now. The truth
+    that I have to urge is not that women have the right of
+    suffrage--not that Chinamen or Irishmen have that right--not that
+    native born Yankees have it--but that suffrage is the inherent
+    right of mankind.... I do not put back for a single day the black
+    man's enfranchisement. I ask not that he should wait. I demand that
+    this work should be done, not upon the ground that it is
+    politically expedient now to enfranchise black men; but I propose
+    that you take expediency out of the way, and put a principle which
+    is more enduring in the place of it--manhood and womanhood suffrage
+    for all. That is the question. You may just as well meet it now as
+    at any other time. You will never have so favorable an occasion, so
+    sympathetic a heart, never a public reason so willing to be
+    convinced as today.... I believe it is just as easy to carry the
+    enfranchisement of all as of any one class, and easier than to
+    carry it class after class.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  and believe me
+  very truly yours,
+  H. W. Beecher]
+
+The resolution was adopted unanimously, as was also a memorial to
+Congress, written by Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, asking most
+earnestly that the negro should be enfranchised, but just as earnestly
+that the suffrage should be conferred on woman at the same time. The
+leading thought was expressed in these beautiful words:
+
+    We believe that humanity is one in all those intellectual, moral
+    and spiritual attributes out of which grow human responsibilities.
+    The Scripture declaration is, "So God created man in his own image,
+    male and female created he them," and all divine legislation
+    throughout the realm of nature recognizes the perfect equality of
+    the two conditions; for male and female are but different
+    conditions. Neither color nor sex is ever discharged from obedience
+    to law, natural or moral, written or unwritten. The commandments
+    thou shalt not steal, or kill, or commit adultery, recognize no
+    sex; and hence we believe that all human legislation which is at
+    variance with the divine code, is essentially unrighteous and
+    unjust....
+
+    Women and colored men are loyal, liberty-loving citizens, and we
+    can not believe that sex or complexion should be any ground for
+    civil or political degradation. Against such outrage on the very
+    name of a republic we do and ever must protest; and is not our
+    protest against this tyranny of "taxation without representation"
+    as just as that thundered from Bunker Hill, when our Revolutionary
+    fathers fired the shot which shook the world?... We respectfully
+    and earnestly pray that, in restoring the foundations of our
+    nationality, all discriminations on account of sex or race may be
+    removed; and that our government may be republican in fact as well
+    as form; A GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE, AND THE WHOLE PEOPLE; FOR THE
+    PEOPLE, AND THE WHOLE PEOPLE.
+
+This was the last convention ever held in the old historic Church of
+the Puritans. It soon passed into other hands, and where once sparkled
+and scintillated flashes of repartee and gems of oratory, now glitter
+and shine the magnificent jewels in the great establishment of Tiffany.
+
+After this May Anniversary Miss Anthony prepared to go before the New
+York Constitutional Convention with speeches and petitions for the
+recognition of women in the new constitution. The necessary
+arrangements involved an immense amount of labor, and her diary says:
+"My trips from Albany to New York and back are like the flying of the
+shuttle in the loom of the weaver." At this hearing, June 27, 1867,
+after Mrs. Stanton had finished her address she announced that they
+would answer any questions, whereupon Mr. Greeley said in his drawling
+monotone: "Miss Anthony, you know the ballot and the bullet go
+together. If you vote, are you ready to fight?" Instantly she retorted:
+"Yes, Mr. Greeley, just as you fought in the late war--at the point of
+a goose-quill!" After the merriment had subsided, he continued: "When
+should this inalienable right of suffrage commence for young men and
+foreigners? Have we the right to say when it shall begin?" Miss Anthony
+replied: "My right as a human being is as good as that of any other
+human being. If you have a right to vote at twenty-one, then I have.
+All we ask is that you shall take down the bars and let the women and
+the negroes in, then we will settle all these matters." The Tribune
+report said this was received with "loud and prolonged applause."
+
+Miss Anthony continued with great vivacity: "Can you show me any class
+possessed of the franchise which is shut out of schools or degraded in
+the labor market, or any class but women and negroes denied any
+privilege they show themselves possessed of capacity to attain? Since
+you refuse to grant woman's demand, tell her the reason why. Men sell
+their votes; but did any one ever hear of their selling their right to
+vote? We demand that you shall recognize woman's capacity to vote." The
+newspaper account ended: "She closed by demanding the right to vote for
+women as an inalienable one, and predicted that from its exercise would
+follow the happiest results to man, to woman, to the country, to the
+world at large; and took her seat amidst warm expressions of approval."
+In writing to her mother of this occasion she said:
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Cady Stanton]
+
+    We had to rush up by Wednesday night's boat, without any
+    preparation, and passed the ordeal last night, members asking
+    questions and stating objections. At the close the cheerful face
+    and cordial hand of our good Mr. Reynolds were presented to me. Mr.
+    Ely also came up to be introduced, saying he knew my father and
+    brother well, but had never had the pleasure of my acquaintance.
+    Ah, when my "wild heresies" become "fashionable orthodoxies," won't
+    my acquaintance be a pleasure to other Rochester people, too?
+    George William Curtis was delighted--said the impression made upon
+    the members was vastly beyond anything he had imagined possible. It
+    is always a great comfort to feel that we have not distressed our
+    _cultured friends_.
+
+    Mrs. Stanton is going to slip out to Johnstown to spend Sunday with
+    her mother. How I wish I could slip out to Rochester to sit a few
+    hours in my mother's delightful east chamber, but I must hie me
+    back to New York by tonight's boat instead.
+
+In a letter from George William Curtis, he declared: "You may count
+upon me not to be silent when, whether by my action or another's, this
+question comes before the convention." Petitions were presented by
+various members, signed by 28,000 men and women, asking that the
+constitution be so amended as to secure the right of suffrage to the
+women of New York. One of these was headed by Margaret Livingston Cady,
+mother of Mrs. Stanton, one by Gerrit Smith, one by Henry Ward Beecher,
+and all contained many influential names. Mr. Greeley was chairman of
+the committee on suffrage and, as Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton knew he
+would seize upon this occasion to repeat his hackneyed remark, "The
+best women I know do not want to vote," they wrote Mrs. Greeley to roll
+up a big petition in Westchester. So she got out her old chaise and,
+with her daughter Ida, drove over the county, collecting signatures.
+After all the others had been presented, Mr. Curtis arose and said:
+"Mr. Chairman, I hold in my hand a petition signed by Mrs. Horace
+Greeley and 300 other women of Westchester asking that the word 'male'
+be stricken from the constitution." As Mr. Greeley was about to make an
+adverse report, his anger and embarrassment, as well as the amusement
+of the audience, may be imagined.[41]
+
+A magnificent argument in behalf of the petitions was made by Mr.
+Curtis, and the discussion lasted several days; but the committee
+handed in an adverse report, which was sustained by a large majority of
+the convention. When this result was announced, Anna Dickinson wrote
+Miss Anthony:
+
+    My blood boiled, my nerves thrilled, as I read from day to day the
+    reports of the convention debate. Reasons urged for the
+    enfranchisement of paupers, of idiots, of the ignorant, the
+    degraded, the infamous--none for women! The exquisite care with
+    which men guard their own rights in the most vulnerable of their
+    sex--the silence, the scorn, the ridicule with which they pass by
+    or allude to our claims--great God! it is too much for endurance
+    and patience. Daily I pray for a tongue of flame and inspired lips
+    to awaken the sleeping, arouse the careless, shake to trembling and
+    overthrow the insolence of opposition.... After men and women have
+    alike borne the burden and heat of battle, to mark the absolute
+    silence with which these men regard the rights of half the race,
+    while they squabble and wrangle, debate and contend, for exact
+    justice to the poorest and meanest man--to mark this spectacle is
+    to be filled with alternate pity and disgust.
+
+Naturally the women felt highly indignant at the treatment they had
+received, especially from the Republican party, which was so deeply
+indebted for their services and from which they had every reason to
+expect recognition and support, and they did not hesitate freely to
+express themselves. Soon after their defeat at Albany Mr. Curtis wrote:
+"I beg you and your friends to understand that the _real_ support of
+this measure, the support from conviction, comes from men who believe
+in Republican principles, and not from the Democracy as such." While a
+close analysis might prove the truth of this assertion, the women were
+not able to find comfort in the fact. As a party, the Republicans were
+opposed to their claims, and with the immense majority of its members
+completely under the domination of party, the result could be nothing
+but defeat. Not only was this the case, but the leaders, who dictated
+its policy and directed its action, although avowed believers in the
+political rights of women, did not hesitate to sacrifice them for the
+success of the party.
+
+Lucy Stone and her husband had returned from Kansas the last of May,
+reporting a good prospect for carrying the woman suffrage amendment;
+but the Republicans there soon became frightened lest the one
+enfranchising the negro should be lost and, in order to lighten their
+ship, decided to throw the women overboard. Although the proposition
+had been submitted by a Republican legislature and signed by a
+Republican governor, the Republican State Committee resolved to remain
+"neutral," and then sent out speakers who, with the sanction of the
+committee, bitterly assailed this amendment and those advocating it.
+Prominent among these were P.B. Plumb, I.S. Kalloch, Judge T.C. Sears
+and C.V. Eskridge. The Democratic State Convention vigorously denounced
+the amendment. The State Temperance Society endorsed it, and this
+aroused the active enmity of the Germans. Eastern politicians warned
+those of Kansas not to imperil the negro's chance by taking up the
+woman question. Mr. Greeley, who at the beginning of the campaign
+warmly espoused woman suffrage in Kansas,[42] soured by his experience
+in the New York Constitutional Convention, withdrew the support of the
+Tribune and threw his influence against the amendment. Even the
+Independent, under the editorship of Tilton, was so dominated by party
+that, notwithstanding the appeals of the women, it had not one word of
+endorsement. There was scarcely a Republican home in that State which
+did not take one or the other of these papers, looking upon its
+utterances as inspired, and their influence was so great that their
+support alone could have carried the amendment.
+
+Such was the situation when Miss Anthony started with Mrs. Stanton for
+Kansas, hoping to turn the tide. She learned, however, to her great
+disappointment, that no more money was available from the Jackson or
+the Hovey fund. The proposed campaign would call for so large an amount
+that any other woman would have given up in despair. Even the stock of
+literature had been exhausted and there was nothing left in the way of
+tracts or pamphlets. Undaunted, she set forth under a blazing July sun
+and tramped up and down Broadway soliciting advertisements for the
+fly-leaves of the new literature she meant to have printed.[43] She
+then visited various friends who were interested in the woman's cause,
+and received such sums as they could spare, but their number was not
+large and the demands were numerous. She also sent out many appealing
+letters, like this to her friend Mrs. Wright:
+
+    Mrs. Stanton and I start for Kansas Wednesday evening, stopping at
+    Rochester just to look at my mother and my dear sister, sick so
+    long, and I devoting scarce an hour to her the whole year. How will
+    the gods make up my record on home affections?
+
+    You see our little trust fund--$1,800--of Jackson money is wrenched
+    from us. The Hovey Committee gave us our last dollar in May, to
+    balance last year's work, and I am responsible for stereotyping and
+    printing the tracts, for the New York office expenses, and for Mrs.
+    Stanton and myself in Kansas, in all not less than $2,000. Not one
+    of the friends wants the Kansas work to go undone, and to do it,
+    both tracts and lecturers must be sent out. We need money as never
+    before. I have to take from my lean hundreds, that never dreamed of
+    reaching thousands, to pay our travelling expenses. It takes $50
+    each for bare railroad tickets. We are advertised to speak every
+    day--Sundays not excepted--from September 2, one week from today,
+    to November 6. What an awful undertaking it looks to me, for I know
+    Kansas possibilities in fare, lodging and travelling. I never was
+    so nearly driven to desperation--so much waiting to be done, and
+    not a penny but in hope and trust. Oh, if somebody else could go
+    and I stay here, I could raise the money; but there is no one and I
+    must go. We must not lose Kansas now, at least not from lack of
+    work done according to our best ability.
+
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton left New York August 28, 1867. It was
+necessary then to change cars several times to reach Atchison, their
+first appointment, and the trains being late they missed connections
+and were finally stranded at Macon City over Sunday. They found that
+while Mr. Wood had made out a very elaborate plan for their meetings
+and had posters printed for each place, these still remained piled up
+in the printing office. After making a two weeks' tour of the principal
+towns with Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony saw that an entire new program
+was necessary, that the meetings must be better advertised and there
+must be a central distributing point for tracts, etc., so she stationed
+herself at Lawrence. Senators Pomeroy and Ross gave the full use of
+their "franking" privilege and the former contributed $50 besides.
+
+The Republicans called a mass meeting at Lawrence, September 5, of
+citizens from all parts of the State, "for consultation concerning the
+best method for _defeating_ the proposition to strike the word 'male'
+from the Constitution of Kansas, and for arranging a canvass of the
+State in opposition to this amendment." A newspaper account said:
+
+    On motion of Judge G. W. Smith, Messrs. T. C. Sears, Rev. S. E.
+    McBurney and C. V. Eskridge were appointed a committee on
+    resolutions, and reported the following, which were unanimously
+    adopted:
+
+    _Resolved_, That we recognize the doctrine of manhood suffrage as a
+    principle of the Republican party, supported by reason, experience
+    and justice.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we are unqualifiedly opposed to the dogma of
+    "Female Suffrage," and while we do not recognize it as a party
+    question, the attempt of certain persons within the State, and from
+    without it, to enforce it upon the people of the State, demands the
+    unqualified opposition of every citizen who respects the laws of
+    society and the well-being and good name of our young commonwealth.
+
+    On motion, the executive committee were instructed to open a
+    campaign based upon the foregoing resolutions; and an Anti-Female
+    Suffrage Committee appointed of one member from each county.
+
+At the beginning of the campaign, Republican leaders and newspapers
+were in favor of woman suffrage, but when it was feared that its
+advocacy would hazard the chances of negro suffrage, they repudiated
+the amendment. While it was by no means certain that all women when
+enfranchised would vote the Republican ticket, there was no doubt
+whatever that the negroes would, and so it was party expediency to
+sacrifice the women. Notwithstanding the opposition of both Republican
+and Democratic politicians, the woman suffrage advocates had large and
+friendly audiences and the amendment would have been carried beyond a
+doubt, if it had had the continued sanction of Republican leaders. In
+October, stung by the reproaches of the women, a number of influential
+Republicans from different parts of the country[44] sent out an appeal
+which was published in the newspapers of Kansas, but this was wholly
+offset by the active opposition of the State Committee.
+
+The hardships of a campaign in the early days of Kansas scarcely can be
+described. Much of the travelling had to be done in wagons, fording
+streams, crossing the treeless prairies, losing the faintly outlined
+road in the darkness of night, sleeping in cabins, drinking poor water
+and subsisting on bacon, soda-raised bread, canned meats and
+vegetables, dried fruits and coffee without cream or milk, sweetened
+with sorghum. The nights offered the greatest trial, owing to a species
+of insect supposed to breed in the cotton wood trees. In one of her
+letters home Miss Anthony says: "It is now 10 A. M. and Mrs. Stanton is
+trying to sleep, as we have not slept a wink for several nights, but
+even in broad daylight our tormentors are so active that it is
+impossible. We find them in our bonnets, and this morning I think we
+picked a thousand out of the ruffles of our dresses. I can assure you
+that my avoirdupois is being rapidly reduced. It is a nightly battle
+with the infernals.... Twenty-five years hence it will be delightful to
+live in this beautiful State, but now, alas, its women especially see
+hard times, and there is no poetry in their lives." She was not given
+to complaining but again she writes:
+
+    It is enough to exhaust the patience of Job, the slip-shod way in
+    which telegraph, express and postoffices are managed here. It is
+    almost impossible to arrange for halls or to get literature
+    delivered at the point where it is sent. We speak in school houses,
+    barns, sawmills, log cabins with boards for seats and lanterns hung
+    around for lights, but people come twenty miles to hear us. The
+    opposition follow close upon our track, but they make converts for
+    us. The fact is that most of them are notoriously wanting in right
+    action toward women. Their objections are as low and scurrilous as
+    they used to be in the East fifteen or twenty years ago. There is a
+    perfect greed for our tracts, and the friends say they do more
+    missionary work than we ourselves. If our suffrage advocates only
+    would go into the new settlements at the very beginning, they could
+    mould public sentiment, but they wait until the comforts of life
+    are attainable and then find the ground occupied by the enemy.
+
+Of course they were guests in some beautiful homes, free from all
+discomforts, but these were the exceptions. A striking instance of the
+first reception usually accorded the two ladies is given by Mrs.
+Starrett, in her Kansas chapter in the History of Woman Suffrage:
+
+    All were prepared beforehand to do Mrs. Stanton homage for her
+    talents and fame, but many persons who had formed their ideas of
+    Miss Anthony from the unfriendly remarks in opposition papers had
+    conceived a prejudice against her. Perhaps I can not better
+    illustrate how she everywhere overcame and dispelled this prejudice
+    than by relating my own experience. A convention was called at
+    Lawrence, and the friends of woman suffrage were asked to entertain
+    strangers who might come from abroad. Ex-Governor Robinson asked me
+    to entertain Mrs. Stanton. We had all things in readiness when I
+    received a note stating that she had found relatives in town with
+    whom she would stop, and Miss Anthony would come instead. I hastily
+    put on bonnet and shawl, saying, "I won't have her and I am going
+    to tell Governor Robinson so."
+
+    At the gate I met a dignified Quaker-looking lady with a small
+    satchel and a black and white shawl on her arm. Offering her hand
+    she said, "I am Miss Anthony, and I have been sent to you for
+    entertainment during the convention."... Half disarmed by her
+    genial manner and frank, kindly face, I led the way into the house
+    and said I would have her stay to tea and then we would see what
+    farther arrangements could be made. While I was looking after
+    things she gained the affections of the babies; and seeing the door
+    of my sister's sick-room open, she went in and in a short time had
+    so won the heart and soothed instead of exciting the nervous
+    sufferer, entertaining her with accounts of the outside world, that
+    by the time tea was over I was ready to do anything if Miss Anthony
+    would only stay with us. And stay she did for over six weeks, and
+    we parted from her as from a beloved and helpful friend. I found
+    afterwards that in the same way she made the most ardent friends
+    wherever she became personally known.
+
+The physical discomforts could have been borne without a murmur, but it
+was the treachery of friends, both East and West, which brought the
+discouragement and heart-sickness. One of the active opponents who
+canvassed the State was Charles Langston, the negro orator, whose
+brother John M. had met with much kindness from Miss Anthony and her
+family before the war. When one considers how these women had spent the
+best part of their lives in working for the freedom of the negro, their
+humiliation can be imagined at seeing educated colored men laboring
+with might and main to prevent white women from obtaining the same
+privileges which they were asking for themselves. It was a bitter dose
+and one which women have been compelled to take in every State where a
+campaign for woman suffrage has been made.
+
+The Hutchinsons--John, his son Henry and lovely daughter Viola--were
+giving a series of concerts, travelling in a handsome carriage drawn by
+a span of white horses. As they had one vacant seat, they were carrying
+Rev. Olympia Brown, a talented Universalist minister from
+Massachusetts, who had been canvassing the State for several months,
+and she spoke for suffrage while they sang for both the negro and
+woman. Hon. Charles Robinson, the first Free State governor of Kansas,
+volunteered to take Mrs. Stanton in his carriage and pay all expenses.
+Their hard trip killed a pair of mules and a pair of Indian ponies.
+Miss Anthony directed affairs from her post at Lawrence and made
+herculean efforts to raise money for the campaign, which thus far was
+dependent on the collections at the meetings. There was scarcely a hope
+of victory.
+
+On the 7th of October came a telegram from George Francis Train, who
+was then at Omaha, largely interested in the Union Pacific railroad. He
+had been invited by the secretary and other members of the St. Louis
+Suffrage Association to go to Kansas and help in the woman's campaign.
+Accordingly he telegraphed that if the committee wanted him he was
+ready, would pay his own expenses and win every Democratic vote. Miss
+Anthony never had seen Mr. Train; she merely knew of him as very
+wealthy and eccentric. The Republicans not only had forsaken the women
+but were waging open war upon them. The sole hope of carrying the
+amendment was by adding enough Democratic votes to those of Republicans
+who would not obey their party orders to vote against it. Every member
+of the woman suffrage committee who could be communicated with--Rev.
+and Mrs. Starrett, Rev. John S. Brown and daughter Sarah, Judge
+Thatcher and others--said that Mr. Train was an eloquent speaker and
+advised that he be invited, so the following telegram was sent: "Come
+to Kansas and stump the State for equal rights and woman suffrage. The
+people want you, the women want you. S. N. Wood, M. W. Reynolds,
+Charles Robinson, Mrs. J. H. Lane, E. Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony."
+
+Mr. Train accepted and Miss Anthony at once began laying out a route
+for him and telegraphed: "Begin at Leavenworth Monday, October 21. Yes,
+with your help we shall triumph. All shall be ready for you." If she
+had had any political experience, she would have made his appointments
+along the railroad, whose employes were largely Irish, with whom he was
+very popular on account of his Fenian affiliations; but in her
+ignorance, she arranged for most of the meetings in small towns off the
+railroads, where the inhabitants were chiefly Republicans.
+
+Mark W. Reynolds, editor of the Democratic paper at Lawrence, agreed to
+accompany him; but when the time arrived, although Mr. Reynolds had
+joined in the telegram of invitation, he took to the woods, going on a
+buffalo hunt without any excuse or explanation. Mr. Train made his
+first speech at Leavenworth, Mayor John A. Halderman presiding, Colonel
+D. R. Anthony, Rev. William Starrett and other Republicans on the
+platform. Laing's Hall was packed with Irishmen and when he first
+mentioned woman suffrage all of them hissed, but after he pointed out
+the absurdity of letting the negroes vote and shutting out their own
+mothers and wives, the tide turned and they cheered for the women. The
+next meeting was at Lawrence, and here Mr. Train objected decidedly to
+the route marked out, saying it was too rough a trip for any man, and
+as Mr. Reynolds had deserted him he was for giving up the tour. Not so
+Miss Anthony; she said: "Your offer and his were accepted in good
+faith. The engagements have been made and hand-bills sent to every
+post-office within fifty miles of the towns where meetings are to be
+held. The next announcement is for Olathe tomorrow night. I shall take
+Mr. Reynolds' place. At one o'clock I shall send a carriage to your
+hotel. You can do as you please about going. If you decline I shall go
+there and to all the other meetings alone." He replied: "Miss Anthony,
+you know how to make a man feel ashamed."
+
+The next day when the carriage came to the Starretts, for Miss Anthony,
+Mr. Train was in it and, with her heart in her throat, she took her
+seat beside him. The situation was entirely unforeseen and decidedly
+embarrassing, but she never turned back, never allowed any earthly
+obstacle to stand in her way. There was a crowded house at Olathe and
+when the meeting closed two young men announced that they had been sent
+to take Mr. Reynolds and Mr. Train to Paola, and they would have to
+leave at 4 A. M. Miss Anthony was the guest of Rev. and Mrs. J. C.
+Beach. Next morning they started on time in a pouring rain, stopping at
+a little wayside inn for breakfast at six. The meeting was at eleven,
+in the Methodist church.
+
+After it was over the county superintendent of schools, Mr. Bannister,
+took them to Ottawa in a lumber wagon. The steady rain had put the
+roads in a fearful condition and by the time they reached the river
+bottoms it was very dark and pouring in torrents. The driver lost his
+way and brought them up against a brush fence. Mr. Train jumped out of
+the vehicle, took off his coat so that his white shirtsleeves would
+show and thus guided the team back to the road; then he and the county
+superintendent took turns walking in front of the horses. The river
+finally was crossed and they reached Ottawa at 9 o'clock. Mr. Train was
+very fastidious and, no matter how late the hour, never would appear in
+public before he had changed his gray travelling suit for full dress
+costume with white vest and lavender kid gloves, declaring that he
+would not insult any audience by shabby clothes. This evening he made
+no exception and so, while he went to the hotel, Miss Anthony, wet,
+hungry and exhausted, made her way straight to the hall to see what had
+become of their audience.
+
+She found that it had been taken in charge by General Blunt, one of the
+Republican campaign orators, and as she entered, he was making a
+violent attack on woman suffrage. Her arrival was not noticed and she
+concluded to sit quietly down in a corner and let matters take their
+course. A stairway led from some lower region up to the platform and,
+just as the speaker was declaring, "This man Train is an infernal
+traitor and a vile copperhead," Mr. Train appeared at the top of the
+stairs. The audience broke into a roar, and in a few moments he had the
+general under a scathing fire.
+
+From Ottawa they travelled, still in a lumber wagon, to Mound City and
+then to Fort Scott, where they had an immense audience. After the
+meeting Train went to the newspaper office and wrote out his speech,
+which filled two pages of the Monitor, and Miss Anthony and the friends
+spent all of Sunday in wrapping and mailing these papers. From here
+they drove to Humboldt in a mail wagon, stopping for dinner at a little
+"half-way house," a cabin with no floor. Miss Anthony retains a lively
+recollection of this place, for the hostess brought a platter of fried
+pork, swimming in grease, and in her haste emptied the contents the
+whole length of her light gray travelling dress. They found many people
+ill, and Mr. Train always prescribed not a drop of green tea, not a
+mouthful of pork, though that was the only meat they could get, plenty
+of fruit, though there was none to be had in Kansas, and a thorough
+bath every morning, although there was not enough water to wash the
+dishes. During this trip he stopped at hotels, but Miss Anthony usually
+was invited to stay with families who were either her personal friends
+or warm advocates of the cause she represented.
+
+So on they went, to Leroy, Burlington, Emporia, Junction City. It was 9
+o'clock when they reached the last and, as usual, Miss Anthony had to
+make her speech without change of dress, and a half hour later Mr.
+Train stepped on the platform, refreshed and resplendent. His first
+words were: "When Miss Anthony gets back to New York she is going to
+start a woman suffrage paper. Its name is to be The Revolution; its
+motto, 'Men, their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights, and
+nothing less.' This paper is to be a weekly, price $2 per year; its
+editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury; its proprietor,
+Susan B. Anthony. Let everybody subscribe for it!" Miss Anthony was
+dumbfounded. During the long journey that day, he had asked her why the
+equal rights people did not have a paper and she had replied that it
+was not for lack of brains but want of money. "Will not Greeley and
+Beecher and Phillips and Tilton advance the money?" "No, they say this
+is the negro's hour and no time to advocate woman suffrage." "Well,"
+said he, "I will give you the money." She had not taken him seriously
+and was amazed when he made this public statement, announcing name,
+price, editors, motto and everything complete.
+
+[Autograph: Sincerely, Geo. Francis Train]
+
+They spoke at Topeka and Wyandotte and reached Leavenworth the Sunday
+previous to election. Mr. Train spent the evening at Colonel Anthony's,
+entertaining them in his inimitable manner till midnight, and after he
+left the colonel declared that "he knew more about more things than any
+man living." Governor Robinson and Mrs. Stanton were to close the
+campaign in this city the day before election, and the meeting had been
+thoroughly advertised, but at the last moment they telegraphed that
+they would be unable to arrive till evening, so it was decided that Mr.
+Train should remain at Leavenworth to speak in the afternoon, and Miss
+Anthony should keep the engagement at Atchison, announcing Mr. Train
+for the evening. This she did, but at night, when a great crowd had
+assembled, a telegram brought word that the cars were off the track and
+he could not reach that city. There was nothing for her to do but make
+a short speech and adjourn the meeting.
+
+Mr. Train had promised Miss Anthony that he really would advance the
+money to start a paper and, in addition, had proposed to defray all the
+expenses of Mrs. Stanton and herself if they would join him in a
+lecture tour of the principal cities on the way eastward. It was
+essential, therefore, for her to have a talk with him before she could
+make a definite statement to Mrs. Stanton, and her only chance for this
+was to cross the Missouri river and wait for the belated train from
+Leavenworth. She found the ferryboats had stopped running for the
+night, but George Martin, chairman of the suffrage committee of
+Atchison, offered to take her across in a skiff. Undaunted, she seated
+herself therein and in the dense darkness was safely landed on the
+opposite shore. Here she boarded the cars and went to St. Joseph where
+she met Mr. Train, made the necessary arrangements and returned to
+Leavenworth by the first train.
+
+On election day the Hutchinsons, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, in open
+carriages, visited all the polling-places in Leavenworth, where the two
+ladies spoke and the Hutchinsons sang. Both amendments were
+overwhelmingly defeated, that for negro suffrage receiving 10,843
+votes, and that for woman suffrage 9,070, out of a total of about
+30,000. These 9,000 votes were the first ever cast in the United States
+for the enfranchisement of women. How many of them were Republican and
+how many Democratic, and how much influence Mr. Train may have had one
+way or another, never can be known; but it is a significant fact that
+Douglas county, the most radical Republican district, gave the largest
+vote against woman suffrage, and Leavenworth, the strongest Democratic
+county, gave the largest majority in its favor.
+
+The Commercial, the Democratic paper of this city, said:
+
+    When we consider the many obstacles thrown in the way of the
+    advocates of this measure, the indifference with which the masses
+    look upon anything new in government and their indisposition to
+    change, the degree of success of these advocates is not only
+    remarkable, but one of which they have a just right to feel proud.
+    To these two ladies, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+    to their indomitable will and courage, to their eloquence and
+    energy, is due much of the merit of the work performed in the
+    State.... While in the recent election these ladies were not
+    successful to the full extent of their wishes, they have the
+    consciousness of knowing that their work has been commensurate with
+    the combined efforts of party organization, congressmen, senators,
+    press and ministers to enfranchise the negro, and that the people
+    of Kansas are not more averse to giving the franchise to woman than
+    to the black man.
+
+During the campaign the usual order was for Miss Anthony to speak the
+first half hour, making a clear, concise, strong argument for suffrage
+as the right of an American citizen, pleading for the negro as well as
+for the women, and urging men to vote for both amendments. She then was
+followed by Mr. Train, who insisted that it would be one of the
+grossest outrages to give suffrage to the black man and not to the
+white woman, and pleaded earnestly that the women of Kansas should be
+enfranchised. In this he was sincere, as he believed thoroughly that
+women ought to have the ballot. He was an inimitable mimic and was
+unsparing in his ridicule of those Republicans who had battled so
+valiantly for equal rights but now demanded that American women should
+stand back quietly and approvingly and see the negro fully invested
+with the powers denied to themselves. He had a remarkable memory, an
+unequalled quickness of repartee, a peculiar gift of improvising
+epigrams and, while erratic, was a brilliant and entertaining speaker.
+He was at this time about thirty-five, nearly six feet tall, a handsome
+brunette, with curling hair and flashing dark eyes, the picture of
+vigorous health. He was exquisitely neat in person and irreproachable
+in habits, and had a fine courtliness of bearing toward women which
+suggested the old-school gentleman. Miss Anthony often said that all
+the severe criticisms made upon him for years had not been able to
+impair the respect with which he inspired her during that most trying
+campaign. Mrs. Stanton, essentially an aristocrat and severe in her
+judgment of men and manners, spoke most highly of Mr. Train in her
+Reminiscences.
+
+Some of the friends in Kansas were opposed to the contemplated lecture
+tour, and letters were received from the East urging that it be
+abandoned. Mrs. Stanton was accustomed to defer to Miss Anthony in such
+matters.[45] The latter felt that they had been deserted by their old
+friends and supporters and the breach was too wide to be soon healed.
+Here was a man of wealth and high personal character, who offered to
+arrange a lecture tour of the principal cities of the country, pay all
+expenses and at the end of the journey furnish capital for a paper. It
+seemed to her she could best serve the cause she placed above all else
+by accepting the offer, and she did so.
+
+As time was limited, Miss Anthony had to make arrangements for hall,
+etc., by telegraph, which cost Mr. Train $100. The series commenced in
+Omaha, November 19, and continued in Chicago, Springfield. St. Louis,
+Louisville, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse,
+Albany, Springfield (Mass.), Worcester, Boston and Hartford, ending
+with a great meeting in Steinway Hall, New York, December 14. Mr. Train
+engaged the most elegant suites of rooms in the best hotels for the
+ladies, secured the finest halls, and this was remembered as the only
+luxurious suffrage tour they ever had made. There was a railway wreck
+between Louisville and Cincinnati, and he chartered a special train in
+order that they might keep their engagement at the latter place. This
+trip cost him $3,000.
+
+Where heretofore the Democratic papers had been abusive and some, at
+least, of the Republican papers complimentary, the tone was now
+completely reversed. Because they had affiliated with Mr. Train, the
+former had nothing but praise, and for the same reason the latter were
+unsparing in their denunciations, and were bitterly indignant at the
+women for accepting from Mr. Train and other Democrats the help which
+they themselves had positively refused. They insisted that the
+Democrats only used woman suffrage as a club to beat negro suffrage,
+which doubtless was true of many, but Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton
+claimed the right to accept proffered aid without looking behind it for
+the motive. The opposition, however, did not arise alone from the press
+and the politicians. From the leading advocates of suffrage came a
+vehement protest against any partnership with George Francis Train. The
+old associates wrote scores of letters expressing their personal
+allegiance, but refusing to attend the meetings and repudiating the
+connection of Mr. Train with the woman suffrage movement. Miss Anthony
+was made to realize to the fullest extent the feeling which had been
+aroused, but the last entry in the diary says: "The year goes out, and
+never did one depart that had been so filled with earnest and effective
+work; 9,000 votes for woman in Kansas, and a newspaper started! The
+Revolution is going to be work, work and more work. The old out and the
+new in!"
+
+[Footnote 40: Helen Skin Starrett, in her Kansas reminiscences, says:
+"Miss Anthony always looked after Mrs. Stanton's interests and comfort
+in the most cheerful and kindly manner. I remember one evening in
+Lawrence when the hall was crowded with an eager and expectant
+audience. Miss Anthony was there early, looking after everything,
+seats, lights, ushers, doorkeepers. Presently Governor Robinson said to
+her, 'Where's Mrs. Stanton? It's time to commence.' 'She's at
+Mrs.----'s waiting for some of you men to go for her with a carriage,'
+was the reply. The hint was quickly acted upon and Mrs. Stanton, fresh,
+smiling and unfatigued, was presented to the audience."]
+
+[Footnote 41: His intense feeling on the matter is thus described in
+the History of Woman Suffrage:
+
+"A few weeks after this he met Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony at one of
+Alice Cary's Sunday evening receptions. As he approached, both arose
+and with extended hands exclaimed most cordially, 'Good evening, Mr.
+Greeley.' But his hands hung limp by his side, as he said in measured
+tones: 'You two ladies are the most maneuvering politicians in the
+State of New York. I saw in the manner my wife's petition was
+presented, that Mr. Curtis was acting under instructions, and I saw the
+reporters prick up their ears.' Turning to Mrs. Stanton, he asked, 'You
+are so tenacious about your own name, why did you not inscribe my
+wife's maiden name, Mary Cheney Greeley, on her petition?' 'Because,'
+she replied, 'I wanted all the world to know that it was the wife of
+Horace Greeley who protested against her husband's report.' 'Well,'
+said he, 'I understand the animus of that whole proceeding, and I have
+given positive instructions that no word of praise shall ever again be
+awarded you in the Tribune, and that if your name is ever necessarily
+mentioned, it shall be as Mrs. Henry B. Stanton!' And so it has been to
+this day."]
+
+[Footnote 42: Womanhood suffrage is now a progressive cause beyond fear
+of cavil. It has won a fair field where once it was looked upon as an
+airy nothing, and it has gained champions and converts without number.
+The young State of Kansas is fitly the vanguard of this cause, and the
+signs of the agitation therein hardly allow a doubt that the
+citizenship of women will be ere long recognized in its laws. Fourteen
+out of twenty of its newspapers are in favor of making woman a
+voter.... The vitality of the Kansas movement is indisputable, and
+whether defeated or successful in the present contest, it will still
+hold strongly fortified ground.--New York Tribune, May 29, 1867.]
+
+[Footnote 43: From the Howe Sewing Machine Co., she got $150; from the
+Samuel Browning Washing Machine Co., $100; from Dr. Dio Lewis'
+Gymnasium, $100, and from Madame Demorest's Fine Millinery and
+Patterns, a considerable sum; besides a donation of $100 from Mr. and
+Mrs. E. D. Draper, of Massachusetts, and $150 from Sarah B. Shaw,
+mother of Mrs. George Wm. Curtis; and in this way raised partly enough
+to print 50,000 tracts.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Charles Robinson, S. N. Wood, Samuel C. Pomeroy, E. G.
+Ross, Sidney Clark, S. G. Crawford, _Kansas;_ James W. Nye, _Nevada;_
+William Loughridge, _Iowa;_ Robert Collyer, _Illinois;_ George W.
+Julian, H. D. Washburn, _Indiana;_ R. E. Trowbridge, John F. Driggs,
+_Michigan;_ Benjamin F. Wade, _Ohio;_ J. W. Broomall, William D.
+Kelley, _Pennsylvania;_ Henry Ward Beecher, Gerrit Smith, George
+William Curtis, _New York;_ Dudley S. Gregory, George Polk, John G.
+Foster, James L. Hayes, Z. H. Pangborn, _New Jersey;_ Wm. Lloyd
+Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Samuel E. Sewall, Oakes Ames,
+_Massachusetts;_ William Sprague, T. W. Higginson, _Rhode Island;_
+Calvin E. Stowe, _Connecticut_.]
+
+[Footnote 45: "I take my beloved Susan's judgment against the world, I
+have always found that when we see eye to eye we are sure to be right,
+and when we pull together we are strong. After we discuss any point and
+fully agree, our faith in our united judgment is immovable, and no
+amount of ridicule and opposition has the slightest influence, come
+from what quarter it may."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ESTABLISHING THE REVOLUTION.
+
+1868.
+
+
+The first entry in the diary of 1868, January 1, reads: "All the old
+friends, with scarce an exception, are sure we are wrong. Only time can
+tell, but I believe we are right and hence bound to succeed."
+Immediately after the meeting at Steinway Hall, Mr. Train had brought
+with him to call on Miss Anthony, David M. Melliss, financial editor of
+the New York World, and they entered into an agreement by which the two
+men were to supply the funds for publishing a paper until it was on a
+paying basis. It was to be conducted by Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton
+in the interests of women, and Mr. Train and Mr. Melliss were to use
+such space as they desired for expressing their financial and other
+opinions. The first number was issued January 8, a handsome quarto of
+sixteen pages.
+
+Ten thousand copies were printed and, under the congressional frank of
+Representative James Brooks, of New York, were sent to all parts of the
+country. The advent of this element in the newspaper world created a
+sensation such as scarcely ever has been equalled by any publication.
+From hundreds of clippings a few characteristic examples are selected.
+The New York Sunday Times said:
+
+    THE LADIES MILITANT.--It is out at last. If the women as a body
+    have not succeeded in getting up a revolution, Susan B. Anthony, as
+    their representative, has. Her Revolution was issued last Thursday
+    as a sort of New Year's gift to what she considered a yearning
+    public, and it is said to be "charged to the muzzle with literary
+    nitre-glycerine." If Mrs. Stanton would attend a little more to her
+    domestic duties and a little less to those of the great public,
+    perhaps she would exalt her sex quite as much as she does by
+    Quixotically fighting windmills in their gratuitous behalf, and she
+    might possibly set a notable example of domestic felicity. No
+    married woman can convert herself into a feminine Knight of the
+    Rueful Visage and ride about the country attempting to redress
+    imaginary wrongs without leaving her own household in a neglected
+    condition that must be an eloquent witness against her. As for the
+    spinsters, we have always said that every woman has a natural and
+    inalienable right to a good husband and a pretty baby. When, by
+    proper "agitation," she has secured this right, she best honors
+    herself and her sex by leaving public affairs behind her, and
+    endeavoring to show how happy she can make the little world of
+    which she has just become the brilliant center.
+
+The New York Independent, the great organ of the Congregationalists,
+had this breezy editorial:
+
+    The Revolution is the martial name of a bristling and defiant new
+    weekly journal, the first number of which has just been laid on our
+    table. When we mention that it is edited by Mr. Parker Pillsbury
+    and Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, all the world will immediately
+    know what to expect from it. Those two writers can never be accused
+    of having nothing to say, or of backwardness in saying it. Each has
+    separately long maintained a striking individuality of tongue and
+    pen. Working together, they will produce a canvas of the Rembrandt
+    school--Mrs. Stanton painting the high lights and Mr. Pillsbury the
+    deep darks. In fact, the new journal's real editors are Hope and
+    Despair. Beaumont and Fletcher were intellectually something alike;
+    but Mrs. Stanton and Mr. Pillsbury are totally different. The lady
+    is a gay Greek, come forth from Athens; the gentleman is a sombre
+    Hebrew, bound back to Jerusalem. We know of no two more striking,
+    original, and piquant writers. What keen criticisms, what
+    knife-blade repartees, what lacerating sarcasms we shall expect
+    from the one! What solemn, reverberating, sanguinary damnations we
+    shall hear from the other!
+
+    Conspicuous among the new journal's contributors is that great
+    traveller, hotel-builder, epigrammatist and kite-flyer, Mr. George
+    Francis Train. So The Revolution, from the start, will arouse,
+    thrill, edify, amuse, vex and nonplus its friends. But it will
+    compel attention; it will conquer a hearing. Its business
+    management is in the good hands of Miss Susan B. Anthony, who has
+    long been known as one of the most indefatigable, honest,
+    obstinate, faithful, cross-grained and noble-minded of the famous
+    women of America. It only remains to add that, as "the price of
+    liberty is eternal vigilance," so the price of The Revolution is
+    two dollars a year.
+
+The Cincinnati Enquirer in a complimentary notice said: "Mrs. Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton's Revolution grows with each additional number more spicy,
+readable and revolutionary. It hits right and left, from the shoulder
+and overhand, at every body and thing that opposes the granting of
+suffrage to females as well as males. The Revolution is mourning over
+no lost cause, but is aggressive, bold and determined to win one dear
+to its heart." New York's society paper, the Home Journal, commented:
+"The Revolution is plucky, keen and wide awake, and although some of
+its ways are not at all to our taste, we are glad to recognize in it
+the inspiration of the noblest aims, and the sagacity and talent to
+accomplish what it desires. It is on the right track, whether it has
+taken the right train or not;" while the Chicago Workingman's Advocate
+declared: "We have no doubt it will prove an able ally of the labor
+reform movement." The Boston Commonwealth observed approvingly: "It is
+edited by Mrs. E.C. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, whose names are
+guarantees of ability and character. Their effusions are able,
+pertinent and courageous."
+
+To quote from Mrs. Stanton: "Radical and defiant in tone, it awoke
+friends and foes alike to action. Some denounced it, some ridiculed it,
+but all read it. It needed just such clarion notes, sounded forth long
+and loud each week, to rouse the friends of the movement from the
+apathy into which they had fallen after the war." Miss Anthony went to
+Washington to introduce the paper and returned with a list of
+distinguished subscribers, including President Johnson himself! The
+following from Mrs. Stanton will show how criticising letters usually
+were answered:
+
+    I know that you would feel that we were right if I could talk with
+    you. If George Francis Train had done for the negro all that he has
+    done for woman the last three months, the Abolitionists would
+    enshrine him as a saint. The attacks on Susan and me by a few
+    persons have been petty and narrow, but we are right and this nine
+    days' wonder will soon settle itself. Of course, people turn up the
+    whites of their eyes, but time will bring them all down again. We
+    have reason to congratulate ourselves that we have shocked more
+    friends of the cause into life than we ever dreamed we had--persons
+    who never gave a cent or said a word for our movement are the most
+    concerned lest Susan and I should injure it. Mr. Train has some
+    extravagances and idiosyncrasies, but he is willing to devote his
+    energies to our cause when no other man is, and we should be
+    foolish not to accept his aid. To think of Boston women holding a
+    festival to aid the Anti-Slavery Standard, while their own
+    petitions are ignored in the Senate of the United States! Women
+    have been degraded so long they have lost all self-respect. If we
+    love the black man as well as ourselves we shall fulfill the Bible
+    injunction. The anti-slavery requirement to love him better is a
+    little too much for human nature.
+
+A few members of the executive board of the Equal Rights Association
+made a strong attempt to prevent the editors of The Revolution from
+occupying the room at No. 37 Park Row, used for their headquarters.
+Miss Anthony soon showed, however, that she had made herself personally
+responsible for the rent, that while she was overwhelmed with the work
+of the Kansas campaign letters were continually sent her asking if she
+could not somehow get the money to pay it, and that as soon as she
+returned, she borrowed $100 on her own note and paid it in full. So she
+held possession and the committee, after voting itself out at one
+session, voted itself back at the next, and finally abandoned the room.
+
+On the very day the first copy of The Revolution appeared, Mr. Train
+announced that he was going to England immediately. Miss Anthony says
+in her diary: "My heart sank within me; only our first number issued
+and our strongest helper and inspirer to leave us! This is but another
+discipline to teach us that we must stand on our own feet." Mr. Train
+gave her $600 and assured her that he had arranged with Mr. Melliss to
+supply all necessary funds during his short absence, but she felt
+herself invested with a heavy responsibility. A few days later Mrs.
+Stanton said in a letter to a friend:
+
+    Our paper has a monied basis of $50,000 and men who understand
+    business to push it. Train is engaging writers and getting
+    subscribers in Europe. It will improve in every way when we are
+    thoroughly started. Just now we are fighting for our life among
+    reformers; they pitch into us without mercy. We are trying to make
+    the Democrats take up our question, for that is the only way to
+    move the Republicans. Subscribers come in rapidly, beyond our most
+    sanguine expectations. The press in the main is cordial, but looks
+    askance at a political paper edited by a woman. If we had started a
+    "Lily" or a "Rosebud" and remained in the region of sentiment, we
+    should have been eulogized to the skies, but here is something
+    dangerous.
+
+Instead of Mr. Train's securing writers and subscribers in Europe, he
+was arrested for complicity with the Fenians the moment he made his
+first speech, and spent the year in a Dublin jail. He wrote that the
+finding of fifty copies of The Revolution in his possession was an
+additional reason for his arrest, as the officials did not stop to read
+a word, the name was sufficient. While Mr. Train continued his
+contributions to the paper during his residence in jail, he was not
+able to meet his financial obligations to it. Mr. Melliss made heroic
+efforts to pay in his quota, but the days were full of anxiety for
+everybody connected with The Revolution. Miss Anthony was used to such
+care. She had been the financial burden-bearer of every reform with
+which she had been connected, but to this crushing weight was added
+such a persecution as she never had experienced before, even in the
+days of pro-slavery mobs. Then the attacks had been made by open and
+avowed enemies, and she had had a host of staunch supporters to share
+them and give her courage; now her persecutors were in ambush and were
+those who had been her nearest and dearest friends; and now she was
+alone except for Mrs. Stanton and Mr. Pillsbury. Even they were labored
+with, and besought to renounce one who seemed to have complete mastery
+over them and was leading them to destruction, but nothing could shake
+their allegiance. The excuse for this persecution was that the Equal
+Rights Association was injured by the publication of The Revolution.
+
+That there should be a paper published in the interest of the rights of
+women had been the dream of the advocates for many years. Antoinette
+Blackwell had written Miss Anthony several years before: "I wish we had
+the contemplated paper for Mrs. Stanton's especial benefit. I am afraid
+it will be too late for her when we get it fairly established, which
+does not promise to be very soon. Lucy believes her own talents lie in
+other directions, and gives no approval to the plan for herself." Lucy
+Stone had written: "We must have a paper and dear, brave, sensible Mrs.
+Stanton must be the editor." And at another time: "I feel very proud of
+Mrs. Stanton, she is so strong and noble. When we have a new paper she
+must be the editor."
+
+Mrs. Stanton, with her house and her large family, had no desire for
+this position. Miss Anthony herself was not a writer, and many times of
+late years had agitated the question of raising money to have Lucy
+Stone and her husband at the head of a paper, they having now signified
+their willingness to hold such a place. The founding of The Revolution
+was totally unexpected and its editors accepted it only because of the
+great need of a medium through which the cause of woman might be
+thoroughly advocated. There was not the slightest desire to enter into
+rivalry with anybody or to antagonize the Republicans. If the latter
+had been willing to furnish the money to start a paper, or had allowed
+space in their own publications, the favor would have been most gladly
+accepted. Had the members of the Equal Rights Association raised a fund
+to establish an organ, so much the better, but although the subject had
+been talked of for years, the capital had not been forthcoming. There
+was no attempt to make the association responsible for the opinions of
+The Revolution, as this letter from Mrs. Stanton indicates:
+
+    Susan and I, though members of the Equal Rights Association, do
+    many things outside that body for which no one is responsible. The
+    idea of starting a paper under its auspices, or as an organ for it,
+    never entered our minds. We went to Kansas as individuals; personal
+    friends outside that association gave us money to go and
+    contributed the funds to start a paper. We object to that
+    resolution of censure, first, because we were outside its province;
+    second, because it was an outrage to repudiate Susan and me, who
+    have labored without cessation for twenty years and had just
+    returned from a hard three months' campaign. For any one to
+    question our devotion to this cause is to us amazing. The treatment
+    of us by Abolitionists also is enough to try the souls of better
+    saints than we. The secret of all this furor is Republican spite.
+    They want to stave off our question until after the presidential
+    campaign. They can keep all the women still but Susan and me. They
+    can't control us, therefore the united effort of Republicans,
+    Abolitionists and certain women to crush us and our paper.
+
+In showing how the women were sacrificed, The Revolution said:
+
+    Charles Sumner, Horace Greeley, Gerrit Smith and Wendell Phillips,
+    with one consent, bid the women of the nation stand aside and
+    behold the salvation of the negro. Wendell Phillips says, "One idea
+    for a generation," to come up in the order of their importance.
+    First negro suffrage, then temperance, then the eight-hour
+    movement, then woman suffrage. Three generations hence, woman
+    suffrage will be in order! What an insult to the women who have
+    labored thirty years for the emancipation of the slave, now when he
+    is their political equal, to propose to lift him above their heads.
+    Gerrit Smith, forgetting that our great American idea is
+    "individual rights," on which Abolitionists have ever based their
+    strongest arguments for emancipation, says: "This is the time to
+    settle the rights of races; unless we do justice to the negro we
+    shall bring down on ourselves another bloody revolution, another
+    four years' war, but we have nothing to fear from woman, she will
+    not avenge herself!" Woman not avenge herself? Look at your asylums
+    for the deaf, the dumb, the blind, the insane, and there behold the
+    results of this wholesale desecration of the mothers of the race!
+    Woman not avenge herself? Go into the streets of your cities at the
+    midnight hour, and there behold those whom God meant to be queens
+    in the moral universe giving your sons their first lessons in
+    infamy and vice. No, you can not wrong the humblest of God's
+    creatures without making discord and confusion in the whole social
+    system.
+
+In regard to the bitter persecution waged upon the two women, Ellen
+Wright Garrison said in a letter to Miss Anthony: "This sitting in
+judgment upon those whose views differ from our own, pouring vials of
+wrath on their heads and calling in the outside and prejudiced public
+to help condemn, is unwise and un-Christian." Her mother, Martha
+Wright, who at first was inclined to blame, wrote in the spring of
+1868: "As regards the paper, its vigorous pages are what we need. I
+regret the idiosyncrasies of Mr. Train, as they give occasion to the
+sons and daughters of the Philistines to rejoice, and the children of
+the uncircumcised only wanted a good excuse to triumph. Shall you be at
+the May meeting? I will not be there under any circumstances without
+you and Susan and our good friend Parker; so whatever may become of Mr.
+Train or of the paper, count me now and ever as your true and
+unswerving friend."
+
+The following graphic description, by the correspondent, Nellie
+Hutchinson, was published in the Cincinnati Commercial:
+
+    There's a peculiarly resplendent sign at the head of the third
+    flight of stairs, and obeying its directions I march into the north
+    corridor and enter The Revolution office. Nothing so very terrible
+    after all. The first face that salutes my vision is a youthful
+    one--fresh, smiling, bright-eyed, auburn-crowned. It belongs to one
+    of the employes of the establishment, and its owner conducts me to
+    a comfortable sofa, then trips lightly through a little door
+    opposite to inform Miss Anthony of my presence.
+
+    I glance about me. What editorial bliss is this! Actually a neat
+    carpet on the floor, a substantial round table covered by a pretty
+    cloth, engravings and photographs hung thickly over the clear white
+    walls. Here is Lucretia Mott's saintly face, beautiful with eternal
+    youth; there Mary Wollstonecraft looking into futurity with earnest
+    eyes. In an arched recess are shelves containing books and piles of
+    pamphlets, speeches and essays of Stuart Mill, Wendell Phillips,
+    Higginson, Curtis. Two screens extend across the front of the room,
+    inclosing a little space around the two large windows which give
+    light, air and glimpses of City Hall park. Glancing around the
+    corner we see editor Pillsbury seated at his desk by the further
+    window. Opposite is another desk covered with brown wrappers and
+    mailing books. Close against the screen stands yet another, at
+    which sits the bookkeeper, an energetic young woman who ably
+    manages all the business affairs of The Revolution. There's an
+    atmosphere of womanly purity and delicacy about the place;
+    everything is refreshingly neat and clean, and suggestive of
+    reform.
+
+    Ah! here comes Susan--the determined--the invincible, the Susan who
+    is possibly destined to be Vice-President or Secretary of State
+    some of these days! What a delicious thought! I tremble as she
+    steps rapidly toward me and I perceive in her hand a most
+    statesmanlike roll of MSS. The eyes scan me coolly and
+    interrogatively but the pleasant voice gives me a yet pleasanter
+    greeting. There's something very attractive, even fascinating in
+    that voice--a faint echo of the alto vibration--the tone of power.
+    Her smile is very sweet and genial, and lights up the pale, worn
+    face rarely. She talks awhile in her kindly, incisive way. "We're
+    not foolishly or blindly aggressive," says she, tersely; "we don't
+    lead a fight against the true and noble institutions of the world.
+    We only seek to substitute for various barbarian ideas, those of a
+    higher civilization--to develop a race of earnest, thoughtful,
+    conscientious women." And I thought as I remembered various
+    newspaper attacks, that here was not much to object to. The world
+    is the better for thee, Susan.
+
+    She rises; "Come, let me introduce you to Mrs. Stanton." And we
+    walk into the inner sanctum, a tiny bit of a room, nicely carpeted,
+    one-windowed and furnished with two desks, two chairs, a little
+    table--and the senior editor, Mrs. Stanton. The short, substantial
+    figure, with its handsome black dress and silver crown of curls, is
+    sufficiently interesting. The fresh, girlish complexion, the
+    laughing blue eyes and jolly voice are yet more so. Beside her
+    stands her sixteen-year-old daughter, who is as plump, as jolly, as
+    laughing-eyed as her mother. We study Cady Stanton's handsome face
+    as she talks on rapidly and facetiously. Nothing little or mean in
+    that face; no line of distrust or irony; neither are there wrinkles
+    of care--life has been pleasant to this woman.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+  AT THE AGE OF 48.]
+
+    We hear a bustle in the outer room--rapid voices and laughing
+    questions--then the door is suddenly thrown open and in steps a
+    young Aurora, habited in a fur-trimmed cloak, with a jaunty black
+    velvet cap and snowy feather set upon her dark clustering curls.
+    What sprite is this, whose eyes flash and sparkle with a thousand
+    happy thoughts, whose dimples and rosy lips and white teeth make so
+    charming a picture? "My dear Anna," says Susan, starting up, and
+    there's a shower of kisses. Then follows an introduction to Anna
+    Dickinson. As we clasp hands for a moment, I look into the great
+    gray eyes that have flashed with indignation and grown moist with
+    pity before thousands of audiences. They are radiant with mirth
+    now, beaming as a child's, and with graceful abandon she throws
+    herself into a chair and begins a ripple of gay talk. The two
+    pretty assistants come in and look at her with loving eyes; we all
+    cluster around while she wittily recounts her recent lecturing
+    experience. As the little lady keeps up her merry talk, I think
+    over these three representative women. The white-haired, comely
+    matron sitting there hand-in-hand with her daughter, intellectual,
+    large-hearted, high-souled--a mother of men; the grave, energetic
+    old maid--an executive power; the glorious girl, who, without a
+    thought of self, demands in eloquent tones justice and liberty for
+    all, and prophesies like an oracle of old.
+
+    May we not hope that America's coming woman will combine these
+    salient qualities, and with all the powers of mind, soul and heart
+    vivified and developed in a liberal atmosphere, prove herself the
+    noblest creature in the world? And so I leave them there--the
+    pleasant group--faithful in their work, happy in their hopes.
+
+On May 14, 1868, the American Equal Rights Association held its second
+anniversary in Cooper Institute. Mrs. Stanton, who had a wholesome
+dread of anything disagreeable, was determined not to go, but Miss
+Anthony declared that to stay away would be showing the "white feather"
+and that, as their enemies had been many weeks working up a sentiment
+against them, their presence would prove they had nothing to fear. When
+the convention assembled, Lucretia Mott, the president, being absent on
+account of the recent death of her husband, Colonel Higginson said to
+Miss Anthony: "Now we want everything pleasant and peaceable here, do
+we not?" "Certainly," she replied. "Well then, we must have Lucy Stone
+open this meeting." "Why so," asked Miss Anthony, "when Mrs. Stanton is
+first vice-president? It would be not only an insult to her but a
+direct violation of parliamentary usage. I shall never consent to it."
+Finding that, nevertheless, there was a scheme to carry out this plan,
+she put Mrs. Stanton on the alert and, as the officers filed on the
+platform, gave her a gentle push to the front, whereupon she opened the
+convention with the utmost suavity.
+
+It was here that these pioneers of the movement for woman suffrage had
+the humiliation of hearing Frederick Douglass announce that it was
+women's duty to take a back seat and wait till the negro was
+enfranchised before they put in their claim. Rev. Olympia Brown and
+Lucy Stone both declared the Republican party false to its principles
+unless it protected women as well as colored men in their right to
+vote, and in his report on the Kansas campaign, Mr. Blackwell, after
+speaking of the splendid work of Lucy Stone, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton
+and Miss Brown, said: "Their eloquence and determination gave great
+promise of success; but, in an inopportune moment, Horace Greeley and
+others saw fit in the Constitutional Convention to report adversely to
+woman suffrage in New York, which influenced the sentiment in the
+younger western State and its enterprise was crushed. Even the
+Republicans in Kansas set their faces against the extension of suffrage
+to women."
+
+Throughout the entire convention there was much resentment on the part
+of the women at the manner in which they had been abandoned in favor of
+the negro. During the same week, at the anti-slavery meeting in
+Steinway Hall, Anna Dickinson, in the midst of an impassioned speech,
+declared: "The position of the black woman today is no better than
+before her emancipation from slavery. She has simply changed masters
+from a white owner to a black husband in many cases." She demanded
+freedom and franchise for woman as for man, irrespective of color; and,
+while giving Mr. Phillips credit for his years of service in the cause
+of woman, took occasion to enter her protest against the tenor of a
+portion of his morning address--in effect, that woman's rights must be
+set aside until the rights of the black man were fully secured.
+
+As there was so much cavilling and faultfinding on the part of many of
+the Equal Rights Association at every forward and radical step taken by
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, they formed an independent committee of
+themselves, Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of Gerrit Smith, Mrs.
+Horace Greeley and Abby Hopper Gibbons, daughter of Isaac T. Hopper,
+the noted Abolitionist, and wife of a prominent banker. These ladies
+sent a memorial to the Republican National Convention, which met in
+Chicago and nominated General Grant, but it never saw the light after
+reaching there. Snubbed on every hand by the Republicans, they
+determined to appeal to the Democrats. On June 27 Miss Anthony and Mrs.
+Stanton attended a mass convention addressed by Governor Seymour,
+calling out the following editorial from the New York Sun:
+
+    The fact that Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Miss Susan B. Anthony
+    were the only ladies admitted upon the platform at Cooper
+    Institute, may be regarded as not only committing them to Governor
+    Seymour's views, but as committing the approaching Democratic
+    convention, in whose behalf he spoke, to the doctrine of woman
+    suffrage. Therefore, whether Miss Anthony is received as a delegate
+    to the July convention, it is clear that female suffrage must be
+    incorporated among the planks of the national Democratic platform;
+    and if Governor Seymour, who is a remarkably fine-looking man, is
+    nominated, he will receive the undivided support of the women of
+    the North, which will more than compensate for the loss of the
+    negro vote of the South.
+
+At the meeting of the Equal Rights Committee, held in New York, a
+half-sarcastic resolution was offered by Theodore Tilton and adopted by
+the committee declaring that as "Miss Susan B. Anthony, through various
+published writings in The Revolution, had given the world to understand
+that the hope of the woman's rights cause rests more largely with the
+Democratic party than with any other portion of the people; therefore
+she be requested to attend the approaching National Democratic
+Convention in New York for the purpose of fulfilling this cheerful hope
+by securing in the Democratic platform a recognition of woman's right
+to the elective franchise."
