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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15162-8.txt b/15162-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4da29f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/15162-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7669 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Scotland's Mark on America, by George Fraser Black + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scotland's Mark on America + +Author: George Fraser Black + +Release Date: February 24, 2005 [EBook #15162] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA *** + + + + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University +Libraries, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + +SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA + +By GEORGE FRASER BLACK, PH.D. + +With a Foreword By JOHN FOORD + +_Published by_ + +The Scottish Section of "America's Making" New York, 1921 + + + + +FOREWORD + + +It has been said that the Scot is never so much at home as when he is +abroad. Under this half-jesting reference to one of the +characteristics of our race, there abides a sober truth, namely, that +the Scotsman carries with him from his parent home into the world +without no half-hearted acceptance of the duties required of him in +the land of his adoption. He is usually a public-spirited citizen, a +useful member of society, wherever you find him. But that does not +lessen the warmth of his attachment to the place of his birth, or the +land of his forbears. Be his connection with Scotland near or remote, +there is enshrined in the inner sanctuary of his heart, memories, +sentiments, yearnings, that are the heritage of generations with whom +love of their country was a dominant passion, and pride in the deeds +that her children have done an incentive to effort and an antidote +against all that was base or ignoble. + +It is a fact that goes to the core of the secular struggle for human +freedom that whole-hearted Americanism finds no jarring note in the +sentiment of the Scot, be that sentiment ever so intense. In the +sedulous cultivation of the Scottish spirit there is nothing alien, +and, still more emphatically, nothing harmful, to the institutions +under which we live. The things that nourish the one, engender +attachment and loyalty to the other. So, as we cherish the memories of +the Motherland, keep in touch with the simple annals of our +childhood's home, or the home of our kin, bask in the fireside glow of +its homely humor, or dwell in imagination amid the haunts of old +romance, we are the better Americans for the Scottish heritage from +which heart and mind alike derive inspiration and delight. + +It is as difficult to separate the current of Scottish migration to +the American Colonies, or to the United States that grew out of them, +from the larger stream which issued from England, as it is to +distinguish during the last two hundred years the contributions by +Scotsmen from those of Englishmen to the great body of English +literature. We have the first census of the new Republic, in the year +1790, and an investigator who classified this enumeration according to +what he conceived to be the nationality of the names, found that the +total free, white, population numbering 3,250,000 contained 2,345,844 +people of English origin; 188,589 of Scottish origin, and 44,273 of +Irish origin. The system of classification is manifestly loose, and +the distribution of parent nationalities entirely at variance with +known facts. That part of the population described as Irish was +largely Ulster-Scottish, the true Irish never having emigrated in any +considerable numbers until they felt the pressure of the potato +famine, fifty years later. There is excellent authority for the +statement that, at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War one-third of +the entire population of Pennsylvania was of Ulster-Scottish origin. A +New England historian, quoted by Whitelaw Reid, counts that between +1730 and 1770 at least half a million souls were transferred from +Ulster to the Colonies--more than half of the Presbyterian population +of Ulster--and that at the time of the Revolution they made one-sixth +of the total population of the nascent Republic. Another authority +fixes the inhabitants of Scottish ancestry in the nine Colonies south +of New England at about 385,000. He counts that less than half of the +entire population of the Colonies was of English origin, and that +nearly, or quite one-third of it, had a direct Scottish ancestry. + +These conclusions find powerful support in the number of distinguished +men whom the Scots and the Ulstermen contributed to the Revolutionary +struggle, and to the public life of the early days of the United +States. Out of Washington's twenty-two brigadier generals, nine were +of Scottish descent, and one of the greatest achievements of the +war--the rescue of Kentucky and the whole rich territory northwest of +the Ohio, from which five States were formed--was that of General +George Rogers Clark, a Scottish native of Albert County, Virginia. +When the Supreme Court of the United States was first organized by +Washington three of the four Associate Justices were of the same +blood--one a Scot and two Ulster-Scots. When the first Chief Justice, +John Jay, left the bench, his successor, John Rutledge, was an +Ulster-Scot. Washington's first cabinet contained four members--two of +them were Scotch and the third was an Ulster-Scot. Out of the +fifty-six members who composed the Congress that adopted the +Declaration of Independence eleven were of Scottish descent. It was in +response to the appeal of a Scot, John Witherspoon, that the +Declaration was signed; it is preserved in the handwriting of an +Ulster-Scot who was Secretary of the Congress; it was first publicly +read to the people by an Ulster-Scot, and first printed by a third +member of the same vigorous body of early settlers. + +George Bancroft will hardly be accused of holding a brief for the Scot +in American history but, with all his New England predilections, he +frankly records this conclusion: "We shall find the first voice +publicly raised in America to dissolve all connection with Great +Britain, came not from the Puritans of New England, or the Dutch of +New York, or the planters of Virginia, but from Scotch-Irish +Presbyterians." It was Patrick Henry, a Scot, who kindled the popular +flame for independence. The foremost, the most irreconcilable, the +most determined in pushing the quarrel to the last extremity, were +those whom the bishops and Lord Donegal & Company had been pleased to +drive out of Ulster. + +The distinguished place which men of Scottish or of Ulster origin had +asserted for themselves in the councils of the Colonies was not lost +when the Colonies became independent States. Among the first of the +thirteen original States two-thirds were of either Scottish or +Ulster-Scottish origin. Of the men who have filled the great office of +President of the United States, eleven out of the whole twenty-five +come under the same category. About half the Secretaries of the +Treasury of the Government of the United States have been of Scottish +descent, and nearly a third of the Secretaries of State. + +But it is perhaps in the intangible things that go to the making of +national character that the Scottish contribution to the making of +America has been most notable. In 1801, the population of the whole of +Scotland was but little over a million and a half, and behind that +there were at least eight centuries of national history. Behind that, +too, were all the long generations of toil and strife in which the +Scottish character was being molded into the forms that Scott and +Burns made immortal. It is a character full of curious contrasts, with +its strong predilection for theology and metaphysics on one side, and +for poetry and romance on the other. Hard, dry and practical in its +attitude to the ordinary affairs of life, it is apt to catch fire from +a sudden enthusiasm, as if volatility were its dominant note and +instability its only fixed attribute. And so it has come about that +side by side with tomes of Calvinistic divinity, there has been +transmitted to Scotsmen an equally characteristic product of the mind +of their race--a body of folksong, of ballad poetry, of legend and of +story in that quaint and copious Doric speech which makes so direct an +appeal to the hearts of men whether they are to the manner born or +not. It is surely a paradox that a nation which, in the making, had +the hardest kind of work to extract a scanty living from a stubborn +soil, and still harder work to defend their independence, their +liberties, their faith from foes of their own kindred, should be best +known to the world for the romantic ideals they have cherished and the +chivalrous follies for which their blood has been shed. + +But, it is well to remember that long before the Reformers of the +sixteenth century founded the parish school system of Scotland, the +monasteries had their schools and so had the parish churches; there +were high schools in the burghs and song schools of remarkable +excellence. The light of learning may have waxed dim at times, but it +was not from an illiterate land that Scottish scholars carried into +Europe all through the Middle Ages the name and fame of their country, +any more than it was from a people unversed in the arts of war that +Scottish soldiers went abroad to fight foreign battles, giving now a +Constable to France, a General-in-Chief to Russia and still again a +Lieutenant to Gustavus Adolphus. If evidence were needed of the vigor +of the Scottish race, it is readily forthcoming in the fact that for +five hundred years the Land O'Cakes enriched the world with the +surplus of her able men. + +Nurse of heroes, nurse of martyrs, nurse of freemen, are titles which +belong of right to our Motherland and she has been justified of her +children, at home and abroad. The rolls of honor of many countries and +many climes bear their names; there is no field of distinction whether +it be of thought or of action that has not witnessed their triumphs. +That Scotland has yielded more than her share of the men who have gone +forth to the conquest of the world is largely due to the fact that it +was part of her discipline that men must first conquer themselves. The +weakest of them felt that restraining influence, and the striving +after the Scottish ideal, however feeble, has been a protection +against sinking into utter baseness. The most wayward scions of the +Scottish family have known that influence, and have borne testimony to +the beauty of the homely virtues which they failed to practice and the +nobility of aspirations which fell short of controlling their life. + +It belongs to the character and antecedents of Scotsmen that the +attribute of national independence should take so high a place among +the objects of human effort and desire. It was because Scotland +settled for all time, six hundred years ago, her place as an +independent State that she proved herself capable of begetting men +like John Knox, Robert Burns and Walter Scott. It is because the vigor +of the Scottish race and the adaptiveness of the Scottish genius +remain to-day unimpaired, that the lustre of Scottish-names shone so +brilliantly during the World War. It may be confidently asserted that, +whether regarded as a race or a people no members of the great +English-speaking family did more promptly, more cheerfully or more +courageously make the sacrifices required to perform their full part +in the struggle to defend the freedom that belongs to our common +heritage and to preserve the ideals without which we should not regard +life as worth living. The union, centuries old, in the Scottish mind +and heart of the most uncompromising devotion to individual liberty +with the most fervid patriotism, is a sentiment of which the world +stands greatly in need to-day. We need not go far to find evidence of +how perilous it is to sink regard for the great conception of human +brotherhood in a narrow, nationalistic concern for individual +interests. In the Scottish conception of liberty, _duties_ have always +been rated as highly as _rights_; it has been a constructive, not a +destructive formula; it has been an inspiration to raise men out of +themselves, not to prompt them to indulge in antics of promiscuous +leveling. The kind of democracy for which Scotsmen have deemed that +the world should be made safe is a human brotherhood, indeed, but a +brotherhood imbued with the generous rivalry of effort, the enthusiasm +of emulous achievement, and not one of inglorious, monotonous and +colorless equality. + +JOHN FOORD + + + + +CONTENTS + +Foreword 3 + +Scottish Emigration to the American Colonies 11 + +Some Prominent Scots and Scots Families 24 + +Scots as Colonial and Provincial Governors 32 + +Scots and the Declaration of Independence 36 + +Scots as Signers of the Declaration of Independence 38 + +Scots in the Presidency 40 + +Scots as Vice-Presidents 41 + +Scots as Cabinet Officers 42 + +Scots in the Senate 45 + +Scots in the House of Representatives 47 + +Scots in the Judiciary 48 + +Scots as Ambassadors 51 + +Scots as State Governors 53 + +Scots in the Army 60 + +Scots in the Navy 65 + +Scots as Scientists 67 + +Scots as Physicians 73 + +Scots in Education 76 + +Scots in Literature 81 + +Scots in the Church and Social Welfare 84 + +Scots as Lawyers 87 + +Scots in Art, Architecture, etc. 88 + +Scots as Inventors 95 + +Scots as Engineers 99 + +Scots in Industries 101 + +Scots in Banking, Finance, Insurance and Railroads 105 + +Scots as Journalists, Publishers and Typefounders 108 + +Some Prominent Scots in New York City 113 + +Scottish Societies in the United States 115 + +Conclusion 116 + +List of Principal Authorities Referred to 117 + +Index 119 + +"No people so few in number have scored so deep a mark in the world's +history as the Scots have done. No people have a greater right to be +proud of their blood."--_James Anthony Froude_. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCOTTISH EMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAN COLONIES + + +Scottish emigration to America came in two streams--one direct from +the motherland and the other through the province of Ulster in the +north of Ireland. Those who came by this second route are usually +known as "Ulster Scots," or more commonly as "Scotch-Irish," and they +have been claimed as Irishmen by Irish writers in the United States. +This is perhaps excusable but hardly just. Throughout their residence +in Ireland the Scots settlers preserved their distinctive Scottish +characteristics, and generally described themselves as "the Scottish +nation in the north of Ireland." They, of course, like the early +pioneers in this country, experienced certain changes through the +influence of their new surroundings, but, as one writer has remarked, +they "remained as distinct from the native population as if they had +never crossed the Channel. They were among the Irish but not of them." +Their sons, too, when they attended the classes in the University of +Glasgow, signed the matriculation register as "A Scot of Ireland." +They did not intermarry with the native Irish, though they did +intermarry to some extent with the English Puritans and with the +French Huguenots. (These Huguenots were colonies driven out of France +by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and induced to +settle in the north of Ireland by William III. To this people Ireland +is indebted for its lace industry, which they introduced into that +country.) + +Again many Irish-American writers on the Scots Plantation of Ulster +have assumed that the Scots settlers were entirely or almost of Gaelic +origin, ignoring the fact, if they were aware of it, that the people +of the Scottish lowlands were "almost as English in racial derivation +as if they had come from the North of England." Parker, the historian +of Londonderry, New Hampshire, speaking of the early Scots settlers in +New England, has well said: "Although they came to this land from +Ireland, where their ancestors had a century before planted +themselves, yet they retained unmixed the national Scotch character. +Nothing sooner offended them than to be called Irish. Their antipathy +to this appellation had its origin in the hostility then existing in +Ireland between the Celtic race, the native Irish, and the English and +Scotch colonists." Belknap, in his _History of New Hampshire_ (Boston, +1791) quotes a letter from the Rev. James MacGregor (1677-1729) to +Governor Shute in which the writer says: "We are surprised to hear +ourselves termed Irish people, when we so frequently ventured our all +for the British Crown and liberties against the Irish papists, and +gave all tests, of our loyalty, which the government of Ireland +required, and are always ready to do the same when demanded." + +Down to the present day the descendants of these Ulster Scots settlers +living in the United States who have maintained an interest in their +origin, always insist that they are of Scottish and not of Irish +origin. On this point it will be sufficient to quote the late Hon. +Leonard Allison Morrison, of New Hampshire. Writing twenty-five years +ago he said: "I am one of Scotch-Irish blood and my ancestor came with +Rev. McGregor of Londonderry, and neither _they_ nor any of their +descendants were willing to be called 'merely Irish.' I have twice +visited," he adds, "the parish of Aghadowney, Co. Londonderry, from +which they came, in Ireland, and all that locality is filled, not with +'Irish' but with Scotch-Irish, and this is pure Scotch blood to-day, +after more than _200_ years." The mountaineers of Tennessee and +Kentucky are largely the descendants of these same Ulster Scots, and +their origin is conclusively shown by the phrase used by mothers to +their unruly children: "If you don't behave, Clavers [i.e., +Claverhouse] will get you." + +If we must continue to use the hyphen when referring to these early +immigrants it is preferable to use the term "Ulster Scot" instead of +"Scotch-Irish," as was pointed out by the late Whitelaw Reid, because +it does not confuse the race with the accident of birth, and because +the people preferred it themselves. "If these Scottish and +Presbyterian colonists," he says, "must be called Irish because they +had been one or two generations in the north of Ireland, then the +Pilgrim Fathers, who had been one generation or more in Holland, must +by the same reasoning be called Dutch or at the very least English +Dutch." + +To understand the reasons for the Scots colonization of Ulster and the +replantation in America it is necessary to look back three centuries +in British history. On the crushing of the Irish rebellion under Sir +Cahir O'Dogherty in 1607 about 500,000 acres of forfeited land in the +province of Ulster were at the disposal of the crown. At the +suggestion of King James the I. of England, Ulster was divided into +lots and offered to colonists from England. Circumstances, however, +turned what was mainly intended to be an English enterprise into a +Scottish one. Scottish participation "which does not seem to have been +originally regarded as important," became eventually, as Ford points +out, the mainstay of the enterprise. "Although from the first there +was an understanding between [Sir Arthur] Chichester and the English +Privy Council that eventually the plantation would be opened to Scotch +settlers, no steps were taken in that direction until the plan had +been matured ... The first public announcement of any Scottish +connection with the Ulster plantation appears in a letter of March 19, +1609, from Sir Alexander Hay, the Scottish secretary resident at the +English Court, to the Scottish Privy Council at Edinburgh." In this +communication Hay announced that the king "out of his unspeikable love +and tindir affectioun" for his Scottish subjects had decided that they +were to be allowed a share, and he adds, that here is a great +opportunity for Scotland since "we haif greitt advantaige of +transporting of our men and bestiall [i.e., live stock of a farm] in +regairde we lye so neir to that coiste of Ulster." Immediately on +receipt of this letter the Scottish Privy Council made public +proclamation of the news and announced that those of them "quho ar +disposit to tak ony land in Yreland" were to present their desires and +petitions to the Council. The first application enrolled was by "James +Andirsoun portionair of Litle Govane," and by the 14th of September +seventy-seven Scots had come forward as purchasers. If their offers +had been accepted, they would have possessed among them 141,000 acres +of land. In 1611, in consequence of a rearrangement of applicants the +number of favored Scots was reduced to fifty-nine, with eighty-one +thousand acres of land at their disposal. Each of these "Undertakers," +as they were called, was accompanied to his new home by kinsmen, +friends, and tenants, as Lord Ochiltree, for instance, who is +mentioned as having arrived "accompanied with thirty-three followers, +a minister, some tenants, freeholders, [and] artificers." By the end +of 1612 the emigration from Scotland is estimated to have reached +10,000. Indeed, before the end of this year so rapidly had the traffic +increased between Scotland and Ireland that the passage between the +southwest of Scotland and Ulster "is now become a commoun and are +ordinarie ferrie," the boat-men of which were having a rare time of it +by charging what they pleased for the passage or freight. In the +selection of the settlers measures were carefully taken that they +should be "from the inwards part of Scotland," and that they should be +so located in Ulster that "they may not mix nor intermarry" with "the +mere Irish." For the most part the settlers appear to have been +selected from the shires of Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Galloway, and +Dumfries. Emigration from Scotland to Ireland appears to have +continued steadily and the English historian Carte estimated, after +diligent documentary study, that by 1641 there were in Ulster 100,000 +Scots and 20,000 English settlers. In 1656 it was proposed by the +Irish government that persons "of the Scottish nation desiring to come +into Ireland" should be prohibited from settling in Ulster or County +Louth, but the scheme was not put into effect. Governmental opposition +notwithstanding emigration from Scotland to Ireland appears to have +continued steadily, and after the Revolution of 1688 there seems to +have been a further increase. Archbishop Synge estimated that by 1715 +not less than 50,000 Scottish families had settled in Ulster during +these twenty-seven years. It should be also mentioned that "before the +Ulster plantation began there was already a considerable Scottish +occupation of the region nearest to Scotland. These Scottish +settlements were confined to counties Down and Antrim, which were not +included in the scheme of the plantation. Their existence facilitated +Scottish emigration to the plantation and they were influential in +giving the plantation the Scottish character which it promptly +acquired. Although planned to be in the main an English settlement, +with one whole county turned over to the city of London alone, it soon +became in the main a Scottish settlement." + +The Scots were not long settled in Ulster before misfortune and +persecution began to harass them. The Irish rebellion of 1641, said by +some to have been an outbreak directed against the Scottish and +English settlers, regarded by the native Irish as intruders and +usurpers, caused them much suffering; and Harrison says that for +"several years afterward 12,000 emigrants annually left Ulster for the +American plantations." The Revolution of 1688 was also long and bloody +in Ireland and the sufferings of the settlers reached a climax in the +siege of Londonderry (April to August, 1688). They suffered also from +the restrictions laid upon their industries and commerce by the +English government. These restrictions, and later the falling in of +leases, rack-renting by the landlords, payment of tithes for support +of a church with which they had no connection, and several other +burdens and annoyances, were the motives which impelled emigration to +the American colonies from 1718 onwards. Five ships bearing seven +hundred Ulster Scots emigrants arrived in Boston on August 4, 1718, +under the leadership of Rev. William Boyd. They were allowed to select +a township site of twelve miles square at any place on the frontiers. +A few settled at Portland, Maine, at Wicasset, and at Worcester and +Haverhill, Massachusetts, but the greater number finally at +Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1723-4 they built a parsonage and a +church for their minister, Rev. James MacGregor. In six years they had +four schools, and within nine years Londonderry paid one-fifteenth of +the state tax. Previous to the Revolution of 1776 ten distinct +settlements were made by colonists from Londonderry, N.H., all of +which became towns of influence and importance. Notable among the +descendants of these colonists were Matthew Thornton, Henry Knox, Gen. +John Stark, Hugh McCulloch, Horace Greeley, Gen. George B. McClellan, +Salmon P. Chase, and Asa Gray. From 1771 to 1773 "the whole emigration +from Ulster is estimated at 30,000 of whom 10,000 were weavers." + +In 1706 the Rev. Cotton Mather put forth a plan to settle hardy Scots +families on the frontiers of Maine and New Hampshire to protect the +towns and churches there from the French and Indians, the Puritans +evidently not being able to protect themselves. He says, "I write +letters unto diverse persons of Honour both in Scotland and in +England; to procure Settlements of Good Scotch Colonies, to the +Northward of us. This may be a thing of great consequence;" and +elsewhere he suggests that a Scottish colony might be of good service +in getting possession of Nova Scotia. In 1735, twenty-seven families, +and in 1753 a company of sixty adults and a number of children, +collected in Scotland by General Samuel Waldo, were landed at George's +River, Maine. In honor of the ancient capital of their native country, +they named their settlement Stirling. + +Another and an important cause of the early appearance of Scots in +America was the wars between Scotland and England during the +Commonwealth. Large numbers of Scottish prisoners taken at Dunbar +(1650) and at Worcester (1651) were sold into service in the colonies, +a shipload arriving in Boston Harbor in 1652 on the ship _John and +Sara_. The means taken to ameliorate their condition led in 1657 to +the foundation of the Scots Charitable Society of Boston--the earliest +known Scottish society in America. Its foundation may be taken as +evidence that there were already prosperous and influential Scots +living in Boston at that time. A list of the passengers of the _John +and Sara_ is given in Suffolk _Deed Records_ (bk. 1, pp. 5-6) and in +Drake's _The Founders of New England_ (Boston, 1860, pp. 74-76). These +men, says Boulton, "worked out their terms of servitude at the Lynn +iron works and elsewhere, and founded honorable families whose Scotch +names appear upon our early records. No account exists of the Scotch +prisoners that were sent to New England in Cromwell's time; at York in +1650 were the Maxwells, McIntires, and Grants. The Mackclothlans +[i.e., Mac Lachlans], later known as the Claflins, gave a governor to +Massachusetts and distinguished merchants to New York City." + +The bitter persecution of Presbyterians during the periods of +episcopal rule in the latter half of the seventeenth century also +contributed largely to Scottish emigration to the new world. A +Scottish merchant in Boston named Hugh Campbell, obtained permission +from the authorities of the Bay State Colony in February 1679-80 to +bring in a number of settlers from Scotland and to establish them in +the Nepmug country in the vicinity of Springfield, Massachusetts. + +So desperate had matters become in Scotland at the beginning of the +eighth decade of the seventeenth century that a number of the nobility +and gentry determined to settle in New Jersey and the Carolinas. One +of these colonies was founded in New Jersey in 1682 under the +management of James Drummond, Earl of Perth, John Drummond, Robert +Barclay the Quaker Apologist, David and John Barclay, his brothers, +Robert Gordon, Gawen Lawrie, and George Willocks. In 1684 Gawen +Lawrie, who had been for several years previously residing in the +colony, was appointed Deputy Governor of the province, and fixed his +residence at Elizabeth. In the same year Perth (so named in honor of +the Earl of Perth, one of the principal proprietors, now Perth Amboy) +was made the capital of the new Scottish settlement. During the +following century a constant stream of emigrants both from Scotland +and from Ulster came to the colony. One of the principal encouragers +of the Scottish colony in New Jersey was George Scot or Scott (d. +1685) of Pitlochrie, who had been repeatedly fined and imprisoned by +the Privy Council of Scotland for attending "Conventicles," as +clandestine religious gatherings were then called in Scotland, and in +the hope of obtaining freedom of worship in the new world he proposed +to emigrate "to the plantations." To encourage others to do the like +he printed at Edinburgh (1685) a work, now very rare, called "The +Model of the Government of the Province of East New Jersey, in +America; and Encouragement for Such as Design to be concerned there." +Scot received a grant of five hundred acres in recognition of his +having written the work, and sailed in the _Henry and Francis_ for +America. A malignant fever broke out among the passengers and nearly +half on board perished including Scot and his wife. A son and daughter +survived and the proprietors a year after issued a confirmation of the +grant to Scot's daughter and her husband (John Johnstone), many of +whose descendants are still living in New Jersey. + +Walter Ker of Dalserf, Lanarkshire, banished in 1685, settled in +Freehold, and was active in organizing the Presbyterian Church there, +one of the oldest in New Jersey. The Scots settlers who came over at +this period occupied most of the northern counties of the state but +many went south and southwest, mainly around Princeton, and, says +Samuel Smith, the first historian of the province, "There were very +soon four towns in