+
+Miss Anthony ignored the sarcasm, and with Mrs. Stanton at once
+prepared a memorial.[46] The convention met and dedicated Tammany Hall
+on July 4, 1868. This was the first time since the war that the
+southern Democrats had joined with the northern in national convention
+and, conservative as they naturally were and separated as they had been
+from all the woman's rights agitation which had kept the North stirred
+up for the past decade, one can imagine their amazement when Miss
+Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and a few other ladies walked into the great hall
+and occupied reserved seats at the left of the platform. Their memorial
+was sent to the president, Horatio Seymour, and by him handed to the
+secretary, who read it amid jeers and laughter. It was then referred to
+the resolution committee where it slept the sleep of death. The special
+correspondent of the Chicago Republican thus describes the scene when
+the memorial was presented:
+
+    Susan B. Anthony appeared to the convention like Minerva, goddess
+    of wisdom. Her advent was with thunders, not of applause, but of
+    the scorn of a degenerate masculinity. The great Horatio said, with
+    infinite condescension, that he held in his hand a memorial of the
+    women of the United States. The name of Miss Anthony was greeted
+    with a yell such as a Milton might imagine to rise from a conclave
+    of the damned. "She asked to plead the cause of her sex; to demand
+    the enfranchisement of the women of America--the only class of
+    citizens not represented in the government, the only class without
+    a vote, and their only disability, the insurmountable one of sex."
+    As these last significant words, with more than significant accent
+    and modulation, came from the lips of the knightly, the courtly
+    Horatio, a bestial roar of laughter, swelling now into an almost
+    Niagara chorus, now subsiding into comparative silence, and again
+    without further provocation rising into infernal sublimity, shook
+    the roof of Tammany. Sex--the sex of women--was the subject of this
+    infernal scorn; and the great Democratic gathering, with yells and
+    shrieks and demoniac, deafening howls, consigned the memorial of
+    Susan B. Anthony to the committee on resolutions.
+
+The World, the Herald, the Democratic press generally, spoke of this
+incident in satirical and half-contemptuous tones, and the few papers
+which treated it seriously declared in effect that, if they had to take
+the "nigger," they might as well add woman to the unpalatable dose. A
+petition from the Workingmen's Association to this same convention,
+demanding a "greenback plank" in the platform, was received with great
+respect and the plank put in as requested--offering the very strongest
+object lesson of the superiority of an enfranchised over a
+disfranchised class. It was not that the convention had more respect
+for the workingman, per se, but they feared his vote and so adopted the
+greenback plank in order to placate him, and then nominated for
+President the most ultra of gold bond-paying advocates.
+
+The Revolution took up with great earnestness the cause of
+workingwomen, investigated their condition and published many articles
+in regard to it. A meeting was called at the office of The Revolution
+and a Workingwoman's Association formed, with officers chosen from the
+various occupations represented, which ranged from typesetters to
+ragpickers. In September the National Labor Union Congress was held in
+Germania Hall, New York, and Miss Anthony was selected to represent
+this association. Mr. J. C. C. Whaley, a master workman from the great
+iron mills of Philadelphia, presided and she was cordially received. A
+committee on female labor was formed with her as chairman, and reported
+a strong set of resolutions, urging the organization of women's trades
+unions, demanding an eight-hour law and equal pay in all positions, and
+pledging support to secure the ballot for women.
+
+After an extended discussion the words "to secure the ballot" were
+stricken out, and a resolution adopted that "by accepting Miss Anthony
+as a delegate, the Labor Congress did not commit itself to her position
+on female suffrage." Here was this great body of men, honestly anxious
+to do something to ameliorate the condition of workingwomen, and yet
+denying to them the ballot, the strongest weapon which the workingman
+possessed for his own protection; unable to see that by placing it in
+the hands of women, they would not only give to them immense power but
+would double the strength of all labor organizations.
+
+Miss Anthony gave a large amount of time to the cause of workingwomen,
+taught them how to organize among themselves, stirred up the newspapers
+to speak in their behalf, and interested in them many prominent women
+and also "Sorosis," that famous club, which had just been formed. In
+addressing women typesetters she said: "The four things indispensable
+to a compositor are quickness of movement, good spelling, correct
+punctuation and brains enough to take in the idea of the article to be
+set up. Therefore, let no young woman think of learning the trade
+unless she possesses these requisites. Without them there will be only
+hard work and small pay. Make up your minds to take the 'lean' with the
+'fat,' and be early and late at the case precisely as men are. I do not
+demand equal pay for any women save those who do equal work in value.
+Scorn to be coddled by your employers; make them understand that you
+are in their service as workers, not as women."
+
+The diary says in October, "Blue days these." Mr. Train was still in
+the Dublin jail. Mr. Melliss was doing his part manfully, subscribers
+were constantly coming in, but no paper can be sustained by its
+subscription-list. Miss Anthony wrote hundreds of letters in its
+interests, and walked many a weary mile and had many an unpleasant
+experience soliciting advertisements, but the Republicans were hostile
+and the Democrats had no use for The Revolution. Invariably the more
+liberal-minded men would say: "We advertise in the Tribune and
+Independent, and your paper will reach few homes where one or the other
+is not taken;" which was true. All the business and financial
+management devolved upon Miss Anthony, and she was untrained in this
+department. She labored all the day and late into the night over these
+details, longing to be in the field and pushing the cause by means of
+the platform, as she had been accustomed to do, and yet feeling that
+through the paper she could reach a larger audience. Her diary shows
+that, notwithstanding past differences, she still visited at Phillips',
+Garrison's, Greeley's and very often at Tilton's. In August she tells
+of attending the funeral of the baby in the family of the last, the
+departure from the usual customs, the house filled with sunshine, the
+mother dressed in white, and the inspired words of Mr. Beecher.
+
+She is invited to Flushing, Oswego and various places to address
+teachers' institutes and occasionally to give a lyceum lecture and,
+regardless of all fatigue, goes wherever a few dollars may be gathered.
+Mrs. Stanton finishes her new home at Tenafly, N. J., and Miss Anthony
+enjoys slipping over there for a quiet Sunday. Mrs. Stanton did most of
+her editorial work at home and Mr. Pillsbury stayed in the office.
+
+The last battle for 1868 was made in what was known as the Hester
+Vaughan case. When Anna Dickinson lectured in New York before the
+Workingwoman's Association she told the story of Hester Vaughan: A
+respectable English girl, twenty years old, married and came to
+Philadelphia only to find that the husband had another wife. She then
+secured employment at housework and was seduced by a man who deserted
+her as soon as he knew she was to become a mother. She wandered about
+the streets and finally, in the dead of winter, after being alone and
+in labor three days, her child was born in a garret and she lay on the
+floor twenty-four hours without fire or food. When discovered the child
+was dead and the mother had nearly perished. Circumstances indicated
+that she might have killed the child. Four days after its birth, she
+was taken to prison, where she was kept for five months, then tried,
+found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. She had now been in jail ten
+months.
+
+The Revolution and the Workingwoman's Association, headed by Miss
+Anthony, took up the case, not so much because of the individual as to
+call attention to the wrongs constantly perpetrated against woman. They
+created such a public sentiment that a great meeting was held in Cooper
+Institute, where Horace Greeley presided and a number of well-known men
+and women took part, including Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Rose, Dr. Lozier and
+Eleanor Kirk.[47] Speaking briefly but to the point Miss Anthony
+submitted resolutions demanding that women should be tried by a jury of
+their peers, have a voice in making the laws and electing the officers
+who execute them; and declaring for the abolition of capital
+punishment. These were adopted with enthusiasm and the meeting, by
+unanimous vote, asked the governor of Pennsylvania for an unconditional
+pardon for the girl, while over $300 were subscribed for her benefit.
+Through Miss Anthony arrangements were made for Mrs. Stanton and
+Elizabeth Smith Miller to carry to Governor Geary a memorial from the
+Workingwoman's Association in behalf of Hester Vaughan. During their
+interview the governor declared emphatically that justice never would
+be done in such cases until women were in the jury-box. These efforts,
+supplemented by others afterwards made in Philadelphia, resulted in his
+granting the pardon, and the girl was assisted back to her home in
+England.
+
+Although The Revolution suffered the anxieties inseparable from the
+launching of a new paper, it found much reason for encouragement. A
+number of prominent men and newspapers, during the year, had come out
+boldly in favor of woman suffrage and there seemed to be a considerable
+public sentiment drifting in that direction; but there were signs even
+more hopeful than these. Immediately upon the assembling of Congress,
+in December, 1868, Senator S. C. Pomeroy, of Kansas, presented a
+resolution as an amendment to the Federal Constitution providing that
+"the basis of suffrage in the United States shall be that of
+citizenship; and all native or naturalized citizens shall enjoy the
+same rights and privileges of the elective franchise; but each State
+shall determine by law the age," etc.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very Cordially
+  & Truly
+  S.C. Pomeroy]
+
+A few days later George W. Julian, of Indiana, offered a similar
+amendment in the House of Representatives, as follows: "The right of
+suffrage in the United States shall be based upon citizenship, and
+shall be regulated by Congress; and all citizens of the United States,
+whether native or naturalized, shall enjoy this right equally, without
+any distinction or discrimination whatever founded on sex."
+
+[Autograph: Geo W. Julian]
+
+The last of December Senator Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, and Mr.
+Julian introduced bills to enfranchise women in the District of
+Columbia, the latter including also the women in the Territories. A
+review of the situation in The Revolution of December 31, said:
+
+    In our political opinions, we have been grossly misunderstood and
+    misrepresented. There never was a time, even in the re-election of
+    Lincoln, when to differ from the leading party was considered more
+    inane and treasonable. Because we made a higher demand than either
+    Republicans or Abolitionists, they in self-defense revenged
+    themselves by calling us Democrats; just as the church at the time
+    of its apathy on the slavery question revenged the goadings of
+    Abolitionists by calling them "infidels." If claiming the right of
+    suffrage for every citizen, male and female, black and white, a
+    platform far above that occupied by Republicans or Abolitionists
+    today, is to be a Democrat, then we glory in the name, but we have
+    not so understood the policy of modern Democracy. Though The
+    Revolution and its founders may have been open to criticism in many
+    respects, all admit that we have galvanized the people into life
+    and slumbering friends to action on this question.
+
+[Footnote 46: On the Sunday before, the two ladies were invited to
+breakfast at the home of Mr. Melliss, with the president of the
+National Labor Union and a number of prominent men from Wall street, to
+talk over their prospects in the convention.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Dr. Clemence Lozier and Mrs. Eleanor Kirk went to
+Moyamensing prison to see the unfortunate girl. In passing the
+different cells they noticed many women prisoners and one of the ladies
+asked the inspector if he could give any idea of the cause of the
+downfall of these women. "Yes," he replied, "faith in men."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+AMENDMENT XV--FOUNDING OF NATIONAL SOCIETY.
+
+1869.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the protests and petitions of the women, the Fourteenth
+Amendment had been formally declared ratified July 28, 1868, the word
+"male" being thereby three times branded on the Constitution. In the
+resolutions of Senator Pomeroy and Mr. Julian, however, they found new
+hope and fresh courage. They had learned that the Federal Constitution
+could be so amended as to enfranchise a million men who but yesterday
+were plantation slaves. Here, then, was the power which must be invoked
+for the enfranchisement of women. From the office of The Revolution
+went out thousands of petitions to the women of the country to be
+circulated in the interests of an amendment to regulate the suffrage
+without making distinctions of sex. It was decided that a convention
+should be held in Washington in order to meet the legislators on their
+own ground. A suffrage association had been formed in that city with
+Josephine S. Griffing, founder of the Freedmen's Bureau, president;
+Hamilton Willcox, secretary. This was the first ever held in the
+capital, and it brought many new and valuable workers into the field.
+Clara Barton here made her first appearance at a woman suffrage
+meeting, and was a true and consistent advocate of the principle from
+that day forward.
+
+The venerable Lucretia Mott presided, and Senator Pomeroy opened the
+convention with an eloquent speech, January 19, 1869. A feature of this
+occasion was the appearance of several young colored orators, speaking
+in opposition to suffrage for women and denouncing them for
+jeopardizing the black man's claim to the ballot by insisting upon
+their own. One of them, George Downing, standing by the side of
+Lucretia Mott, declared that God intended the male should dominate the
+female everywhere! Another was a son of Robert Purvis, who was
+earnestly and publicly rebuked by his father. Edward M. Davis,
+son-in-law of Lucretia Mott, also condemned the women for their
+temerity and severely criticised the resolutions, which demanded the
+same political rights for women as for negro men.
+
+Miss Anthony called on Senator Harlan, of Iowa, chairman of the
+District committee, who readily granted the women a hearing which took
+place January 26, when she and Mrs. Stanton gave their arguments. This
+was the first congressional hearing ever granted to present the
+question of woman suffrage. An appeal was sent to Congress praying that
+women should be recognized in the next amendment. In her letter to the
+Philadelphia Press, Grace Greenwood thus described the leading spirits
+of the convention:
+
+    Near Lucretia Mott sat her sister, Martha Wright, a woman of
+    strong, constant character and rare intellectual culture; Mrs. Cady
+    Stanton, of impressive and beautiful appearance, in the rich prime
+    of an active, generous and healthful life; Miss Susan B. Anthony,
+    looking all she is, a keen, energetic, uncompromising,
+    unconquerable, passionately earnest woman; Clara Barton, whose name
+    is dear to soldiers and blessed in thousands of homes to which the
+    soldiers shall return no more--a brave, benignant-looking woman....
+
+    Miss Anthony followed in a strain not only cheerful, but
+    exultant--reviewing the advance of the cause from its first
+    despised beginning to its present position, where, she alleged, it
+    commanded the attention of the world. She spoke in her usual
+    pungent, vehement style, hitting the nail on the head every time,
+    and driving it in up to the head. Indeed, it seems to me, that
+    while Lucretia Mott may be said to be the soul of this movement,
+    and Mrs. Stanton the mind, the "swift, keen intelligence," Miss
+    Anthony, alert, aggressive and indefatigable, is its nervous
+    energy--its propulsive force....
+
+    To see the three chief figures of this great movement sitting upon
+    a stage in joint council, like the three Fates of a new
+    dispensation--dignity and the ever-acceptable grace of scholarly
+    earnestness, intelligence and beneficence making them prominent--is
+    assurance that the women of our country, bereft of defenders or
+    injured by false ones, have advocates equal to the great demands of
+    their cause.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours affectionately
+  Grace Greenwood]
+
+Immediately after this convention, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, by
+invitation of a number of State suffrage committees, made a tour of
+Chicago, Springfield, Bloomington, Galena, St. Louis, Madison,
+Milwaukee and Toledo, speaking to large audiences. At St. Louis they
+were met by a delegation of ladies and escorted to the Southern Hotel,
+and then invited by the president of the State association, Mrs.
+Virginia L. Minor, to visit various points of interest in the city. At
+Springfield, Ill., the lieutenant-governor presided over their
+convention, and Governor Palmer and many members of the legislature
+were in the audience. With the Chicago delegation, Mrs. Livermore,
+Judge Waite, Judge Bradwell, Mrs. Myra Bradwell, editor of the Legal
+News, and others, they addressed the legislature. At Chicago, in Crosby
+Music Hall, the meeting was decidedly aggressive. Miss Anthony's
+resolutions stirred up the politicians, but she defended them bravely,
+according to report:
+
+    She stood outside of any party which threw itself across the path
+    of complete suffrage to woman, and therefore she stood outside of
+    the Republican party, where all her male relatives and friends were
+    to be found. Republican leaders had told them to wait; that the
+    movement was inopportune; but all the time had continued to put up
+    bars and barriers against its future success. No woman should
+    belong at present to either party; she should simply stand for
+    suffrage.... She protested against any Republicans saying that Mrs.
+    Stanton or herself had laid a straw in the way of the negro.
+    Because they insisted that the rights of women ought to have equal
+    prominence with the rights of black men, it was assumed that they
+    opposed the enfranchisement of the negro. She repelled the
+    assumption. She arraigned the entire Republican party because they
+    refused to see that all women, black and white, were as much in
+    political servitude as the black men.
+
+At this meeting Robert Laird Collyer (not the distinguished Robert
+Collyer) made a long address against the enfranchisement of women,
+mixing up purity, propriety and pedestals in the usual incoherent
+fashion. He was so completely annihilated by Anna Dickinson that no
+further defense of the measure was necessary. Suffrage societies were
+organized in Chicago, Milwaukee and Toledo. In her account of this
+convention, Mrs. Livermore wrote of Miss Anthony:
+
+    She is entirely unlike Mrs. Stanton, notwithstanding the twain have
+    been fast friends and diligent co-laborers for a quarter of a
+    century.... Miss Anthony is a woman whom no one can know thoroughly
+    without respect. Entirely honest, fearfully in earnest, energetic,
+    self-sacrificing, kind-hearted, scorning difficulties of whatever
+    magnitude, and rigidly sensible, she is the warm friend of the
+    poor, oppressed, homeless and friendless of her own sex. Her labors
+    in their behalf are tireless and judicious. You think her plain
+    until she smiles, and then the worn face lights up so pleasantly
+    and benignly that you forget to criticise and your heart warms
+    towards her. Knowing her great goodness, and how she has devoted
+    her life to hard, unpaid work for the negro slave and for woman, we
+    can never read jibes and jeers at her expense without a twinge of
+    pain. Let the press laugh at her as it may, she is a mighty power
+    among both men and women, and those who really love as well as
+    respect her are a host.
+
+In this winter of 1869 the Press Club of New York made the startling
+innovation of giving a dinner to which ladies were invited. Among the
+guests were Phoebe and Alice Gary, Mary L. Booth, Elizabeth Oakes
+Smith, Olive Logan, Mary Kyle Dallas and Miss Anthony. J. W. Simonton,
+of the Associated Press, was toast-master. Not having had the slightest
+intimation that she was expected to speak, Miss Anthony was called upon
+to respond to the question, "Why don't the women propose?" Without a
+moment's hesitation she arose and said: "Under present conditions, it
+would require a good deal of assurance for a woman to say to a man,
+'Please, sir, will you support me for the rest of my life?' When all
+avocations are open to woman and she has an opportunity to acquire a
+competence, she will then be in a position where it will not be
+humiliating for her to ask the man she loves to share her prosperity.
+Instead of requesting him to provide food, raiment and shelter for her,
+she can invite him into her home, contribute her share to the
+partnership and not be an utter dependent. There will be also another
+advantage in this arrangement--if he prove unworthy she can ask him to
+walk out." It will be seen by this original and daring reply that Miss
+Anthony could not attend a dinner party even without creating a
+sensation.
+
+The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, and the
+Fourteenth establishing the citizenship of the negro, did not prove
+sufficient to protect him in his right of suffrage and, although Sumner
+and other Republican leaders contended that another amendment was not
+necessary for this, the majority of the party did not share this
+opinion and it became evident that one would have to be added.[48]
+Those proposed by Pomeroy and Julian securing universal suffrage were
+brushed aside without debate, and the following was submitted by
+Congress to the State legislatures, February 27, 1869:
+
+    The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
+    denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on
+    account of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
+
+Amendment XIV had settled the status of citizenship. "All persons born
+or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
+thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein
+they reside." Now came the next measure to protect the citizen's right
+to vote, which proposed to guard against any discrimination on account
+of race, of color, of previous condition, but by the omission of the
+one word "sex," all women still were left disfranchised. At this time
+the leading Republicans believed in universal suffrage. Garrison,
+Phillips, Greeley, Sumner, Tilton, Wilson, Wade, Stevens, Brown, Julian
+and many others had publicly declared their belief in the right of
+woman to the ballot, but now driven by party necessity, they repudiated
+their principles, and deferred the day of her freedom for generations.
+Yet it was not forgotten still carefully to include her in the basis of
+representation, fully to make her amenable to the laws, and strictly to
+hold her to her share of taxation. In reference to this The Revolution
+said:
+
+    The proposed amendment for "manhood suffrage" not only rouses
+    woman's prejudices against the negro, but on the other hand his
+    contempt and hostility toward her.... Just as the Democratic cry of
+    a "white man's government" created the antagonism between the
+    Irishman and the negro, which culminated in the New York riots of
+    1863, so the Republican cry of "manhood suffrage" creates an
+    antagonism between black men and all women, which will culminate in
+    fearful outrages on womanhood, especially in the Southern States.
+    While we fully appreciate the philosophy that every extension of
+    rights prepares the way for greater freedom to new classes and
+    hastens the day of liberty to all, we at the same time see that the
+    immediate effect of class enfranchisement is greater tyranny and
+    abuse of those who have no voice in the government. Had Irishmen
+    been disfranchised in this country, they would have made common
+    cause with the negro in fighting for his rights, but when exalted
+    above him, they proved his worst enemies. The negro will be the
+    victim for generations to come, of the prejudice engendered by
+    making this a white man's government. While the enfranchisement of
+    each new class of white men was a step toward his ultimate freedom,
+    it increased his degradation in the transition period, and he
+    touched the depths when all men but himself were crowned with
+    citizenship.
+
+    Just so with woman, while the enfranchisement of all men hastens
+    the day for justice to her, it makes her degradation more complete
+    in the transition state. It is to escape the added tyranny,
+    persecutions, insults, horrors which will surely be visited upon
+    her in the establishment of an aristocracy of sex in this republic,
+    that we raise our indignant protest against this wholesale
+    desecration of woman in the pending amendment, and earnestly pray
+    the rulers of this nation to consider the degradation of
+    disfranchisement. Our Republican leaders see that it is a
+    protection and defense for the black man, giving him new dignity
+    and self-respect, and making his rights more sacred in the eyes of
+    his enemies. It is mockery to tell woman she is excluded from all
+    political privileges on the ground of _respect_; since the laws and
+    constitutions for her, in common with all disfranchised classes,
+    harmonize with the degradation of the position.
+
+In their protest against this discrimination and their insistence that
+the word "sex" should be included in the Fifteenth Amendment, Miss
+Anthony and Mrs. Stanton stood practically alone. Most of the other
+women allowed themselves to be persuaded by the politicians that it was
+their duty to step aside and wait till the negro was invested with this
+highest attribute of citizenship.
+
+In the first issue of The Revolution for 1869 appeared this letter from
+George Francis Train, who had just been released from the Dublin jail
+and had returned to America:
+
+    ....I knew the load I had to carry in the woman question, but you
+    did not know the load you had to carry in Train. When the poor
+    man's horse fell and broke his leg, the crowd sympathized. "How
+    much you pity?" asked the Frenchman; "I pity man $20." I saw that
+    the theoretical breeching had broken in Kansas, and with voice,
+    with pen, with time and, what none of your old friends did, with
+    purse, I threw myself into the battle.
+
+    With your remarkable industry and extraordinary executive ability
+    you have astonished all by your success. You remember I begged you
+    never to stop to defend me but to push on to victory. Now both
+    parties are neck and neck to see who shall lead the army of
+    in-coming negro voters. Woman already begins to creep. Soon she
+    will walk and legislate. No sneers, no low jokes, no obscene
+    remarks are now bandied about. The iceberg of prejudice is moving
+    down the Gulf Stream of a wider liberty and will melt away with the
+    bigotry of ages. The ball is rolling down the hill. You no longer
+    need my services. The Revolution is a power. Would it not be more
+    so without Train? Had you not better omit my name in 1869? Would it
+    not bring you more subscribers, and better assist the noble cause
+    of reform? Although the Garrisonians have so ungenerously attacked
+    me, perhaps they will do as much for you as I have. If so, tell
+    them, confidentially, the thousands I have devoted to the cause,
+    and guarantee the haters of Train that his name shall not appear in
+    The Revolution after January 1. I can not better show my
+    unselfishness than by asking you to forget my honest exertions for
+    equal rights and equal pay for women, and to shut me out of The
+    Revolution in future, in order to bring in again "the apostates."
+
+Although Mr. Train continued to supply funds and to send an occasional
+letter for a few months longer, his active connection with the paper
+ceased after its first year. In the issue of May 1 it contained the
+following editorial comment:
+
+    Our readers will find Mr. Train's valedictory in another column.
+    Feeling that he has been a source of grief to our numerous friends
+    and, through their constant complaints, an annoyance to us, he
+    magnanimously retires. He has always said that as soon as we were
+    safely launched on the tempestuous sea of journalism, he should
+    leave us "to row our own boat." Our partnership dissolves today.
+    Now we shall look for a harvest of new subscribers, as many have
+    written and said to us again and again, if you will only drop
+    Train, we will send you patrons by the hundred. We hope the fact
+    that Train has dropped _us_ will not vitiate these promises. Our
+    generous friend starts for California on May 7, in the first train
+    over the Pacific road. He takes with him the sincere thanks of
+    those who know what he has done in the cause of woman, and of those
+    who appreciate what a power The Revolution has already been in
+    rousing public thought to the importance of her speedy
+    enfranchisement.
+
+The heading of the financial department and the column of Wall street
+gossip, which had given so much offense, were removed, and the paper
+became purely an advocate of the rights of humanity in general and
+women in particular. Up to this time the editorial rooms had been in
+the fourth story of the New York World building, and the paper was
+printed on the fifth floor of another several blocks away, with no
+elevator in either. Miss Anthony made the trip from one to the other
+and climbed the seven flights of stairs half a dozen times a day for
+sixteen months. In 1869, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Phelps, a wealthy and
+practical philanthropist of New York City, purchased a large and
+elegant house on East Twenty-third street, near the Academy of Design,
+which she dedicated as the "Woman's Bureau." She proposed to rent the
+rooms wholly for women's clubs and societies and for enterprises
+conducted by women. The first floor was taken by The Revolution. The
+handsome and spacious parlors above were to be used for receptions,
+readings, concerts, etc., and it was Mrs. Phelps' intention to make the
+Bureau a center, not only for the women of New York, but for all those
+who might visit the city.
+
+Notwithstanding all that had passed, Miss Anthony did not abate her
+labors for the Equal Rights Association and she worked unceasingly for
+the success of the approaching May Anniversary in New York, securing,
+among other advantages, half fare on all the railroads for delegates.
+Hundreds of letters were sent out from The Revolution office to
+distinguished people in all parts of the country and cordial answers
+were received, showing that the hostility against the paper and its
+editors was principally confined to a very small area. A private letter
+from Mrs. Stanton says: "We have written every one of the old friends,
+ignoring the past and urging them to come. We do so much desire to sink
+all petty considerations in the one united effort to secure woman
+suffrage. Though many unkind acts and words have been administered to
+us, which we have returned with sarcasm and ridicule, there are really
+only kind feelings in our souls for all the noble men and women who
+have fought for freedom during the last thirty years."
+
+Under date of April 4, Mary A. Livermore wrote Miss Anthony, asking if
+she could secure a pass for her over the Erie road, and saying: "I have
+written to the New England friends to let bygones be bygones and come
+to the May meeting. It seems to me personal feelings should be laid
+aside and women should all pull together." After telling of the
+excellent prospects of her own suffrage paper, the Agitator, just
+started in Chicago, she continues: "It seems as if everybody who does
+not like The Revolution is bound to take the Agitator, which is very
+well, since they are detachments of the same corps. We must keep up a
+good understanding and work together. If you want to let people know
+there is no rivalry between us, you can announce that I am to send your
+paper fortnightly letters from the West detailing the progress of
+affairs here."
+
+A cheery letter from Anna Dickinson says: "Work has run in easy grooves
+this winter--not that the travel has not often been exhausting and the
+roads wearisome; but that every one in this western world is ablaze
+with the grand question. Thank God, and hurrah! I feel in both moods. I
+hope you and that adorable cherub, E.C.S., are well, and that
+everything is flourishing as it should flourish with two such saints.
+As for me, the finger of care touches lightly; furthermore I am in a
+doubly delectable condition by reason of having my face set towards
+home, and beyond home is a vista of my Susan's countenance. Please, my
+dear, can't you meet this sinner at Cortlandt street, and then the
+sinner and the saint will have all the afternoon together somewhere,
+and that seems almost too good to be true?"
+
+This was the beginning of a correspondence with Gail Hamilton, who
+wrote: "I regret to say that I can neither honor nor shame your
+anniversary with my presence. I have been out on a sixteen-months'
+cruise, fighting single handed for equal rights, and am now hauled up
+in dock for repairs. But you, I am sure, will be glad to know that,
+though much battered and tempest-tossed, I came into port with all sail
+set and every rag of bunting waving victory. This is a private note to
+you, and as you are but a landsman yourself, you will never know if my
+ropes are not knotted sailor-fashion."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very respectfully
+  Gail Hamilton]
+
+The third aniversary of the Equal Rights Association opened at Steinway
+Hall, May 12, 1869, Mrs. Stanton presiding, and proved to be the most
+stormy and unsatisfactory meeting ever held. The usual brilliant galaxy
+of speakers was present, besides a number of prominent men and women
+who were just beginning to be heard on the woman suffrage platform.
+Among these were Olive Logan, Phoebe Couzins, Madam D'Hericourt, a
+French physician and writer, Rev. Phoebe A. Hanaford, Rev. O.B.
+Frothingham, Hon. Henry Wilson, Rev. Gilbert Haven and others. There
+were also more delegates from the West, headed by Mrs. Livermore, than
+had been present at any previous meeting. The usual number of fine
+addresses were made and all promised fair, but Stephen S. Foster soon
+disturbed the harmony by suggesting that it was time for Miss Anthony
+and Mrs. Stanton to withdraw from the association, as they had
+repudiated its principles and the Massachusetts society could no longer
+co-operate with them. This called forth indignant speeches from all
+parts of the house, and he was soon silenced.[49]
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Yours very truly
+  O.B. Frothingham]
+
+Frederick Douglass and several other men attempted to force the
+adoption of a resolution that "we gratefully welcome' the pending
+Fifteenth Amendment prohibiting disfranchisement on account of race and
+earnestly solicit the State legislatures to pass it without delay."
+Miss Anthony declared indignantly that she protested against this
+amendment because it did not mean equal rights; it put 2,000,000
+colored men in the position of tyrants over 2,000,000 colored women,
+who until now had been at least the equals of the men at their side.
+She continued:
+
+    The question of precedence has no place on an equal rights
+    platform. The only reason it ever forced itself here was because
+    certain persons insisted that woman must stand back and wait until
+    another class should be enfranchised. In answer we say: "If you
+    will not give the whole loaf of justice to the entire people, if
+    you are determined to extend the suffrage piece by piece, then give
+    it first to women, to the most intelligent and capable of them at
+    least. I remember a long discussion with Tilton and Phillips on
+    this very question, when we were about to carry our petitions to
+    the New York Constitutional Convention. Mr. Tilton said that we
+    should urge the amendment to strike out the word 'white,'" and
+    added: "The question of striking out the word 'male' we, as an
+    equal rights association, shall of course present as an
+    intellectual theory, but not as a practical thing to be
+    accomplished at this convention." Mr. Phillips also emphasized this
+    point; but I repudiated this downright insolence, when for fifteen
+    years I had canvassed the entire State, county by county, with
+    petition in hand asking for woman suffrage! To think that those two
+    men, among the most progressive of the nation, should dare look me
+    in the face and speak of this great principle for which I had
+    toiled, as a mere intellectual theory!
+
+    If Mr. Douglass had noticed who applauded when he said "black men
+    first and white women afterwards," he would have seen that it was
+    only the men. When he tells us that the case of black men is so
+    perilous, I tell him that even outraged as they are by the hateful
+    prejudice against color, he himself would not today exchange his
+    sex and color with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
+
+Mr. Douglass--"Will you allow me a question?"
+
+Miss Anthony--"Yes, anything for a fight today."
+
+Mr. Douglass--"I want to inquire whether granting to woman the right of
+suffrage will change anything in respect to the nature of our sexes."
+
+Miss Anthony--"It will change the nature of one thing very much, and
+that is the dependent condition of woman. It will place her where she
+can earn her own bread, so that she may go out into the world an equal
+competitor in the struggle for life; so that she shall not be compelled
+to take such positions as men choose to accord and then accept such pay
+as men please to give.... It is not a question of precedence between
+women and black men; the business of this association is to demand for
+every man, black or white, and every woman, black or white, that they
+shall be enfranchised and admitted into the body politic with equal
+rights and privileges."
+
+As everybody in the hall was allowed to vote there was no difficulty in
+securing the desired endorsement of an amendment to enfranchise negro
+men and make them the political superiors of all women. There never had
+been a convention so dominated by men. Although the audience refused to
+listen to most of them and drowned their voices by expressions of
+disapproval and calls for the women speakers, they practically wrested
+the control of the meeting from the hands of the women and managed it
+to suit themselves.
+
+This was Mrs. Livermore's first appearance at one of these
+anniversaries and she created a commotion by introducing this
+resolution: "While we recognize the disabilities which legal marriage
+imposes upon woman as wife and mother, and while we pledge ourselves to
+seek their removal by putting her on equal terms with man, we
+abhorrently repudiate 'free loveism' as horrible and mischievous to
+society, and disown any sympathy with it." It was the first time the
+subject had been brought before a woman's rights convention and its
+introduction was indignantly resented by the "old guard." Lucy Stone
+exclaimed: "I feel it is a mortal shame to give any foundation for the
+implication that we favor 'free loveism.' I am ashamed that the
+question should be raised here. There should be nothing at all said
+about it. Do not let us, for the sake of our own self-respect, allow it
+to be hinted that we helped to forge a shadow of a chain which comes in
+the name of 'free love.' I am unwilling that it should be suggested
+that this great, sacred cause of ours means anything but what we have
+said it does. If any one says to us, 'Oh, I know what you mean, you
+mean free love by this agitation,' let the lie stick in his throat."
+
+Mrs. Rose followed with a strong protest, saying: "I think it strange
+that the question of 'free love' should have been brought upon this
+platform. I object to Mrs. Livermore's resolution, not on account of
+its principles, but on account of its pleading guilty. When a man tries
+to convince me that he is not a thief, then I take care of my coppers.
+If we pass this resolution that we are not 'free lovers,' people will
+say, 'It is true that you are, for you try to hide it.' Lucretia Mott's
+name has been mentioned as a friend of 'free love,' but I hurl back the
+lie into the faces of those who uttered it. We have been thirty years
+in this city before the public, and it is an insult to all the women
+who have labored in this cause; it is an insult to the thousands and
+tens of thousands of men and women who have listened to us in our
+conventions, to say at this late hour, 'We are not free lovers.'"
+
+The charge of "free love" was vigorously repudiated by Miss Anthony
+also, who closed the discussion by asserting: "This howl comes from the
+men who know that when women get their rights they will be able to live
+honestly and not be compelled to sell themselves for bread, either in
+or out of marriage. There are very few women in the world who would
+enter into this relationship with drunkards and libertines provided
+they could get their subsistence in any other way. We can not be
+frightened from our purpose, the public mind can not long be prejudiced
+by this 'free love' cry of our enemies." Olive Logan poured oil upon
+the troubled waters in a graceful speech, and the subject was dropped.
+
+At each recurring anniversary the conviction had been growing that the
+term "equal rights" was too comprehensive, permitting entirely too much
+latitude as to speakers and subjects. Ever themselves having been
+repressed and silenced, when at last women made a platform on which
+they had a right to stand, they declared first of all for "free
+speech." They would not refuse to any human being what so long had been
+denied to them and, as a result, fanatics, visionaries and advocates of
+all reforms flocked to this platform, delighted to find such audiences.
+According to the tenets of the association, all speakers must have
+equal rights on their platform and there was no escape. Sometimes it
+was nothing more harmful than a man with a map to explain how the
+national debt could be paid without money, or a woman with a system of
+celestial kites by which she proposed to communicate with the other
+world. Occasionally the advocates of various political theories would
+secure possession, consuming the time and diverting attention from the
+main issue. At the convention just closed, the hobby-riders were
+present in greater force than ever before and it seemed imperative that
+some means should be adopted to shut them out thereafter. It was
+proposed to change the name to Woman Suffrage Association, which would
+bar all discussion of a miscellaneous character. There was a strong
+objection to this, however, because such action required three months'
+notice.
+
+At the close of the convention a reception was held at the Woman's
+Bureau, Saturday evening, May 15, 1869, and attended by women from
+nineteen States who had come as representatives to the Equal Rights
+Association.[50] At their earnest request, it was decided to form a new
+organization to be called the National Woman Suffrage Association,
+whose especial object should be a Sixteenth Amendment to the Federal
+Constitution, securing the ballot to the women of the nation on equal
+terms with men. A convention of officially appointed delegates was at
+that time impracticable, as there were but few local suffrage societies
+and still fewer State organizations. It was thought that although it
+might not be formed by delegates elected for this specific object, it
+would be sufficient for working purposes until the next spring when,
+the required three months' notice having been given, a permanent
+organization might be effected. Accordingly, a constitution was adopted
+and officers elected.[51] The following week at Cooper Institute Anna
+Dickinson made her great speech for the rights of women, entitled
+"Nothing Unreasonable," to inaugurate the new National Woman Suffrage
+Association, and before an immense audience she pleaded for woman with
+the same beauty and eloquence as in days past she had pictured the
+wrongs of the slave and urged his emancipation.
+
+The association was organized May 15, and on the 17th Mrs. Livermore
+wrote Miss Anthony from Boston: "I hope you are rested somewhat. I am
+very sorry for you, that you are carrying such heavy burdens. If you
+and I lived in the same city, I would relieve you of some of them, for
+I believe we might work together, with perhaps an occasional collision.
+Now I want you to answer these two questions: 1st.--Did you do anything
+in the way of organizing at the Saturday evening reunion, and if so,
+what? That Equal Rights Association is an awful humbug. I would not
+have come on to the anniversary, nor would any of us, if we had known
+what it was. We supposed we were coming to a woman suffrage convention.
+2d.--If Mrs. Stanton will not go West to a series of meetings this fall
+and winter, would you dare undertake it with me alone? We must have
+strong people of established reputations. 'Only the Stanton, the
+Anthony, and the Livermore,' that is what the Chicago Tribune says...."
+Later, while still in Boston, she wrote again:
+
+    You are mistaken in thinking I exhorted the formation of a national
+    suffrage association the Saturday night after the New York
+    convention; I only advised talking it up. All agreed that it ought
+    to be formed but that a preliminary call should be issued first. I
+    am for a national organization with Mrs. Stanton, president, and
+    with you as one of the executive committee, but I want it arrived
+    at compatibly with parliamentary rules.... And now having asserted
+    myself, let me say that I sympathize more with your energy and
+    earnestness which lead you to override forms and rules than I do
+    with the awfully proper and correct spirit that waits till
+    everybody consents before it does anything. I have no doubt but we
+    all shall join the National Association, each State by its elected
+    members, when we hold our great Western Woman Suffrage Convention
+    in Chicago next fall. Mrs. Stanton and you must both be present; we
+    probably shall all vote together then to go into the National
+    Association. Remember you are to make that series of conventions
+    with me. I am depending on you.
+
+The next November, in answer to a circular signed by Lucy Stone, Julia
+Ward Howe, Caroline M. Severance, T.W. Higginson and George H. Vibbert,
+a call was issued resulting in a convention at Cleveland, O., to form
+another national suffrage association on the following basis of
+representation: "The delegates appointed by existing State
+organizations shall be admitted, provided their number does not exceed,
+in each case, that of the congressional delegation of the State. Should
+it fall short of that number, additional delegates may be admitted from
+local organizations, or _from no organization whatever_, provided the
+applicants be actual residents of the State they claim to represent."
+The American Suffrage Association was thus formed, with twenty-one
+States represented; Henry Ward Beecher, president; Henry B. Blackwell,
+Amanda Way, recording secretaries; Lucy Stone, chairman executive
+committee.
+
+In the midst of her exacting duties and many annoyances, Miss Anthony
+found time to write numerous letters and obtain a testimonial for
+Ernestine L. Rose, who was about to return with her husband to England,
+after having given many years of valuable service to the women of
+America. She secured a handsome sum of money and a number of presents
+for her, and Mrs. Rose went on board ship laden with flowers and very
+happy and grateful. Miss Anthony wrote to Lucretia Mott: "Was it not a
+little funny that this unsentimental personage should have suggested
+the thing and stirred so many to do the sentimental, and yet could not
+even take the time to go to the wharf and say good-by? I spent Sunday
+evening with her and it is a great comfort to me that I helped others
+contribute to her pleasure." On the back of this letter, which was sent
+to her sister, Martha Wright, Mrs. Mott penned: "Think of the
+complaints made of Susan when she does so much and puts others up to
+doing, and always keeps herself in the background."
+
+In the summer of 1869, under the auspices of the National Association,
+large and successful conventions were held at Saratoga and Newport in
+the height of the season. Of the former The Revolution said: "That a
+woman suffrage convention should have been allowed to organize in the
+parlors of Congress Hall, that those parlors should have been filled to
+their utmost capacity by the habitual guests of the place, that such
+men as ex-President Fillmore, Thurlow Weed, George Opdyke and any
+number of clergymen from different parts of the country, should have
+been interested lookers-on, are significant facts which may well carry
+dismay to the enemies of the cause. That the whole convention was
+conducted by women in a dignified, orderly and business-like manner, is
+a strong intimation that in spite of all which has been said to the
+contrary, women are capable of learning how to manage public affairs."
+
+The following comment was made by Mrs. Stanton on the Newport
+convention: "So, obeying orders, we sailed across the Sound one bright
+moonlight night with a gay party of the 'disfranchised,' and found
+ourselves quartered on the enemy the next morning as the sun rose in
+all its resplendent glory. Although trunk after trunk--not of
+gossamers, laces and flowers, but of suffrage ammunition, speeches,
+petitions, resolutions, tracts, and folios of The Revolution--had been
+slowly carried up the winding stairs of the Atlantic, the brave men and
+fair women, who had tripped the light fantastic toe until the midnight
+hour, slept heedlessly on, wholly unaware that twelve apartments were
+already filled with the strong-minded invaders.... The audience
+throughout the convention was large, fashionable and as enthusiastic as
+the state of the weather would permit."
+
+The Fourth of July was celebrated by the association in a beautiful
+grove in Westchester county, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton, Judge E.D.
+Culver and others making addresses. Weekly meetings of as many of its
+members as were in New York were held at the Woman's Bureau, a large
+number of practical questions relating to women were brought forward,
+and there was constant agitation and discussion. A note from the tax
+collector called forth this indignant answer from Miss Anthony:
+
+    I have your polite note informing me that as publisher of The
+    Revolution, I am indebted to the United States in the sum of $14.10
+    for the tax on monthly sales of that journal. Enclosed you will
+    find the amount, but you will please understand that I pay it under
+    protest. The Revolution, you are aware, is a journal the main
+    object of which is to apply to these degenerate times the great
+    principle for which our ancestors fought, that taxation and
+    representation should go together. I am not represented in the
+    United States government, and yet it taxes me; and it taxes me,
+    too, for publishing a paper the chief purpose of which is to rebuke
+    the glaring inconsistency between its professions and its
+    practices. Under the circumstances, the federal government ought to
+    be ashamed to exact this tax of me....
+
+On September 10 Miss Anthony attended the Great Western Woman Suffrage
+Convention at Chicago, where she spoke several times and was cordially
+received. She was the guest of Mrs. Kate N. Doggett, founder of the
+Fortnightly Club. From here she went to the St. Louis convention,
+October 6 and 7, which was especially distinguished because of the
+resolutions presented by Francis Minor, a prominent lawyer of that
+city, with an argument to prove that, under the Fourteenth Amendment,
+women already had a legal right to vote. These were supported by his
+wife, Virginia L. Minor, in a strong speech. They were the first thus
+to interpret this amendment. Ten thousand extra copies of The
+Revolution containing the resolutions and this speech were published,
+laid on the desk of every member of Congress, sent to the leading
+newspapers and circulated throughout the country. For a number of years
+the National Suffrage Association held to this construction of the
+amendment, until it was decided to the contrary by the Supreme Court of
+the United States.
+
+Conventions were held in Cincinnati and Dayton, O. At the latter Miss
+Anthony gave a scathing review of the laws affecting married women, the
+control which they allowed the husband over the wife, children and
+property, making, however, no attack upon men but only upon laws. Each
+of the other speakers, all of whom were married, in turn took up the
+cudgel, and proceeded to tell how good her own husband was, and to say
+that if Miss Anthony only had a good husband she never would have made
+that speech, but each admitted that the men were better than the laws.
+In her closing remarks Miss Anthony used their own testimony against
+them and created great merriment in the audience. Whenever she
+commented on existing conditions or on general principles, individual
+men and women were sure to rush into the fray, making a personal
+application and waxing highly indignant. The Dayton Herald said of her
+evening address: "She made a clear, logical and lawyerlike argument, in
+sprightly language, that women being persons are citizens, and as
+citizens, voters. We think that none who examine her authorities and
+line of discussion can avoid her conclusions, and we are certain that
+many of the ablest jurists of the land have the honor (logically and
+legally) to coincide in her argument."
+
+In 1869 Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker came actively into the suffrage
+work and proved a valuable ally. She had been much prejudiced against
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton by newspaper reports and by the
+misrepresentations of some of her acquaintances, and in order to
+overcome this feeling Paulina Wright Davis arranged that the three
+should visit her for several days at her home in Providence, R.I.,
+saying in her invitation: "I once had a prejudice against Susan B.
+Anthony but am ashamed of it. I investigated carefully every charge
+made against her, and I now know her to be honest, honorable, generous
+and above all petty spites and jealousies." Mrs. Hooker was so
+delightfully disappointed in the two ladies that she became at once and
+forever their staunchest friend and advocate. To Caroline M. Severance
+she wrote:
+
+    I have studied Miss Anthony day and night for nearly a week, and I
+    have taken the testimony of those who have known her intimately for
+    twenty years, and all are united in this resume of her character:
+    She is a woman of incorruptible integrity and the thought of guile
+    has no place in her heart. In unselfishness and benevolence she has
+    scarcely an equal, and her energy and executive ability are bounded
+    only by her physical power, which is something immense. Sometimes
+    she fails in judgment, according to the standard of others, but in
+    right intentions never, nor in faithfulness to her friends. I
+    confess that after studying her carefully for days, and under the
+    shadow of ----'s letters against her, and after attending a
+    two-days' convention in Newport engineered by her in her own
+    fashion, I am obliged to accept the most favorable interpretation
+    of her which prevails generally, rather than that of Boston. Mrs.
+    Stanton, too, is a magnificent woman, and the truest, womanliest
+    one of us all. I have spent three days in her company, in the most
+    intense, heart-searching debate I ever undertook in my life. I have
+    handled what seemed to me to be her errors without gloves, and the
+    result is that I love her as well as I do Miss Anthony. I hand in
+    my allegiance to both as the leaders and representatives of the
+    great movement.
+
+Mrs. Hooker set about arranging a mass convention at her home in
+Hartford, Conn., and upon Miss Anthony's expressing some doubt as to
+being present, she wrote: "Here I am at work on a convention intended
+chiefly to honor Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, and behold the
+Quakeress says maybe she can not come! I won't have the meeting if you
+are going to flunk. It has been a real consolation to me in this
+wearisome business to think you would for once be relieved from all
+responsibility and come as orator and guest. Don't fail me."
+
+The convention, which closed October 29, was a great success and a
+State society was formed with a distinguished list of officers. The
+Hartford Post gave considerable space to Miss Anthony's address,
+saying:
+
+    Miss Anthony is a resolute, substantial woman of forty or fifty,
+    exhibiting no signs of age or weariness. Her hair is dark, her head
+    well formed, her face has an expression of masculine strength. If
+    she were a man you would guess that she was a schoolmaster, or a
+    quiet clergyman, or perhaps a business man and deacon. She pays no
+    special attention to feminine graces, but is not ungraceful or
+    unwomanly. In speaking her manner is self-possessed without ranting
+    or unpleasant demonstrations, her tones slightly monotonous. Long
+    experience has taught her a candid, kindly, sensible way of
+    presenting her views, which wins the good will of her hearers
+    whether they accept them or not. She said in part:
+
+    "How different is this from the assemblages that used to greet us
+    who twenty years ago commenced to agitate the enfranchisement of
+    woman. We begin to see the time, which we shall gladly welcome,
+    when we shall not be needed at the front of the battle. Of late
+    years, the country has been occupied in discussing the claim of man
+    to hold property in his fellow-man, and has decided the question in
+    the negative. Still another form of slavery remains to be disposed
+    of; the old idea yet prevails that woman is owned and possessed by
+    man, to be clothed and fed and cared for by his generosity. All the
+    wrongs, arrogances and antagonisms of modern society grow out of
+    this false condition of the relations between man and woman. The
+    present agitation rises from a demand of the soul of woman for the
+    right to own and possess herself. It is said that as a rule man
+    does sufficiently provide for woman, and that she ought to remain
+    content. The great facts of the world are at war with this
+    assumption.
+
+    "For example, I see in the New York Herald 1,200 advertisements of
+    people wanting work. Upon examination, 500 of them come from women
+    and 300 more are from boarding-house keepers; and we may therefore
+    say that eight of the twelve hundred advertisements are from women
+    compelled to rely upon their own energies to gain their food and
+    clothing. Every morning from 6 to 7 o'clock you may see on the
+    Bowery and other great north and south avenues of New York, troops
+    of young girls and women, with careworn or crime-stained faces,
+    carrying their poor lunch half-concealed beneath a scanty shawl. If
+    the facts were in accordance with the common theory, we should not
+    see these myriads of women thus thrust out to get their living.
+    Society must either provide great establishments maintained by
+    taxation to care for women, or else the doors of all trades and
+    callings must be thrown wide open to them.... This woman's movement
+    promises an entire change of the conditions of wages and support.
+    The status of woman can not be materially changed while the
+    subsistence question remains as at present."
+
+Miss Anthony was entertained at the home of Governor Jewell, afterwards
+Postmaster-General. One morning she went over to Mrs. Hooker's and
+found all her guests at the breakfast table, Henry Ward Beecher, Wm.
+Lloyd Garrison, Mrs. Severance, Mrs. Davis and others. She received a
+hearty welcome and Mrs. Hooker insisted she should sit down and have a
+cup of tea or coffee. Mr. Beecher joined in the entreaty, saying: "Now,
+Miss Anthony, you know you have to make a big speech today. When I want
+to be very effective and make people cry, I drink a cup of tea before
+speaking; when I want to be very clever and make them laugh, I drink
+coffee; but when I want them to cry half the time and laugh the other
+half, I take a cup of each."
+
+In a letter to Miss Anthony after she returned home Mrs. Hooker said:
+"I am astonished at the praise I receive for my part in the convention,
+and humbled too, for I realize how worthy of all these pleasant and
+commendatory words you and others have been all these years, and what
+have you received--or rather what have you not received? Thank God,
+that is all over now and you are to have blue sky and clear sailing. It
+must be through suffering we enter the gates of peace." But the peace
+was a long way off and the hardest struggle was yet to come! A little
+later Mrs. Hooker wrote to a friend:
+
+    I can't tell you how my heart swells--but there is present within
+    me one undercurrent of feeling that will come to the surface ever
+    and anon, viz., the wonderful dignity, strength and purity of the
+    early workers in this reform. I can't wait for history to do them
+    justice; I want to make history today, and so far as in me lies I
+    will do it. I have come in at the death and get a large share of
+    the glory, and lo, here are these, a great company, who have been
+    in the field for thirty years, and a whole generation has passed
+    them by unrecognized. Every one here says, "Our noble friend Susan
+    has carried the day right over the heads of all of us." Said one of
+    our editors, Charles Dudley Warner, a man of finest taste and
+    culture, when he had been praising the dignity and power of the
+    whole platform: "Susan Anthony is my favorite. She was the only
+    woman there who never once thought of herself. You could see in her
+    every motion and in her very silence that the cause was all she
+    cared for, self was utterly forgotten."
+
+He had indeed struck the key note to Miss Anthony's strongest
+characteristic, utter forgetfulness of self, total self-abnegation,
+self-sacrifice without a consciousness that it was such. Mrs. Hooker's
+statement that she "had come in at the death" shows the strong faith of
+most of these early workers that it would be only a brief time until
+the rights they claimed would be recognized and granted; but she
+herself has labored faithfully yet another thirty years without
+breaking down the Chinese Wall of opposition.
+
+One object of Mrs. Hooker in calling this Hartford convention was to
+see if she could not bring together what were now becoming known as
+"the New York and Boston wings of the suffrage party," but she
+comments: "We have decided to give up our attempts at reconciliation;
+we have neither time nor strength to spare, and if we had, they would
+probably fail."
+
+In December Miss Anthony went to the Dansville Sanitarium for a few
+days and after her return, Dr. Kate Jackson, so widely known and loved,
+wrote her: "Since your visit here, through which I obtained somewhat of
+an insight into your struggles and labors, I have been in special
+sympathy with you. I do admire the liberal and comprehensive spirit
+which you and Mrs. Stanton show in allowing both sides of a question to
+be fairly discussed in your paper, and in giving any woman who does
+good work for her race in any field the credit for it, even though she
+may not exactly agree with you on all points. The spirit of
+exclusiveness is not calculated to push any reform among the masses....
+Our house and hearts are always open to you. I want to send you
+something more than good wishes and so enclose a little New Year's gift
+to you, with my love and earnest prayers for your success."
+
+The lovely Quaker, Sarah Pugh, wrote from Philadelphia:
+
+    Dear Susan: Not "Dear Madam," or "Respected Friend," according to
+    our stately fashion, for my heart yearns too warmly toward thee and
+    thy work for such formality. Would it were in my power to help thee
+    more in thy onward way, for it must be onward even though opponents
+    fill it with stumbling-blocks. Lucretia Mott is firm in her
+    adherence to New York--not but that she can work, if the way
+    offers, in all organizations which labor for the same end. My
+    opinion of The Revolution may be expressed in what was said of
+    another paper: "It fights no sham battles with enemies already
+    defeated. It is true, good men and women not a few stumble at it,
+    object to it and in some cases antagonize it, but nobody despises
+    it. An affectation of contempt is not contempt."
+
+Scores of similar letters were received from the early workers in the
+cause. It is unnecessary to enter further into a discussion of this
+division in the ranks of the advocates of woman suffrage. The
+conscientious historian must perform some unpleasant duties, hence it
+could not be passed without notice. The mass of correspondence on this
+question has been carefully sifted and that which would give pain to
+others, even though it would magnify the subject of this work, has been
+rigorously excluded. Most of the writers and those whom they criticised
+have ended their labors and passed from the scene of action. No good
+can be accomplished, either to the individuals or to the reform, by
+inflicting these personalities upon future generations. Among earnest,
+forceful, aggressive leaders of any great movement, there must arise
+controversies because of these strong characteristics, but the chief
+interest of mankind lies not in the individuals but in the results
+which they were able to accomplish. A comparison of the position of
+woman today with that which she occupied at the beginning of the
+agitation in her behalf, fifty years ago, offers more eloquent
+testimony to the efforts of those heroic pioneers than could be put
+into words by the most gifted pen.
+
+[Footnote 48: It is claimed, on good authority, that Anna Dickinson was
+the first to suggest that such an amendment would be required, as early
+as 1866, in a consultation with Theodore Tilton and Frederick Douglass
+at the National Loyalists' Convention in Philadelphia, as the only sure
+method of protecting the freedmen. See History of Woman Suffrage, Vol.
+II, p. 327.]
+
+[Footnote 49: In reference to this unwarranted attack, the noted
+writer, William Winter, said in the New York Tribune:
+
+"Noble, virtuous, honorable women are a country's greatest wealth, and
+when, from petty envy or jealousy, any one attempts with private
+innuendoes or public assaults to blacken a fair name which has long
+stood before the nation representing a principle, it is an injury not
+only to the individual but to the moral sense of the nation, and all
+true people are interested in maintaining its integrity and power.
+Susan B. Anthony has stood before this nation twenty years, earnestly
+devoted to every good work. As a teacher in the schools of New York for
+fifteen years, she bears from superintendents the highest testimonials
+to her faithfulness and ability. Her noble labors in the temperance
+cause are known throughout the State, and in association with the true
+men and women who fought the anti-slavery battle, she was equally
+faithful and earnest, finishing her work by getting up a petition for
+the black man's freedom of 400,000 names--the largest ever presented in
+Congress. For woman's enfranchisement her labors have been unremitting
+and unwearied for the last eighteen years. She is a frank, generous,
+self-sacrificing woman, of a kind, tender nature, firm principle, great
+executive ability, and in every relation of life true as the needle to
+the pole. Her motto has ever been, 'Let the weal and the woe of
+humanity be everything to me; their praise and their blame of no
+effect.'"]
+
+[Footnote 50: Maine 3, Vermont 1, New Hampshire 1, Massachusetts 5,
+Rhode Island 2, Connecticut 1, New Jersey 7, Pennsylvania 3, Illinois
+3, Ohio 3, Wisconsin 1, Minnesota 1, Missouri 3, Kansas 2, Nebraska 1,
+California 5, District of Columbia 3, Washington Territory 1-46. The
+remainder of the one hundred members who joined the association that
+evening resided in different parts of the State of New York.]
+
+[Footnote 51: _President_, Elizabeth Cady Stanton. _Vice-presidents_,
+Elizabeth B. Phelps, N.Y.; Anna Dickinson, Penn.; Kate N. Doggett,
+Ill.; Madame Anneke, Wis.; Lucy Elmes, Conn.; Mattie Griffith Brown,
+Mass.; Mrs. Nicholas Smith, Kan.; Lucy A. Snow, Maine; Elizabeth B.
+Schenck, Cal.; Josephine S. Griffing, D.C.; Paulina Wright Davis, R.I.;
+Mary Foote Henderson, Phoebe W. Cousins, Mo. _Corresponding
+secretaries_, Laura Curtis Bullard, Ida Greeley, Adelaide Hallock.
+_Recording secretaries_, Abby Burton Crosby, Sarah E. Fuller.
+_Treasurer_, Elizabeth Smith Miller. _Executive committee_, Ernestine
+L. Rose, Charlotte B. Wilbour, Mathilda F. Wendt, Mary F. Gilbert,
+Susan B. Anthony. _Advisory counsel_, Matilda Joslyn Gage, N.Y.; Mrs.
+Francis Minor, Mo.; Adeline Thomson, Penn,; Mrs. M.B. Longley, Ohio;
+Mrs. J.P. Root, Kan.; Lilie Peckham, Wis.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY--END OF EQUAL RIGHTS SOCIETY.
+
+1870.
+
+
+Conventions and conventions for fifty years, without a break, planned
+and managed by one woman--was there ever a similar record? The year
+1870 opened with the Second National Woman Suffrage Convention, in
+Lincoln Hall, Washington, D. C., January 19. It had been advertised for
+two days, but the interest was so great that it was continued through
+the third day and evening. Mrs. Stanton was in the chair and the papers
+united in praising the beauty, dignity and elegant attire of the women
+on the platform. A long table at the Arlington Hotel was reserved for
+them, and Miss Anthony relates that as they were all going into the
+dining-room one day, Jessie Benton Fremont beckoned to her and when she
+went over to the table where the general and she were sitting, she said
+in her bright, pretty way: "Now tell me, did you hunt the country over
+and pick out a score of the most beautiful women you could find to melt
+the hearts of our congressmen?"
+
+Letters of warm approval were read from John Stuart Mill and Helen
+Taylor, of England; Professor Homer B. Sprague, of Cornell University;
+Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist church; Senator Matthew H. Carpenter,
+and many other distinguished persons. A number of senators and
+representatives addressed the meetings, as did also Hon. A.G. Riddle,
+of the District of Columbia, Rev. Samuel J. May, Charlotte B. Wilbour,
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, and the usual corps of well-known suffrage
+speakers. Jennie Collins, the Lowell factory girl, electrified the
+audience by discussing the great question from the standpoint of the
+workingwomen. All the New York dailies sent women reporters, a
+comparatively new feature at conventions.
+
+A hearing was arranged before the joint committees for the District of
+Columbia, and a number of the ladies made short addresses. Mrs. Stanton
+based her remarks on the unanswerable argument of Francis Minor at the
+St. Louis convention a few months before, the first assertion of
+woman's right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment. Miss Anthony
+said:
+
+    We are here for the express purpose of urging you to present in
+    your respective bodies, a bill to strike the word "male" from the
+    District of Columbia Suffrage Act and thereby enfranchise the women
+    of the District. We ask that the experiment of woman suffrage shall
+    be made here, under the eye of Congress, as was that of negro
+    suffrage. Indeed, the District has ever been the experimental
+    ground of each step toward freedom. The auction-block was here
+    first banished, slavery here first abolished, the freedmen here
+    first enfranchised; and we now ask that women here shall be first
+    admitted to the ballot. There was great fear and trepidation all
+    over the country as to the results of negro suffrage, and you
+    deemed it right and safe to inaugurate the experiment here; and you
+    all remember that three days' discussion in 1866 on Senator Cowan's
+    proposition to strike out the word "male." Well do I recollect with
+    what anxious hope we watched the daily reports of that debate, and
+    how we longed that Congress might then declare for the
+    establishment in this District of a real republic. But conscience
+    or courage or something was wanting, and women were bidden still to
+    wait.
+
+    When, on that March day of 1867, the negroes of the District first
+    voted, the success of that election inspired Congress with
+    confidence to pass the proposition for the Fifteenth Amendment, and
+    the different States to ratify it, until it has become a fixed fact
+    that black men all over the nation not only may vote but sit in
+    legislative assemblies and constitutional conventions. We now ask
+    Congress to do the same for women. We ask you to enfranchise the
+    women of the District this very winter, so that next March they may
+    go to the ballot-box, and all the people of this nation may see
+    that it is possible for women to vote and the republic yet stand.
+    There is no reason, no argument, nothing but prejudice, against our
+    demand; and there is no way to break down this prejudice but to
+    make the experiment. Therefore, we most earnestly urge it, in full
+    faith that so soon as Congress and the people shall have witnessed
+    its beneficial results, they will go forward with a Sixteenth
+    Amendment which shall prohibit any State from disfranchising any of
+    its citizens on account of sex.
+
+A letter from Mrs. Fannie Howland in the Hartford Courant thus
+describes the hearing:
+
+    Senator Hannibal Hamlin, chairman, presented to them successively
+    the gentlemen of the committee, who took their seats around a long
+    table. Mrs. Stanton stood at one end, serene and dignified. Behind
+    her sat a large semicircle of ladies, and close about her a group
+    of her companions, who would have been remarkable anywhere for the
+    intellectual refinement and elevated expression of their earnest
+    faces. Opposite sat Charles Sumner, looking fatigued and worn, but
+    listening with alert attention. So these two veterans in the cause
+    of freedom were fitly and suggestively brought face to face.
+
+    The scene was impressive. It was simple, grand, historic. Women
+    have often appeared in history--noble, brilliant, heroic women; but
+    _woman_ collectively, impersonally, today asks recognition in the
+    commonwealth--not in virtue of hereditary noblesse--not for any
+    excellence or achievement of individuals, but on the one ground of
+    her possessing the same rights, interests and responsibilities as
+    man. There was nothing in this gathering at the Capitol to touch
+    the imagination with illusion, no ball-room splendor of light,
+    fragrance and jewels, none of those graceful enchantments by which
+    women have been content to reign through brief dynasties of beauty
+    and briefer fealties of homage. The cool light of a winter morning,
+    the bare walls of a committee room, the plain costumes of everyday
+    use, held the mind strictly to the actual facts which gave that
+    group of representative men and women its moral significance, its
+    severe but picturesque unity. Some future artist, looking back for
+    a memorable illustration of this period, will put this new
+    "Declaration of Independence" upon canvas, and will ransack the
+    land for portraits of those ladies who spoke for their countrywomen
+    at the Capitol, and of those senators and representatives who gave
+    them audience. Mrs. Stanton was followed by Miss Anthony, morally
+    as inevitable and impersonal as a Greek chorus, but physically and
+    intellectually individual, intense, original, full of humor and
+    good nature.
+
+The Hearth and Home, in Photographs of our Agitators, thus depicts Miss
+Anthony on this occasion:
+
+    She is the Bismarck; she plans the campaigns, provides the
+    munitions of war, organizes the raw recruits, sets the squadrons in
+    the field. Indeed, in presence of a timid lieutenant, she sometimes
+    heads the charge; but she is most effective as the directing
+    generalissimo. Miss Anthony is a quick, bright, nervous, alert
+    woman of fifty or so--not at all inclined to
+    embonpoint--sharp-eyed, even behind her spectacles. She presides
+    over the treasury, she cuts the Gordian knots, and when the
+    uncontrollables get by the ears at the conventions, she is the one
+    who straightway drags them asunder and turns chaos to order again.
+    In every dilemma, she is unanimously summoned. As a speaker, she is
+    angular and rigid, but trenchant, incisive, cutting through to the
+    heart of whatever topic she touches.
+
+Mrs. Hooker wrote: "There were congratulations without stint; but
+Sumner, grandest of all, approaching us said in a deep voice, really
+full of emotion: 'I have been in this place, ladies, for twenty years;
+I have followed or led in every movement toward liberty and
+enfranchisement; but this meeting exceeds in interest anything I ever
+have witnessed.'" In her weekly letter to the Independent, Mary Clemmer
+wrote of this convention:
+
+    I am glad to say that it was not mongrel--in part a dramatic
+    reading, in part a concert, and in part an organ advertisement; but
+    wholly a convention whose leaders, in dignity and intellect, were
+    fully the peers of the men whose councils they besieged and
+    arraigned. There was Mrs. Stanton--smiling, serene, and
+    motherly--just the woman whose hand laid upon a young man's arm,
+    whose voice speaking to him, could do so much to hold him back from
+    evil. There was Susan Anthony--anxious, earnest and importunate,
+    sarcastic, funny and unconventional as ever. Among all the company,
+    "Susan" is the most violently and the most unjustly abused. To be
+    sure, she can be very provocative of such speech. She sometimes has
+    a lawless way of talking and acting, which men think wonderfully
+    fascinating in a belle, but utterly unforgivable in a plain,
+    middle-aged woman. Moreover, "Susan's" utter abnegation to her
+    cause, her passion for it, sometimes carries her on to "ways and
+    means" not altogether tenable--in fine, she will offend your taste
+    and mine; but this is only the outside and a very small side of
+    Susan Anthony. A man, and more than a man--a woman who can deny
+    herself, ignore herself, for a principle, for what she believes to
+    be the truth, whether we believe it or not, is at least entitled to
+    our respect.
+
+    Susan B. Anthony has a strong, earnest and loving nature; her
+    devotion to her sex is an utterly absorbing and absolute passion.
+    Born and nurtured a Quaker, she transgresses no prejudice, even of
+    education, when she stands forth everywhere and in all places the
+    unflinching, unwearied, never-to-be-put-down champion of woman. In
+    the better age, when the woman of the future shall be man's equal
+    in law, in education, in labor, in labor's rewards; when time shall
+    have softened the asperities of the present, and the crudeness of
+    the personal shall be buried forever in the grave, Susan B. Anthony
+    will live as one of the truest friends that woman ever had.
+
+[Autograph: Mary Clemmer]
+
+Sarah Pugh wrote Miss Anthony to stop over in Philadelphia and visit
+Mrs. Mott and herself on her way home from Washington, adding, "We are
+true to you." In accepting the invitation, Miss Anthony said: "I pray
+every day to keep broad and generous towards all who scatter and
+divide, and hope I may hold out to the end. The movement can not be
+damaged, though some particular schemes may, by any ill-judged action.
+The wheels are secure on the iron rails, and no 'National' or
+'American'--no New York or Boston--assumption or antagonism can block
+them. Individuals may jump on or off, yet the train is stopped thereby
+but for a moment."
+
+A letter to her from the California association declares: "We will
+split into a thousand pieces before we will prove false to you, who
+have so long borne the heat and burden of the day." The heat and burden
+had indeed been great, and one less strong in body and less heroic in
+soul would have sunk under them. Although she was still weighed down by
+the terrible financial struggle of The Revolution, the storm of
+opposition which it had aroused was passing away and the old friends
+and many new ones were flocking around the intrepid standard bearer,
+whom neither fear nor favor could induce to swerve from the straight
+line marked out by her own convictions and conscience. Miss Anthony
+would soon complete a half-century, and her friends resolved to
+commemorate it in a worthy manner. Handsomely engraved cards were sent
+out, reading:
+
+    The ladies of the Woman's Bureau invite you to a reception on
+    Tuesday evening, February 15, 1870, to celebrate the Fiftieth
+    Birthday of Susan B. Anthony. On this occasion her friends will be
+    afforded an opportunity to testify their appreciation of her twenty
+    years' service in behalf of woman. ELIZABETH B. PHELPS, ANNA B.
+    DARLING, CHARLOTTE B. WILBOUR.
+
+There had been hard work to persuade Miss Anthony to accept this
+testimonial, but she was very happy that evening when the spacious
+parlors were crowded with the leading men and women of the day.
+Although her opinions and methods had been many times attacked by the
+newspapers, they now united in cordial congratulations. The New York
+World, in a long account, thus described the affair:
+
+    A large number of friends and admirers of the private virtues and
+    public services of Miss Anthony assembled at the Woman's Bureau in
+    Twenty-third street last evening to congratulate the lady upon this
+    auspicious anniversary, and to wish her the customary "many happy
+    returns of the day." The parlors were dazzling with light, the
+    atmosphere laden with perfume, the walls covered with beautiful
+    works of art, and the sweet sounds of women's laughter and silvery
+    voices filled the apartments. Miss Susan B. Anthony stood at the
+    entrance of the front parlor to receive her numerous friends. She
+    wore a dress of rich shot silk, dark red and black, cut square in
+    front, with a stomacher of white lace and a pretty little cameo
+    brooch. All female vanities she rigorously discarded--no hoop,
+    train, bustle, panier, chignon, powder, paint, rouge, patches, no
+    nonsense of any sort. From her kindly eyes and from her gentle
+    lips, there beamed the sweetest smiles to all those loving friends
+    who, admiring her really admirable efforts in the cause of human
+    freedom, her undaunted heroism amid a dark and gloomy warfare, were
+    glad to press her hand and show their appreciation of her character
+    and achievements.
+
+Every daily paper in the city had some pleasant comment, while scores
+of loving and appreciative letters were received. Accompanying these
+were many beautiful gifts and also checks to the amount of $1,000.[52]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+  AT THE AGE OF 50, FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY SARONY.]
+
+After the guests had assembled, Isabella Beecher Hooker announced that
+Anna T. Randall would read a poem written for the occasion by Phoebe
+Gary.[53] She was followed by Mrs. Hooker, who read some delightfully
+humorous verses from her husband, John Hooker, dedicated to Miss
+Anthony. There were more poetical tributes, recitations by Sarah Fisher
+Ames and other well-known elocutionists, and then a call for the
+recipient of all these honors. Miss Anthony stepped forward, completely
+overwhelmed and, after stammering her thanks for the unexpected ovation
+of the evening, said in a voice which broke in spite of her
+self-control: "If this were an assembled mob opposing the rights of
+women I should know what to say. I never made a speech except to rouse
+people to action. My work is that of subsoil plowing.... I ask you
+tonight, as your best testimony to my services, on this, the twentieth
+anniversary of my public work, to join me in making a demand on
+Congress for a Sixteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote, and
+then to go with me before the several legislatures to secure its
+ratification; and when the Secretary of State proclaims that that
+amendment has been ratified by twenty-eight States, then Susan B.
+Anthony will stop work--but not before."
+
+When all was over, before she slept, Miss Anthony wrote this
+characteristically tender little note to the one who never was absent
+from her mind:
+
+    MY DEAR MOTHER: It really seems tonight as if I were parting with
+    something dear--saying good-by to somebody I loved. In the last few
+    hours I have lived over nearly all of life's struggles, and the
+    most painful is the memory of my mother's long and weary efforts to
+    get her six children up into womanhood and manhood. My thought
+    centers on your struggle especially because of the proof-reading of
+    Alice Gary's story this week. I can see the old home--the
+    brick-makers--the dinner-pails--the sick mother--the few years of
+    more fear than hope in the new house, and the hard years since. And
+    yet with it all, I know there was an undercurrent of joy and love
+    which makes the summing-up vastly in their favor. How I wish you
+    and Mary and Hannah and Guelma could have been here--and yet it is
+    nothing--and yet it is much.
+
+    My constantly recurring thought and prayer now are that the coming
+    fraction of the century, whether it be small or large, may witness
+    nothing less worthy in my life than has the half just closed--that
+    no word or act of mine may lessen its weight in the scale of truth
+    and right.
+
+Then there is the bare mention of a luncheon a few days before with
+Alice and Phoebe Cary, Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker. What a treat would
+have been a resume of the conversation of that gifted quintette of
+women!
+
+Mrs. Stanton was ill and could not attend the reception, which was a
+great disappointment to Miss Anthony. They had shared so much trouble
+that she felt most anxious they should share this one great pleasure.
+In the diary at midnight is recorded: "Fiftieth birthday! One
+half-century done, one score years of it hard labor for bettering
+humanity--temperance--emancipation--enfranchisement--oh, such a
+struggle! Terribly stormy night, but a goodly company and many, many
+splendid tributes to my work. Really, if I had been dead and these the
+last words, neither press nor friends could have been more generous and
+appreciative."
+
+This beautiful anniversary was a sweet oasis in the severe monotony of
+a life which had been filled always with hard work, criticism and
+misrepresentation, although it was only a public expression of the
+numerous and strong friendships which had been many times manifested in
+private. The birthday celebration served also to disprove the
+oft-repeated assertion that all women conceal their age, but though
+Miss Anthony made this frank avowal of her fifty years, there was
+scarcely a newspaper which did not introduce its comments with the
+usual silly and threadbare remarks.
+
+After the people began to recover in a social, intellectual and
+financial way from the effects of the Civil War, the lyceum bureau
+became a marked feature in literary life. The principal bureaus were in
+New York, Boston and Chicago. Their managers engaged the best speakers
+and each season marked out a route, made the appointments, advertised
+extensively and sent them throughout the country. They paid excellent
+prices, assuming all responsibility, and engagements with them were
+considered very desirable. Under the management of the New York bureau,
+Mrs. Stanton began a tour in November, 1869. Miss Anthony at this time,
+while well-known from one end of the country to the other, had not
+gained a reputation as a platform orator. She thoroughly distrusted her
+own power to make a sustained speech of an entire evening, and at all
+conventions had placed others on the program for the principal
+addresses, presided herself, if necessary, and kept everything in
+motion.
+
+By the winter of 1870, however, the bureau began to receive
+applications from all parts of the United States for lectures from her,
+and Mrs. Stanton being ill for a month, Miss Anthony went as her
+substitute. She proved so acceptable that in February, March and April
+she was engaged by the bureau for many places in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
+Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, and received a considerable sum for her
+services, besides securing a number of subscribers and some liberal
+donations for The Revolution. In her journal she speaks of the good
+audiences, the enthusiasm and the many prominent callers at most of the
+places. At Mattoon she had a day and a night with Anna Dickinson and
+wrote: "I found her the most weary and worn I had ever seen her, and
+desperately tired of the lecture field. Her devotion to me is
+marvelous. She is like my loving and loved child."
+
+At Peoria, the editor of the Democratic paper stated that the laws of
+Illinois were better for women than for men. Colonel Robert G.
+Ingersoll, whom she never had seen, was in the audience, and sent a
+note to the president of the meeting, asking that Miss Anthony should
+not answer the editor but give him that privilege. He then took up the
+laws, one after another, and, illustrating by cases in his own
+practice, showed in his eloquent manner how cruelly unjust they were to
+women and proved how necessary it was that women should have a voice in
+making them. He also offered the following resolution, which was
+unanimously adopted: "We pledge ourselves, irrespective of party, to
+use all honorable means to make the women of America the equals of men
+before the law."
+
+In Detroit Rev. Justin Fulton occupied one evening in opposition to
+woman suffrage, and Miss Anthony replied to him the next. An audience
+of a thousand gathered in Young Men's Hall at each meeting. The Free
+Press had a most scurrilous review of the debate in which it said:
+
+    The speakeress rattled on in this strain until a late hour, saying
+    nothing new, nothing noble, not a word that would give one maid or
+    mother a purer or better thought. She drew no pictures of love in
+    the household--she did not seem to think that man and wife could
+    even stay under the same roof. She was not content that any woman
+    should be a bashful, modest woman, but wanted them to be like her,
+    to think as she thought.... People went there to see Susan B.
+    Anthony, who has achieved an evanescent reputation by her strenuous
+    endeavors to defy nature. Not one woman in a hundred cares to vote,
+    cares aught for the ballot, would take it with the degrading
+    influences it would surely bring.... Old, angular, sticking to
+    black stockings, wearing spectacles, a voice highly suggestive of
+    midnight Caudleism at poor Anthony, if he ever comes around, though
+    he never will. If all woman's righters look like that, the theory
+    will lose ground like a darkey going through a cornfield in a light
+    night. If she had come out and plainly said, "See here, ladies, see
+    me, I am the result of twenty years of constant howling at man's
+    tyranny," there would never have been another "howl" uttered in
+    Detroit. Or, if she had plainly said, in so many words, "I am going
+    to lecture on bosh, for the sake of that almighty half-dollar per
+    head--take it as bosh," people would have admired her candor,
+    though forming the same conclusions without her assistance....
+
+Myra Bradwell, the able editor of the Chicago Legal News, paid the
+following tribute: "Miss Anthony is terribly in earnest on this
+suffrage question. We fully agree with her that the great battle-ground
+in the first instance should be in Congress.... She is now fifty, and
+the best years of her life have been devoted solely to the cause of
+woman. She has never turned aside from this object but has always been
+in the field, defending her principles against all assaults with an
+ability which has not only won the admiration of her friends but the
+respect of her enemies."
+
+She made many new acquaintances on this tour, and one entry in the
+diary is: "Quite a novel feature this--to have people quarrel as to who
+shall have the pleasure of entertaining me as their guest!" She
+returned to New York on Saturday, April 30, and on Sunday the diary
+says: "Spent the day at Mrs. Tilton's and heard Beecher preach a
+splendid sermon on 'Visiting the Sins of the Parents on the Children.'"
+
+Various friends of the woman suffrage cause had decided that something
+must be done to unite the two national organizations. An editorial in
+the Independent to this effect was followed by a call for a conference
+to meet at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, April 6, signed by Theodore Tilton,
+Phoebe Cary, Rev. John Chadwick and a number of others. The meeting was
+duly held, and the venerable Lucretia Mott, who now rarely left home,
+came all the way from Philadelphia to use her influence toward a
+reconciliation. Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton were lecturing in the
+West and the former telegraphed: "The entire West demands united
+national organization for the Sixteenth Amendment, this very
+congressional session, and so does Susan B. Anthony." Mrs. Stanton
+wrote to the conference: "I will do all I can for union. If I am a
+stumbling-block I will gladly resign my office. Having fought the world
+twenty years, I do not now wish to turn and fight those who have so
+long stood together through evil and good report. I should be glad to
+have all united, with Mr. Beecher or Lucretia Mott for our general....
+I am willing to work with any and all or to get out of the way
+entirely, that there may be an organization which shall be respectable
+at home and abroad."
+
+The representatives of the American Association insisted that they had
+offered the olive branch at the time of their organization and it had
+been refused. This olive branch had been a suggestion that the National
+Association should consider itself a local society and become auxiliary
+to the American. After a protracted but fruitless discussion of over
+four hours, they withdrew from the room, declining to accept or to
+suggest any overtures. The proposition made by the callers of the
+conference was that the two associations should merge into one, with a
+new constitution embodying the best features of both, and with a board
+of officers elected from the two existing organizations. Even the
+friendly offices of Lucretia Mott, which never before were disregarded,
+failed to effect a union, and the many letters from mutual friends were
+equally ineffective. In her regular letter to The Revolution Miss
+Anthony said:
+
+    There is but one feeling all through this glorious West, and that
+    is that it is a sin to have a divided front at this auspicious
+    moment. Since my last I have had splendid meetings in Quincy,
+    Farmington, Elwood, Mendota, Peru, La-Salle, Batavia, Peoria and
+    Champaign in Illinois, and in Sturgis and Jonesvine, Michigan. I
+    can tell you with emphasis that the fields are white unto
+    harvest--waiting, waiting only the reapers. And it is a shame--it
+    is a crime--for any of the old or new public workers to halt by the
+    way to pluck the motes out of their neighbors' eyes. Not one of us
+    but has blundered; yet if only we are in earnest, each will
+    forgive, in the faith that the others, like herself, mean right.
+    How any one can stand in the way of a united national organization
+    at an hour like this, is wholly inexplicable.
+
+Just before the May Anniversary Mrs. Stanton published the following
+card in The Revolution: "It is a great thing for those who have been
+prominent in any movement to know when their special work is done, and
+when the posts they hold can be more ably filled by others. Having, in
+my own judgment, reached that time, at the present anniversary of our
+association I must forbid the use of my name for president or any other
+official position in any organization whatsoever."
+
+The anniversary had been advertised for Irving Hall, but when it was
+found that colored people would not be admitted to that building, it
+was changed to Apollo Hall, and opened May 10 with Mrs. Stanton
+presiding. At the business meeting in the afternoon, with
+representatives present from nineteen States, the proposition of the
+conference committee was considered. According to the report in The
+Revolution there was much feeling on the part of the younger women
+against any organization which did not have Miss Anthony and Mrs.
+Stanton at the head, but at their earnest request, made in the interest
+of harmony, it was finally voted to accept the name Union Woman
+Suffrage Society, and Mr. Tilton for president.
+
+On May 14, 1870, the Saturday after the suffrage convention, a number
+of the old Equal Rights Association came together at a called meeting
+in New York, which is thus described in The Revolution of May 19:
+
+    One of the most interesting as well as important events of the past
+    week, was the transfer of the American Equal Rights Association to
+    the new Union Woman Suffrage Society. This was done on Saturday in
+    the spacious parlors of Mrs. Margaret E. Winchester in Gramercy
+    Place, Mrs. Stanton occupying the chair in the absence of the
+    president, Lucretia Mott. Henry B. Blackweil presented this
+    resolution:
+
+    "WHEREAS, The American Equal Rights Association was organized in
+    1866 in order to secure equal rights to all American citizens,
+    especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color, or
+    sex; and, _whereas_, Political distinctions of race are now
+    abolished by the ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
+    Amendments; and _whereas_, Arrangements have been made by the
+    formation of woman suffrage associations for the advocacy of the
+    legal and political rights of women as a separate question; and,
+    _whereas_, An unnecessary multiplication of agencies for the
+    accomplishment of a common object should always be avoided;
+    therefore
+
+    "_Resolved,_ That we hereby declare the American Equal Eights
+    Association dissolved and adjourned sine die."
+
+    Parker Pillsbury offered the following as a substitute:
+
+    "WHEREAS, At a meeting of the executive committee held in Brooklyn,
+    March 3, 1870, it was voted, on motion of Oliver Johnson, that 'it
+    is inexpedient to hold any public anniversary of the American Equal
+    Rights Association, and that in our judgment it is expedient to
+    dissolve said body; but as we have no authority to effect such
+    dissolution, an informal business meeting of the association be
+    held in New York, during the coming anniversary week, to consider
+    and act upon this subject; and on motion of Lucy Stone, it was
+    voted that this business meeting be held on Saturday, May 14, 1870,
+    at 10 A.M., at the home of Mrs. Margaret E. Winchester;' therefore
+
+    "_Resolved,_ That instead of terminating our existence as an
+    association, we do hereby transfer it, together with all its books,
+    records, reports or whatsoever appertains to it, and unite it with
+    the Union Woman Suffrage Society, organized in New York, May 10,
+    1870."
+
+    A long and earnest discussion succeeded.... At last, after two
+    hours, the vote was reached by the previous question, with this
+    result:
+
+    For dissolution, Lucy Stone, Henry B. Blackwell--2. For transfer,
+    Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Parker Pillsbury, Susan B. Anthony,
+    Theodore Tilton, Paulina Wright Davis, Phoebe W. Couzins, Edwin A.
+    Studwell, Mrs. Studwell, Mrs. John J. Merritt, Mrs. Robert Dale
+    Owen, Margaret E. Winchester, Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, Charlotte B.
+    Wilbour, Eleanor Kirk, Jennie Collins, Elizabeth B. Phelps, Miss
+    Chichester, Mrs. S.B. Morse--18.
+
+Thus ended the existence of the American Equal Rights Association,
+formed in May, 1866, for the purpose of securing to negroes and women
+the rights of citizenship. These having been obtained for the negro
+men, women were left the only class denied equality, and the question
+therefore became simply one of woman's rights.
+
+At the first anniversary of the American Woman Suffrage Association,
+the next November, which also was held in Cleveland, this letter was
+presented:
+
+    FRIENDS AND CO-WORKERS: We, the undersigned, a committee appointed
+    by the Union Woman Suffrage Society in New York, May, 1870, to
+    confer with you on the subject of merging the two organizations
+    into one, respectfully announce:
+
+    1st. That in our judgment no difference exists between the objects
+    and methods of the two societies, nor any good reason for keeping
+    them apart. 2d. That the society we represent has invested us with
+    full power to arrange with you a union of both under a single
+    constitution and executive. 3d. That we ask you to appoint a
+    committee of equal number and authority with our own, to consummate
+    if possible this happy result.
+
+    Yours, in the common cause of woman's enfranchisement, Isabella
+    Beecher Hooker, Samuel J. May, Charlotte B. Wilbour, Josephine S.
+    Griffing, Laura Curtis Bullard, Gerrit Smith, Sarah Pugh, Frederick
+    Douglass, Mattie Griffith Brown, James W. Stillman--Theodore
+    Tilton, ex officio.
+
+The acceptance of this proposition was strongly urged by Judge
+Bradwell, of Chicago, and the committee on resolutions recommended "the
+appointment of a committee of conference, of like number with the one
+appointed by the Union Suffrage Society with a view to the union of
+both organizations." After a spirited discussion, this resolution was
+rejected. The National Association, having exhausted all efforts for
+reconciliation and union, never thereafter made further overtures. Two
+distinct organizations were maintained, and there were no more attempts
+at union for twenty years.
+
+[Footnote 52: For selections from newspapers and letters and the list
+of presents see Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote 53:
+
+  We touch our caps, and place to night
+    The victor's wreath upon her.
+  The woman who outranks us all
+    In courage and in honor.
+
+  While others in domestic broils
+    Have proved by word and carriage,
+  That one of the United States
+    Is not the state of marriage,
+
+  She, caring not for loss of men,
+    Nor for the world's confusion,
+  Hap carried on a civil war
+    And made a "Revolution."
+
+  True, other women have been brave,
+    When banded or hus-banded,
+  But she has bravely fought her way
+    Alone and single-handed.
+
+  And think of her unselfish life,
+    Her generous disposition,
+  Who never made a lasting prop
+    Out of a proposition.
+
+  She might have chose an honored name,
+    and none had scorned or hissed it;
+  Have written Mrs. Jones or Smith,
+    But, strange to say, she Missed it.
+
+  For fifty years to come may she
+    Grow rich and ripe and mellow,
+  Be quoted even above "par,"
+    "Or any other fellow;"
+
+  And spread the truth from pole to pole,
+    and keep her light a-burning
+  Before she cuts her stick to go
+    To where there's no returning.
+
+  Because her motto grand hath been
+    The rights of every human
+  And first and last, and right or wrong,
+    She takes the part of woman.
+
+  "A perfect woman, nobly planned,"
+    To aid, not to amuse one:
+  Take her for all in all, we ne'er
+    Shall see the match of Susan.
+*/]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+END OF REVOLUTION--STATUS OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
+
+1870.
+
+
+Immediately after the Suffrage Anniversary in May, 1870, Miss Anthony
+and Mrs. Stanton decided to call a mass meeting of women to discuss the
+questions involved in the McFarland-Richardson trial, which had set the
+country ablaze with excitement. The case in brief was that McFarland
+was a drunken, improvident husband, and his wife, Abby Sage, was
+compelled to be the breadwinner for the family, first as an actress and
+later as a public reader. She was a woman of education, refinement and
+marked ability, and enjoyed an intimate friendship with some of the
+best families of New York. Boarding in the same house with her was
+Albert D. Richardson, a prominent newspaper man, a stockholder in the
+Tribune and a special favorite of Mr. Greeley. He befriended Mrs.
+McFarland, protected her against the brutality of her husband and
+learned to love her. It was understood among their mutual friends that
+when she was legally free they would be married. She secured her
+divorce; and a few days later McFarland walked into the Tribune office,
+shot and fatally wounded Richardson. Some hours before he died, Mrs.
+McFarland was married to him, Revs. Henry Ward Beecher and O.B.
+Frothingham officiating, in the presence of Mr. Greeley and several
+other distinguished persons. McFarland was tried, acquitted on the
+ground of insanity, given the custody of their little son and allowed
+to go free.
+
+Press and pulpit were rent with discussions and, although the general
+verdict was that if McFarland were insane he should be placed under
+restraint and not permitted to retain the child, Mrs. Richardson was
+persecuted in the most cruel and unmerciful manner. The women of New
+York especially felt indignant at the result of the trial. Miss Anthony
+offered to take the responsibility of a public demonstration, with Mrs.
+Stanton to make the address. She sent out 3,000 handsome invitations to
+the leading women of the city. Before the meeting a number of
+cautionary letters were received, of which this from Miss Catharine
+Beecher will serve as a sample:
+
+    I am anxious for your own sake and for the sake of "our good
+    cause," that you should manage wisely your very difficult task.
+    There is a widespread combination undermining the family state, and
+    we need to protect all the customs as well as the laws that tend to
+    sustain it. In doing this, we need to discriminate between what is
+    in bad taste and evil in its tendencies, and what is in direct
+    violation of a moral law. The custom that requires a man to wait a
+    year after the death of one wife before he takes another, it is
+    usually in bad taste and inexpedient to violate, but there are
+    cases in which such violation is demanded and is lawful.
+
+    But the law of marriage demanding that in _no_ case a man shall
+    seek another wife while his first one lives is always imperative.
+    Then the question of divorce arises, and here the Lord of morality
+    and religion, who sees the end from the beginning, has decided that
+    only one crime can justify it. A woman may separate from her
+    husband for abuse or drunkenness and not violate this law, but
+    neither party can marry again without practically saying, "I do not
+    recognize Jesus Christ as the true teacher of morals and religion."
+    If Mrs. McFarland were sure she could prove adultery, she was
+    morally free to marry again; but could she be justified on any
+    other ground without denying the authority of the Lord Jesus
+    Christ? Is not here a point where you need to be very cautious and
+    guarded?
+
+    I hope to have the pleasure of meeting you on Tuesday at Apollo
+    Hall. Very truly and affectionately your friend.
+
+The following account is taken from The Revolution:
+
+    On May 17, long before the hour appointed, Apollo Hall was filled.
+    Ministers had preached and editors written their ambiguous views on
+    the justice of the McFarland verdict. Reporters had interviewed the
+    murderer and described (probably from imagination) the conduct and
+    statements of Mrs. Richardson. John Graham had informed a gaping
+    public what should be and what was the opinion of every decent
+    woman in New York in regard to the guilt of this heart-broken
+    widow, thus making it extremely difficult to feel the actual state
+    of the public pulse on this all-important subject. Mrs. Stanton's
+    lecture clearly expressed the convictions of the intelligent and
+    right-minded. Never before in the annals of metropolitan history
+    had there been such an assemblage of women, and it was an equally
+    noticeable fact that they were the earnest, deep-thinking women of
+    the times.[54]
+
+    Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton were greeted with the heartiest
+    applause, and as soon as silence was obtained, the former said it
+    was the first time in her life that she had addressed a public
+    audience composed exclusively of women, and it was natural that she
+    should feel somewhat embarrassed under circumstances so peculiar.
+    This quaint observation brought down the house. After a few more of
+    her downright and invigorating remarks, she introduced Mrs.
+    Stanton, who was robed in quiet black, with an elegant lace shawl
+    over her shoulders and her beautiful white hair modestly ornamented
+    with a ribbon. Her appearance was very motherly and winning. Great
+    applause followed her address, and as she took her seat Celia
+    Burleigh read the resolutions adopted on Monday by Sorosis, which
+    were heartily reaffirmed by all present. After remarks by Miss
+    Anthony, Jenny June Croly, Mrs. Robert Dale Owen, Eleanor Kirk and
+    others, a petition to Governor Hoffman, asking that McFarland be
+    placed in an insane asylum, was enthusiastically endorsed.
+
+So great was the desire that a similar meeting was held in Brooklyn.
+These assemblies threw the newspaper's into convulsions of horror that
+modest and shrinking women should dare discuss such questions, advocate
+the same moral standard for both sexes, criticise judge, jury and laws,
+and demand a different kind of justice from that which men were in the
+habit of dealing out. Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton came in for their
+usual lion's share of censure, but they had so long offered themselves
+as a vicarious sacrifice that they had learned to take criticism and
+abuse philosophically. For weeks afterwards, however, they received
+letters from unhappy wives in all parts of the country, thanking them
+for their attitude in this affair, and pouring out the story of their
+own wretchedness.
+
+Miss Anthony had little time to think about either the reproof or the
+approval, for the next day after this meeting saw the beginning of one
+of the most sorrowful tragedies in her life--the giving up of The
+Revolution! The favorable financial auspices under which it was
+launched have been described, and an imperfect idea given of the storm
+of opposition it encountered because of the alliance with Mr. Train. He
+put into the paper about $3,000 and severed his connection with it
+after sixteen months. Mr. Melliss continued his assistance for nearly
+the same length of time, contributing altogether $7,000. He was its
+staunch supporter as long as his means would allow, but at length
+became apprehensive that it never would reach a paying basis and, as he
+was not a man of wealth, felt unable to advance more money.
+
+From a pecuniary point of view things looked very dark for The
+Revolution. Every newspaper, in its early days, swallows up money like
+a bottomless well. The Revolution had started on an expensive basis;
+its office rent was $1,300 per annum; it was printed on the best of
+paper, which at that time was very costly; typesetting commanded the
+highest prices. Partly as a matter of pride and partly for the interest
+of the paper, Miss Anthony was not willing to reduce expenses. At the
+end of the first year The Revolution had 2,000, and at the end of the
+second year 3,000 bona fide, paying subscribers, but these could not
+sustain it without plenty of advertising, and advertisers never lavish
+money on a reform paper. Mr. Pillsbury's valuable services were given
+at a minimum price, Mrs. Stanton received no salary and Miss Anthony
+drew out only what she was compelled to use for her actual expenses.
+She was exhausted in mind and body from the long and relentless
+persecution of those who once had been her co-workers, but to the world
+she showed still the old indomitable spirit. Her letters to friends and
+relatives at this time, appealing for funds to carry on the paper, are
+heart-breaking. A dearly loved Quaker cousin, Anson Lapham, of
+Skaneateles, loaned her at different times $4,000. To him she wrote:
+
+    My paper must not, shall not go down. I am sure you believe in me,
+    in my honesty of purpose, and also in the grand work which The
+    Revolution seeks to do, and therefore you will not allow me to ask
+    you in vain to come to the rescue. Yesterday's mail brought
+    forty-three subscribers from Illinois and twenty from California.
+    We only need time to win financial success. I know you will save me
+    from giving the world a chance to say, "There is a woman's rights
+    failure; even the best of women can't manage business." If I could
+    only die, and thereby fail honorably, I would say "amen," but to
+    live and fail--it would be too terrible to bear.
+
+To Francis G. Shaw, of Staten Island, who sent $100, she wrote: "I
+wonder why it is that I must forever feel compelled to take the rough
+things of the world. Why can't I excuse myself from the overpowering
+and disagreeable struggles? I can not tell, but after such a day as
+yesterday, my heart fails me--almost. Then I remember that the promise
+is to those only who hold out to the end--and nerve myself to go
+forward. I am grateful nowadays for every kind word and every dollar."
+On the back is inscribed: "My pride would not let me send this, and I
+substituted merely a cordial note of thanks." Her letters home during
+this dark period are too sacred to be given to the public. The mother
+and sisters were distressed beyond expression at the merciless
+criticism and censure with which she had been assailed, and begged her
+to withdraw from it all to the seclusion of her own pleasant home, but
+when she persisted in standing by her ship, they aided her with every
+means in their power. Her sister Mary loaned her the few thousands she
+had been able to save by many years' hard work in the schoolroom, and
+the mother contributed from her small estate.
+
+Her brother Daniel R., a practical newspaper man, assured her that he
+was ready at any time to be one of a stock company to support the
+paper, but that it was useless to sink any more money in the shape of
+individual subscriptions. He urged her to cut down expenses, make it a
+semi-monthly or monthly if necessary, but not to go any more deeply in
+debt, saying: "I know how earnest you are, but you stand alone. Very
+few think with you, and they are not willing to risk a dollar. You have
+put in your all and all you can borrow, and all is swallowed up. You
+are making no provision for the future, and you wrong yourself by so
+doing. No one will thank you hereafter. Although you are now fifty
+years old and have worked like a slave all your life, you have not a
+dollar to show for it. This is not right. Do make a change." Her sister
+Mary spent all her vacation in New York one hot summer looking after
+the business of the paper, while Miss Anthony went out lecturing and
+getting subscribers. After returning home she wrote:
+
+    You can not begin to know how you have changed, and many times
+    every day the tears would fill my eyes if I allowed myself a moment
+    to reflect upon it. I beg of you for your own sake and for ours, do
+    not persevere in this work unless people will aid you enough to do
+    credit to yourself as you always have done. Make a plain statement
+    to your friends, and if they will not come to your rescue, go down
+    as gracefully as possible and with far less indebtedness than you
+    will have three months from now. It is very sad for all of us to
+    feel that you are working so hard and being so misunderstood, and
+    we constantly fear that, in some of your hurried business
+    transactions, your enemies will delight to pick you up and make you
+    still more trouble.
+
+At this time, in a letter to Martha C. Wright, Mr. Pillsbury said:
+"Susan works like a whole plantation of slaves, and her example is
+scourge enough to keep me tugging also." With her rare optimism, Miss
+Anthony never gives up hoping, and on January 1, 1870, writes to Sarah
+Pugh: "The year opens splendidly. December brought the largest number
+of subscriptions of any month since we began, and yesterday the largest
+of any day. So the little 'rebel Revolution' doesn't feel anything but
+the happiest sort of a New Year."
+
+A movement was begun for forming a stock company of several wealthy
+women, on a basis of $50,000, to relieve Miss Anthony of all financial
+responsibility, making her simply the business manager. Paulina Wright
+Davis already had given $500, and January 1, 1870, her name appeared as
+corresponding editor. Isabella Beecher Hooker took the liveliest
+interest in the paper and was very anxious that it should be continued.
+She devised various schemes for this purpose and finally decided that
+her sister, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and herself would give The
+Revolution their personal influence and that of their large circle of
+friends, by putting their names on the staff of editors. Early in
+December, 1869, she sent the following:
+
+    We will give our names as corresponding editors for your paper for
+    one year and agree to furnish at least six articles apiece and also
+    to secure an original article from some friend every other week
+    during the year. We agree to do this without promised compensation,
+    but on the condition that you will change the name of the paper to
+    The True Republic, or something equally satisfactory to us; and
+    that you will pay us equally for this service according to your
+    ability, you yourself being sole judge of that.
+
+    H.B. STOWE, I.B. HOOKER.
+
+This was written while they were in New York City, and on her way home
+Mrs. Hooker wrote, while on board the train, an enthusiastic letter
+regarding details of the work, ending, after she arrived: "I give you
+my hand upon it. I have read the above to my two Mentors, and they
+approve in the main." In a few days, she said in a long letter:
+
+    I wish Mrs. Stanton's "editorial welcome" to us might be in the
+    dignified style of her best essays or speeches, not in the least
+    gossipy or familiar, but stately and full of womanly presence. She
+    ought to have a copy of Mrs. Stowe's editorial the moment it is
+    written, for approval and suggestion. If Mr. Pillsbury would stay
+    for a month or two and initiate Phoebe Cary, and we all work well
+    as we mean to, I think she might get on.... I shall go to the
+    Washington convention to work, not to speak. Tilton should be
+    secured by all means--his wife, too. Our parlor needs her demure,
+    motherly, angelic sweetness, as much as our platform needs him.
+    These little, quiet, domestic women are trump cards, nowadays. I
+    wish we had a whole pack of them.... Mr. Burton will hunt up a
+    capital motto or heading, and he will write, I am sure. Mrs. Jewell
+    met me in the street and said, "Is it true that you and Mrs. Stowe
+    are going to help The Revolution?" I told her what we proposed and
+    she was much delighted.
+
+In reply to a letter asking her opinion, Mrs. Stanton wrote: "As for
+changing the name of The Revolution, I should consider it a great
+mistake. We are thoroughly advertised under the present title. There is
+no other like it, never was, and never will be. The establishing of
+woman on her rightful throne is the greatest of revolutions. It is no
+child's play. You and I know the conflict of the last twenty years; the
+ridicule, persecution, denunciation, detraction, the unmixed bitterness
+of our cup for the last two, when even friends have crucified us. We
+have so much hope and pluck that none but the Good Father knows how we
+have suffered. A journal called 'The Rose-bud' might answer for those
+who come with kid gloves and perfumes to lay immortelle wreaths on the
+monuments which in sweat and tears we have hewn and built; but for us,
+and that great blacksmith of ours who forges such red-hot thunderbolts
+for Pharisees, hypocrites and sinners, there is no name but The
+Revolution."
+
+Miss Anthony consulted many newspaper men and all advised against the
+proposed change, saying that experience had shown this to be fatal to a
+paper. Acting upon this advice, and also upon her own strong
+convictions, she decided to retain the original title. Meanwhile,
+tremendous pressure had been brought to bear upon Mrs. Hooker and Mrs.
+Stowe not to identify themselves with The Revolution. After Mrs.
+Stowe's salutatory had been prepared, Mrs. Hooker wrote as follows:
+
+    I think the name should not be changed. If you change it in
+    deference to our wishes and against good advice, it would lay an
+    obligation on us that we could ill endure. Already I was feeling
+    uneasy under the thought, and Mrs. Stowe actually said to me that
+    she should prefer greatly to write as contributor and would do just
+    as much work as if called editor. She settled down on consenting to
+    be corresponding editor; and Mrs. Davis and I will be assistant
+    editors. I will write for The Revolution and work for it just as
+    hard as I can, sending out a circular through Connecticut asking
+    contributions to it.
+
+    Later--Since reading Mrs. Stanton on the Richardson-McFarland case,
+    I feel disinclined to be associated with her in editorial work. I
+    want to say this very gently; but I have no time for
+    circumlocution....
+
+[Autograph: Alice Cary]
+
+The promised contributions did not materialize, and The Revolution
+received no aid of any description. The struggle was bravely continued
+throughout the first five months of 1870. The Cary sisters were devoted
+friends of Miss Anthony and deeply interested in the paper, and some of
+their sweetest poems had appeared in its columns. Their beautiful home
+was just three blocks below The Revolution office, and she spent many
+hours with them. These frequent calls, breakfasts and luncheons were
+much more delightful to her than their Sunday evening receptions,
+although at those were gathered the writers, artists, musicians,
+reformers and politicians of New York, besides eminent persons who
+happened to be in the city. It was a literary center which never has
+been equalled since those lovely and cultured sisters passed away. In
+her lecture on "Homes of Single Women," Miss Anthony thus describes one
+of her visits:
+
+[Autograph: Phoebe Cary]
+
+    I shall never forget the December Sunday morning when a note came
+    from Phoebe asking, "Will you come round and sit with Alice while I
+    go to church?" Of course I was only too glad to go; and it was
+    there in the cheery sick-room, as I sat on a cushion at the feet of
+    this lovely, large-souled, clear-brained woman, that she told me
+    how ever and anon in the years gone by, as she was writing her
+    stories for bread and shelter, her pen would run off into facts and
+    philosophies of woman's servitude that she knew would ruin her book
+    with the publishers, but which, for her own satisfaction, she had
+    carefully treasured, chapter by chapter, as her heart had thus
+    overflowed. "I am now," she said, "financially free, where I could
+    write my deepest and best thought for woman, and now I must die. O,
+    how much of my life I have been compelled to write what men would
+    buy, not what my heart most longed to say, and what a clog to my
+    spirit it has been."
+
+    As she sat there, reading from those chapters, her sweet face, her
+    lustrous eyes, her musical voice all aglow as with a live coal from
+    off the altar, I said: "Alice, I must have that story for The
+    Revolution!" "But I may never be able to finish it," she objected.
+    "We'll trust to Providence for that," I replied; and the last five
+    months of The Revolution carried The Born Thrall to thousands of
+    responsive hearts. But, alas, nature gave way and she was never
+    well enough to put the finishing touches to those terribly
+    true-to-life pictures of the pioneer wife and mother.
+
+The poetry for The Revolution was selected by Mrs. Tilton, who had rare
+literary taste and discrimination. The exquisite child articles,
+entitled "Dot and I" and signed Faith Rochester, were written by
+Francis E. Russell. It had a corps of foreign correspondents, among
+them the English philanthropist, Rebecca Moore. The distinguished list
+of contributors and the broad scope of The Revolution may be judged
+from its prospectus for 1870.[55] The chances of its paying expenses,
+however, did not increase, and the hoped-for stock company never was
+formed. Mr. Pillsbury had been most anxious for the past year to be
+released from his editorial duties, and had remained only because he
+could not bear to desert the paper in its distress. Mrs. Stanton,
+engaged in the lecture field, had sent only an occasional article, and
+now declined to continue her services longer without a salary. One
+person who stood by Miss Anthony unflinchingly through all this trying
+period was the publisher, R.J. Johnston, who never once failed in
+prompt and efficient service, and gave the most conscientious care to
+the make-up of the paper. Although her indebtedness to him finally
+reached the thousands, he remained faithful up to the printing of the
+very last number, and his was the first debt she paid out of the
+proceeds of her lyceum lectures.
+
+When Mrs. Phelps had opened the Woman's Bureau and invited The
+Revolution to take an office therein, Miss Anthony had warned her that
+it might keep other organizations of women away; but she was willing to
+take the risk. It resulted as prophesied. Not even the strong-minded
+Sorosis would have its clubrooms there, nor would any other society of
+women, and after a year's experiment, she gave up her project, rented
+the building to a private family and The Revolution moved to No. 27
+Chatham street. The generous Anna Dickinson, because of her friendship
+for Miss Anthony, presented Mrs. Phelps with $1,000, as a recompense
+for any loss she might have sustained through The Revolution. Mrs.
+Phelps being very ill that winter, added a codicil to her will giving
+Miss Anthony $1,000 to show that she had only the kindest feelings for
+her.
+
+At the beginning of 1870, a stock company was formed and the Woman's
+Journal established in Boston. Mrs. Livermore merged her Chicago paper,
+the Agitator, into this new enterprise (as she had proposed to do into
+The Revolution the year previous) removed to Boston and became
+editor-in-chief; Lucy Stone was made assistant editor and H.B.
+Blackwell business manager. This paper secured the patronage of all
+those believers in the rights of women who were not willing to accept
+the bold, fearless and radical utterances of The Revolution. The latter
+had exhausted the finances of its friends and had no further resources.
+The strain upon Miss Anthony, who alone was carrying the whole burden,
+was terrible beyond description. Never was there a longer, harder, more
+persistent struggle against the malice of enemies, the urgent advice of
+friends, against all hope, than was made by this heroic woman. As the
+inevitable end approached she wrote of it to Mrs. Stanton, who
+answered: "Make any arrangement you can to roll that awful load off
+your shoulders. If Anna Dickinson will be sole editor, I say, glory to
+God! Leave me to my individual work, the quiet of my home for the
+summer and the lyceum for the winter.... Tell our glorious little Anna
+if she only will nail her colors to that mast and make the dear old
+proprietor free once more, I will sing her praises to the end of time."
+
+Anna Dickinson very wisely concluded that she was not suited for an
+editor. Laura Curtis Bullard was much interested in reform work,
+possessed of literary ability and very desirous of securing The
+Revolution. Theodore Tilton, who was editing the New York Independent
+and the Brooklyn Daily Union, promised to assist her in managing the
+paper. Miss Anthony at last agreed to let her have it, and on May 22,
+1870, the formal transfer was made. She received the nominal sum of one
+dollar, and assumed personally the entire indebtedness. She had this
+dollar alone to show for two and a half years of as hard work as ever
+was performed by mortal, besides all the money she had earned and
+begged which had gone directly into the paper. During that time $25,000
+had been expended, and the present indebtedness amounted to $10,000
+more.
+
+Miss Anthony could not view this giving up of The Revolution so
+philosophically as did Mrs. Stanton; she was of very different
+temperament. Into this paper she had put her ambition, her hope, her
+reputation. The stronger the opposition, the firmer was her
+determination not to yield, nor was it a relief to be rid of it. She
+would have counted no cost too great, no work too hard, no sacrifice
+too heavy, could she but have continued the publication. Not only was
+it a terrible blow to her pride, but it wrung her heart. She could bear
+the triumph of her enemies far better than she could the giving up of
+the means by which she had expected to accomplish a great and permanent
+good for women and for all humanity. On the evening of the day when the
+paper passed out of her hands forever, she wrote in her diary, "It was
+like signing my own death-warrant;" and in a letter to a friend she
+said, "I feel a great, calm sadness like that of a mother binding out a
+dear child that she could not support." To the public she kept the same
+brave, unruffled exterior, but in a private letter, written a short
+time afterwards, is told in a few sentences a story which makes the
+heart ache:
+
+    My financial recklessness has been much talked of. Let me tell you
+    in what this recklessness consists: When there was need of greater
+    outlay, I never thought of curtailing the amount of work to lessen
+    the amount of cash demanded, but always doubled and quadrupled the
+    efforts to raise the necessary sum; rushing for contributions to
+    every one who had professed love or interest for the cause. If it
+    were 20,000 tracts for Kansas, the thought never entered my head to
+    stint the number--only to tramp up and down Broadway for
+    advertisements to pay for them. If to meet expenses of The
+    Revolution, it was not to pinch clerks or printers, but to make a
+    foray upon some money-king. None but the Good Father can ever begin
+    to know the terrible struggle of those years. I am not complaining,
+    for mine is but the fate of almost every originator or pioneer who
+    ever has opened up a way. I have the joy of knowing that I showed
+    it to be possible to publish an out-and-out woman's paper, and
+    taught other, women to enter in and reap where I had sown.
+
+    Heavy debts are still due, every dollar of which I intend to pay,
+    and I am tugging away, lecturing amid these burning suns, for no
+    other reason than to keep pulling down, hundred by hundred, that
+    tremendous pile. I sanguinely hope to cancel this debt in two years
+    of hard work, and cheerfully look forward to the turning of every
+    possible dollar into that channel. If you today should ask me to
+    choose between the possession of $25,000 and the immense work
+    accomplished by my Revolution during the time in which I sank that
+    amount, I should choose the work done--not the cash in hand. So,
+    you see, I don't groan or murmur--not a bit of it; but for the good
+    name of humanity, I would have liked to see the moneyed men and
+    women rally around the seed-sowers.
+
+Parker Pillsbury wrote her after he returned home: "No one could do
+better than you have done. If any complain, ask them what they did to
+help you carry the paper. I am glad you are relieved of a load too
+heavy for you to bear. Worry yourself no more. Work of course you will,
+but let there be no further anxiety and nervousness. Suffrage is
+growing with the oaks. The whirling spheres will usher in the day of
+its triumph at just the right time, but your full meed of praise will
+have to be sung over your grave."
+
+The motto of The Revolution, "The True Republic--Men, their rights and
+nothing more; women, their rights, and nothing less," was succeeded by
+"What God hath joined together, let no man put asunder." It was
+transformed into a literary and society journal, established in elegant
+headquarters at Brooklyn, inaugurated with a fashionable reception, and
+conducted by Mrs. Bullard for eighteen months, when she tired of it, or
+her father tired of advancing money, and it passed into other hands.
+
+When Miss Anthony had her accounts audited by an expert, he stated that
+The Revolution was in a better financial condition than was the New
+York Independent at the end of its first five years. She had just begun
+to realize her power as a lyceum lecturer and was in constant demand at
+large prices. The last two months before giving up the paper, she sent
+in from her lectures, above all her expenses, $1,300. She always felt
+that, with this source of revenue, she could have sustained and in time
+put it on a paying basis, as her subscription list was rapidly
+increasing, she had learned the newspaper business, and The Revolution
+was gaining the confidence of the public. But the experience came too
+late and she was driven to the wall--not a single friend would longer
+give her money, assistance or encouragement to continue the paper. To
+this day, she will take up the bound volumes with caressing fingers,
+touch them with pathetic tenderness, and pore over their pages with
+loving reverence, as one reads old letters when the hands which penned
+them are still forever.
+
+Miss Anthony did not waste a single day in mourning over her great
+disappointment. In fact, between May 18, when she agreed to give up The
+Revolution, and May 22, when the transfer actually was made, she went
+to Hornellsville and lectured, receiving $150 for that one evening.
+There are not many instances on record where a woman starts out alone
+to earn the money with which to pay a debt of $10,000. Very few of the
+advocates of woman suffrage contributed a dollar toward the payment of
+this debt, which had nothing in it of a personal nature but had been
+made entirely in the effort to advance the cause. Miss Anthony worked
+unceasingly through winter's cold and summer's heat, lecturing
+sometimes under private auspices, sometimes under those of a bureau,
+and herself arranging for unengaged nights. As she had all her expenses
+to pay and continued to contribute from her own pocket whenever funds
+were needed for suffrage work, it was six years before "she could look
+the whole world in the face for she owed not any man."
+
+She started at once on a western tour, lecturing through Ohio, Kansas
+and Illinois, speaking in the Methodist church at Evanston, June 3,
+1870. Dr. E.O. Haven, president of the university, (afterwards Bishop)
+in presenting her endorsed woman suffrage. At Bloomington she held a
+debate with a young professor from the State Normal School. The manager
+asked if she would take $100 instead of half the receipts, as agreed
+on. She replied that if the prospects were so good as to warrant him in
+making this offer, she was just Yankee enough to take her chances. This
+was a shrewd decision, as her half amounted to $250. The professor
+opposed the enfranchisement of women because they could not fight. As
+is the case invariably with men who make this objection, he was a very
+diminutive specimen, and Miss Anthony could not resist observing as she
+commenced her speech: "The professor talks about the physical
+disabilities of women; why, I could take him in my arms and lift him on
+and off this platform as easily as a mother would her baby!" Of course
+this put the audience in a fine humor.
+
+In every place she was entertained by representative people and
+received many social courtesies. She returned to Rochester July 27,
+spent just twelve hours at home, then hastened eastward, travelling by
+night in order to reach the Saratoga convention on the 28th. This was
+held under the auspices of the New York State Association, and managed
+by the secretary, Matilda Joslyn Gage. Miss Anthony was paid $100, for
+the first time in the history of conventions. Mrs. Gage wrote: "She is
+heavily burdened with debt, no one has made so great sacrifices all
+these years, and she deserves the money." During the summer she sent to
+a friend in England this summing up of the condition of the suffrage
+movement in the United States:
+
+    The secret of the present inaction is that all our best suffrage
+    men are in the Republican party and must keep in line with its
+    interests, make no demands beyond its possibilities, its safety,
+    its sure success. Hence, just now, while that party is trembling
+    lest it should fall into the minority, and thus give place to the
+    Democracy in 1872, it dares not espouse woman suffrage. So our
+    friends quietly drop our demand on Congress for a Sixteenth
+    Amendment, since to press that body to a vote would compel the
+    Republican members to show their hands; and if those who have in
+    private spoken for woman suffrage should not make a false public
+    record, the number in favor would commit the majority of their
+    party to our question; and by so doing give its opponents fresh
+    opportunity to appeal to the ignorant masses, which must inevitably
+    throw it out of power. The extension of the ballot to woman is a
+    question of intelligence and culture, and is sure to have enrolled
+    against it every narrow, prejudiced, small-brained man in all
+    classes. This being the state of things, our movement is at a
+    dead-lock. Practical action, political action, therefore, is almost
+    hopeless until after the presidential election of 1872; and after
+    that for still another four years, unless the Republican party
+    should be defeated and the Democracy come into power.
+
+    Just as soon as the Republicans are out of power, they will betake
+    themselves to the study of principles and begin to preach and
+    promise. Hence I devoutly pray without ceasing for the overthrow of
+    that purse-proud, corrupt, cowardly party; not that I expect from
+    the Democracy anything better than their antecedents promise, but
+    that I know such chastisement, such retirement, is the only means
+    by which conscience and courage can be injected into the heads and
+    hearts of the Republicans, the only way to make them see the
+    political necessity of enfranchising the women of the country, and
+    thereby securing their gratitude and through it their vote to place
+    and hold that party in power.
+
+    Then as to our woman suffrage organizations: There are first, the
+    Cleveland movement with all the strategy and maneuvering of its
+    semi-Republican managers, assented to and accepted by the women in
+    their train; then the Fifth Avenue Union Committee affair, which
+    seems not less likely to be under Republican man-power. With Mrs.
+    Stanton's utter refusal to stand at the helm of the National, and
+    our merging it into the Union Society, and with my transferring The
+    Revolution to the new company--we, E.C.S. and S.B.A., have let slip
+    from our hands all control of organizations and newspapers; thus
+    leaving them, I fear, to drift together into the management of mere
+    politicians. All are lulled into the strictest propriety of
+    expression, according to the gospel of St. Republican. And unless
+    that saint shall enact some new and more blasphemous law against
+    woman, which shall wake our confiding sisterhood into a sense of
+    their befoolment, you will neither see nor hear a word from
+    suffrage society or paper which will be in the slightest out of
+    line with the plan and policy of the dominant party. Nothing less
+    atrocious to woman than was the Fugitive Slave Law to the negro,
+    can possibly sting the women of this country into a knowledge of
+    their real subserviency, and out of their sickening sycophancy to
+    the Republican politicians associated with them.
+
+    So while I do not pray for anybody or any party to commit outrages,
+    still I do pray, and that earnestly and constantly, for some
+    terrific shock to startle the women of this nation into a
+    self-respect which will compel them to see the abject degradation
+    of their present position; which will force them to break their
+    yoke of bondage, and give them faith in themselves; which will make
+    them proclaim their allegiance to woman first; which will enable
+    them to see that man can no more feel, speak or act for woman than
+    could the old slaveholder for his slave. The fact is, women are in
+    chains, and their servitude is all the more debasing because they
+    do not realize it. O, to compel them to see and feel, and to give
+    them the courage and conscience to speak and act for their own
+    freedom, though they face the scorn and contempt of all the world
+    for doing it!
+
+Not another woman possessed this strong grasp of the whole situation,
+this deep comprehension of the abject condition of women, the more
+hopeless because of their own failure to feel or resent it.
+
+During the summer Miss Anthony attended the National Labor Congress in
+Philadelphia. A great strike of bookbinders had been in progress in New
+York and she had advised the women to take the vacant places. They were
+denied admission to all labor unions and their only chance of securing
+work was when the men and their employers disagreed. This gave a
+pretext for those who were opposed to a representation of women in
+labor conventions, and a bitter fight was made upon accepting her as a
+delegate. Charges of every description were preferred against her which
+she refuted in a spirited manner, but her credentials were finally
+rejected. The newspapers took up the fight on both sides, the
+opposition to Miss Anthony being led by the New York Star, always
+abusive where the question of woman's rights was concerned. During this
+controversy the Utica Herald contained a disgraceful editorial, saying:
+
+    Who does not feel sympathy for Susan Anthony? She has striven long
+    and earnestly to become a man. She has met with some rebuffs, but
+    has never succumbed. She has never done any good in the world, but
+    then she doesn't think so. She is sweet in the eyes of her own
+    mirror, but her advanced age and maiden name deny that she has been
+    so in the eyes of others. Boldly she marched, and well, into the
+    presence of 200 horrid male delegates of the Labor Congress, and
+    took somebody's seat.... Susan felt very much like a grizzly bear
+    unable to get at its tormentor. She had gone to the length of her
+    chain and couldn't get her claws into any one's hair. She could
+    only sit and glare.
+
+    At length Susan's case came up for consideration, and the congress
+    committed the crowning act of rashness and, without a thought of
+    the consequences, made an everlasting enemy of Susan Anthony by
+    ruling her out of the convention as a delegate. This was the
+    unkindest cut of all. "A lone, lorn old critter," with whom
+    everything "goes contrairie," was denied the solace of being
+    counted the one-two-hundreth part of a man by a labor convention!
+    We may well believe that Susan wept with sorrow at the blindness of
+    man, and our sympathy if not our tears is freely offered. But so
+    goes the world. This is not the first time that "man's inhumanity
+    to woman" has made Miss Anthony mourn and, as it is not her first
+    rebuff, we counsel her to seek admission again to the ranks of her
+    sex, and cease to cast reproach upon it by struggling to be a man.
+
+When some of the women remonstrated, the editor replied that he had not
+supposed there was one woman in Utica who believed in equal rights.
+
+Paulina Wright Davis had been actively arranging for a great convention
+in New York to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the first woman's
+rights convention in Massachusetts, which was held at Worcester, in
+October, 1850. That one had been managed almost wholly by Mrs. Davis
+and she had presided over its deliberations, therefore it seemed proper
+for her to be the central figure in celebrating its second decade. The
+New England suffrage people declined to take part in this meeting and,
+for some reason, Mr. Tilton's Union Society was decidedly averse to it.
+Mrs. Davis finally became ill from anxiety and overwork and joined her
+entreaties to Mrs. Stanton's that Miss Anthony should drop her lectures
+and come to New York; so she started for that city September 30,
+determined that Mrs. Davis' scheme should not be a failure. The entries
+in her journal give some idea of her energetic and unwearied action:
+
+    As soon as I reached New York I went to Dr. Lozier's for lunch,
+    then to see Mrs. Phelps. All in despair about the decade meeting.