the Province, viz., Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown +and Shrewsbury; and these with the country round were in a few years +plentifully inhabited by the accession of the Scotch, of whom there +came a great many." These Scots, says Duncan Campbell, largely gave +"character to this sturdy little state not the least of their +achievements being the building up if not the nominal founding of +Princeton College, which has contributed so largely to the scholarship +of America." + +In 1682 another company of nobles and gentlemen in Scotland arranged +for a settlement at Port Royal, South Carolina. These colonists +consisted mainly of Presbyterians banished for attending +"Conventicles." The names of some of these immigrants, whose +descendants exist in great numbers at the present day, included James +McClintock, John Buchanan, William Inglis, Gavin Black, Adam Allan, +John Gait, Thomas Marshall, William Smith, Robert Urie, Thomas Bryce, +John Syme, John Alexander, John Marshall, Matthew Machen, John Paton, +John Gibson, John Young, Arthur Cunningham, George Smith, and George +Dowart. The colony was further increased by a small remnant of the +ill-fated expedition to Darien. One of the vessels which left Darien +to return to Scotland, the _Rising Sun_, was driven out of its course +by a gale and took refuge in Charleston. Among its passengers was the +Rev. Archibald Stobo, who was asked by some people in Charleston to +preach in the town while the ship was being refitted. He accepted the +invitation and left the ship with his wife and about a dozen others. +The following day, the _Rising Sun_, while lying off the bar, was +overwhelmed in a hurricane and all on board were drowned. This Rev. +Archibald Stobo was the earliest American ancestor of the late +Theodore Roosevelt's mother. In the following year (1683) the colony +was augmented by a number of Scots colonists from Ulster led by one +Ferguson. A second Scottish colony in the same year under Henry +Erskine, Lord Cardross, founded Stuartstown (so named in honor of his +wife). Another colony from Ulster was that of Williamsburgh township +(1732-34), who named their principal village Kingstree. + +There were settlements of Scots Highlanders in North Carolina, on the +Cape Fear River, as early as 1729; some indeed are said to have +settled there as early as 1715. Neill McNeill of Jura brought over a +colony of more than 350 from Argyllshire in 1739, and large numbers in +1746, after Culloden, and settled them on the Cape Fear River. Cross +Creek, now Fayetteville, was the center of these Highland settlements, +and hither came the Scottish heroine, Flora MacDonald, in 1775. The +mania for emigration to North Carolina affected all classes in +Scotland and continued for many years. The _Scots Magazine_ for May +1768 records that a number of settlers from the Western Isles had +embarked for Carolina and Georgia, including forty or fifty families +from Jura alone. In September of following year it is stated that a +hundred families of Highlanders had arrived at Brunswick, North +Carolina, and "two vessels are daily expected with more." In August +1769 the ship _Mally_ sailed from Islay full of passengers for North +Carolina, which was the third or fourth emigration from Argyll "since +the conclusion of the late war." In August 1770 it was stated that +since the previous April six vessels carrying about twelve hundred +emigrants had sailed from the western Highlands for North Carolina. In +February of the following year the same magazine states that five +hundred souls in Islay and adjacent islands were preparing to emigrate +to America in the following summer. In September of the same year +three hundred and seventy persons sailed from Skye for North Carolina, +and two entries in the magazine for 1772 record the emigration of +numbers from Sutherland and Loch Erribol. In the same year a writer +says the people who have emigrated from the Western Isles since the +year 1768 "have carried with them at least ten thousand pounds in +specie. Notwithstanding this is a great loss to us, yet the +depopulation by these emigrations is a much greater.... Besides, the +continual emigrations from Ireland and Scotland, will soon render our +colonies independent on the mother-country." In August, 1773, three +gentlemen of the name of Macdonell, with their families and four +hundred Highlanders from Inverness-shire sailed for America to take +possession of a grant of land "in Albany." On the 22d of June +previously between seven and eight hundred people from the Lewis +sailed from Stornoway for the colonies. On the first of September, +1773, four hundred and twenty-five men, women and children from +Inverness-shire sailed for America. "They are the finest set of +fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they carried at least 6000 +pounds Sterling in ready cash with them." In 1774 farmers and heads of +families in Stirlingshire were forming societies to emigrate to the +colonies and the fever had also extended to Orkney and Shetland and +the north of England. In 1753 it was estimated that there were one +thousand Scots in the single county of Cumberland capable of bearing +arms, of whom the Macdonalds were the most numerous. Gabriel Johnston, +governor of the province of North Carolina from 1734 to 1752, appears +to have done more to encourage the settlement of Scots in the colony +than all its other colonial governors combined. + +In 1735 a body of one hundred and thirty Highlanders with fifty women +and children sailed from Inverness and landed at Savannah in January +1736. They were under the leadership of Lieutenant Hugh Mackay. Some +Carolinians endeavoured to dissuade them from going to the South by +telling them that the Spaniards would attack them from their houses in +the fort near where they were to settle, to which they replied, "Why, +then, we will beat them out of their fort, and shall have houses ready +built to live in." "This valiant spirit," says Jones, "found +subsequent expression in the efficient military service rendered by +these Highlanders during the wars between the Colonists and the +Spaniards, and by their descendants in the American Revolution. To +John 'More' McIntosh, Captain Hugh Mackay, Ensign Charles Mackay, Col. +John McIntosh, General Lachlan McIntosh, and their gallant comrades +and followers, Georgia, both as a Colony and a State, owes a large +debt of gratitude. This settlement was subsequently augmented from +time to time by fresh arrivals from Scotland.... Its men were prompt +and efficient in arms, and when the war cloud descended upon the +southern confines of the province no defenders were more alert or +capable than those found in the ranks of these Highlanders." "No +people," says Walter Glasco Charlton, "ever came to Georgia who took +so quickly to the conditions under which they were to live or remained +more loyal to her interests" than the Highlanders. "These men," says +Jones, "were not reckless adventurers or reduced emigrants +volunteering through necessity, or exiled through insolvency or want. +They were men of good character, and were carefully selected for their +military qualities.... Besides this military band, others among the +Mackays, the Dunbars, the Baillies, and the Cuthberts applied for +large tracts of land in Georgia which they occupied with their own +servants. Many of them went over in person and settled in the +province." + +Among the immigrants who flocked into Virginia in 1729 and 1740 we +find individuals named Alexander Breckinridge, David Logan, Hugh +Campbell, William Graham, James Waddell (the "Blind Preacher"), John +McCue, Benjamin Erwin, Gideon Blackburn, Samuel Houston, Archibald +Scott, Samuel Carrack, John Montgomery, George Baxter, William +McPheeters, and Robert Poage (Page?), and others bearing the names of +Bell, Trimble (Turnbull), Hay, Anderson, Patterson, Scott, Wilson, and +Young. John McDowell and eight of his men were killed by Indians in +1742. Among the members of his company was his venerable father +Ephraim McDowell. In 1763 the Indians attacked a peaceful settlement +and carried off a number of captives. After traveling some distance +and feeling safe from pursuit they demanded that their captives should +sing for their entertainment, and it was a Scotswoman, Mrs. Gilmore, +who struck up Rouse's version of the one hundred and thirty-seventh +psalm: + + "By Babel's streams we sat and wept, + When Zion we thought on, + In midst thereof we hanged our harps + The willow tree thereon. + + "For there a song required they, + Who did us captive bring; + Our spoilers called for mirth, and said: + 'A song of Zion sing.'" + +In the following year Colonel Henry Bouquet led a strong force against +the Indians west of the Ohio, and compelled them to desist from their +predatory warfare, and deliver up the captives they had taken. One of +his companies was made up of men from the Central Valley of Virginia, +largely composed of Scots or men of Ulster Scot descent, and commanded +by Alexander McClanahan, a good Galloway surname. Ten years later +occurred the battle of Point Pleasant when men of the same race under +the command of Andrew Lewis defeated the Shawnee Indians. + +In January 1775, the freeholders of Fincastle presented an address to +the Continental Congress, declaring their purpose to resist the +oppressive measures of the home government. Among the signers were +William Christian, Rev. Charles Cummings, Arthur Campbell, William +Campbell, William Edmundson, William Preston and others. Several other +counties in the same state, inhabited mainly by Scots or people of +Scottish descent, adopted like resolutions. During the Revolutionary +war, in addition to large numbers of men of Scottish origin serving in +the Continental army from this state, the militia were also constantly +in service under the leadership of such men as Colonels Samuel +McDowell, George Moffett, William Preston, John and William Bowyer, +Samson Mathews, etc. + +The following Scots were members of His Majesty's Council in South +Carolina under the royal government, from 1720 to 1776: Alexander +Skene, James Kinloch (1729), John Cleland, James Graeme, George Saxby, +James Michie, John Rattray (1761), Thomas Knox Gordon, and John +Stuart. Andrew Rutledge was Speaker of the Commons' House of Assembly +from 1749 to 1752. David Graeme, attorney at law in 1754, was +Attorney-General of the State from 1757 to 1764. James Graeme, most +probably a relation of the preceding, was elected to the Assembly from +Port Royal in 1732, became Judge of the Court of Vice Admiralty from +1742 to 1752, and Chief Justice from 1749 to 1752. James Michie was +Speaker of the Assembly from 1752 to 1754, Judge of the Court of +Admiralty from 1752 to 1754, and Chief Justice from 1759 to 1761. +William Simpson served as Chief Justice 1761-1762. Thomas Knox Gordon +was appointed Chief Justice in 1771 and served till 1776, and in 1773 +he also appears as Member of Council. John Murray was appointed +Associate Justice in 1771 and died in 1774. William Gregory was +appointed by His Majesty's mandamus to succeed him in 1774. Robert +Hume was Speaker of the Assembly in 1732-1733. Robert Brisbane was +Associate Justice in 1764, and Robert Pringle appears in the same +office in 1760 and 1766. John Rattray was Judge of the Court of +Vice-Admiralty in 1760-61, and James Abercrombie appears as +Attorney-General in 1731-32. James Simpson was Clerk of the Council in +1773, Surveyor-General of Land in 1772, Attorney-General in 1774-75, +and Judge of Vice-Admiralty in the absence of Sir Augustus Johnson in +1769. John Carwood was Assistant Justice in 1725. Thomas Nairne was +employed in 1707 "as resident agent among the Indians, with power to +settle all disputes among traders ... to arrest traders who were +guilty of misdemeanors and send them to Charleston for trial, to take +charge of the goods of persons who were committed to prison, and to +exercise the power of a justice of the peace." This Thomas Nairne is +probably the same individual who published, anonymously, "A letter +from South Carolina; giving an account of the soil ... product ... +trade ... government [etc.] of that province. Written by a Swiss +Gentleman to his friend at Bern," the first edition of which was +published in London in 1710 (second ed. in 1732). + +Among the names of the seventeen corporate members of the Charleston +Library Society established in 1743 occur those of the following +Scots: Robert Brisbane, Alexander M'Cauley, Patrick M'Kie, William +Logan, John Sinclair, James Grindlay, Alexander Baron, and Charles +Stevenson. + +Of the members of the Provincial Congress held at Charleston in +January, 1775, the following were Scotsmen or men of Scottish +ancestry: Major John Caldwell, Patrick Calhoun (ancestor of +Vice-President Calhoun), George Haig of the family of Bemersyde, +Charles Elliott, Thomas Ferguson, Adam Macdonald, Alexander M'Intosh, +John M'Ness, Isaac MacPherson, Col. William Moultrie, David Oliphant, +George Ross, Thomas Rutledge, James Sinkler, James Skirving, senior, +James Skirving, junior, William Skirving, and Rev. William Tennent. + +In Maryland there seems to have been a colony of Scots about 1670 +under Colonel Ninian Beall, settled between the Potomac and the +Patuxent, and gradually increased by successive additions. Through his +influence a church was established at Patuxent in 1704, the members +of which included several prominent Fifeshire families. Many other +small Scottish colonies were settled on the eastern shore of Maryland +and Virginia, particularly in Accomac, Dorchester, Somerset, Wicomico, +and Worcester counties. To minister to them the Rev. Francis Makemie +and the Rev. William Traill were sent out by the Presbytery of Laggan +in Ulster. Upper Marlborough, Maryland, was founded by a company of +Scottish immigrants and were ministered to by the Rev. Nathaniel +Taylor, also from Scotland. + +Two shiploads of Scottish Jacobites taken at Preston in 1716 were sent +over in the ships _Friendship_ and _Good Speed_ to Maryland to be sold +as servants. The names of some of these sufficiently attest their +Scottish origin, as, Dugall Macqueen, Alexander Garden, Henry Wilson, +John Sinclair, William Grant, Alexander Spalding, John Robertson, +William MacBean, William McGilvary, James Hindry, Allen Maclien, +William Cummins, David Steward, John Maclntire, David Kennedy, John +Cameron, Alexander Orrach [Orrock?], Finloe Maclntire, Daniel Grant, +etc. Another batch taken in the Rising of the '45 and also shipped to +Maryland include such names as John Grant, Alexander Buchanan, Patrick +Ferguson, Thomas Ross, John Cameron, William Cowan, John Bowe, John +Burnett, Duncan Cameron, James Chapman, Thomas Claperton, Sanders +Campbell, Charles Davidson, John Duff, James Erwyn, Peter Gardiner, +John Gray, James King, Patrick Murray, William Melvil, William +Murdock, etc. + +A strong infusion of Scottish blood in New York State came through +settlements made there in response to a proclamation issued in 1735 by +the Governor, inviting "loyal protestant Highlanders" to settle the +lands between the Hudson River and the northern lakes. Attracted by +this offer Captain Lauchlin Campbell of Islay, in 1738-40, brought +over eighty-three families of Highlanders to settle on a grant of +thirty thousand acres in what is now Washington County. "By this +immigration," says E.H. Roberts, "the province secured a much needed +addition to its population, and these Highlanders must have sent +messages home not altogether unfavorable, for they were the pioneers +of a multitude whose coming in successive years were to add strength +and thrift and intelligence beyond the ratio of their numbers to the +communities in which they set up their homes." Many Scottish +immigrants settled in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange County, in 1720, +and by 1729 had organized and built two churches. A second colony +arrived from the north of Ireland in 1731. At the same time as the +grant was made to Lauchlin Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor Clarke +granted to John Lindsay, a Scottish gentleman, and three associates, a +tract of eighty thousand acres in Cherry Valley, in Otsego County. +Lindsay afterwards purchased the rights of his associates and sent +out families from Scotland and Ulster to the valley of the +Susquehanna. These were augmented by pioneers from Londonderry, New +Hampshire, under the Rev. Samuel Dunlop, who, in 1743 established in +his own house the first classical school west of the Hudson. Ballston +in Saratoga County was settled in 1770 by a colony of Presbyterians +who removed from Bedford, New York, with their pastor, and were +afterwards joined by many Scottish immigrants from Scotland, Ulster, +New Jersey, and New England. The first Presbyterian Church was +organized in Albany in 1760 by Scottish immigrants who had settled in +that vicinity. + +Sir William Johnson for his services in the French War (1755-58) +received from the Crown a grant of one hundred thousand acres in the +Mohawk Valley, near Johnstown, which he colonized with Highlanders in +1773-74. + +In New York City about the end of the eighteenth century there was a +colony of several hundred Scottish weavers, mainly from Paisley. They +formed a community apart in what was then the village of Greenwich. In +memory of their old home they named the locality "Paisley Place." A +view of some of their old dwellings in Seventeenth Street between +Sixth and Seventh Avenues, as they existed in 1863, is given in +Valentine's _Manual_ for that year. + +Although many Scots came to New England and New York they never +settled there in such numbers as to leave their impress on the +community so deeply as they did in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, +and the south. There were Presbyterian churches in Lewes, Newcastle +(Delaware), and Philadelphia previous to 1698, and from that time +forward the province of Pennsylvania was the chief centre of Scottish +settlement both from Scotland direct and by way of Ulster. By 1720 +these settlers had reached the mouth of the Susquehanna, and three +years later the present site of Harrisburg. Between 1730 and 1745 they +settled the Cumberland Valley and still pushing westward, in 1768-69 +the present Fayette, Westmoreland, Allegheny, and Washington counties. +In 1773 they penetrated to and settled in Kentucky, and were followed +by a stream of Todds, Flemings, Morrisons, Barbours, Breckinridges, +McDowells, and others. By 1790 seventy-five thousand people were in +the region and Kentucky was admitted to the Federal Union in 1792. By +1779 they had crossed the Ohio River into the present state of Ohio. +Between the years 1730 and 1775 the Scottish immigration into +Pennsylvania often reached ten thousand a year. + + + + +SOME PROMINENT SCOTS AND SCOTS FAMILIES + + +Lord Bacon expressed his regret that the lives of eminent men were not +more frequently written, and added that, "though kings, princes, and +great personages be few, yet there are many excellent men who deserve +better fate than vague reports and barren elegies." Of no country is +this more true than the United States. An examination of the +innumerable early biographical dictionaries with which the shelves of +our public libraries are cumbered, will show that the bulk of the life +sketches of the individuals therein commemorated are vague and +unsatisfactory. In nearly every case little or no information is given +of the parentage or origin of the subject, and indeed one work goes so +far as to say that such information is unnecessary, the mere fact of +American birth being sufficient. However pleasing such statements may +be from an ultra patriotic viewpoint it is very unsatisfactory from +the biological or historical side of the question, which is +undoubtedly the most important to be considered. The neglect of these +items of origin, etc., makes the task of positively identifying +certain individuals as of Scottish origin or descent a very difficult +one. One may feel morally certain that a particular individual from +his name or features (if there be a portrait) is of Scottish origin, +but without a definite statement to that effect the matter must in +most cases be left an open question. One other cause of uncertainty, +and it is a very annoying one, is the careless method of many +biographers in putting down a man's origin as "Irish," "from Ireland," +"from the north of Ireland," etc., where they clearly mean to state +that the individual concerned is descended from one of the many +thousands of Scots who settled in Ulster in the seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries. Notwithstanding this uncertainty the proportion +of men of undoubted Scottish origin who have reached high distinction, +and whose influence has had such far reaching scope in the United +States, is phenomenal. "Let anyone," says Dinsmore, "scrutinize the +list of names of distinguished men in our annals; names of men eminent +in public life from President down; men distinguished in the Church, +in the Army, in the Navy, at the Bar, on the Bench, in Medicine and +Surgery, in Education, trade, commerce, invention, discovery--in any +and all of the arts which add to the freedom, enlightenment, and +wealth of the world, and the convenience and comfort of mankind; names +which have won luster in every honorable calling--let him scrutinize +the list" and he will be astonished to find how large a proportion of +these names represent men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent. In +these pages it is obviously impossible to mention every Scot who has +achieved distinction--to do so would require a large biographical +dictionary. We can here only select a few names in each class from +early colonial times to the present day. + +The most famous family of Colonial times was that of the Livingstons +of Livingston Manor, famed alike for their ability and their +patriotism. The first of the family in America was Robert Livingston +(1654-1725), born at Ancrum, Roxburghshire, who came to America about +1672. He married Alida (Schuyler) Van Rensselaer. His eldest son, +Philip (1686-1749), second Lord of the Manor, succeeded him and added +greatly to the family wealth and lands by his business enterprise. +Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710-92), second son of Philip, was +President of the first Provincial Congress. Another son, Philip +(1716-78), was Member of the General Assembly for the City of New +York, Member of Congress in 1774 and 1776, and one of the Signers of +the Declaration of Independence. A third son was William (1723-90), +Governor of New Jersey. Other prominent members of this family were +Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813), and Edward (1764-1836). The former +was Member of the Continental Congress, Chancellor of the State of New +York (1777-1801), Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1781-83), Minister to +France (1801-05), and Negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). He +administered the oath of office to George Washington on his assuming +the office of President. Edward was Member of Congress from New York +(1795-1801), Mayor of New York City (1801-03), Member of Congress from +Louisiana (1823-29), United States Senator (1829-31), Secretary of +State (1831-33), and Minister to France (1833-35). Robert Fulton, the +inventor, married a daughter of the Livingstons and thus got the +necessary financial backing to make the _Clermont_ a success. A sister +of Edward was married to General Montgomery of Quebec fame, another to +Secretary of War Armstrong, and a third to General Morgan Lewis. + +The Bells of New Hampshire descended from John Bell, the Londonderry +settler of 1718, gave three governors to New Hampshire and one to +Vermont. Luther V. Bell, formerly Superintendent of the McLean Asylum, +Somerville, Massachusetts, was another of his descendants. The McNutts +of Londonderry, New Hampshire, are descended from William McNaught, +who settled there in 1718. The McNaughts came originally from +Kilquhanite in Galloway. The Bean family, descended from John Bean who +came to America in 1660, were pioneers in new settlements in New +Hampshire and Maine, and bore the burden of such a life and profited +by it. About one hundred of them were soldiers in the Revolutionary +War. The Macdonough family of Delaware is also of Scottish descent. +Thomas Macdonough, the famous naval officer, was of the third +generation in this country. The Corbit family of Delaware are +descended from Daniel Corbit, a Quaker born in Scotland in 1682. The +Forsyths of Georgia are descended from Robert Forsyth, born in +Scotland about 1754, who entered the Congressional Army and became a +Captain of Lee's Light Horse in 1776. The Forsyths of New York State +trace their descent to two brothers from Aberdeenshire (John and +Alexander). The bulk of the Virginia Gordons appear to have been from +Galloway. + +Alexander Breckenridge, a Scot, came to America about 1728, settling +in Pennsylvania and later in Virginia. One of his sons, Robert, was an +energetic Captain of Rangers during the Indian wars, and died before +the close of the Revolutionary War. By his second wife, also of +Scottish descent, he had several sons who achieved fame and success. +One of these sons, John Breckenridge (1760-1808), became +Attorney-General of Kentucky in 1795; served in the state legislature +1797-1800; drafted the famous Kentucky resolutions in 1798; was United +States Senator from Kentucky (1801-05) and Attorney-General in +Jefferson's Cabinet from 1805 till his death. Among the sons of John +Breckenridge were Robert Jefferson Breckenridge (1800-71), clergyman +and author, and Joseph Cabell Breckenridge. John Cabell Breckenridge, +son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was Vice-President of the United States +(1857-61), candidate of the Southern Democrats for President in 1860, +General in the Confederate Armies (1862-64), Confederate Secretary of +War till 1865. Joseph Cabell Breckenridge (b. 1840), son of Robert J. +Breckenridge, also served with distinction in the Civil War, and took +an active part in the Santiago campaign during the Spanish-American +War. Henry Breckenridge (b. 1886), son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was +Assistant Secretary of War, and served with the American Expeditionary +Forces in the Argonne. William Campbell Preston Breckenridge +(1837-1904), son of Robert J. Breckenridge, was Member of the +Forty-ninth Congress. + +The descendants of James McClellan, kin of the McClellans of Galloway, +Scotland, who was appointed Constable at the town meeting held in +Worcester in March, 1724, have written their name large in the medical +and military annals of this country. Some of his descendants are +noticed under Physicians. The most famous of the family was General +George Brinton MacClellan (1826-85), Major-General in the United +States Army during the Civil War, unsuccessful candidate of the +Democratic Party for President in 1864, and Governor of New Jersey +from 1878 to 1881. The General's son, George B. McClellan (b. 1865), +was Mayor of New York (1903 and 1905) and is now a Professor in +Princeton. James Bulloch, born in Scotland c. 1701, emigrated to +Charleston, South Carolina, c. 1728. In the following year he married +Jean Stobo, daughter of the Rev. Archibald Stobo, and was the first +ancestor of the late President Roosevelt's mother. His son, Archibald +Bulloch (d. 1777), was Colonial Governor of Georgia and Commander of +the State's forces in 1776-77, and signed the first Constitution of +Georgia as President. He would have been one of the Signers of the +Declaration of Independence had not official duties called him, home. +A descendant of his, James Dunwoody Bulloch, uncle of the late +President Roosevelt, was Lieutenant in the Confederate Navy and +Confederate States Naval Agent abroad. Irvine S. Bulloch, another +uncle of Roosevelt's, was Sailing Master of the Alabama when in battle +with the U.S.S. Kearsarge. Another of this family was William B. +Bulloch (1776-1852), lawyer and State Senator of Georgia. The Chambers +family of Trenton, New Jersey, are descended from two brothers, John +and Robert Chambers, who came over in the ship _Henry and Francis_ in +1685. + +In the eighteenth century many natives of Dumfriesshire emigrated to +the American colonies, and of these perhaps the most prominent were +those descended from John Johnston of Stapleton, Dumfriesshire, an +officer in a Scottish regiment in the French service. His second son, +Gabriel, became Governor of North Carolina. In the house of the +Governor's brother, Gilbert, it is stated that General Marion signed +the commission for the celebrated band known as "Marion's Men." Among +the more prominent descendants of Gilbert Johnston are: (1) James, who +became a Colonel on the staff of General Rutherford during the +Revolution and served in several engagements; (2) William, M.D., who +married a daughter of General Peter Forney, and died in 1855. This +William had five sons: (1) James, a Captain in the Confederate Army; +(2) Robert, a Brigadier-General; (3) William, a Colonel; (4) Joseph +Forney, born in 1843, Captain in the Confederate Army, Governor of +Alabama from 1896 to 1900, and United States Senator for Alabama in +1907; (5) Bartlett, an officer in the Confederate Navy. Samuel +Johnston, a nephew of Gilbert's, was the Naval Officer of North +Carolina in 1775, Treasurer during the Revolution, and Governor of +North Carolina from 1787 to 1789, President of the Convention that +finally adopted the State Constitution, and first Senator elected by +his state in the United States Congress in 1789. His son, James, was +the largest planter in the United States on his death in 1865. +Gilbert's brother Robert, was an attorney and civil engineer. His son, +Peter, served as Lieutenant in the legion which Colonel Henry Lee +recruited in Virginia, and after the war became Judge of the +South-Western Circuit in Virginia, and Speaker of the Virginia House +of Delegates. He married Mary Wood, a niece of Patrick Henry. Their +eighth son, Joseph Eccleston Johnston, born in 1807, graduated from +West Point in 1829, served in the Federal Army in all its campaigns, +up to the time of the Civil War. Although holding the rank of +Lieutenant-Colonel and Quarter-Master-General, he resigned and joined +the Confederate Army, and rendered brilliant service in its ranks. +Another eminent individual