+    Went at once to consult Alice and Phoebe Cary; from them to Mrs.
+    Winchester, found her just home from Europe; then to Julia Brown
+    Bemis, and thence to Murray street to see Mr. Studwell; then to
+    Tenafly on the evening train.... Back to New York the next morning,
+    to Tilton's, to Curtis', to Mrs. Wilbour's, and then to Providence
+    to see Mrs. Davis. Beached there late at night, woke her up and we
+    talked till morning. She was terribly distressed at the thought of
+    giving up the decade and in the morning I telegraphed to New York
+    that it _must_ go on.... Went there by first train, had all the
+    newspaper notices of its abandonment countermanded and new ones put
+    in, and an item sent out by Associated Press. Too late for last
+    train to Tenafly and had to hire a carriage to take me there.
+
+Her time was then divided between working on speeches with Mrs. Stanton
+and rushing over to New York to prepare for this meeting. On October 19
+she writes: "Ground out the resolutions, and took the afternoon train
+for the city. Met Martha Wright and Mrs. Davis at the St. James Hotel."
+
+There was a great reception the next afternoon in the hotel parlors,
+and the convention met at Apollo Hall, October 21, the whole of the
+arrangements having been made in three weeks. Mrs. Davis presided,
+everybody had been brought into line and it was a notable gathering.
+Cordial and approving letters to Mrs. Davis were read from Jacob
+Bright, Canon Kingsley, Frances Power Cobbe, Emily Faithfull, Mary
+Somerville, Emelie J. Meriman (afterwards the wife of Pere Hyacinthe),
+and other distinguished foreigners. Miss Anthony spoke strongly against
+their identifying themselves with either of the parties until it had
+declared for woman suffrage, urging them to accept every possible help
+from both but to form no alliance, as had been proposed. The feature of
+the occasion was "The History of the Woman's Rights Movement for Twenty
+Years," carefully prepared by Mrs. Davis.[56] In addition to this
+valuable work, she contributed $300 to the expenses of the meeting. It
+was an unqualified success and her letters were full of warmest
+gratitude to Miss Anthony.
+
+In November the latter resumed her lecturing tour which was arranged by
+Elizabeth Brown, who had been her head clerk in The Revolution office.
+The first of December she attended the Northwestern Woman Suffrage
+Convention at Detroit. Here she received a telegram to hasten home and
+arrived just in time to stand by the death-bed of a dear nephew, Thomas
+King McLean, twenty-one years old, brother of the beloved Ann Eliza who
+had died a few years before, and only son of her sister Guelma. He was
+a senior of brilliant promise in Rochester University. His death was a
+heavy blow to all the family and one from which his mother never
+recovered.
+
+With her debts pressing upon her and an array of lecture engagements
+ahead, Miss Anthony could neither pause to indulge her own grief nor to
+console and sympathize with the loved ones. The very night of the
+funeral she again set forth. By the New Year she had lessened her debt
+$1,600. This trip extended through New York and Pennsylvania, to
+Washington and into Virginia. Of the last she writes: "A great work to
+be done here but the lectures can not possibly be made to pay
+expenses." In Philadelphia she spoke in the Star course, was the guest
+of Anna Dickinson and was introduced to her audience by Lucretia Mott,
+then seventy-seven years old. The diary relates that Mrs. Mott came
+next morning before 8 o'clock to give her $20, saying it was very
+little but would show her confidence and affection. The lecture given
+on this tour was entitled "The False Theory" and was highly commended
+by the press. It never was written and probably never twice delivered
+in the same words, Miss Anthony always depending largely upon the
+inspiration of the occasion.
+
+The middle of December she slipped back to Rochester to see her
+bereaved sister, and speaks of their receiving a letter of sympathy
+from Rev. J.K. McLean, which, she says, "is the first philosophical
+word that has been spoken." While at home she was invited to the
+Hallowells' to see Wendell Phillips, their first meeting since their
+sad difference of opinion concerning the Fourteenth Amendment. They had
+a cordial interview and she went with him to his lecture in the
+evening. The entry in the journal that night closes with the
+underscored sentence, "Phillips is matchless."
+
+[Footnote 54: On the platform or in the audience were to be seen the
+beloved Quaker, Mrs. John J. Merrit, of Brooklyn, Margaret E.
+Winchester, Mrs. Theodore Tilton, Mrs. Edwin A. Studwell, Catharine
+Beecher--her plain face illuminated with the fire of indignation--Jenny
+June Croly, writing rapidly for the New York World, Cora Tappan, Hannah
+Tracy Cutler, president of the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association, Phoebe
+Couzins, Mrs. Benjamin F. Butler, Mrs. James Parton, better known as
+Fanny Fern, Charlotte B. Wilbour, Elizabeth B. Phelps, two nieces of
+Mrs. U. S. Grant, Laura Curtis Bullard. Frances Dietz Hallock, Ella
+Dietz Clymer, Anne Lynch Botta, Mary F. Gilbert, Mrs. Moses Beach,
+Julia Ward Howe, and many other well-known women.]
+
+[Footnote 55: The demands for woman everywhere today are for a wider
+range of employment, higher wages, thorough mental and physical
+education, and an equal right before the law in all those relations
+which grow out of the marriage state. While we yield to none in the
+earnestness of our advocacy of these claims, we make a broader demand
+for the enfranchisement of woman, as the only way in which all her just
+rights can be permanently secured. By discussing, as we shall
+incidentally, leading questions of political and social importance, we
+hope to educate women for an intelligent judgment upon public affairs,
+and for a faithful expression of that judgment at the polls.
+
+As masculine ideas have ruled the race for six thousand years, we
+especially desire that The Revolution shall be the mouth piece of
+women, to give the world the feminine thought in politics, religion and
+social life; so that ultimately in the union of both we may find the
+truth in all things. On the idea taught by the creeds, codes and
+customs of the world, that woman was made for man, we declare war to
+the death, and proclaim the higher truth that, like man, she was
+created by God for individual moral responsibility and progress here
+and forever.
+
+Our principal contributors this year are: Anna Dickinson, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Alice and Phoebe Cary, Olive
+Logan, Mary Clemmer, Mrs. Theodore Tilton, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Phoebe
+Couzins, Elizabeth Boynton and others; and foreign, Rebecca Moore,
+Lydia E. Becker and Madame Marie Goeg.
+
+The Revolution is an independent journal, bound to no party or sect,
+and those who write for our columns are responsible only for what
+appears under their own names. Hence, if old Abolitionists and
+Slaveholders, Republicans and Democrats, Presbyterians and
+Universalists, Catholics and Protestants find themselves side by side
+in writing on the question, of woman suffrage, they must pardon each
+other's differences on all other points, trusting that by giving their
+own views strongly and grandly, they will overshadow the errors by
+their side.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Frances Wright, from Scotland, in 1828 was the first
+woman to speak on a public platform in this country. Ernestine L. Rose,
+from Poland, gave political lectures in 1836; Mary S. Gove, of New
+York, lectured oil woman's rights in 1837; Sarah and Angelina Grimke,
+from South Carolina, commenced their anti-slavery speeches in 1837, and
+Abby Kelly, of Massachusetts, in 1839; Eliza W. Farnham, of New York,
+lectured in 1843; between 1840 and 1845 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Paulina
+Wright (afterwards Davis) and Ernestine L. Rose circulated petitions
+for a bill to secure property rights for married women, and several
+times addressed committees of the New York Legislature; Margaret Fuller
+gave lectures in Massachusetts, in 1845; Lucy Stone spoke for the
+rights of women in 1847. The first woman's rights convention was called
+by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright and Mary Ann
+McClintock, at Seneca Falls, N.Y., in 1848; Susan B. Anthony made her
+first speech on temperance in 1849. From 1850 the number of women
+speakers rapidly increased.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+MRS. HOOKER'S CONVENTION--THE LECTURE FIELD.
+
+1871.
+
+
+A large correspondence was conducted in regard to the Third National
+Convention, which was to be held in Washington in January, 1871.
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, who had all the zeal of a new convert, created
+some amusement among the old workers by offering to relieve them of the
+entire management of the convention, intimating that she would avoid
+the mistakes they had made and put the suffrage work on a more
+aristocratic basis. To Mrs. Stanton she wrote:
+
+    I have proposed taking the Washington convention into my own hands,
+    expenses and all; arranging program, and presiding or securing help
+    in that direction, if I should need it. I shall hope to get Robert
+    Collyer, and a good many who might not care to speak for "the
+    Union" but would speak for me. I should want from you a pure
+    suffrage argument, much like that you made before the committee at
+    Washington last winter. I know you are tired of this branch, but
+    you are fitted to do a great work still in that direction.... Won't
+    you promise to come to my convention, without charge save
+    travelling expenses, provided I have one? I am waiting to hear from
+    Susan, Mrs. Pomeroy and you, and then shall get Tilton's approval
+    and the withdrawal of the society from the work, if they have
+    undertaken it, and go ahead.
+
+Mrs. Stanton consented gladly and wrote the other friends to do
+likewise, saying: "I should like to have Susan for president, as she
+has worked and toiled as no other woman has, but if we think best not
+to blow her horn, then let us exalt Mrs. Hooker, who thinks she could
+manage the cause more discreetly, more genteelly than we do. I am ready
+to rest and see the salvation of the Lord." On their rounds the letters
+came to Martha Wright, the gentle Quaker, who commented with the fine
+irony of which she was master: "It strikes me favorably. It would be a
+fine thing for Mrs. Hooker to preside over the Washington convention,
+while her sister, Catharine Beecher, was inveighing against suffrage,
+for the benefit of Mrs. Dahlgren and others. Perhaps she is right in
+thinking that Robert Collyer and a good many others who would not care
+to speak for 'the Union,' would speak for her--I for one would be glad
+to have her try it! If 'Captain Susan' would consent to be placed at
+the head of the association, there could not be a more suitable and
+just appointment."
+
+Mrs. Stanton wrote that her lecture engagements would not permit her to
+go to Washington and she would send $100 instead. Mrs. Hooker replied:
+
+    Your offer just suits me, and of myself I should accept $100 with
+    thankfulness, and excuse you, as you desire, but Susan looked
+    disgusted and said, "She must appear before the Congressional
+    committees, at any rate." I had not thought of that, but of course,
+    if you were in Washington, it would be absurd not to be on our
+    platform; and so I don't know what to say. You will talk more
+    forcibly than any one else, and in committee you are invaluable.
+    Still, I want your money, and I could do without you on the
+    platform.... I fully expect, to accomplish far more by a convention
+    devoted to the purely political aspect of the woman question, than
+    by a woman's rights convention, however well-managed; and this,
+    because the time has come for this practical work--discussion has
+    prepared the way, now we must have the thing, the vote itself. It
+    just occurs to me that you might write an argument for the
+    committee, which I would read, but of course your presence is most
+    desirable, and I incline to have you on hand for this last, great
+    effort; for it does seem to me that _we need not have another
+    convention_ in Washington, but only a select committee to work
+    privately every winter, and send for speakers, etc., when the
+    committees are ready to grant hearings.
+
+It is the part of wisdom to suppress Mrs. Stanton's reply to this, but
+she sent it to Martha Wright, who answered her:
+
+    You can imagine what success Mrs. Hooker will have with those wily
+    politicians. She thinks they will come serenely from their seats to
+    the lobby, when she tries "all the means known to an honest woman."
+    I fear the means known to _the other sort_ would meet a readier
+    response. I forget which of the senators it was, last winter, who
+    said rudely to Mrs. Davis and Mrs. Griffing, "You just call us out
+    because you like to."... Mrs. Hooker will find it no easy matter to
+    hook them on to _her_ platform, but she will be wiser after trying.
+    She is mistaken in considering the cause so nearly won, but it
+    would be as impossible for her to realize the situation as it was
+    for Rev. Thomas Beecher to be convinced that Mr. Smith saw more
+    clearly than he. "Do you mean," said this potentate, "to bring down
+    the whole Beecher family on your head?" "No," was the reply, "do
+    you mean to bring the whole Smith family on to yours?"
+
+The following circular letter was sent to Curtis, Phillips and other
+prominent men:
+
+    A convention has been announced at Washington, for January 11 and
+    12, to push the Sixteenth Amendment. The management is solely in my
+    hands, and I alone assume the financial responsibility. I go to
+    Washington January 1 to spend some days enlisting members of
+    Congress in this purely political question, and securing short
+    speeches from them on our platform. I have neither State nor
+    national society behind me, but am attempting to carry on a
+    convention with this single aim--to awaken Congress and, through
+    it, the country, to the fact that a Sixteenth Amendment is needed,
+    in order to carry out the principles of the Declaration of
+    Independence; and that we women are tired of petitioning, and would
+    fain begin to vote without delay. Will you speak for _me_ in the
+    day or the evening, and much oblige your sincere friend, ISABELLA
+    B. HOOKER.
+
+Evidently they would not speak, even "for me," and Mrs. Hooker sends
+around this note of explanation to the "old guard:" "I know of no
+gentlemen outside of members of Congress, that can help us at all, who
+can come. Beecher, Collyer, Curtis and Phillips are all unable. If you
+think of any one else it would be worth while to invite, please write
+me at once. I have such a strong determination that members shall
+understand how much we are in earnest at this time, and how we won't
+wait any longer, that it does seem to me they will take up a burden of
+speech themselves, and work also. Mr. Sewall, of Boston, writes me that
+he will urge Mr. Sumner, as I requested, and other members, but thinks
+they can not need it."
+
+Miss Anthony, however, declined to be snubbed, subdued or displaced,
+and wrote to Mrs. Stanton in the following vigorous style:
+
+    Mrs. Hooker's attitude is not in the least surprising. She is
+    precisely like every new convert in every reform. I have no doubt
+    but each of the Apostles in turn, as he came into the ranks,
+    believed he could improve upon Christ's methods. I know every new
+    one thought so of Garrison's and Phillips'. The only thing
+    surprising in this case is that you, the pioneer, should drop, and
+    say to each of these converts: "Yes, you may manage. I grant your
+    knowledge, judgment, taste, culture, are all superior to mine. I
+    resign the good old craft to you altogether." To my mind there
+    never was such suicidal letting go as has been yours these last two
+    years.
+
+    But I am now teetotally discouraged, and shall make no more
+    attempts to hold you up to what I know is not only the best for our
+    cause, but equally so for yourself, from the moral standpoint if
+    not the financial. O, how I have agonized over my utter failure to
+    make you feel and see the importance of standing fast and holding
+    the helm of our good ship to the end of the storm. Mr. Greeley's
+    "On to Richmond" backdown was not more sad to me, not half so sad.
+    How you can excuse yourself, is more than I can understand.
+
+Mrs. Stanton commented to Mrs. Wright: "For your instruction in the
+ways of the world, I send you Susan's letter. You see I am between two
+fires all the time. Some are determined to throw me overboard, and she
+is equally determined that I shall stand at the masthead, no matter how
+pitiless the storm."
+
+Mrs. Hooker found hers was a greater task than she had anticipated and
+finally wrote Miss Anthony: "God knows, and you ought to know, that any
+one who undertakes a convention has put self-seeking one side and is
+nearer to being a martyr, stake, fagots and all, than any of us care to
+be unless called by duty with a loud and unmistakable call. I shirked
+the labor last year and pitied you because so much fell upon you, and
+out of pure love to you and to the cause determined this time to take
+all I could on my own shoulders, but you must come and help out."
+
+Mrs. Stanton still persisted in her determination not to go to this
+convention but Miss Anthony cancelled eight or ten lecture engagements,
+at from $50 to $75 each, in order to be present in person and see that
+the affair was properly managed. Mrs. Hooker, however, was fully equal
+to the occasion, her convention was a marked success and she proved to
+be one of the most valuable acquisitions to the ranks of workers for
+woman suffrage. She soon learned that the opposition to be overcome was
+far greater than she had imagined, and after nearly thirty years'
+effort, not even in her own State have women been able to secure their
+enfranchisement. It seems, however, a bit of poetic justice that this
+convention, which was to lift the movement for woman suffrage to a
+higher plane than it ever before had occupied, should have been the
+first to invite to its platform Victoria C. Woodhull, whose advent
+precipitated a storm of criticism compared to which all those that had
+gone before were as a summer shower to a Missouri cyclone.
+
+[Illustration: Isabella Beecher Hooker]
+
+On December 21, 1870, Mrs. Woodhull had gone to Washington with a
+memorial praying Congress to enact such laws as were necessary for
+enabling women to exercise the right to vote vested in them by the
+Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This was
+presented in the Senate by Harris, of Louisiana, and in the House by
+Julian, of Indiana, referred to the judiciary committees and ordered
+printed. She had taken this action without consulting any of the
+suffrage leaders and they were as much astonished to hear of it as were
+the rest of the world. When they arrived at the capital another
+surprise awaited them. On taking up the papers they learned that Mrs.
+Woodhull was to address the judiciary committee of the House of
+Representatives the very morning their convention was to open. Miss
+Anthony hastened to confer with Mrs. Hooker, who was a guest at the
+home of Senator Pomeroy, and to urge that they should be present at
+this hearing and learn what Mrs. Woodhull proposed to do. Mrs. Hooker
+emphatically declined, but the senator said: "This is not politics. Men
+never could work in a political party if they stopped to investigate
+each member's antecedents and associates. If you are going into a
+fight, you must accept every help that offers."
+
+Finally they postponed the opening of their convention till afternoon
+and, on the morning of January 11, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Hooker, Paulina
+Wright Davis and Hon. A. G. Riddle appeared in the judiciary committee
+room. None of them had met Mrs. Woodhull, whom they found to be a
+beautiful woman, refined in appearance and plainly dressed. She read
+her argument in a clear, musical voice with a modest and engaging
+manner, captivating not only the men but the ladies, who invited her to
+come to their convention and repeat it. Mrs. Hooker and Judge Riddle
+also addressed the committee and Miss Anthony closed the proceedings
+with a short speech, thus reported by the Philadelphia Press:
+
+    She said few women had persecuted Congress as she had done, and she
+    was glad that new, fresh voices were heard today. "But, gentlemen,"
+    she continued, "I entreat you to bring this matter before the
+    House. You let our petition, presented by Mr. Julian last winter,
+    come to its death. I ask you to grant our appeal so that I can lay
+    off my armor, for I am tired of fighting. The old Constitution did
+    not disfranchise women, and we begged you not to put the word
+    'male' into the Fourteenth Amendment. I wish, General Butler, you
+    would say _contraband_ for us. But, gentlemen, bring in a report of
+    some kind, either for or against; don't let the matter die in
+    committee. Make it imperative that every man in the House shall
+    show whether he is for or against it." Mrs. Hooker caught the
+    refrain as Miss Anthony sat down, and said: "Pledge yourselves that
+    we shall have a hearing before Congress."
+
+The Daily Patriot, of Washington, gave this account of the opening of
+the convention:
+
+    About 3 o'clock the principal actors came upon the stage in Lincoln
+    Hall. In the center of the front row was Paulina Wright Davis, a
+    stately, dignified lady with a full suit of frosted hair. On her
+    right was Isabella Beecher Hooker, the ruling genius of the
+    assembly, of commanding voice and look, and evidently at home on
+    the rostrum. On the left was Josephine S. Griffing, of this city,
+    wearing the calm, imperturbable expression which is so eminently
+    her characteristic. Further on was Susan B. Anthony, "the hero of a
+    hundred fights," but still as eager for the fray as when she first
+    enlisted under the banner of woman's rights.... Then came the two
+    New York sensations, Woodhull and Claflin, both in dark dresses,
+    with blue neckties, short, curly brown hair, and nobby Alpine hats,
+    the very picture of the advanced ideas they are advocating. All
+    were fresh from the scene of their contest in the Capitol, wreathed
+    with smiles, flushed with victory, and evidently determined to let
+    the world know that the goal of their ambition was nearly reached;
+    that Congress had virtually surrendered at discretion, and
+    hereafter they were to be considered part and parcel of that great
+    body denominated American citizens.
+
+    Mrs. Hooker introduced Victoria Woodhull, saying it was her first
+    attempt at public speaking, but her heart was so in the movement
+    that she was determined to try. She advanced to the front of the
+    platform, but was so nervous that she required the assuring arm of
+    the president and her kindly voice to give her courage to proceed.
+    When she did, it was with a perceptible tremor in her tones. After
+    an apology, she read her memorial, which had been presented to the
+    judiciary committee, reported the result of her interview with
+    them, and said she had the assurance that it would be favorably
+    reported, and that the heart of every man in Congress was in the
+    movement. Thus ended the first effort of the great Wall street
+    broker as a public speaker.
+
+She was followed by Josephine S. Griffing, Lillie Devereux Blake,
+Frederick Douglass and others. Judge Riddle made the address of the
+evening. Senator Nye, of Nevada, presided over one evening session;
+Senator Warner, of Alabama, over one; and Senator Wilson, of
+Massachusetts, over another. The correspondent of the Philadelphia
+Press wrote: "Mrs. Woodhull sat sphynx-like during the convention.
+General Grant himself might learn a lesson of silence from the pale,
+sad face of this unflinching woman. No chance to send an arrow through
+the opening seams of her mail.... She reminds one of the forces in
+nature behind the storm, or of a small splinter of the indestructible;
+and if her veins were opened they would be found to contain ice." The
+National Republican thus describes one session:
+
+    The attendance yesterday morning clearly demonstrated that the
+    woman's movement has received an immense addition in numbers,
+    quality and earnestness.... Miss Anthony, with her face all aglow,
+    her eyes sparkling with indignation, said that a petition against
+    suffrage had been presented in the Senate by Mr. Edmunds, signed by
+    Mrs. General Sherman, Mrs. Admiral Dahlgren and others. She was
+    glad the enemies of the movement at last had shown themselves. They
+    were women who never knew a want, and had no feeling for those who
+    were less fortunate. They had boasted that if necessary they could
+    get one thousand more signatures of the best women in the land to
+    their petition. What are a thousand names, and who are the best
+    women in the land? In answer to the one thousand the advocates of
+    suffrage could bring tens, aye, hundreds of thousands of women who
+    desire the ballot for self-protection. The fight had now commenced
+    in earnest, and it would not be ended until every woman in this
+    broad land was vested with the full rights of citizenship.
+
+The tenor of all the speeches was the right of women to vote under the
+recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment. There was an absence of the
+usual long series of resolutions, and all were concentrated in the
+following, presented by Miss Anthony:
+
+    Whereas, The Fourteenth Article of the Constitution of the United
+    States declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United
+    States are citizens thereof, and of the State wherein they reside,
+    and as such entitled to the unabridged exercise of the privileges
+    and immunities of citizens, among which are the rights of the
+    elective franchise; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That the Congress of the United States be earnestly
+    requested to pass an _act declaratory_ of the true extent and
+    meaning of the said Fourteenth Article.
+
+    _Resolved_, That it is the duty of American women in the several
+    States to apply for registration at the proper times and places,
+    and in all cases when they fail to secure it to see that suits be
+    instituted in the courts having jurisdiction, and that their right
+    to the franchise shall secure general and judicial recognition.
+
+In presenting the resolutions she said that if Congress failed to do
+what was asked, and if the courts decided that "persons" are not
+citizens, then the women had another resource; they could go back to
+first principles and push the Sixteenth Amendment. A national woman
+suffrage and educational committee of six was formed, herself among the
+number; and a large book was opened containing a "Declaration and
+Pledge of Women of the United States," written by Mrs. Hooker,
+asserting their belief in their right to the suffrage and their desire
+to use it. This was signed within a few months by 80,000 women and
+presented to Congress. The following spring large numbers attempted to
+vote in various parts of the country.
+
+The advent of Mrs. Woodhull on the woman suffrage platform created a
+wide-spread commotion. The old cry of "free love" was redoubled, the
+enemies exulted loud and long, the friends censured and protested.
+Regarding this matter, Mrs. Hooker wrote:
+
+    My sister Catharine says she is convinced now that I am right and
+    that Mrs. Woodhull is a pure woman, holding a wrong social theory,
+    and ought to be treated with kindness if we wish to win her to the
+    truth. Catharine wanted me to write her a letter of introduction,
+    so that when she went to New York she could make her acquaintance
+    and try to convince her that she is in error in regard to her views
+    on marriage. I gave her the letter and she is in New York now. When
+    she sees her she will be just as much in love with her as the rest
+    of us. Imagine the Dahlgren coterie when they get Catharine to
+    Washington to fight suffrage and find her visiting Victoria and
+    proclaiming her sweetness and excellence.
+
+The rest of the story is told in a subsequent letter: "Sister Catharine
+returned last night. She saw Victoria and, attacking her on the
+marriage question, got such a black eye as filled her with horror and
+amazement. I had to laugh inwardly at her relation of the interview and
+am now waiting for her to cool down!"
+
+The men especially were exercised over the new convert to suffrage and
+flooded the ladies with letters of protest. To one of these Mrs.
+Stanton replied:
+
+    In regard to the gossip about Mrs. Woodhull I have one answer to
+    give to all my gentlemen friends: When the men who make laws for us
+    in Washington can stand forth and declare themselves pure and
+    unspotted from all the sins mentioned in the Decalogue, then we
+    will demand that every woman who makes a constitutional argument on
+    our platform shall be as chaste as Diana. If our good men will only
+    trouble themselves as much about the virtue of their own sex as
+    they do about ours, if they will make one moral code for both men
+    and women, we shall have a nobler type of manhood and womanhood in
+    the next generation than the world has yet seen.
+
+    We have had women enough sacrificed to this sentimental,
+    hypocritical prating about purity. This is one of man's most
+    effective engines for our division and subjugation. He creates the
+    public sentiment, builds the gallows, and then makes us hangmen for
+    our sex. Women have crucified the Mary Wollstonecrafts, the Fanny
+    Wrights, the George Sands, the Fanny Kembles, of all ages; and now
+    men mock us with the fact, and say we are ever cruel to each other.
+    Let us end this ignoble record and henceforth stand by womanhood.
+    If Victoria Woodhull must be crucified, let men drive the spikes
+    and plait the crown of thorns.
+
+[Autograph: Lucinda Hinsdale Stone]
+
+Immediately after the Washington convention, Miss Anthony went to fill
+a lecture engagement at Kalamazoo, the arrangements made by her friend,
+the widely-known and revered Lucinda H. Stone. She spoke also at Grand
+Rapids and other points in Michigan. At Chicago she was fortunate
+enough to have a day with Mrs. Stanton, also on a lecturing tour, and
+then took the train for Leavenworth. At Kansas City the papers said she
+made "the success of the lecture season." She spoke in Leavenworth,
+Lawrence, Topeka, Paola, Olathe and other places throughout the State.
+Although it was very cold and the half-frozen mud knee deep, she
+usually had good audiences. At Lincoln, Neb., she was entertained at
+the home of Governor Butler and introduced by him at her lecture. At
+Omaha her share of the receipts was $100. At Council Bluffs she was the
+guest of her old fellow-worker, Amelia Bloomer. Cedar Rapids and Des
+Moines gave packed houses. She lectured in a number of Illinois towns,
+taking trains at midnight and at daybreak; and, waiting four hours at
+one little station, the diary says she was so thoroughly worn-out she
+was compelled to lie down on the dirty floor. On the homeward route she
+spoke at Antioch College, and was the guest of President Hosmer's
+family. According to the infallible little journal: "The president said
+he had listened to all the woman suffrage lecturers in the field, but
+tonight, for the first time, he had heard an _argument_; a compliment
+above all others, coming from an aged and conservative minister."
+
+She spoke also at Wilberforce University, at Dayton, Springfield,
+Crestline, and in Columbus before the two Houses of the Legislature. At
+Salem she ran across Parker Pillsbury, who was lecturing there. When
+she took the train at Columbus "there sat Mrs. Stanton, fast asleep,
+her gray curls sticking out." Then again into Michigan she went,
+speaking at Jackson, Lansing, Ann Arbor and other cities. Mrs. Stanton
+had preceded her and it was many times said that her lecture needed
+Miss Anthony's to make it complete. Then to Chicago, where she spoke at
+a suffrage matinee in Farwell Hall and at the Cook county annual
+suffrage convention, and dined at Robert Collyer's; back to Iowa,
+speaking at Burlington, Davenport, Mount Pleasant and Ottumwa; over
+into Nebraska once more, from there returning to Illinois; into
+Indiana, thence to Milwaukee and points in Wisconsin; and once more to
+Chicago, where, as was often the case, she was the guest of Mr. and
+Mrs. Fernando Jones; from here across to Painesville and other towns in
+northern Ohio; then on to numerous places in western New York, and
+finally home to Rochester, April 25, having slept scarcely two nights
+in the same bed for over three months.
+
+Such is the hard life of the public lecturer, the most exhausting and
+exacting which man or woman can experience. During all this long trip
+Miss Anthony had met everywhere a cordial welcome and had been
+entertained in scores of delightful homes. Her speech on this tour was
+entitled "The New Situation," and was a clear and comprehensive
+argument to prove that the Fourteenth Amendment gave women the right to
+vote. Although composed largely of legal and constitutional references,
+it was not written but drawn from the storehouse of her wonderful
+memory, aided only by a few notes.
+
+At the close of the Washington convention the advocates of woman
+suffrage honestly believed that the battle was almost won. They felt
+sure Congress would pass the enabling act, permitting them to exercise
+the right that they claimed to be conferred by the Fourteenth
+Amendment, in which claim they were sustained by some of the best
+constitutional lawyers in the country. The agricultural committee room
+in the Capitol was placed at the disposal of the national woman
+suffrage committee, who put Josephine S. Griffing in charge. The latter
+part of January she wrote:
+
+    Our room is thronged. Yesterday and today no less than twelve wives
+    of members of Congress were here and large numbers of the
+    aristocratic women of Washington. Blanche Butler Ames assures me
+    that all her sympathies are with us. President Grant's sister, Mrs.
+    Cramer, has been here and given her name, saying that Mrs. Grant
+    sent her regards and sympathized with our movement, and that she
+    had refused from principle to sign Mrs. Sherman's protest.... The
+    daily press is on its knees and is publishing long editorials in
+    our favor. You ask if this is a Republican dodge. I do not know. I
+    feel as Douglass did, ready to welcome the bolt from heaven or hell
+    that shivers the chains. If the Republicans hope to save their
+    lives by our enfranchisement, let them live.
+
+Mrs. Hooker wrote from Washington: "Everything conspires to bring about
+the early confirmation of our hopes. Republicans are discovering that
+without this new, live issue, they are dead, and once more party
+necessity is to be God's opportunity. Let us, who know so many good men
+and true who are in this party, be thankful that through it, rather
+than through the Democratic, deliverance is to come, for to owe
+gratitude to a pro-slavery party would nearly choke my thanksgiving."
+
+To this Mrs. Stanton replied: "That is not the point, but which party,
+as a party, has the best record on our question. For four years I have
+chafed under the Republican maneuvering to keep us still. Let me call
+your attention to my speech on the Fifteenth Amendment, in which I said
+'this is a new stab at womanhood, to result in deeper degradation to
+her than she has ever known before.'... Sometimes I exclaim in agony,
+'Can nothing raise the self-respect of women?' I despise the Republican
+party for the political serfdom we suffer today, under the heel of
+every foreign lord and lackey who treads our soil. If all of you have
+turned to such idols, I will go alone to Jerusalem."
+
+When the judiciary committee made its adverse report[57] which was
+merely that Congress had not the power to act, most of the friends were
+not discouraged but believed another committee would decide
+differently. Mrs. Hooker, however, was at the boiling point of
+indignation over the report and reversed her decision in regard to the
+Republican party, writing: "Thank God! that party is dead; every one
+here knows it, feels it, and is waiting to see what will take its
+place. A great labor and woman suffrage party is ready to spring into
+life, and a hundred aristocratic Democrats are pledged to the work. You
+can have no conception of the new conditions unless you are here in the
+midst of things and read the telegrams from all parts of the country.
+Early next winter we shall be declared voting citizens." She then
+quotes a number of prominent Democratic politicians whom she has
+interviewed and who have given her reason for having faith in that
+party. But many of the women were fooled then by both political
+parties, just as they have continued to be up to the present time.
+
+A letter from Phoebe Couzins expressed the sentiment of numbers which
+were received this spring: "We made a grand mistake in giving up the
+National. If you and Mrs. Stanton think best, as your fingers are on
+the pulse of the people, let us resolve the Union Society into the
+National Association. So say Mr. and Mrs. Minor, but whatever is done,
+the two grand women who have the qualifications for leadership _must be
+at the head_; the cause will languish until you are back in your old
+places."
+
+The suffrage anniversary was held in Apollo Hall, New York, May 11 and
+12, 1871. Mrs. Griffing read an able report on the work at Washington
+the previous winter. There were strong objections by a number of ladies
+to sitting on the platform with Mrs. Woodhull, but Mrs. Stanton said
+she should be sandwiched between Lucretia Mott and herself and that
+surely would give her sufficient respectability. She made a fine
+constitutional argument, to which the most captious could not object.
+The excitement created by her appearance at the Washington meeting was
+mild compared to that in New York City where she was becoming so
+well-known. The great dailies headed all reports, "The Woodhull
+Convention." The injustice and vindictiveness of the Tribune, that
+paper which once had been the champion of woman's cause, were
+especially hard to bear. It rang the changes upon the term "free love,"
+insisted that, because the women allowed Mrs. Woodhull to stand upon
+their platform and advocate suffrage, they thereby indorsed all her
+ideas on social questions, and by every possible means it cast odium on
+the convention.
+
+There is no doubt that the advocates of "free love," in its usually
+accepted sense, did endeavor to insinuate themselves among the suffrage
+women and make this movement responsible for their social doctrines,
+but every great reform has to suffer from similar parasites. The lives
+of Miss Anthony, Mrs. Mott, Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Hooker, Mrs. Davis, and
+of all the old and tried leaders in this cause, form the strongest
+testimony of their utter repudiation of any such heresy. It was
+impossible, however, for the world in general to understand their broad
+ground that it was their business to accept valuable services without
+inquiring into the private life of the persons who offered them. If
+this were a mistake, these pioneers, who fought single-handed such a
+battle as the women of later days can not comprehend, had to learn the
+fact by experience.
+
+The notorious Stephen Pearl Andrews prepared a set of involved and
+intricate resolutions which were read by Paulina Wright Davis, the
+chairman, without any thought of their possessing a deeper meaning than
+appeared on the surface, but they fell flat on the convention, and were
+neither discussed nor voted upon. The papers got possession of them,
+nevertheless, declared that they were adopted as part of the platform,
+read "free love" between the lines, and used them as the basis of many
+ponderous and prophetic editorials.
+
+A national committee was formed of one woman from each State, with Mrs.
+Stanton as chairman, of which the New York Standard, edited by John
+Russell Young, said: "Miss Susan B. Anthony holds a modest position,
+but we can well believe that in any movement for the enfranchisement of
+women, like MacGregor, wherever she sits will be the head of the
+table." The New York Democrat commented: "She deals with facts, not
+theories, but just gets hold of one nail after another and drives it
+home.... Her words were to the point, as they always are, and abounded
+in telling hits in every direction." Even the Tribune was generous
+enough to say: "The ranks of the agitators with whom Captain Anthony is
+identified contain no one more indiscreet, more reckless or more
+honest. We have no sort of sympathy with the object to which the fair
+captain is now devoting her life; but we know no person before the
+country more single-minded, sincere and unselfish and, for these
+reasons, more honestly entitled to the regard of a public which will
+always appreciate upright intentions and disinterested devotion."
+
+In the closing days of May, she wrote to her old paper, The Revolution:
+
+    Your "Stand by the Cause," this week, is the timely word to the
+    friends of woman suffrage. The present howl is an old trick of the
+    arch-fiend to divert public thought from the main question, viz:
+    woman's equal freedom and equal power to make and control her own
+    conditions in the state, in the church and, most of all, in the
+    home.
+
+    Though the ballot is the open sesame to equal rights, there is a
+    fundamental law which can not be violated with impunity between
+    woman and man, any more than between man and man; a law stated a
+    hundred years ago by Alexander Hamilton: "Give to a man a right
+    over my subsistence, and he has power over my whole moral being."
+    Woman's subsistence is in the hands of man, and most arbitrarily
+    and unjustly does he exercise his consequent power, making two
+    moral codes: one for himself, with largest latitude--swearing,
+    chewing, smoking, drinking, gambling, libertinism, all winked
+    at--cash and brains giving him a free pass everywhere; another
+    quite unlike this for woman--she must be immaculate. One hair's
+    breadth deviation, even the touch of the hem of the garment of an
+    _accused_ sister, dooms her to the world's scorn. Man demands that
+    his wife shall be above suspicion. Woman must accept her husband as
+    he is, for she is powerless so long as she eats the bread of
+    dependence. Were man today dependent upon woman for his
+    subsistence, I have no doubt he would very soon find himself
+    compelled to square his life to an entirely new code, not a whit
+    less severe than that to which he now holds her. In moral
+    rectitude, we would not have woman less but man more.
+
+    It is to put an end to such heresies as the following, from the
+    Rochester Democrat, that all women should most earnestly labor.
+    That paper begs us not to forget, "that what may be pardonable in a
+    man, speaking of evils generally, may and perhaps ought to be
+    unpardonable in one of the presumably better sex; because there can
+    not and must not be perfect equality between men and women when the
+    disposition to do wrong is under discussion. Women are permitted to
+    be as much better than men as they choose; but there ought to be no
+    law, on or oft the statute books, recognizing their social and
+    political right to be worse or even as bad as men; and it is
+    shameful that intelligent women should claim such a right, or even
+    dare to mention it at all." No human being or class of human beings
+    would venture to talk thus to equals. It is only because women are
+    dependent on men that such cowardly impudence can be dished out to
+    them day after day by puny legislators and editors, themselves
+    often reeking in social corruption which should banish them forever
+    from the presence of womanhood. Yours for an even-handed scale in
+    morals as well as politics, SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
+
+[Footnote 57: The committee reported January 30, 1871, John A. Bingham,
+of Ohio, chairman. The minority report, signed by Benjamin F. Butler,
+of Massachusetts, and William Loughridge, of Iowa, is perhaps the
+strongest and most exhaustive argument ever written on woman's right to
+vote under the Constitution. It is given in full in the History of
+Woman Suffrage, Vol. II, p. 464.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+FIRST TRIP TO THE PACIFIC COAST.
+
+1871.
+
+
+At the close of the New York convention Miss Anthony, Rev. Olympia
+Brown and Josephine S. Griffing went with Mrs. Hooker to Hartford for a
+short visit, which it may be imagined was one protracted "business
+session." Then Miss Anthony hastened to her own home to prepare for a
+long journey, as she and Mrs. Stanton had decided to make a lecture
+tour through California. She left Rochester the last day of May, and
+met Mrs. Stanton in Chicago where a reception was given them by the
+suffrage club, in its elegant new headquarters. They spoke in a number
+of cities en route and attended numerous handsome receptions held in
+their honor. At Denver they were entertained by Governor and Mrs.
+McCook. Their audiences were large and enthusiastic, the press
+respectful and often cordial and appreciative.[58] At Laramie City they
+were accompanied to the station by a hundred women whom Mrs. Stanton
+addressed from the platform. A letter written by Miss Anthony during
+the journey contains these beautiful paragraphs:
+
+    We have a drawing-room all to ourselves, and here we are just as
+    cozy and happy as lovers. We look at the prairie schooners slowly
+    moving along with ox-teams, or notice the one lone cabin-light on
+    the endless plains, and Mrs. Stanton will say: "In all that there
+    is real bliss, if only the two are perfect equals, two loving
+    people, neither assuming to control the other." Yes, after all,
+    life is about one and the same thing, whether in the prairie
+    schooner and sod cabin, or the Fifth Avenue palace. Love for and
+    faith in each other alone can make either a heaven, and without
+    these any home is a hell. It is not the outside things which make
+    life, but the inner, the spirit of love which casteth out all
+    devils and bringeth in all angels.
+
+    Ever since 4 o'clock this morning we have been moving over the soil
+    that is really the land of the free and the home of the
+    brave--Wyoming, the Territory in which women are the recognized
+    political equals of men. Women here can say: "What a magnificent
+    country is ours, where every class and caste, color and sex, may
+    find equal freedom, and every woman sit under her own vine and fig
+    tree." What a blessed attainment at last; and that it should be
+    here among these everlasting mountains, midway between the Atlantic
+    and Pacific, seems significant of the true growth of the
+    individual--the center pure, the heart-beats free and equal.
+
+At Salt Lake City they were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. W.S. Godbe, and
+were presented to their audience by Mayor Wells, who afterward took
+them to call on his five wives. The second evening they were introduced
+by Bishop Orson Pratt. From here Miss Anthony writes to The Revolution:
+
+    If I were a believer in special providences, I should say that our
+    being in Salt Lake City at the dedication of the New Liberal
+    Institute was one. On Sunday morning, July 2, this beautiful hall
+    of the Liberal party--Apostate party, the Saints call it--was well
+    filled. The services consisted of invocations, hymns and brief
+    addresses. Messrs. Godbe, Harrison, Lyman and Lawrence seem to be
+    the advance-guard--the high priests of the new order--and as they
+    sang their songs of freedom, poured out their rejoicings over their
+    emancipation from the Theocracy of Brigham, and told of the
+    beatitudes of soul-to-soul communion with the All-Father, my heart
+    was steeped in deepest sympathy with the women around me and,
+    rising at an opportune pause, I asked if a woman and a stranger
+    might be permitted to say a word. At once the entire circle of men
+    on the platform arose and beckoned me forward; and, with a Quaker
+    inspiration not to be repeated, much less put on paper, I asked
+    those men, bubbling over with the divine spirit of freedom for
+    themselves, if they had thought whether the women of their
+    households were today rejoicing in like manner? I can not tell what
+    I said--only this I know, that young and beautiful, old and
+    wrinkled women alike wept, and men said, "I wanted to get out of
+    doors where I could shout."
+
+    The transition of this people into the new life is complicated--is
+    heartrending. Remember that when these men began their rebellion
+    against Brigham, it was simply a protest against his tyranny--his
+    exorbitant tithing system--a mere refusal to render tribute unto
+    him; not at all a disavowal of the Morman religion or of polygamy.
+    But as bond after bond has burst, this last, strongest and tightest
+    one of plurality of wives is beginning to snap asunder. To
+    illustrate: One man, a noble, loving, beautiful spirit--nothing of
+    the tyrant, nothing of the sensualist--with four lovely wives,
+    three of whom I have seen, and in the homes of two of whom I have
+    broken bread, with thirteen loved and loving children--wakes up to
+    the new idea. Four women's hearts breaking, three sets of children
+    who must leave their father that the one-wife system may be
+    realized! I can assure you my heart aches for the man, the women
+    and the children, and cries, "God help them, one and all."
+
+    Where the man is a brutal tyrant, the problem is comparatively
+    easy. What we have tried to do is to show them that the principle
+    of the subjection of woman to man is the point of attack; and that
+    woman's work in monogamy and polygamy is one and the same--that of
+    planting her feet on the ground of self-support. The saddest
+    feature here is that there really is nothing by which these women
+    can earn an independent livelihood for themselves and their
+    children, no manufacturing establishments, no free schools to
+    teach. Women here, as everywhere, must be able to live honestly and
+    honorably without the aid of men, before it can be possible to save
+    the masses of them from entering into polygamy or prostitution,
+    legal or illegal. Whichever way I turn, whatever phase of social
+    life presents itself, the same conclusion comes: "Independent bread
+    alone can redeem woman from her curse of subjection to man."
+
+    I attended the Liberals' Fourth of July celebration. Their
+    beautiful hall was packed; their souls were on fire with their new
+    freedom. Never since the first reading of the Declaration of
+    Independence in 1776, were its great truths responded to with such
+    real and deep feeling as on this occasion. I did not intrude myself
+    on them again--but my soul, too, was on fire for freedom for my
+    sex, as was that of every wife and daughter in that assembly. But
+    these men have yet to learn to loose the bonds of power over the
+    women by their side, precisely as have the men in the States and
+    the world over.
+
+    Here is missionary work--not for any "thus saith the Lord" canting
+    priests or echoing priestesses by divine right, but for great,
+    Godlike, humanitarian men and women, who "feel for those in bonds
+    as bound with them." No Phariseeism, no shudders of Puritanic
+    horror, no standing afar off; but a simple, loving, fraternal clasp
+    of hands with these struggling women, and an earnest work with
+    them--not to ameliorate but to abolish the whole system of woman's
+    subjection to man in both polygamy and monogamy.
+
+In a letter home she says:
+
+    Our afternoon meeting of women alone was a sad spectacle. There was
+    scarcely a sunny, joyous countenance in the whole 300, but a vast
+    number of deep-lined, careworn, long-suffering faces--more so,
+    even, than those of our own pioneer farmers' and settlers' wives,
+    as I have many times looked into them. Their life of dependence on
+    men is even more dreadful than that of monogamy, for here it is
+    two, six, a dozen women and their great broods of children each and
+    all dependent on the one man. Think of fifteen, twenty, thirty
+    pairs of shoes at one strike, or as many hats and dresses!...
+
+    But when I look back into the States, what sorrow, what broken
+    hearts are there because of husbands taking to themselves new
+    friendships, just as really wives as are these, and the legal wife
+    feeling even more wronged and neglected. I have not the least doubt
+    but the suffering there equals that here--the difference is that
+    here it is a religious duty for the man to commit the crime against
+    the first wife, and for her to accept the new-comer into the family
+    with a cheerful face; while there the wrong is done against law and
+    public sentiment. But even the most devoted Mormon women say it
+    takes a great deal of grace to accept the other wives, and be just
+    as happy when the husband devotes himself to any of them as to
+    herself, yet the faithful Saint attains to such angelic heights and
+    finds her glory and the Lord's in so doing. The system of the
+    subjection of woman here finds its limit, and she touches the
+    lowest depths of her degradation.
+
+    The empire totters and Brigham feels the ground sliding from under
+    his feet. These men will be very likely to try the "variety" plan
+    of Stephen Pearl Andrews, but the women will hate that even worse
+    than polygamy. One man came to me relating a new vision, direct
+    from Christ himself, to that effect, and I said: "Away with your
+    man-visions! Women propose to reject them all, and begin to dream
+    dreams for themselves."
+
+While at Salt Lake they received complimentary passes to California and
+throughout that State, from Governor Leland Stanford, always a helpful
+friend to woman suffrage. They reached San Francisco July 9, and took
+rooms at the Grand Hotel, at that time the best in the city. Their
+coming had been heralded by the press and they experienced the royal
+California welcome, receiving flowers, fruit, calls and invitations in
+abundance. Mrs. Stanton made her first speech in Platt's Hall to an
+audience of 1,200; all seemed delighted and the papers were very
+complimentary. At that time the whole coast was much excited over the
+murder of A.P. Crittenden by Laura D. Fair, and the entire weight of
+opinion was against her. Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, always ready to
+defend their sex, determined to hear the story from her own lips,
+hoping for the sake of womanhood to learn some mitigating
+circumstances. The afternoon papers came out with an attack upon them
+for making this visit to the jail, and in the evening at Miss Anthony's
+first lecture there was an immense audience, including many friends of
+Crittenden, determined that there should be no justification of the
+woman who killed him.
+
+Miss Anthony made a strong speech on "The Power of the Ballot," which
+was well received until she came to the peroration. Her purpose had
+been to prove false the theory that all women are supported and
+protected by men. She had demonstrated clearly the fact that in the
+life of nearly every woman there came a time when she must rely on
+herself alone. She asserted that while she might grant, for the sake of
+the argument, that every man protected his own wife and daughter, his
+own mother and sister, the columns of the daily papers gave ample
+evidence that man did not protect woman as woman. She gave sundry facts
+to illustrate this point, among them the experience of Sister Irene,
+who had established a foundling hospital in New York two years before,
+and at the close of the first year reported 1,300 little waifs laid in
+the basket at the door. These figures, she said, proved that there were
+at least 1,300 women in that city who had not been protected by men.
+She continued impressively: "If all men had protected all women as they
+would have their own wives and daughters protected, you would have no
+Laura Fair in your jail tonight."
+
+Then burst forth a tremendous hissing, seemingly from every part of the
+house! She had heard that sound in the old anti-slavery days and
+quietly stood until there came a lull, when she repeated the sentence.
+Again came a storm of hisses, but this time they were mingled with
+cheers. Again she waited for a pause, and then made the same assertion
+for the third time. Her courage challenged the admiration of the
+audience, which broke out into a roar of applause, and she closed by
+saying: "I declare to you that woman must not depend upon the
+protection of man, but must be taught to protect herself, and there I
+take my stand."
+
+The next morning, however, she was denounced by the city papers as
+having vindicated the murder and justified the life which Mrs. Fair had
+led! Those who had not heard the lecture believed these reports, and
+other papers in the State took up the cry. Even the press of New York
+and other eastern cities joined in the chorus, but the latter was much
+more severe on Mrs. Stanton, who in newspaper interviews did not
+hesitate to declare her sympathy for Mrs. Fair; and yet for some
+reason, perhaps because Miss Anthony had dared refer boldly to crime in
+high places in San Francisco, the batteries there were turned wholly
+upon her. In her diary she says: "Never in all my hard experience have
+I been under such fire." So terrific was the onslaught that no one
+could come to her rescue with a public explanation or defense. Miss
+Anthony had cut San Francisco in a sore spot and it did not propose to
+give her another chance to use the scalpel. She attempted to speak in
+adjacent towns but her journal says: "The shadow of the newspapers hung
+over me." At length she resolved to cancel all her lecture engagements
+and wait quietly until the storm passed over and the public mind grew
+calm. She writes in her diary, a week later: "Some friends called but
+the clouds over me are so heavy I could not greet them as I would have
+liked. I never before was so cut down." She tells the story to her
+sister Mary, who replies:
+
+    I am so sorry for you. It will spoil your pleasure, and then I
+    think of that load of debt which you hoped to lighten, yet I should
+    have felt ashamed of you if you had failed to say a word in behalf
+    of that wretched woman. I am sick of one-sided justice; for the
+    same crime, men glorified and women gibbeted. If your words for
+    Mrs. Fair have made your trip a failure, so let it be--it is no
+    disgrace to you. It is scandalous the way the papers talk of you,
+    but stick to what you feel to be right and let the world wag.
+
+On July 22, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton started for the Yosemite
+Valley, a harder trip in those days even than now. It is best described
+in her own words:
+
+    Mrs. Stanton, writing to The Revolution, and S.B.A., scribbling
+    home, are thirty miles out of the wonderful valley of the
+    Yosemite.... We shall have compassed the Calaveras Big Trees and
+    the Yosemite Valley in twelve days out from Stockton, where we
+    expect to arrive August 2. Mrs. Stanton is to speak there Thursday
+    night and I at San Jose, where I shall learn whether the press has
+    forgiven me. We both lecture the rest of the week, and Sunday get
+    into San Francisco, speak at different points the 7th and 8th, and
+    on the 9th go to the Geysers and stay two nights; then out again
+    and on with meetings almost every night till the end of the month.
+    We shall visit lakes Donner and Tahoe and some other points of
+    interest as they come in our reach. Mr. Hutchings would not take a
+    penny for our three days' sojourn in the valley, horses and all, so
+    our trip is much less expensive than we had anticipated.
+
+    With our private carriage we drove three miles nearer the top of
+    the mountain than the stage passengers go. Mrs. Stanton and I each
+    had a pair of linen bloomers which we donned last Thursday morning
+    at Crane's Flats, and we arrived at the brow of the mountain at 9
+    o'clock. Our horses were fitted out with men's saddles, and Mrs.
+    Stanton, perfectly confident that she would have no trouble, while
+    I was all doubts as to my success, insisted that I should put my
+    foot over the saddle first, which I did by a terrible effort. Then
+    came her turn, but she was so fat and her pony so broad that her
+    leg wouldn't go over into the stirrup nor around the horn of a
+    sidesaddle, so after trying several different saddles she commenced
+    the walk down hill with her guide leading her horse, and commanded
+    me to ride on with the other. By this time the sun was pouring down
+    and my horse was slowly fastening one foot after another in the
+    rocks and earth and thus carefully easing me down the steeps, while
+    my guide baited me on by saying, "You are doing nicely, that is the
+    worst place on the trail," when the fact was it hardly began to
+    match what was coming.
+
+    At half-past two we reached Hutchings', and a more used-up mortal
+    than I could not well exist, save poor Mrs. Stanton, four hours
+    behind in the broiling sun, fairly sliding down the mountain. I had
+    Mr. Hutchings fit out my guide with lunch and tea, and send him
+    right back to her. About six she arrived, pretty nearly jelly. We
+    both had a hot bath and she went supperless to bed, but I took my
+    rations. Presently John K. McLean and party, of Oakland, came in.
+    They had scaled Glacier Point that day and were about as tired and
+    fagged as we. The next day Mrs. Stanton kept her bed till nearly
+    noon; but I was up and on my horse at eight and off with the McLean
+    party for the Nevada and Vernal Falls....
+
+    Saturday morning, with Stephen M. Cunningham for my guide, I went
+    up the Mariposa trail seven miles to Artist's Point, and there
+    under a big pine tree, on a rock jutting out over the valley, sat
+    and gazed at the wondrous walls with their peaks and spires and
+    domes. I could take in not only the whole circuit of the mountain
+    tops but the valley enshrined below, with the beautiful Merced
+    river meandering over its pebbly bed among the grass and shrubs and
+    towering pines. We reached the hotel at 7 P.M.--tired--tired. Not a
+    muscle, not one inch of flesh from my heels to my hands that was
+    not sore and lame, but I took a good rub-off with the powerful
+    camphor from the bottle mother so carefully filled for me, and went
+    to bed with orders for my horse at 6 A.M.
+
+    Sunday morning's devotion for Minister McLean and the Rochester
+    strong-minded was to ride two and a half miles to Mirror lake, and
+    there wait and watch the coming of the sun over the rocky spires,
+    reflected in the placid water. Such a glory mortal never beheld
+    elsewhere. The lake was smooth as finest glass; the lofty granite
+    peaks with their trees and shrubs were reflected more perfectly
+    than costliest mirror ever sent back the face of most beautiful
+    woman, and as the sun slowly emerged from behind a point of rock,
+    the thinnest, flakiest white clouds approached or hung round it,
+    and the reflection shaded them with the most delicate, yet most
+    perfect and richest hues of the rainbow. And while we watched and
+    worshipped we trembled lest some rude fish or bubble should break
+    our mirror and forever shatter the picture seemingly wrought for
+    our special eyes that Sunday morning. Then and there, in that holy
+    hour, I thought of you, dear mother, in the body, and of dear
+    father in the beyond, with eyes unsealed, and of Ann Eliza and
+    Thomas King. I talked to John of them and wondered if they too sat
+    not with us in that holy of holies not made with hands. O, how
+    nothing seemed man-made temples, creeds and codes!
+
+At San Jose Miss Anthony was the guest of Rev. and Mrs. Charles G.
+Ames. Her audience was small but appreciative, and the Mercury, edited
+by J.J. Owen, said: "After all the mean notices by certain of the daily
+papers in San Francisco, her hearers were astonished at the masterly
+character of her address. She held her audience delighted for an hour
+and forty minutes." From here she went to the Geysers, riding on the
+front seat with driver Foss, and she says in her diary: "On the way out
+he explained to me the philosophy of fast driving down the steep
+mountain sides; and on the way back he unfolded to me the sad story of
+his life."
+
+Miss Anthony spoke at a number of small towns but it did not seem
+advisable for her to try again in San Francisco, so she devoted herself
+to contributing in every possible way to the success of Mrs. Stanton's
+lectures. On August 22 the latter completed her tour and left for the
+East, but Miss Anthony decided to accept the numerous calls to go up
+into Oregon and Washington Territory. She went to Oakland for a brief
+visit with Mrs. Randall, the Mary Perkins who used to teach in her
+childhood's home more than thirty years before, and her diary says:
+"They are glad to see me and we have enjoyed talking over old times.
+They are wholly oblivious to our reform agitation and I am glad to get
+out of it for a while." But a few days later she called on the Curtis
+family, who were interested in reforms, and wrote: "I got back into my
+own world again and the springs of thought and conversation were
+quickly loosened. It is marvelous how far apart the two worlds are."
+She started on the ship Idaho for Portland, August 25. The sea was very
+rough, they were seven days making the trip and, judging from the
+almost illegible entries in the diary, it was not a pleasant one:
+
+    1st day.--I feel forlorn enough thus left alone on the ocean but I
+    am in for it and bound to go through.... Before 6 o'clock my time
+    came and old ocean received my first contribution.
+
+    2d day.--Strong gale and rough sea. Tried to dress--no use--back to
+    my berth and there I lay all day. Everybody groaning, babies
+    crying, mothers scolding, the men making quite as much fuss as the
+    women.
+
+    3d day.--Tried to get up but in vain. In the afternoon staggered up
+    on deck--men stretched out on all sides looking as wretched as I
+    felt--glad to get back to bed. Captain sent some frizzled ham and
+    hard tack, with his compliments. Sea growing heavier all the time.
+
+    4th day.--Terribly rough all night. Could not sleep for the thought
+    that every swell might end the ship's struggles. Felt much nearer
+    to the dear ones who have crossed the great river than to those on
+    this side. Out of sight of land all day and ship making only two
+    and a half miles an hour.
+
+    5th day.--The same pitching down into the ocean's depths, the same
+    unbounded waste of surging waters, but a slight lessening of the
+    sea-sickness.
+
+    6th day.--Quite steady this morning. Went on deck and met several
+    pleasant people. Took my spirit-lamp and treated the captain's
+    table to some delicious tea.
+
+    7th day.--First word this morning, "bar in sight." The shores look
+    beautiful. All faces are bright and cheery and many appear not seen
+    before. I felt well enough to discuss the woman question with
+    several of the passengers. Arrived at Portland at 10 P.M., glad
+    indeed to touch foot on land again.
+
+In the first letter home she says:
+
+    Abigail Scott Duniway, editor of the New Northwest, was my first
+    caller this morning. I like her appearance and she will be business
+    manager of my lectures. The second caller was Mr. Murphy, city
+    editor of the Herald, and the third Rev. T.L. Eliot, of the
+    Unitarian church, son of Rev. William Eliot, of St. Louis. I am to
+    take tea at his house next Monday. I am not to speak until
+    Wednesday, and thus give myself time to get my head straightened
+    and, I hope, my line of argument. Mrs. Duniway thinks I will find
+    two months of profitable work in Oregon and Washington Territory,
+    but I hardly believe it possible. If meetings pay so as to give me
+    hope of adding to my $350 in the San Francisco Bank (my share of
+    the profits on Mrs. Stanton's and my lectures, which we divided
+    evenly), making it reach $2,000 or even $1,000 by December first, I
+    shall plod away.
+
+    I miss Mrs. Stanton, still I can not but enjoy the feeling that the
+    people call on _me_, and the fact that I have an opportunity to
+    sharpen my wits a little by answering questions and doing the
+    chatting, instead of merely sitting a lay figure and listening to
+    the brilliant scintillations as they emanate from her
+    never-exhausted magazine. There is no alternative--whoever goes
+    into a parlor or before an audience with that woman does it at the
+    cost of a fearful overshadowing, a price which I have paid for the
+    last ten years, and that cheerfully, because I felt that our cause
+    was most profited by her being seen and heard, and my best work was
+    making the way clear for her.
+
+Miss Anthony could not entirely recover from the disappointment of her
+reception in San Francisco, but a letter written to Mrs. Stanton, just
+before her first lecture in Oregon, shows no regrets but a wish that
+she had put the case even more strongly:
+
+    I am awaiting my Wednesday night execution with fear and trembling
+    such as I never before dreamed of, but to the rack I must go,
+    though another San Francisco torture be in store for me.... The
+    real fact is we ought to be ashamed of ourselves that we failed to
+    say the whole truth and illustrate it too by the one terrible
+    example in their jail. That would have caused not me alone but both
+    of us to be hissed out of the hall and hooted out of that Godless
+    city--Godless in its treading of womanhood under its heel. I assure
+    you, as I rolled on the ocean last week feeling that the very next
+    strain might swamp the ship, and thinking over all my sins of
+    omission and commission, there was nothing undone which haunted me
+    like that failure to speak the word at San Francisco over again and
+    more fully. I would rather today have the satisfaction of having
+    said the true and needful thing on Laura Fair and the social evil,
+    with the hisses and hoots of San Francisco and the entire nation
+    around me, than all that you or I could possibly experience from
+    their united eulogies with that one word unsaid. To my mind the
+    failure to put our heads together and work up that lecture grows
+    every day a greater blunder, if nothing more. It was like going
+    down into South Carolina and failing to illustrate human oppression
+    by negro slavery. I hope you are not haunted with it as I am. God
+    helping me, I will yet ease my spirit of the load.
+
+After this lecture she wrote again:
+
+    The first fire is passed. I send you the Bulletin and Oregonian
+    notices. I have not seen the Democratic paper--the Herald--but am
+    told it says Miss Anthony failed to interest her audience. Not a
+    person stirred save when I made them laugh. But tomorrow night's
+    audience will tell the people's estimate. My speech then will be on
+    the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Last night I made the San
+    Francisco speech, but was not nearly so free and easy in the
+    brain-working; still I got my points clearly stated. The wet
+    blanket is now somewhat off. I hope to present the fact of our
+    right to vote under these amendments with a great deal more
+    freedom. If I am able to do so, I shall talk to women alone
+    Saturday afternoon on the social evil; then, if interest warrants,
+    answer objections Monday evening, and close here. I have contracted
+    for one-half the gross receipts of evening and the entire receipts
+    of afternoon lectures.
+
+    I want to tell you that with my gray silk I wore a pink bow at my
+    throat and a narrow pink ribbon in my hair! Mrs. Duniway is
+    delighted, so you see my tide is turning a little from that
+    terrible, killing experience. _You_ never received such wholesale
+    praise--_I_ never such wholesale censure. But enough; it is a
+    comfort to get a little outside assurance again.
+
+Miss Anthony met with a friendly reception from the press of Oregon.
+She was extensively interviewed by the leading papers and reported in a
+complimentary manner. The Oregonian thus closed a column account: "The
+audience, which listened attentively and with evident deep interest to
+this address, was large and chiefly composed of the intelligent portion
+of our citizens. Miss Anthony talked clearly, more concisely than the
+average speaker, kept the thread of her logic well in hand and, it must
+be confessed, made a strong argument, though we can hardly admit that
+it was conclusive. She is a fluent speaker and well sustains the cause
+she advocates." The Herald said in a lengthy interview: "Her
+conversation is fluent and concise, each word expressing its full
+complement of meaning. Her system of argument is logical and, in
+contradistinction to the sex in general, she does not depend on mere
+assertions but gives proofs to carry conviction."[59]
+
+The Bulletin thus began a fine report: "As a speaker she has the happy
+faculty of presenting her subject in a clear and convincing manner. Her
+style is forcible and argumentative. She contents herself with
+facts--presenting them in plain language, resting her case upon these,
+unaided by sophistry and the blinding influence of oratory." This
+paper, however, was very severe upon her doctrines, declaring
+editorially that they were "mischievous, revolutionary and
+impracticable, and would result in anarchy in homes and chaos in
+society." Mrs. Duniway's paper, the New Northwest, said: "Miss Anthony
+is a stirring and vigorous worker, a profound and logical speaker, has
+a truly wonderful influence over her audiences and produces conviction
+wherever she goes.... She has a peculiarly happy manner of using the
+right word in the right place, never hesitates in her language, and is
+evidently as brimful of argument at the close of her lectures as at
+their beginning. She has awakened the dormant feelings of duty and true
+womanhood in many a woman's heart in Portland, and scores of ladies in
+our community who never before gave the question a moment's
+consideration are now eager for the ballot."
+
+From Portland Miss Anthony wrote to The Revolution:
+
+    There is something lovely in this Oregon climate beyond any I have
+    yet known on either side the Rocky mountains. It is neither too hot
+    nor too cold, but a delightful medium which I enjoy as I sit this
+    second September Sunday in my room at the St. Charles Hotel, with
+    its windows opening upon the broad and beautiful Willamette. I am
+    surprised at the size of this city, and the evidences of business
+    and solid wealth all about....
+
+    John Chinaman too is here, cooking, washing and ironing, quiet and
+    meek-looking as in San Francisco. The Republicans of this coast,
+    like the Democrats, talk and resolve against him for political
+    effect, merely to cater to the ignorant voters of their party. They
+    say he can not be naturalized on account of some stipulation in the
+    old treaty with China, when they know or ought to know that the
+    Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments have as effectually blotted the
+    word "white" out of all United States treaties and naturalization
+    laws, as out of all the State and Territorial constitutions and
+    statutes. Their pretence that the Chinaman may not become a citizen
+    of the United States, precisely the same as an African, German or
+    Irishman, is matched only by their denial of citizenship to the
+    women of the entire nation. Under the old regime it was the negro
+    with whom we had to make common cause in our demand for the
+    practical recognition of our right to representation. In snatching
+    the black man from our side, the Republicans, out of pure sympathy
+    doubtless, lest we should be without any "male" compeer in our
+    degradation, leave the innocent Chinaman to comfort and console us.
+    Are we not most unreasonable in our dissatisfaction with the
+    company our fathers and brothers constitutionally rank with
+    us--idiots, lunatics, convicts, Chinamen?
+
+While sailing up the Columbia, Mrs. Duniway wrote Mrs. Stan ton: "Miss
+Anthony has been holding large meetings in Portland, Salem and Oregon
+City, and has conquered the press and brought the whole fraternity to
+terms. She has also succeeded in holding important and successful
+meetings at The Dalles, and is now returning with me from a series of
+lectures in Walla Walla. We find the people everywhere enthusiastic and
+delighted. Her fund of logic, fact and fun seems inexhaustible. She
+speaks three and four consecutive evenings in one place, and each time
+increases the interest. We are all justly proud of her."
+
+At Walla Walla the church doors were closed to her but she spoke in the
+schoolhouse. At Salem all the judges of the supreme court were in her
+audience and afterward called on her. She had good houses everywhere
+but money was hard to get, and she speaks in her letters of being
+almost frantic lest she may not be able to meet her notes on January
+first, "the one cherished dream of this year's work."
+
+In a letter from Olympia describing the journey she said: "Here I am,
+October 22, at the head of Puget Sound. This was my route--Portland,
+down the Willamette river twelve miles to the Columbia; then down that
+river one hundred miles to the mouth of the Cowlitz, Monticello; then
+ninety miles stage-ride, full sixty of it over the roughest kind of
+corduroy. Twenty-five miles to Pumphrey's Hotel, arriving at 6 p.m.;
+supper and bed; called up at 2 o'clock, and off again at
+2:30--perfectly dark--lantern on each side of coach--fourteen miles to
+breakfast at 7, horses walked every step of the way; eighteen more,
+walk and corduroy, to dinner; then thirty miles of splendid road, and
+arrival here at 5:30 p.m." At Seattle, November 4, she wrote home:
+
+    For the first time I have seen the glory of the sunrise upon the
+    entire Coast Range. The whole western horizon was one fiery glow on
+    mountain tops, all cragged and jagged from two miles in height down
+    to the line of perpetual snow. It has been very tantalizing to be
+    on this wonderful Puget Sound these ten days, and never see the
+    clouds and fogs lift themselves long enough to give a vision of the
+    majestic mountains on either side. My one hope now is that they may
+    rise on both sides at the same time; but the rainy season has
+    fairly set in. It has rained part of every twenty-four hours since
+    we reached Olympia ten days ago. The grass and shrubbery are as
+    green and delightful as with us in June, and roses and other
+    flowers are blooming all fragrant and fresh. The forests are
+    evergreen--mainly firs and cedars--and on the streets here are
+    maple and other deciduous trees. The feeling of the air is like
+    that during the September equinoctial storm. The sound, from twenty
+    to forty miles wide, with inlets and harbors extending full two or
+    three miles into the land, is the most beautiful sheet of water I
+    ever have seen.
+
+    I go to Port Madison this afternoon, and on Monday to Port Gamble;
+    back to Olympia for the Territorial Convention Wednesday; then down
+    to Portland and thence southward. I have traveled 1,800 miles in
+    fifty-six days, spoken forty-two nights and many days, and I am
+    tired, tired. Lots of good missionary work, but not a great deal of
+    money.
+
+The last letter from Portland, November 16, said:
+
+    The mortal agony of speaking again in Portland is over, but the
+    hurt of it stings yet. I never was dragged before an audience so
+    utterly without thought or word as last night and, had there been
+    any way of escape, would have taken wings or, what I felt more
+    like, have sunk through the floor. It was the strangest and most
+    unaccountable condition, but nothing save bare, bald points stared
+    me in the face. Must stop; here is card of Herald reporter.
+
+    Before the reporter left, some ladies called, among them Mrs.
+    Harriet W. Williams, at whose house we all used to stop in Buffalo,
+    in the olden days of temperance work. She is like a mother to me.
+    Mrs. Eliot, wife of the Unitarian minister, also came. They formed
+    a suffrage society here Tuesday with some of the best women as
+    officers. What is more and most of all I received a letter from a
+    gentleman, enclosing testimonials from half a dozen of the
+    prominent men of the city, asking an interview looking to marriage!
+    I also received a serenade from a millionaire at Olympia. If any of
+    the girls want a rich widower or an equally rich bachelor, here is
+    decidedly the place to get an offer of one. But tell brother Aaron
+    I expect to survive them all and reach home before the New Year, as
+    single-handed and penniless as usual.[60]
+
+Miss Anthony was invited to address the legislature while at Olympia.
+Notwithstanding her extreme need of money she donated the proceeds of
+one lecture to the sufferers by the Chicago fire. Usually she had good
+audiences but occasionally would fall into the hands of persons
+obnoxious to the community and the meeting would be a failure. She
+writes in her diary, "It seems impossible to escape being sacrificed by
+somebody." The press of Washington was for the most part very
+favorable. The Olympia Standard said: "We had formed a high opinion of
+the ability of the lady and her remarkable talent as a public speaker,
+and our expectations have been more than realized. She presents her
+arguments in graceful and elegant language, her illustrations are ample
+and well chosen, and the hearer is irresistibly drawn to her
+conclusions.... There is no gainsaying the sound logic of her
+arguments. They appeal to a sense of right and justice which ought not
+longer be denied." There was sometimes, however, a discordant note, as
+may be shown by the following from the Territorial Despatch, of
+Seattle, edited by Beriah Brown:
+
+    It is a mistake to call Miss Anthony a reformer, or the movement in
+    which she is engaged a reform; she is a revolutionist, aiming at
+    nothing less than the breaking up of the very foundations of
+    society, and the overthrow of every social institution organized
+    for the protection of the sanctity of the altar, the family circle
+    and the legitimacy of our offspring, recognizing no religion but
+    self-worship, no God but human reason, no motive to human action
+    but lust. Many, undoubtedly, will object that we state the case too
+    strongly; but if they will dispassionately examine the facts and
+    compare them with the character of the leaders and the inevitable
+    tendency of their teachings, they must be convinced that the
+    apparently innocent measure of woman suffrage as a remedy for
+    woman's wrongs in over-crowded populations, is but a pretext or
+    entering wedge by which to open Pandora's box and let loose upon
+    society a pestilential brood to destroy all that is pure and
+    beautiful in human nature, and all that has been achieved by
+    organized associations in religion, morality and refinement; that
+    the whole plan is coarse, sensual and agrarian, the worst phase of
+    French infidelity and communism....
+
+    She did not directly and positively broach the licentious social
+    theories which she is known to entertain, because she well knew
+    that they would shock the sensibilities of her audience, but
+    confined her discourse to the one subject of woman suffrage as a
+    means to attain equality of competitive labor. This portion of her
+    lecture we have not time to discuss. Our sole purpose now is to
+    enter our protest against the inculcation of doctrines which we
+    believe are calculated to degrade and debauch society by
+    demolishing the dividing lines between virtue and vice. It is true
+    that Miss Anthony did not openly advocate "free love" and a
+    disregard of the sanctity of the marriage relation, but she did
+    worse--under the guise of defending women against manifest wrongs,
+    she attempts to instil into their minds an utter disregard for all
+    that is right and conservative in the present order of society.
+
+Apparently Mr. Brown did not approve of woman suffrage. According to
+his own statement Miss Anthony confined her entire discourse to the one
+point of competitive labor. The editorial was founded wholly upon his
+own depraved imagination.
+
+Miss Anthony went into British Columbia and spoke several times at
+Victoria. The doctrine of equal rights was entirely new in that city
+and on the first evening there was not a woman in the hall. At no
+succeeding lecture were twenty women present, although there were fair
+audiences of men. The press was respectful in its treatment of speaker
+and speeches, but some of the "cards" which were sent to the papers
+were amusing, to say the least.[61]
+
+The journal depicts the hardships of a new country, the poor hotels,
+the long stage-rides, the inconvenient hours, etc. At one place, where
+there was an appalling prospect of spending Sunday in the wretched
+excuse for a hotel, a lady came and took her to a fine, new home and
+Miss Anthony was delighted; but when the husband appeared he announced
+that he "did not keep a tavern," and so, after her evening lecture, she
+returned to her former quarters, the wife not daring to remonstrate.
+After meeting one woman who had had six husbands, and at least a dozen
+whose husbands had deserted them and married other women without the
+formality of a divorce, she writes in her journal, "Marriage seems to
+be anything but an indissoluble contract out here on the coast."
+Meanwhile she had received urgent invitations from California once more
+to try her fortune in that State. After lecturing to crowded houses at
+Oregon City, Eugene and other points, she continued southward, her
+rough experience on shipboard deciding her to go by stage. From
+Roseburg she wrote her mother, November 24:
+
+    I am now over one hundred miles on my stage-route south, and
+    horrible indeed are the roads--miles and miles of corduroy and then
+    twenty miles of "Joe Lane black mud," as they call it, because old
+    Joseph Lane settled right here in the midst of it. It is heavy clay
+    without a particle of loam and rolls up on the wheels until rim,
+    spokes and hub are one solid circle. The wheels cease to turn and
+    actually slide over the ground, and then driver and men passengers
+    jump out and with chisels and shingles cut the clay off the wheels.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    How my thought does turn homeward, mother. I wanted always to be at
+    home every recurring birthday of yours so long as you remained this
+    side with us. I can not this year, but in spirit I shall be with
+    you all that day, as I am so very, very often on every other day.
+
+The courtesy of a seat outside with the driver was usually extended to
+her and she picked up much information in regard to the people and
+customs, some of it perhaps not wholly reliable. On this journey she
+encountered a drenching rain and heavy snow, and finally was driven
+inside. When they stopped for the night she had a little, cold bedroom,
+sometimes next to the bar-room, where the carousing kept her awake all
+night. She wrote home from Yreka, November 28:
+
+    Last evening I lectured in the courthouse to a splendid audience,
+    and speak again this afternoon at 2 o'clock to answer objections.
+    Several lawyers threaten to be on hand and force me to the wall on
+    legal points, but we shall see. Then at four I am to drive with
+    Mrs. Jerome Churchill, and at seven board the stage again for Red
+    Bluff, 125 miles, riding steadily all tonight and the next day and
+    night. It is snowing here and southward, which delays us more and
+    more every day.
+
+    I rode three miles yesterday for a full view of Mount Shasta, but
+    the summit was hidden by a dense fog, and I saw only one of its
+    side-points called the crater; so all hope of seeing this lofty
+    snow-peak is over, unless it should clear off and I see it by
+    moonlight as I go out tonight. This long stage route is a new and
+    interesting experience to me, and I am so glad I returned this way.
+    The first day, in spite of the corduroy ruckabuck jouncing, I felt
+    a sort of halo of joy hovering around me. It was indescribable; it
+    was like a benediction of "well done, decided right."
+
+From the diary:
+
+    Snow storm today but a fine moonlight view of Mount Shasta at
+    night. Rode all night in the stage, splendid sunrise view of Castle
+    Rock. Today through Sacramento canyon, fine day and grand scenery.
+    Supped at 9 P.M. and then nine of us were packed into a short wagon
+    and did not arrive at Red Bluff till 3 A.M.... No arrangements had
+    been made for my lecture. Sheriff refused to let me have the
+    courthouse. Secured the schoolhouse, but no fire and small audience
+    after all my hard trip to get here. Called at 2:30 A.M. to take the
+    stage again.... Reached Chico at last. Mr. Allen, agent of General
+    Bidwell, met me, and such a good cup of coffee and cosy,
+    comfortable time as his wife Emma gave me! Good audience, although
+    heavy storm.... At Marysville spoke in the theater to a small but
+    select audience. Expenses $20 over receipts. The fates are opposed
+    to my financial success, and the interest is piling up on my
+    debts.... Mrs. Laura de Force Gordon and a dozen other ladies met
+    me at Sacramento, and she and I went on to San Francisco where I
+    found thirty letters awaiting me at the Grand Hotel.
+
+The flurry of prejudice against Miss Anthony had died out and she
+accepted an invitation for a public address signed by a number of
+influential citizens. She spoke several times to good audiences and was
+fairly treated by the press, but she was too frank and outspoken to be
+very popular, especially at that time. The people were greatly stirred
+up over what was known as the Holland Social Evil Bill, which was under
+consideration by the board of supervisors and had roused public opinion
+to white heat, both in favor and in opposition. Miss Anthony naturally
+made a fight against it, calling a meeting of women only and explaining
+to them, point by point, its vicious propositions. This provoked both
+favorable and adverse criticism by the press. At Mayfield she was a
+guest at the handsome home of Judge and Mrs. Sarah Wallis. Mrs. Knox,
+Mrs. Watson, Mrs. McKee and a big omnibus load drove up from San Jose,
+seventeen miles. She spoke at a number of neighboring towns and the
+sympathizers with the cause she represented were delighted with her
+masterly efforts, but she felt everywhere the need of a good manager to
+make her lectures a financial success. On December 15 her friends in
+San Francisco tendered her a reception and banquet at the Grand Hotel.
+All the newspapers in the city gave complimentary accounts, of which
+the following from the Chronicle will serve as a specimen:
+
+    The friends of Miss Susan B. Anthony, to the number of about fifty,
+    comprising the more prominent leaders of the suffrage movement,
+    assembled in the parlors of the Grand Hotel last evening. After an
+    hour spent in social conversation and the interchange of
+    congratulations upon the bright prospects of the cause they
+    represent, the guests were ushered into the spacious dining-hall,
+    where a bountiful collation had been spread....
+
+    Miss Anthony said: "....I go from you freighted with a burden of
+    love and gratitude, and no greetings have been more precious than
+    those of working men and women. Tonight when the woman who earns
+    her livelihood by selling flowers through the hotel came to the
+    door of the parlor and, presenting me with the beautiful bouquet
+    which I hold in my hand, asked, 'Will you accept this because you
+    have spoken so nobly for us poor workingwomen?' it brought tears to
+    my eyes, unused to weeping. I felt a thrill of gratitude that I had
+    been permitted to prosecute this work. We who are seated around
+    this board may have all the rights we need; we are not working for
+    ourselves, but for those now suffering around us. For them, our
+    sisters, and for future generations must we labor...."
+
+    She took her seat amid warm applause. A number of brief, pithy
+    speeches were made and all dispersed with a hearty Godspeed to the
+    talented lady in whose behalf they had assembled.
+
+Laura de Force Gordon had arranged a number of lectures for Miss
+Anthony on the route eastward. At Nevada City she was the guest of A.
+A. Sargent, the newly elected United States senator, and his wife, both
+earnest friends of woman suffrage.[62] The rainy season had set in and
+the diary says: "These storms which bring new life and hope to farmers
+and miners, mean empty benches for me." The mud, snow and wind in
+Nevada were terrible. At Virginia City, where she lectured, she was
+snowed in for several days and finally left in a six-horse sleigh, in
+the midst of a blinding storm, on Christmas Day.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  I wish you a successful
+  meeting, and encouraging
+  progress for your cause.
+    Resp'y
+    A. A. Sargent.]
+
+She arrived at Reno to find that the Sargents, whom she expected to
+join on their way to Washington, had passed through a day or two before
+but, as they were delayed by snowdrifts, she overtook them at Ogden,
+and enjoyed the privileges of their luxurious staterooms until they
+reached Chicago. It happened most fortunately that the Sargents were
+supplied with inexhaustible hampers of provisions, for the trip from
+Ogden to Chicago occupied twelve days. Senator Mitchell and family, of
+Oregon, and several other friends were on the train, but with all the
+pleasant companionship and all the entertainment which could be
+devised, the journey was long and tedious. The ever-faithful diary
+contains a brief record of each day:
+
+    December 28.--The western-bound train arrived at noon, eight days
+    from Omaha, a happy set of people to be so far along on their
+    journey. We left Ogden at 3 p. M., three packed sleeping-cars. All
+    went smoothly to Bitter Creek, then we waited three or four hours
+    for an extra engine to take us up the grade.
+
+    December 29.--Starting and backing, then starting and backing
+    again. Prospect very discouraging. Mr. Sargent makes the tea,
+    unpacks the hampers and serves as general steward, but draws the
+    line at washing the dishes. We women-folks take that as our part.
+    Delayed all night at Percy. Here overtook the passenger train which
+    left Ogden last Monday.
+
+    December 30.--Detained all day and all night at Medicine Bow. Four
+    passenger trains packed into two, and long freight trains passed us
+    in the night.
+
+    December 31.--Left Medicine Bow at noon, went through deep snow
+    cuts ten miles in length. One heavy passenger and two long freight
+    trains in front of us. Reached Laramie at 10 P.M. Thus closes 1871,
+    a year full of hard work, six months east, six months west of the
+    Rocky mountains; 171 lectures, 13,000 miles of travel; gross
+    receipts $4,318, paid on debts, $2,271. Nothing ahead but to plod
+    on.
+
+A few blank pages in an old account-book tell the rest of the story:
+
+    January 1, 1872.--Laramie City. On Pullman car "America," Union
+    Pacific R.R. Lay here all night and breakfasted at railway hotel.
+    J.H. Hayford, editor Laramie Sentinel, told us of the bill to
+    repeal the woman suffrage law in Wyoming. The law had been passed
+    by a Democratic legislature as a jest, but five Democrats voted for
+    repeal and four Republicans against it, in one house, and in the
+    other, three Republicans voted against and every Democrat for the
+    repeal. Governor Campbell, a Republican, vetoed this repeal bill
+    and woman suffrage still stands, as a Territorial legislature can
+    not pass a bill over the governor's veto.... Here we are at noon,
+    stuck in a snowdrift five miles west of Sherman, on a steep grade,
+    with one hundred men shovelling in front of us. Dined, Mr. Sargent
+    officiating, on roast turkey, jelly, bread and butter, spice cake
+    and excellent tea. At dark, wind and snow blowing terrifically, but
+    a bright sky.
+
+    January 2.--Still stationary. The railroad company has supplied the
+    passengers with dried fish and crackers. Mrs. Sargent and I have
+    made tea and carried it throughout the train to the nursing
+    mothers. It is the best we can do. Five days out from Ogden! This
+    is indeed a fearful ordeal, fastened here in a snowbank, midway of
+    the continent at the top of the Rocky mountains. They are melting
+    snow for the boilers and for drinking water. A train loaded with
+    coal is behind us, so there is no danger of our suffering from
+    cold. Mr. Sargent, Mr. Mitchell and Major Elliott walked to Sherman
+    and an old man drove them back at dusk with two ponies. The train
+    had moved up to Dale creek bridge and drawn into a long snow-shed.
+    Here, we remained all night and, with the rarified air and the
+    smoke from the engine, were almost suffocated, while the wind blew
+    so furiously we could not venture to open the doors.
+
+    January 3.--Bright sunshine and perfectly calm. Ernest and Norman
+    Melliss, sons of David M. Melliss, of New York City, came into our
+    car from the other train, which is twelve days from Ogden. How they
+    do revive The Revolution experiences, Train and the Wall street
+    gossip! Stood still in the snow-shed till noon and reached Sherman
+    about 6 P.M. Mr. Sargent had brought some potatoes which we roasted
+    on top of the stove and they proved a delicious addition to our
+    meal. In the car "Sacramento" we had a mock trial, Judge Mitchell
+    presiding and the jury composed of women. He wrote out a verdict,
+    which the women insisted on bringing in, not because they agreed
+    with it but because they wanted to please him and the other men,
+    but I rebelled and hung the jury!
+
+    January 4.--Morning found us still at Sherman and we did not move
+    till 1 P.M. There is another train ahead of us, and here we are,
+    four passenger trains pushing on for Cheyenne. The people from the
+    different ones visit among each other. Half-way to Granite Canyon
+    the snowplow got off the track and one wheel broke, so a dead
+    standstill for hours. Reached Granite Canyon at dark, a whole day
+    getting there from Sherman, and remained over night.
+
+    January 5.--Bright and beautiful. Reached Cheyenne at 11:30 A.M.
+    Little George Sargent coaxed his papa to let him walk over the
+    bridge to the town and fell through and broke his arm. Mrs.
+    Sargent, after holding him till the bone was set, fainted.
+    Afterwards I called on Mrs. Amalia Post. It was at her house the
+    Cheyenne women met and went in a body to Governor Campbell's
+    residence in 1869, and announced their intention of staying till he
+    signed the woman suffrage bill, which he did without further delay.
+    Met the governor and several other notables. At 1:30 P.M. our train
+    was off at first-class speed, and oh, what joy in every face!
+
+    January 6.--Arrived at Omaha at 3 P.M. Found letter from brother
+    D.R., enclosing pass to Leavenworth and saying he had passes for me
+    from there to Chicago and eastward. If I go to L. I shall miss the
+    Washington convention, where I am so badly needed. If it had not
+    been for this vexatious delay I could have had a day or two there
+    and several more at Rochester. Now I must push straight on. It is
+    my hard fate always to sacrifice affection and pleasure to duty and
+    work.
+
+    January 7.--All the baggage had to be rechecked at Omaha and when I
+    insisted upon attending to my own, because I had found that the
+    only safe way, Mr. Sargent looked so offended that I at once handed
+    over my checks.
+
+    January 8.--Arrived at Chicago at 3 A.M. Went at once to my aunt
+    Ann Eliza Dickinson's and visited with her till 7 o'clock, had
+    breakfast and went to Fort Wayne depot where, as I feared, I found
+    one of my checks called for the wrong piece of baggage; so I took
+    one trunk, left the baggage-master to hunt up the other, and
+    started straight for Washington on a train without a sleeper.
+
+    January 9.--Passed Pittsburg at 2 A.M. Breakfasted at Altoona on
+    top of the Alleghanies; scenery most beautiful, but not on so grand
+    a scale as among the Rockies.
+
+This is the last entry. It is hardly necessary to add that Miss Anthony
+reached Washington in time for the opening of the convention on the
+morning of January 10. To the question whether she were not very tired,
+she replied: "Why, what would make me tired? I haven't been doing
+anything, for two weeks!"
+
+[Footnote 58: Miss Anthony's lecture was a decided success, judged
+either by the number and intelligence of those present or the able
+manner in which she discussed the salient points pertaining to woman
+suffrage. She displayed an ability, conciseness and force that must
+have carried conviction to every impartial listener.... Her visit here
+has done more to advance the cause of woman suffrage than can now be
+fully appreciated. She has sown the germ of a movement which can not
+fail to inoculate our people with a belief in the justice of her cause
+and the injustice of longer depriving the more intelligent, purer and
+consequently better portion of our inhabitants of that greatest of
+boons, the ballot.--Sioux City Daily Times.
+
+Miss Anthony's lecture was full of good, sound common sense, and an
+opponent of woman suffrage said it was the best speech he ever heard on
+the subject. Wyoming was highly complimented as being the first
+Territory to recognize the equality of woman, and pronounced as much
+ahead of her eastern sisters in civilization as she is higher in
+altitude. The lecture abounded with gems of wit, humor and pathos, and
+the audience would willingly have listened another hour.--Cheyenne
+Tribune.
+
+The press sneers at Miss Anthony, men tell her she is out of her proper
+sphere, people call her a scold, good women call her masculine, a
+monstrosity in petticoats; but if one-half of her sex possessed
+one-half of her acquirements, her intellectual culture, her
+self-reliance and independence of character, the world would be the
+better for it.--Denver News.
+
+A large and attentive audience filled the Denver theater last night to
+hear Miss Susan B. Anthony, champion of the "new departure in
+politics," called the woman suffrage movement. The fact that there was
+not sitting room for all who came is evidence of deep interest in the
+subject, or great curiosity to hear the lady speak.... It is impossible
+to give an outline of her speech. It was a string of strong arguments
+put in a straightforward, clear and vigorous way, eliciting favor and
+inviting the attention of the audience throughout. The lecture was
+suggestive, and of the kind that sets people to thinking.--Denver
+Tribune.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Notwithstanding this tribute, the Herald printed a long
+string of verses with this introduction: "We trust our readers will not
+miss the perusal of this piece of rhythmical irony. It is certainly one
+of the happiest hits we have seen for many a day. No one can mistake
+the allusion to the 'Old Gal.' who has been so recently among us
+'tooting her horn.'"
+
+  "Along the city's thoroughfare,
+  A grim Old Gal with manly air
+  Strode amidst the noisy crowd,
+  Tooting her horn both shrill and loud;
+  Till e'en above the city's roar,
+  Above its din and discord, o'er
+  All, was heard, 'Ye tyrants, fear!
+  The dawn of freedom's drawing near--
+       Woman's Rights and Suffrage.'
+
+  "A meek old man, in accents wild,
+  Cried,'Sal! turn back and nurse our child!'
+  She bent on him a withering look,
+  Her bony fist at him she shook.
+  And screeched, 'Ye brute! ye think I'm flat
+  To mend your clo'es and nurse your brat?
+  Nurse it yourself; I'll change the plan,
+  When I am made a congressman--
+  Woman's Rights and Suffrage,'" etc.
+*/]
+
+[Footnote 60: Coming from The Dalles, the boat tied up for the night at
+Umatilla Landing. Miss Anthony and Mrs. Duniway walking on shore saw a
+man sitting in front of a little corner grocery and stopped to ask some
+questions. They found that when a boy he had run away from home in Miss
+Anthony's own neighborhood, had never written back and his family had
+long believed him dead. After some conversation he consented that she
+might write to his mother and then in his softened mood insisted that
+they should have a glass of wine. Miss Anthony was a total abstainer
+but not wishing to offend him, took one sip from a glass of Angelica
+and then the ladies hurried back to the boat. Some one who had seen the
+occurrence spread the story and the result was an Associated Press item
+sent broadcast, stating that, since coming to the coast, Miss Anthony
+was visiting saloons and associating with low characters.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Two examples will suffice:
+
+"EDITOR COLONIST: I have read with a feeling of thankfulness the letter
+of 'A Male Biped,' in this day's Colonist. The writer deserves the
+thanks of every good woman in the land for the bold and able manner in
+which he has administered a shaking to a shrewish old mischief-maker
+who, having failed to secure a husband herself, is tramping the
+continent to make her more fortunate sisters miserable by creating
+dissensions in their households. O, why do not some of our divines or
+lawyers upset this woman's sophistries, and convince even her that
+woman's true sphere is in 'submitting herself to her husband,' and
+religiously fulfilling the marriage vows the wise organizers of society
+have prescribed?
+
+  A WIFE AND A MOTHER."
+
+"MR. EDITOR: America, the home of many humbugs, which produced Brigham
+Young, Barnum, Home, the medium, and many others, has, it appears,
+another human curiosity in Miss Anthony. This specimen from over the
+way comes amongst us, and because our ladies fail to recognize or
+encourage her in her vagaries, she gets very rabid and snarls and snaps
+at the 'women of Victoria who had so sunk their womanhood that they
+were happy even in their degradation.' The degradation referred to is
+that of whipping, which this female firebrand appears to believe is the
+rule hers. Surely the complete immunity from castigation of such a
+noxious creature as Miss Anthony is sufficient answer to this libel.
+Men in British Columbia no more countenance bad husbands than do the
+women a quack apostle in petticoats. They look upon such persons as
+sexual mistakes, like the two-headed lady or the four-legged baby, and
+as safe guides on social questions as George Francis Train is in
+politics.
+
+  AN INSULTED HUSBAND."
+
+And yet during the few days she was in Victoria no leas than half a
+dozen women came to her to protest against the law which allowed the
+husband to whip his wife.]
+
+[Footnote 62: During Mr. Sargent's candidacy for the Senate, a
+California newspaper objected that he was in favor of woman suffrage,
+and called for a denial of the truth of the damning charge. He took no
+notice of it until a week or two later, when a suffrage convention met
+in San Francisco; he then went before that body and delivered a radical
+speech in favor of woman's rights, taking the most advanced grounds.
+When he was through he remarked to a friend, "They have my views now,
+and can make the most of them. I would not conceal them to be
+senator."--History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. II, p. 483.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+REPUBLICAN SPLINTER----MISS ANTHONY VOTES.
+
+1872.
+
+
+The leading women in the movement for suffrage, supported by some of
+the ablest constitutional lawyers in the country, continued to claim
+the right to vote under the following:
+
+    FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT, JULY 28, 1868.
+
+    SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and
+    subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
+    States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
+    enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
+    citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any
+    person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,
+    nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection
+    of the laws.
+
+    FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT, MARCH 30, 1870.
+
+    SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
+    not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on
+    account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
+
+Many of the Republican leaders admitted that these amendments might be
+construed to include women, but were silenced by the cry of "party
+expediency." The fear of defeating the attempt to enfranchise the
+colored male citizen made them refuse to add the word "sex" to the
+Fifteenth Amendment, which would have placed this question beyond
+debate and put an end to the agitation that has continued for thirty
+years. The women insisted that the exigency which compelled the
+ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment by the various State
+legislatures was strong enough to carry it, even with the word "sex"
+included. Having failed to gain this point, the National Association
+determined to maintain the position that women were already
+enfranchised, and embodied it in the call for the Washington convention
+of 1872: "All those interested in woman's enfranchisement are invited
+to consider the 'new departure'--women already citizens, and their
+rights as such secured by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of
+the Federal Constitution."
+
+The same position was re-asserted in the resolutions adopted at that
+meeting, which declared that "while the Constitution of the United
+States leaves the qualifications of electors to the various States, it
+nowhere gives them the right to deprive any citizen of the elective
+franchise which is possessed by any other citizen; the right to
+regulate not including the right to prohibit the franchise;" that
+"those provisions of the several State constitutions which exclude
+women from the franchise on account of sex, are violative alike of the
+letter and spirit of the Federal Constitution;" and that "as the
+Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution have
+established the right of women to the elective franchise, we demand of
+the present Congress a declaratory act which shall secure us at once in
+the exercise of this right."
+
+Miss Anthony and other leaders officially asked the privilege of
+addressing the Senate and House upon this momentous question. This was
+refused, as contrary to precedent, but a hearing was granted before the
+Senate Judiciary Committee,[63] Friday morning, January 12. Not only
+the committee room but the corridors were crowded. Mrs. Stanton and
+Mrs. Hooker spoke grandly,[64] and as usual Miss Anthony was chosen to
+clinch the argument, which she did as follows:
+
+    You already have had logic and Constitution; I shall refer,
+    therefore, to existing facts. Prior to the war the plan of
+    extending suffrage was by State action, and it was our boast that
+    the National Constitution did not contain a word which could be
+    construed into a barrier against woman's right to vote. But at the
+    close of the war Congress lifted the question of suffrage for men
+    above State power, and by the amendments prohibited the deprivation
+    of suffrage to any citizen by any State. When the Fourteenth
+    Amendment was first proposed in Congress, we rushed to you with
+    petitions praying you not to insert the word "male" in the second
+    clause. Our best friends on the floor of Congress said to us: "The
+    insertion of that word puts up no new barrier against woman;
+    therefore do not embarrass us but wait until we get the negro
+    question settled." So the Fourteenth Amendment with the word "male"
+    was adopted.
+
+    Then, when the Fifteenth was presented without the word "sex," we
+    again petitioned and protested, and again our friends declared that
+    the absence of that word was no hindrance to us, and again begged
+    us to wait until they had finished the work of the war. "After we
+    have enfranchised the negro we will take up your case." Have they
+    done as they promised? When we come asking protection under the new
+    guarantees of the Constitution, the same men say to us that our
+    only plan is to wait the action of Congress and State legislatures
+    in the adoption of a Sixteenth Amendment which shall make null and
+    void the word "male" in the Fourteenth, and supply the want of the
+    word "sex" in the Fifteenth. Such tantalizing treatment imposed
+    upon yourselves or any class of men would have caused rebellion and
+    in the end a bloody revolution. It is only the close relations
+    existing between the sexes which have prevented any such result
+    from this injustice to women.
+
+    Gentlemen, I should be sure of your decision could you but realize
+    the fact that we, who have been battling for our rights now more
+    than twenty years, feel precisely as you would under such
+    circumstances. One of the most ardent lovers of freedom (Senator
+    Sumner) said to me two winters ago, after our hearing before the
+    committee of the District: "I never realized before that you or any
+    woman could feel the disgrace, the degradation of disfranchisement
+    precisely as I should if my fellow-citizens had conspired to
+    deprive me of my right to vote." Although I am a Quaker and take no
+    oath, yet I have made a most solemn "affirmation" that I will never
+    again beg my rights, but will come to Congress each year and demand
+    the recognition of them under the guarantees of the National
+    Constitution.
+
+    What we ask of the Republican party is simply to take down its own
+    bars. The facts in Wyoming show how it is that a Republican party
+    can exist in that Territory. Before women voted, there was never a
+    Republican elected to office; after their enfranchisement, the
+    first election sent one Republican to Congress and seven to the
+    Territorial Legislature. Thus the nucleus of a Republican party
+    there was formed through the enfranchisement of women. The
+    Democrats, seeing this, are now determined to disfranchise them.
+    Can you Republicans so utterly stultify yourselves, can you so
+    entirely work against yourselves, as to refuse us a declaratory
+    law? We pray you to report immediately, as Mrs. Hooker has said,
+    "favorably, if you can; adversely, if you must." We can wait no
+    longer.
+
+The committee reported adversely on the question of woman's right to
+vote under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
+
+At the close of the convention, Miss Anthony hastened to her home in
+Rochester, which she had not seen since her departure to California
+eight months before. Soon after her arrival she was invited to meet a
+number of her acquaintances at the home of her dear friend, Amy Post,
+and give them an account of her experiences on the Pacific slope. At
+its conclusion she was surprised by the presentation of a purse
+containing $50, with a touching address by Mrs. Post asking her to
+accept it as a testimonial of the appreciation in which her friends and
+neighbors held her work for woman and humanity. At the same time she
+received a gift of money from Sarah Pugh, in an envelope marked, "For
+thine own dear self." In her acknowledgment she says:
+
+    The tears started when I read your sweet letter. Were it not for
+    the loving sympathy and confidence of the little handful of
+    ever-faithful such as you, my spirit, I fear, would have fainted
+    long ago. There are yourself, dear Lucretia and her equally dear
+    sister, Martha, who never fail to know just the moment when my
+    purse is drained to the bottom and to drop the needed dollar into
+    it. It is really wonderful how I have been carried through all
+    these years financially. I often feel that Elijah's being fed by
+    the ravens was no more miraculous than my being furnished with the
+    means to do the great work which has been for the past twenty years
+    continuously presenting itself--yes, presenting itself, for it has
+    always come to me. My thought has been to escape the hardships but
+    they come ever and always, and so I try to accept the situation and
+    work my way through as best I can.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  My love and good wishes are
+  always flowing toward thyself and
+  dear Mrs Stanton--
+
+  Thine truly
+  Amy Post]
+
+She was soon off again, lecturing in various cities and towns, going as
+far west as Nebraska. Early in April, while waiting at a little
+railroad station in Illinois, a gentleman came in and handed her a copy
+of Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly containing this double-leaded
+announcement:
+
+    The undersigned citizens of the United States, responding to the
+    invitation of the National Woman Suffrage Association, propose to
+    hold a convention at Steinway Hall, in the city of New York, the
+    9th and 10th of May. We believe the time has come for the formation
+    of a new political party whose principles shall meet the issues of
+    the hour and represent equal rights for all. As women of the
+    country are to take part for the first time in political action, we
+    propose that the initiative steps in the convention shall be taken
+    by them.... This convention will declare the platform of the
+    People's party, and consider the nomination of candidates for
+    President and Vice-President of the United States, who shall be the
+    best possible exponents of political and industrial reform....
+
+    ELIZABETH CADY STANTON,   SUSAN E. ANTHONY,
+    ISABELLA B. HOOKER,       MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE.
+
+It was followed by the call of Mrs. Woodhull and others for a delegate
+convention to form a new party. Miss Anthony was thunderstruck. Not
+only had she no knowledge of this action, but she was thoroughly
+opposed both to the forming of a new party and to the National
+Association's having any share in such a proceeding. She immediately
+telegraphed an order to have her name removed from the call, and wrote
+back indignant letters of protest against involving the association in
+such an affair. A month prior to this, on March 13, she had written
+Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker from Leavenworth:
+
+    We have no element out of which to make a political party, because
+    there is not a man who would vote a woman suffrage ticket if
+    thereby he endangered his Republican, Democratic, Workingmen's or
+    Temperance party, and all our time and words in that direction are
+    simply thrown away. My name must not be used to call any such
+    meeting. I will do all I can to support either of the leading
+    parties which may adopt a woman suffrage plank or nominee; but no
+    one of them wants to do anything for us, while each would like to
+    use us....
+
+    I tell you I feel utterly disheartened--not that our cause is going
+    to die or be defeated, but as to my place and work. Mrs. Woodhull
+    has the advantage of us because she has the newspaper, and she
+    persistently means to run our craft into her port and none other.
+    If she were influenced by _women_ spirits, either in the body or
+    out of it, in the direction she steers, I might consent to be a
+    mere sail-hoister for her; but as it is, she is wholly owned and
+    dominated by _men_ spirits and I spurn the control of the whole lot
+    of them, just precisely the same when reflected through her woman's
+    tongue and pen as if they spoke directly for themselves.
+
+After sending this letter she had supposed the question settled until
+she saw this notice, hence her anger and dismay can be imagined.
+
+The regular anniversary meeting of the National Association was to
+begin in New York on May 9, and on the 6th Miss Anthony reached the
+city to prevent, if possible, the threatened coalition with the
+proposed new party. She engaged the parlors of the Westmoreland Hotel
+for headquarters and then hastened over to Tenafly to get Mrs. Stanton.
+As soon as the suffrage committee opened its business session, Mrs.
+Woodhull and her friends appeared by previous arrangement made during
+Miss Anthony's absence in the West, and announced that they would hold
+joint sessions with the suffrage convention the next two days at
+Steinway Hall. It was only by Miss Anthony's firm stand and indomitable
+will that this was averted, and that the set of resolutions which they
+brought, cut and dried, was defeated in the committee. She positively
+refused to allow them the use of Steinway Hall, which had been rented
+in her name, and at length they were compelled to give up the game and
+engage Apollo Hall for their "new party" convention. Mrs. Stanton and
+Mrs. Hooker called her narrow, bigoted and headstrong, but the
+proceedings of the "people's convention" next day, which nominated Mrs.
+Woodhull for President, showed how suicidal it would have been to have
+had it under the auspices of the National Suffrage Association.
+
+The forces of the latter, however, were greatly demoralized, the
+attendance at the convention was small, and Mrs. Stanton refused to
+serve longer as president. Miss Anthony was elected in her stead and,
+just as she was about to adjourn the first evening session, to her
+amazement Mrs. Woodhull came gliding in from the side of the platform
+and moved that "this convention adjourn to meet tomorrow morning at
+Apollo Hall!" An ally in the audience seconded the motion, Miss Anthony
+refused to put it, an appeal was made from the decision of the chair,
+Mrs. Woodhull herself put the motion and it was carried overwhelmingly.
+Miss Anthony declared the whole proceeding out of order, as the one
+making the motion, the second, and the vast majority of those voting
+were not members of the association. She adjourned the convention to
+meet in the same place the next morning and, as Mrs. Woodhull persisted
+in talking, ordered the janitor to turn off the gas.
+
+The next day, almost without assistance and deserted by those who
+should have stood by her, she went through with the remaining three
+sessions and brought the convention to a close. In her diary that
+evening is written: "A sad day for me; all came near being lost. Our
+ship was so nearly stranded by leaving the helm to others, that we
+rescued it only by a hair's breadth." She stopped at Lydia Mott's and
+then at Martha Wright's for comfort and sympathy, finding them in
+abundant measure, and reached home strengthened and refreshed, ready
+again to take up the work.
+
+At the request of many suffrage advocates, Miss Anthony and Laura De
+Force Gordon went to the National Liberal Convention, at Cincinnati,
+May 2, 1872, with a resolution asking that as liberal Republicans they
+should hold fast to the principles of the Declaration of Independence
+and recognize the right of women to the franchise. The ladies were
+politely treated and invited to seats on the platform, but were not
+allowed to appear before the committee and no attention was paid to
+their resolution. They expected no favors from the presiding officer,
+Carl Schurz, the foreign born, always a bitter opponent of woman
+suffrage, but they had hoped for assistance from B. Gratz Brown, George
+W. Julian, Theodore Tilton and other leading spirits of the meeting,
+who had been open and avowed friends; but it was the old, old
+story--political exigency required that women must be sacrificed, and
+this so-called Liberal convention was no more liberal on this subject
+than all which had preceded it. Miss Anthony is quoted in an interview
+as saying:
+
+    You see our cause is just where the anti-slavery cause was for a
+    long time. It had plenty of friends and supporters three years out
+    of four, but every fourth year, when a President was to be elected,
+    it was lost sight of; then the nation was to be saved and the slave
+    must be sacrificed. So it is with us women. Politicians are willing
+    to use us at their gatherings to fill empty seats, to wave our
+    handkerchiefs and clap our hands when they say smart things; but
+    when we ask to be allowed to help them in any substantial way, by
+    assisting them to choose the best men for our law-makers and
+    rulers, they push us aside and tell us not to bother them.
+
+On June 7 Miss Anthony and other prominent suffrage leaders attended
+the National Republican Convention, at Philadelphia, which adopted the
+following compromise:
+
+    The Republican party is mindful of its obligations to the loyal
+    women of America for their noble devotion to the cause of freedom;
+    their admission to wider fields of usefulness is received with
+    satisfaction; and the honest demands of any class of citizens for
+    equal rights should be treated with respectful consideration.
+
+At the close of this meeting, the faithful Sarah Pugh slipped $20 into
+Miss Anthony's hand, telling her to go and confer with Mrs. Stanton.
+She did so and they prepared a strong letter for the New York World,
+calling upon the Democrats at Baltimore to adopt a woman suffrage plank
+if they did not wish to compel the women of the country to work for the
+success of the Republican ticket. Immediately after the Philadelphia
+convention, Henry B. Blackwell, editor of the Woman's Journal, wrote
+Miss Anthony:
+
+    I have given my views to Mrs. Stanton as to the wisdom of
+    concentrating the woman suffragists in support of the Republican
+    candidates and platform. I think if this is done earnestly,
+    heartily and unselfishly, upon the ground of anti-slavery principle
+    and of progressive tendencies, a strong and general reaction will
+    set in and that, instead of "recognition," as in 1872, we shall
+    have endorsement and victory in 1876.... I believe you love the
+    cause better than yourself. I hope that you will see the wisdom of
+    accepting the resolution in the friendly, generous spirit of the
+    convention and, by accepting it, making it mean what we desire it
+    should, which we can do if we will.
+
+To this she replied on June 14:
+
+    Your note is here. My view of our true position is to hold
+    ourselves as a balance of power, "to give aid and comfort," as the
+    Springfield Republican says, to the party which shall inscribe on
+    its banners "Freedom to Woman." If I am a Republican or Liberal or
+    Democrat per se and work for the party right or wrong, then I make
+    of myself and my co-workers no added power for or against the one
+    which adopts or rejects our claim for recognition.
+
+    I do not expect any _man_ to see and act with me here, but I do not
+    understand how any _woman_ can do otherwise than refuse to accept
+    any party which ignores her sex. I will not work with a party today
+    on the war issues or because it was true to them in the olden time;
+    but I will work with the one which accepts the living, vital issue
+    of today--freedom to woman--and I scarcely have a hope that
+    Baltimore will step ahead of Philadelphia in her platform. Grant's
+    recognition of citizens' rights evidently _means_ to include women,
+    and Wilson's letter openly and boldly declares the new mission of
+    Republicanism. I, therefore, now expect to take the field--the
+    stump, if you please to call it so--for the Republican party, but
+    not because of any of its nineteen planks save the fourteenth,
+    which makes mention of woman, although faintly. It is "the promise
+    of things not seen," hence I shall clutch it as the drowning man
+    the floating straw, and cling to it until something stronger and
+    surer shall present itself. It is a great step to get this first
+    recognition; it carries the discussion of our question legitimately
+    into every school district and every ward meeting of the
+    presidential canvass. It is what my soul has waited for these seven
+    years. From this we shall go rapidly onward.
+
+Miss Anthony and Mrs. Hooker attended the National Democratic
+Convention at Baltimore, July 9. The latter some time before had
+repudiated her life-long allegiance to the Republican party, because of
+its treatment of woman's claims, and had declared her belief that their
+only chance was with the Democrats. The Baltimore Sun thus describes an
+interview in the corridor between the Hon. James R. Doolittle,
+president of the convention, and Miss Anthony and Mrs. Hooker: "Mr.
+Doolittle's erect and commanding figure was set off to great advantage
+by his elegantly-fitting dress-coat; Mrs. Hooker, tall and erect as the
+lord of creation she was bearding, with her abundant tresses of
+beautiful gray and her intellectual, sparkling eyes; Miss Anthony, the
+peer of both in height, with her gold spectacles set forward on a nose
+which would have delighted Napoleon; the two ladies attired in rich
+black silk--the attention of the few who lingered was at once attracted
+to the picture." But Mr. Doolittle justified his name, as far as
+extending any assistance was concerned, and the ladies had not even
+seats on the platform.
+
+As an example of the way in which the politicians tried not to do it
+and yet seem to sufficiently to secure such small influence as the
+women might possess, may be quoted a letter from Hon. John Cochran, of
+New York City, to Mrs. Stanton, his cousin: "I think Baltimore should
+speak on the subject. I am sorry Cincinnati did not. Any baby could say
+that fourteenth formula in the Philadelphia platform; but I would say
+something more if I said anything at all. Come, see if you can rig up
+this shaky plank and give something not quite suffrage, but so like it
+that all the female Sampsons will vote that it is good." The Baltimore
+convention, however, could not be induced to adopt even a rickety plank
+which might fool the women. Miss Anthony writes in her diary: "The
+Democrats have swallowed Cincinnati, hoofs, horns and all. No hope for
+women here."
+
+While the Republican plank was unsatisfactory, it was the first time
+Woman ever had been mentioned in a national platform and so many
+glittering hopes were held out by the Republican leaders that the
+officers of the National Association felt justified in giving their
+influence to this party. They were the more willing to do this as
+General Grant, the nominee, had been the first President to appoint
+women postmasters and was known to be friendly to their claim for equal
+opportunities, and as Henry Wilson, candidate for Vice-President, was
+an avowed advocate of woman suffrage. Therefore, Miss Anthony,
+president, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, chairman of the executive
+committee, on July 19 sent out a ringing address which began:
+
+    Women of the United States, the hour for political action has come.
+    For the first time in the history of our country, woman has been
+    recognized in the platform of a large and dominant party.
+    Philadelphia has spoken and woman is no longer ignored. She is now
+    officially recognized as a part of the body politic.... We are told
+    that the plank does not say much, that in fact it is only a
+    "splinter;" and our Liberal friends warn us not to rely upon it as
+    a promise of the ballot to women. What it is, we know even better
+    than others. We recognize its meagerness; we see in it the timidity
+    of politicians; but beyond and through all, we see a promise of the
+    future. It is the thin side of the entering wedge which shall break
+    woman's slavery in pieces and make us at last a nation truly
+    free--a nation in which the caste of sex shall fall down by the
+    caste of color, and humanity alone be the criterion of all human
+    rights. The Republican has been the party of ideas; of progress.
+    Under its leadership, the nation came safely through the fiery
+    ordeal of the rebellion; under it slavery was destroyed; under it
+    manhood suffrage was established. The women of the country have
+    long looked to it in hope, and not in vain; for today we are
+    launched by it into the political arena, and the Republican party
+    must hereafter fight our battles for us. This great, this
+    progressive party, having taken the initiative step, will never go
+    back on its record.
+
+In July Miss Anthony, continuing the correspondence with Mr. Blackwell,
+wrote:
+
+    Letters are pouring in upon me because of my announcement that I
+    shall work for the Republican party, second only in numbers and
+    regret to those of 1868--because of my accepting Train's words,
+    works and cash, given me to push on the cause of woman suffrage as
+    best I knew. It is marvelous that the friends can not see what a
+    gain it is to have the question of woman's claims introduced into
+    politics. It is the hour I have longed and worked for with might
+    and main because I have seen that so soon as we could get this, the
+    editors and orators of both parties must of necessity discuss the
+    subject pro and con, and of course the party which introduced it
+    favorably into politics, must be the one to give the reasons for so
+    doing.
+
+    As I endured the growling when I was charged with giving too much
+    "aid and comfort" to the Democracy, because I thanked them for what
+    they did to agitate our demand in Congress and out, I think I shall
+    be equal to the fire now for affiliating with the Republicans. You
+    did me the grossest injustice in the Woman's Journal, when you
+    called me a "woman suffrage Democrat," just as gross as the
+    Liberals will be likely to do, when they shall call me a "woman
+    suffrage Republican." I belong to neither party, and approve of one
+    or the other only as it shall speak and work for the
+    enfranchisement of woman. Had Cincinnati declared for woman, and
+    Philadelphia not, I should have worked with might and main for the
+    Liberals. All I know or care of parties now and until women are
+    free, is "woman and her disfranchised--crucified!"
+
+It is most touching to observe Miss Anthony's joy over this
+quasi-recognition on the part of Republicans, the more especially at
+the beginning of the campaign. In her journal of July 26 she says: "It
+is so strange that all can not see the immense gain to us to have the
+party in power commit itself to a respectful treatment of our claims.
+Already the tone of the entire Republican press is elevated. It is
+wonderful to see the change. None but the Liberals deride us now, and
+Theodore Tilton stands at their head in light and scurrilous
+treatment." To her old friend Mrs. Bloomer, she sent this rallying cry:
+"Ho for the battle now! The lines are clearly drawn.... Slight as is
+the Republicans' mention of our claim in their plank, it surely is
+vastly more and better than the disrespect of no mention at all by the
+Democrats, coupled with the fact that their nominee, Mr. Greeley, is an
+out-and-out opponent of our movement, and does not now refrain from
+saying to earnest suffrage women that he 'neither desires our help nor
+believes we are capable of giving any.'"
+
+To Mrs. Stanton she wrote: "The Democrats have now abandoned their old
+dogmas and accepted those of the Republicans, while the latter have
+stepped up higher to labor reform and woman suffrage. Forney's
+editorial in the Philadelphia Press of July 11 states positively that
+the woman suffrage cause is espoused by the Republican party. I tell
+you the Fort Sumter gun of our war is fired, and we will go on to
+victory almost without a repulse from this date." But Mrs. Stanton
+could not share in her optimism, and replied: "I do not feel jubilant
+over the situation; in fact I never was so blue in my life. You and Mr.
+Blackwell write most enthusiastically, and I try to feel so and to see
+that the 'Philadelphia splinter' is something. Between nothing and
+that, there is no choice, and we must accept it. With my natural pride
+of character, it makes me feel intensely bitter to have my rights
+discussed by popinjay priests and politicians, to have woman's work in
+church and State decided by striplings of twenty-one, and the press of
+the country in a broad grin because, forsooth, some American matrons
+choose to attend a political convention. Now do I know how Robert
+Purvis feels when these 'white mules' turn round their long left ears
+at him. But let the Democrats and Liberals do what they may, the cat
+will mew, the dog will have his day. Dear friend, you ask me what I
+see. I am under a cloud and see nothing."
+
+Under date of August 19, Henry Wilson wrote Miss Anthony: "Your
+cheerful and cheering note came to me in Indiana. In great haste I can
+only say that I like its spirit, believe in its doctrines, and will
+call the attention of the Republican committees, both national and New
+York, to your suggestions, and trust and believe that much good may
+result from carrying into effect its suggestions."
+
+On July 16 Miss Anthony had received a telegram from Washington to come
+at once for a conference with the Republican committee. Her sister and
+mother were very ill and she would not leave them, even for such a
+summons. On the 24th another telegram came, but it was not until the
+29th that she felt safe in leaving the invalids. When she reached
+Washington, the chairman of the committee said: "At the time we sent
+our first telegram we were panic-stricken and had you come then, you
+might have had what you pleased to carry out your plan of work among
+the women; but now the crisis has passed and we feel confident of
+success; nevertheless, we will be glad of your co-operation." He gave
+her a check of $500, to which the New York committee added $500 more,
+to hold meetings in that State.
+
+[Autograph: Henry Wilson]
+
+The same change of feeling was noticeable in the press. Immediately
+after the Baltimore convention, when it looked as if Greeley might be
+elected, the Republican newspapers were filled with appeals to the
+women, and the plank was magnified to suit any interpretation they
+might choose, but as the campaign progressed and the danger passed, it
+was almost wholly ignored by both press and platform. The Republicans
+did, however, employ a number of women speakers during the campaign,
+but Miss Anthony received no money except this $1,000, all of which she
+expended in public meetings. The first was at Rochester, September 20,
+and, the daily papers said, "far surpassed any rally held during the
+season." Mayor Carter Wilder presided, and the speakers were Mrs.
+Stanton, Mrs. Gage and Rev. Olympia Brown. The series closed with a
+tremendous meeting at Cooper Institute, Hon. Luther R. Marsh presiding,
+and Peter Cooper, Edmund Yates and a number of other prominent men on
+the stage. Henry Ward Beecher had agreed to preside and to speak at
+this meeting, but at the last moment was called away.
+
+Miss Anthony was considerably at variance with some of the Republican
+politicians, however, because she and her associates, through all the
+campaign, persisted in speaking on the woman's plank in the platform
+and advocating equal suffrage, instead of ignoring these points, as the
+men speakers did, and making the fight on the other issues of the
+party. Her position is best stated in one of her own letters to Mrs.
+Stanton early in the autumn:
+
+    If you are ready to go forth into this canvass saying that you
+    endorse the party on any other point or for any other cause than
+    that of its recognition of woman's claim to vote, _I_ am not and I
+    shall not thus go. To the contrary, I shall work for the Republican
+    party and call on all women to join me, precisely as we thanked the
+    Democrats of Wyoming and Kansas, and Hon. James Brooks and Senator
+    Cowan, viz: for what that party has done and promises to do for
+    woman, nothing more, nothing less.
+
+    Then again, I shall not join with the Republicans in hounding
+    Greeley and the Liberals with all the old war anathemas of the
+    Democracy. Greeley and all the Liberals are just as good and true
+    Republicans as ever; and the fact that old pro-slavery men propose
+    to vote for him no more makes him pro-slavery than the drunkards'
+    or rum-sellers' vote for him makes him a friend and advocate of the
+    liquor traffic. My sense of justice and truth is outraged by the
+    Harpers' cartoons of Greeley and the general falsifying tone of the
+    Republican press. It is not fair for us to join in the cry that
+    everybody who is opposed to the present administration is either a
+    Democrat or an apostate.
+
+    I shall try to be "careful and not captious," as you suggest, but
+    more than all, I shall try not to run myself or my cause into the
+    slough of political schemes or schemers. And I pray you, be prudent
+    and conscientious, and do not surrender one iota of true principle
+    or of our philosophy of reform to aid mere Republican partisanship.
+
+Miss Anthony never has abandoned this position and the leading
+advocates of woman suffrage stand with her squarely upon the ground
+that no party, whatever its principles, shall have their sanction and
+advocacy until it shall make an unequivocal declaration in favor of the
+enfranchisement of women and support this by means of the party press
+and platform.
+
+There was a desire on the part of many women to test the right to vote
+which they claimed was conferred on them by the Fourteenth Amendment,
+and in 1872 a number in different places attempted to cast their
+ballots at the November election. A few were accepted by the
+inspectors, but most of them were refused. On Friday morning, November
+1, Miss Anthony read, at the head of the editorial columns of the
+Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, the following strong plea:
+
+    Now register! Today and tomorrow are the only remaining
+    opportunities. If you were not permitted to vote, you would fight
+    for the right, undergo all privations for it, face death for it.
+    You have it now at the cost of five minutes' time to be spent in
+    seeking your place of registration and having your name entered.
+    And yet, on election day, less than a week hence, hundreds of you
+    are likely to lose your votes because you have not thought it worth
+    while to give the five minutes. Today and tomorrow are your only
+    opportunities. Register now!
+
+There was nothing to indicate that this appeal was made to men only, it
+said plainly that suffrage was a right for which one would fight and
+face death, and that it could be had at the cost of five minutes' time.
+She was a loyal American citizen, had just conducted a political
+campaign, was thoroughly conversant with the issues and vitally
+interested in the results of the election, and certainly competent to
+vote. She summoned her three faithful sisters and going to the registry
+office of the Eighth ward (in a barber's shop) they asked to be
+registered. There was some hesitation, but Miss Anthony read the
+Fourteenth Amendment and the article in the State constitution in
+regard to taking the oath, which made no sex-qualification, and at
+length their names were duly entered by the inspectors, Beverly W.
+Jones and Edwin F. Marsh, Republicans; William B. Hall, Democrat,
+objecting. Miss Anthony then called upon several other women in her
+ward, urging them to follow her example, and in all fifteen registered.
+The evening papers noted this fact and the next day enough women in
+other wards followed their example to bring the number up to fifty.
+
+The Rochester Express and the Democrat and Chronicle (Republican) noted
+the circumstance, expressing no opinion, but the Union and Advertiser
+(Democratic) denounced the proceeding and declared that "if the votes
+of these women were received the inspectors should be prosecuted to the
+full extent of the law." This attack was kept up till the day of
+election, November 5, with the result of so terrorizing the inspectors
+that all refused to accept the votes of the women who had registered
+except those in the Eighth ward where the ballots of the fifteen[65]
+were received.
+
+In a letter to Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony says: "Well, I have been and
+gone and done it, positively voted this morning at 7 o'clock, and swore
+my vote in at that. Not a jeer, not a rude word, not a disrespectful
+look has met one woman. Now if all our suffrage women would work to
+this end of enforcing the constitutional supremacy of National over
+State law, what strides we might make from now on; but oh, I'm so
+tired! I've been on the go constantly for five days, but to good
+purpose, so all right. I hope you too voted."
+
+The news of the acceptance of these votes was sent by the Associated
+Press to all parts of the country and created great interest and
+excitement. There was scarcely a newspaper in the United States which
+did not contain from one to a dozen editorial comments. Some of these
+were flippant or abusive, most of them non-committal but respectful,
+and many earnest, dignified and commendatory;[66] a few, notably the
+New York Graphic, contained outrageous cartoons.
+
+Immediately after registering Miss Anthony had gone to a number of the
+leading lawyers in Rochester for advice as to her right to vote on the
+following Tuesday, but none of them would consider her case. Finally
+she entered the office of Henry R. Selden, a leading member of the bar
+and formerly judge of the court of appeals. He listened to her
+attentively, took the mass of documents which she had brought with
+her--Benjamin F. Butler's minority report, Francis Minor's resolutions,
+Judge Riddle's speech made in Washington in a similar case the year
+previous, various Supreme Court decisions, an incontrovertible array of
+argument--and told her he would give her an answer on Monday. She
+called then and he said: "My brother Samuel and I have spent an entire
+day in examining these papers and we believe that your claim to a right
+to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment is valid. I will protect you in
+that right to the best of my ability."
+
+Armed with this authority she cast her vote the next day, and advised
+the other women to do the same. As the inspectors hesitated to receive
+the votes, Miss Anthony assured them that should they be prosecuted she
+herself would bear all the expenses of the suit. They had been advised
+not to register the women by Silas J. Wagner, Republican supervisor.
+All three of the inspectors and also a bystander declared under oath
+that Daniel J. Warner, the Democratic supervisor, had advised them to
+register the names of the women; but on election day this same man
+attempted to challenge their votes. This, however, already had been
+done by one Sylvester Lewis, who testified later that he acted for the
+Democratic central committee. The general belief that these ladies
+voted the Republican ticket may have influenced this action.
+
+About two weeks after election, Monday, November 18, Miss Anthony
+received a call from Deputy United States Marshal E.J. Keeney who, amid
+many blushes and much hesitation and stammering, announced that it was
+his unpleasant duty to arrest her. "Is this your usual method of
+serving a warrant?" she calmly inquired. The marshal, thus encouraged,
+produced the necessary legal document.[67] As she wished to make some
+change in her dress, he told her she could come down alone to the
+commissioner's office, but she refused to take herself to court, so he
+waited until she was ready and then declined her suggestion that he put
+handcuffs on her. She had intended to have suit brought against those
+inspectors who refused to register the women, but it never had occurred
+to her that those who voted would themselves be arrested.
+
+Under date of November 27, Judge Selden wrote her: "I suppose the
+commissioner will, as a matter of course, hold you for trial at the
+circuit court, _whatever your rights may be in the matter._ In my
+opinion, the idea that you can be charged with a _crime_ on account of
+voting, or offering to vote, when you honestly believed yourself
+entitled to vote, is simply preposterous, whether your belief _were
+right or wrong_. However, the learned gentlemen engaged in this
+movement seem to suppose they can make a crime out of your honest
+deposit of your ballot, and _perhaps_ they can find a respectable court
+or jury that will be of their opinion. If they do so I shall be greatly
+disappointed."
+
+Miss Anthony and the fourteen other ladies who voted, went before U. S.
+Commissioner Storrs, U. S. District-Attorney Crowley and Assistant U.
+S. District-Attorney Pond, and were ordered to appear for examination
+Friday, November 29. Following is a portion of the examination of Miss
+Anthony by the commissioner:
+
+    Previous to voting at the 1st district poll in the Eighth ward, did
+    you take the advice of counsel upon your voting?--Yes, sir.--Who
+    was it you talked with?--Judge Henry E. Selden.--What did he advise
+    you in reference to your legal right to vote?--He said it was the
+    only way to find out what the law was upon the subject--to bring it
+    to a test case.--Did he advise you to offer your vote?--Yes,
+    sir.--State whether or not, prior to such advice, you had retained
+    Mr. Selden. No, sir.--Have you anything further to say upon Judge
+    Selden's advice?--I think it was sound.--Did he give you an opinion
+    upon the subject?--He was like the rest of you lawyers--he had not
+    studied the question.--What did he advise you?--He left me with
+    this opinion: That he was a conscientious man; that he would
+    thoroughly study the subject of woman's right to vote and decide
+    according to the law.--Did you have any doubt yourself of your
+    right to vote?--Not a particle.
+
+    Cross-examination--Would you not have made the same efforts to vote
+    that you did, if you had not consulted with Judge Selden?--Yes,
+    sir.--Were you influenced in the matter by his advice at all?--No,
+    sir.--You went into this matter for the purpose of testing the
+    question?--Yes, sir; I had been resolved for three years to vote at
+    the first election when I had been at home for thirty days before.
+
+It is an incident worthy of note that this examination took place and
+the commissioner's decision was rendered in the same dingy little room
+where, in the olden days, fugitive slaves were examined and returned to
+their masters. While the attorneys were endeavoring to agree upon a
+date for the hearing of arguments, Miss Anthony remarked that she
+should be engaged lecturing in central Ohio until December 10. "But you
+are supposed to be in custody all this time," said the
+district-attorney. "Oh, is that so? I had forgotten all about that,"
+she replied. That night she wrote in her diary: "A hard day and a sad
+anniversary! Ten years ago our dear father was laid to rest. This
+evening at 7 o'clock my old friend Horace Greeley died. A giant
+intellect suddenly gone out!"
+
+The second hearing took place December 23 in the common council
+chamber, in the presence of a large audience which included many
+ladies, the newspapers stating that it had rather the appearance of a
+social gathering than an arraignment of criminals. Of those on trial
+one paper said: "The majority of these law-breakers were elderly,
+matronly-looking women with thoughtful faces, just the sort one would
+like to see in charge of one's sick-room, considerate, patient,
+kindly."
+
+At Judge Selden's request, Hon. John Van Voorhis, one of the ablest
+lawyers in Rochester, had been associated with himself for the defense.
+Both made strong, logical arguments, and Miss Anthony herself spoke
+most earnestly in behalf of the three inspectors, who also had been
+arrested. The commissioner held all of them guilty, fixed their bail at
+$500 each, and gave them until the following Monday to furnish it. All
+did so except Miss Anthony, who refused to give bail and applied for a
+writ of habeas corpus from U. S. District-Judge N. K. Hall. The
+Rochester Express, which stood nobly by her through this ordeal, said
+editorially:
+
+    Miss Anthony had a loftier end in view than the making of a
+    sensation when she registered her name and cast her vote. The act
+    was in harmony with a life steadily consecrated to a high purpose
+    from which she has never wavered, though she has met a storm of
+    invective, personal taunt and false accusation, more than enough to
+    justify any person less courageous than she in giving up a warfare
+    securing her only ingratitude and abuse. But Miss Anthony has no
+    morbid sentiment in her nature. There is at least one woman in the
+    land--and we believe there are a good many more--who does not whine
+    others into helping her over a hard spot, or even plead for help,
+    but bravely helps herself and puts her hand to the plough without
+    turning back. Those who are now regarding her as practically
+    condemned to State prison or the payment of a fine of $500, need
+    not waste their sympathy, for she would suffer either penalty with
+    heroic cheerfulness if thereby she might help bring about the day
+    when the principle "no taxation without representation" meant
+    something more than it does. In writing lately to a friend, she
+    thus expressed herself:
+
+    "Yes, I hope you will be present at the examination, to witness the
+    grave spectacle of fifteen native born citizens, of sound mind and
+    not convicted of any crime, arraigned in the United States criminal
+    courts to answer for the offense of illegal voting, when the United
+    States Constitution, the supreme law of this land, says, 'All
+    persons born or naturalized in the United States ... are citizens;
+    no State shall deny or abridge the privileges or immunities of
+    citizens;' and 'The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied.'
+    The one question to be settled is, are personal freedom and
+    personal representation inherent rights and privileges under
+    democratic-republican institutions, or are they things of
+    legislation, precisely as under old monarchical governments, to be
+    given and taken at the option of a ruling class or of a majority
+    vote? If the former, then is our country free indeed; if the
+    latter, then is our country a despotism, and we women its victims!"
+
+Under date of December 12, Benjamin F. Butler, then a member of
+Congress, wrote Miss Anthony regarding her case:
+
+    I do not believe anybody in Congress doubts that the Constitution
+    authorizes the right of women to vote, precisely as it authorizes
+    trial by jury and many other like rights guaranteed to citizens.
+    But the difficulty is, the courts long since decided that the
+    constitutional provisions do not act upon the citizens, except as
+    guarantees, ex proprio vigore, and in order to give practical force
+    to them there must be legislation. As, for example, in trial by
+    jury, a man can invoke the Constitution to prevent his being tried,
+    in a proper case, by any other tribunal than a jury; but if there
+    is no legislation, congressional or other, to give him a trial by
+    jury, I think, under the decisions, it would be very difficult to
+    see how it might be done. Therefore, the point is for the friends
+    of woman suffrage to get congressional legislation.
+
+[Autograph: Benjamin F. Butler]
+
+The results of the trial showed that General Butler was right in
+thinking that further legislation would be required to enable women to
+vote under the Constitution of the United States. It proved also that a
+judge could set aside the right of a citizen to a trial by jury,
+supposed to be guaranteed by every safeguard which could be thrown
+around it by this same Constitution.
+
+[Footnote 63: Present, Lyman Trumbull, Illinois, chairman; Roscoe
+Conkling, New York; F.F. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey; Matthew H.
+Carpenter, Wisconsin.]
+
+[Footnote 64: See History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. II, pp. 499 and 506.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Susan B. Anthony, Mary S. Anthony, Guelma Anthony McLean,
+Hannah Anthony Mosher, Rhoda De Garmo, Sarah Truesdale, Mary Pulver,
+Lottie B. Anthony, Nancy M. Chapman, Susan M. Hough, Hannah Chatfield,
+Margaret Leyden, Mary Culver, Ellen S. Baker, Mary L. Hebard (wife of
+the editor of the Express).]
+
+[Footnote 66: When a jurist as eminent as Judge Henry R. Selden
+testifies that he told Miss Anthony before election that she had a
+right to vote, and this after a careful examination of the question,
+the whole subject assumes new importance.... How grateful to Judge
+Selden must all the suffragists be! He has struck the strongest and
+most promising blow in their behalf that has yet been given. Dred Scott
+was the pivot on which the Constitution turned before the war. Miss
+Anthony seems likely to occupy a similar position now.--New York
+Commercial Advertiser.
+
+The arrest of the fifteen women of Rochester, and the imprisonment of
+the renowned Miss Susan B. Anthony, for voting at the November
+election, afford a curious illustration of the extent to which the
+United States government is stretching its hand in these matters. If
+these women violated any law at all by voting, it was clearly a statute
+of the State of New York, and that State might safely be left to
+vindicate the majesty of its own laws. It is only by an over-strained
+stretch of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments that the national
+government can force its long finger into the Rochester case at
+all.--New York Sun.
+
+Whatever may be said of Susan B. Anthony, there is no doubt but she has
+kept the public mind of the country agitated upon the woman's rights
+question as few others, male or female, could have done. She has
+displayed very superior judgment and has seldom been led into acts of
+even seeming impropriety. She has won the respect of all classes by her
+ability, her consistency and her spotless character, and she today
+stands far in advance of all her co-workers in the estimation of the
+people. The fact that she voted at Rochester at the presidential
+election has created no little commotion on the part of the press, but
+if women are to become voters, who but the one who has taken the lead
+in the advocacy of that right should be among the first to cast the
+vote?--Toledo Blade.
+
+We pause in the midst of our pressing duties to admire the zeal and
+courage which find in the course of these ladies a challenge to battle,
+while evils a thousandfold worse, such as bribery, etc., are permitted
+to pass unnoticed.... The ladies who voted in this city on the 5th of
+this month did so from the conviction that they had a constitutional
+right to the ballot. In that they may or may not have been mistaken,
+but they certainly can not be justly classed with the ordinary illegal
+voter and repeater. The latter always vote for a pecuniary
+consideration, knowingly and intentionally violating our laws to get
+gain. The former voted for a principle and to assert what, they esteem
+a right. The attempt by insinuation to class them among the ordinary
+illegal voters will react upon its movers.--Rochester Evening Express.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Complaint has this day been made by ---- on oath before
+me, William C. Storrs, commissioner, charging that Susan B. Anthony, on
+or about the fifth day of November, 1872, at the city of Rochester, N.
+Y., at an election held in the Eighth ward of the city of Rochester
+aforesaid, for a representative in the Congress of the United States,
+did then and there vote for a representative in the Congress of the
+United States, without having a lawful right to vote and in violation
+of Section 19 of an act of Congress approved May 31, 1870, entitled "An
+act, to enforce the right of citizens of the United States to vote in
+the several States of this Union and for other purposes."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+TRIAL FOR VOTING UNDER FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT.
+
+1873.
+
+
+In the midst of these harassing circumstances Miss Anthony made the
+usual preparations for holding the annual woman suffrage convention in
+Washington, January 16 and 17, 1873, and presided over its
+deliberations. In her opening speech she said:
+
+    There are three methods of extending suffrage to new classes. The
+    first is for the legislatures of the several States to submit the
+    question to those already voters. Before the war this was the only
+    way thought of, and during all those years we petitioned the
+    legislatures to submit an amendment striking the word "male" from
+    the suffrage clause of the State constitutions. The second method
+    is for Congress to submit to the several legislatures a proposition
+    for a Sixteenth Amendment which shall prohibit the States from
+    depriving women citizens of their right to vote. The third plan is
+    for women to take their right under the Fourteenth Amendment of the
+    National Constitution, which declares that all persons are
+    citizens, and no State shall deny or abridge the privileges or
+    immunities of citizens.
+
+    Again, there are two ways of securing the right of suffrage under
+    the Constitution as it is, one by a declaratory act of Congress
+    instructing the officers of election to receive the votes of women;
+    the other by bringing suits before the courts, as women already
+    have done, in order to secure a judicial decision on the broad
+    interpretation of the Constitution that all persons are citizens,
+    and all citizens voters. The vaults in yonder Capitol hold the
+    petitions of 100,000 women for a declaratory act, and the calendars
+    of our courts show that many are already testing their right to
+    vote under the Fourteenth Amendment. I stand here under indictment
+    for having exercised my right as a citizen to vote at the last
+    election; and by a fiction of the law, I am now in custody and not
+    a free person on this platform.
+
+Among the forcible resolutions adopted were one asserting "that States
+may regulate all local questions of property, taxation, etc., but the
+inalienable personal rights of citizenship must be declared by the
+Constitution, interpreted by the Supreme Court, protected by Congress,
+and enforced by the arm of the Executive;" and another declaring "that
+the criminal prosecution of Susan B. Anthony by the United States, for
+the alleged crime of exercising the citizen's right of suffrage, is an
+act of arbitrary and unconstitutional authority and a blow at the
+liberties of every citizen of this nation." Mrs. Gage, Mrs. Stanton,
+Mrs. Blake, Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood, Rev. Olympia Brown and others made
+ringing speeches on the right of women to vote under the Fourteenth
+Amendment, defended the course of Miss Anthony and denounced her
+arrest. This was the tenor of all the addresses. She was unanimously
+elected president for the ensuing year, notwithstanding prison walls
+loomed up before her; and then she hastened back to prepare for her
+legal battle.
+
+Miss Anthony met her counsel at Albany, and on January 21 Judge Selden
+made a masterly argument before U.S. District-Judge N.K. Hall, in
+support of her demand for a writ of habeas corpus, and asked the
+discharge of the prisoner on the grounds: 1st, That in the act
+complained of she discharged a duty or, at all events, exercised a
+right, instead of committing a crime; that she had a constitutional and
+lawful right to offer her ballot and to have it received and counted;
+that she, as well as her brothers, was entitled to express her choice
+as to the persons who should make, and those who should execute the
+laws, inasmuch as she, as well as they, would be bound to observe them.
+2d, That, if she had not that right, she in good faith believed that
+she had it and, therefore, her act lacked the indispensable ingredient
+of all crime, a corrupt intention.
+
+The judge denied the writ and increased her bail to $1,000. From the
+first Miss Anthony had been determined not to recognize the right of
+the courts to interfere with her exercise of the franchise, and again
+she refused to give bail, insisting that rather than do this she
+preferred to go to jail. Judge Selden, however, in kindness of heart,
+said there were times when a client must be guided by advice of her
+counsel, and himself went on her bond. As she came out of the courtroom
+she met her other lawyer, Mr. Van Voorhis, and told him what had been
+done. He exclaimed, "You have lost your chance to get your case before
+the Supreme Court by writ of habeas corpus!" In her ignorance of legal
+forms she had not understood this, and at once she rushed back and
+tried to have the bond cancelled, but, to her bitter disappointment,
+this was impossible. When she demanded of Judge Selden, "Did you not
+know that you had estopped me from carrying my case to the Supreme
+Court?" he replied with his old-time courtesy, "Yes, but I could not
+see a lady I respected put in jail."
+
+The following day, January 22, the commission then in session at Albany
+for the purpose of revising the State Constitution was addressed by
+Miss Anthony on woman's right to vote under the Constitution of the
+United States. Her attorneys, Selden and Van Voorhis, were present and,
+when she finished, the former said to her, "If I had heard this address
+first I could have made a far better argument before Judge Hall."
+Immediately following the judge's decision, Miss Anthony was indicted
+by the grand jury.[68]
+
+During this winter she attended the Ohio and Illinois Suffrage
+conventions, and in a number of cities in these States and in Indiana
+made her great constitutional argument on the right of women to vote
+under the Fourteenth Amendment. Every newspaper in the country took up
+the points involved and the interest and agitation were wide-spread.
+She spoke at Ft. Wayne on February 25, an intensely cold night. Above
+her was an open scuttle, from which a stream of air poured down upon
+her head, and when half through her lecture she suddenly became
+unconscious. She was the guest of Mrs. Mary Hamilton Williams, and was
+taken at once to her home where she received every possible kindness
+and attention. As soon as she recovered consciousness she begged that
+steps be taken immediately to keep the occurrence from the Associated
+Press, as she feared that, on account of her mother's extremely
+delicate health, the shock and anxiety would prove fatal. Three nights
+later, although not wholly recovered, she spoke to a large audience at
+Marion, Ind.; the diary says, "going on the platform with fear and
+trembling."
+
+She returned home, and on March 4 cast her ballot at the city election
+without any protest. Only two other ladies could be induced to vote,
+Mrs. Mary Pulver and Mrs. Mary S. Hebard. All of the others who had
+voted in the fall were thoroughly frightened, and their husbands and
+other male relatives were even more panic-stricken.
+
+In the midst of her own perplexities Miss Anthony did not forget to
+issue the call[69] for the May Anniversary in New York, where she made
+an address, detailing the incidents of her arrest and defending her
+rights as a citizen. All the speeches and letters of the convention
+were deeply sympathetic, and among the resolutions bearing on this
+question was one stating that since the underlying principle of our
+government is equality of political rights, therefore "the trial of
+Susan B. Anthony, though ostensibly involving only the political status
+of woman, in reality questions the right of every man to share in the
+government; that it is not Susan B. Anthony or the women of the
+republic who alone are on trial today, but it is the government of the
+United States, and that as the decision is rendered for or against the
+political rights of citizenship, so will the men of America find
+themselves free or enslaved."
+
+A reception was given by Dr. Clemence Lozier, founder of the Woman's
+Homeopathic College of New York, who was always Miss Anthony's faithful
+and devoted friend, never shaken in her trust by any storm that raged.
+During the darkest days of her paper, The Revolution, when the
+generosity of all others had been exhausted, Dr. Lozier gave her $50
+every Saturday for many weeks and helped her by so much to bear the
+weight of the financial burden. For more than a quarter of a century
+her hospitable doors were always ajar for her, and it was to be
+expected that, at this crucial moment, she would again express her
+loyalty.
+
+Miss Anthony's trial was set for the term of court beginning May 13,
+and she decided to make a canvass of Monroe county, not to argue her
+own case but in order that the people might be educated upon the
+constitutional points involved. Commencing March 11, she spoke in
+twenty-nine of the post-office districts. Being informed that
+District-Attorney Crowley threatened to move her trial into another
+county because she would prejudice the jury, she notified him she would
+see that that county also was thoroughly canvassed, and asked him if
+she were prejudicing a jury by reading and explaining the Constitution
+of the United States.
+
+The speech delivered by Miss Anthony during these weeks was a
+masterpiece of clear, strong, logical argument in defense of woman's
+right to the ballot which never has been equalled.[70] Her audiences
+were large and attentive and public sentiment was thoroughly aroused.
+One of the papers gives this description: "Miss Anthony was fashionably
+dressed in black silk with demi-train, basque with flowing sleeves,
+heavily trimmed in black lace; ruffled white lace undersleeves and a
+broad, graceful lace collar; with a gold neck chain and pendant. Her
+abundant hair was brushed back and bound in a knot after the fashion of
+our grandmothers."
+
+When the time for trial came, true to his promise, District-Attorney
+Crowley obtained an order removing the cause to the U.S. Circuit Court
+which was held at Canandaigua. This left just twenty-two days and,
+calling to her aid Matilda Joslyn Gage, Miss Anthony spoke in
+twenty-one places on the question, "Is it a crime for a United States
+citizen to vote?" and Mrs. Gage in sixteen on "The United States on
+trial, not Susan B. Anthony." Their last meeting was held in
+Canandaigua the evening before the trial, and resolutions against this
+injustice toward woman were heartily endorsed by the audience. The
+Rochester Union and Advertiser condemned her in unmeasured terms,
+having editorials similar to this:
+
+    SUSAN B. ANTHONY AS A CORRUPTIONIST.--We give in another column
+    today, from a legal friend, a communication which shows very
+    clearly that Miss Anthony is engaged in a work that will be likely
+    to bring her to grief. It is nothing more nor less than an attempt
+    to corrupt the source of that justice under law which flows from
+    trial by jury. Miss Anthony's case has passed from its gayest to
+    its gravest character. United States courts are not stages for the
+    enactment of comedy or farce, and the promptness and decision of
+    their judges in sentencing to prison culprits convicted before them
+    show that they are no respecters of persons.
+
+Many influential newspapers, however, spoke in the highest terms of her
+courage and ability and the justice of her cause.[71]
+
+The trial[72] opened the afternoon of June 17, at the lovely village of
+Canandaigua, Associate-Justice Ward Hunt on the bench, U.S.
+District-Attorney Richard Crowley prosecuting, Hon. Henry R. Selden and
+John Van Voorhis, Esq., defending. Miss Anthony, most of the ladies who
+had voted with her, and also Mrs. Gage, were seated within the bar. On
+the right sat the jury. The courtroom was crowded, many prominent men
+being present, among them ex-President Fillmore. Judge Hall, of
+Buffalo, was an interested spectator and Miss Anthony's counsel
+endeavored to have him try the case with Judge Hunt in order that, if
+necessary, it might go to the Supreme Court, which was not possible
+with only one judge, but he refused.
+
+[Illustration HW:
+
+  No one loves you and thanks
+  God more sincerely for your great
+  work for women than I do--
+
+  Lovingly Yours
+  C S Lozier]
+
+It was conceded that Miss Anthony was a woman and that she voted on
+November 5, 1872. Judge Selden, for the second time in all his
+practice, offered himself as a witness, and testified that he advised
+her to vote, believing that the laws and Constitution of the United
+States gave her full authority. He then proposed to call Miss Anthony
+to testify as to the intention or belief under which she voted, but the
+Court held she was not competent as a witness in her own behalf. After
+making this decision, the Court then admitted all the testimony, as
+reported, which she gave on the preliminary examination before the
+commissioner, in spite of her counsel's protest against accepting the
+version which that officer took of her evidence. The prosecution simply
+alleged the fact of her having voted. Mr. Selden then addressed the
+judge and jury in a masterly argument of over three hours' duration,
+beginning:
+
+    The defendant is indicted under the 19th Section of the Act of
+    Congress of May 31, 1870 (16th St. at L., 144), for "voting without
+    having a lawful right to vote." The words of the statute, so far as
+    they are material in this case, are as follows:
+
+    "If at any election for representative or delegate in the Congress
+    of the United States, any person shall knowingly ... vote without
+    having a lawful right to vote ... every such person shall be deemed
+    guilty of a crime ... and on conviction thereof shall be punished
+    by a fine not exceeding $500, or by imprisonment for a term not
+    exceeding three years, or by both, in the discretion of the Court,
+    and shall pay the costs of prosecution."
+
+    The only alleged ground of illegality of the defendant's vote is
+    that she is a woman. If the same act had been done by her brother
+    under the same circumstances, the act would have been not only
+    innocent but honorable and laudable; but having been done by a
+    woman it is said to be a crime. The crime therefore consists not in
+    the act done but in the simple fact that the person doing it was a
+    woman and not a man. I believe this is the first instance in which
+    a woman has been arraigned in a criminal court merely on account of
+    her sex....
+
+    Women have the same interest that men have in the establishment and
+    maintenance of good government; they are to the same extent as men
+    bound to obey the laws; they suffer to the same extent by bad laws,
+    and profit to the same extent by good laws; and upon principles of
+    equal justice, as it would seem, should be allowed, equally with
+    men, to express their preference in the choice of law-makers and
+    rulers. But however that may be, no greater absurdity, to use no
+    harsher term, could be presented, than that of rewarding men and
+    punishing women for the same act, _without giving to women any
+    voice in the question which should he rewarded and which punished_.
+
+    I am aware, however, that we are here to be governed by the
+    Constitution and laws as they are, and that if the defendant has
+    been guilty of violating the law, she must submit to the penalty,
+    however unjust or absurd the law may be. But courts are not
+    required to so interpret laws or constitutions as to produce either
+    absurdity or injustice, so long as they are open to a more
+    reasonable interpretation. This must be my excuse for what I design
+    to say in regard to the propriety of female suffrage, because with
+    that propriety established there is very little difficulty in
+    finding sufficient warrant in the Constitution for its exercise.
+    This case, in its legal aspects, presents three questions which I
+    propose to discuss.
+
+    1. Was the defendant legally entitled to vote at the election in
+question?
+
+    2. If she was not entitled to vote but believed that she was, and
+    voted in good faith in that belief, did such voting constitute a
+    crime under the statute before referred to?
+
+    3. Did the defendant vote in good faith in that belief?
+
+He argued the case from a legal, constitutional and moral standpoint
+and concluded:
+
+    One other matter will close what I have to say. Miss Anthony
+    believed, and was advised, that she had a right to vote. She may
+    also have been advised, as was clearly the fact, that the question
+    as to her right could not be brought before the courts for trial
+    without her voting or offering to vote, and if either was criminal,
+    the one was as much so as the other. Therefore she stands now
+    arraigned as a criminal, for taking the only step by which it was
+    possible to bring the great constitutional question as to her right
+    before the tribunals of the country for adjudication. If for thus
+    acting, in the most perfect good faith, with motives as pure and
+    impulses as noble as any which can find place in your honor's
+    breast in the administration of justice, she is by the laws of her
+    country to be condemned as a criminal, she must abide the
+    consequences. Her condemnation, however, under such circumstances,
+    would only add another most weighty reason to those which I have
+    already advanced, to show that women need the aid of the ballot for
+    their protection.
+
+The district-attorney followed with a two hours' speech. Then Judge
+Hunt, without leaving the bench, delivered a written opinion[73] to the
+effect that the Fourteenth Amendment, under which Miss Anthony claimed
+the authority to vote, "was a protection, not to all our rights, but to
+our rights as citizens of the United States only; that is, the rights
+existing or belonging to that condition or capacity." At its conclusion
+_he directed the jury to bring in a verdict of guilty_.
+
+Miss Anthony's counsel insisted that the Court had no power to make
+such a direction in a criminal case and demanded that the jury be
+permitted to bring in its own verdict. The judge made no reply except
+to order the clerk to take the verdict. Mr. Selden demanded that the
+jury be polled. Judge Hunt refused, and at once discharged the jury
+without allowing them any consultation or asking if they agreed upon a
+verdict. Not one of them had spoken a word. After being discharged, the
+jurymen talked freely and several declared they should have brought in
+a verdict of "not guilty."
+
+The next day Judge Selden argued the motion for a new trial on seven
+exceptions, but this was denied by Judge Hunt. The following scene then
+took place in the courtroom:
+
+    Judge Hunt.--(Ordering the defendant to stand up). Has the prisoner
+    anything to say why sentence shall not be pronounced?
+
+    Miss Anthony.--Yes, your honor, I have many things to say; for in
+    your ordered verdict of guilty you have trampled under foot every
+    vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil
+    rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike
+    ignored. Robbed of the fundamental privilege of citizenship, I am
+    degraded from the status of a citizen to that of a subject; and not
+    only myself individually but all of my sex are, by your honor's
+    verdict, doomed to political subjection under this so-called
+    republican form of government.
+
+    Judge Hunt.--The Court can not listen to a rehearsal of argument
+    which the prisoner's counsel has already consumed three hours in
+    presenting.
+
+    Miss Anthony.--May it please your honor, I am not arguing the
+    question, but simply stating the reasons why sentence can not, in
+    justice, be pronounced against me. Your denial of my citizen's
+    right to vote, is the denial of my right of consent as one of the
+    governed, the denial of my right of representation as one of the
+    taxed, the denial of my right to a trial by a jury of my peers as
+    an offender against law; therefore, the denial of my sacred right
+    to life, liberty, property and--
+
+    Judge Hunt.--The Court can not allow the prisoner to go on.
+
+    Miss Anthony.--But your honor will not deny me this one and only
+    poor privilege of protest against this high-handed outrage upon my
+    citizen's rights. May it please the Court to remember that, since
+    the day of my arrest last November, this is the first time that
+    either myself or any person of my disfranchised class has been
+    allowed a word of defense before judge or jury--
+
+    Judge Hunt.--The prisoner must sit down--the Court can not allow
+it.
+
+    Miss Anthony.--Of all my prosecutors, from the corner grocery
+    politician who entered the complaint, to the United States marshal,
+    commissioner, district-attorney, district-judge, your honor on the
+    bench--not one is my peer, but each and all are my political
+    sovereigns; and had your honor submitted my case to the jury, as
+    was clearly your duty, even then I should have had just cause of
+    protest, for not one of those men was my peer; but, native or
+    foreign born, white or black, rich or poor, educated or ignorant,
+    sober or drunk, each and every man of them was my political
+    superior; hence, in no sense, my peer. Under such circumstances a
+    commoner of England, tried before a jury of lords, would have far
+    less cause to complain than have I, a woman, tried before a jury of
+    men. Even my counsel, Hon. Henry R. Selden, who has argued my cause
+    so ably, so earnestly, so unanswerably before your honor, is my
+    political sovereign. Precisely as no disfranchised person is
+    entitled to sit upon a jury, and no woman is entitled to the
+    franchise, so none but a regularly admitted lawyer is allowed to
+    practice in the courts, and no woman can gain admission to the
+    bar--hence, jury, judge, counsel, all must be of the superior
+    class.
+
+    Judge Hunt.--The Court must insist--the prisoner has been tried
+    according to the established forms of law.
+
+    Miss Anthony.--Yes, your honor, but by forms of law all made by
+    men, interpreted by men, administered by men, in favor of men and
+    against women; and hence your honor's ordered verdict of guilty,
+    against a United States citizen for the exercise of the "citizen's
+    right to vote," simply because that citizen was a woman and not a
+    man. But yesterday, the same man-made forms of law declared it a
+    crime punishable with $1,000 fine and six months' imprisonment to
+    give a cup of cold water, a crust of bread or a night's shelter to
+    a panting fugitive tracking his way to Canada; and every man or
+    woman in whose veins coursed a drop of human sympathy violated that
+    wicked law, reckless of consequences, and was justified in so
+    doing. As then the slaves who got their freedom had to take it over
+    or under or through the unjust forms of law, precisely so now must
+    women take it to get their right to a voice in this government; and
+    I have taken mine, and mean to take it at every opportunity.
+
+    Judge Hunt.--The Court orders the prisoner to sit down. It will not
+    allow another word.
+
+    Miss Anthony.--When I was brought before your honor for trial, I
+    hoped for a broad and liberal interpretation of the Constitution
+    and its recent amendments, which should declare all United States
+    citizens under its protecting aegis--which should declare equality
+    of rights the national guarantee to all persons born or naturalized
+    in the United States. But failing to get this justice--failing,
+    even, to get a trial by a jury _not_ of my peers--I ask not
+    leniency at your hands but rather the full rigor of the law.
+
+    Judge Hunt--The Court must insist--[Here the prisoner sat down.]
+    The prisoner will stand up. [Here Miss Anthony rose again.] The
+    sentence of the Court is that you pay a fine of $100 and the costs
+    of the prosecution. Miss Anthony.--May it please your honor, I will
+    never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty. All the stock in trade I
+    possess is a debt of $10,000, incurred by publishing my paper--The
+    Revolution--the sole object of which was to educate all women to do
+    precisely as I have done, rebel against your man-made, unjust,
+    unconstitutional forms of law, which tax, fine, imprison and hang
+    women, while denying them the right of representation in the
+    government; and I will work on with might and main to pay every
+    dollar of that honest debt, but not a penny shall go to this unjust
+    claim. And I shall earnestly and persistently continue to urge all
+    women to the practical recognition of the old Revolutionary maxim,
+    "Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God."
+
+    Judge Hunt.--Madam, the Court will not order you to stand committed
+    until the fine is paid.
+
+Thus ended the great trial, "The United States of America _vs._ Susan
+B. Anthony." From this date the question of woman suffrage was lifted
+from one of grievances into one of Constitutional Law.
+
+This was Judge Hunt's first criminal case after his elevation to the
+Supreme Bench of the United States. He was appointed at the
+solicitation of his intimate friend and townsman, Roscoe Conkling, and
+had an interview with him immediately preceding this trial. Mr.
+Conkling was an avowed enemy of woman suffrage. Miss Anthony always has
+believed that he inspired the course of Judge Hunt and that his
+decision was written before the trial, a belief shared by most of those
+associated in the case.
+
+Miss Anthony says in her journal: "The greatest judicial outrage
+history ever recorded! No law, logic or demand of justice could change
+Judge Hunt's will. We were convicted before we had a hearing and the
+trial was a mere farce." Some time afterwards Judge Selden wrote her:
+"I regard the ruling of the judge, and also his refusal to submit the
+case to the jury, as utterly indefensible." Scarcely a newspaper in the
+country sustained Judge Hunt's action. The Canandaigua Times thus
+expressed the general sentiment in an editorial, soon after the trial:
+
+    The decisions of Judge Hunt in the Anthony case have been widely
+    criticised, and it seems to us not without reason. Even among those
+    who accept the conclusion that women have not a legal right to vote
+    and who do not hesitate to express the opinion that Miss Anthony
+    deserved a greater punishment than she received, we find many
+    seriously questioning the propriety of a proceeding whereby the
+    proper functions of the jury are dispensed with, and the Court
+    arrogates to itself the right to determine as to the guilt or
+    innocence of the accused party. If this may be done in one
+    instance, why may it not in all? And if our courts may thus
+    arbitrarily direct what verdicts shall be rendered, what becomes of
+    the right to trial "by an impartial jury," which the Constitution
+    guarantees to all persons alike, whether male or female? These are
+    questions of grave importance, to which the American people now
+    have their attention forcibly directed through the extraordinary
+    action of a judge of the Supreme Court. It is for them to say
+    whether the right of trial by jury shall exist only in form, or be
+    perpetuated according to the letter and spirit of the Constitution.
+
+The New York Sun scored the judge as follows:
+
+    Judge Hunt allowed the jury to be impanelled and sworn, and to hear
+    the evidence; but when the case had reached the point of the
+    rendering of the verdict, he directed a verdict of guilty. He thus
+    denied a trial by jury to an accused party in his court; and either
+    through malice, which we do not believe, or through ignorance,
+    which in such a flagrant degree is equally culpable in a judge, he
+    violated one of the most important provisions of the Constitution
+    of the United States. It is hardly worth while to argue that the
+    right of trial by jury includes the right to a verdict by the jury,
+    and to a free and impartial verdict, not one ordered, compelled and
+    forced from them by an adverse and predetermined court. The
+    language of the Constitution of the United States is that "in all
+    criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
+    and public trial by an impartial jury." Do the words an "impartial
+    jury" mean a jury directed and controlled by the court, and who
+    might just as well, for all practical purposes, be twelve wooden
+    automatons, moved by a string pulled by the hand of the judge?
+
+The Rochester Democrat and Chronicle commented:
+
+    In the action of Judge Hunt there was a grand, over-reaching
+    assumption of authority, unsupported by any point in the case
+    itself, but adopted as an established legal principle. If there is
+    such a principle, Judge Hunt did his duty beyond question, and he
+    is scarcely lower than the angels so far as personal power goes.
+    The New York Sun assumes that there is no such principle; that if
+    there were, "Judge Hunt might on his own _ipsedixit_, and without
+    the intervention of a jury, fine, imprison or hang any man, woman
+    or child in the United States." And the Sun proceeds to say that
+    Judge Hunt "must be impeached and removed. Such punishment for the
+    commission of a crime like his against civil liberty is a
+    necessity. The American people will not tolerate a judge like this
+    on the bench of their highest court. To do it would be to submit
+    their necks to as detestable a tyranny as ever existed on the face.
+    of the earth. They will not sit quietly by to see their liberties,
+    red and radiant with the blood of a million of their sons, silently
+    melted away in the judicial crucible of a stolid and tyrannical
+    judge of their Federal Court." This is forcible, certainly; but it
+    ought to be speedily decided, at least, whether there is such a
+    legal principle as we have mentioned.
+
+The Utica Observer gave this opinion:
+
+    We have sought the advice of the best legal and judicial minds in
+    our State in regard to the ruling of Justice Ward Hunt in the case
+    of Susan B. Anthony. While the written opinion of the judge is very
+    generally commended, his action in ordering a verdict of guilty to
+    be entered, without giving the jury an opportunity of saying
+    whether it was their verdict or not, is almost universally
+    condemned. Such a case never before occurred in the history of our
+    courts, and the hope is very general that it never will again.
+    Between the indictment and the judgment stands the jury, and there
+    is no way known to the law by which the jury's power in criminal
+    cases can be abrogated. The judge may charge the jury that the
+    defense is invalid; that it is their clear duty to find the
+    prisoner guilty. But beyond this he can not properly go. He has no
+    right to order the clerk to enter a verdict which is not the
+    verdict of the jury. In doing this thing Justice Hunt outraged the
+    rights of Susan B. Anthony. It would probably puzzle him to tell
+    why he submitted the case of the inspectors to the jury after
+    taking the case of Miss Anthony out of their hands. It would also
+    puzzle his newspaper champions.
+
+The Legal News, of Chicago, edited by Myra Bradwell, made this
+pertinent comment: "Judge Ward Hunt, of the Federal Bench, violated the
+Constitution of the United States more in convicting Miss Anthony of
+illegal voting, than she did in voting; for he had sworn to support it,
+and she had not."
+
+The Albany Law Journal, however, after indulging in a few vulgar
+platitudes on the fact of Miss Anthony's having admitted that she was a
+woman, declared that Judge Hunt transcended his rights but that "if
+Miss Anthony does not like our laws she'd better emigrate!" This legal
+authority failed to advise where she could emigrate to find laws which
+were equally just to men and to women. It might also have answered the
+question, "Should a woman be compelled to leave the land of her
+nativity because of the injustice of its laws?"
+
+Miss Anthony's trial closed on Wednesday and she remained in
+Canandaigua to attend that of the three inspectors, which followed at
+once. She was called as a witness and inquired of Judge Hunt: "I should
+like to know if the testimony of a person convicted of a crime can be
+taken?" "They call you as a witness, madam," was his brusque reply.
+Later, thinking to trap her, he asked, "You presented yourself as a
+female, claiming that you had a right to vote?" Quick as a flash came
+her answer: "I presented myself not as a female, sir, but as a citizen
+of the United States. I was called to the ballot-box by the Fourteenth
+Amendment, not as a female but as a citizen."
+
+The inspectors were defended by Mr. Van Voorhis but, after the
+testimony was introduced, the judge refused to allow him to address the
+jury. He practically directed them to bring in a verdict of guilty,
+saying, "You can decide it here or go out." The jury returned a verdict
+of guilty. The motion for a new trial was denied. One of the inspectors
+(Hall) had been tried and convicted without being brought into court.
+They were fined $25 each and the costs of the prosecution but, although
+neither was paid, they were not imprisoned at that time.
+
+When asked for his opinion on the case, after a lapse of twenty-four
+years, Mr. Van Voorhis gave the following:
+
+    There never before was a trial in the country of one-half the
+    importance of this of Miss Anthony's. That of Andrew Johnson had no
+    issue which could compare in value with the one here at stake. If
+    Miss Anthony had won her case on the merits, it would have
+    revolutionized the suffrage of the country and enfranchised every
+    woman in the United States. There was a pre-arranged determination
+    to convict her. A jury trial was dangerous, and so the Constitution
+    was openly and deliberately violated.
+
+    The Constitution makes the jury, in a criminal case, the judges of
+    the law and of the facts. No matter how clear or how strong the
+    case may appear to the judge, it must be submitted to the jury.
+    That is the mandate of the Constitution. As no one can be convicted
+    of crime except upon trial by jury, it follows that the jury are
+    entitled to pass upon the law as well as the facts. The judge can
+    advise the jury on questions of law. He can legally do no more. If
+    he control the jury and direct a verdict of guilty, he himself is
+    guilty of a crime for which impeachment is the remedy.
+
+    The jury in Miss Anthony's case was composed of excellent men. None
+    better could have been drawn anywhere. Justice Hunt knew that. He
+    had the jury impanelled only as a matter of form. He said so in the
+    inspectors' case. He came to Canandaigua to hold the Circuit Court,
+    for the purpose of convicting Miss Anthony. He had unquestionably
+    prepared his opinion beforehand. The job had to be done, so he took
+    the bull by the horns and directed the jury to find a verdict of
+    guilty. In the case of the inspectors he refused to defendants'
+    counsel the right of addressing the jury.
+
+    Judge Hunt very adroitly, in passing sentence on Miss Anthony
+    imposing a fine of $100, refused to add, what is usual in such
+    cases, that she be imprisoned until the fine be paid. Had he done
+    so, Miss Anthony would have gone to prison, and then taken her case
+    directly to the Supreme Court of the United States by writ of
+    habeas corpus. There she would have been discharged, because trial
+    by jury had been denied her. But as Miss Anthony was not even held
+    in custody after judgment had been pronounced, she could not resort
+    to habeas corpus proceedings and had no appeal.
+
+    But the outrage of ordering a verdict of guilty against the
+    defendant was not the only outrage committed by this judge on these
+    trials:
+
+    It was an outrage to refuse the right of a defendant to poll the
+jury.
+
+    It was an outrage for the judge to refuse to hold that if the
+    defendant believed she had a right to vote, and voted in good faith
+    in that belief, she was not guilty of the charge.
+
+    It was an outrage to hold that the jury, in considering the
+    question whether she did or did not believe she had a right to
+    vote, might not consider that she took the advice of Judge Selden
+    before she voted, and acted on that advice.
+
+    It was an outrage to hold that the jury might not take into
+    consideration, as bearing upon the same question, the fact that the
+    inspectors and supervisor of election looked into the question, and
+    came to the conclusion that she had the right to be registered and
+    vote, and told her so, and so decided.
+
+    It was an outrage for the judge to hold that the jury had not the
+    right to consider the defendant's motive, and to find her innocent
+    if she acted without any intent to violate the law.
+
+    In the case of the inspectors, it was an outrage to refuse
+    defendants' counsel the right to address the jury.
+
+    It was an outrage to refuse to instruct the jury that if the
+    defendants, being administrative officers, acted without any
+    criminal motive but in accordance with their best judgment, and in
+    perfect good faith, they were not guilty.
+
+Judge Selden has passed to his eternal rest and lies beneath a massive
+monument of granite in beautiful Mount Hope cemetery. Mr. Van Voorhis
+thus paid tribute to his associate in this noted case: "His argument on
+the constitutional points involved is one of the ablest and most
+complete to be found in history. As a lawyer he had no superior; he was
+a master in his profession. He had a most discriminating mind and a
+marvellous memory. He was familiar with the books, and possessed a
+power of statement equal to that of Daniel Webster. I predict that the
+verdict of history will be that Judge Selden was right and the Court
+wrong upon the constitutional question involved in this case."
+
+To the heavy debts of The Revolution which, with all her efforts, Miss
+Anthony had been able to reduce but a fraction, were now added the
+costs of this suit. She did not propose to pay the fines, but she did
+intend to see that the inspectors were relieved of all expense in
+connection with the trial. Her indomitable courage did not fail her
+even in this emergency, and as usual she was sustained by the
+substantial appreciation of her friends. Letters of sympathy and
+financial help poured in from acquaintances and strangers in all parts
+of the country. Indignation meetings were held and contributions sent
+also by various reform clubs and societies.[74] All were swallowed up
+in the heavy and unavoidable expenses of the suits of herself and the
+inspectors. Neither of her lawyers ever presented a bill. She had 5,000
+copies made of Judge Selden's argument on the habeas corpus at Albany,
+which she scattered broadcast. She also had printed 3,000 pamphlets, at
+a cost of $700, containing a full report of the trial, and sent them to
+all the law journals in the United States and Canada, to the
+newspapers, etc. The Democrat and Chronicle said of this book, "We
+believe it is the most important contribution yet made to the
+discussion of woman suffrage from a legal standpoint." None of the
+other cases ever were brought to trial.[75]
+
+Miss Anthony had no fears of not being able to raise money to pay her
+debts if she could be free to give her time to the lecture platform,
+but an entire year had been occupied with her trial, and the money
+received during this period had been required to meet its expenses. She
+had a vital reason, however, for feeling that she could not leave
+home--the rapidly-failing health of her beloved sister Guelma, her
+senior by only twenty months, for more than half a century her close
+companion, and for the past eight years living under the same roof. Her
+heart had been broken by the death, a few years before, of her two
+beautiful children just at the dawn of manhood and womanhood, and the
+fatal malady consumption met with no resistance. Day by day she faded
+away, the physician holding out no hope from the first. Her mother, now
+eighty years of age, was completely crushed; the sister Mary was
+principal of one of the city schools and busy all day, and Miss Anthony
+felt it her imperative duty to remain beside the invalid, even could
+she have overcome her grief sufficiently to appear in public.
+Invitations to lecture came to her from many points but she refused
+them and remained by the gentle sufferer day and night.[76] At daybreak
+on November 9 the loved one passed away, and the tender hands of
+sisters and of the only daughter performed the last ministrations.[77]
+
+With Miss Anthony the love of family was especially intense as she had
+formed no outside ties, and the parents, the brothers and sisters
+filled her world of affection. The sundering of these bonds wrenched
+her very heartstrings and upon every recurring anniversary the anguish
+broke forth afresh, scarcely assuaged by the lapse of years. A short
+time after this last sorrow she writes:
+
+    MY DEAR MOTHER: How continually, except the one hour when I am on
+    the platform, is the thought of you and your loss and my own with
+    me! How little we realize the constant presence in our minds of our
+    loved and loving ones until they are forever gone. We would not
+    call them back to endure again their suffering, but we can not help
+    wishing they might have been spared to us in health and vigor. Our
+    Guelma, does she look down upon us, does she still live, and shall
+    we all live again and know each other, and work together and love
+    and enjoy one another? In spite of instinct, in spite of faith,
+    these questions will come up again and again.... She said you would
+    soon follow her, and we know that in the nature of things it must
+    be so. When that time comes, dear mother, may you fall asleep as
+    sweetly and softly as did your eldest born; and as the sands of
+    life ebb out into the great eternal, may all of us be with you to
+    make the way easy. It does seem too cruel that every one of us must
+    be so overwhelmingly immersed in work, but may the Good Father help
+    us so to do that there may be no vain regrets for things done or
+    left undone when the last hour comes.
+
+A beautiful incident cast a flood of light through the heavy shadows of
+this trying year, and made November 27 in truth a day of Thanksgiving
+for one brave woman. At his urgent invitation, Miss Anthony had spent
+it in the home of her cousin, Anson Laphain, at Skaneateles. After a
+pleasant day, as she sat quietly and sadly by the window, watching the
+deepening twilight, the noble-hearted cousin took from his desk her
+notes for $4,000, which he had so generously loaned her during the
+stormy days of The Revolution, cancelled all and presented them to her.
+She was overwhelmed with surprise and when she attempted to express her
+gratitude, he stopped her with words of respect, confidence and
+encouragement which seemed to roll away a stone from her heart and in
+its place put new hope, ambition and strength.
+
+[Footnote 68: ... Good and lawful men of the said District, then and
+there sworn and charged to inquire for the said United States of
+America, and for the body of said District, do, upon their oaths,
+present, that Susan B. Anthony now or late of Rochester, in the county
+of Monroe, with force and arms,... did knowingly, wrongfully and
+unlawfully vote for a Representative in the Congress of the United
+States for the State of New York at large, and for a Representative in
+the Congress of the United States for said twenty-ninth Congressional
+District, without having a lawful right to vote in said election
+district (the said Susan B. Anthony being then and there a person of
+the female sex), as she, the said Susan B. Anthony then and there well
+knew, contrary to the form of the statute of the United States of
+America in such case made and provided, and against the peace of the
+United States of America and their dignity, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 69: The Twenty-fifth Woman Suffrage Anniversary will be held
+in Apollo Hall, New York, Tuesday, May 6, 1873. Lucretia Mott and
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who called the first woman's rights convention
+at Seneca Falls in 1848, will be present to give their reminiscences.
+That convention was scarcely mentioned by the local press; now, over
+the whole world, equality for woman is demanded. In the United States,
+woman suffrage is the chief political question of the hour. Great
+Britain is deeply agitated upon the same topic. Germany has a princess
+at the head of its national woman's rights organization. Portugal,
+Spain and Russia have been roused. In Rome an immense meeting, composed
+of the representatives of Italian democracy, was recently called in the
+Coliseum; one of its resolutions demanded a reform in the laws relating
+to woman and a re-establishment of her natural rights. Turkey, France,
+England, Switzerland, Italy, sustain papers devoted to woman's
+enfranchisement. A Grand International Woman's Rights Congress is to be
+held in Paris, in September of this year, to which the whole world is
+invited to send delegates, and this congress is to be under the
+management of the most renowned liberals of Europe. Come up, then,
+friends, and celebrate the silver wedding of the woman suffrage
+movement. Let our twenty-fifth anniversary be one of power; our reform
+is everywhere advancing, let us redouble our energies and our courage.
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY, _President_; MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE, _Chairman Executive
+Committee_.]
+
+[Footnote 70: See Appendix for speech in full.]
+
+[Footnote 71: See Appendix for newspaper comment.]
+
+[Footnote 72: A full report of this trial, testimony, arguments of
+counsel, etc., may be found in the History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. II,
+beginning page 647.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Can a judge with propriety prepare a _written_ opinion
+before he has heard all the arguments in a case?]
+
+[Footnote 74: The Buffalo suffrage club sent $100; the Chicago club,
+through Mrs. Fernando Jones, $75; the Milwaukee club, through Madame
+Anneke, $50; the Milwaukee "radicals," $20; the New York club, through
+Lillie Devereux Blake, $50; the patients at the Dansville Sanitarium,
+$30. Dr. Lozier sent $30; Lucretia Mott, $30; Dr. E.B. Foote, of New
+York, $25; Phebe Jones, of Albany, $25; Dr. Sarah Dolley, of Rochester,
+$20; the Hallowells, $25; the Glastonbury Smith sisters, $20; and from
+men and women in all parts of the country came sums from fifty cents
+upwards, all amounting to over $1,100. Gerrit Smith sent at first $30
+to help defray the expenses of the trial, and after it was over a draft
+for $100, saying: "I send you herewith the money to pay your fine. If
+you shall still decline doing so, then use it at your own discretion to
+promote the cause of woman suffrage." Mrs. Lewia C. Smith raised a
+purse of $100 among Rochester friends and presented it as a testimonial
+to Judge Selden, in the name of the Women Tax-Payers' Society. Miss
+Anthony gave a lecture in Corinthian Hall for the benefit of the
+inspectors, which netted about $180.]
+
+[Footnote 75: The first Woman's Congress, afterwards called the
+Association for the Advancement of Women, was organized during the
+autumn of this year. To the call were appended the names of most of the
+noted women of the day, but Miss Anthony's was conspicuously absent.
+Her most intimate friends being among the signers, and supposing she
+was to be also, made inquiry as to the reason and received this answer:
+1st, Her name beginning with A would have had to head the list; 2d, Her
+title as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association would
+have had to be given; 3d, She could not be managed. Miss Anthony was so
+greatly amused at these reasons that she quite forgave the omission of
+her name.]
+
+[Footnote 76: And yet on November 4 she stole away long enough to go to
+the polling-place and again offer her vote. It was refused, she found
+her name had been struck from the register, and thus ended that
+battle.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Three of the brave Rochester women who went to the polls
+at the election of 1872, died within one year: Guelma Anthony McLean,
+Mary B.F. Curtis and Rhoda De Garmo.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO JURY OR FRANCHISE.
+
+1874.
+
+
+Miss Anthony's case continued to attract widespread attention, Judge
+Hunt's arbitrary action finding few apologists even among opponents of
+woman suffrage. It was finally decided by her counsel and herself to
+make an appeal to Congress for the remission of the fine, which, if
+granted, would be in effect a declaration of the illegality of Judge
+Hunt's act and a precedent for the future. Judge Selden based his
+authority for such an appeal on a case in the United States Statutes at
+Large, chap. 45, p. 802, where a fine of $1,000 and costs, illegally
+imposed upon Matthew Lyon under the Alien and Sedition Laws, 1799, were
+refunded with interest to his heirs. Mr. Van Voorhis found an authority
+also in an act passed by the British Parliament in 1792, correcting the
+departure from the common law, in respect to the rights of juries, by
+Lord Mansfield and his associates in the cases of Woodfall and Shipley.
+This act was passed through the exertions of Lord Camden and Mr. Fox in
+order to prevent the erroneous decisions of the judges from becoming
+the law of England.
+
+Both of the attorneys keenly resented the action of Judge Hunt, Mr.
+Selden pronouncing it "the greatest judicial outrage ever perpetrated
+in the United States;" and Mr. Van Voorhis asserting that "trial by
+jury was completely annihilated in this case, and there is no remedy
+except to appeal to the justice of Congress to remit the fine and
+declare that trial by jury does and shall exist in this country." The
+appeal, or petition, was prepared and Miss Anthony carried it to
+Washington when she went to the National Convention, January 15, 1874.
+It was an able document, reciting the facts in the case and the action
+of the judge, and concluding:
+
+    Your petitioner respectfully submits that, in these proceedings,
+    she has been denied the rights guaranteed by the Constitution to
+    all persons accused of crime, the right of trial by jury and the
+    right to have the assistance of counsel for their defense. It is a
+    mockery to call hers a trial by jury; and, unless the assistance of
+    counsel may be limited to the argument of legal questions, without
+    the privilege of saying a word to the jury upon the question of the
+    guilt or innocence in fact of a party charged, or the privilege of
+    ascertaining from the jury whether they do or do not agree to the
+    verdict pronounced by the Court in their name, she has been denied
+    the assistance of counsel for her defense.
+
+    Of the decision of the judge upon the question of the right of your
+    petitioner to vote, she makes no complaint. It was a question
+    properly belonging to the Court to decide, was fully and fairly
+    submitted to the judge, and of his decision, whether right or
+    wrong, your petitioner is well aware she can not here complain. But
+    in regard to her conviction of crime, which she insists, for the
+    reasons above given, was in violation of the principles of the
+    common law, of common morality, of the statute under which she was
+    charged, and of the Constitution--a crime of which she was as
+    innocent as the judge by whom she was convicted--she respectfully
+    asks, inasmuch as the law has provided no means of reviewing the
+    decisions of the judge, or of correcting his errors, that the fine
+    imposed upon your petitioner be remitted, as an expression of the
+    sense of this high tribunal that her conviction was unjust.
+
+This was presented in the Senate by A.A. Sargent, of California, and in
+the House by William Loughridge, of Iowa, and was referred to the
+judiciary committees. In May, Lyman Tremaine, from the House Judiciary
+Committee, reported adversely on the petition in a lengthy document,
+which incorporated a letter from District-Attorney Crowley, urging the
+committee "not to degrade a just judge and applaud a criminal;" and
+declaring that "Miss Anthony's trial was fair and constitutional and by
+an impartial jury." (!) Mr. Tremaine's report said: "Congress can not
+be converted into a national court of review for any and all criminal
+convictions where it shall be alleged the judge has committed an
+error." Thus did he deliberately ignore the point at issue, the refusal
+of a trial by jury. It concluded by saying: "Since the discussion of
+this question has arisen in the committee, the President has pardoned
+Miss Anthony for the offense of which she was convicted and this seems
+to furnish a conclusive reason why no further action should be taken by
+the judiciary committee." (!) The learned gentleman probably referred
+to the pardon of the inspectors by the President. Miss Anthony had not
+asked executive clemency for herself.
+
+Benjamin F. Butler presented an able and exhaustive minority report
+which closed with the following declaration: "Therefore, because the
+fine has been imposed by a court of the United States for an offense
+triable by jury, without the same being submitted to the jury, and
+because the court assumed to itself the right to enter a verdict
+without submitting the case to the jury, and in order that the judgment
+of the House of Representatives, if it concur with the judgment of the
+committee, may, in the most signal and impressive form, mark its
+determination to sustain in its integrity the common law right of trial
+by jury, your committee recommend that the prayer of the petitioner be
+granted."
+
+In June George F. Edmunds made an adverse report from the Senate
+Judiciary Committee in this remarkable language: "That they are not
+satisfied that the ruling of the judge was precisely as represented in
+the petition, and that if it were so, the Senate could not legally take
+any action in the premises, and they move that the committee be
+discharged from the further consideration of the petition, and that the
+bill be postponed indefinitely."
+
+Senator Matthew II. Carpenter presented a long and carefully prepared
+minority report which concluded:
+
+    Unfortunately the United States has no "well-ordered system of
+    jurisprudence." A citizen may be tried, condemned and put to death
+    by the erroneous judgment of a single inferior judge, and no court
+    can grant him relief or a new trial. If a citizen have a cause
+    involving the title to his farm, if it exceed $2,000 in value, he
+    may bring his cause to the Supreme Court; but if it involve his
+    liberty or his life, he can not. While we permit this blemish to
+    exist on our judicial system, it behooves us to watch carefully the
+    judgments inferior courts may render; and it is doubly important
+    that we should see to it that twelve jurors shall concur with the
+    judge before a citizen shall be hanged, incarcerated or otherwise
+    punished.
+
+    I concur with the majority of the committee that Congress can not
+    grant the precise relief prayed for in the memorial; but I deem it
+    to be the duty of Congress to declare its disapproval of the
+    doctrine asserted and the course pursued in the trial of Miss
+    Anthony; and all the more for the reason that no judicial court has
+    jurisdiction to review the proceedings therein.
+
+    I need not disclaim all purpose to question the motives of the
+    learned judge before whom this trial was conducted. The best of
+    judges may commit the gravest of errors amid the hurry and
+    confusion of a nisi prius term; and the wrong Miss Anthony has
+    suffered ought to be charged to the vicious system which denies to
+    those convicted of offenses against the laws of the United States a
+    hearing before the court of last resort--a defect it is equally
+    within the power and the duty of Congress speedily to remedy.
+
+When Miss Anthony returned to Rochester in February, she found the
+inspectors were about to be put into jail because, acting under advice,
+they still refused to pay their fines. She wrote Benjamin F. Butler,
+who replied under date of February 22: "I would not, if I were they,
+pay, but allow process to be served; and I have no doubt the President
+will remit the fine if they are pressed too far." They were imprisoned
+February 26. Miss Anthony went at once to the jail and urged them not
+to pay the fine, for the sake of principle, promising to see that they
+were soon released. She waded through a heavy snow to consult her
+attorneys and then to the newspaper offices to talk with the editors in
+regard to the prisoners, reaching home at dark, and in her diary that
+night she writes, "I could not bear to come away and leave them one
+night in that dolorous place."
+
+She went out for a few lectures in neighboring towns, and at the
+Dansville Sanitarium was presented by the patients with a purse of $62.
+Arriving in Rochester at 7 A. M., March 2, she went straight to the
+jail and breakfasted with the inspectors; then to see the marshal and
+succeeded in having them released on bail. She did not reach home till
+1 p. M., and here she found this telegram from Senator Sargent: "I laid
+the case of the inspectors before the President today. He kindly orders
+their pardon. Papers are being prepared." Benjamin F. Butler also had
+interceded with the President and sent Miss Anthony a telegram of
+congratulation on the result. In a few days the inspectors were
+pardoned and their fines remitted by President Grant. They were in jail
+just one week and during that time received hundreds of calls, while
+each day bountiful meals were sent them by the women whose votes they
+had accepted. After their pardon a reception was given them at the home
+of Miss Anthony's sister, Mrs. Mosher, by the ladies of the Eighth
+ward, and in the spring they were re-elected by a handsome majority.
+Miss Anthony's fine stands against her to the present day.
+
+This case was the dominating feature of the National Convention at
+Washington in the winter of 1874; the key-note of all the speeches and
+the arguments before the judiciary committees was woman's right to vote
+under the Fourteenth Amendment. The women did not relinquish this claim
+until all ground for it was destroyed by a decision of the United
+States Supreme Court in 1875, in the case of Virginia L. Minor, of St.
+Louis. Francis Minor, a lawyer of that city, was the first to assert
+that women were enfranchised by both the letter and the spirit of the
+Fourteenth Amendment, and, acting under his advice, his wife attempted
+to register for the presidential election of 1872. Her name was refused
+and she brought suit against the inspector for the purpose of making a
+test case. After an adverse decision by the lower courts, the case was
+carried to the Supreme Court of the United States and argued before
+that tribunal by Mr. Minor, at the October term, 1874. It is not too
+much to say that no constitutional lawyer in the country could have
+improved upon this argument in its array of authorities, its keen logic
+and its impressive plea for justice.[78]
+
+The decision was adverse, the opinion of the court being delivered
+March 29, 1875, by Chief-Justice Waite, himself a strong advocate of
+the enfranchisement of women. The court admitted that "women are
+persons and citizens," but found that the "National Constitution does
+not define the privileges and immunities of citizens. The United States
+has no voters of its own creation. The National Constitution does not
+confer the right of suffrage upon any one, but the franchise must be
+regulated by the States. The Fourteenth Amendment does not add to the
+privileges and immunities of a citizen; it simply furnishes an
+additional guarantee to protect those he already has. Before the
+passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, the States had the
+power to disfranchise on account of race or color. These amendments,
+ratified by the States, simply forbade that discrimination, but did not
+forbid that against sex."
+
+This is in direct contradiction to the decision of Chief-Justice Taney
+in the Dred Scott case: "The words 'people of the United States' and
+'citizens' are synonymous terms and mean the same thing; they describe
+the _political body who, according to our republican institutions, form
+the sovereignty and hold the power, and conduct the government through
+their representatives_. They are what we familiarly call the sovereign
+people, and every citizen is one of this people, and a constituent
+member of this sovereignty."
+
+Although Miss Anthony and her co-workers still believed that, with a
+true interpretation, women were voters under these amendments, they
+were obliged to accept the decision of the highest court of appeal.
+They then returned to the work of petitioning Congress for a Sixteenth
+Amendment to the National Constitution which should prohibit
+disfranchisement on account of sex. They continued also the original
+plan of endeavoring to secure amendments to the constitutions of the
+different States abolishing the word "male" as a qualification for
+voting.[79] Bitterly disappointed at the decision of the Supreme Court,
+it was nevertheless a source of pride to the women that they had made
+their claim for representation in the government, carried it to the
+highest tribunal and gone down in honorable defeat.
+
+[Illustration HW: Yours truly Virginia L. Minor]
+
+Miss Anthony never hesitated to ask the most distinguished men to speak
+on the woman suffrage platform, and Henry Wilson writes from the
+chamber of the Vice-President his regrets that he can not accept her
+invitation. Benjamin F. Butler replies: "As a rule I have refused to
+take part in any convention in the District of Columbia about any
+matter which might come before Congress. I have gone farther out of my
+way in that regard in the matter of woman suffrage than in any other.
+Having given evidence that I am most strongly committed to the
+legality, propriety and justice of granting the ballot to woman, I do
+not see how I can add anything to it. Hoping that your cause may
+succeed, I have the honor to be, very truly yours."
+
+Her cousin, Elbridge G. Lapham, M. C., of New York, says in a letter:
+"I am persuaded the time is fast hastening when woman will be accorded
+the exercise of the right your association demands. With that secured,
+many other advantages, now denied, will surely and speedily follow. I
+can see no valid objection to the right of suffrage being conferred,
+while there are many and very cogent reasons in favor of it. As has
+been said, you may go on election day to the most degraded elector you
+can find at the polls, who would sell his vote for a dollar or a dram,
+and ask him what he would take for his _right to vote_ and you couldn't
+purchase it with a kingdom."
+
+[Autograph: Elbridge G. Lapham]
+
+She found it possible even to interview the President of the United
+States on this question. During a conversation with General Grant one
+day on Pennsylvania Avenue, she said, "Well, Mr. President, what are
+you going to do for woman suffrage?" In a hearty, pleasant way he
+answered, "I have already done more for women than any other President,
+I have recognized the right of 5,000 of them to be postmasters." There
+were always distinguished men to champion this cause, but the chief
+drawback was expressed in a letter from that staunch supporter, Hon.
+A.G. Riddle, in 1874:
+
+    There is not, I think, the slightest hope from the courts; and just
+    as little from politicians. They never will take up this cause,
+    never! Individuals will, parties never--till the thing is done. The
+    Republicans want no new issues or disturbing elements. The
+    Democrats are certain that the Republicans are about to dissolve;
+    and they want to hold on as they are. Both think this thing may,
+    perhaps will come, but now is not the time; and with both, there
+    never will be a "now." The trouble is that below all this lies the
+    fact that man can govern alone and that, though woman has the
+    right, man wants to do it; and if she wait for him to ask her, she
+    will never vote.
+
+    There never was a cause with so much unembodied strength, and with
+    so little working power; and the problem is how to vitalize and
+    organize it. One of two things, I think, must occur; either man
+    must be made to see and feel, as he never has done yet, the need of
+    woman's help in the great field of human government, and so demand
+    it; or woman must arise and come forward as she never has, and take
+    her place. I still think that one of the main hindrances is with
+    women. The fact is, that the worst bugbear is the never-seen,
+    ever-felt law of caste which has always walled woman around, and
+    which few have the courage to step over.
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Sincerely yours
+  A.G. Riddle]
+
+    At the close of the convention Miss Anthony accepted the invitation
+    of Mrs. Hooker, the State president, to join her in a month's tour
+    through Connecticut. They spoke in nineteen different cities and
+    towns, Mrs. Hooker assuming all financial responsibility and paying
+    Miss Anthony $25 for each lecture. They had excellent audiences and
+    were entertained in many beautiful homes. In Miss Anthony's diary,
+    March 11, she says: "Senator Sumner died today, the noblest Roman
+    of them all; true to the negro, but never a public word for woman.
+    How I have pleaded with him for years, and he always admitted that
+    his principles logically carried out gave woman an equal guarantee
+    with man."
+
+    In the spring of 1874 the women's temperance crusade began in
+    Rochester and, although their methods were very different from
+    those Miss Anthony would have employed, she met with them at their
+    request to help them organize. After this was effected they called
+    on her for a speech and she said in brief:
+
+    I am always glad to welcome every association of women for any good
+    purpose, because I know that they will quickly learn the
+    impossibility of accomplishing any substantial end. Women never
+    realize their inability to effect a reform until they attempt it,
+    and then they find how closely interwoven with politics are all
+    such matters, and how entirely without political power are they
+    themselves.... Now my good women, the best thing this organization
+    will do for you will be to show you how utterly powerless you are
+    to put down the liquor traffic. You never can talk down or sing
+    down or pray down an institution which is voted into existence. You
+    never will be able to lessen this evil until you have votes.
+    Frederick Douglass used to tell how, when he was a Maryland slave
+    and a good Methodist, he would go into the farthest corner of the
+    tobacco field and pray God to bring him liberty; but God never
+    answered his prayers until he prayed with his heels. And so, dear
+    friends, He never will answer yours for the suppression of the
+    liquor traffic until you are able to pray with your ballots.[80]
+
+Miss Anthony's sentiments on this question are further expressed in a
+letter to her brother Daniel R., editor Leavenworth Times:
+
+    I like the Times' article on the women's whiskey war. Emerson says,
+    "God answers only such prayers as men themselves answer." After
+    ignorant and helpless mothers have transmitted to their children
+    the drunkard's appetite, God can not answer their prayers to
+    prevent them from gratifying it. But this crusade will educate the
+    women who engage in it to use the one and only means of regulating
+    or prohibiting the traffic in liquor--that of the ballot. As soon
+    as they find this crusade experiment a failure, which they
+    certainly will, because all spasmodic, sensational religious
+    efforts are transient and fleeting, they will realize the enduring
+    strength and usefulness of the franchise. However little that is
+    permanent may come of this movement, it is good in itself because
+    anything is better for women than tame submission to the evils
+    around them; and when they find kind words, entreaties and tears
+    avail nothing, they will surely try the virtue of stones (votes) to
+    bring down the great demon that desolates their homes.
+
+An entry in the journal made soon afterward says: "I dropped into the
+Industrial Congress today and was invited to speak. I told the men that
+the degraded labor of women made them quite as heavy a millstone round
+the necks of working-men as is the Heathen Chinese." And a few days
+later: "Dr. Dio Lewis called today, and I went to hear him speak this
+evening. Same old story--men make and break the laws, and women by love
+and persuasion must soften their hearts to abandon their wickedness.
+Never a hint that women should have anything to do with the making and
+enforcing of the laws. They must only coax."
+
+The diary shows over one hundred letters written by Miss Anthony's own
+hand in arranging for the May Anniversary in New York, while she sat at
+the bedside of her mother, who was very ill. Many cordial answers were
+received, among them one from Josephine E. Butler, of England. Mary L.
+Booth thus closed her reply: "Pray believe that I always hold you in
+affectionate remembrance as one of the most sincere, earnest and
+disinterested women whom it has ever been my fortune to meet, and whom
+I shall always be glad to hear from or to see." Mrs. Stanton sent an
+extract from a letter of Martha C. Wright, saying: "Our only hope is in
+the gradual accession of thinking men and women, and in our indomitable
+Susan."
+
+At Miss Anthony's earnest desire, Mrs. Wright was elected president of
+the association and this proved to be her last appearance on that
+platform which she had graced for many years. An interesting feature of
+the meeting was the presence of the veteran worker, Ernestine L. Rose,
+who was back from England on a visit. During this May meeting a
+telegram was sent over the country stating: "Miss Anthony stalked down
+the aisle with faded alpaca dress to the top of her boots, blue cotton
+umbrella and white cotton gloves, perched herself on the platform,
+crossed her legs, pulled out her snuff-box and passed it around. On the
+platform were Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Gage, Mrs. Rose and other
+noted women, all dressed in unmentionables cut bias, and smoking penny
+drab cigars. Susan was quite drunk." The New York Herald, which rarely
+had a good word for the suffrage conventions, in a long and respectful
+account of this same meeting, said:
+
+    There was a perfume of Fifth Avenue about the audience. Carriages
+    in livery rolled up to the door. The striking contrast of this
+    audience with that of other years, in the almost perfect conformity
+    of the manner and dress of the women to those of other women who
+    rule in the fashionable world and are supposed to look down upon
+    these knights-errant of the sex, was not greater than that between
+    the treatment of Miss Anthony now and in other times. In former
+    years they came to scoff at this wiry and resolute champion of her
+    sex. Now every word she utters is received with almost reverent
+    rapture. Yesterday brought together as intelligent and perhaps as
+    refined an audience of ladies as might he gathered in the city.
+    Miss Anthony was dressed with her usual simplicity in black silk.
+    She read the call for the convention and made thereon one of her
+    characteristic addresses, full of fire and prophecy.
+
+During the summer of 1874 Miss Anthony lectured in many places in
+Massachusetts and New York, striving to pay the interest and reduce by
+a little her pressing debts, and slipping home occasionally to see her
+mother who was carefully tended by the devoted sister Mary. At one of
+these times she writes in her diary: "It is always so good to get into
+my own humble bed." August 22 she sent a letter of congratulation on
+his fiftieth birthday to her brother Daniel R. After referring to the
+$50 he sent to her at the close of her half century, she says:
+
+    Though I can not return my love and wishes in the same kind, they
+    are none the less for your joy and peace in the future, neither is
+    my rejoicing less over the success of your first half of life. From
+    your many experiences, whether they have been such as you would
+    have chosen or not, strength, growth, discipline have resulted, and
+    sometimes I think all the adverse winds of life are needed to check
+    our ever-rising vain-glory in our own power and success....
+    Whatever comes to those closely united by marriage or by blood, the
+    one lesson from recent developments in Brooklyn is that none of the
+    parties ever should take in an outside person as confidant. If the
+    twain can not themselves restore their oneness, none other can. If
+    parents and children, brothers and sisters, can not adjust their
+    own differences among themselves, it is in vain they look to
+    friends outside.
+
+    What lessons we are having that not only is honesty the best
+    policy, but that there is nothing but most dreadful disaster in any
+    policy which is not based on absolute honesty. The fact is, nothing
+    is worth the getting, if that has to be done by cunning, falsehood,
+    deception. Whether it be wealth, position, office or the society of
+    one we love, if we have to steal it, though it may be sweet and
+    seemingly real and lasting, the exposure of the illicit means of
+    gaining it is sure to come, and then the thing itself turns to
+    dross. When will the children of men learn this fact, that nothing
+    pays but that which is obtained fairly, openly and honestly?
+
+This year the Michigan Legislature submitted a woman suffrage amendment
+to the voters, and Miss Anthony decided to canvass the State. To do
+this would ruin her own lecture season for the autumn, and those in
+charge of the suffrage campaign could offer her no salary. She did not
+hesitate, however, but without any financial guarantee, began her work
+there September 24. On the eve of going she wrote to a friend: "I leave
+home without having had one single week of rest this summer--not this
+year, indeed, nor for twenty-five years." She made a forty days'
+canvass, taking out three days for the Illinois convention at Chicago,
+and during that time spoke in thirty-five different places. Everywhere
+she addressed immense and enthusiastic crowds. She was frequently
+preceded by Senator Zach. Chandler, speaking for the Republican party,
+and often her audiences were much larger than the senator's.[81] Toward
+the close of the campaign she wrote home:
+
+    If these meetings of mine were only by and in favor of an
+    enfranchised class, they would carry almost the solid vote of every
+    town for the measure advocated; but alas, they are for a class
+    powerless to help or hinder any party for good or for evil. It is
+    wonderful to see how quickly the prejudices yield to a little
+    common sense talk. If only we had speakers and time, we could carry
+    the vote of this State, but we have neither, and so all we can hope
+    for is a respectable minority. I enclose $200 left above travelling
+    expenses, hall rent, etc., from collections and the sale of my
+    trial pamphlets. If I could have had even a twenty-five cents
+    admission, I should have cleared over $1,000, but I could not have
+    it said that I went to Michigan, at such a crisis, to make money
+    for myself; it would have ruined the moral effect of my work. Now
+    they are calling on me from Washington to stay in that city all
+    next winter to get our measure considered by Congress, but I ought
+    to go to work to earn money, for I need it if ever anybody did. If
+    I have to get it, however, at the cost of losing our golden
+    opportunity there, it will be too dear a price to pay.
+
+Miss Anthony was correct in her forecast, the suffrage amendment was
+defeated in Michigan by more than three to one, but there is no doubt
+her able canvass contributed largely to secure "a respectable
+minority."
+
+In the summer of 1874 the so-called Beecher-Tilton scandal, which had
+been smouldering a long time, burst into full blaze. Miss Anthony had
+been for many years on intimate terms with all the parties in this
+unfortunate affair, and there was a persistent rumor that she had at
+one time received a confession from Mrs. Tilton which, if given by her
+to the public, would settle the vexed question beyond a doubt. It is
+scarcely possible to describe the pressure brought to bear to force her
+to disclose what she knew. During her lecture tours of that summer and
+fall, while the trial was in progress before the church committee, she
+never entered a railroad car, an omnibus or a hotel but there was
+somebody ready to question her. In every town and city she was called
+upon for an interview before she had time to brush off the dust of
+travel. One of the New York papers detailed a reporter to follow her
+from point to point, catch every word she uttered, ferret out all she
+said to her friends and in some way extort what was wanted. She often
+remarked that "in this case men proved themselves the champion gossips
+of the world."
+
+Papers which had befriended her and her cause reminded her of this fact
+and urged her to return the favor by telling them what she knew.
+Telegrams and letters poured in upon her from strangers and friends,
+some commending and begging her to continue silent; others censuring
+and urging her to tell the whole story. Lawyers connected with the case
+wrote her the shrewdest of pleas, telling her how the other side were
+trying to defame her character and urging her to speak in self-defense;
+but it is a significant fact that she received no official summons
+either during the church committee investigation or the trial in court.
+
+The Chicago Tribune, having failed to secure an interview, said: "Miss
+Anthony keeps her own counsel in this matter with a resolution which
+would do credit to General Grant." Several papers manufactured
+interviews with her out of whole cloth. Everybody else, man or woman,
+who had the slightest knowledge of the affair, rushed into print, but
+under all the pressure she remained as immovable and silent as the
+granite mountains amid which she was born. The universal desire to have
+her speak was because of the value placed upon her integrity and
+veracity. John Hooker, the eminent lawyer of Hartford, Conn.,
+brother-in-law of Mr. Beecher, voiced the opinion of her friends when
+he wrote under date of November 9, 1874: "A more truthful person does
+not live. The whole world could not get her to go into a conspiracy
+against one whom she believed to be innocent. I have perfect confidence
+in her truthfulness and always stoutly assert it."
+
+The New York Sun expressed the general sentiment of the press when it
+said in this connection: "Miss Anthony is a lady whose word will
+everywhere be believed by those who know anything of her character."
+Her home paper, the Democrat and Chronicle, paid this tribute: "Whether
+she will make any definite revelations remains to be seen, but whatever
+she does say will be received by the public with that credit which
+attaches to the evidence of a truthful witness. Her own character,
+known and honored by the country, will give importance to any
+utterances she may make."
+
+Most of the charges made against her during this ordeal were so
+manifestly absurd they did not need refuting, but the oft-repeated
+assertions that she believed in what was popularly termed "free love"
+were a source of great annoyance. In a letter written at this time to
+Elizabeth Smith Miller she thus definitely expressed herself: "I have
+always believed the 'variety' system vile, and still do so believe. I
+am convinced that no one has yet wrought out the true social system. I
+am sure no theory can be correct which a mother is not willing for her
+daughter to practice. Decent women should not live with licentious
+husbands in the relation of wife. As society is now, good, pure women,
+by so living, cover up and palliate immorality and help to violate the
+law of monogamy. Women must take the social helm into their own hands
+and not permit the men of their own circle, any more than the women, to
+be transgressors."
+
+To Mr. Hooker, on this same subject, she wrote: "In my heart of hearts
+I hate the whole doctrine of 'variety' or 'promiscuity.' I am not even
+a believer in second marriages after one of the parties is dead, so
+sacred and binding do I consider the marriage relation." A few extracts
+from her diary during these days will show the trend of her thoughts:
+
+    Silence alone is all there is for me at present. I appreciate as
+    never before the value of having lived an open life.... The parlor,
+    the street corner, the newspapers, the very air seem full of social
+    miasma.... Sad, sad revelations! There is nothing more demoralizing
+    than lying. The act itself is scarcely so base as the lie which
+    denies it.... It is almost an impossibility for a man and a woman
+    to have a close, sympathetic friendship without the tendrils of one
+    soul becoming fastened around the other, with the result of
+    infinite pain and anguish.... The great financial rings, Christian
+    Union, Life of Christ and Plymouth church, the three in one, most
+    powerful trinity, seem to have subsidized the entire New York
+    press.
+
+In her positive refusal to speak the word which would criminate a
+woman, Miss Anthony was actuated by the highest sense of honor. She
+loved Mr. and Mrs. Tilton as her own family. She had enjoyed the
+hospitality of their beautiful home and seen their children grow up
+from babyhood. Mrs. Tilton was one of the loveliest characters she ever
+had known, an exquisite housekeeper, an ideal mother; a woman of wide
+reading and fine literary taste, of sunny temperament and affectionate
+disposition. To violate the confidence of such a woman, given in an
+hour of supreme anguish, would have been treachery unparalleled. In
+answer to the charge that Mrs. Tilton was a very weak or a very wicked
+woman, Miss Anthony always maintained that none ever was called upon to
+suffer such temptation. On the one hand was her husband, one of the
+most brilliant writers and speakers of the day, a man of marvellously
+attractive powers in the home as well as in the outside world. At his
+table often sat Phillips, Garrison, Sumner, Wilson and many other
+prominent men, who all alike admired and loved him.
+
+On the other hand was her pastor, the most powerful and magnetic
+preacher and orator not only in Brooklyn but in the nation. When he
+spoke on Sunday to his congregation of 3,000 people, there was not a
+man present but felt that he could get strength by touching even the
+hem of his garment. If his power were such over men, by the law of
+nature it must have been infinitely greater over women. Since it was
+thus irresistible in public, how transcendent must it have been in the
+close and intimate companionship of private life!
+
+The house of the Tiltons was the second home of Mr. Beecher, and
+scarcely a day passed that he did not visit it. He found here the
+brightness, congeniality, sympathy and loving trust which every human
+being longs for. The choicest new literature was sent hither for the
+delicate appreciation it was sure to receive. When he came in from his
+Peekskill country place with great baskets of flowers, the most
+beautiful always found their way to this household. Miss Anthony
+recalls one occasion when Mrs. Tilton, slipping her hand through her
+arm, drew her to the mantelpiece over which hung a lovely water color
+of the trailing arbutus, and said, "My pastor brought that to me this
+morning." At another time, when she went on Saturday evening to stay
+over Sunday, Mrs. Tilton said, as she dropped into a low chair: "Mr.
+Beecher sat here all the morning writing his sermon. He says there is
+no place in the world where he can get such inspiration as at
+Theodore's desk, while I sit beside him in this little chair darning
+the children's stockings."
+
+In all of these and many similar occurrences Miss Anthony saw nothing
+but a warm and sincere friendship. To Mr. Tilton Mr. Beecher was as a
+father or an elder brother. He had placed the ambitious and talented
+youth where he could achieve both fame and fortune, had introduced him
+into the highest social circles and shown to the world that he regarded
+him as his dearest confidential friend, and for years the two men had
+enjoyed the closest and strongest intimacy. Mrs. Tilton had been born
+into Plymouth church, baptized by Mr. Beecher, had taught in his Sunday
+school, visited at his home. He loved her as his own, and she adored
+him as a very Christ. To these two great intellectual and spiritual
+magnets, first to one, then to the other, she was irresistibly and
+uncontrollably drawn. When troubles arose and the two became bitterly
+hostile, her situation was most pitiable. After matters had culminated
+and the battle was on, Beecher still spoke of her as "the beloved
+Christian woman," and Tilton, as "the whitest-souled woman who ever
+lived." Weak she may have been through her emotions, never wilfully
+wicked, and far less sinning than sinned against. She was wholly
+dominated by two powerful influences. Between the upper and the nether
+millstone her life was crushed.
+
+[Footnote 78: For full report see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. II,
+p. 715.]
+
+[Footnote 79: This has been accomplished (1897) in four States,
+Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho.]
+
+[Footnote 80: The W.C.T.U. did not recognize this fact at the time of
+their organization but in 1881 they established a franchise department
+and many of them now advocate suffrage.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Not far from three times as many were at Miss Anthony's
+lecture as gathered to hear Senator Chandler.--Jackson Patriot.
+
+One of the largest audiences ever in the opera house gathered last
+evening on the occasion of the lecture of Miss Susan B.
+Anthony.--Adrian Times and Expositor.
+
+Probably the largest audience ever assembled in Clinton Hall convened
+to hear-Miss Susan B. Anthony, the celebrated expounder of the rights
+of women.--Pontiac Gazette.
+
+Since the great Children's Jubilee there has not been so large an
+audience in the Academy of Music as that assembled to hear Miss
+Anthony's lecture.--East Saginaw Daily Republican.
+
+Miss Anthony spoke at Hillsdale to a densely crowded opera house, while
+full 1,000 people were unable to gain admission.--Grand Rapids Post.
+
+Miss Susan B. Anthony spoke last evening to the largest audience that
+ever greeted a lecturer in Marshall, and we have had Mrs. Stanton,
+Theodore Tilton, Mark Twain and Olive Logan. She had at least 1,200
+hearers.--Telegram to Detroit Evening News.
+
+Last evening the aisles were double-seated, and the anterooms,
+staircases and vestibules densely packed with standing hearers. No such
+house ever was had at this place. She spoke with wonderful power. At
+Pigeon, between trains, she spoke to a great throng who would not
+consider her strength and take "no" for an answer.--Three Rivers
+Reporter.
+
+A woman with whose public sayings and doings we have been familiar
+since the fall of 1867, and for whom our respect and admiration has
+never wavered during that period, spoke to the largest indoor audience
+ever assembled in this village. The courthouse was literally packed,
+and the speaker had to stand on a table in front of the judge's
+desk.--Cassopolis National Democrat.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+REVOLUTION DEBT PAID--WOMEN'S FOURTH OF JULY.
+
+1875-1876.
+
+
+At the close of 1874, December 28, the cause of woman suffrage lost a
+strong supporter by the death of Gerrit Smith. Miss Anthony felt the
+loss deeply, as he had been her warm personal friend for twenty-five
+years and always ready with financial aid for her projects; but she
+suffered a keener shock one week later when the news came of the sudden
+death of Martha C. Wright, January 4, 1875. She says in her diary: "It
+struck me dumb, I could not believe it; clear-sighted, true and
+steadfast almost beyond all other women! Her home was my home, always
+so restful and refreshing, her friendship never failed; the darker the
+hour, the brighter were her words of encouragement, the stronger and
+closer her support. I can not be reconciled."
+
+But for this earnest advocate there could be no cessation of work and
+the 14th of January found her again in Washington at the National
+Convention. These annual meetings, with their advertising, hall rent,
+expenses of speakers, etc., were costly affairs. Before every one Miss
+Anthony always received scores of letters from the other workers
+begging that it might be given up for that year, insisting that for
+various reasons it would be a failure, and declaring that they could
+not and would not attend. Mrs. Stanton usually headed the list of the
+objectors, for she hated everything connected with a convention. On the
+back of one of these vehement protests, carefully filed away, is
+written in Miss Anthony's penmanship, "Mrs. Stanton's chronic letter
+before each annual meeting." She never paid the slightest heed to any
+of these appeals, but went straight ahead, wheeled all of them into
+line, engaged the speakers, raised the money and carried the convention
+to a finish. When the funds were lacking she advanced them from her
+own, usually ending one or two hundred dollars out of pocket. Then she
+went about among the friends and secured enough to replace the loan or,
+failing in this, worked so much the harder to make it up out of her
+earnings.
+
+On her way home from Washington, Miss Anthony stopped for a visit with
+her loved cousin Anson Lapham and on leaving he handed her a check for
+$1,000, saying, "Susan, this is not for suffrage but for thee
+personally." Nevertheless she at once applied it on the debt still
+hanging over her from The Revolution. Francis & Loutrel, of New York,
+who had furnished her with paper, letter-heads, etc., also presented
+her at this time with their receipted bill for $200.
+
+In the winter of 1875, Miss Anthony prepared her speech on "Social
+Purity" and gave it first at the Grand Opera House, Chicago, March 14,
+in the Sunday afternoon Dime lecture course.[82] When she reached the
+opera house the crowd was so dense she could not get inside and was
+obliged to go through the engine room and up the back way to the stage.
+The gentleman who was to introduce her could not make his way through
+the throng and so this service was gracefully performed by "Long John"
+Wentworth, who was seated on the stage. At the close of the address, to
+her surprise, A. Bronson Alcott, Parker Pillsbury and A.J. Grover came
+up to congratulate her. She had not known they were in the city. Mr.
+Alcott said: "You have stated here this afternoon, in a fearless
+manner, truths that I have hardly dared to think, much less to utter."
+No other speaker, man or woman, ever had handled this question with
+such boldness and severity and the lecture produced a great sensation.
+Even the radical Mrs. Stanton wrote her she would never again be asked
+to speak in Chicago, and Mr. Slayton said that she had ruined her
+future chances there; nevertheless she was invited by the same
+committee the following winter.
+
+It was given at several places in Wisconsin, Illinois,[83] Iowa, Kansas
+and Missouri to crowded houses and the newspaper comments were varied.
+On the occasion of its delivery in Mercantile Library Hall, St. Louis,
+in the Star lecture course, the Democrat said: "The audience was large
+and composed of the most respectable and intelligent of our citizens, a
+majority being ladies. Miss Anthony is one of the most remarkable women
+of the nineteenth century--remarkable for the purity of her life, the
+earnestness with which she promulgates her peculiar views, and the
+indomitable courage and perseverance with which she bears defeat and
+misfortune. No longer in the bloom of youth--if she ever had any
+bloom--hard-featured, guileless, cold as an icicle, fluent and
+philosophical, she wields today tenfold more influence than all the
+beautiful and brilliant female lecturers that ever flaunted upon the
+platform as preachers of social impossibilities."
+
+The metropolitan press generally acknowledged the necessity for such a
+lecture and complimented Miss Anthony's courage in undertaking it, but
+the country papers were greatly distressed, as a specimen extract will
+show:
+
+    There is very little satisfaction in observing that Miss Anthony is
+    following in the wake of Anna Dickinson, in publicly lecturing upon
+    subjects that no modest woman ought, in respect for her sex, to
+    acknowledge that she is so familiar with. Miss D. expatiates upon
+    the "Social Evil," and Miss A. enlarges upon "Social
+    Purity"--topics that maidenly delicacy, we repeat, should refuse to
+    discuss. It would be suggestively coarse for a married woman to
+    deliberately select such questionable themes for a public
+    discourse; but these two ladies are spinsters yet, and spinsters
+    are presumed to be wholly innocent of the necessary
+    information--are supposed, in truth, to be too pure-minded to
+    contemplate vice in its most repulsive shape, not to say analyze
+    it, and dwell oratorically before the world upon its nauseous
+    details. The women's crusade against liquor effected nothing, for
+    the simple reason that women were out of their proper sphere in
+    attempting it; but if so, how much more do they degrade their sex
+    when they go out of the way to ask us to believe that they are
+    intimate with a corruption infinitely more debasing and more
+    destructive? The best lecture a woman can give the community on
+    "moral purity" is the eloquent one of a spotless life. The best
+    discourse she can furnish us on the sad "evil" alluded to is the
+    sincerity of her profound ignorance of the subject.
+
+A woman suffrage bill was under consideration by the legislature of
+Iowa and Miss Anthony felt that missionary work ought to be done in
+that State, so she wrote to the friends in one hundred different towns,
+offering to speak for $25 or one-half the gross receipts. Sixty of them
+accepted and during the spring and autumn of 1875 she filled these
+engagements, the sixty lectures averaging $30 apiece. In order to reach
+the different places she had to take trains at all hours of the night,
+occasionally to ride in a freight car, sometimes to drive twenty-five
+or thirty miles across country in mud and snow and prairie winds, and
+frequently to go on the platform without having eaten a mouthful or
+changed her dress. Even these ills were not so hard to bear as the
+cold, dirty rooms, hard beds, and poorly cooked food sometimes found in
+small hotels. Frequently she had to sit by the kitchen stove all day as
+not a bedroom would have a fire and the only sitting-room contained the
+bar and was black with tobacco smoke. The path of the lecturer is
+uphill, over stony roads, with briar hedges on both sides.
+
+While Miss Anthony was in attendance at the May Suffrage Anniversary in
+New York, a telegram came announcing that her brother Daniel R., of
+Leavenworth, had been shot and fatally wounded. Her friends feeling
+that they could not go through with the meeting without her, retained
+the telegram until after her speech in the evening, and then she could
+get no train before the next day. She did not go to bed that night but,
+in the midst of her grief, she examined every bill for the convention
+and put each in an envelope with the money to pay it. In the early
+morning she took a local train for Albany and stopped off to bid a last
+farewell to her old friend, Lydia Mott, who was dying of consumption.
+Her sisters met her at the Rochester station with wrapper, slippers and
+comfortable things for the sickroom, and she learned that her brother
+was still alive. Telegrams came to her at intervals during the journey,
+and, after a most distressing delay at Kansas City, she finally reached
+Leavenworth at midnight, May 14, and was gladly received by her brother
+who had watched the clock and counted her progress every hour. The
+shooting had grown out of some criticisms in his paper. The ball had
+fractured the clavicle and severed the subclavian artery. His devoted
+wife and brother Merritt were in constant attendance.
+
+Then began the long struggle for life. For nine weeks Miss Anthony sat
+by his bedside giving the service of a born nurse, added to the
+gentleness of a loving sister. At the end of the first month the
+physicians decided on a continued pressure upon the artery above the
+wound to prevent the constant rush of blood into the aneurism which had
+formed. Owing to its peculiar position this could be done only by
+pressing the finger upon it, and so the family and friends took turns
+day and night, sitting by the patient and pressing upon this vital
+spot. After five weeks, to the surprise of the whole medical
+fraternity, the experiment proved a success and recovery was no longer
+doubtful. The papers were filled with glowing accounts of Miss
+Anthony's devotion, seeming to think it wonderful that a woman whose
+whole life had been spent in public work should possess in so large a
+degree not only sisterly affection but the accomplishments of a trained
+nurse.[84]
+
+Miss Anthony took back to Rochester her little four-year-old niece and
+namesake, Susie B., and many touching entries in her journal show how
+closely the child entwined itself about her heart. She found that Lydia
+Mott still lived, and, allowing herself only two days' rest after all
+the hard weeks of physical and mental strain, she went to Albany to
+stay with her friend till the end came, a month later. The diary of
+August 20 says: "There passed out of my life today the one who, next to
+my own family, has been the nearest and dearest to me for thirty
+years."
+
+On October 2, 1875, she heard Frances E. Willard lecture for the first
+time, and comments, "A lovely, spirited and spiritual woman,
+characterized by genuine Christian simplicity." Miss Anthony was a
+guest with Miss Willard at the home of Professor and Mrs. Lattimore.
+When they reached the hall Miss Willard asked her to sit on the
+platform, but Miss Anthony declined, saying, "No, you have a heavy
+enough load to carry without taking me." November 4 Miss Anthony gave
+her lecture on "Social Purity" in Rochester, introduced by Judge Henry
+R. Selden, and writes, "I had a most attentive and solemn listening."
+The rest of the year was spent in finishing the interrupted lectures in
+Iowa, and the beginning of 1876 found her in the far West with so many
+engagements that she decided, for the first time in all the years, not
+to go to Washington to the National Convention. This was in the capable
+hands of Mrs. Gage, who was then president; so she sent an encouraging
+letter and a liberal contribution.
+
+Miss Anthony still continued on her weary round-through the inclement
+winter and spring, sometimes lecturing to meager and sometimes to
+crowded houses but netting an average of $100 a week, which was
+religiously applied to the payment of the debt. She returned to Chicago
+to lecture again in the Dime course, Sunday, March 26, and says in her
+diary: "An immense audience, hall packed, my speech was free, easy and
+happy, my audience quick to see and appreciate." The address on this
+occasion was "Bread and the Ballot."[85] She returned at once to Iowa,
+Kansas and Missouri, and by May 1, 1876, was able to write, "The day of
+Jubilee for me has come. I have paid the last dollar of The Revolution
+debt!" It was just six years to the very month since she had given up
+her cherished paper and undertaken to pay off its heavy indebtedness,
+and all her friends rejoiced with her that it was finally rolled from
+her shoulders and she was free. Even the newspapers offered
+congratulations in pleasant editorial paragraphs.[86] In a long notice,
+the Chicago Daily News said:
+
+    Her paper lived a few years and then went down. In the heart of the
+    woman whose hopes went down with it, the little paper that cost so
+    much and died so prematurely occupies, perhaps, the place which in
+    other women's hearts is occupied by the remembrance of a baby's
+    face, now shrouded in folds of white satin and hushed in death. But
+    The Revolution left behind a debt of several thousand dollars.
+    Susan B. Anthony was poor, yet she stepped forward and assumed,
+    individually, the entire indebtedness. By working six years and
+    devoting to the purpose all the money she could earn she has paid
+    the debt and interest. And now, when the creditors of that paper
+    and others who really know her, whatever they may think of her
+    political opinions, hear the name of Susan B. Anthony, they feel
+    inclined to raise their hats in reverence.
+
+The Rochester Post-Express thus voiced the opinion of her own
+townspeople:
+
+    The thousands of friends of the plucky and noble woman of whom we
+    speak will rejoice with her over this success. There are a good
+    many men who have hidden behind their wives' petticoats for a much
+    smaller sum than $10,000. It should be remembered, furthermore,
+    that Miss Anthony has labored indefatigably in the cause of woman
+    suffrage, paying her own expenses most of the time; has undergone a
+    contemptible and outrageous persecution at the hands of the United
+    States court for violating the election laws; has bent for months
+    over the bed of a brother wounded almost to death by an assassin's
+    bullet; has watched tenderly over the steps of an aged mother; and
+    has always, everywhere, been the soul of helpfulness and
+    benevolence. Here is an example, in a woman, who our laws say is
+    not fit to exercise the active and defensive privilege of
+    citizenship, that puts to shame the lives of ninety-nine in every
+    hundred men.
+
+It is not surprising that the letters of her friends during these past
+months should speak of "the pale, sad face, so worn by lines of care
+and toil," but now all was over and she returned home. To rest? Far
+from it. The third day found her en route for New York to attend the
+Suffrage Anniversary, May 10 and 11.
+
+The thinking women of the country were justly indignant, in this great
+centennial year of the Republic, at the high-handed manner in which
+they had been ignored in the vast preparations for its celebration, in
+spite of their protests and in face of the fact that women had
+purchased $100,000 of the centennial stock issued to pay expenses. It
+had been decided at the Washington convention that the National
+Association should open headquarters in Philadelphia, and at this May
+meeting Miss Anthony was made chairman of the 1876 campaign committee.
+The resolutions adopted show the spirit of the convention:
+
+    WHEREAS, The right of self-government inheres in the individual
+    before governments are founded, constitutions framed or courts
+    created; and _whereas_, Governments exist to protect the people in
+    the enjoyment of their natural rights, and when one becomes
+    destructive of this end, it is the right of the people to resist
+    and abolish it; and _whereas_, The women of the United States for
+    one hundred years have been denied the exercise of their natural
+    right of self-government; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That it is their natural right and most sacred duty to
+    rebel against the injustice, usurpation and tyranny of our present
+    government.
+
+    WHEREAS, The men of 1776 rebelled against a government which did
+    not claim to be of the people, but on the contrary upheld the
+    "divine right of kings;" and _whereas_, The women of this nation
+    today, under a government which claims to be based upon individual
+    rights, in an infinitely greater degree are suffering all the
+    wrongs which led to the war of the Revolution; and _whereas_, the
+    oppression is all the more keenly felt because our masters, instead
+    of dwelling in a foreign land, are our husbands, fathers, brothers
+    and sons; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That the women of this nation, in 1876, have greater
+    cause for discontent, rebellion and revolution, than had the men of
+    1776.
+
+    _Resolved_, That with Abigail Adams we believe "the passion for
+    liberty can not be strong in the breasts of those who are
+    accustomed to deprive their fellow-creatures of liberty;" that, as
+    she predicted in 1776, "we are determined to foment a rebellion,
+    and will not hold ourselves bound by laws in which we have no voice
+    or representation."
+
+    WHEREAS, We believe in the principles of the Declaration of
+    Independence and of the Constitution of the United States, and that
+    a true republic is the best form of government in the world; and
+    _whereas_, This government is false to its underlying principles in
+    denying to women the only means of self-government, the ballot; and
+    one-half of the citizens of this nation, after a century of boasted
+    liberty, are still political slaves; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That we protest against calling the present centennial
+    a celebration of the independence of the _people_ of the United
+    States.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we meet in our respective towns and districts on
+    the Fourth of July, 1876, and declare ourselves no longer bound to
+    obey laws in whose making we have had no voice and, in presence of
+    the assembled nations of the world gathered on this soil to
+    celebrate our nation's centennial, demand justice for the women of
+    this land.
+
+Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Gage had long had in view the
+preparation of a history of the woman's rights movement, which they
+expected to be a pamphlet of several hundred pages, and they offered
+this as a premium to every one who should send $5 toward the
+contemplated headquarters.[87] Fifty-two women responded at once, and
+with this $260 they ventured to rent fine, large parlors in a desirable
+part of Philadelphia and fit them up in an attractive manner. By the
+laws of Pennsylvania a married woman could not make a contract and Miss
+Anthony, being the only femme sole, was obliged to assume the financial
+responsibility. She and Mrs. Gage took charge of the headquarters May
+25, and issued the following announcement:
+
+    The National Woman Suffrage Association has established its
+    Centennial headquarters in Philadelphia at No. 1431 Chestnut
+    street. The parlors, in charge of the officers of the association,
+    are devoted to the special work of the year, pertaining to the
+    centennial celebration and the political party conventions; also to
+    calls, receptions, etc. On the table a Centennial autograph book
+    receives the names of visitors....
+
+    On July 4th, while the men of this nation and the world are
+    rejoicing that "all men are free and equal" in the United States, a
+    declaration of rights for women will be issued from these
+    headquarters, and a protest against calling this Centennial a
+    celebration of the independence of the people, while one-half are
+    still political slaves. Let the women of the whole land, on that
+    day, in meetings, in parlors, in kitchens, wherever they may be,
+    unite with us in this declaration and protest; and immediately
+    thereafter send full reports for record in our centennial book,
+    that the world may see that the women of 1876 know and feel their
+    political degradation no less than did the men of 1776.
+
+    In commemoration of the twenty-eighth anniversary of the first
+    woman's rights convention, the National Suffrage Association will
+    hold in Philadelphia, July 19 and 20, of the present year, a grand
+    mass convention, in which eminent reformers from the new and the
+    old world will take part.
+
+From these headquarters eloquent letters were written to the national
+political conventions and sent by delegations of prominent women,
+asking for a woman suffrage plank. The Democrats ignored the question
+in their platform; the Republicans adopted the following: "The
+Republican party recognizes with approval the substantial advance
+recently made toward the establishment of equal rights for women by the
+many important amendments effected by the Republican legislatures, in
+the laws which concern the personal and property relations of wives,
+mothers and widows, and by the election and appointment of women to the
+superintendence of education, charities and other public trusts. The
+honest demands of this class of citizens for additional rights,
+privileges and immunities should be treated with respectful
+consideration." In a letter from Mrs. Duniway, of Oregon, she says,
+"Well, the Republicans have thickened the old sop and re-served it."
+
+The women were determined to obtain a recognition at the centennial
+celebration to be held July 4, in Independence Square. "It is the hour,
+the golden hour, for woman to speak her word which shall roll down our
+second century as has man's Fourth of July manifesto through the last
+one hundred years," wrote Miss Anthony. Then she and Mrs. Stanton and
+Mrs. Gage put their heads together and framed a document which had all
+the holy fire of the immortal Declaration of Independence, and this
+they proposed to have made a part of the-great day's proceedings.[88]
+Their efforts to this end, their repulse and their subsequent action
+are so delightfully described in the History of Woman Suffrage that it
+would be presumptuous to attempt to improve upon it. Their utmost
+efforts could obtain but four seats on the platform. Miss Anthony had a
+ticket as reporter for her brother's paper. The earnest request of Mrs.
+Stanton, president of the National Suffrage Association, to General
+Joseph R. Hawley, president of the Centennial Commission, not that the
+women might read but simply might present their declaration, was
+refused on the ground that the program could not be changed. The report
+thus continues:
+
+    As President Grant was not to attend the celebration, the acting
+    Vice-President, Thomas W. Ferry, representing the government, was
+    to officiate in his place and he, too, was addressed by note, and
+    courteously requested to make time for the reception of this
+    declaration. As Mr. Ferry was a well-known sympathizer with the
+    demands of woman for political rights, it was presumable that he
+    would render his aid. Yet he was forgetful that in his position
+    that day he represented, not the exposition, but the government of
+    a hundred years, and he too refused; thus the simple request of
+    woman for a half moment's recognition on the nation's centennial
+    birthday was denied by all in authority.
+
+    While the women of the nation were thus absolutely forbidden the
+    right of public protest, lavish preparations were made for the
+    reception and entertainment of foreign potentates and the myrmidons
+    of monarchial institutions. Dom Pedro, emperor of Brazil, a
+    representative of that form of government against which the United
+    States is a perpetual defiance and protest, was welcomed with
+    fulsome adulation, and given a seat of honor near the officers of
+    the day; Prince Oscar of Sweden, a stripling of sixteen, on whose
+    shoulders rests the promise of a future kingship, was seated near.
+    Count Rochambeau of France, the Japanese commissioners, high
+    officials from Russia and Prussia, from Austria, Spain, England,
+    Turkey, representing the barbarism and semi-civilization of the
+    day, found no difficulty in securing recognition and places of
+    honor upon that platform, where representative womanhood was
+    denied.
+
+    Though refused by their own countrymen a place and part in the
+    centennial celebration, the women who had taken this presentation
+    in hand were not to be conquered. They had respectfully asked for
+    recognition; now that it had been denied, they determined to seize
+    upon the moment when the reading of the Declaration of Independence
+    closed, to proclaim to the world the tyranny and injustice of the
+    nation toward one-half its people. Five officers of the National
+    Suffrage Association, with that heroic spirit which has ever
+    animated lovers of liberty in resistance to tyranny, determined,
+    whatever the result, to present the Woman's Declaration of Rights
+    at the chosen hour. They would not, they dared not sacrifice the
+    golden opportunity to which they had so long looked forward; their
+    work was not for themselves alone, nor for the present generation,
+    but for all women of all time. The hopes of posterity were in their
+    hands and they determined to place on record for the daughters of
+    1976 the fact that their mothers of 1876 had asserted their
+    equality of rights, and impeached the government of that day for
+    its injustice toward woman. Thus, in taking a grander step toward
+    freedom than ever before, they would leave one bright remembrance
+    for the women of the next Centennial.
+
+    That historic Fourth of July dawned at last, one of the most
+    oppressive days of that terribly heated season. Susan B. Anthony,
+    Matilda Joslyn Gage, Sara Andrews Spencer, Lillie Devereux Blake
+    and Phoebe Couzins made their way through the crowds under the
+    broiling sun to Independence Square, carrying the Woman's
+    Declaration of Rights. This declaration had been handsomely
+    engrossed by Mrs. Spencer and signed by the oldest and most
+    prominent advocates of woman's enfranchisement. Their tickets of
+    admission proved an open sesame through the military and all other
+    barriers, and a few moments before the opening of the ceremonies,
+    these women found themselves within the precincts from which most
+    of their sex were excluded.
+
+    The declaration of 1776 was read by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia,
+    about whose family clusters so much of historic fame. The close of
+    his reading was deemed the appropriate moment for the presentation
+    of the Woman's Declaration. Not quite sure how their approach might
+    be met--not quite certain if at this final moment they would be
+    permitted to reach the presiding officer--these ladies arose from
+    their seats at the back of the stage and walked down the aisle. The
+    bustle of preparation for the Brazilian hymn covered their advance.
+    The foreign guests, the military and civil officers who filled the
+    space directly around the speaker's stand, courteously made way,
+    while Miss Anthony in fitting words presented the Declaration. Mr.
+    Ferry's face paled, as bowing low, with no word, he received it,
+    and it thus became a part of the day's proceedings; the ladies
+    turned, scattering printed copies as they deliberately passed up
+    the aisle and off the platform. On every side eager hands were
+    stretched; men stood on seats and asked for them, while General
+    Hawley, thus defied and beaten in his audacious denial to women of
+    the right to present their Declaration, shouted, "Order, order!"
+
+    Going out through the crowd, they made their way to a platform
+    erected for the musicians in front of Independence Hall. Here on
+    this historic ground, under the shadow of of Washington's statue,
+    back of them the old bell which proclaimed "liberty to all the land
+    and all the inhabitants thereof," they took their places, and to a
+    listening, applauding crowd, Miss Anthony read a copy of the
+    Declaration just presented to Mr. Ferry. It was warmly applauded at
+    many points, and after again scattering a number of printed copies,
+    the delegation descended from the platform and hastened to the
+    convention of the National Association. A meeting had been
+    appointed at 12 o'clock, in the First Unitarian church, where Rev.
+    William H. Furness preached for fifty years, but whose pulpit was
+    then filled by Joseph May, a son of Rev. Samuel J. May. They found
+    the church crowded with an expectant audience, which greeted them
+    with thanks for what they had just done; the first act of this
+    memorable day taking place on the old centennial platform in
+    Independence Square, the last in a church so long devoted to
+    equality and justice.
+
+    The venerable Lucretia Mott, then in her eighty-fourth year,
+    presided. Belva A. Lockwood took up the judiciary, showing the way
+    that body lends itself to party politics. Matilda Joslyn Gage spoke
+    upon the writ of habeas corpus, pointing out what a mockery to
+    married women was that constitutional guarantee. Lucretia Mott
+    reviewed the progress of the reform from the first convention. Sara
+    Andrews Spencer illustrated the evils arising from two codes of
+    morality. Lillie Devereux Blake spoke upon trial by jury; Susan B.
+    Anthony upon taxation without representation, illustrating her
+    remarks by incidents of unjust taxation of women during the present
+    year. Elizabeth Cady Stanton pictured the aristocracy of sex and
+    the evils arising from manhood suffrage. Judge Esther Morris, of
+    Wyoming, said a few words in regard to suffrage in that territory.
+    Phoebe Couzins, with great pathos, told of woman's work in the war.
+    Margaret Parker, president of the women's suffrage club of Dundee,
+    Scotland, and of the newly formed International W.C.T.U., declared
+    this was worth the journey across the Atlantic. Mr. J.H. Raper, of
+    Manchester, England, characterized it as the grandest meeting of
+    the day, and said the patriot of a hundred years hence would seek
+    for every incident connected with it, and the next Centennial would
+    be adorned by the portraits of the women who sat upon that
+    platform.
+
+    The Hutchinsons were present and in their best vein interspersed
+    the speeches with appropriate and felicitous songs. Lucretia Mott
+    did not confine herself to a single speech but, in Quaker style,
+    whenever the spirit moved made many happy points. As her sweet and
+    placid countenance appeared above the pulpit, the Hutchinsons burst
+    into, "Nearer, My God, to Thee." The effect was marvellous; the
+    audience at once arose, and spontaneously joined in the hymn. For
+    five long hours of that hot midsummer day, that crowded audience
+    listened earnestly to woman's demand for equality of rights before
+    the law. When the meeting at last adjourned, the Hutchinsons
+    singing, "A Hundred Years Hence," it was slowly and reluctantly
+    that the great audience left the house.
+
+The headquarters were kept open for two months, the weekly receptions
+were largely attended and the rooms each day crowded with visitors. The
+immense autograph book was signed by hundreds, most of whom also
+affixed their names to the Woman's Declaration of Rights. Lucretia Mott
+always came in after attending the mid-week meeting of the Friends, and
+the ladies had a pot of tea ready for her coming.[89] When she left she
+never failed to hand them $5 "to pay for the trouble she had made," her
+contributions in this way amounting to $50. George W. Childs gave $100,
+Dr. Clemence Lozier, $100, Ellen C. Sargent, $50, Elizabeth B. Phelps,
+$50, Miss Anthony herself contributed $175, and altogether about two
+hundred people donated nearly $1,700, all of which was expended in
+keeping up the headquarters and printing and circulating thousands of
+documents. When the accounts were audited they showed a balance of just
+$4.64.
+
+At this time Mrs. Mott sent Miss Anthony this little note, accompanied
+by a large package of fine tea: "I forgot to take the tea I promised
+thee, so please accept it now. Thank thee for so oft remembering me
+with the delicious drinks of it. After leaving thee so hurriedly
+yesterday, I feared that thou wast still short of an even balance, and
+now enclose another $10 for thy own personal use. It is too hard for
+our widely extended national society to suffer thee to labor so
+unceasingly without a consideration." But Miss Anthony did not work for
+personal reward and said in a letter to her old friend Clarina Howard
+Nichols: "The Kansas women say, 'All we have of freedom we owe to Mrs.
+Nichols and yet we never have given her a testimonial.' Well, you and I
+and all who labor to make the conditions of the world better for coming
+generations, must find our testimonials in the good accomplished
+through our work."
+
+As soon as the Centennial headquarters were closed Miss Anthony
+proceeded to carry out her cherished plan of writing the history of the
+woman's rights movement. She had sent the most peremptory orders to
+Mrs. Stanton not to make a lecture engagement before December 1, so
+that in August, September, October and November they might prepare this
+history. She then shipped to Mrs. Stanton's home several large trunks
+and boxes full of letters, reports and various documents which she had
+carefully preserved during the past quarter of a century, and the first
+day of August they set to work. The entries in the diary for the next
+two months give some idea of her state of mind: "I am immersed to my
+ears and feel almost discouraged.... The work before me is simply
+appalling.... The prospect of ever getting out a satisfactory history
+grows less each day.... Would that the good spirits in my own brain
+would come to the rescue!... O, these old letters! It makes me sad and
+tired to read them over, to see the terrible strain I was under every
+minute then, have been ever since, am now and shall be, I think, the
+rest of my life."[90]
+
+On August 24 occurred the death of Paulina Wright Davis and, at the
+husband's request, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton spoke at the funeral.
+The former felt that again she had lost a friend who never could be
+replaced. Mrs. Davis was a woman of beauty, culture, wealth and social
+position and a life-long advocate of woman suffrage. In October the
+dear cousin Anson Lapham passed away, and in the diary that night was
+written: "No man except my father ever gave me such love and
+confidence, and his acts were equal to his faith."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  With truest and tenderest friendship for my co-workers, I am as ever,
+  Pauline Wright Davis.]
+
+Work was pressing upon her from every side. In the spring of this year
+she had been engaged by the editors of Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia
+to write the chapter on suffrage and prepare the biographies of a
+number of eminent women. Amidst all the other cares of the summer and
+fall, she had been endeavoring to collect the materials for these
+sketches, having the usual experience. Some failed to answer; others
+wrote asking a score of questions; many sent four times as many words
+as were requested, with the statement that not one single line could be
+cut out; while a number forwarded a mass of unintelligible matter and
+requested her to make a good sketch out of it. The history also was
+occupying her waking and sleeping thoughts, and the depleted condition
+of her pocket-book foreshadowed the necessity of another lecture tour.
+Meanwhile, the mother at home was growing very feeble, and on
+Thanksgiving Day Miss Anthony wrote to her: "I feel as if I were
+robbing myself of the last moments which I may ever have to be with
+you, but I can not see the way clear to stay at home this coming
+winter. It is ever thus with me, so hard to know which is the strongest
+duty, the one that ought to be done first, and so I grope on in the
+dark. That I am always away from home may look to the world as if I
+care less for it than other people, whereas my longing for it almost
+makes me weak; but you, dear mother, understand my love."
+
+[Footnote 82: See Appendix for full speech.]
+
+[Footnote 83: At Carbondale she addressed the students of the Normal
+School, the day after her lecture, emphasizing the necessity of woman's
+being able to care for herself, urging them to marry only for love and
+not for support, and to look upon marriage as a luxury and not a
+necessity. She was a little doubtful as to the effect of this talk upon
+both faculty and students, but one of the professors called to tell her
+how fitting was every word and how he had longed to have just those
+things said. The girl students sent her a handsome bouquet as she was
+taking her train.]
+
+[Footnote 84: President M.B. Anderson, of Rochester University, wrote a
+friend in this connection: "I always remember Miss Anthony as an angel
+of mercy in the house of a sister who was crushed by the loss of a
+son."]
+
+[Footnote 85: See Appendix for full speech.]
+
+[Footnote 86: From a large number of clippings, the following are
+selected as specimens:
+
+Miss Anthony has now earned the money and discharged the last
+obligation of her paper. This is the work of a brave and good woman....
+She is a woman who pays her debts and sets a watch upon her
+lips.--Cincinnati Enquirer.
+
+It is the fashion among fools of both sexes to sneer at Susan B.
+Anthony and use her name to point witless jokes. But it seems to
+us--and we differ from her most emphatically on the question of woman
+suffrage--that her brave, unselfish life reflects a credit on womanhood
+which the follies of a thousand others can not remove.--Utica Observer.
+
+"She has paid her debts like a man," says an exchange. Like a man? Not
+so. Not one man in a thousand but would have "squealed," "laid down"
+and settled at ten or twenty cents on the dollar. As people go in this
+wicked world, it is no more than fair to say in good faith that Miss
+Anthony is a very admirable person. She is in business, as in other
+matters, one of the few--the select few--who steer by their own compass
+and not by the shifting winds.--Buffalo Express.
+
+Miss Susan B. Anthony has done a noble thing, which deserves to be
+widely known. She has lectured 120 times during this season and has
+paid off the last debt of The Revolution. That she has felt obliged to
+work thus for years when thousands of men avail themselves of the
+privileges of the bankrupt act, is a phenomenal exhibition of personal
+honor. A woman is thoroughly qualified to plead for the claims of her
+own sex when she respects the rights of human nature so keenly.--New
+York Graphic.
+
+We are thankful to see the recognition accorded to the worth of our
+townswoman. She has been often misjudged and sometimes abused; but
+unfalteringly and unselfishly she has devoted herself to her life-work,
+and despite cavilling and sneers, has deeply impressed her thought upon
+the age in which she has been placed. Her executive talent has
+unceasingly declared itself and her character has been without
+reproach. She is today a power in the land, respected even by those who
+oppose her. She may not witness the full triumph of her cause; but her
+fame as a brave, truthful and consistent advocate of a conquering cause
+is secure. Even in her lifetime she is receiving something of the
+reward to which her fidelity to principle entities her.--Rochester
+Democrat and Chronicle.]
+
+[Footnote 87: When this work finally was issued at $15 per set, every
+one of these pledges was carefully fulfilled, necessarily at a great
+pecuniary loss.]
+
+[Footnote 88: For full text of this magnificent document see History of
+Woman Suffrage, Vol. III, p. 31.]
+
+[Footnote 89: The little teapot and the cup and saucer which she used
+now stand upon Miss Anthony's sideboard.]
+
+[Footnote 90: To this work, which these women expected to accomplish in
+four months, they gave every day that could be spared from other duties
+for the next ten years!]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+COLORADO CAMPAIGN--POLITICAL ATTITUDE.
+
+1877-1878.
+
+
+The decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of
+Virginia L. Minor rendered useless any further efforts to obtain
+suffrage under the National Constitution until it should be amended for
+this special purpose. The agitation of the last eight years, however,
+had not been without its value. The student of history will observe
+that the ablest constitutional arguments ever made in favor of the
+practical application of the great underlying principles of our
+government, were those of Benjamin F. Butler, A.G. Riddle, Henry R.
+Selden, William Loughridge, Francis Minor, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage on the right of women to vote
+under the Fourteenth Amendment. These were reviewed by the newspapers
+and law journals and widely discussed by the people, while the
+congressional debates, published in the Record, became a part of
+history.
+
+Although from the standpoint of justice these arguments were
+unanswerable, they did not succeed in establishing the political rights
+of women, and the advocates therefore were compelled to return to their
+former policy of demanding a Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution,
+which should protect them as the Fifteenth protected the negroes. To
+this end, in November, 1876, an earnest appeal was sent out by Mrs.
+Stanton, president; Miss Anthony, secretary; and Mrs. Gage, chairman of
+the executive committee of the National Association, asking the women
+to secure petitions for the amendment and send them to the annual
+meeting. Two letters received by Miss Anthony in January, 1877,
+illustrate the wide difference of opinion which prevailed. Wm. Lloyd
+Garrison wrote:
+
+    You desire me to send you a letter, to be read at the Washington
+    convention, in favor of a petition to Congress, asking that body to
+    submit to the several States a Sixteenth Amendment securing
+    suffrage for all, irrespective of sex. On fully considering the
+    subject, I must decline doing so, because such a petition I deem to
+    be quite premature. If its request were complied with by the
+    present Congress--a supposition simply preposterous--the proposed
+    amendment would be rejected by every State in the Union, and in
+    nearly every instance by such an overwhelming majority as to bring
+    the movement into needless contempt. Even as a matter of
+    "agitation," I do not think it would pay. Look over the whole
+    country and see in the present state of public sentiment on the
+    question of woman suffrage what a mighty primary work remains to be
+    done in enlightening the masses, who know nothing and care nothing
+    about it and, consequently, are not at all prepared to cast their
+    vote for any such thing. I think it is a mistake to look for a
+    favorable consideration of the question on the part of legislators
+    under such circumstances. More light is needed for the popular
+    mind.
+
+In the early days of the anti-slavery agitation, Mr. Garrison never
+waited for the popular mind to become prepared but, by the ploughshare
+of bold, aggressive action, he turned up the soil and made it ready for
+the seed. When "more light" was needed, by vigorous effort he stirred
+up a blaze which illuminated the world.
+
+From Wendell Phillips came the old-time clarion note: "I think you are
+on the right track--the best method to agitate the question--and I am
+with you, though, between you and me, I still think the individual
+States must lead off and that this reform must advance piecemeal, State
+by State. But I mean always to help everywhere and every one."
+
+The convention met in Lincoln Hall, January 16 and 17. Although there
+had been but a few weeks for the work, petitions asking a Sixteenth
+Amendment were received from twenty-six different States, aggregating
+over 10,000 names. The History says: "To Sara Andrews Spencer we are
+indebted for the great labor of receiving, assorting, counting,
+rolling-up and planning the presentation of the petitions. It was by a
+well-considered coup d'etat that, with her brave coadjutors, she
+appeared on the floor of the House and gave each member a petition from
+his own State. Even Miss Anthony, always calm in the hour of danger, on
+finding herself suddenly whisked into those sacred enclosures, amid a
+crowd of stalwart men, spittoons and scrap-baskets, when brought
+vis-a-vis with our champion, Mr. Hoar, hastily apologized for the
+intrusion, to which the honorable gentleman promptly replied, 'I hope,
+madam, yet to see you on this floor in your own right and in business
+hours too.'"
+
+The spectacle is variously described.[91] The trustworthy correspondent
+of the Independent, Mary Clemmer, looked at the proceedings with a
+woman's eyes and, in her weekly letter, thus vented her indignation:
+
+    A few read the petitions as they would any other, with dignity and
+    without comment; but the majority seemed intensely conscious of
+    holding something unutterably funny in their hands. They appeared
+    to consider it a huge joke. The entire Senate presented the
+    appearance of a laughing-school practising side-splitting and
+    ear-extended grins. Mr. Wadleigh leaned back in his chair and shook
+    with laughter, after portraying to his next neighbor, Pinkney
+    Whyte, of Maryland, the apparition of Pinkney's landlady descending
+    upon the polls like a wolf on the fold, to annihilate his election.
+    Oglesby, erst warrior of Illinois, spake with such endearing
+    gallantry of his "dear constituents," whom he did all his wit could
+    do to make ridiculous, that the Senate laughed, and even Roscoe
+    Conkling, who never condescends to sneer at a woman in public,
+    turned and listened and smiled his most sardonic smile. Then
+    Thurman blew his loudest regulation blast--sure portent of
+    approaching battle--and rose and moved that the petition be
+    referred to the committee on public lands, of which Oglesby is
+    chairman. At this proposition--intended to be equally humorous and
+    contemptuous--the whole Senate laughed aloud.
+
+    There was one senator man enough and gentleman enough to lift the
+    petition from this insulting proposition. It was Senator Sargent,
+    of California, the husband of the woman who, though a senator's
+    wife, is brave enough to be the treasurer of the National Suffrage
+    Association. He turned to Mr. Thurman and demanded for the petition
+    of more than 10,000 women at least the courtesy which would be
+    given to any other.... Then the craven Senate declared Thurman's
+    motion, which was only an insult, carried. Let it be recorded of
+    the Senate of the Forty-fifth Congress that the one petition which
+    it received as a preposterous joke and treated with utter contempt
+    and outrage was that of tens of thousands of the mothers, wives and
+    daughters of the land.
+
+    The Capital of Sunday was perfectly correct when it said: "The
+    ladies managed the business badly. If they had employed the female
+    lobby, the venerable Solons would have softened and thrown open
+    their doors as readily as their hearts." It seems an ungracious
+    thing to say; but it is the truth. The woman who wins her way with
+    the majority of these men is the siren of the gallery and the
+    anteroom, who sends in her card and her invitation to the senator
+    at his desk. She never talks of "rights." She cares for no "cause"
+    but her own cause of ease and pelf. She shakes her tresses,
+    "banged" and usually blonde; she lifts her alluring eyes, and nine
+    times out of ten makes him do as she listeth. No wonder when the
+    earnest appeal of honest women reaches his hands, he has neither
+    response, honor nor justice to give it.
+
+Miss Anthony had been speaking in all parts of the country for a
+quarter of a century and generally had been her own manager. The
+preceding year she had given the Slayton Lyceum Bureau a partial trial
+and at the beginning of 1877 made a contract with it, commencing the
+last of January. The entire first page of the circular for the season
+was devoted to this new engagement and began:
+
+    The manager takes pride in announcing the name of Susan B. Anthony,
+    the most earnest, fearless advocate of the ballot for woman. She
+    has hitherto confined herself entirely to this one question, which
+    to her is most sacred and righteous, but this season we are to have
+    something different, as will be seen from the titles of her new
+    lectures. Her great speeches, "Woman and the Sixteenth Amendment,"
+    and "Woman wants Bread, not the Ballot," will still be called for,
+    and committees will have their choice in all cases.... A certain
+    gentleman frequently wrote us last year to avoid "all night rides"
+    after his lectures; Miss Anthony never makes such a request. She
+    can lecture every night in the season.... When a list of fifty or
+    one hundred engagements has been mapped out and fixed, nothing but
+    an act of God will prevent her filling them.... Of nearly fifty
+    consecutive lectures, delivered by Miss Anthony last spring in the
+    State of Illinois alone, only two failed to realize a profit....
+    She is always making converts among the men as well as the women.
+
+Among the notices quoted is one from Col. John W. Forney, of the
+Philadelphia Press, saying: "I must accept woman suffrage as I did
+negro emancipation; as a necessity made urgent and imperative by the
+times in which we live. Put me down then, if you please, as being an
+ardent woman's rights man, fighting under the banner of Susan B.
+Anthony, and proud of following such a leader."
+
+[Autograph:
+
+  Very truly yours.
+  J W Forney]
+
+Miss Anthony found both advantages and disadvantages in this new
+arrangement; for while it relieved her of much responsibility, it took
+away the control of her own time and movements, a situation which she
+soon found very trying. She lectured through February and March, but by
+this time her sister, Mrs. Hannah Mosher, whose failing health had sent
+her to Kansas in the hope of benefit, was declared by the physicians
+beyond recovery. Miss Anthony's first impulse was to hasten to her
+side, but she was confronted with her lecture engagements and told that
+it would be impossible to release her until May. She was almost
+desperate to be with the loved one and at last could bear it no longer,
+so telegraphing Mr. Slayton to cancel everything after April 5,
+regardless of consequences, she took the train at Chicago and reached
+Leavenworth on the 7th. She found her sister rapidly declining with the
+same inexorable disease which had claimed another four years before,
+and at once installed herself beside the invalid, who was rejoiced
+indeed to have her companionship and ministrations. All that loving
+hands could do she had had from husband, children and brothers, but she
+had longed for the presence of her sister and it filled her with joy
+and peace.
+
+In just a week, though her heart was breaking, Miss Anthony was obliged
+to return to Illinois to fill four or five engagements in places which
+threatened claims for damages if this were not done. She hastened back
+to Leavenworth, reaching the bedside of her sister at midnight, April
+20, and scarcely leaving it a moment until the end came, May 12.
+Between herself and this sister, just nineteen months younger,
+beautiful in character and strong in affection, there ever had existed
+the closest sympathy. For the last decade they had been separated only
+by a dooryard, they had shared each other's every joy and sorrow, and
+the severing of these ties of over a half-century seemed more than she
+could endure.
+
+She remained at Leavenworth,[92] trying to renew her strength and
+courage, until the last of June, when she returned to Rochester, taking
+with her the orphaned daughter Louise. Many comforting letters and
+tokens of affection came to her during these months, among them a gift
+of $100 from Helen Potter, the famous impersonator. Her imitations of
+Gough, Ristori, Charlotte Cushman, Anna Dickinson, Mrs. Stanton and
+even Miss Anthony herself were most remarkable. During the Centennial
+they had become warm personal friends, and in giving the money she
+said: "Now, this is not for any society or committee or cause, but for
+your very self."
+
+Mrs. Stanton wrote her: "Do be careful, dear Susan, you can not stand
+what you once did. I should feel desolate indeed with you gone." When
+the lecturing had commenced she again wrote: "As I go dragging around
+in these despicable hotels, I think of you and often wish we had at
+least the little comfort of enduring it together. When is your agony
+over?" Referring to a young woman speaker who was being spoiled by
+flattery, she said: "We should be thankful, Susan, for the ridicule and
+abuse on which we have fed." To one who tried to make trouble between
+Miss Anthony and herself she sent this reply: "Our friendship is of too
+long standing and has too deep roots to be easily shattered. I think we
+have said worse things to each other, face to face, than we have ever
+said about each other. Nothing that Susan could say or do could break
+my friendship with her; and I know nothing could uproot her affection
+for me." And to Miss Anthony she wrote: "I send you letters from _our_
+children. As the environments of the mother influence the child in
+prenatal life, and you were with me so much, there is no doubt you have
+had a part in making them what they are. There are a depth and
+earnestness in these younger ones and a love for you that delight my
+heart." Such letters as these are scattered thickly through the
+correspondence of nearly fifty years, and while Miss Anthony seldom put
+her own feelings into words, her absolute loyalty and devotion to Mrs.
+Stanton during all the half-century bear their own testimony.
+
+The talented contributor to the Philadelphia Sunday Republic, Annie
+McDowell, paid a beautiful tribute to Miss Anthony at this time,
+illustrating how much she was loved by women:
+
+    "Some one wishes to know which of the advocates of woman's rights
+    we think the ablest. Why, Susan B., of course. Without her, the
+    organization would have been utterly broken to pieces and
+    scattered. She is the guiding spirit, the executive power that
+    leads the forlorn hope and brings order out of chaos. Others seek
+    to promote their own interests, but Susan, earnest, honest,
+    self-sacrificing, much-enduring, thinks only of the work she has in
+    hand, and speculates solely on the chances of living long enough to
+    accomplish it. She has given up home, friends, her profession of
+    teacher and the modest competence acquired by her labor; has been
+    caricatured, ridiculed, maligned and persecuted, but has never
+    turned aside or faltered in the work to which she has given her
+    life. Whatever may be the opinion of the conservative or fogy world
+    with regard to Susan B. Anthony, those who know her well and have
+    watched her career most attentively, know her to be rich in all the
+    best and most tender of womanly virtues, and possessed of as brave
+    and noble a spirit and as great integrity of character as ever fell
+    to the lot of mortal woman."
+
+The legislature of Colorado had submitted the question of woman
+suffrage to be voted on October 2, 1877, and notwithstanding the
+lucrative business under the lyceum bureau, Miss Anthony could not
+resist offering her services to the women of Colorado with their little
+money and few speakers. From Dr. Alida C. Avery, president of the State
+Suffrage Association, came the quick response: "Your generous proposal
+was duly received, and laid before the executive committee, who
+resolved that the thanks of the association be tendered you for your
+friendly offer, which we gratefully accept."
+
+Although inured to hardship, Miss Anthony found this Colorado campaign
+the most trying she ever had experienced, not excepting that of Kansas
+ten years before. The country was new, many of the towns were off the
+railroad among the mountains and in most of them woman suffrage never
+had been heard of; there was no one to advertise the meetings, nobody
+to meet her when she reached her destination, hotels were of the most
+primitive nature and there were few public halls. There were, of
+course, some oases in this desert, and occasionally she found a good
+hotel or was hospitably entertained in a comfortable home. At one place
+she spoke in the railroad station to about twenty-five men who could
+not understand what it was she wanted them to do, though all were
+voters. Sometimes a landlord would clear out the hotel dining-room and
+she would gather her audience there, but they would have to stand and
+soon would grow tired. The mining towns were filled with a densely
+ignorant class of foreigners, and some of the southern counties were
+almost wholly populated by Mexicans. It was to these men that an
+American woman, her grandfather a soldier of the Revolution, appealed
+for the right of women to representation in this government.
+
+To reach Del Norte Miss Anthony rode sixty-five miles by stage over a
+vast, arid tract evidently once the bed of an inland sea, but the
+terrible discomforts of the journey were almost overlooked in the
+enjoyment of the magnificent scenery. She travelled all the next night;
+at Wagon Wheel Gap the stage stopped for a while and, taking a cup, she
+went alone down to the river, drank of its icy waters and stood a long
+time absorbed in the glory of the moonlight on the mountain peaks. In
+all this weary journey of two days, she was the only woman in a stage
+filled with men. When she reached Lake City she was delightfully
+entertained, finding her hostess to be a college graduate, and spoke in
+the evening from a dry-goods box on the courthouse steps to an
+enthusiastic audience of a thousand persons. Ouray was the next place
+marked on the route sent her, but to reach it would require a ride of
+fifty miles over a dangerous mountain trail or a three days' journey of
+150 miles around, for which she must hire a private conveyance, so she
+gave it up.
+
+She rested one whole day and night and started at 6 A.M. on a buckboard
+for the next place, wound around the mountainsides by the picturesque
+Gunnison river, and reached her destination at 5 o'clock. She found a
+disbeliever of equal rights in her landlady, whom she describes as "a
+weak, silly woman and a wretched cook and housekeeper." To be an
+opponent of suffrage and a poor housekeeper Miss Anthony always
+regarded as two unpardonable sins. The husband, however, intended to
+vote for it. At the next stopping-place her hostess was a cultured
+woman, her house neatly kept and meals well-cooked, and she wanted to
+vote. The husband in this case was violently opposed and expected to
+cast his ballot against the amendment. Thus it is that wives are
+"represented by their husbands."
+
+On she went, over mountain and through canyon, across the "great
+divide," sometimes having large audiences, more often only a handful,
+and enduring every possible hardship in the way of travel, sleep and
+food. At Oro City she lectured in a saloon, as she had done at a number
+of places, and Governor Routt, happening to be in town, stood by her
+and spoke also in favor of woman suffrage. At many places she slept on
+a straw-filled tick laid on planks, with sometimes a "corded" bed for a
+luxury. A door with a lock scarcely ever was found. Once she had a room
+with a board partition which extended only half-way up, separating it
+from one adjoining where half a dozen men slept. It is hardly necessary
+to say that this was a wakeful night and the dawn was hailed with
+rejoicing. At Leadville the gold fever was at its height and she spoke
+in a big saloon to the roughest crowd she had encountered. They were
+good-natured, however, and when they saw she was coughing from the
+tobacco smoke, put out their pipes and made up for the sacrifice by
+more frequent drinks. At Fair Play she found the Democratic editor had
+placarded the town with bills announcing in big letters: "A New
+Version! Suffrage! Free Love in the Ascendency. Anthony! On the Gale
+Tonight." The citizens were indignant, there was a large and respectful
+audience, Miss Anthony was introduced by Judge Henry and resolutions
+were unanimously passed denouncing the posters.
+
+On election day, her work finished, she started on a stage ride of
+eighty-five miles to Denver. The collections at her twenty-four
+meetings amounted to $165. Her fare to Colorado and return, exclusive
+of some passes furnished by her brother and including sleeper and
+meals, was $100, and her expenses during the tour more than used up the
+other $65, so it hardly could be called a good financial speculation.
+Soon afterwards she received from Mr. and Mrs. Israel Hall, of Ann
+Arbor, Mich., a deed for 320 acres of well-timbered land in St. Francis
+county, Ark., "as a tribute to her life-work for woman suffrage and
+especially her hard campaign in Colorado." There came also a letter
+from the ever-generous and faithful Mrs. Knox Goodrich, of San Jose,
+Cal., with a draft for $50 "to be used for your campaign expenses;" and
+in her diary Miss Anthony writes: "It is a great comfort, after all
+these years of financially unrequited work, to receive such marks of
+appreciation."
+
+At Denver she met Margaret Campbell, of Iowa, and Matilda Hindman, of
+Pennsylvania, who also had been campaigning in Colorado. They had an
+amusing time comparing notes, but as Mrs. Campbell had travelled in her
+own carriage with her husband, and Miss Hindman had spoken mostly in
+towns along the railroad, their experiences had been less picturesque
+and less harrowing. She also met here Abby Sage Richardson, who was
+giving a course of readings in Denver. It was in this locality that her
+sister Hannah had spent many weary weeks the year before, seeking for
+health, and Miss Anthony hunted up every person who had known her,
+hoping each would recall some incident of her stay; visited every spot
+her sister had loved, and felt the whole place haunted with her
+hallowed memory.
+
+Dr. Alida C. Avery was going East for some time, but was to leave two
+young women medical students in her house and she invited Miss Anthony
+to stay there while she remained in Denver. She was soon installed in
+the large, airy front chamber of this lovely home, looking down on a
+grassy and well-irrigated lawn and outward towards the rugged and
+massive Rocky mountains. It was an inspiring spot and, as she had
+promised a new lecture for the Slayton Bureau, she decided to remain
+and write it here. Her surroundings recalled the many charming homes
+made and maintained by unmarried women whom she had visited, and so in
+the three weeks that she enjoyed Dr. Avery's hospitality, she wrote her
+lecture, "Homes of Single Women." During this time she spoke at
+Boulder; and also in the opera house at Denver under the auspices of a
+committee, receiving $100.
+
+She started, October 23, on a long lecture tour arranged for her
+through Nebraska,[93] Kansas, Missouri, Iowa and Wisconsin, which
+lasted the remainder of the year. She almost perished with cold and
+fatigue before it was finished but found some compensation in the $30 a
+night which the lectures yielded. At this time she received an urgent
+request from a San Francisco lecture committee to come to that State,
+but was unable to accept. "If I only could have sister Mary with me
+over Sunday in these dull and lonely little towns, I could stand it the
+rest of the week," she wrote; and to a friend who sent her an account
+of a visit to her mother: "I am very glad you do go occasionally to see
+dear mother, sitting there in her rocking-chair by the window as life
+ebbs out and out. O, how I fear the final ebb will come when I am away,
+but still I hope and trust it may not, and work and work on."
+
+As Miss Anthony was still under contract with the lecture bureau, she
+was once more compelled to forego the satisfaction of attending the
+annual convention in Washington, January 8 and 9, 1878, but as in 1876
+she sent $100 of the money she had worked so hard to earn. "It is not
+quite just to myself to do it," she wrote a friend, "but if the women
+of wealth and leisure will not help us, we must give both the labor and
+the money." While this convention was a success as to numbers and
+enthusiasm, several things occurred which the ladies thought might have
+been avoided if Miss Anthony had been in command with her cool head and
+firm hand. Especially was this true in regard to a prayer meeting which
+some of the religious zealots, in spite of the most urgent appeals from
+the other members, persisted in holding in the reception room of the
+Capitol directly after a morning session of the convention. The affair
+itself was most inopportune but, to make it still worse, the cranks and
+bores who always are watching for an opportunity, gained control and
+turned it into a farce.
+
+In her disgust and wrath Mrs. Stanton wrote Miss Anthony: "Mrs. Sargent
+and I did not attend the prayer meeting. As God has never taken a very
+active part in the suffrage movement, I thought I would stay at home
+and get ready to implore the committee, having more faith in their
+power to render us the desired aid." Mrs. Sargent, with her usual calm
+and beautiful philosophy, wrote: "Do not let yourself be troubled. We
+can not take down and rebuild without a great deal of dirt and rubbish,
+and we must endure it all for the sake of the grand edifice that is to
+appear in due time. Work and let work, each in her own way. We can not
+all work alike any more than we can look alike. We must not require
+impossibilities. All action helps us, it shows life; inaction, we know,
+means death. I hope you can be with us next convention. The women of
+this country and of the world owe you a debt they never can repay. I
+know, however, that you will get your reward."
+
+Virginia L. Minor sent this earnest plea: "Can not you and Mrs.
+Stanton, before another convention, manage in some way to civilize our
+platform and keep off that element which is doing us so much harm? I
+think the ship never floated that had so many barnacles attached as has
+ours.... I have a compliment for you, my dear. Wendell Phillips has
+just told a reporter of the St. Louis Post that, 'of all the advocates
+of the woman's movement, Miss Anthony stands at the head.'"
+
+In her usual racy style Phoebe Couzins concluded her description by
+saying: "It seems very strange that when you are not about, things
+generally break loose and no woman can be found who unites the
+moderation, brains and common sense necessary to carry matters to a
+respectable conclusion. That meeting was like those they used to have
+in the District of Columbia. Not until the National Association, in the
+persons of Mrs. Stanton and yourself, came to the rescue and raised
+them to a dignified standard did they attain any degree of hearing from
+the thoughtful people of the capital." And so Miss Anthony determined
+that no lecture bureau should keep her away from another National
+convention.
+
+The entire year of 1878, with the exception of the three summer months,
+was spent in the lecture field. On July 19 Miss Anthony and other
+workers arranged a celebration at Rochester of the thirtieth
+anniversary of the first woman's rights convention. This was held in
+place of the usual May Anniversary in New York and was attended by a
+distinguished body of women. The Unitarian church, in spite of the
+intense heat, was filled with a representative audience. The noble
+Quaker, Amy Post, now seventy-seven years old, who had been the leading
+spirit in the convention of thirty years before, assisted in the
+arrangements. The usual brilliant and logical speeches were made by
+Mrs. Mott, Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony, Mrs, Gage, Dr. Lozier, Mrs.
+Spencer, Mrs. Sargent, Frederick Douglass, Miss Couzins and others.
+This was the first appearance on the National platform of Mrs. May
+Wright Sewall, of Indianapolis, from that time one of the leaders of
+the movement. Almost one hundred interesting and encouraging letters
+were received from Phillips, Garrison, Senator Sargent, Frances E.
+Willard, Clara Barton and many others in this country and in England.
+
+This was the last convention Lucretia Mott ever attended, and she had
+made the journey hither under protest from her family, for she was
+nearly eighty-six years old, but her devoted friend Sarah Pugh
+accompanied her. She spoke several times in her old, gentle,
+half-humorous but convincing manner and was heard with rapt attention.
+As she walked down the aisle to leave the church, the whole audience
+arose and Frederick Douglass called out with emotion, "Good-by,
+Lucretia." The convention received a telegram of congratulation from
+the International Congress at Paris, presided over by Victor Hugo. Mrs.
+Stanton was re-elected president and Miss Anthony chairman of the
+executive committee. The Rochester Democrat and Chronicle said:
+
+    The assemblage was composed of as fine a body of American women as
+    ever met in convention or anywhere else. Among them were many noted
+    for their culture and refinement, and for their attainments in the
+    departments of literature, medicine, divinity and law. As Douglass
+    said, to which the president bowed her acquiescence, any cause
+    which could stand the test of thirty years' agitation, was bound to
+    succeed. The foremost ladies engaged in the movement today are
+    those who initiated it in this country and have bravely and grandly
+    upheld their cause from that day to this. Among them we must first
+    speak of Susan B. Anthony, one of the most sensible and worthy
+    citizens of this republic, a lady of warm and tender heart but
+    indomitable purpose and energy, and a resident of whom Rochester
+    may well be proud.
+
+Miss Anthony was very tired after the labors of this convention and was
+glad to remain with the invalid mother while sister Mary went to the
+White mountains for rest and change. She received an invitation from
+the board of directors to address the Kansas State Fair in September,
+and also one from Col. John P. St. John, Republican candidate for
+governor, to speak at a Grand National Temperance Camp Meeting near
+Lawrence, but was obliged to decline both.
+
+During the summer of 1878 reports were so constantly circulated
+declaring woman suffrage a failure in Wyoming that Miss Anthony wrote
+to J.H. Hayford, postmaster and editor of the Sentinel at Laramie City,
+in regard to one of these in the New York World, which paper declared
+it would vouch for the integrity of the writer. She received the
+following answer:
+
+    The enclosed slander upon Wyoming women I had seen before, but did
+    not deem it worthy reply. Some of my Cheyenne friends took pains to
+    ascertain the writer and they assure me (and the Cheyenne papers
+    have published the fact) that he is a worthless, drunken dead-beat,
+    who worked out a ten days' sentence on the streets of that city
+    with a ball and chain to his leg.
+
+    I have not time to go into a detailed history of the practical
+    working of woman suffrage in Wyoming, but I can add my testimony to
+    the fact that its effect has been most salutary and beneficial. Not
+    one of the imaginary evils which its opponents predicted has ever
+    been realized here. On this frontier, where the roughest element is
+    supposed to exist, and where women are so largely in the
+    minority--even here, under these adverse circumstances, _woman's
+    influence has redeemed our politics_. Our elections are conducted
+    as quietly and civilly as any other public gatherings. Republicans
+    are not always elected, the most desirable men are not always
+    elected, perhaps; but the influence of our women is almost
+    universally given for the best men and the best laws, and we would
+    as soon be without woman's assistance in the government of the
+    family as in that of the Territory.
+
+    After having tried the experiment for nine years, it is safe to say
+    there is not one citizen of the Territory--man or woman--who
+    desires good order, good laws and good government, who would be
+    willing to see it abolished. Woman's influence in the government of
+    our Territory is a terror only to evil-doers, and they, and they
+    only, are the ones who desire its repeal. Such base slanders as the
+    specimen you sent me excite in the minds of Wyoming citizens only
+    feelings of disgust and contempt for the author, and wonder at the
+    ignorance of any one who is gullible enough to believe them.
+
+In August she received a letter from Lucy Stone, asking if she had been
+correctly reported by the papers as saying that "the suffragists would
+advocate any party which would declare for woman suffrage," to which
+she replied:
+
+    I answer "yes," save that I used the pronoun "I" instead of the
+    word "suffragists." I spoke for myself alone, because I know many
+    of our women are so much more intensely Republican or Democratic,
+    Hard-Money or Green-back, Prohibition or License, than they are
+    "Equal Rights for All," that now, as in the past, they will hold
+    the question of woman's enfranchisement in abeyance, while they
+    give their money and their energies to secure the success of one or
+    another of the contending parties, even though it wholly ignore
+    their just claim to a voice in the government. It is not that I
+    have no opinions or preferences on the many grave questions which
+    distract and divide the parties; but it is that, in my judgment,
+    the right of self-government for one-half the people is of far more
+    vital consequence to the nation than any or all other questions.
+
+    This has been my position ever since the abolition of slavery, by
+    which the black race were raised from chattels to citizens, and
+    invested also with civil rights equally with the cultured,
+    tax-paying, white women of the country. Have you forgotten the cry
+    "This is the negro's hour," which came back to us in 1866, when we
+    urged the Abolitionists to make common cause with us and demand
+    suffrage _as a right_ for all United States citizens, instead of
+    asking it simply as an _expediency_ for only another class of men?
+    Do you not remember, too how the taunt "false to the negro" was
+    flung into the face of every one of us who insisted that it was
+    "humanity's hour," and that to talk of "freedom without the ballot"
+    was no less "mockery" to woman than to the negro?
+
+    If, in those most trying reconstruction years, I could not
+    subordinate the fundamental principle of "Equal Rights for All" to
+    Republican party necessity for negro suffrage--if, in that fearful
+    national emergency, I would not sacrifice the greater to the
+    less--I surely can not and will not today hold any of the far less
+    important party questions paramount to that most sacred principle
+    of our republic. So long as you and I and all women are political
+    slaves, it ill becomes us to meddle with the weightier discussions
+    of our sovereign masters. It will be quite time enough for us, with
+    self-respect, to declare ourselves for or against any party upon
+    the intrinsic merit of its policy, when men shall recognize us as
+    their political equals, duly register our names and respectfully
+    count our opinions at the ballot-box, as a constitutional
+    right--not as a high crime, punishable with "$500 fine or six
+    months' imprisonment, or both, at the discretion of the court."
+
+    If all the "suffragists" of all the States could see eye to eye on
+    this point, and stand shoulder to shoulder against every party and
+    politician not fully and unequivocally committed to "Equal Rights
+    for Women," we should become at once a moral balance of power which
+    could not fail to compel the party of highest intelligence to
+    proclaim woman suffrage the chief plank of its platform. "In union
+    alone there is strength." Until that good day comes, I shall
+    continue to invoke the party in power, and each party struggling to
+    get into power, to pledge itself to the emancipation of our
+    enslaved half of the people; and in turn, I shall promise to do all
+    a "subject" can do, for the success of the party which thus
+    declares its purpose "to undo the heavy burdens and let the
+    oppressed go free."
+
+[Footnote 91: That women will, by voting, lose nothing of man's
+courteous, chivalric attention and respect is admirably proven by the
+manner in which Congress, in the midst of the most anxious and
+perplexing presidential conflict in our history, received their appeals
+for a Sixteenth Amendment protecting the rights of women. In both
+Houses, by unanimous consent, the petitions were presented and read in
+open session, and the most prominent senators impressed upon the Senate
+the importance of the question.... The ladies naturally feel greatly
+encouraged by the evident interest of both parties in the proposed
+amendment.--Washington Star.
+
+The time has evidently arrived when demands for a recognition of the
+personal, civil and political rights of one-half--unquestionably the
+better half--of the people can not be laughed down or sneered down, and
+recent indications are that they can not much longer be voted down. The
+speaker of the House set a commendable example by proposing that the
+petitions be delivered in open session, to which there was no
+objection. The early advocates of equal rights for women--Hoar, Kelley,
+Banks, Kasson, Lawrence and Lapham--were, if possible, surpassed in
+courtesy by those who are not committed, but are beginning to see that
+a finer element, in the body politic would clear the vision, purify the
+atmosphere and help to settle many vexed questions on the basis of
+exact and equal justice. In the Senate the unprecedented courtesy was
+extended to women of half an hour's time on the floor and while this
+kind of business has usually been transacted with an attendance of from
+seven to ten senators, it was observed that only two out of the
+twenty-six who had Sixteenth Amendment petitions to present were out of
+their seats.--National Republican.]
+
+[Footnote 92: For the first time in twenty years Miss Anthony missed
+the May Suffrage Anniversary in New York City.]
+
+[Footnote 93: At Beatrice, Neb., Miss Anthony met for the first time
+Mrs. Clara B. Colby, who said in a bright letter received soon
+afterwards: "Everybody was delighted with your lecture, except one man
+who sat there with a child on each arm, and he said you never looked at
+him or gave him a bit of credit for it."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+SENATE COMMITTEE REPORT--PRESS COMMENT.
+
+1879-1880.
+
+
+At the beginning of 1879 Miss Anthony put all lecture work aside until
+after the Washington convention, January 9 and 10. The thunderbolts
+forged by the resolution committee were a little more fiery even than
+those of former years, and the combined workmanship of the two Vulcans,
+Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony, is quite apparent, with vivid sparks
+from the chairman, Mrs. Spencer:
+
+    _Resolved_, That the Forty-fifth Congress, in ignoring the
+    individual petitions of more than 300 women of high social standing
+    and culture, asking for the removal of their political
+    disabilities, while promptly enacting special legislation for the
+    removal of those of every man who petitioned, illustrates the
+    indifference of Congress to the rights of a sex deprived of
+    political power.
+
+    WHEREAS, Senator Blaine says it is the very essence of tyranny to
+    count any citizens in the basis of representation who are denied a
+    voice in the laws and a choice in their rulers; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That counting women in the basis of representation,
+    while denying them the right of suffrage, is compelling them to
+    swell the number of their tyrants and is an unwarrantable
+    usurpation of power over one-half the citizens of this republic.
+
+    WHEREAS, In President Hayes' last message, he makes a truly
+    paternal review of the interests of this republic, both great and
+    small, from the army, the navy and our foreign relations, to the
+    ten little Indians in Hampton, Va., our timber on the western
+    mountains, and the switches of the Washington railroads; from the
+    Paris Exposition, the postal service, the abundant harvests, and
+    the possible bulldozing of some colored men in various southern
+    districts, to cruelty to live animals and the crowded condition of
+    the mummies, dead ducks and fishes in the Smithsonian
+    Institute--yet forgets to mention 20,000,000 women robbed of their
+    social, civil and political rights; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That a committee of three be appointed to wait upon the
+    President and remind him of the existence of one-half the American
+    people ....
+
+    WHEREAS, All the vital principles involved in the Thirteenth,
+    Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments have been denied in their
+    application to women by courts, legislatures and political parties;
+    therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That it is logical that these amendments should fail to
+    protect even the male African for whom said courts, legislatures
+    and parties declare they were expressly designed and enacted.
+
+    WHEREAS, The general government has refused to exercise federal
+    power to protect women in their right to vote in the various States
+    and Territories; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That it should forbear to exercise federal power to
+    disfranchise the women of Utah, who have had a more just and
+    liberal spirit shown them by Mormon men than Gentile women in the
+    States have yet received from their rulers.
+
+    WHEREAS, The proposed legislation for Chinese women on the Pacific
+    slope and for outcast women in our cities, and the opinion of the
+    press that no respectable woman should be seen in the streets after
+    dark, are all based upon the presumption that woman's freedom must
+    be forever sacrificed to man's license; therefore
+
+    _Resolved_, That the ballot in woman's hand is the only power by
+    which she can restrain the liberty of those men who make our
+    streets and highways dangerous to her, and secure the freedom which
+    belongs to her by day and by night.
+
+An address to President Hayes, asking that in his next message he
+recommend that women should be protected in their civil and political
+rights, was signed by Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Gage. Several
+ladies, by appointment, had a private audience in the President's
+library and a courteous and friendly hearing. The petition for a
+Sixteenth Amendment was sent in printed form to every member of
+Congress, presented in the Senate by Vice-President Wheeler and, at the
+request of Senator Ferry, was read at length and referred to the
+committee on privileges and elections. This was done by the special
+desire of its chairman, Senator Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana, who
+stated that he wished to bring in a report in favor of the
+amendment.[94]
+
+[Autograph: O.P. Morton]
+
+Before the committee could act upon this question Senator Morton passed
+away. An adverse report was presented by his successor, Senator
+Bainbridge Wadleigh, of New Hampshire, June 14, 1878. Among many severe
+scorings received by this honorable gentleman, the following from Mary
+Clemmer will serve as an example:
+
+     ... You can not be unconscious of the fact that a new race of
+    women is born into the world who, while they lack no womanly
+    attribute, are the peers of any man in intellect and aspiration. It
+    will be impossible long to deny to such women that equality before
+    the law granted to the lowest creature that crawls, if he happen to
+    be a man; denied to the highest creature that asks it, if she
+    happen to be a woman.
+
+    On what authority, save that of the gross regality of physical
+    strength, do you deny to a thoughtful, educated, tax-paying person
+    the common rights of citizenship because she is a woman? I am a
+    property-owner, the head of a household. By what right do you
+    assume to define and curtail for me my prerogatives as a citizen,
+    while as a tax-payer you make not the slightest distinction between
+    me and a man? Leave to my own perception what is proper for me as a
+    lady, to my own discretion what is wise for me as a woman, to my
+    own conscience what is my duty to my race and to my God. Leave to
+    unerring nature to protect the subtle boundaries which define the
+    distinctive life and action of the sexes, while you as a legislator
+    do everything in your power to secure to every creature of God an
+    equal chance to make the best and most of himself.
+
+    If American men could say, as Huxley says, "I scorn to lay a single
+    obstacle in the way of those whom nature from the beginning has so
+    heavily burdened," the sexes would cease to war, men and women
+    would reign together, the equal companions, friends, helpers and
+    lovers that nature intended they should be. But what is love,
+    tenderness, protection, even, unless rooted in justice? Tyranny and
+    servitude, that is all, brute supremacy, spiritual slavery. By what
+    authority do you say that the country is not prepared for a more
+    enlightened franchise, for political equality, if even six women
+    citizens, earnest, eloquent, long-suffering, come to you and demand
+    both?
+
+All the women's papers expressed indignation, and there was general
+rejoicing when, at the next election, Mr. Wadleigh was superseded by
+Hon. Henry W. Blair.
+
+The first favorable consideration this question ever received from the
+Senate was the minority report of this committee, signed by Senators
+George F. Hoar, John H. Mitchell and Angus Cameron, an unanswerable
+argument for the enfranchisement of women.[95] It declared that "the
+people of the United States are committed to the doctrine of universal
+suffrage by their constitution, their history and their opinions, and
+by it they must stand or fall." One week later the bill admitting women
+to practice before the Supreme Court passed the Senate, grandly
+advocated by Senators McDonald, Sargent and Hoar.
+
+[Autograph: I am yrs very truly Geo F Hoar]
+
+After the convention Miss Anthony went to Tenafly with Mrs. Stanton for
+a few days, to aid in disentangling the mass of material which was
+being prepared for the History; then started again into the lecture
+field, commencing at Skowhegan, Me. She lectured through New Hampshire
+and Vermont, taking long sleigh-rides from point to point, through wind
+and sleet, but comforted by the thought that many of her audience had
+done likewise to receive the gospel she preached. On her way westward
+she stopped at home for one short day, the first for four months, and
+then started on the old route through the States of the Middle West,
+this year adding Kentucky to the list. It is not essential to a full
+appreciation of her work to follow in detail these tours, which
+extended through a number of years and were full of pleasant as well as
+disagreeable features; nor is it possible to quote extensively the
+comments of the press. Miss Anthony undoubtedly has been as widely
+written up as any lecturer, and she seldom received less than a column
+in each paper of every town visited. Large numbers of these notices
+have been carefully preserved in those wonderful scrap-books which
+cover a period of fifty years.
+
+At first her demands seemed so radical and the idea of a woman on the
+platform was so contrary to the precedent of all the ages, that the
+tone of the press, almost without exception, was contemptuous or
+denunciatory. As the justice of her claims began to dawn upon the minds
+of enlightened people, as many other prominent women joined in
+advocating the same reforms, and as these were adopted, one after
+another, without serious consequences, the public mind awakened to the
+remarkable change which was being wrought, and in a large measure gave
+its approval. When the masses of people throughout the country came to
+see and hear and know Miss Anthony, they resented the way in which she
+had been misrepresented. There was in her manner and words so much of
+dignity, earnestness and sincerity that "those who came to scoff
+remained to pray," and this change of sentiment was nowhere so marked
+as in the newspapers. Even those who differed radically from her views
+paid tribute to the persistence with which she had urged them and the
+sacrifices she had made for them during the past thirty years. Not only
+had there been developed a recognition of her high purposes and noble
+life, but also of her great intellectual ability and clear
+comprehension of all the issues of the day. An extract from the Terre
+Haute Express, February 12, 1879, illustrates this:
+
+    Miss Anthony's lecture was full of fine passages and strong
+    appeals, and replete with well-stated facts in support of her
+    arguments. She has wonderful command of language, and her speech at
+    times flows with such rapidity that no reporter could do her
+    justice or catch a tithe of the brilliance of her sayings.
+    Moreover, there are not half of our public men who are nearly so
+    well posted in the political affairs of our country as she, or who,
+    knowing them, could frame them so solidly in argument. If the women
+    of the nation were half so high-minded or even half so earnest,
+    their title to the franchise might soon be granted.[96]
+
+Another Indiana paper thus voiced the changing sentiment: "The fact is,
+that like the advance agent of any great reform--especially if a
+woman--Susan B. Anthony has been so belied and maligned by the press in
+years gone by that many who do not stop to think had come to believe
+her a perfect ogre, a cross-grained, incongruous old maid whom nobody
+could like, when the truth of the matter is, one has but to look at and
+listen to her, either in public or private, to realize that she is a
+pure, generous, deep-thinking, womanly woman. Simply because she has
+lived her own life, spoken her own thoughts and stood upon her own
+platform, the masses have condemned her; but history has already
+recorded her as one of the most earnest, hard-working reformers of the
+day. If the women of this country only knew how many changes and
+ameliorations have been made in the laws regarding themselves through
+her unselfish, persistent efforts, at her approach they would all rise
+up and call her blessed." But that there still existed editors of the
+old-time caliber, this extract from the Richmond, Ky., Herald, October
+29, 1879, shows:
+
+    Miss Anthony is above the medium height for women, dresses plainly,
+    is uncomely in person, has rather coarse, rugged features and
+    masculine manners. Her piece, which doubtless she has been studying
+    for thirty or forty years, was very well delivered for a woman,
+    containing no original thought, but full of old hackneyed ideas,
+    which every female suffrage shrieker has hurled from the stump
+    against "ignorant men and small boys," for time out of mind all
+    over this country and every other country where they could command
+    an audience of curious people willing to throw away an hour or two
+    on a vain, futile and foolish harangue, proposing to transform men
+    into women and women into men. Such dissatisfied females should not
+    hurl anathemas at men, forsooth, because they happened to be born
+    into the world women instead of men. God alone is responsible for
+    the difference between the sexes, and he is able to bear it. Men
+    are not to blame that women are women, for there is not a man in
+    this whole land who wouldn't rather have a boy baby than a gal baby
+    any time. There never was a newly-married man when he learned that
+    his first born was a girl, that didn't try to tear out his hair by
+    the roots because it wasn't a boy.... If this tirade against men is
+    to be persisted in, we see no escape for man except to quit his
+    foolishness and have no more children, unless he can have some sort
+    of guarantee that they will all be boys. It will have come to a
+    strange pass indeed when the good women of this land, who, as
+    mothers, have the nurture, training and admonition of every boy
+    from his cradle to mature manhood, are unwilling to trust in the
+    hands of their own offspring the destinies of the nation.
+
+That such an attack can not be attributed to sectional prejudice may be
+proved by this extract from a column of vituperation in the Grand
+Rapids, Mich., Times, during this same trip, headed "Spinster Susan's
+Suffrage Show:"
+
+    A "miss" of an uncertain number of years, more or less brains, a
+    slimsy figure, nut-cracker face and store teeth, goes raiding about
+    the country attempting to teach mothers and wives their duty.... As
+    is the yellow-fever to the South, the grasshopper to the plains,
+    and diphtheria to our northern cities, so is Susan B. Anthony and
+    her class to all true, pure, lovely women. The sirocco of the
+    desert blows no hotter or more tainting breath in the face of the
+    traveller, than does this woman against all men who do not believe
+    as she does, and no pestilence makes sadder havoc among them than
+    would Susan B. Anthony if she had the power. The women who make
+    homes, who are sources of comfort to husbands, fathers, brothers,
+    sisters or themselves, who wish to keep sacred all that goes to
+    make their lives noble, refined and worth the living, will be as
+    diametrically opposed to the lecturer of last evening as are most
+    intelligent men. Susan B. Anthony may find her remedy in suffrage,
+    but alas! there is no remedy for us against Susan and her ilk.
+
+Each lecture usually was followed by letters not only from friends but
+from entire strangers, asking her forgiveness for having misjudged her
+so many years, and closing something like this from a lady in St. Paul,
+Minn.: "For the last ten years your name has been familiar to me
+through the newspapers, or rather through newspaper ridicule, and has
+always been associated with what was pretentious and wholly unamiable.
+Your lecture tonight has been a revelation to me. I wanted to come and
+touch your hand, but I felt too guilty. Henceforth I am the avowed
+defender of woman suffrage. Never again shall a word of mine be heard
+derogatory to the noble women who are working with heart and hand for
+the best welfare of humanity."
+
+A two-column interview in the Chicago Tribune during this tour gives
+Miss Anthony's views on many public matters, concluding thus:
+
+    "If men would only think of the question without paying attention
+    to prejudice or precedent, simply as one of political economy, they
+    would soon begin to regard woman, and woman's rights, just as they
+    regard themselves and their own rights," said she.
+
+    "The W.C.T.U. are doing good work, are they not?"
+
+    "Yes, Miss Willard is doing noble work, but I can not coincide with
+    her views, and my new lecture, 'Will Home Protection Protect,' will
+    combat them. The officer who holds his position by the votes of men
+    who want free whiskey, can not prosecute the whiskey-sellers. The
+    district-attorney and the judge can not enforce the law when they
+    know that to do so will defeat them at the next election. If women
+    had votes the officials would no longer fear to enforce the law, as
+    they would know that though they lost the votes of 5,000
+    whiskey-sellers and drinkers, they would gain those of 20,000
+    women. Miss Willard has a lever, but she has no fulcrum on which to
+    place it."
+
+    "Where do you find the strongest antipathy to woman suffrage?"
+
+    "In the fears of various parties that it might he disastrous to
+    their interests. The Protestants fear it lest there should be a
+    majority of Catholic women to increase the power of that church;
+    the free-thinkers are afraid that, as the majority of
+    church-members are women, they would put God in the Constitution;
+    the free-whiskey men are opposed because they think women would
+    vote down their interests; the Republicans would put a suffrage
+    plank in their platform if they knew they could secure the majority
+    vote of the women, and so would the Democrats, but each party fears
+    the result might help the other. Thus, you see, we can not appeal
+    to the self-interest of anybody and this is our great source of
+    weakness."
+
+It was decided to bold this year's May Anniversary in St. Louis instead
+of New York, and all arrangements having been made by Virginia L. Minor
+and Phoebe Couzins, the convention opened formally on the evening of
+May 7, to quote the newspapers, "in the presence of a magnificent
+audience which packed every part of St. George's Hall, crowding gallery
+and stairs and leaving hardly standing room in the aisles." They also
+paid many compliments to the intellectual character of the audience,
+its evident sympathy with the cause for which the convention was
+assembled, and the elegant costumes worn by the ladies both in the body
+of the house and on the platform. Mrs. Minor presided and a beautiful
+address of welcome was delivered by Miss Couzins. The ladies were
+invited to the Merchants' Exchange by its president, and also visited
+the Fair grounds by invitation of the board. Miss Couzins gave a
+reception at her home, and the evening before the convention opened,
+Mrs. Minor entertained the delegates informally. Of this latter
+occasion the Globe-Democrat said:
+
+    Miss Susan B. Anthony, perhaps the only lady present of national
+    reputation, commanded attention at a glance. Her face is one which
+    would attract notice anywhere; full of energy, character and
+    intellect, the strong lines soften on a closer inspection. There is
+    a good deal that is "pure womanly" in the face which has been held
+    up to the country so often as a gaunt and hungry specter's crying
+    for universal war upon mankind. The spectacles sit upon a nose
+    strong enough to be masculine, but hide eyes which can beam with
+    kindliness as well as flash with wit, irony and satire. Angular she
+    may be--"angular as a Lebanon Shakeress" she said the New York
+    Herald once termed her--but if so, the irregularities of outline
+    were completely hidden under the folds of the modest and dignified
+    black silk which covered her most becomingly.
+
+At this convention occurred that touching scene which has been so often
+described, when May Wright Sewall presented Miss Anthony, to her
+complete surprise, with a beautiful floral offering from the delegates.
+The Globe-Democrat thus reports:
+
+    Miss Anthony, visibly affected, responded: "Mrs. President and
+    Friends: I am not accustomed to demonstrations of gratitude or of
+    praise. I don't know how to behave tonight. Had you thrown stones
+    at me, had you called me hard names, had you said I should not
+    speak, had you declared I had done women more harm than good and
+    deserved to be burned at the stake; had you done anything, or said
+    anything, against the cause which I have tried to serve for the
+    last thirty years, I should have known how to answer, but now I do
+    not. I have been as a hewer of wood and a drawer of water to this
+    movement. I know nothing and have known nothing of oratory or
+    rhetoric. Whatever I have done has been done because I wanted to
+    see better conditions, better surroundings, better circumstances
+    for women. Now, friends, don't expect me to make any proper
+    acknowledgments for such a demonstration as has been made here
+    tonight. I can not; I am overwhelmed."
+
+As the association wished to continue Mrs. Stanton at the head, they
+created the office of vice-president-at-large and elected Miss Anthony
+to fill it. Senator Sargent's term having expired, he returned with his
+family to San Francisco, and Mrs. Jane H. Spofford was elected national
+treasurer in place of Mrs. Sargent, who had served so acceptably for
+six years. Her return to California was deeply regretted by Miss
+Anthony. From the time of their first acquaintance, on that long
+snow-bound journey in 1871, they had been devoted friends, and on all
+her annual trips to Washington she was a guest at the spacious and
+comfortable home of the Sargents. The senator always was a true and
+consistent friend of suffrage, and frequently said to Miss Anthony:
+"Tell my wife what you want done and, if she indorses it, I will try to
+bring it about." Mrs. Sargent was of a serene, philosophical nature,
+with an unwavering faith in the evolution of humanity into a broader
+and better life. She was thoroughly without personal ends to serve,
+ready to receive new ideas and those who brought them, weigh them
+carefully in her well-balanced mind and pronounce the judgment which
+was usually correct. The closing of their Washington house was a severe
+loss to the many who had enjoyed their free and gracious hospitality.
+
+On May 24, 1879, Miss Anthony received notice of the death of her old
+and revered fellow-laborer, Wm. Lloyd Garrison. She could not attend
+the funeral but wrote at once, saying in part:
+
+    The telegrams of the last few days had prepared us for this
+    morning's tidings that your dear father and humanity's devoted
+    friend had passed on to the beyond, where so many of his brave
+    co-workers had gone before; and where his devoted life-companion,
+    your precious mother, awaited his coming.... It is impossible for
+    me to express my feelings of love and respect, of honor and
+    gratitude, for the life, the words, the works, of your father; but
+    you all know, I trust, that few mortals had greater veneration for
+    him than I. His approbation was my delight; his disapproval, my
+    regret.... That each and all of you may strive to be to the
+    injustice of your day and generation what he was to that of his, is
+    the best wish--the best aspiration--I can offer. Blessed are you
+    indeed, that you mourn so true, so noble, so grand a man as your
+    loved and loving father.
+
+In her diary that night she wrote: "I sent a letter, but how paltry it
+seemed compared to what was in my heart. Why can I not put my thought
+into words?"
+
+The last of May she went home, having lectured and worked every day
+since the previous October. She records with much delight that she has
+now snugly tucked away in bank $4,500, the result of her last two
+lecture seasons. During the one just closed she spoke 140 nights,
+besides attending various conventions. This bank account did not
+represent all she had earned, for she always gave with a lavish hand.
+How much she has given never can be known, but in the year 1879, for
+instance, one friend acknowledges the receipt of $50 to enable her to
+buy a dress and other articles so that she can attend the Washington
+convention. Another writes: "I have just learned that the $25 you
+handed me to pay my way home from the meeting had been given you to pay
+your own." To an old and faithful fellow-worker, now in California, she
+sends by express a warm flannel wrapper. There is scarcely a month
+which does not record some gift varying from $100 in value down to a
+trinket for remembrance. Each year she contributed $100 to the suffrage
+work, besides many smaller sums at intervals, and the account-books
+show that her benefactions were many. She never spared money if an end
+were to be accomplished, and never failed to keep an engagement, no
+matter at what risk or expense. On several occasions she chartered an
+engine, even though the cost was more than she would receive for the
+lecture. As she was now approaching her sixtieth birthday, relatives
+and friends were most anxious that she should lay aside part of her
+earnings for a time when even her indomitable spirit might have to
+succumb to physical weakness, but she herself never seemed to feel any
+anxiety as to the future.
+
+Notwithstanding her own disastrous experiment, Miss Anthony never
+ceased to desire a woman's paper, one which not only should present the
+questions relating directly to women but should be edited and
+controlled entirely by women, and discuss all the issues of the day.
+Scattered through the correspondence of years are letters on this
+subject, either wanting to resurrect The Revolution or to start a new
+paper. At intervals some wealthy woman would seem half-inclined to
+advance money for the purpose and then hope would be revived, only to
+be again destroyed. During the summer of 1872 a clever journalist, Mrs.
+Helen Barnard, had edited a paper called the Woman's Campaign,
+supported by Republican funds. Miss Anthony had hoped to convert this
+into her ideal paper after the election, and spent considerable time in
+trying to form a stock company. A large amount was subscribed but not
+enough, and all was returned by Mrs. Sargent, then national treasurer.
+Sarah L. Williams, editor of the woman's department of the Toledo
+Blade, started a bright suffrage paper called the Ballot-Box and edited
+it for several years. Miss Anthony assisted her in every possible way,
+and spoiled the effect of many a fine speech by asking at its close for
+subscribers to this paper. In 1878, '79 and '80 she secured 2,500
+names. In 1878 Mrs. Williams turned her paper over to Matilda Joslyn
+Gage, who added National Citizen to the title. Miss Anthony's and Mrs.
+Stanton's names were placed at the head as corresponding editors, and
+the paper was ably conducted by Mrs. Gage, but it had not the financial
+backing necessary to success; when Miss Anthony ceased lecturing, new
+subscribers no longer came and, after much tribulation, it finally
+suspended in 1881.
+
+While Miss Anthony continued for many years to cherish this idea of a
+distinctively woman's paper, the daily press grew more and more
+liberal, devoting larger space to the interests of women every year,
+and she became of the opinion that possibly the most effective work
+might be accomplished through this medium. She held, however, that
+there should be one woman upon each paper whose special business it
+should be to look after this department, and who should be permitted to
+discuss not only the "woman question" but all others from a woman's
+standpoint. As newspapers are now managed, the readers have only man's
+views of all the vital issues attracting public attention. Woman
+occupies a subordinate position and must write on all subjects in a
+spirit which will be acceptable to the masculine head of the paper; so
+the public gets in reality his thought and not hers. She had come to
+see, also, that the newspaper work should be a leading and distinctive
+feature of the National Association to a far greater extent than
+hitherto had been attempted, and which, until of late years, had not
+been possible. No man or woman ever had a higher opinion of the
+influence of the press, which she considered the most powerful agency
+in the world for good or for evil.
+
+In the summer of 1879, Miss Anthony received from her friend, A.
+Bronson Alcott, a complimentary ticket for three seasons of lectures at
+the Concord School of Philosophy; but the living questions of the day
+were too pressing for her to withdraw to this classic and sequestered
+retreat, outside the busy and practical world.
+
+[Autograph: A. Bronson Alcott]
+
+During the decade from 1870 to 1880, there was a large accession of
+valuable workers to the cause of woman suffrage and many new friends
+came into Miss Anthony's life. Among these were May Wright Sewall; the
+sisters, Julia and Rachel Foster; Clara B. Colby; Zerelda G. Wallace;
+Frances E. Willard; J. Ellen Foster; the wife and three talented
+daughters of Cassius M. Clay, Mary B., Laura and Sallie Clay Bennett;
+M. Louise Thomas; Elizabeth Boynton Harbert and others, who became her
+devoted adherents and fellow-workers, and whose homes and hospitality
+she enjoyed during all the years which followed.
+
+At the close of her lecture season in 1879 she was able to spend
+Christmas and New Year's at her own home for the first time in many
+years; but she left on January 2 to fill engagements, reaching
+Washington on the eve of the National Convention, which assembled at
+Lincoln Hall, January 21, 1880. As Mrs. Stanton was absent, Miss
+Anthony presided over the sessions. During this meeting, 250 new
+petitions for a Sixteenth Amendment, signed by over 12,000 women, were
+sent to Congress, besides over 300 petitions from individual women
+praying for a removal of their political disabilities. These were
+presented by sixty-five different representatives. Hon. T.W. Ferry, of
+Michigan, in the Senate, and Hon. George B. Loring, of Massachusetts,
+in the House, introduced a resolution for a Sixteenth Amendment. This
+with all the petitions was referred to the judiciary committees, each
+of which granted a hearing of two hours to the ladies. Among the
+delegates who addressed them was Julia Smith Parker, of Glastonbury,
+Conn., at that time over eighty years old, who with her sister Abby
+annually resisted the payment of taxes because they were denied
+representation, and whose property was in consequence annually seized
+and sold. Mrs. Zerelda G. Wallace, the mother so beautifully pictured
+in Ben Hur, addressed a congressional committee for the first time, and
+among the other speakers were Mrs. Gage, Mrs. Blake, Miss Couzins, Mrs.
+Emma Mont McRae, of Indiana, and Mrs. Elizabeth Lyle Saxon, of
+Louisiana. It was at this hearing that Senator Edmunds complimented
+Miss Anthony by saying, "Most speeches on this question are platform
+oratory; yours is argument." Through the influence of Hon. E.G. Lapham,
+all these addresses were printed in pamphlet form.
+
+During this convention Miss Anthony was the guest of Mrs. Spofford,
+whose husband was proprietor of the Riggs House. The place of hostess,
+which had been so beautifully filled by Mrs. Sargent, was assumed at
+once by Mrs. Spofford, a lady of culture and position. For twelve years
+a suite of rooms was set apart for Miss Anthony in this commodious
+hotel whenever she was at the capital, whether for days or for months,
+and she received every possible courtesy and attention, without price.
+Miss Anthony wrote her many times: "You can not begin to know what a
+blessing your home is to me, or how grateful I am to you for its
+comfort and luxury. You are indeed Mrs. Sargent's successor in love and
+hospitality, and my hope is always to deserve them."
+
+After a brilliant reception at the Riggs House to the delegates, Miss
+Anthony left for Philadelphia, in company with the venerable Julia
+Smith Parker, and went to Roadside, the suburban home of Lucretia Mott,
+"where," she writes, "it was a wonderful sight to see the two
+octogenarians talking together, so bright and wide awake to the
+questions of the present." She never again saw Lucretia Mott or heard
+her sweet voice.
+
+[Illustration HW: Jane H. Spofford]
+
+The health of Miss Anthony's mother was now so precarious that she did
+not dare go far from home and a course of lectures was arranged for her
+through Pennsylvania by Rachel Foster, a young girl of wealth and
+distinction, who was growing much interested in the cause of woman and
+very devoted to Miss Anthony personally. Frequent trips were made to
+the home in Rochester through the inclement weather, and toward the
+last of March she saw that the end was near and did not go away. The
+beloved mother fell asleep on the morning of April 3, 1880, the two
+remaining daughters by her side. She was in her eighty-seventh year,
+her long life had been passed entirely within the immediate circle of
+home, but her interest in outside matters was strong. The husband and
+children, in whatever work they were engaged, felt always the
+encouragement of her sanction and sympathy. Her ambition was centered
+in them, their happiness and success were her own; she was content to
+be the home-keeper, to have the house swept and garnished and the
+bountiful table ready for their return, finding a rich reward in their
+unceasing love and appreciation. She was extremely fond of reading, had
+read the Bible from cover to cover many times, and could give the exact
+location and wording of many texts of Scripture. She enjoyed history,
+was familiar with the works of Dickens and Scott and knew by heart The
+Lady of the Lake. In old age, when memory failed, she lived among
+historical personages and characters in books and would speak of them
+as persons she had known in her youth. As the four children gathered
+about the still form and looked lovingly upon the placid face, they
+could not remember that she ever had spoken an unkind word. And so,
+with tenderness and affection, they laid her to rest by the side of the
+husband whose memory she had so faithfully cherished for eighteen
+years.
+
+A month later Miss Anthony again set forth on the weary round, leaving
+her sister Mary in the lonely house with two young nieces, Lucy and
+Louise, whose education she was superintending. Just before going she
+wrote to Rachel Foster: "Yes, the past three weeks are all a
+dream--such constant watching and care and anxiety for so many years
+all taken away from us! But my mother, like my father, if she could
+speak would bid us 'go forward' to greater and better work. She never
+asked me to stop at home when she was living, not even after she became
+feeble, but always said, 'Go and do all the good you can;' and I know
+my highest regard for her and for my father and sisters gone before
+will be shown by my best and noblest doing."
+
+[Footnote 94: In 1874, when a bill was pending to establish the
+Territory of Pembina, Senator Sargent wished to so amend it as to
+incorporate woman suffrage. After he had finished a matchless argument,
+in which he was supported by Senators Stewart, of Nevada, and
+Carpenter, of Wisconsin, Senator Morton made one of those grand
+speeches for which he was famous. He based his demands for woman
+suffrage on the Declaration of Independence, whose principles, he
+declared, did not apply to man alone but to the human family; and he
+demonstrated that no man or woman could "consent" to a government
+except through a vote.
+
+For Sargent's and Morton's speeches see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol.
+II, pp. 546 and 549.]
+
+[Footnote 95: For full text see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. III, p.
+138.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Miss Anthony lectured in Terre Haute under the auspices
+of the young men's Occidental Literary Club, Eugene V. Debs, president
+and one of its founders.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony
+(Volume 1 of 2), by Ida Husted Harper
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