of this name was General Albert Sydney +Johnston, the son of a physician, John Johnston, the descendant of a +Scottish family long settled in Connecticut. Christopher Johnston +(1822-1891), a descendant of the Poldean branch of the Annandale +Johnstons, was professor of surgery in the University of Maryland. His +son, also named Christopher (d. 1914), graduated M.D., practised for +eight years, studied ancient and modern languages, and eventually +became Professor of Oriental History and Archaeology in Johns Hopkins +University. He was one of the most distinguished Oriental scholars +this country has produced. + +Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), one of the founders of the Republic, +served with distinction in the Revolutionary War, but it was as a +Statesman of the highest ability that he acquired his great fame. He +was one of the most prominent Members of the Continental Congress +(1782-83), of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and Secretary of +the Treasury (1789-95). He was born in the West Indies, the son of a +Scots father and a French mother. + +Thomas Leiper (1745-1825), born in Strathaven, Lanarkshire, emigrated +to Maryland in 1763, was one of the first to favor separation from the +mother country, and raised a fund for open resistance to the Crown. + +Robert Stuart (1785-1848), pioneer and fur-trader, born at Callander, +Perthshire, a grandson of Rob Roy's bitterest enemy. In 1810, in +company with his uncle, John Jacob Astor, and several others, he +founded the fur-trading colony of Astoria. His share in this +undertaking is fully described in Washington Irving's _Astoria_. In +1817 Stuart settled at Mackinac as agent of the American Fur Company, +and also served as Commissioner for the Indian tribes. General George +Bartram, of Scottish parentage, was one of the "Committee of +Correspondence" appointed to take action on the "Chesapeake Affair" in +1807, when war with Britain seemed imminent, and was active in +military affairs during the war of 1812. Allan Pinkerton (1819-84), +born in the Gorbals, Glasgow, organized the United States Secret +Service Division of the United States Army in 1861, discovered the +plot to assassinate President Lincoln on his way to his inauguration +in 1861, and also broke up the "Molly Maguires," etc. William Walker +(1824-60), the filibuster, was born in Tennessee of Scots parentage. + +Rev. George Keith, a native of Aberdeen, became Surveyor-General of +New Jersey in 1684. He founded the town of Freehold and marked out the +dividing line between East and West Jersey. In 1693 he issued the +first printed protest against human slavery, "An Exhortation & Caution +to Friends concerning Buying and Keeping of Negroes," New York, 1693. +James Alexander (1690-1756), a Scot, was disbarred for attempting the +defense of John Peter Zenger, the printer, in 1735. Along with +Benjamin Franklin he was one of the founders of the American +Philosophical Society. Andrew Hamilton (1676-1741), the most eminent +lawyer of his time, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and chief +Commissioner for building Independence Hall in Philadelphia, was born +in Scotland. For his championship of the freedom of the press and his +successful defense of Zenger he was hailed by Governor Morris as "the +day-star of the Revolution." His son James Hamilton, was the first +native-born Governor of Pennsylvania and Mayor of Philadelphia. James +Breghin or Brechin, Missionary, born in Scotland, took a prominent +part in the affairs of Virginia (1705-19) and was an active supporter +of Commissary Blair. Charles Anderson, another Missionary, probably a +graduate of Aberdeen, served in Virginia from 1700 to 1719, was also a +supporter of Blair. James Graham, first Recorder of the city of New +York (1683-1700) and Speaker of Assembly (1691-99) was born in +Scotland. Thomas Gordon (d. Perth Amboy, 1722), born in Pitlochrie, +was Attorney-General of the Eastern District (1698), Chief Secretary +and Registrar in 1702, later Speaker of Assembly, and in 1709 Chief +Justice and Receiver-General and Treasurer of the province. Alexander +Skene, who previously held office in Barbadoes, settled in North +Carolina about 1696. In 1717 he was Member of Council and Assistant to +the Judge of Admiralty to try a number of pirates. In 1719 he was +elected Member of the New House of Assembly and became leader of the +movement for the Proprietary Government. He was "looked upon as a man +that understood public affairs very well." Major Richard Stobo +(1727-c. 1770), a native of Glasgow, served in the Canadian campaign +against the French. It was he who guided the Fraser Highlanders up the +Heights of Abraham. Archibald Kennedy (c. 1687-1763), a relative of +the Earl of Cassilis, was Collector of Customs of the Port of New York +and Member of the Provincial Council. In his letters to headquarters +and in his reports he urged the importance of the American Colonies +to the mother country and advocated measures which, if carried out, +would undoubtedly have strengthened their loyalty and added to their +wealth and prosperity. Alexander Barclay, grandson of the Apologist of +the Quakers, was Comptroller of the Customs under the Crown in +Philadelphia from 1762 till his death in 1771. William Ronald, a +native of Scotland, was a delegate in the Virginia Convention of 1788. +His brother, General Andrew Ronald, was one of the Counsel +representing the British merchants in the so-called British Debts +Case. William Houston, son of Sir Patrick Houston, was a Delegate to +the Continental Congress (1784-87) and a Depute from Georgia to the +Convention for revising the Federal Constitution. His portrait, as +well as that of his brother's, was destroyed by fire during the Civil +War. Sir William Dunbar (c. 1740-1810), a pioneer of Louisiana, held +important trusts under the Federal government and was a correspondent +of Thomas Jefferson. Rev. Henry Patillo (1736-1801), born in Scotland, +advocated separation from the mother country on every possible +occasion, and was a Member of the Provincial Council in 1775. John +Dickinson (1732-1808), Member of the Continental Congress of 1765, of +the Federal Convention of 1787, and President of Pennsylvania +(1782-85), was also the founder of Dickinson College, Carlisle, +Pennsylvania. The Dickinsons came from Dundee in early colonial times. +John Ross, purchasing agent for the Continental Army, was born in +Tain, Ross-shire. He lost about one hundred thousand dollars by his +services to his adopted country, but managed to avoid financial +shipwreck. John Harvie, born at Gargunnock, died 1807, was Member of +the Continental Congress (1777), signer of the Articles of +Confederation the following year, and in 1788 was appointed Secretary +of the Commonwealth. John McDonnell (1779-1846), born in Scotland, was +in business in Detroit in 1812, and "thoroughly Americanized." He +opposed the British commander's orders after the surrender of Hull, +and redeemed many captives from the Indians. Became Member of State +Constitutional Convention (1835), State Senator (1835-37), and +Collector of the Port of Detroit (1839-41). John Johnstone Adair (b. +1807), graduate of Glasgow University, settled in Michigan, filled +several important positions and became State Treasurer, State Senator, +and Auditor General. Colonel James Burd (1726-93), born at Ormiston, +Midlothian, took part with General Forbes in the expedition to redeem +the failure of Braddock. General John Forbes (1710-59), born in +Pittencrieff, Fifeshire, was founder of Pittsburgh. He was noted for +his obstinacy and strength of character, and may have been the +prototype of the Scotsman of the prayer: "Grant, O Lord, that the +Scotchman may be right; for, if wrong, he is eternally wrong." +Captain William Bean was the first white man to bring his family to +Tennessee. His son, Russell Bean, was the first white child born in +the state. His descendant, Dr. James Bean, died in a snowstorm on Mont +Blanc while collecting specimens for the Smithsonian Institution. + +George Rogers Clark (1752-1818), to whose prowess is due the +possession of the territory Northwest of the Ohio, secured by the +peace of 1783, was of Scottish descent. David Crockett (1786-1836), +was most probably of the same origin, though vaguely said to be "son +of an Irishman." The name is distinctly Scottish (Dumfriesshire). +Samuel McDowell (1735-1817), took an active part in the movement +leading to the War of Independence and was President of the first +State Constitutional Convention of Kentucky (1792). Colonel James +Innes, born in Canisbay, Caithness, was appointed Commander-in-Chief +of all the forces in the expedition to the Ohio in 1754 by Governor +Dinwiddie. + +Isaac Magoon, a Scot, was the first settler of the town of Scotland +(c. 1700), and gave it the name of his native country. Dr. John +Stevenson, a Scot, pioneer merchant and developer of Baltimore, if not +indeed its actual founder, was known as the "American Romulus." George +Walker, a native of Clackmannanshire, pointed out the advantages of +the present site of the Capital of the United States, and George +Buchanan, another Scot, laid out Baltimore town in 1730. John Kinzie +(1763-1828), the founder of Chicago, was born in Canada of Scottish +parentage, the son of John MacKenzie. It is not known why he dropped +the "Mac." Samuel Wilkeson (1781-1848), the man who developed Buffalo +from a village to a city, was of Scottish descent. Alexander White +(1814-72), born in Elgin, Scotland, was one of the earliest settlers +of Chicago and did much to develop the city. Major Hugh McAlister, who +served in the Revolutionary War, later founded the town of +McAlisterville, Pennsylvania, was of Scots parentage. James Robertson +(1742-1814), founder of Nashville, Tennessee, was of Scottish origin. +His services are ranked next to Sevier's in the history of his adopted +state. Walter Scott Gordon (1848-86), founder of Sheffield, Alabama, +was the great-grandson of a Scot. The town of Paterson, in Putnam +county, New York, was settled by Matthew Paterson, a Scottish +stone-mason, in the middle of the eighteenth century, and was named +after him. Lairdsville, in New York state, was named from Samuel +Laird, son of a Scottish immigrant, in beginning of the eighteenth +century. Paris Gibson (b. 1830), grandson of a Scot, founded and +developed the town of Great Falls. + + + + +SCOTS AS COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS + + +Of the colonial Governors sent from Britain to the American Colonies +before the Revolution and of Provincial Governors from that time to +1789, a large number were of Scottish birth or descent. Among them may +be mentioned the following: + +NEW YORK. Robert Hunter, Governor (1710-19), previously Governor of +Virginia, was a descendant of the Hunters of Hunterston, Ayrshire. He +died Governor of Jamaica (1734). He was described as one of the ablest +of the men sent over from Britain to fill public positions. William +Burnet (1688-1729), Governor in 1720, was also Governor of +Massachusetts (1720-1729). He was the eldest son of Gilbert Burnet, +Bishop of Sarum. Smith, the historian of New York, calls him "a man of +sense and polite breeding, a well bred scholar." John Montgomerie, +Governor of New York and New Jersey (1728-31), was born in Scotland. +John Hamilton, Governor (1736). Cadwallader Golden (1688-1776), +Lieutenant-Governor (1761-1776), born in Duns, Berwickshire, was +distinguished as physician, botanist, mathematician, and did much to +develop the resources of the state. O'Callaghan in his "Documentary +History of the State of New York," says: "Posterity will not fail to +accord justice to the character and memory of a man to whom this +country is most deeply indebted for much of its science and for many +of its most important institutions, and of whom the State of New York +may well be proud." John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor +(1770-71), afterwards Governor of Virginia. James Robertson +(1710-1788), born in Fifeshire, was Governor in 1780. Andrew Elliot, +born in Scotland in 1728, was Lieutenant-Governor and administered the +royalist government from 1781 to November, 1783. + +NEW JERSEY. Robert Barclay of the Quaker family of Barclay of Ury was +appointed Governor of East New Jersey in 1682, but never visited his +territory. Lord Neil Campbell, son of the ninth Earl of Argyll, was +appointed Governor in 1687, but meddled little in the affairs of the +colony. Andrew Hamilton (c. 1627-1703), his deputy, born in Edinburgh, +on Lord Neil Campbell's departure, became Acting Governor. He was an +active, energetic officer, who rendered good service to the state, +and organized the first postal service in the colonies. John Hamilton, +son of Andrew, was Acting Governor for a time and died at Perth Amboy +in 1746. William Livingston (1723-90), the "Don Quixote of New +Jersey," grandson of Robert Livingston of Ancrum, Scotland, founder of +the Livingston family in America, so famous in the history of New York +State, was Governor from 1776 to 1790. William Paterson (1745-1806), +of Ulster Scot birth, studied at Princeton, admitted to the New Jersey +bar in November, 1767, Attorney-General in 1776, first Senator from +New Jersey to first Congress (1789), succeeded Livingston as Governor +(1790-92), and in 1793 became Justice of the Supreme Court. The city +of Paterson is named after him. + +PENNSYLVANIA. Andrew Hamilton, Governor (1701-03), was previously +Governor of East and West Jersey. Sir William Keith (1680-1751), born +in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Deputy Governor from 1717 to 1726. +Patrick Gordon (1644-1736), Governor (1726-28). James Logan +(1674-1751), born in County Armagh, son of Patrick Logan, of Scottish +parentage, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from +1731 to 1739, and President of the Council (1736-38). He bequeathed +his library of over two thousand volumes to Philadelphia, and they now +form the "Loganian Library" in the Philadelphia Public Library. James +Hamilton (c. 1710-1783), son of Andrew Hamilton, champion of the +liberty of the press, was elected Member of the Provincial Assembly +when but twenty years of age, and was re-elected five times. He was +Deputy Governor 1748-54 and 1759-63. Robert Hunter Morris, of the +famous New Jersey family of that name, Deputy Governor (1745-56). +Joseph Reed, of Ulster Scot descent, Governor (1778-81). John +Dickinson was President from 1782 to 1785. + +DELAWARE. Dr. John McKinly (1721-96), first Governor of the state +(1777), was of Ulster Scot birth. (All the above Governors of +Pennsylvania except Reed also held the governorship of Delaware along +with that of Pennsylvania.) + +VIRGINIA. Robert Hunter (1707). (_See above under New York._) +Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor (1710-22), a scion of the +Spotswood of that Ilk. He was one of the ablest and most popular +representatives of the crown authority in the Colonies and was the +principal encourager of the growth of tobacco which laid the +foundation of Virginia's wealth. Hugh Drysdale, Lieutenant-Governor +(1722-26), was strongly opposed to the introduction of slavery into +the colony. Commissary James Blair (1655-1743), President of Council +(1740-41), was born in Scotland. Robert Dinwiddie, born in Glasgow in +1693, was Governor from 1751 to 1758. He recommended the annexation +of the Ohio Valley and so secured that great territory to the United +States. To him is also due the credit of calling George Washington to +the service of his country. Dinwiddie county is named after him. John +Campbell, Earl of Loudon (1705-82), Governor (1756-58), does not +appear to have come to this colony. John Blair, Governor (1768), son +of Dr. Archibald Blair and nephew of Rev. James Blair, the Commissary. +Many of his descendants have distinguished themselves in the annals of +Virginia. John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor (1771-75), was +previously Governor of New York. Patrick Henry (1736-99), Governor +(1776-79, 1784-86), was born in Hanover County, Virginia, of Scottish +parentage, his father being a native of Aberdeen, his grandmother a +cousin of William Robertson the historian. He became a lawyer in 1760 +and in 1763 found his opportunity, when having been employed to plead +against an unpopular tax, his great eloquence seemed suddenly to +develop itself. This defence placed him at once in the front rank of +American orators, and in 1765 he entered the Virginia House of +Burgesses, immediately thereafter becoming leader in Virginia of the +political agitation which preceded the Declaration of Independence. On +the passage of the Stamp Act his voice was the first that rose in a +clear, bold call to resistance, and in May, 1773, he assisted in +procuring the passage of the resolution establishing a Committee of +Correspondence for intercourse with the other colonies. In the +Continental Congress which met in Philadelphia in 1774 he delivered a +fiery and eloquent speech worthy of so momentous a meeting. In 1776 he +carried the vote of the Virginia Convention for independence. He was +an able administrator, a wise and far-seeing legislator, but it is as +an orator that he will forever live in American history. William +Fleming (1729-95), surgeon, soldier, and statesman, Councillor and +Acting-Governor (1781), was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. + +NORTH CAROLINA. William Drummond, Governor of "Albemarle County +Colony" (i.e., North Carolina), was a native of Perthshire, a +strenuous upholder of the rights of the people, and ranks as one of +the earliest of American patriots. He took a prominent part in +"Bacon's Rebellion" in 1676, "an insurrection that was brought about +by the insolence and pig-headedness of Sir William Berkeley, then +Governor of Virginia," and was executed the same year. Gabriel +Johnston (1699-1752), Governor (1734-52), was born in Scotland, and +held the Professorship of Oriental Languages in St. Andrews University +before coming to the colonies. Johnston County is named after him. +Matthew Rowan was President of Council and Acting Governor in 1753. +Alexander Martin (1740-1807), was fourth and Acting Governor, 1782-84, +and from 1789 to 1792. Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), sixth Governor +(1788-89), four years Senator, and Justice of the Supreme Court from +1800-1803. Bancroft says the movement for freedom was assisted by "the +calm wisdom of Samuel Johnston, a native of Dundee, in Scotland, a man +revered for his integrity, thoroughly opposed to disorder and +revolution, if revolution could be avoided without yielding to +oppression." + +SOUTH CAROLINA. Richard Kirk, Governor (1684). James Glen, born in +Linlithgow in 1701, Governor (1743-56). Lord William Campbell, third +brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll, Governor (1775). John Rutledge +(1739-1800), brother of Edward Rutledge the Signer, was President of +South Carolina (1776-78) and first Governor (1779-82). He was later a +delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Associate Justice +of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), Chief Justice of South +Carolina (1791-95), and in 1795 appointed Chief Justice of the United +States Supreme Court. + +GEORGIA. William Erwin or Ewen, born in England in 1775. John Houston, +son of Sir Patrick Houston, one of the prime instigators and +organizers of the Sons of Liberty (1774), was Governor in 1774-76, +1778. His portrait was destroyed by fire during the Civil War. Houston +County was named in his honor. Edward Telfair, born in the Stewartry +of Kirkcudbright in 1735 and died at Savannah in 1807. When the +revolutionary troubles commenced he earnestly espoused the side of the +colonies, and became known locally as an ardent advocate of liberty. +He was regarded as the foremost citizen of his adopted state, and his +death was deeply mourned throughout the state. + +FLORIDA. George Johnstone, a member of the family of Johnstone of +Westerhall, was nominal Governor of Florida when that colony was ceded +by Spain to Great Britain in 1763. He was one of the Commissioners +appointed by the British government to try and restore peace in +America in 1778. + + + + +SCOTS AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE + + +Presbyterians in the Colonies, being dissenters, were untrammeled and +free to speak their mind in defence of their country's right, and +history shows that they did not fail their opportunity: the doctrine +of passive obedience never finding favor with them. In the Colonies +the Presbyterian ministers claimed equal rights, religious freedom, +and civil liberty. Their teaching had great influence, particularly in +the South, and Patrick Henry of Virginia, David Caldwell, Dr. Ephraim +Brevard, Rev. Alexander Craighead (d. 1766), and James Hall of North +Carolina, the two Rutledges and Tennant of South Carolina, William +Murdoch of Maryland, James Wilson and Thomas Craighead of +Pennsylvania, Witherspoon of New Jersey, Read and McKean of Delaware, +Livingston of New York, and Thornton of New Hampshire, with their +associates had prepared the people for the coming conflict. In +Maryland the lower house of the General Assembly was a fortress of +popular rights and of civil liberty. Its resolutions and messages, +beginning in 1733, and in an uninterrupted chain until 1755 +continually declared "that it is the peculiar right of his Majesty's +subjects not to be liable to any tax or other imposition but what is +laid on them by laws to which they themselves are a party." These +principles were reiterated and recorded upon the journals of every +Assembly until 1771. The resolutions, addresses, and messages of the +lower house during this period discuss with remarkable fullness and +accuracy the fundamental principles of free government, and most of +them emanated from William Murdoch, born in Scotland (c. 1720), who +was one of the leading spirits and the directing force of the +discussion. He led in the resistance to the Stamp Act and in other +ways he united his colony in solid resistance to the attempt to levy +taxes and imposts without their consent. In May, 1775, the General +Synod of the Presbyterian Church met in Philadelphia and issued its +famous "Pastoral Letter," which was sent broadcast throughout the +Colonies, urging the people to adhere to the resolutions of Congress, +and to make earnest prayer to God for guidance in all measures looking +to the defense of the country. This powerful letter was also sent to +the legislature in every colony. Adolphus in his "History of England +from the Accession of George III. to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783," +published in London in 1802, declared that the Synod and their +circular was the chief cause which led the Colonies to determine on +resistance. There is no question that from the Scots Presbyterians and +their descendants came many of the leaders in the struggle for +independence, as Bancroft has well pointed out in the following words: +"The first voice publicly raised in America to dissolve all connection +with Great Britain came not from the Puritans of New England, nor the +Dutch of New York, nor the planters of Virginia, but from the +Scotch-Irish Presbyterians." Joseph Galloway (1730-1803), the +Loyalist, than whom, says Ford, "there could be no better informed +witness," "held that the underlying cause of the American Revolution +was the activity and influence of the Presbyterian interest," and +further, that "it was the Presbyterians who supplied the Colonial +resistance a lining without which it would have collapsed." And Joseph +Reed of Philadelphia, himself an Episcopalian, said: "The part taken +by the Presbyterians in the contest with the mother country was +indeed, at the time, often made a ground of reproach, and the +connection between their efforts for the security of religious liberty +and opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament, was then +distinctly seen. A Presbyterian loyalist was a thing unheard of." +Parker, the historian, quotes a writer who says: "When the sages of +America came to settle the forms of our government, they did but copy +into every constitution the simple elements of representative +republicanism, as found in the Presbyterian system. It is a matter of +history that cannot be denied, that Presbyterianism as found in the +Bible and the standards of the several Presbyterian churches, gave +character to our free institutions." Ranke, the German historian, +declared that "Calvin was the founder of the American Government;" and +Gulian C. Verplanck of New York, in a public address, traced the +origin of our Declaration of Independence to the National Covenant of +Scotland. Chief Justice Tilghman (1756-1827) stated that the framers +of the Constitution of the United States were through the agency of +Dr. Witherspoon much indebted to the standards of the Presbyterian +Church of Scotland in molding that instrument. + + + + +SCOTS AS SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE + + +Of the fifty-six Signers of the Declaration of Independence, no less +than nine can be claimed as directly or indirectly of Scottish origin. +Edward Rutledge (1749-1800), the youngest Signer, was a son of Dr. +John Rutledge who emigrated from Ulster to South Carolina in 1735. The +Rutledges were a small Border clan in Roxburghshire. William Hooper +(1742-1790), was the son of a Scottish minister, who was born near +Kelso and died in Boston in 1767. Hooper early displayed marked +literary ability and entered Harvard University when fifteen years of +age. At twenty-six he was one of the leading lawyers of the colony of +North Carolina. George Ross (1730-79), was also of Scottish parentage. +His nephew's wife, Elizabeth (Griscom) Ross (1752-1832), better known +as "Betsy Ross," was maker of the first national flag. Matthew +Thornton (1714-1803), the distinguished New Hampshire statesman and +physician, was brought to this country from the north of Ireland by +his father when about three years of age. He accompanied the +expedition against Louisburg in 1745, was President of the Provincial +Convention in 1775 and Speaker in January, 1776. In September, 1776, +he was elected to Congress, and in November following signed the +Declaration of Independence, although he had not been one of the +framers. Thomas McKean (1734-1817), was a great-grandson of William +McKean of Argyllshire who moved to Ulster about the middle of the +seventeenth century. He was a member of Congress from Delaware +(1774-83), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania (1777-99), and Governor of +the state from 1799 to 1808. George Taylor (1716-81), described as the +son of a clergyman and "born in Ireland," was most probably an Ulster +Scot. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania from +1764 to 1770 and again in 1775. James Wilson (1742-1798), whose fame +was to become as wide and lasting as the nation, was born in St. +Andrews, the old university city of Fifeshire. He was a Delegate to +Congress from Pennsylvania in 1776, Member of the Constitutional +Convention of 1787, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme +Court from 1789 till his death. He strongly advocated independence as +the only possible means of escape from the evils which had brought +the various commonwealths into such a state of turmoil and +dissatisfaction. Philip Livingston (1716-1778), grandson of Robert +Livingston, the first of the American family of the name, was Member +of Congress from New York in 1776. "His life was distinguished for +inflexible rectitude and devotion to the interests of his country." + +Last but greatest of all to be mentioned is the Rev. John Witherspoon +(1722-94). Born in Yester, Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, minister +in Paisley, he was called in 1768 to be President of the College of +New Jersey, now Princeton University. He said he had "become an +American the moment he landed." He took an active part in the public +affairs of the colony of New Jersey, and in the convention which met +to frame a constitution he displayed great knowledge of legal +questions and urged the abolition of religious tests. In June, 1776, +he was elected to the Continental Congress, and in the course of the +debates he displayed little patience with those who urged half +measures. When John Dickinson of Pennsylvania said the country was not +ripe for independence, Witherspoon broke in upon the speaker +exclaiming, "Not ripe, Sir! In my judgment we are not only ripe, but +rotting. Almost every colony has dropped from its parent stem and your +own province needs no more sunshine to mature it." He further declared +that he would rather be hanged than desert his country's cause. One of +his sons was killed at the battle of Germantown. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE PRESIDENCY + + +Of the twenty-nine Presidents of the United States five (Monroe, +Grant, Hayes, Roosevelt, and Wilson) are of Scottish descent, and four +(omitting Jackson who has been also claimed as Scottish by some +writers) are of Ulster Scot descent, namely, Polk, Buchanan, Arthur, +and McKinley. Jackson may possibly have been of Ulster Scot descent as +his father belonged to Carrickfergus while his, mother's maiden name, +Elizabeth Hutchins, or Hutchinson, is Scottish. She came of a family +of linen weavers. Benjamin Harrison might also have been included as +he had some Scottish (Gordon) blood. His wife, Caroline Scott +Harrison, was of Scottish descent. + +James Monroe, fifth President, was descended from Andrew Monroe, who +emigrated from Scotland in the middle of the seventeenth century. +President Grant was a descendant of Matthew Grant, who came from +Scotland to Dorchester, Mass., in 1630. George Hayes, ancestor of +Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President, was a Scot who settled in +Windsor prior to 1680. Theodore Roosevelt was Dutch on his father's +side and Scottish on his mother's. His mother was descended from James +Bulloch, born in Scotland about 1701, who emigrated to Charleston, c. +1728, and founded a family which became prominent in the annals of +Georgia. Woodrow Wilson's paternal grandfather, James Wilson, came +from county Down in 1807. His mother, Janet (or Jessie) Woodrow, was a +daughter of Rev. Thomas Woodrow, a native of Paisley, Scotland. James +Knox Polk, eleventh President, was a great-great-grandson of Robert +Polk or Pollok, who came from Ayrshire through Ulster. Many kinsmen of +President Polk have distinguished themselves in the annals of this +country. James Buchanan, fifteenth President, was of Ulster Scot +parentage. Chester Alan Arthur, twenty-first President, was the son of +a Belfast minister of Scottish descent. William McKinley, twenty-fifth +President, was descended from David McKinley, an Ulster Scot, born +about 1730, and his wife, Rachel Stewart. The surname McKinley in +Ireland occurs only in Ulster Scot territory. + + + + +SCOTS AS VICE-PRESIDENTS + + +Of the Vice-Presidents of the United States six at least were of +Scottish or Ulster Scot descent. + +John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850), of Scottish descent on both sides. +Previous to becoming Vice-President he was Secretary of War in +Monroe's cabinet, and later was Secretary of State in the cabinet of +President Tyler. He was one of the chief instruments in securing the +annexation of Texas. George Mifflin Dallas (1792-1864), son of +Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, was Minister to +Russia in 1837-39, and subsequent to his Vice-Presidency was Minister +to Great Britain (1856-61). John Cabell Breckenridge (1821-75), of +direct Scottish descent, was Vice-President from 1857-61, candidate +for President in 1860, Major-General in the Confederate Army +(1862-64), and Confederate Secretary of War (1864-65). Henry Wilson +(1812-75), of Ulster Scot descent, had a distinguished career as +United States Senator before his election to the Vice-Presidency +(1873-75). His original name was Jeremiah Jones Colbraith (i.e., +Galbraith). He was also a distinguished author, his most important +work being the "History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in +America" (1872-75). Thomas Andrews Hendricks (1819-85), who held the +Vice-Presidency only for a few months (March to November, 1885), was +of Scottish descent on his mother's side. Adlai Ewing Stevenson +(1835-1914) was Member of Congress from Illinois (1875-77), and First +Assistant Postmaster-General (1885-89), previous to becoming +Vice-President (1893-97). + + + + +SCOTS AS CABINET OFFICERS + + +WAR. William Harris Crawford (1772-1834), descended from David +Crawford, who came from Scotland to Virginia, c. 1654. Secretary of +War (1615-16), Secretary of the Treasury (1816-25), and save for an +unfortunate attack of paralysis, would have been President in 1824. He +was also United States Senator from Georgia (1807-13) and Minister to +France (1813-15). John Bell (1797-1869), Secretary (1841), Senator +(1847-59), and candidate of the Constitutional Union Party for +President in 1860, was probably of Scottish descent. George Washington +Crawford, Secretary of War, was also Governor of Georgia. Simon +Cameron (1799-1889), of Scottish parentage or descent, Senator +(1845-49), Secretary of War in cabinet of Lincoln (1861-62), United +States Minister to Russia (1862-63), and again Senator (1866-77). +James Donald Cameron (1833-1918), son of the preceding, was Secretary +under Grant for a year and United States Senator from 1877 to 1897. +Daniel Scott Lamont (1851-1905), journalist and Secretary under +Cleveland, was of Ulster Scot origin. + +TREASURY. George Washington Campbell (1768-1848), Secretary (1814), +was also Minister to Russia (1810-20). Alexander James Dallas +(1759-1817), Secretary (1814-16), was the son of a Scottish physician, +Dr. Robert C. Dallas. During 1815-16 he also discharged the functions +of Secretary of War. Had a distinguished career as a statesman. Louis +McLane (1776-1857), son of Allen McLane, a Revolutionary soldier and +Speaker of the Legislature of Delaware, had a distinguished career as +Senator from Delaware (1827-29), Minister to Great Britain (1829-31), +Secretary of the Treasury (1831-33), and Secretary of State (1833-34). +His son, Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), had a distinguished career +as a diplomat. James Guthrie (1792-1869), Secretary in the cabinet of +President Pierce (1853-57). Thomas Ewing (1789-1871), was United +States Senator from Ohio (1831-37), Secretary of the Treasury (1841), +Secretary of the Interior (1849-50). He traced his descent from +Findlay Ewing, a native of Loch Lomond, who distinguished himself in +the Revolution of 1688 under William of Orange. Hugh McCulloch +(1808-95), descended from Hugh McCulloch, Bailie of Dornoch, +Sutherlandshire, was Comptroller of the Currency (1863-65), Secretary +of the Treasury (1865-69, 1884-85). He funded the National Debt +during his first term as Secretary. Charles Foster (1825-1904), +Governor of Ohio (1880-84), was Secretary of the Treasury from 1891 to +1893. Franklin MacVeagh (b. 1837), of Scottish ancestry, also held the +office under President Taft. + +INTERIOR. Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart (b. 1807), Secretary in +President Fillmore's cabinet, was son of Archibald Stuart, a Scot who +fought in Revolutionary War. Thomas Ewing is already referred to +(under Treasury). Samuel Jordan Kirkwood, Secretary of the Interior +under Garfield, was also three times Governor of Iowa. + +NAVY. Benjamin Stoddert (1751-1813), Secretary (1798-1801), was +grandson of a Scot. William Alexander Graham (1804-75), Secretary +(1850), was also Governor of North Carolina. He projected the +expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. James Cochrane Dobbin +(1814-57). Paul Morton (1857-1911), Secretary (1904-05), was said to +be descended from Richard Morton, a blacksmith and ironmaster of +Scottish birth, who came to America about the middle of the eighteenth +century. + +STATE. James Gillespie Blaine (1830-93), Secretary (1881, 1889-92) and +unsuccessful candidate for President in 1884. John Hay (1838-1905), +one of the ablest Secretaries of State (1898-1905) this country ever +had, was also of Scottish descent. He also held several diplomatic +posts in Europe (1865-70), culminating in Ambassador to Great Britain +(1897-98). + +AGRICULTURE. James Wilson (1835-1920), Secretary (1897-1913) under +McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft, was born in Ayrshire, Scotland. He was +Regent of Iowa State University, and in 1891 was elected to the chair +of Practical Agriculture in the College of Agriculture and Director of +the State Experiment Stations. He was wonderfully successful in the +expansion and administration of the "most useful public department in +the world." + +LABOR. William Bauchop Wilson, born in Blantyre, near Glasgow, +Scotland, in 1862, Secretary-Treasurer of the United Mine Workers of +America (1900-09); Member of Congress (1907-13), and Chairman of the +Committee on Labor in the sixty-second Congress, Secretary of Labor +(1913). + +POSTMASTER-GENERAL. The first postal service in the Colonies was +organized by Andrew Hamilton, a native of Edinburgh, who obtained a +patent for a postal scheme from the British Crown in 1694. A memorial +stone on the southwest corner of the New York Post Office at +Thirty-third Street commemorates the fact. John Maclean (1785-1861), +Postmaster-General from 1823 to 1829, was later Associate Justice of +the United States Supreme Court of Ohio, and unsuccessful candidate +for the Republican nomination for President in 1856 and again in 1860. +He took part in the famous Dred Scott case, in which he dissented from +Taney, maintaining that slavery had its origin merely in power and was +against right. James Campbell (1812-93), of Ulster Scot parentage, +Postmaster-General in the cabinet of President Pierce, made a record +by reducing the rate of postage and introducing the registry system. +Montgomery Blair (1813-83) was Postmaster-General in the cabinet of +President Lincoln. Adlai Ewing Stevenson, Assistant +Postmaster-General, later became Vice-President. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE SENATE + + +John Ewing Colhoun (1749-1802), Member of State Legislature of South +Carolina and Senator from the same state (1801), was of the same +family as John C. Calhoun. George Logan (1753-1821), a man of high +scientific attainments, grandson of James Logan, Quaker Governor of +Pennsylvania, went to France in 1798 with the design of averting war +with that country, Senator from Pennsylvania (1801-07). John +Rutherfurd (1760-1840) was grandson of Sir John Rutherfurd of +Edgerston, Scotland. James Brown (1766-1835), Senator and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to France, was of Scottish descent. Jacob +Burnet (1770-1853), Jurist and Senator, was the grandson of a Scot. +His father, William Burnet (1730-91), was a skilful physician and +Member of Congress. John Leeds Kerr (1780-1844), lawyer and Senator, +was the son of James Kerr of Monreith. Alexander Campbell (1779-1857), +Senator, was of Argyllshire descent. Walter Lowrie (1784-1868), +Senator (1819-35) and thereafter Secretary of the Senate for twelve +years, was born in Edinburgh. His four sons all became prominent in +law and theology. Simon Cameron (1799-1889), grandson of a Cameron who +fought at Culloden. His ancestor emigrated to America soon after the +'45 and fought tinder Wolfe against the French at Quebec. Simon +Cameron was also for a time Secretary of War in Lincoln's Cabinet and +Minister to Russia. He named his residence at Harrisburg "Lochiel." +His brother James was Colonel of the New York Volunteers, the 79th +Highlanders, in the Civil War. James Donald Cameron (b. 1833), son of +Simon Cameron, was President of the Northern Central Railroad of +Pennsylvania (1863-74), Secretary of War Under General Grant, and +Senator from Pennsylvania. Charles E. Stuart (1810-87), Lawyer and +Senator, was a descendant of Daniel Stuart who came to America before +1680. Stephen Arnold Douglas (1813-61), Senator and unsuccessful +candidate of the Democratic party for the Presidency in 1860, was of +Scottish origin. Joseph Ewing MacDonald (1819-91), who held a foremost +place among constitutional lawyers and was Democratic candidate for +Governor of Indiana in 1864, was of Scottish ancestry. Francis +Montgomery Blair (1821-75), a descendant of Commissary Blair of +Virginia, was Senator from Missouri (1871-73), and Democratic +candidate for Vice-President in 1868. James Burnie Beck (1822-90), +born in Dumfriesshire, was Member of Congress (1867-75) and Senator +from 1876 to 1890. He served on many important committees. Joseph +McIlvaine (1765-1826), United States Senator from 1823 to 1826, was +grandson of a Scot. His father fought on the Colonial side in the +Revolution. Randall Lee Gibson (1822-92), of Scottish ancestry, +Major-General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, was United +States Senator from Louisiana from 1883 till his death. His +grandfather, Randall Gibson, was one of the founders of Jefferson +College, Mississippi. John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), +Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army, thirty-fifth Governor of +Georgia and United States Senator, was grandson of a Scot. Marcus +Alonzo Hanna (1837-1904) was also partly Scottish descent. Calvin +Stewart Brice (1845-1898), Chairman of the Democratic Campaign +Committee (1888) and Senator from Ohio (1891-97), claimed descent from +Bruce of Kinnaird. Daniel Hugh McMillan (b. 1846), was much identified +with the welfare of Buffalo. His grandfather was "John the Upright," +arbiter of the Hollanders of the Mohawk Valley during the latter part +of the eighteenth century. Alexander McDonald (d. 1903), Senator from +Arkansas (1868-71), was the son of John McDonald who came to the +United States in 1827, and was one of the first to discover and +develop bituminous coal mines on the west branch of the Susquehanna +River in Pennsylvania. John Lendrum Mitchell (1842-1904), grandson of +John Mitchell, farmer of Aberdeenshire, was State Senator of +Wisconsin, Member of Congress from Wisconsin (1891-93), and Senator +from the same state (1893-99), was also noted as a capitalist. Samuel +James Renwick MacMillan (d. 1897), Chairman of the Committee of +Commerce, was of Covenanting descent. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES + + +Only a very few names of Members of Congress of Scottish birth of +descent can be dealt with here. Some additional names will be found in +other sections of this work. William Houston (b. about 1755), son of +Sir Patrick Houston, was a Member of the Continental Congress. John +Morin Scott (1730-84), grandson of the second son of Sir John Scott of +Ancrum was Brigadier-General of New York State troops at the Battle of +Long Island and Member of Congress from 1779 to 1783. William Burnet +(1730-91), of Scottish parentage, physician and Member of Congress. +Among his sons the following are worthy of notice: Dr. William Burnet +of New Jersey, Major Ichabod Burnet of Georgia, Jacob Burnet, pioneer +of Ohio, and David G. Burnet, Provisional President of the Republic of +Texas. William Crawford (1760-1823), Member of Congress from 1809 to +1817, was born in Paisley. William Fitzhugh Gordon (1787-1858), Member +from Virginia (1829-35), of Scottish descent, is said to have been the +originator of the Sub-Treasury system. The town of Gordonsville, +Virginia, was named after him or after his family. Leonidas Felix +Livingston (b. 1832), grandson of Adam Livingston from Scotland, who +served in the Revolutionary War, was a Member of the Georgia +Legislature and Member of Congress. John Louis Macdonald (b. 1838), +newspaper editor, State Senator, etc., was born in Glasgow. James +Buchanan (b. 1839) of Scottish descent, was Member from New Jersey to +49th, 50th, 51st and 52nd Congress. David Bremner Henderson +(1840-1906), born at Old Deer, Aberdeenshire, served in the Civil War +and lost a leg at Corinth, was Member from Iowa (1880-99), and Speaker +of the House of Representatives (1899-1906). William Grant Laidlaw, +born near Jedburgh, Scotland, in 1840, served in the Civil War and was +Member of Congress from 1887 to 1891. John Edgar Reyburn (b. 1845), +Member State Senate of Pennsylvania, Member of Congress 1890-1907; and +James Fleming Stewart (1851-1904), were both of Scottish descent. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE JUDICIARY + + +As with the medical and theological professions the legal has shared +the dominating influence of Scotland, and indeed it is perhaps not too +much to say that much of the distinctive character of American +jurisprudence is due to the influence of men of Scottish blood at the +bench and bar. The second Chief Justice of the United States Supreme +Court (John Rutledge) and two of the four original Associate Justices, +Blair and Wilson, were of Scottish origin. The mother of John +Marshall, the great Chief Justice, was of Scottish origin (Keith). Of +fifty judges of the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1882, at +least fifteen were of Scottish birth or descent. We have space here to +deal with only a selection of the most prominent names. + +Andrew Kirkpatrick (1756-1831), Chief Justice of New Jersey for +twenty-one years, whose "decisions especially those on realty matters, +show a depth of research, a power of discrimination, and a justness of +reasoning which entitle him to rank among the first American jurists," +was of Scottish parentage, descended from the Kirkpatricks of +Dumfriesshire. His son, also named Andrew, was President Judge of the +Court of Common Pleas of Essex County (1885-96) and United States +District Judge (1896-1904). George Robertson (1790-1874), Chief +Justice of Kentucky (1829-43), "whose name stands first in the list of +great men who have occupied and adorned the Appellate bench of +Kentucky," and who declined the offer of the governorship of Arkansas, +was of Scottish ancestry. Robert Cooper Grier (1794-1870), Associate +Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut (1846-70) was of same +origin. Eugenius Aristides Nisbet (1803-71), descended from Murdoch +Nisbet, a Lollard of Kyle, after a brilliant career in the state +legislature became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. +Thomas Todd (1765-1826), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court +(1807-26). The first Chief Justice of Delaware, William Killen +(1722-1805), was born in the north of Ireland of Scottish parentage. +John J. Milligan (1795-1875), grandson of a Scottish emigrant from +Ayrshire, was Associate Justice of Delaware, and refused, on account +of ill health, the portfolio of Secretary of the Interior in the +cabinet of President Fillimore. Ellis Lewis (1798-1871), Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1855-57) was of Scottish +descent. Alexander Addison (1759-1807), born in Scotland, became +President Judge of the fifth judicial district of Pennsylvania under +the constitution of 1770. Robert Hunter Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of +Pennsylvania, was Chief Justice of New Jersey for twenty-one years. +John McLean (1785-1861), Associate Justice, is noticed under Scots in +the Presidential Cabinet; and William Paterson, Associate Justice +(1793-1806), is mentioned under Colonial Governors. Samuel Nelson +(1792-1873), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, was of Ulster +Scot descent. "His decisions have stood the test of time and the +searching analysis of the most able lawyers." Thomas Douglas +(1790-1853), first Chief Justice of Florida, was of Scots ancestry. +William Wallace Campbell (1806-81), great-grandson of an Ulster Scot, +was distinguished as a jurist and as a historian of New York State. He +was author of _Annals of Tryon County_ (1831), _Border Warfare of New +York_ (1849), _Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton_ (1849), etc. +During a visit to Scotland in 1848 he was elected an honorary member +of the Clan Campbell at a great gathering at Inveraray. Thomas +Drummond (1809-90), grandson of a Scot from Falkirk, was Justice of +the Illinois Supreme Court. John Archibald Campbell (1811-89), +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1853-61), was Assistant +Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet, and in 1865 took part in +the "Hampton Roads Conference." John Wallace Houston (1841-95), +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Delaware, was of Scots +descent. His ancestors first settled in New York city, and Houston +Street is named after one of them. Other Associate Justices of +Delaware of Scottish descent are Charles Mason Cullen (1829-1903), and +George Gray (b. 1840), Attorney-General (1879-85), United States +Senator, Member of the Russo-Japanese Peace Commission of 1898, and +Member of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission of 1902. James +Gilfillan (1829-94), born at Bannockburn, Stirlingshire, "a profound +scholar, and as a jurist was distinguished for his ability, firmness, +and absolute impartiality." William Joseph Robertson (1817-98), born +in Virginia of Scottish parents, was Judge of the Supreme Court of +Virginia and Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals (1859). Thomas +Sloan Bell (1800-61), of Scottish parentage, became President Judge of +the Judicial District of the counties of Wayne, Pike, Carbon, and +Monroe, in Pennsylvania, in 1855, and held many other important +positions. Samuel Dana Bell, son of Samuel Bell, Governor of New +Hampshire, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire +(1859-64). Matthew Hall McAllister (1800-65), for several years Mayor +of Savannah, Georgia, afterwards United States Circuit Judge of +California, LL.D. of Columbia University, was of Scottish ancestry. +Thomas Ewing (1829-96), son of Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the +Treasury, at the age of twenty-nine was elected first Chief Justice of +the Supreme Court of Ohio. During the Civil War he took a conspicuous +part and rose to the rank of General. William Harper (1790-1847), born +in Antigua, Leeward Islands, of Scottish parents, was Chancellor of +the University of South Carolina (1828-30, 1835-47) and Judge of the +Court of Appeals of South Carolina (1830-35). John Bannister Gibson +(1780-1853), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, was of Ulster Scot +descent. Harry Innes (1752-1816), of Scottish parentage, was one of +the Commissioners appointed to draft a constitution for Kentucky, +being chosen by Washington because of his integrity. He was also +appointed first Chief Justice of Kentucky but declined the office. +John Buchanan (1772-1844), of Scottish ancestry, was Chief Justice of +Maryland, and Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals for thirty-seven +years. His brother, Thomas, was associated with him on the bench. +David Torrance (1840-1906), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of +Connecticut, was born in Edinburgh. + + + + +SCOTS AS AMBASSADORS + + +Some of those who have represented this country at foreign courts +previously held office in the Cabinet or were Members of the Senate +are noted under these headings: + +John Graham (1774-1820), Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil (1819), +was brother of George Graham, Acting Secretary of War in the cabinets +of Madison and Monroe. Charles Johnston McCurdy (b. 1797), of Ulster +Scot descent, was Minister to Austria (1851-52) and Justice of the +Supreme Court. Miller Grieve (1801-78), born in Edinburgh, +Representative in the Georgia Legislature, Chairman of Board of +Trustees of Oglethorpe University, was Chargé d'Affaires at +Copenhagen. William Hunter (1774-1849), of Scottish parentage, a +scholar and linguist, United States Senator from Rhode Island +(1812-20), was Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil in 1834. William +Bradford Reed (1806-76) was Envoy-Extraordinary and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to China. Lewis Davis Campbell (1811-82), +Chairman Ways and Means Committee in the thirty-fourth Congress, was +United States Minister to Mexico. Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), +son of Allen McLane, was United States Minister to China (1853-55), +Mexico (1859-60), and France (1885-88). John M. Forbes (d. 1831), +descendant of the Scottish family of Forbes, was Secretary of Legation +to Buenos Ayres (1823) and Chargé d'Affaires (1825-31). James Hepburn +Campbell (1820-95) Member of Congress and Minister to Sweden and +Norway (1864-67). John Adam Kasson (1822-1910), descendant of Adam +Kasson (1721) from Argyllshire, had a distinguished career, the list +of honors held by him is long. Whitelaw Reid (1837-1912), one of the +half dozen most distinguished representatives of this country abroad +was of Scottish descent on both sides. Wayne MacVeagh (b. 1833), of +Scottish origin, was United States Minister to Turkey (1870-71), +Ambassador to Italy (1893-97), and was also Attorney-General under +President Garfield. Thomas Barker Ferguson (b. 1841), diplomat and +inventor, was great-grandson of James Ferguson who emigrated from +Scotland at end of seventeenth century. He was Commissioner of Fish +and Fisheries (1878-87), Envoy-Extraordinary and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway (1893-97), etc. His +grandfather was a Member of the South Carolina Provincial Legislature +and Member of the Council of Safety. Whiteside Godfrey Hunter, born in +Londonderry in 1841, of Scottish ancestry, was a Member of Congress +and Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Guatemala and +Honduras. Richard Renshaw Neill (b. 1845), was Secretary of United +States Legation at Lima, Peru, and has been Chargé d'Affaires there +eight different times. Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (b. 1850), of Ulster +Scot origin, was Minister Resident and Consul General in Corea +(1887-90) and later Member of Congress (1892-1906). John Wallace +Riddle (b. 1864), held several diplomatic posts culminating in +becoming Ambassador to Russia (1906-09). Thomas Cleland Dawson (b. +1865), son of a native of Clackmannan, was Secretary of the American +Legation to Brazil (1897-1904), Minister Resident and Consul General +to Santo Domingo (1904), and author of "South American Republics," a +standard work (2 v. 1903-4). George Brinton McClellan Harvey the +present Ambassador to Great Britain is descended from Stuart Harvey +who came from Scotland in 1820. + + + + +SCOTS AS STATE GOVERNORS + + +MAINE. Robert Pinckney Dunlap (1794-1859), eighth governor, and Hugh +Johnston Anderson (1801-81), fourteenth Governor (1844-47), were of +Ulster Scot descent. Abner Coburn (1803-85), twenty-fourth Governor, +was also most probably of Scottish or Ulster Scot descent. + +NEW HAMPSHIRE. Jeremiah Smith, fourth Governor (1809-10), was of +Ulster Scot parentage. His son, of the same name, was an Associate +Justice of the Supreme Court of the state. Samuel Bell (1770-1850), a +descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718, was three times +elected Governor (1819-23) with little or no opposition. John Bell +(1765-1836), his brother, was thirteenth Governor (1828-29). Joseph +Merrill Harper (1789-1865), who served as acting Governor in 1831, was +of Ulster Scot descent. Samuel Dinsmoor (1766-1835), sixteenth +Governor (1831-33), a distinguished factor in the history of his +state, was of Ulster Scot descent on both sides. His eldest son +(1799-1869), also named Samuel, served as twenty-fourth Governor +(1849-52). Noah Martin (1801-63), of Ulster Scot descent on both +sides, was the twenty-fifth Governor. Charles Henry Bell (1823-93), +son of Governor John Bell, was forty-first Governor of the state. John +Butler Smith, forty-seventh Governor (1893-95), was a descendant of +one of the settlers of 1718. John McLane (1852-1911) fifty-seventh +Governor (1905-06), was born in Lennoxtown, Scotland. He was host at +the Russian-Japanese Conference at Portsmouth. + +VERMONT. Charles James Bell, fiftieth Governor (1905), was descended +from one of the Londonderry, N.H., settlers of 1718. John Wolcott +Stewart, thirty-third Governor (1870-72), was descended from Robert +Stewart who went from Edinburgh to Londonderry, Ireland, and whose son +was one of those who emigrated from there to Londonderry, N.H., in +1718. His grandfather fought in the Revolutionary War. + +MASSACHUSETTS. William Claflin (1818-1905), twenty-third Governor, was +a descendant of one of the Scots prisoners taken at the battle of +Dunbar in 1650. + +RHODE ISLAND. General Ambrose E. Burnside (1824-81), Governor +(1867-69). William Gregory (1849-1901), forty-second Governor +(1900-01), was of direct Scottish descent. + +CONNECTICUT. George Payne McLean, forty-first Governor (1901-03), was +of Scottish descent. + +DELAWARE. Charles Polk (1788-1857), thirteenth Governor (1827-30), and +President of the Constitutional Convention of his state in 1831, was +of Ulster Scot descent. John P. Cochran (1809-98), twenty-sixth +Governor (1875-79), was of the same origin. + +PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas McKean, Governor (1799-1808), is already noticed +under Signers of the Declaration of Independence. William Findlay +(1768-1846), fourth Governor (1817-20), of Ulster Scot descent, was +also United States Senator and Treasurer of the Mint at Philadelphia. +William Freame Johnston (1802-72), Governor from 1848 to 1852, was of +Scottish parentage. He did much to develop the oil region of +Pennsylvania, and was also President of the Allegheny Valley Railroad. +James Pollock (1810-90), Governor (1855-58). It was through his +efforts that "In God we trust" was placed on the coinage. John White +Geary (1819-73), Governor from 1867 to 1873, was of Ulster Scot +descent. + +MARYLAND. John Francis Mercer (1759-1821), eleventh Governor +(1801-03), was a descendant of the Mercers of Aldie, Perthshire. +Robert Bowie (1749-1818), twelfth and fifteenth Governor (1803-06, +1811-12), and Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), forty-second Governor +(1884-85), were of direct Scottish descent. Frank Brown, forty-fifth +Governor (1892-96), was descended from Abel Brown who emigrated from +Dumfries, c. 1730. + +VIRGINIA. James Barbour (1776-1842) was eleventh Governor (1812-14). +Barbour County, Florida, was named in his honor. David Campbell +(1779-1859), twenty-first Governor (1837-40), was of Scottish descent +on both sides. Thomas Walker Gilmer (1802-44), twenty-second Governor +(1840-41) was a descendant of the Scottish physician, Dr. George +Gilmer. John Mercer Patton (1797-1858), Lieutenant-Governor and acting +Governor (1841), was son of Robert Patton who emigrated from Scotland. +His mother was a daughter of Gen. Hugh Mercer. John Rutherford +(1792-1865), twenty-third Governor (1841-42), was most probably of +Scottish descent. William Ewan Cameron, thirty-sixth Governor +(1882-86) descended from the Rev. John Cameron, a graduate of Aberdeen +University, who came to America, c. 1770. Henry Carter Stuart (b. +1855), Governor (1914-18), descended from Archibald Stuart who fled +from Scotland for political reasons and settled in Virginia in 1726. + +WEST VIRGINIA. William Erskine Stevenson (1820-1883), second Governor +(1869-71) was born of Ulster Scot parentage. William Alexander Mac +Corkle (b. 1857), eighth Governor (1893-97) is of Scottish descent. +His grandfathers, Captain John MacCorkle and Captain John McNutt, fell +at the battle of Cowpens, 1781. + +NORTH CAROLINA. Nathaniel Alexander (1756-1808), thirteenth Governor +(1805-07), was of Scottish descent. William Alexander Graham +(1804-75), thirtieth Governor (1845-49), was son of Gen. Joseph +Graham, a Revolutionary officer. He was also Secretary of the Navy in +1850, and projected the expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. Tod +R. Caldwell (1818-74), fortieth Governor (1871-74), and David Lindsay +Russell, forty-eighth Governor (1897-1901), were both of direct +Scottish descent. + +SOUTH CAROLINA. General William Moultrie, son of Dr. Moultrie, was +Governor in 1785-87 and 1794-96. Edward Rutledge, tenth Governor +(1798-1800), is already noticed under the Signers of the Declaration +of Independence. "No measure of importance was adopted by the +legislature without his taking part in it, while many originated with +himself." Andrew Pickens, (1779-1838), nineteenth Governor (1816-18), +was a son of Andrew Pickens, the noted Revolutionary general. John +Geddes (1777-1828), twentieth Governor (1818-20), was of Scottish +descent. Stephen Decatur Miller (1787-1838), twenty-fifth Governor +(1828-30), also served as United States Senator. George McDuffie +(1790-1851), twenty-eighth Governor, the greatest orator and statesman +of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage on both sides. McDuffie County +in Georgia is so named in his honor. Patrick Noble (1787-1840), +thirtieth Governor (1838-40), was grandson of an Ulster Scot +immigrant. Robert Kingston Scott (1826-1900), forty-fifth Governor +(1868-72), was the grandson or great-grandson of a refugee from +Culloden. + +GEORGIA. David Brodie Mitchell (1766-1837), ninth Governor (1809-11, +1815-17), was born in Scotland. He was described as "a conscientious, +cultured, and conservative man, of great energy, public spirit, and +animated by the purest patriotism." George McIntosh Troup (1780-1856), +the "Hercules of State Rights," fourteenth Governor (1823-27), was of +Scottish descent on both sides. He was one of Georgia's most +illustrious Chief Magistrates. A county in the state is named after +him. John Forsyth (1780-1841), fifteenth Governor (1827-29), was also +United States Secretary of State. George Rockingham Gilmer +(1790-1859), sixteenth Governor (1829-31, 1837-39), was the grandson +of a Scottish physician, Dr. George Gilmer. He was also Member of +Congress. He also wrote a work, "Georgians," 1855, containing much +valuable matter relating to the early settlers of his state. Charles +James McDonald (1793-1860), nineteenth Governor (1839-43), and George +Washington Crawford (1798-1872), twentieth Governor (1843-47), were +both of Scottish descent. James Johnson, twenty-fifth Governor (1861), +was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. He rendered great service to his +state in its reconstruction after the war. Alexander Hamilton Stephens +(1812-83), grandson of an adherent of Prince Charles Edward, was +Vice-President of the Confederacy (1861-65), chief Confederate +Commissioner in the Hampton Roads Conference in February, 1865, Member +of Congress from Georgia (1873-82), Governor of the state (1883), and +author of "The War Between the States" (1868-70) and of a "History of +the United States" (1883). John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), thirty-fifth +Governor (1886-90), was the great-grandson of one of seven brothers +who emigrated from Scotland, all of whom served in the Revolutionary +Army. As Governor his administration was faultless, and the New York +Sun declared his inauguration "worthy of Thomas Jefferson." + +FLORIDA. Francis Philip Fleming (b. 1841), fourteenth Governor +(1889-93), was of Scottish descent. Alexander Walker Gilchrist, +nineteenth Governor (1909), a descendant of Nimrod Gilchrist, who came +from Glasgow in 1750. + +ALABAMA. Israel Pickens (1780-1827), third Governor (1821-25), +Democratic Member of Congress from North Carolina (1811-17), United +States Senator (1826), was of Scottish descent. Reuben Chapman +(1802-82), eleventh Governor (1847-49), was also of Scottish ancestry. +Robert Miller Patton (1809-85), seventeenth Governor (1865-68), was +Ulster Scot on his father's side and Scottish on his mother's. Robert +Burns Lindsay, born in Dumfriesshire in 1824, a linguist and a +scholar, educated at the University of St. Andrews, was nineteenth +Governor (1870-72). George Smith Houston (1811-79), twenty-first +Governor, and Joseph Forney Johnston (b. 1843), twenty-seventh +Governor (1896-1900), were both of Scottish descent. + +TENNESSEE. Joseph McMinn (d. 1824), fifth Governor (1815-21), was most +probably of Scottish descent. Samuel Houston, seventh Governor +(1827-28), is noticed under Texas. Neil S. Brown, fourteenth Governor +(1847-49), was grandson of Angus Brown, a Scot who fought in the +Revolutionary War under Gen. Francis Marion. William Bowen Campbell +(1807-67), sixteenth Governor (1851-53), was also of Scottish descent. +Benton McMillin (b. 1845), Governor (1899-1903), Envoy-Extraordinary +and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Peru in 1913, of Ulster Scot descent. + +KENTUCKY. John Adair (1797-1840), eighth Governor (1820-24), was of +Scottish parentage. "His term was marked by great legislative +activity for the promotion of education in the state, and by the +abolition of imprisonment for debt." The state library was founded +under his auspices. Adair county was so named in his honor. John +Breathitt (1786-1834), Lieutenant-Governor (1828-32), and eleventh +Governor (1832-34), was the son of a Scottish emigrant. "A man of high +character and his public career irreproachable." Breathitt county was +named after him. James Fisher Robinson (1800-92), twenty-second +Governor, was of English and Scottish descent. + +OHIO. Duncan McArthur (1772-1840), an early Governor (1830-32), was of +Scottish ancestry. He also held the rank of General in the war of +1812. Jeremiah Morrow (1770-1852), Governor (1822-26), and Allen +Trimble (1783-1870), Governor (1826-30), were both Ulster Scot +descent. James E. Campbell (b. 1843), Governor (1890-92), was +previously Member of Congress. James M. Cox (b. 1870), forty-sixth +Governor (1913-15) is of Scottish ancestry. + +INDIANA. Noah Noble, fifth Governor (1831-37), was grandson of a +Scottish immigrant. David Wallace (1799-1859), sixth Governor +(1837-40), and Samuel Bigger (1802-46), were also of Scottish +ancestry. Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Governor from 1873 to 1877, is +already noticed under Vice-Presidents. + +MICHIGAN. Robert McClelland (1807-80), Governor (1851-53), afterwards +Secretary of the Interior; and Austin Blair (1814-94), war Governor, +who sent over 83,000 soldiers from his state during the Civil War, +were both of Scottish ancestry. + +WISCONSIN. The mother of Henry Dodge, first and fourth Governor +(1836-41, 1845-48), was Anne Nancy Hunter, of Ulster Scot parentage. +William E. Smith (1824-83), thirteenth Governor (1878-82), was born in +Scotland. + +ILLINOIS. William Lee Davidson Ewing (1795-1846), Senator and acting +Governor (1834), was of Ulster Scot descent. Joseph Duncan +(1794-1844), fifth Governor (1834-38), who greatly encouraged +education in his state, was of Scottish ancestry. John Lourie +Beveridge (b. 1824) fifteenth Governor, was grandson of a Scot who +came to the United States about 1770. His "administration was +vigorous, just, and impartial." + +MISSISSIPPI. John J. McRae (1815-68), nineteenth Governor (1854-58), +was of Scottish descent. William McWillie (1795-1869), twentieth +Governor (1858-60), and Anselm Joseph McLaurin (b. 1848), +thirty-second Governor (1896-1900), were-both grandsons of Scots. + +LOUISIANA. John McEnery (1833-91), nineteenth (unrecognized) Governor +(1873), was of Scottish descent. Samuel Douglas McEnery (b. 1837), +brother of the preceding, was twenty-second Governor (1881-88). John +Newton Pharr (1829-1903), elected Governor in 1896 but not seated on +account of the negro question, was descended from Walter Pharr who +came from Scotland in 1765. + +MISSOURI. Alexander McNair (1774-1826), first state Governor +(1820-24), most probably was of Scottish birth or descent. Trusten +Polk (1811-76), of same origin as President Polk, was eleventh +Governor (1857). Benjamin Gratz Brown (1826-85), also of Scottish +descent, was Governor from 1871 to 1873, and unsuccessful candidate +for Vice-President in 1872. + +IOWA. John Chambers (1780-1852), second Governor of the territory of +Iowa was of Scottish descent on both sides. James Wilson Grimes +(1816-72), third Governor (1854-58), was of Ulster Scot descent. +Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (1813-94), three times Governor of his state +(1860-64, 1876-77), was descended from a brother of Captain Robert +Kirkwood, a Delaware soldier of the Revolution. He was also Secretary +of the Interior under Garfield. John Henry Gear (1825-1900), eleventh +Governor (1878-82), Assitsant Secretary of United States Treasury +(1892-93), and Senator (1895-1900), was of Scottish ancestry. Albert +Baird Cummins, eighteenth Governor, of Ulster Scot ancestry. + +MINNESOTA. Alexander Ramsey, first territorial and second state +Governor (1849-53, 1860-64), was grandson of an Ulster Scot who served +in the Revolutionary War. + +NEBRASKA. James E. Boyd (b. 1834), eighth Governor (1891-92), was born +in county Tyrone of Ulster Scot ancestry. + +KANSAS. John Alexander Martin (1839-89), ninth Governor (1885-89), was +of Ulster Scot descent. + +TEXAS. Samuel Houston (1793-1863) was a descendant of John Houston who +settled in Philadelphia in 1689. He was Member of Congress from +Tennessee (1823-27), Governor of Tennessee (1827-28), and as +Commander-in-Chief of the Texans he defeated the Mexicans under Santa +Anna in 1836 on the banks of the San Jacinto, and by this one blow +achieved the independence of Texas. He was elected first President of +the new republic in the same year, was re-elected in 1841, and in 1859 +was elected Governor of the state. Houston, the capital of Harris +County, Texas, was named in his honor. Peter Hansborough Bell +(1812-98), third Governor (1849-53), was of Ulster Scot ancestry, as +was also James Edward Ferguson (b. 1871). James Stephen Hogg, +nineteenth Governor and Thomas Mitchell Campbell, twenty-third +Governor, were of Scottish descent. + +COLORADO. Edward Moody McCook, fifth and seventh Governor (1869-73, +1874-75), was of Scottish descent. He also served in the Civil War and +attained the rank of Brigadier-General. James Benton Grant, tenth +Governor (1883-85), was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. Jesse Fuller +McDonald, twenty-third Governor (1905-07), a descendant of James +McDonald who emigrated from Scotland early in the eighteenth century +and settled in Maine. + +WYOMING. Thomas Moonlight (1833-99), sixth territorial Governor +(1887-90), was born in Forfarshire. + +UTAH. Eli Houston Murray (b. 1841), Governor (1880-84), of Scottish +ancestry. + +IDAHO. John Henry Brady (b. 1862), eighth Governor (1910-11), is of +Ulster Scot descent. David P. Thompson, ninth Governor of the state +(1874-76), also of Ulster Scot descent, built the first railroad in +Oregon, and was twice Mayor of Portland. + +SOUTH DAKOTA. Corie Isaac Crawford, sixth Governor (1907-08) is of +Ulster Scot descent. + +CALIFORNIA. John McDougall (1818-66) was Lieutenant-Governor (1849) +and afterwards Governor. Peter Hardeman Burnett (b. 1807) was first +Governor of the state (1849-51). Both were of Scottish origin. + +OREGON. James Shields, first territorial Governor (1848), was born in +Dungannon, County Tyrone, of Ulster Scot parentage. George Abernethy +(1807-77), territorial Governor (1845-49), was born in New York city +of Scottish parentage. "As a governor he was patriotic, efficient, and +unselfish." + + + + +SCOTS IN THE ARMY + + +REVOLUTION. Alexander MacDougall (1731-86), born in Islay, +successively Colonel, Brigadier-General, and Major-General in the +Revolutionary War, and later Delegate to the Continental Congress in +1780 and 1784, was described by Washington as "a brave soldier and +distinguished patriot." Before the outbreak of the war he was a +successful merchant, a leader of the "Sons of Liberty," and was the +first American imprisoned for his utterances in behalf of +independence. Macdougal Street, New York city, commemorates his name. +Robert Erskine (1735-1780), geographer and Chief of Engineers on the +staff of Washington, was a son of Rev. Ralph Erskine of Dunfermline. +Washington erected a stone over his grave at Ringwood, New Jersey. +Henry Knox (1750-1806), General of Artillery and Secretary of War +(1785-95). Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Clough Anderson (1750-1826) was +grandson of a Scottish emigrant. General James Ewing (c. 1736-1806), +of Ulster Scot descent, served in Braddock's campaign and also during +the Revolution. General William Wirt Henry was descended from an +Ulster Scot who came between 1718 and 1722 to Massachusetts. General +Richard Montgomery (1736-75), a descendant of the Montgomeries of +Ayrshire, was killed while leading the attack on Quebec; and Major +John Macpherson (1754-75), of Scots parentage, killed beside +Montgomery, was the first soldier of prominence from Pennsylvania to +be killed in the war. Bancroft calls him "the pure-minded, youthful +enthusiast for liberty." Colonel Allan McLane (1746-1829), of Scottish +origin, repeatedly referred to in Dr. Weir Mitchell's "Hugh Wynne," +was one of the "Rough Riders" who patrolled the country around +Philadelphia to prevent provisions reaching the British troops in the +city. His flight and escape from the British in one of these raids was +the subject of a painting by James Peale. General Hugh Mercer (c. +1725-1777), born in Aberdeen, died of wounds received at the battle of +Princeton, also served with distinction in the Braddock and Forbes +campaigns in western Pennsylvania. His life was a strenuous one, full +of exacting and unselfish work for others, and as Judge Goolrick says +in his "Life of Mercer," he "is entitled to the gratitude of all +liberty-loving America." Mercer county, New Jersey, was named in his +honor. John Armstrong (1725-95), born in the North of Ireland of +Scottish ancestry, served in the French and Indian War (1755-56), was +Brigadier-General in the Continental Army (1776-77), and Delegate to +the Continental Congress (1778-80, 1787-88). Colonel James Livingston +(1747-1832), by his timely shot drove the British warship "Vulture" +from her anchorage in the North River "thus securing the capture of +André, effecting the discomfiture of Arnold's treason, and assuring +the safety of West Point, the key of the Revolution." James Chrystie +(1750-1807), born in or near Edinburgh, joined the Revolutionary Army +and served with high reputation till the end of the war. On the +discovery of Arnold's plot at West Point he was entrusted with a +delicate mission by Washington, which he executed successfully. His +son, Lieutenant-Colonel James Chrystie, earned a name for himself at +the Battle of Queenstown in the war of 1812. William Davidson +(1746-1781), born in Pennsylvania of Scottish parentage or descent, +was a Brigadier-General in the Revolutionary Army, and was killed in +the fight at the ford over Catawba River, January 31, 1781. Congress +voted five hundred dollars for a monument to his memory, and Davidson +College, North Carolina, is named in his honor. General William +Macpherson (1756-1813), born in Philadelphia of Scottish parents, was +in the British service at the time of the Revolution, but resigned and +joined the colonies, and served faithfully under Washington. Major +Robert Kirkwood was killed in the battle against the Miami Indians in +1792, the thirty-third time he had risked his life for his country. +Lachlan McIntosh (1727-1806), of the family of MacIntosh of Borlum, +was born in Badenoch, Inverness-shire, and came to America with his +father who settled in Georgia. He volunteered his services on the +outbreak of the Revolution, becoming General in 1776. He was second in +command at Savannah and took part in the defence of Charleston. +McIntosh county, Georgia, is named after his family, "whose members +have illustrated the state, in both field and forum, since the days of +Oglethorpe." William Moultrie (1731-1805), born in England or South +Carolina, son of the Scottish physician, Dr. John Moultrie, ancestor +of the Moultries of South Carolina, repulsed the attack on Sullivan's +Island in 1776 and defended Charleston in 1779. Fort Moultrie was +named in his honor. Andrew Pickens (1739-1817), of Scottish parentage, +was noted as a partizan commander in South Carolina (1779-81), served +with distinction at Cowpens in 1781, and captured Atlanta, Georgia, in +the same year. Pickens county, Georgia, bears his name. John Stark +(1728-1822), one of the most noted Generals of the Revolution, serving +with distinction in several campaigns, was a member of the Court +Martial which condemned Major André. Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818), +born at Thurso, Caithness, took part in many battles of the +Revolution, was President of Congress in 1787, and Governor of the +Northwest Territory (1789-1802). William Alexander (1726-83), titular +Lord Stirling, born in Albany of Scottish parentage, commanded a +Brigade at the Battle of Long Island, and also served at Trenton, +Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. John Paterson (1744-1808), +grandson of a Dumfriesshire emigrant, took part in many battles of the +Revolution, commissioned Major-General in 1783, the youngest one of +that rank in the army, and was one of the organizers of the Society of +Cincinnati. General Daniel Stewart was another patriot of the +Revolution. A county in Georgia is named in his honor. + +MEXICAN WAR. Winfield Scott (1786-1866), grandson of a Scot who fought +at Culloden, was born in Virginia, and entered the army in 1808. He +served with great ability in the War of 1812, later became +Major-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Army in 1841. During the +war with Mexico he held chief command of the Army, and became +Lieutenant-General in 1847. John Munroe (c. 1796-1861), born in +Ross-shire, entered the United States Army, saw service against the +Florida Indians, became Chief of Artillery under General Zachary +Taylor in the Mexican War, and was subsequently Military and Civil +Governor of New Mexico (1849-50). James Bowie (1795-1836), of Scottish +descent and of "Bowie-knife" celebrity, took part in the Texan +Revolution and was killed at the Alamo in 1836. Bowie county and the +town of Bowie in Montague county, Texas, perpetuate his name. The +Bowies were a prominent family in Maryland, occupying high positions +in politics, jurisprudence, and society. + +CIVIL WAR. General David Bell Birney (1825-64), son of James Gillespie +Birney, served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac. General +Ambrose Everett Burnside (1824-81), later Governor of Rhode Island +(1867-69), and United States Senator (1875-81), was grandson of a Scot +who emigrated to South Carolina at end of the eighteenth century. +Samuel Wylie Crawford (1829-92), of Scottish ancestry, was brevetted +Major-General of Volunteers for conspicuous gallantry, and wrote +"Genesis of the Civil War" (1887). Major-General Thomas Ewing +(1829-96), was descendant of Thomas Ewing who emigrated to New Jersey +in 1715. James Lorraine Geddes (1829-87), born in Edinburgh, brevetted +Brigadier-General for his services, was also a poet, and wrote "The +Soldier's Battle Prayer," "The Stars and Stripes," etc. John Brown +Gordon (1832-1904), Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army and +later Governor of Georgia, was descendant of John George Gordon and +his wife Mary Chapman, emigrants from Scotland. General Charles Smith +Hamilton (1822-96), of Scottish descent, also served with distinction +in the Mexican War. General Grant ascribed the success of the repulse +at Corinth to him. Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824-63), "Stonewall +Jackson," the noted Confederate General, was of Ulster Scot descent. +John Alexander Logan (1826-86), of Ulster Scot parentage, was later +unsuccessful candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1884, United States +Senator (1871-77, 1879-86), and author of "The Great Conflict" (1866). +Major-General Robert McAllister (1813-91), great-grandson of Archibald +McAllister from Scotland, 1732. Charles Lafayette McArthur (1824-98), +soldier, politician, and journalist, was of Scots parentage. General +Arthur McArthur (1845-1912), of Scots parentage, son of Arthur +McArthur the Jurist, later served in the Philippines, became in 1906 +Lieutenant-General, being the twelfth officer in the history of the +Army to attain that rank. Described as "our best read and best +informed soldier." His son, Douglas, served with distinction in the +Great War. John McArthur, born in Erskine, Scotland, in 1826, +emigrated to United States in 1849, was brevetted Major-General for +gallantry. General George Archibald McCall (1802-68), served in the +Florida and Mexican Wars, and also rendered distinguished service in +the Civil War. Daniel Craig McCallum (1815-78), born in Renfrewshire, +Superintendent of the Erie Railroad (1855-56), was Director of +Military Roads in the United States (1862-65), and became +Major-General in 1866. "He introduced the inflexible arched truss, +which has probably been in more general use in the United States than +any other system of timber bridges." The McCooks, of Scottish descent, +two Ohio families with a remarkable military record, often +distinguished as the "Tribe of Dan" and "Tribe of John" from their +respective heads--two brothers, Major Daniel and Dr. John McCook. All +the sons, fourteen in number, served either in the Army or Navy, and +all but one were commanding officers. Clinton Dugald McDougal (b. +1839), Major-General and later Member of Congress (1872-77), was born +in Scotland. Irvin McDowell (1818-85), served in the Mexican War, in +the Civil War had command of the Army of the Potomac, Major-General in +1872, was descendant of emigrant from Londonderry shortly after the +siege in which his ancestor took part. General John Bankhead Magruder +(1810-71) and Commander George Magruder of the Confederate Army were +said to be "direct descendants of the illustrious Rob Roy McGregor." +Alexander Mackenzie (b. 1844), Chief of Engineers, was of Scots +parentage. David McMurtrie Gregg (b. 1833), served with distinction in +battles of the Wilderness, and was afterwards Auditor-General of +Pennsylvania. John McNeil (1813-91), Brigadier-General, was born in +Halifax, Nova Scotia, of Scots parentage. General James Birdseye +Macpherson (1828-64), of Ulster Scot descent, took a most prominent +part in many battles. General Grant said at his death: "The country +has lost one of its best soldiers, and I have lost my best friend." +William Macrae (1834-82), of Scottish descent, Brigadier-General in +the Confederate Army was afterwards General Superintendent of the +Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. William Addison Phillips +(1824-93), soldier, statesman, and author, born in Paisley, refused to +leave his command to accept the nomination for Governor of his state +(Kansas). He was author of "Labor, Land, and Law" (1886). John +Robertson (1814-87), born in Banffshire, was Adjutant-General of +Michigan from 1861 to 1887. He was author of "The Flags of Michigan," +"Michigan in the War," etc. James Alexander Walker (1832-1901), +descendant of John Walker who came from Wigtown (c. 1730), was also +Member of Congress (1895-99) and Lieutenant Governor of Virginia +(1877). + + + + +SCOTS IN THE NAVY + + +John Paul Jones (1747-92), perhaps the most famous Scottish name in +the annals of the American Navy, was the son of a Scottish gardener, +and was born at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire. The details of his naval +career are so well known that there is little use of repeating them +here. James Craig (1735-1800), a Scot, Was appointed by Congress a +Commissioner of naval stores in 1776. He was owner of a number of +armed privateering vessels, took several prizes, and also aided in +fitting out several other vessels as privateers. The Nicholson family, +of Scottish parentage, was famous in the naval annals of the United +States for three generations, from the Revolution to the Civil War. +Alexander Murray (1755-1821), grandson of a Scot, took an active part +in the naval battles of the Revolution and commanded a squadron +against the Barbary pirates in 1820. John Rodgers (1771-1838), of +Scottish parentage, had a distinguished part in the war against +Tripoli, the government of which he compelled to sign a treaty +abolishing slavery of Christians and the levying of tribute on +European powers. In the war of 1812 he fired the first gun, June 23, +1812, at the British frigate "Belvidere." He was afterwards offered, +but declined, the office of Secretary of the Navy. George Campbell +Read (c. 1788-1862), Admiral, of Ulster Scot descent, took part in the +fight between the "Constitution" and "Guerrière" in 1812. Isaac +McKeever (1794-1856), Commodore and Commandant of the Navy Yard at +Portsmouth, Virginia, was of Scottish parentage. John Berrien +Montgomery (1794-1873), descended from William Montgomery of Bridgend, +Ayrshire (1701), served in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and while +too old for active service in the Civil War, was in charge of Boston +Navy Yard, then one of the most important supply stations of the navy. +Rear Admiral Andrew Bryson (1822-1892), of Scottish descent, took part +in Civil War, and retired after forty-three years' continuous service. +John McIntosh Kell (1823-1900), Executive Officer of the Confederate +Cruiser "Alabama" and author of "Cruise and Combats of the 'Alabama'" +was of Scottish origin. Rear Admiral Alexander Colden Rhind (1821-97), +who served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, was also of Scottish +descent. William Penn McCann (1830-1906), a descendant of John +McKeand, a native of Whithorn, Wigtownshire, who settled here before +the Revolution, was called "Father of the White Squadron" from his +having the warships painted white. Francis Munroe Ramsay (1835-1914), +Rear Admiral and Chief of the Bureau of Navigation (1889), Member of +the Court of Inquiry which investigated the conduct of Rear Admiral +Schley during the war with Spain, was a grandson of Patrick Ramsay who +came from Scotland, c. 1750. Frederick Vallete McNair (1839-1900), +Superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, was descended from +Samuel McNair (1732). Rear Admiral George Wallace Melville +(1841-1912), who saw considerable service in the Civil War and later +achieved world wide fame as an Arctic explorer, was the grandson of a +Scot from Stirling; and Admiral John Donaldson Ford (1840-1917), who +fought in the Civil War and took a prominent part in the capture of +Manila and destruction of the batteries at Cavite during the +Spanish-American War, was of Scottish parentage. + + + + +SCOTS AS SCIENTISTS + + +Alexander Wilson (1766-1813), born in Paisley, the first naturalist to +study American birds in their native haunts, and author of "American +Ornithology" (1803-13), was also distinguished as a poet. David Hosack +(1769-1835), one of the most distinguished surgeons and scientists of +his day, fourth President of the New York Historical Society, was son +of a native of Morayshire. Samuel Guthrie (1782-1848), physician and +chemist, was descendant of John Guthrie, who came to America in 1661. +He was one of the pioneers who introduced vaccination, produced the +first successful percussion powder (after many experiments), invented +the "punch lock" which superseded the flint-lock musket, and, in 1831, +discovered the anæsthetic chloroform. Hugh Williamson (1735-1819), +statesman and scientist, born in Pennsylvania and educated in +Edinburgh. He studied theology and was licensed but never preached, +was Professor of Mathematics in the College of Philadelphia (1760-63), +studied medicine in Edinburgh and Utrecht, practised successfully, +served as surgeon in the Revolutionary War, delegate to the Convention +that framed the Constitution of the United States (1787), and was +afterwards Member of the first Congress. John McLean (1771-1814), born +in Glasgow, became Professor of Chemistry in Princeton (1775) and +later Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in William and +Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia. His son, John, became President +of Princeton. Dr. William Watson (d. 1828), a Scot, was physician and +friend of Chancellor Livingston, and one of the early promoters of +scientific agriculture in America. He was founder of the Farmers' Club +of Dutchess and Columbia Counties, the pioneer of Agricultural +Societies in New York. James Renwick (1790-1862), born in Liverpool of +Scottish parents, was Professor of Physics in Columbia University, +author of several scientific works, and one of the Commissioners who +laid out the early boundary line of the Province of New Brunswick. His +mother was the Jeannie Jaffray of several of Burns's poems. James +Renwick, the architect, was his son. Other gifted sons were Edward +Sabine Renwick and Henry Brevoort Renwick. Joseph Henry (1797-1878), +the "Nestor of American Science," and organizer of the American +Academy of Sciences otherwise the Smithsonian Institution in +Washington, was of Scottish' origin. His paternal and maternal +grandparents emigrated from Scotland together and are said to have +landed the day before the Battle of Bunker Hill. The McAllisters of +Philadelphia (father and son) were famous as makers of optical and +mathematical instruments, and the son was the first to study and fit +astigmatic lenses, and was also the introducer of the system of +numbering buildings according to the numbers of the streets, assigning +one hundred numbers to each block. Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-87), +Naturalist and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was also of +Scottish origin. His works, including scientific papers, number over +one thousand titles. Carlile Pollock Patterson (1816-81) did much to +develop the United States Coast Survey. William Paterson Turnbull +(1830-71), ornithologist, author of the "Birds of East Pennsylvania +and New Jersey," a model of patient and accurate research, was born at +Fala, near Edinburgh. Edward Duncan Montgomery, biologist and +philosopher, was born in Edinburgh in 1835. Marshall MacDonald +(1835-95), ichthyologist, pisciculturist, and inventor, engineer in +charge of the siege of Vicksburg during the Civil War, and inventor of +automatic hatching jars, was the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. +Peter Smith Michie (1839-1901), soldier and scientist, born in +Brechin, Forfarshire, graduated from West Point in 1863, served as +Engineer in the Federal Army, and was afterwards Professor of Natural +and Experimental Philosophy at West Point. William Healey Dall (b. +1845), palæontologist to the United States Geological Survey, author +of "Alaska and Its Resources," and author of hundreds of articles on +Natural History subjects, was a grandson of William Dall of +Forfarshire. Thomas Harrison Montgomery (1873-1912), specialist in +zoology and embryology, was of Scottish origin. Robert Gibson Eccles, +physician and chemist, born in Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, in 1848, discovered +that benzoic acid and the benzoates are excellent preservatives of +food. He has been Chemist of the Department of Indian Affairs, +Professor of Chemistry in the New York School of Social Economics, +President of the New York Pharmaceutical Association, etc., and has +written largely on philosophy and science. Stephen Alfred Forbes (b. +1844), naturalist, educator, and writer on entomology and zoology, is +of Scottish origin. Thomas Craig (1853-1900), Mathematician and Editor +of the American Journal of Mathematics, was of Scottish parentage. +Alexander Crombie Humphreys, born in Edinburgh in 1851, became +President of Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, in 1902. +Anstruther Davidson, born in Caithness in 1860, Associate Professor of +Dermatology in the University of Southern California, is also +distinguished as a botanist and entomologist. + +William Maclure (1763-1840), the "Father of American Geology," was +born in Ayr, Scotland, and after acquiring a fortune in London, he +came in 1796 to the United States. Having studied geology in Europe he +was attracted by the imposing scale of the geological structure of his +adopted country, and in the course of some years made many journeys +across the eastern states. He recorded his geological observations on +a map, and in 1809 communicated his researches to the American +Philosophical Society. In 1817, having extended his knowledge during +the intervening eight years he presented his map to the Society, and +it was then published. This was the first geological survey of the +United States, and it was carried out unsustained by government aid or +patronage. It was also chiefly through Maclure's aid that the new +Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia was built and endowed. Dr. +Archibald Bruce (1777-1818), the first scientific mineralogist in +America, and founder of the _American Mineralogical Magazine_ (1810), +was born in New York city, son of Dr. William Bruce, head of the +medical department of the British Armies. Henry Darwin Rogers +(1808-66), born in Philadelphia of Ulster Scot parentage, Professor of +Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, State +Geologist of Pennsylvania, published important works on the geology of +Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He removed to Edinburgh in 1855 and three +years later became Professor of Natural History in the University of +Glasgow. His elder brother, William Barton Rogers (1804-1882), was +also a distinguished physicist and geologist. David Dale Owen +(1807-60), born in Lanarkshire, was brought to the United States by +his father in 1823. In 1848 he took charge of the Geological Survey of +Wisconsin and Iowa, and that of Minnesota in 1852. His brother, +Richard Owen (1810-90), also born in Lanarkshire, had a distinguished +career in this country as a geologist. J. Peter Lesley (1819-1903), +also of Scottish descent, was another distinguished geologist who by +his researches and surveys in Pennsylvania, vastly aided in the +economic development of that state. Persifor Frazer (1844-1909), son +of John Fries Frazer and great-grandson of Lieutenant-Colonel Persifor +Frazer of Revolutionary times, was author of the Geological Survey of +Pennsylvania (5 vols.) William John McGee (1853-1912), geologist and +anthropologist, claimed descent from the MacGregors. He was Geologist +of the United States Geological Survey from 1883 to 1893, Ethnologist +in Charge of the Bureau of Ethnology from 1893 to 1903, and in 1907 +was appointed a Member of the Inland Waterways Commission. Washington +Carruthers Kerr (1827-85), educator and scientist of Ulster Scot +parentage, was State Geologist of North Carolina (1866-82), and +published many papers and reports on his subject. John Muir +(1838-1914), geologist, explorer, naturalist, and author, was born in +Dunbar. "No man since Thoreau ever had keener sympathy with nature, a +quicker vision for her mysteries, or a surer speech for their +interpretation." The establishment of the Yosemite and Sequoia +National Parks and the great Sierra Forest Reservation are due to his +writings. The famous Muir Glacier in Alaska, discovered by him in +1879, will forever blazon his name. Other distinguished geologists who +may be briefly mentioned are: Samuel Calvin (1840-1911), Professor of +Geology in the University of Iowa, born in Wigtownshire; John James +Stevenson (b. 1841), educator and geologist, of Scottish parentage; +Erwin Hinckly Barbour (b. 1856), professor of Geology in the +University of Nebraska; and William Berryman Scott (b. 1858), the +distinguished geologist and palæontologist of Princeton University. + +Asa Gray (1810-88), the greatest of American botanists, was a +descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718. Dr. Alexander +Garden (1728-92), famous as a physician and botanist, was Professor of +Botany in King's College (now Columbia University). His son was a +distinguished Revolutionary officer. Thomas Huston Macbride (b. 1848), +President Emeritus of the State University of Iowa, who has written +much of value on botany, is of Scottish ancestry. Beverly Thomas +Galloway (b. 1863), descended from John Galloway, an emigrant from +Scotland in 1680, Chief of the Division of Plant Industry of the +United States Department of Agriculture, Assistant Secretary of +Agriculture in 1913-14, is the author of several works on plant +diseases. David Trembly Macdougal (b. 1865), Director of the Botanical +Research Department of the Carnegie Institution of Washington since +1905, is the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. His studies relate +especially to plant physiology, heredity, and organic evolution. + +Stephen Alexander (1806-83), son of a native of Scotland, wrote much +on astronomy, and was chief of the expedition to the coast of Labrador +to observe the solar eclipse in August, 1869. James Ferguson +(1797-1867), an Engineer employed on the construction of the Erie +Canal, was born in Perthshire. He was later Assistant Astronomer at +the United States Naval Observatory, and discovered three asteroids, +for which he received medals from the French Academy of Sciences. +Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810-62), who was Director of the Cincinnati +Observatory (1845) and later of the Dudley Observatory (1859), +inventor of the chronograph and other astronomical apparatus, and +became a General in the Civil War, was probably also of Scottish +origin. Maria Mitchell (1818-89), daughter of William Mitchell +(1791-1868), also an astronomer, became Professor of Astronomy in +Vassar College, LL.D. of Columbia University (1887), and was the first +woman elected to the American Academy of Sciences. Lewis Morris +Rutherfurd (1816-92), one of the most distinguished astronomers on the +American Continent, obtained important results in astronomical +photography, and by means of a ruling engine, designed by him in 1870, +constructed the finest diffraction-gratings which had, up to that +time, been made, was of Scottish ancestry. George Davidson +(1825-1911), born in England of Scottish parentage, geodetist and +astronomer, one of the founders of the Geographical Society of the +Pacific, Regent of the University of California, was retired after +fifty years' active field service of incalculable value to the cause +of science. William Harkness (1837-1903), born in Ecclefechan, +Dumfriesshire, was executive officer of the Transit of Venus +Commission (1882). The task of reducing the observations and the +hundreds of photographs was successfully undertaken by him although +declared impossible by eminent British and German astronomers. He was +later Astronomical Director of the Naval Observatory and in 1897 made +head of the Nautical Almanac. Williamina (Mina) Paton Fleming +(1857-1911), born in Dundee, discovered many new stars and wrote much +of permanent value on her subject. William Wallace Campbell (b. 1862), +of Scottish ancestry, has been Director of Lick Observatory since +1901, and has written much on astronomy. + +The most interesting Scot in connection with horticulture in the +United States is Grant Thorburn (1773-1861), who was born in Dalkeith +and left his native country for political reasons in 1794. After +trying a number of occupations he finally established himself as a +seed merchant in New York, and the business is still carried on under +his name. Under the pen name of "Lawrie Todd" he contributed to the +_Knickerbocker Magazine_ and other New York periodicals, and supplied +John Galt, the novelist, with much of the information incorporated in +his "Lawrie Todd; or, Settlers in the New World." Thorburn also +published two volumes of reminiscences, "Forty Years' Residence in +America," and "Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York." William Adair, +born near Glasgow in 1815, developed a profitable business as gardener +and horticulturist in Michigan, and served as State Senator from 1861 +to 1865, 1869-70. Peter Henderson (1822-90), born at Pathhead near +Edinburgh, founded the firm of Peter Henderson and Co., +horticulturists and seedsmen, one of the largest firms of its kind in +existence. William Saunders (1822-1900), born in St. Andrews, planted +and laid out several large estates, beautified Fairmount and Hunting +Parks in Philadelphia, and the park and garden system of Washington, +D.C., the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, etc. William Macmillan, +born in Nairnshire, laid out the public parks of Buffalo, and William +R. Smith, a native of Haddingtonshire, was for many years +Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Washington. Robert Buist +(1805-80), born in Edinburgh, was also one of the greatest +horticulturists in the United States. + + + + +SCOTS AS PHYSICIANS + + +A prominent physician of early colonial times was Dr. Gustavus Brown +(1689-1765), born in Dalkeith, and died in Maryland. Dr. Gustavus +Richard Brown (1747-1804), born in Maryland and educated at Edinburgh +University, his son, also made a reputation for himself as a physician +of ability. Dr. Gustavus Brown (1744-1801), grandson of the first +named, was summoned to attend President Washington in his last +illness. Dr. John Lining (1708-1760), born in Scotland, settled in +Charleston, S.C., in 1730, gained a large practice through his skill +as a physician, and a distinguished reputation in Europe as a +scientist from his experiments in electricity, etc. His meteorological +observations were probably the first ever published. In 1751 he issued +his "History of the Yellow Fever," "which was the first that had been +given to the public from the American continent." Dr. Lionel Chalmers +(1715-1777), born in Argyllshire, practised in South Carolina for more +than forty years, and was the first to treat of the soil, climate, +weather, and diseases of that state. He "left behind him the name of a +skilful, humane physician." Dr. James Craik (1731-1814), +physician-general of the United States Army, was born at Arbigland, +near Dumfries, and for nearly forty years was the intimate friend of +Washington, and his physician in his last illness. One of the earliest +introducers of vaccination into America and an original investigator +into the cause of disease was Dr. John Crawford (1746-1813), of Ulster +Scots birth. As early as 1790 he had conceived what is now known as +the germ theory of disease. Dr. Adam Stephen, born in Scotland, died +at Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 1791, took part in the French and +Indian wars and was an active participant in the Revolutionary War on +the side of the colonists. The town of Martinsburg in Berkeley County +was laid out by him. Dr. George Buchanan (1763-1808), founder of the +Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, was a grandson of George +Buchanan, the Scot who laid out Baltimore town in 1730. Dr. John +Spence (1766-1829), born in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh +University, settled in Virginia in 1791, and obtained a high +reputation as a judicious and successful practitioner. The "father of +ovariotomy," Dr. Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830), was born in Virginia of +Scots ancestry and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. +James Brown McCaw (1772-1846), one of the leading surgeons in +Virginia for over thirty years, studied medicine in Edinburgh. He was +one of the first, if not the first, to tie the external carotid +artery, an operation he performed in 1807. He came of a race of +doctors, being the great-grandson of James McCaw, a surgeon who +emigrated from Wigtownshire in 1771. George McClellan (1796-1847) the +eminent surgeon and founder of the Jefferson Medical College at +Philadelphia, was of Scottish descent. His son, John Hill Brinton +McClellan (1823-74), was professor of anatomy in Pennsylvania Medical +College, and his grandson was George McClellan (1849-1913), the +eminent Philadelphia anatomist. Dr. Peter Middleton (d. 1781), a +native of Scotland, made the first dissection on record in this +country before a class of students and in 1767 established a Medical +School in New York which was subsequently merged in the King's (now +Columbia) College. Dr. William Currie (1754-1823), served in the +medical service during the Revolutionary War, and was reputed one of +the most gifted men of his time as physician and classical scholar. +Horatio Gates Jameson (1778-1855), distinguished physician and +surgeon, was son of Dr. David Jameson who had emigrated to Charleston +in 1740 in company with Dr. (afterwards General) Hugh Mercer. +Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851), anatomist, born near Glasgow, +held several professional appointments in this country and founded the +Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. Dr. John +Kearsley Mitchell (1793-1858), poet, botanist, and eminent physician +of Philadelphia, was son of Dr. Alexander Mitchell who came from +Scotland in 1786. His son, Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, born in 1829, was +distinguished for his researches in toxicology, the nervous system, +etc., and as one of the most distinguished of American authors. One of +the founders of the City Hospital, Albany, and Surgeon-General of New +York State, was Dr. James McNaughton (1796-1874), born at Kenmore, +Aberfeldy. Dr. Daniel McRuer (1802-73), born in Knapdale, Argyllshire, +"a typical Scotchman with a 'burr' in his talk," performed great +service in the Civil War as an army Surgeon. Dr. John Watson +(1807-1863), organizer of one of the first dispensaries for the +treatment of skin diseases and introducer of reforms in the New York +Hospital, was an Ulster Scot. John Murray Carnochan (1817-87), one of +the most distinguished surgeons of his day, was of Scottish parentage. +Ferdinand Campbell Stuart (b. 1815), inventor of various instruments +used in genito-urinary diseases and one of the founders of the New +York Academy of Medicine, was grandson of Rev. Archibald Campbell of +Argyllshire. Dr. David Hayes Agnew (1818-92) was of Scottish descent. +In his work "he attained a degree of eminence which has rarely, if +ever, been equaled, and to which our own times and generation furnish +no parallel." William Thomas Green Morton (1819-68), the discoverer of +anaesthesia, was also of Scottish origin. Dr. Robert Alexander Kinloch +(1826-91), of Scottish parentage, was the first American surgeon to +resect the knee joint for chronic cases, also the first to treat +fractures of the lower jaw and other bones by wiring the fragments, +and was also the first in any country to perform a laparotomy for +gunshot wounds in the abdomen without protrusion of the viscera. Dr. +George Troup Maxwell (1827-1879), was inventor of the laryngoscope. +James Ridley Taylor (1821-1895), who entered the medical profession +after middle life, at the end of a long career passed as a mechanical +engineer, and achieved success and fame in his profession, was born in +Ayr, Scotland. He probably inherited his mechanical skill from his +uncle, John Taylor of Dalswinton, who constructed the steam engine +along with Symington. James Henry McLean (1829-86), physician and +Member of Congress, was born in Scotland. Dr. James Craig (1834-88), +obstetrician, born in Glasgow, graduated at the University of the City +of New York, attended over four thousand cases without the loss of a +mother, was inventor of several surgical appliances, and was the first +to demonstrate hydriodic acid as a curative in acute inflammatory +rheumatism. Professor Alexander Johnson Chalmers Skene (1837-1900), of +Brooklyn, born in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was perhaps the most famous +Gynecologist in America. He was author of many treatises on his +special subject. Prof. Charles McBurney (b. 1845), the famous surgeon, +was of Scottish ancestry. Neil Jamieson Hepburn, born in Orkney in +1846, oculist and aurist, held many positions of responsibility. +Charles Smith Turnbull (b. 1847), oculist and eminent specialist in +diseases of the ear, was of Scottish parentage. Alexander Hugh +Ferguson (1853-1911), the famous Chicago surgeon of Scottish +parentage, was decorated by the King of Portugal for his skill in +surgery. Other prominent doctors and surgeons of Scottish origin whom +we have only space to name are: John Barclay Crawford (1828-94); +William Smith Forbes (1831-1905), grandson of Dr. David Forbes of +Edinburgh; John Minson Gait (d. 1808), and his son Alexander D. Gait +(1777-1841); Robert Ramsey Livingston (1827-88), the most prominent of +Nebraska's early physicians; and James Macdonald (1803-49), resident +physician of Bloomingdale Asylum. + + + + +SCOTS IN EDUCATION + + +The Scots have largely contributed to raise the standard of education +and culture in the United States. They furnished most of the principal +schoolmasters in the Revolutionary Colonies south of New York, and +many of the Revolutionary leaders were trained by them. While Harvard +still continued under the charge of a president and tutors and had but +one "professor," William and Mary College had had for many years a +full faculty of professors, graduates of the Scottish and English +universities. The Scots established the "Log College" at Nashaminy, +Pennsylvania, Jefferson College, Mercer College, Wabash College, and +Dickinson College; and in many places, before the cabins disappeared +from the roadside and the stumps from the fields, a college was +founded. The "Log College" was the seed from which Princeton College +sprang. The University for North Carolina, founded and nurtured by +Scots in 1793, and the University of Pennsylvania and Princeton +University are indebted to the same source for their present position. +William Gordon and Thomas Gordon, who founded a free school in the +county of Middlesex, Virginia, in the latter half of the seventeenth +century, were Scots; and Hugh Campbell, another Scot, an +Attorney-at-law in Norfolk county, Virginia, in 1691, deeded two +hundred acres of land in each of the counties of Norfolk, Isle of +Wight, and Nansemond, for free schools. James Innes, who came to +America from Canisbay, Caithness, in 1734, by his will gave his +plantation, a considerable personal estate, his library, and one +hundred pounds "for the use of a free school for the benefit of the +youth of North Carolina," the first private bequest for education in +the state. One of the first public acts of Gabriel Johnston, +Provincial Governor of North Carolina (1734-52), was to insist upon +the need of making adequate provision for a thorough school system in +the colony. Out of the host of names which present themselves in this +field of public service we have room only for the following: + +James Blair (1656-1743), born in Edinburgh, was the chief founder and +first President of William and Mary College, and Mungo Inglis was the +first Grammar Master there till 1712. Francis Alison (1705-99), an +Ulster Scot educated in Glasgow, was Vice-Provost of the College of +Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania. David Rhind, tutor +of John Rutledge, "an excellent classical scholar, and one of the most +successful of the early instructors of youth in Carolina," was of +Scottish birth. The tutor of Thomas Jefferson was also a Scot. Samuel +Finley (1715-66), born in Armagh of Scots ancestry, S.T.D. of Glasgow +University, 1763, was President of the College of New Jersey, and one +of the ancestors of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, inventor of the Morse +system of telegraphy. In educational work in the eighteenth century no +name stands higher than that of William Smith (1727-1803), born in +Aberdeen, first Provost of the College of Philadelphia. He was the +introducer of the system of class records now used in all American +universities. Isabella Graham (1742-1814), born in Lanarkshire, ranked +as one of the most successful teachers in New York at the end of the +eighteenth century. James Dunlap (1744-1818), of Scottish descent, was +President of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. William Graham +(1745-99), was first President of Washington College (now Washington +and Lee University). Robert Patterson (1743-1824), a Scot of Ulster, +was Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1810-13), and +Director of the United States Mint in Philadelphia (1805-24). His son, +Robert M. Patterson, succeeded him as Vice-Provost in 1828. Peter +Wilson (1746-1825), born at Ordiquhill, Aberdeenshire, published +several important text-books on Latin and Greek, was Member of the New +Jersey Legislature in 1777, and in 1783 was appointed to revise and +codify the laws of the state of New York. Thomas Craighead +(1750-1825), first President of Davidson Academy (1785-1809), +afterwards the University of Nashville, was great-grandson of Rev. +Robert Craighead who went from Scotland to Donoghmore in Ireland. +Joseph McKeen (1757-1807), first President of Bowdoin College, was of +Ulster Scot origin (1718). John Kemp (1763-1812), born at Auchlossan, +Aberdeenshire, became Professor of Mathematics in Columbia University. +He "had an important influence in moulding the views of De Witt +Clinton on topics of internal improvement and national policy." John +Brown (1763-1842), Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy in the +University of South Carolina, was afterwards third President of the +University of Georgia. Joseph Caldwell (1773-1835) was Founder and +President of the University of North Carolina. Jesse Mercer +(1769-1841), Founder of Mercer University, was the grandson of a +Scottish emigrant to Virginia. Robert Finley (1772-1817), Trustee of +the College of New Jersey (1807-17) and fourth President of the +University of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage. John Mitchell Mason +(1770-1829), fourth President of Dickinson College and for several +years Foreign Secretary of the American Bible Society, was the son of +Dr. John Mason, born in Linlithgow. Both were ministers of the +Associate Church in New York. Archibald Alexander (1772-1851), fourth +President of Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia (1796-1806), and +Professor in Princeton Theological Seminary (1812-51), was of Scottish +parentage. James Waddell Alexander (1804-59), Professor of Rhetoric +and Belles-Lettres at Princeton (1833-44) and of Ecclesiastical +History and Church Government in Princeton Theological Seminary +(1844-51) was his son. Joseph Addison Alexander (1809-60), Orientalist +and Biblical critic, was another son of Archibald Alexander. Moses +Waddell (1770-1840), born in Iredell county, North Carolina, of +Scottish parentage, fifth President of the University of Georgia, was +one of the foremost teachers of his day. Samuel Brown Wylie +(1773-1852), Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1834-45), +was born in Antrim of Scottish parents and educated in Glasgow. Joseph +McKean (1776-1818), Boyleston Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard +University (1809-18) was of Scottish parentage. Charles Macalister +(1798-1873), born in Philadelphia of Scottish parentage, intimate +friend of five Presidents, Government Director of the United States +Bank, was founder of Macalister College, Minneapolis. John Dempster +(1794-1863), President of the Illinois Wesleyan University, was of +Scottish parentage. Daniel Curry (1809-87) was President of De Pauw +University (1855-59). Andrew Harvie, born in Scotland before 1810, +became Principal of the Tecumseh branch of the State University of +Michigan (1839-40), Master of Chancery (1848), State Senator +(1850-51). Described as a "man of ability and thorough culture." +Nathaniel Macon Crawford (1811-71), fourth President of Mercer +University and afterwards President of Georgetown College, Kentucky, +was a son of William H. Crawford the statesman. John Forsyth +(1811-86), clergyman, author, and Professor of Latin in Rutgers +College, was of Scottish parentage, and received his education in +Edinburgh and Glasgow. James McCosh (1811-94), born at Carskeoch, +Ayrshire, was President of Princeton University from 1868 to 1888, and +was the author of many works on philosophy. John Fries Frazer +(1812-72), Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1858-68), +was of Scottish ancestry. Louis Agassiz described him as "the first of +American physicists of his time." James Sidney Rollins (1812-88), of +Ulster Scot origin, for his efforts on behalf of education in his +state was declared by the Curators of the University of Missouri to +have won the honorable title of "Pater Universitatis Missouriensis." +Daniel Kirkwood (1814-95), mathematician and educator, grandson of +Robert Kirkwood who came from Scotland c. 1731, was Professor of +Mathematics at Indiana University (1856-86). David Chassel, "of Scotch +descent and Scotch characteristics," was tutor to Professor James +Hadley, America's greatest Greek scholar. Joshua Hall McIlvaine +(1815-97), a distinguished comparative philologist, was President of +Evelyn College, Princeton. Alexander Melville Bell (1819-1905), the +"Nestor of elocutionary science," inventor of the method of phonetic +notation of "visible speech," was born in Edinburgh. Alexander Martin +(1822-93), sixth President of De Pauw University, was born in Nairn, +Scotland. John Fraser (c. 1823-1878), second Chancellor of the +University of Arkansas, was born in Cromarty, Scotland. Malcolm +MacVicar, born in Argyllshire in 1829, was famous as an educator, +writer of text-books, and inventor of many devices to illustrate +principles in arithmetic, astronomy and geography. John Maclean +(1798-1886), tenth President of Princeton University, was of Scottish +parentage. Matthew Henry Buckham (b. 1832), eleventh President of the +University of Vermont, was born in England of Scottish parentage. +James Kennedy Patterson (b. 1833), first President of the Agricultural +and Mechanical College of Kentucky (1880-1901), was born in Glasgow. +David French Boyd (1834-99), second President of Louisiana State +University, and his brother, Thomas Duckett Boyd, also a University +President, were descended from John Boyd of Ayrshire, who emigrated to +Maryland in 1633. William Henry Scott (b. 1840), third President of +Ohio State University and Professor of Philosophy there, was of +Scottish ancestry. Neil Gilmour, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1840, +was Superintendent of Public Instruction of New York State; and James +MacAlister (1840-1913), born in Glasgow, was the first Superintendent +of Schools in Philadelphia, where he introduced many reforms, notably +in the Kindergarten and in co-ordination of teaching. In 1891 he +became President of the Drexel Institute and was also author of +several works on education. Thomas Davidson (1840-1900), philosopher, +educator, and author, was born at Deer, Aberdeenshire. John McLaren +McBride (b. 1846), of Scottish parentage, was President of the +University of South Carolina. Gustavus Richard Glenn (b. 1848) +descended from Nicholas Glenn, an emigrant from Scotland, filled +several important educational positions and was afterwards President +of North Georgia Agricultural College. George Edwin Maclean (b. 1850), +a distinguished English and Anglo-Saxon scholar, was fifth Chancellor +of the University of Nebraska. William Milligan Sloan (b. 1850), +author, educator, and Professor of History in Columbia University, is +descended from William Sloane, a native of Ayr, who settled here in +the beginning of the nineteenth century. James Cameron Mackenzie (b. +1852), born in Aberdeen, is founder of the Mackenzie School for Boys +at Dobbs Ferry (1901) and a frequent contributor to educational +publications. James Hervey Hyslop (b. 1854), philosopher, +psychologist, and educator, was grandson of George Hyslop of +Roxburghshire. He devoted many years to psychical research. James +Geddes (b. 1858), philologist and Professor of Romance Languages in +Boston University, is of Scottish parentage. Andrew Armstrong +Kincannon (1859-1917), Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, +was descendant of James Kincannon who came from Scotland c. 1720. +Edwin Boone Craighead (b. 1861), Professor of Greek at Wofford +College, South Carolina, and afterwards third President of Tulane +University, is of Scottish descent. John Huston Finley (b. 1863), +President of the College of the City of New York and New York State +Commissioner of Education, is a descendant of a brother of Samuel +Finley, President of Princeton College. Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, +born in 1861, Professor of American History in the University of +Michigan, is the son of a Peebles lawyer. Duncan Black Macdonald, +Professor of Semitic Languages at Hartford Theological Seminary, was +born in Glasgow in 1863. Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (1870-1920), +seventh President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was born +in Lindean, Selkirkshire. George Hutcheson Denny (b. 1870), Professor +of Latin in Washington and Lee University, and later President of the +same institution, and James Gray McAllister (b. 1872), sixteenth +President of Hampden-Sidney College, are both of Scottish descent. +William Allan Neilson, born in Doune, Perthshire, was Professor of +English in Harvard University (1906-17), and is now President of Smith +College, Northampton, Massachusetts. William Douglas Mackenzie, +President of Hartford Theological Seminary Foundation, is a son of +John Mackenzie of Knockando, Morayshire, and was born in Fauresmith, +South Africa, in 1859. + +As librarians may legitimately be included under the head of +educators, the following individuals may be mentioned: John Forbes +(1771-1824), born in Scotland, was Librarian of the New York Society +Library. His son, Philip Jones Forbes (1807-77), was Librarian of the +same institution from 1828 to 1855, and his son, John born in 1846, +afterwards became Librarian there. Morris Robeson Hamilton (b. 1820), +State Librarian of New Jersey, was descendant of John Hamilton, acting +Governor of New Jersey (d. 1746). John Cochrane Wilson (1828-1905), +Librarian of the Law Library of the Equitable Life Assurance Company. +Miss Catherine Wolf Bruce established a Free Circulating Library in +Forty-second Street in memory of her father, George Bruce the +type-founder, in 1888. It is now a branch of the New York Public +Library. + + + + +SCOTS IN LITERATURE + + +John Lawson (c. 1658-1711), Surveyor-General of North Carolina, a +native of Aberdeen, published "A New Voyage to Carolina," in 1709, +reprinted 1714, 1718, 1737, 1860, and twice translated into German +(1712, 1722). Lawson was cruelly murdered by the Tuscaroras. Hugh +Henry Brackenridge (1748-1816), born near Campbeltown, Argyllshire, +Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, was author of a political +satire, "Modern Chivalry," a work now extremely rare. David Ramsay +(1749-1815), physician and patriot, of Ulster Scot descent, Delegate +to the Continental Congress, was author of historical works relating +to the Revolution and to South Carolina. Gilbert Imlay, born about +1755 in New Jersey of Scottish parents, was the first Kentucky +novelist, author of "The History of an Expatriated Family" (1793), +etc. Robert Dinsmoor (1757-1836), poet, was brother of Governor +Dinsmoor of New Hampshire. Hugh McCall (1767-1824), author of the +first "History of Georgia," (published in 2 v., 1811-16), was of +Scottish descent. His ancestor emigrated from Dumbartonshire to Ulster +along with the ancestor of J.C. Calhoun. The ancestors of both +remained two generations in Ulster before coming to America. The +greatest name in American literature is that of the son of the +Orcadian farmer, Washington Irving (1783-1859). He was the first who +won international honors for American literature. John Mellish or +Melish (1771-1822), born in Perthshire, died in Philadelphia, traveled +extensively in the United States and published several volumes of his +travels and also published many topographical and military maps. James +Murdock (1776-1856), of Ulster Scot descent, translated and edited +Mosheim's "Institutes of Ecclesiastical History," Milman's "History of +Christianity," etc. Henry Marie Brackenridge (1786-1871), author and +jurist, was son of the author of "Modern Chivalry." Thomas F. Gordon +(1789-1860), lawyer and historian of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc., +was of Scottish ancestry. Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), +lawyer, newspaper editor, author of "Georgia Scenes" (1840), etc., was +son of the inventor. Lydia (Huntley) Sigourney (1791-1865), poet and +miscellaneous writer, was partly of Scots descent. Hew Ainslie +(1792-1878), author of a "Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns," etc., was +born in Ayrshire. David Paul Brown (1795-1872), born in Philadelphia +of Scottish parents, was author of "The Forum; or Forty Years of +Practice at the Philadelphia Bar." James Lawson (1799-1880), newspaper +editor and dramatist, was born in Glasgow and died in Yonkers. Angus +Umphraville of Missouri, the unknown author of "Missourian Lays" (St. +Louis, 1821), was most probably a Scot. His verses are described as +"simply wonderful." Maria J. McIntosh (1803-78), authoress, was +descended from the McIntoshes of Georgia. George Washington Bethune +(1805-62) of New York, a graceful poet and eloquent orator, was the +son of Divie Bethune, a native of Dingwall. Robert Shelton Mackenzie +(1808-80), born in Dublin of Scottish parentage, was editor of the +standard edition of "Noctes Ambrosianæ," and in 1834 became the first +regular salaried correspondent of an American newspaper, the New York +"Evening Star." Rev. Robert Turnbull (1809-77), born at Whitburn, +Linlithgowshire, edited the "Christian Review" for many years and was +author of several works. James C. Moffat (1811-90), orientalist, poet, +and Professor of Classics in Lafayette College, author of "Comparative +History of Religions," etc., was born in Glencree, Wigtownshire. +Robert Macfarlane (1812-83), Editor of the "Scientific American," and +author of two or three technical treatises, was born in Rutherglen. +John Milton Mackie (1813-94), of Scottish ancestry, was author of +several important biographical works. William Secular (1814-72), born +in Kilbarchan, Editor of the Lowell "Courier" (1841-47), published the +"History of Massachusetts in the Civil War" (1868-71). Arthur +MacArthur (1815-96), Jurist and Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin +(1856-58), born in Glasgow, was author of "Education in Relation to +Manual Industry" (1884) and "Biography of the English Language" +(1889). William Ross Wallace (1819-81), author of "Perdita," etc., was +described by Bryant as "a born poet." Donald Macleod (1821-65), son of +the Rev. Alexander Macleod of Mull, Professor of Rhetoric in Mount St. +Mary's College, Ohio, was author of historical and other works. His +brother, Xavier Donald Macleod, was a poet and miscellaneous writer. +Donald Grant Mitchell (1822-1908), "Ik Marvel," was of Scottish +descent, and so was General Lew Wallace (1827-1905), author of "Ben +Hur," etc. James Grant Wilson (1832-1914), son of the poet publisher, +William Wilson, of Poughkeepsie, was born in Edinburgh, and attained +the rank of General in the Civil War. He was afterwards author of +several important biographical and historical works. William Swinton +(1833-92), journalist, was correspondent of New York "Times" +(1862-64), and author, was born in Haddingtonshire. He "produced many +educational works which were widely adopted in both private and public +schools throughout the country." Henry Ward Beecher called him the +"American Napier" from the vividness of his historical descriptions. +David Gray (1836-88), editor of the Buffalo "Courier" and poet, was +born in Edinburgh. John Clark Ridpath (1841-1900), educator, +historian, and author, was decended from the old Border family of +Redpath. He was the author of "Great Races of Mankind" (1893), +"History of the World" (1898), etc. Katherine Margaret Brownlee (b. +1841), a descendant of the Brownlees of Torwood, was author of several +volumes of poetry. Leonard Allison Morrison (b. 1843) of New +Hampshire, was a descendant of John Morrison who went from Scotland to +Londonderry and thence to Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1723. Always +devoted to literary studies, as a historical and genealogical writer +he has earned an enviable reputation. James Morrison Steele Mackaye +(1842-94), actor and dramatist, was grandson of William Kay who came +from Scotland about 1800. His son, Percy Wallace Mackaye (b. 1875) is +a distinguished dramatist and poet. Wallace Bruce (b. 1844), poet and +essayist, was descended from George Bruce who came from Scotland in +1635. While United States Consul at Edinburgh (1889-93) he secured the +erection of a statue of Lincoln in the Calton Burial Ground, to +commemorate the services of Scottish-American soldiers in the Civil +War. James Kennedy, born at Aberlemno, Forfarshire, in 1850, is a +well-known poet, author, and lecturer. John D. Ross, born in Edinburgh +in 1853, is author of several literary works particularly relating to +Scotland. Francis Marion Crawford (1854-1909), the novelist, son of +Thomas Crawford the sculptor, was also of Scottish descent. Henry +Morse Stephens, the historian, was born in Edinburgh in 1857. Ernest +Evan Seton-Thompson (b. 1860), artist, author, and naturalist, and +Charles William Wallace (b. 1865), philologist and Shakespearean +scholar, are both of Scottish descent. John Hanson Thomas McPherson +(b. 1865), historian and educator, author of "History of Liberia" +(1891), is a descendant of Robert McPherson who came from Scotland in +1738. George Barr McCutcheon (b. 1866), author of many widely read +works of fiction ("Graustark," "Brewster's Millions," etc.) is a +descendant of John McCutcheon who emigrated from Scotland in 1730. +Mary Johnston (b. 1870), author of "Prisoners of Hope" (1898), "To +have and to hold" (1899), etc., is a descendant of Peter Johnston who +emigrated to Virginia in 1727. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL WELFARE + + +Francis Makemie (c. 1658-1708), the organizer of the first American +Presbytery, was born in Ulster of Scots parentage. In 1676 he went to +Glasgow to attend the classes in the University there, and his name +still stands in the matriculation register of the University: +"Franciscus Makemius ... Scoto-Hibernus," i.e. Francis Makemie, a Scot +of Ireland. In 1683 he was ordained by the Presbytery of Laggan and +sent over to the American colonies, where he immediately began the +organization of churches and presbyteries. William Traill, another +Scot, Moderator of the Presbytery of Laggan, was sent over shortly +before Makemie but he confined his work to preaching. George Gillespie +(1683-1760), born in Glasgow, was one of the earliest ordained +ministers in New Jersey and Delaware. Alexander Garden (1685-1756), an +Episcopalian, born in Edinburgh, settled in Charleston, South +Carolina, as Rector of St. Philip's Episcopal Church. Samuel Auchmuty +(1722-77), son of the eminent Scottish lawyer of Boston, was Rector of +Trinity Church, New York city, and had charge of all the churches +there. Thomas Gordon, the "fighting parson" of Bacon's Rebellion +(1676) was a Scot. Henry Barclay (1712-64), Rector of Trinity Church, +New York, Trustee of the New York Society Library, and a Governor of +Columbia University, was the son of John Barclay, a Scot, Surveyor +General of East New Jersey. Robert Sandeman (1718-71), born in Perth, +and died in Danbury, Connecticut, was principal founder of the +Sandemanians or Glassites. John Mason, a native of Linlithgow, "one of +the most accomplished preachers and pastors of his day," was appointed +Minister of the Scotch Presbyterian Church, New York, in 1761. James +Caldwell (1734-81), soldier parson of the Revolution, was of Scots +parentage or descent. Finding the Revolutionary soldiers short of +wadding he distributed the church hymn books among them, with the +exhortation, "Now, boys, put Watts into them." His son, John E. +Caldwell, was one of the founders of the American Bible Society. +Alexander McWhorter (1734-1807), of Scottish parentage, took an active +part in Revolutionary matters and was a Trustee of Princeton College. +McWhorter Street in Newark, New Jersey, is named in his honor. James +Waddell (1739-1805), famous in Virginia as "The Blind Preacher," was +probably a grandson or great-grandson of William Waddell of Monkland +parish, Scotland, one of the prisoners captured at Bothwell Brig in +1679. Samuel McClintock (1732-1804), minister of Greenland, New +Hampshire, of Scottish origin, was present at Bunker Hill and appears +in Trumbull's painting of the battle. Four of his sons served in the +Revolutionary war. Alexander McLeod (1774-1833), born in the island of +Mull, died in New York as Pastor of the First Reformed Church. +Described as "a powerful preacher, a man of learning and wisdom, and a +devout Christian." George Buist (1770-1808), born in Fifeshire, +Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, "one of the most eloquent and +distinguished divines of his day," was Pastor of the Scots Church in +Charleston and President of the College of Charleston. Alexander +Campbell (1786-1866), founder of the Campbellites, was born in Antrim +of Scots ancestry. Walter Scott, another of the founders, was born in +Moffat, Dumfriesshire. John Dempster (1794-1843), founder of Boston +Theological Seminary, which afterwards became the Theological School +of Boston University, was of Scots parentage. Peter Douglas Gorrie +(1813-84), clergyman, and historian of the Methodist Church in the +United States, was born in Glasgow. John McClintock (1814-70), of Drew +Theological Seminary and leading editor of McClintock and Strong's +"Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," +was of Scottish descent. Robert Stuart MacArthur, born in Canada, in +1841, of Scots parentage, Minister of Calvary Baptist Church, New +York, has published many volumes of sermons, essays, and narratives of +travel. Robert Mackenzie (b. 1845), President of San Francisco +Theological Seminary, was born in Cromarty. Robert McIntyre (b. 1851), +Methodist Episcopal Bishop of California, was born in Selkirk. Joseph +Plumb Cochran, Medical Missionary to Persia, the "Hakim Sahib" of the +natives, was grandson of a Scot. John Alexander Dowie (1848-1907), +founder of the so-called "Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in +Zion," was born in Edinburgh. Mary M. Baker Glover Eddy (1821-1910), +claimed partly Scots descent (from MacNeils of Barra). + +Charles Pettigrew (1743-1807), Bishop of the Diocese of North +Carolina, was of Scottish descent. James Kemp (1764-1827), second +Bishop of Maryland, was born at Keithhall in Aberdeenshire. Charles +Pettit McIlvaine (1799-1873), Bishop of Ohio (1832-73), author of +"Evidences of Christianity," 1832, was also of Scottish origin, from +the MacIlvaines of Ayrshire. William Edward McLaren (1831-1905), third +Bishop of Chicago, was grandson of a Scot. The first missionary Bishop +of Duluth, James Dow Morrison (b. 1844), was son of Rev. John Morrison +and his wife who emigrated from Glasgow in 1837. Abram Newkirk +Littlejohn (1824-91), first Bishop of Long Island, was a descendant of +Hugh Littlejohn of Perthshire. James Steptoe Johnston (b. 1843), +second Bishop of western Texas, was of Scottish descent; and Hugh +Miller Thompson (1830-1902), second Bishop of Mississippi, was an +Ulster Scot, born in Londonderry. + +Richard Gilmour (1824-91), second Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese +of Cleveland (1872-91), born in Glasgow, Scotland, of Presbyterian +parents, was noted for his zeal in behalf of Catholic education. +Robert Seton (b. 1839), a descendent of the Setons of Winton, was +created Archbishop of Heliopolis in 1903. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton +(1774-1821), of the same family, was founder of the Roman Catholic +Order of Sisters of Charity (1809), of which she was the first Mother +Superior. + +John McLean (1759-1823), merchant and philanthropist, was founder of +McLean Asylum for Insane at Somerville, Massachusetts. Robert Rantoul +(1778-1848), of Scottish parentage, worked hard to ameliorate the +criminal legislation of the country, and took part in establishing a +charity school at Beverly, Massachusetts, which was said to be the +first Sunday School in America. Mrs. Graham, a Scotswoman, celebrated +in New York city for her benevolence and charity, founded a Sunday +School in New York for young women in 1792. The movement however +languished for some years until her daughter, Mrs. Bethune, also born +in Scotland, organized the Female Sabbath School Union of New York in +1816. By her work in this connection Mrs. Bethune earned her title of +"Mother of Sabbath Schools in America." Fanny Wright (1795-1852), +Madame Frances D'Arusmont, born in Dundee, Scotland, lectured +extensively in the United States on social, religious, and political +questions, and was the author of "Views on Society and Manners in +America," etc. Robert Dale Owen (1801-77), born in Glasgow, social +reformer, spiritualist, author, and Member of Congress from Indiana +(1843-47), was a strong advocate of negro emancipation. James Miller +McKim (1810-1874), of Ulster Scot descent, was one of the organizers +of the National Anti-Slavery Society (1835), later publishing agent of +the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and in 1865 one of the founders +of the New York "Nation." Albert Brisbane (1809-90), of Scottish and +English descent, was the "Father of American Fourierism." Albert Keith +Smiley (1828-1912), educator and reformer, was born in Maine of +Scottish ancestry; and Thomas Kirby Cree, of Ulster Scot origin, was +Secretary for twenty-five years of the International Committee of the +Young Mens' Christian Association. John MacVicar born in Canada in +1859 of Scottish parents, was one of the originators of the Commission +form of government, developing what became known as the "Des Moines +Plan." James Duncan, born in Kincardine in 1857, is the well-known +Labor Leader. + + + + +SCOTS AS LAWYERS + + +John Mercer (1704-68), author of "An exact abridgment of all the +public Acts of Assembly," Williamsburg, 1737, was a descendant of the +Mercers of Aldie. Robert Auchmuty (born in Scotland, died in Boston, +1750), and his sons were distinguished lawyers of Colonial times. Hugh +Maxwell (1787-1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant Judge Advocate +General (1814) and District Attorney of New York (1819-29). Edward +Duffield Ingraham (1793-1854), of Scottish descent, was at the head of +the legal profession of his time in Philadelphia. He was also an +eminent bibliophile, possessing a library of thirty thousand volumes. +Robert Rantoul (1805-52), of Scots ancestry, was member of the first +Commission to Revise the Laws of Massachusetts, Member of the first +Massachusetts Board of Education, "an honor intended to be conferred +only on such as were well qualified by their literary acquisitions to +discharge its responsible duties." He was also a prominent agitator +against the fugitive slave law, and organizer and corporator of the +Illinois Central Railroad, the first transcontinental line projected. +John Jay McGilvra (1827-1903), of Scots parentage, took part in many +prominent enterprises for the public benefit in Washington State, and +forced the Northern Pacific Railroad to restore five million acres to +public domain. Lawrence Maxwell, born in Glasgow in 1853, was +Solicitor-General of the United States (1893-95), and also held many +other important positions. David Robert Barclay, author of the well +known "Barclay's Digest" of the decisions of the Supreme Court (St. +Louis, 1868) was of Scots descent. William Birch Rankine (1858-1905) +of Scots parentage, took up the work of developing Niagara power and +founded the Niagara Falls Power Company (1886). Thomas M. Logan (b. +1840), lawyer, soldier, and railroad officer was a descendant of Logan +of Restalrig. David Clarence Gibboney (b. 1869), Special Counsel for +the Pure Food Commission in 1906, grandson of a Scot, has also made a +reputation for prosecution of gamblers, dive-keepers, illicit liquor +dealers, etc., in Philadelphia. + + + + +SCOTS IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC. + + +John Smibert (c. 1684-1751), born in Edinburgh, came to America in +1728 and settled in Boston, where he met success as a portrait +painter. He was the first painter of merit in the colonies, and +painted portraits of many of the eminent magistrates and divines of +New England and New York between 1725 and 1751, the year of his death. +His work had much influence on the American artist, John Singleton +Copley. Gilbert Charles Stuart (1755-1828), born in Rhode Island of +Scottish parents, was the foremost American portrait painter of his +day. He painted several portraits of Washington, and also portraits of +Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Justice +Story, Fisher Ames, John Jacob Astor and others. Cosmo Alexander, a +skilled portrait painter, born in Scotland, was his teacher for a +time. Charles Fraser (1782-1860), born in Charleston, South Carolina, +of Scottish ancestry, first studied law and retired with a competency. +He then took up art and achieved eminent success in miniature painting +and as a painter of landscapes, pictures of genre, still life, etc. +William Dunlap (1766-1839), artist and dramatist, founder and early +Vice-President of the National Academy of Design, was of Ulster Scot +descent. His family name was originally Dunlop. Robert Walter Weir +(1803-89), of Scots parentage, is best known for his historical +pictures, he being one of the first in America to take up this branch +of the art. "The Embarkation of the Pilgrims" (1836-40) in the Rotunda +of the Capitol at Washington is by him. Russell Smith, born in Glasgow +in 1812, was a scientific draughtsman and landscape painter. Two of +his finest landscapes, "Chocorua Peak" and "Cave at Chelton Hills" +were exhibited in the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876. His son, +Xanthus (b. 1839), was a well-known marine and landscape painter and +painted many of the naval engagements of the Civil War. James Hope, +born near Abbotsford in 1818, settled in New York in 1853, +distinguished as a landscapist, was chosen an Associate of the +National Academy in 1865. Alexander Hay Ritchie (1822-95), born in +Glasgow and educated in Edinburgh, was a most successful painter in +oils as well as an engraver in stipple and mezzotint. His paintings of +the "Death of Lincoln" and "Washington and his Generals," obtained +great popularity. As a portrait painter fine examples of his work are +"Dr. McCosh" of Princeton, "Henry Clay," etc. He also did a good deal +of book illustrating. Thomas Lachlan Smith (d. 1884), also born in +Glasgow, was noted for his Winter scenes. Two notable pictures of his, +"The Deserted House" and "The Eve of St. Agnes," were exhibited at the +Centennial Exhibition. Still another Glasgow artist, John Williamson +(1826-85), born at the Tollcross in that famous city, became an +Associate of the National Academy, and made the scenery of the Hudson +and the Catskills his special study as shown by his "The Palisades," +"Sugar Loaf Mountain," "Autumn in the Adirondacks," etc. William Hart +(1823-94), born in Paisley, became an Academican in 1857, and was +afterwards President of the Brooklyn Academy and of the American Water +Color Society. James McDougall Hart (1828-1901), born in Kilmarnock, +brother of William Hart, already mentioned, Academican of the National +Academy of Design, was noted for his landscapes and paintings of +cattle and sheep. His "Summer Memory of Berkshire" and his "Indian +Summer" attracted considerable attention at the Paris Salon in 1878. +James David Smillie (1833-1909), son of James Smillie, the Scottish +engraver, during the Civil War made designs for government bonds and +greenbacks. In 1864 he took up landscape painting and was one of the +founders of the American Water Color Society (1867) and National +Academican in 1876. His brother, George Henry Smillie (b. 1840), was +also distinguished as a landscape painter. He made a sketching tour in +the Rocky Mountains and the Yosemite Valley in 1871, and became a +National Academican in 1882. Walter Shirlaw, born in Paisley, +Scotland, in 1838, died in Madrid, Spain, in 1909, was the first +President of the Society of American Artists. His easel pictures "are +marked by rich color and fine composition, and he is one of the few +American artists who have successfully painted the nude. His +water-colors and etchings have brought him high reputation in these +forms of expression." Walter MacEwen, born in Chicago of Scottish +parents, has painted many pictures and has received medals and +decorations for his work. In 1895-96 he painted nine large panels and +a number of small ones for the Hall of Heroes in the Library of +Congress. George Inness (1825-94), the famous American painter, is +believed to have been of Scottish ancestry. James T. Dick (1834-68), +William Keith (b. Aberdeenshire, 1839), Robert Frank Dallas (b. 1855), +John White Alexander (b. 1856), Robert Bruce Crane (b. 1857), Addison +Thomas Miller (b. 1860), and John Humpreys Johnston, are all artists +of Scottish parentage or Scottish ancestry. John Robinson Tait (b. +1834), artist and author, son of a native of Edinburgh, has written +much on art subjects. John Wesley Beatty (b. 1851), Art Director of +the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, is of Scottish parentage. John +Ward Dunsmore (b. 1856), Director of the Detroit Museum of Arts and +Founder of the Detroit School of Arts; and John Ferguson Weir (b. +1841), Dean of the School of Fine Arts at Yale University, are of +Scottish descent. + +Alexander Lawson (1773-1846), born in Lanarkshire, died in +Philadelphia, was famous as the engraver of the best plates in +Alexander Wilsons's _Ornithology_ and the plates on conchology for +Haldeman and Binney. His son, Oscar A. Lawson (1813-54), was chart +engraver of the United States Coast Survey, 1840-51. Samuel Allerdice +engraved a large number of plates of Dobson's edition of Rees's +_Cyclopædia_, 1794-1803. Hugh Anderson, a Scot, did good line and +stipple work in Philadelphia in the first quarter of the nineteenth +century. George Murray, born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in +1822, organized the bank-note and engraving firm of Murray, Draper, +Fairman & Co., in 1810-11, the best note engravers in this country in +their day. John Vallance, also born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia +in 1823, was one of the founders of the Association of Artists in +America, and Treasurer of the Society of Artists in Philadelphia in +1810. James Smillie (1807-85), born in Edinburgh, died in New York, +was celebrated as an engraver of bank notes and as an engraver of +landscapes. Among his best works are Cole's series "The Voyage of +Life," and Bierstadt's "Rocky Mountains." Dr. Alexander Anderson +(1775-1870), the "Bewick of America," born in New York of Scots +parentage, at the age of ninety-three engraved some illustrations for +Barbour's "Historical Collections of New Jersey." Robert Hinschelwood, +born in Edinburgh in 1812, studied under Sir William Allen, was +landscape engraver for Harpers and other New York publishers and also +engraver for the Continental Bank Note Company. John Geikie Wellstood, +born in Edinburgh in 1813, was another eminent engraver. In 1858 his +firm was merged in the American Bank Note Co., and in 1871 he founded +the Columbian Bank Note Company of Washington, D.C. He also made many +improvements in the manufacture of banknotes. Charles Burt (c. +1823-92), born in Edinburgh, died in Brooklyn, a pupil of William Home +Lizars of Edinburgh, did some fine plates and portraits for books and +for several years was one of the chief engravers for the Treasury +Department in Washington. Hezekiah Wright Smith, born in Edinburgh, in +1828, engraved portraits of Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and his +head of Washington, after the Athenæum head by Gilbert Stuart, is said +to be "the best engraving of this famous portrait ever made." +Nathaniel Orr (b. 1822), of Scottish ancestry, retired in 1888 "with +the reputation of having brought the art of wood engraving to the +highest perfection, and the signature 'Orr,' cut in the block was +always a sure guarantee of art excellence." Robert Shaw, born in +Delaware in 1859 of Scottish parentage, has made a reputation by his +etchings of famous historical buildings. His etching, the "Old Barley +Mill" ranks as one of the best etchings made in this country. A few +other Scottish engravers who produced good work were Robert Campbell, +William Charles (d. Philadelphia, 1820), Alexander L. Dick (1805), +W.H. Dougal (he dropped the "Mac" for some reason), Helen E. Lawson +(daughter of Alexander Lawson already mentioned), John Roberts +(1768-1803), William Main Smillie (1835-88), son of James Smillie +mentioned above, and William Wellstood (1819-1900). + +John Crookshanks King (1806-82), born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, +emigrated to America in 1829, and died in Boston, was celebrated for +his busts of Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, Louis Agassiz, the +naturalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, etc. He also excelled as a maker of +cameo portraits. Thomas Crawford (1814-57), one of the greatest if not +the greatest sculptor of America, was of Scottish descent. His works +include "Armed Liberty" (bronze doors), Beethoven, bust of John +Quincy, Washington, "Orpheus," etc. Frederick William MacMonnies, born +in Brooklyn in 1863 of Scottish parents (his father was a native of +Whithorn, Wigtownshire), is sculptor of the statue of Nathan Hale in +City Hall Park, New York; "Victory" at West Point, etc. Robert +Ingersoll Aitken, born in San Francisco of Scottish parents, is +designer of the monuments to President McKinley at St. Helena, +Berkeley, and in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. He also designed the +monument to the American Navy in Union Square, San Francisco. In 1906 +he moved to New York and has executed busts of some of the most +prominent Americans of the day. Notable of his ideal sculptures are +"Bacchante" (1908), "The Flame" (1909), and "Fragment" (1909). John +Massey Rhind, Member of the National Sculpture Society, one of the +foremost sculptors of the present day, was born in Edinburgh in 1858. +James Wilson, Alexander Macdonald (1824-1908), and Hermon Atkins +MacNeil (1866) are also of Scottish origin. + +Alexander Milne Calder, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1846, began +life as a gardener, studied with Alexander Brodie and John Rhind and +in London and Paris, came to America in 1868, and is best known as +having made the sculpture for the Philadelphia City Hall including the +heroic statue of William Penn, which crowns the tower. His son, +Alexander Stirling Calder, born in Philadelphia in 1870, is also a +sculptor of note, and was acting chief of the Department of Sculpture, +Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 1913-1915. Robert Tait +MacKenzie, born in Ontario, Canada, in 1867, son of Rev. William +Mackenzie, a graduate of Edinburgh, has created several groups of +athletes in action of great force and beauty. Dr. Mackenzie is a +physician and director of the Department of Physical Education in the +University of Pennsylvania. + +Thomas MacBean, the architect of St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway, New York +City, built in 1764-66, was a Scot who received his training under +James Gibbs (an Aberdonian), architect of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, +London. John Notman (1810-65), born in Edinburgh, designed and +constructed some of the most important buildings in Philadelphia and +also the State Capitol, Trenton. James Renwick (1818-95), born in New +York city of Scottish ancestry, planned the distributing reservoir on +Fifth Avenue, New York, where the New York Public Library now stands. +He was one of the greatest architects in this country, and the beauty +of his work--to cite only a few of his most notable creations--is +amply attested by Grace Church, Calvary Church, and St. Patrick's +Cathedral, in New York; the Smithsonian Institution and Corcoran Art +Gallery, in Washington; and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. John +McArthur (1823-90), born in Bladenoch, Wigtownshire, designed and +constructed Philadelphia City Hall, Lafayette College, the "Public +Ledger" building in Philadelphia, several hospitals, etc. Alexander +Campbell Bruce (b. 1835), of Scottish parentage, designed a number of +court-houses and other public buildings in Tennessee, Georgia, +Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina, besides schools, libraries, +churches, hotels, etc. He easily became the foremost architect of the +South. Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86), of Scottish descent, drew +the plans for many important buildings, but Trinity Protestant +Episcopal Church in Boston, is considered his masterpiece. James +Hamilton Windrim (b. 1840), architect and Director of Public Works in +Philadelphia, was of Ulster Scot parentage. His services were utilized +in the planning and construction of some of the most important +buildings in Philadelphia. The Masonic Temple in that city is believed +to be his masterpiece. The designer of many of the notable bridges of +Philadelphia was Frank Burns (1844-1913), an architectural draughtsman +of Scottish descent. Harold Van Buren Magonigle (b. 1867), designer of +the monument to the Seamen of U.S.S. _Maine_ (1900), Cornell Alumni +Hall, Ithaca, the National McKinley Memorial at Canton, Ohio, etc., is +the grandson of John Magonigle of Greenock. The builder of the world +famed Smithsonian Institution in Washington was Gilbert Cameron (d. +1866), a native of Greenock, and Scottish stone-masons were largely +employed in the construction of many of the most important buildings +in the country, such as the Metropolitan Museum and Tombs in New York, +the Capitol in Albany, the State House in Boston, the City Hall in +Chicago, etc. Alexander McGaw (1831-1905), born in Stranraer, +Wigtownshire, was famous as a bridge-builder and as builder of the +pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. John L. Hamilton +(1835-1904), born in Newmilns, Ayrshire, came to the United States in +1853, and soon became eminent as a builder. + +Duncan Phyfe, maker of exquisite furniture, who adapted and improved +the Sheraton style, and considered by good judges to be the equal of +Sheraton, Hipplewhite, and Adams, was a Scot who came to America about +1784. His father was John Fife of Inverness. Dyer, who devotes a +chapter of his _Early American Craftsmen_ to him, says "no other +American made anything comparable to ... the exquisite furniture of +Duncan Phyfe." The name of Samuel McIntire (d. 1811) stands out +pre-eminent as master of all the artists in wood of his time. An +account of his work is given by Dyer with illustrations of his work. +In 1812, Thomas Haig, a native of Scotland, a Queensware potter, +started the Northern Liberties Pottery, and turned out a beautiful +quality of red and black earthenware. About 1829 the works of the +Jersey Porcelain and Earthenware Company (founded 1825) were purchased +by David and J. Henderson. Some of the productions of the Hendersons +are especially sought after by collectors. The firm is now known as +the Jersey City Pottery. The Scottish firm of J. and G.H. Gibson, +glass-stainers, Philadelphia, obtained a national reputation for +artistic work. Daniel and Nathaniel Munroe, clockmakers, were famous +as such in Massachusetts in the beginning of the nineteenth century. +Henry Mitchell (1810-93), born in Fifeshire, was the pioneer +wagon-builder of the west. Frederick Turnbull (1847-1909), who +introduced the art of Turkey-red dyeing into this country about 1850, +was born in Glasgow. + +Will C. Macfarlane (b. 1870), organist and composer, was born in +England of Scottish origin. His compositions include songs, anthems, +organ music, a Lenten Cantata, "The Message from the Cross." His +setting of Katherine Lee Bates's patriotic hymn, "America, the +Beautiful," has had nation-wide usage. William Wallace Gilchrist (b. +1846), composer, was of Scottish descent; and Edward Alexander +MacDowell (1861-1908), composer and Professor of Music in Columbia +University, was of Ulster Scot origin. + +Robert Campbell Maywood (1784-1856), actor and theatrical manager in +Philadelphia, was born in Greenock, Scotland. Edwin Forrest +(1806-1872), the celebrated American actor, was the son of a native of +Dumfriesshire; and Robert Bruce Mantell, who made his debut in +Rochdale, England, was born in Irvine, Ayrshire, in 1854. James Edward +Murdoch (1811-93), grandson of a Scottish immigrant, was Professor of +Elocution at Cincinnati College of Music, and later a leading actor on +the American stage. During the Civil War he devoted his energies to +support of the Union and gave readings for the benefit of the United +States Sanitary Commission. Benjamin Franklin Keith (1846-1914), +theater proprietor, was of Scottish descent. Mary Garden, Singer and +Director of Grand Opera, was born in Aberdeen in 1877. James H. +Stoddart, the veteran actor, was also of Scottish origin. + + + + +SCOTS AS INVENTORS + + +As Scotland gave to the world the knowledge of the art of logarithms, +the steam engine, the electric telegraph, the wireless telegraph, +illuminating gas, the knowledge of chloroform, and many other +important inventions, it was to be expected that the inventive faculty +of her sons would not fail when transplanted to this country. + +Hugh Orr (1717-98), born in Lochwinnoch, inventor of a machine for +dressing flax, took a patriotic part in the war of the Revolution by +casting guns and shot for the Continental Army, besides doing much to +encourage rope-making and spinning. His son, Robert, invented an +improved method of making scythes and was the first manufacturer of +iron shovels in New England. William Longstreet (1759-1814), a New +Jersey Scot, invented and patented an improvement in cotton-gins +called the "breast-roller," also a portable steam saw-mill. As early +as 1790 he was at work on the problem of the application of steam +power to the propulsion of boats, but lack of funds prevented +operations until 1807, the same year in which Fulton launched his +steamboat. His son, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), became +President of South Carolina College. Robert Fulton (1765-1815), of +Ayrshire origin through Ulster, was, as every one knows, the first to +successfully apply steam to navigation. Hugh Maxwell (1777-1860), +publisher and newspaper editor, of Scottish descent, invented the +"printer's roller" (patented in 1817), cast his own types and engraved +his own woodcuts. Henry Burden (1791-1871), born in Dunblane, inventor +of an improved plow and the first cultivator, was also the first to +invent and make the hook-headed railroad spike "which has since proved +itself a most important factor in railroad building in the United +States." His "cigar boat" although not a commercial success was the +fore-runner of the "whale-back" steamers now in use on the Great +Lakes. William Orr (1808-91), manufacturer and inventor, born in +Belfast of Ulster Scot parentage, was the first to manufacture +merchantable printing paper with wood fibre in it, and made several +other improvements and discoveries along similar lines. Cyrus Hall +McCormick (1809-84), inventor of the reaping machine, was descended +from James McCormick, one of the signers of the address of the city +and garrison of Londonderry presented to William III. after the siege +in 1689. Of his invention the French Academy of Sciences declared +that by its means he had "done more for the cause of agriculture than +any other living man." James Blair (1804-84), born in Perth, Scotland, +was the inventor of the roller for printing calico; and Robert M. +Dalzell (1793-1873) was inventor of the "elevator system" in handling +and storing grain. Samuel Colt (1814-62), inventor of the Colt +revolver, and founder of the great arms factory at Hartford, Conn., +was of Scots ancestry on both sides. He was also the first to lay a +submarine electric cable (in 1843) connecting New York city with +stations on Fire Island and Coney Island. Thomas Taylor, inventor of +electric appliances for exploding powder in mining, blasting, etc., +Chief of the Division of Microscopy (1871-95), was born in Perth, +Scotland, in 1820. Duncan H. Campbell, born in Greenock in 1827, +settled in Boston as a lad, by his numerous inventions, "pegging +machines, stitching machines, a lock-stitch machine for sewing uppers, +a machine for using waxed threads, a machine for covering buttons with +cloth," laid the foundation of New England's pre-eminence in shoe +manufacturing. Gordon McKay (1821-1903), by his inventions along +similar lines also helped to build up New England's great industry. +Robert Dick, (1814-93), born in Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, died in +Buffalo, lecturer, newspaper editor, writer, preacher, and inventor, +was inventor of the mailing machine used in nearly every newspaper +office on the continent. Alexander Morton, (1820-60), the perfector if +not the inventor of gold pens, was born in Darvel, Ayrshire. James +Oliver, born in Roxburgh, Scotland, in 1823, made several important +discoveries in connection with casting and moulding iron, was the +inventor of the Oliver chilled plow, and founder of the Oliver Chilled +Plow Works, South Bend, Indiana. The business established by him is +now carried on in several cities from Rochester, New York State, to +San Francisco, and south to Dallas, Texas. William Chisholm, born in +Lochgelly, Fifeshire, in 1825, demonstrated the practicability of +making screws from Bessemer steel, organized the Union Steel Company +of Cleveland, (1871), and devised several new methods and machinery +for manufacturing steel shovels, scoops, etc. His brother, Henry, was +the first to introduce steel-making into Cleveland, and might justly +be called "The Father of Cleveland." Andrew Campbell (1821-90) was the +inventor of many improvements in printing machinery, and of a long +series of devices comprising labor-saving machinery relating to hat +manufacture, steam-engines, machinists' tools, lithographic and +printing machinery, and electrical appliances. William Ezra Ferguson +(b. 1832), merchant and inventor of the means of conveying grain on +steam shipments without shifting, was of Scottish ancestry. Alexander +Davidson (b. 1832) made many inventions in connection with the +typewriter, one of the most important being the scale regarding the +value of the letters of the alphabet. As an inventor he was of the +front rank. Andrew Smith Hallidie (b. 1836), son of a native of +Dunfermline, was the inventor of steel-wire rope making and also the +inventor of the "Hallidie ropeway," which led up to the introduction +of cable railroads. James Lyall (1836-1901), born in Auchterarder, +invented the positive-motion shuttle (1868) which revolutionized the +manufacture of cotton goods. He also invented fabrics for pneumatic +tyres and fire-hose. James P. Lee, born in Roxburghshire in 1837, was +inventor of the Lee magazine gun which was adopted by the United +States Navy in 1895. His first weapon was a breech-loading rifle which +was adopted by the United States Government during the Civil War. +Later he organized the Lee Arms Company of Connecticut. The production +of the telephone as a practical and now universally employed method of +"annihilating time and space" in the articulate intercourse of the +human race will forever be associated with the name of Alexander +Graham Bell, born in Edinburgh in 1847. By its means he has promoted +commerce, created new industries, and has bridged continents, all the +result of "sheer hard thinking aided by unbounded genius." To Dr. +Graham Bell we are also indebted for the photophone, for the inductoin +balance, the telephone probe, and the gramophone. During the war he +designed a "submarine chaser" capable of traveling under water at a +speed of over seventy miles an hour, and he has made important +experiments in the field of aeronautics and in other arts and +sciences. The mother of Thomas Alva Edison (b. 1847), it may here be +mentioned, was of Scottish parentage (Elliott). The originator of the +duplex system in the manufacture of railroad tickets was William +Harrison Campbell (1846-1906), of Scottish parentage. William Malcolm +(1823-90), also of Scottish parentage, was the inventor of telescopic +sights, an invention adopted by all civilized governments. His +attainments were better known and appreciated in Europe than in his +own country. Daniel McFarlan Moore, electrician and inventor, of +Ulster Scot descent, was inventor of the Moore electric light. James +Peckover, born in England of Scottish and English ancestry, invented +the saw for cutting stone and a machine for cutting mouldings in +marble and granite. Rear-Admiral George W. Baird (b. 1843), naval +engineer, invented the distiller for making fresh water from sea +water, and patented many other inventions in connection with machinery +and ship ventilation. James Bennett Forsyth (b. 1850), of Scottish +parentage, took out more than fifty patents on machinery and +manufacturing processes connected with rubber and fire-hose. John +Charles Barclay, telegraph manager, descendant of John Barclay who +emigrated from Scotland in 1684, patented the printing telegraph +"said to be the most important invention in the telegraph world since +Edison introduced the quadruplex system." Alexander Winton, born in +Grangemouth in 1860, inventor and manufacturer, successfully developed +a number of improvements in steam engines for ocean going vessels, +founded the Winton Motor Carriage Company in 1897, and patented a +number of inventions in connection with automobile mechanism. The +works of the company at Cleveland, Ohio, now cover more than thirteen +acres. The first to expound and formulate the application of the law +of conservation in illumination calculations was Addams Stratton +McAllister (b. 1875), a descendant of Hugh McAllister, who emigrated +from Scotland c. 1732. He also holds several patents for +alternating-current machinery, and has written largely on electrical +subjects. Richard Dudgeon (1820-99), born in Haddingtonshire, +Scotland, was distinguished as a machinist, inventor of the hydraulic +jack and boiler-tube expander. + + + + +SCOTS AS ENGINEERS + + +Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789), engineer and geographer was of Scottish +origin. He was author of some topographical works and also furnished +the maps and plates of Smith's Account of Bouquet's expedition +(Philadelphia, 1765). James Geddes (1763-1838), of Scottish birth or +parentage, was surveyor of canal routes in New York State and was +chief engineer on construction of the Erie Canal (1816), and chief +engineer of the Champlain Canal (1818). "In all matters relating to +the laying out, designing and construction of canals, he was looked +upon as one of the highest authorities in the country." James Pugh +Kirkwood (1807-77), born in Edinburgh, came to United States in 1832, +was one of the most eminent engineers in the country, one of the +founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and +President (1867-68). James Laurie (1811-75), born at Bell's Mills, +Edinburgh, Chief Engineer on the New Jersey Central Railroad, +consulting engineer in connection with the Housatonic Tunnel, and +first President of the American Society of Civil Engineers. William +Tweeddale, born in Ayrshire in 1823, rendered valuable engineering +service in the Civil War, and was an authority on the sources and +character of water supply. Henry Brevoort Renwick, noted engineer and +expert in patent cases, first inspector of steam vessels for the Port +of New York, was a son of James Renwick the scientist. David Young, +born in Alloa, Scotland, in 1849, was President of the Consolidated +Traction Lines of New Jersey and General Manager of the larger +consolidated company. William Barclay Parsons (b. 1859), is partly +descended from Colonel Thomas Barclay, a Tory of the Revolution. +Hunter McDonald (b. 1860), descended from Angus McDonald, a refugee +from Culloden, is a prominent railroad engineer. T. Kennard Thomson, +born in 1864, is prominent as a bridge builder, designer of pneumatic +caissons, etc. His father came from Stranraer in 1834. Hugh Gordon +Stott, born in Orkney, in 1866, President of the American Institute of +Electrical Engineers (1907), Superintendent of motive power of +Manhattan Railway System, etc. William Gibbs McNeill (1801-53), of +Scottish parentage, was another engineer worth mentioning. Theodore +Crosby Henry (1841-1914), "the father of irrigation in Colorado," was +also of Scottish descent. William McLean (d. 1839), brother of Judge +McLean, was mainly instrumental in extending the Ohio Canal from +Cincinnati to Cleveland. John Findley Wallace (1852-1920), of Scottish +descent, was chief-engineer of the Panama Canal (1904-05), and also +designed and constructed many important engineering works. Angus +Sinclair (1841-1919), born in Forfarshire, was an engineer, author of +several text-books on engineering, and editor of the "Railway and +Locomotive Engineering." + + + + +SCOTS IN INDUSTRIES + + +Robert Gilmor (1748-1822), born in Paisley, was the founder of the +East India trade in this country. He also assisted in founding the +first bank in Baltimore (the Bank of Maryland), and the Maryland +Historical Society. His son Robert (1774-1848) was also prominent in +Baltimore business and was President of the Washington Monument +Association which laid the foundation for the Washington monument in +Baltimore in 1815 and completed it in 1829. Henry Eckford (1775-1832), +shipbuilder, was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. On the outbreak of the +War of 1812 he built several ships for the American Government for use +on the Great Lakes. In 1820 he was appointed Naval Constructor at the +Brooklyn Navy Yard and there built six ships of the line. In 1822 he +built the steamer "Robert Fulton," which made the first successful +steam voyage to New Orleans and Havana. Angus Neilson Macpherson +(1812-76), born at Cluny, Inverness-shire, was builder of the frigate +"Ironsides," and designer of the furnaces for heating large plates and +the method of affixing them to the sides of the vessel. Donald Mackay +(1810-80), born in Nova Scotia, grandson of Donald Mackay of Tain, +Ross-shire, established the shipyards at East Boston, and constructed +a number of fast sailing ships, and during the Civil War a number of +warships for the United States Government. The beauty and speed of his +clippers gave him a world wide reputation as a naval constructor. +Thomas Dickson (1822-84), President of the Delaware and Hudson Canal +Co., was born in Lauder. William Grey Warden (1831-95), born in +Pittsburgh of Scottish ancestry, was a pioneer in the refining of +petroleum in Pennsylvania, and the controlling spirit in the work of +creating the great Atlantic Refinery consolidated with the Standard +Oil Company of Ohio in 1874. George Gibson McMurtry (1838-1915), born +in Belfast of Scottish descent, steel manufacturer and philanthropist, +was "one of the big figures of that small group of men which +established the industrial independence of the United States from the +European nations of cheap labor." James Edwin Lindsay (1826-1919), +lumberman, was descended from Donald Lindsay, who settled in Argyle, +New York, in 1739. John McKesson (b. 1807), descended from the +McKessons of Argyllshire, was founder of the, wholesale drug firm of +McKesson and Robbins; and Alfred B. Scott of the wholesale drug firm +of Scott and Bowne was also of Scottish descent. Edmond Urquhart (b. +1834) was one of the pioneers in the creation of the cotton seed oil +industry. To Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), born in Dunfermline, "the +richest and most free-handed Scot who ever lived," more than anyone +else is due the great steel and iron industry of the United States. +His innumerable gifts for public libraries, etc., are too well known +to need detailing here. To New York alone he gave over five million +dollars to establish circulating branches in connection with the New +York Public Library. In the development of the steel business of +Pittsburgh he was ably seconded by James Scott, George Lauder (his +cousin), Robert Pitcairn, Charles Lockhart, and others--all Scots. +James McClurg Guffey (b. 1839), oil producer and capitalist, was of +Galloway descent. He developed the oil fields of Kansas, Texas, +California, West Virginia, and Indian Territory. The town of Guffey, +Colorado, is named in his honor. His brother Wesley S. Guffey was also +prominent in the oil industry. John Arbuckle (1839-1912), merchant and +philanthropist, known in the trade as the "Coffee King," was born in +Scotland. Robert Dunlap (b. 1834), hat manufacturer and founder of +Dunlap Cable News Company (1891), was of Ulster Scot origin. William +Chalk Gouinlock (1844-1914), physician and manufacturer, of Scottish +ancestry, was one of the first to establish the salt industry in +Western New York (1883), and in 1887 established the first salt-pan +west of the Mississippi (at Hutcheson, Kansas). Edward Kerr, born in +Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, in 1842, was founder of the Laurenceville +Bronze Company (1891); and William Mackenzie (1841-1914), born in +Glasgow, was founder of the Standard Bleachery at Carlton Hill, New +Jersey. Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912), capitalist and manufacturer, was +of Scottish parentage. James Smith Kirk (1818-86), soap manufacturer +in Chicago, was born in Glasgow. George Yule, born in Rathen, +Aberdeenshire, in 1824, was distinguished in manufactures. William +Chapman Ralston (1826-75), developer of California, was of Scottish +ancestry. William Barr (1827-1908), merchant and philanthropist, +founder of one of the largest dry goods firms in the Middle West, was +born in Lanark. Matthew Baird (1817-77), born in Londonderry of Ulster +Scot parentage, a partner in the Baldwin Locomotive Works, in 1865 +became sole proprietor besides being a director in several other +important corporations. James Douglas Reid (1819-1901), born in +Edinburgh, superintended the construction of many of the most +important telegraph lines in the United States and founded and edited +the "National Telegraph Review." Theodore Irwin (b. 1827), grain +merchant, manufacturer, and bibliophile; and Edward Henry Kellogg (b. +1828), manufacturer of lubricating oils, were of Scottish descent. +James Abercrombie Burden (b. 1833), ironmaster and manufacturer, was +son of the great Scottish inventor, Henry Burden. William Sloane (d. +1879), came to the United States in 1834 and established the great +carpet firm of William Sloane and Sons. The development of the tobacco +industry which so enriched Glasgow in the middle of the eighteenth +century, drew large numbers of Scots to Virginia as merchants and +manufacturers, and, says Slaughter, "it is worthy of note that Scotch +families such as the Dunlops, Tennants, Magills, Camerons, etc., are +to this day (1879) leaders of the tobacco trade of Petersburg, which +has grown so great as to swallow up her sisters, Blandford and +Pocahontas, which were merged in one corporation in 1784." David +Hunter McAlpin (b. 1816) was one of the largest tobacco manufacturers; +and Alexander Cameron, born in 1834 at Grantown-on-Spey, had an +extensive share in the tobacco business, with four large branch +factories in Australia. Alexander Macdonald (b. 1833), born at Forres, +Elginshire, was President of the Standard Oil Company of Kentucky and +Director in several other important business enterprises. James Crow, +Kentucky pioneer, (c. 1800-1859), born in Scotland and graduated as a +physician from Edinburgh University. In 1822 went from Philadelphia to +Woodford County, Kentucky, where his knowledge of chemistry enabled +him vastly to improve the methods of distilling whiskey, and he became +the founder of the great distilling industry of that state. Walter +Callender, born in Stirling in 1834, was founder of the firm of +Callender, McAuslan, and Troup, of Providence. E.J. Lindsay, born in +Dundee in 1838, was manufacturer of agricultural implements in +Wisconsin. Alexander Cochrane, born at Barrhead in 1840, was a great +chemical manufacturer. Edwin Allen Cruikshank, born in 1843 of +Scottish ancestry, was a real estate operator and one of the founders +of the Real Estate Exchange in 1883. George Harrison Barbour, born in +1843 of Scottish parentage, was Vice-President and General Manager of +the Michigan Stove Company, the largest establishment of the kind in +the world. William Marshall, born in Leith in 1848, was founder of the +Anglo-American Varnish Company (1890). Robert Means Thompson, born in +1849 of Scottish ancestry, was President of the Orford Copper Company, +one of the largest producers of nickel in the world. William James +Hogg (b. 1851), carpet manufacturer in Worcester and Auburn, +Massachusetts; and Francis Thomas Fletcher Lovejoy, Secretary of the +Carnegie Steel Company were of Scottish descent. William Howe McElwain +(b. 1867), shoe manufacturer in New England, is of Argyllshire +descent; and the Armours of Chicago, descended from James Armour, who +came from Ulster c. 1750, claim Scottish ancestry. William Barbour +(b. 1847), thread manufacturer, was grandson of a Scot who moved from +Paisley, Scotland, to Lisburn, Ireland, in 1768, and in 1784 +established what is now the oldest linen thread manufacturing +establishment in the world. George A. Clark (1824-73), born in +Paisley, established the thread mills at Newark, New Jersey, the +business of which was carried on by his brother William (b. 1841), who +came to the United States in 1860. The great Coates Thread Mills at +Pawtucket, Rhode Island, are a branch of the firm of J. and J. Coates +of Paisley. Hugh Chalmers (b. 1873), President of the Chalmers Motor +Company, of Detroit, is descended from Thomas Chalmers who came from +Scotland early in the nineteenth century. Ramsey Crooks (1786-1859), +fur trader, born in Greenock, Scotland; came to America and settled in +Wisconsin. In 1809, he entered the service of John Jacob Astor and +made, with Donald Mackenzie and Robert Stuart, the memorable +3,500-mile trip to Astoria, on the Pacific Ocean. In 1834, he settled +in New York and engaged successfully in business. During his residence +at Mackinac Island, Mich., and on his adventurous trips he was a great +friend and confidant of the Indians. Black Hawk said he was "The best +paleface friend the red men ever had." Mention may also here be made +of the Anchor line of Steamships founded by Thomas and John Henderson +of Glasgow. The ships of this line began service between Glasgow and +New York in 1856. In 1869 they established a North Sea service between +Granton, Scotland, and Scandinavian ports and through this channel +introduced many thousands of industrious Scandinavian settlers into +the United States. In 1870 they established the first direct +communication between Italy, southern Europe and the United States, +and in 1873 they inaugurated, and were the principal carriers of, the +live cattle trade between the United States and Europe. + + + + +SCOTS IN BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE AND RAILROADS + + +In the financial and commercial field in this country the Scots have +held a foremost place and stand unrivalled for integrity, energy, +fidelity, and enterprise. Many jibes are made at the expense of the +Canny Scot, but American business men have realized his value. In +business and commercial life the success of the average Scot is +remarkable and many of the guiding spirits among America's successful +business men are Scots or men of Scottish descent. + +James Blair (b. 1807), brother of John Inslee Blair, was largely +identified with the development of banks and railroads in +Pennsylvania. George Smith (1808-99), born in Aberdeenshire, founded +the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company (1839) and was later a +prominent banker in Georgia. Alexander Mitchell (1817-87), financier, +railroad builder, and one of the Commissioners of Public Debt of +Milwaukee, was born near Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Brown Brothers, bankers +in New York, was founded by Alexander Brown (1764-1834) who was born +in Ballymena of Ulster Scot parentage. George Bain (1836-91), +merchant, banker, and director in many railroads, banks, and insurance +companies, was born in Stirling, Scotland. Robert Craig Chambers (b. +1831), miner, financier, and State Senator of Utah, was of Scottish +descent. John Aikman Stewart (b. 1822), President of the United States +Trust Company and Assistant Treasurer of the United States, was born +in New York city, son of a native of Stornoway, Hebrides. Alonzo +Barton Hepburn (b. 1847), descendant of Patrick Hepburn who came from +Scotland in 1736, President of the Chase National Bank, a +distinguished New York banker, has written much on financial subjects. +Thomas William Lamont (b. 1870), whose forefather came from +Argyllshire, is a member of the firm of J.P. Morgan & Co., and +prominent in international finance. Walter Edwin Frew, President of +the Corn Exchange Bank, New York, and President of the New York +Clearing House is of Scottish parentage. He was a pioneer of the +branch banking system in New York. James Berwick Forgan, born in St. +Andrews, in 1852, President of the First National Bank of Chicago, is +a pillar of finance. Andrew Glassell (1827-1901), descendant of a +Dumfriesshire emigrant of 1756, was a prominent lawyer and banker in +Los Angeles. James Alexander Linen (b. 1840), President of the First +National Bank of Scranton, was of Scottish parentage. George Rutledge +Gibson (b. 1853), of Scottish descent, has written largely on +questions of foreign finance. John Hall McClement (b. 1862), railroad +and financial expert, is of Scottish parentage. Duncan MacInnes, born +at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, has been Chief Accountant of the City of +New York for many years, and is one of the best equipped men in +municipal finance in America. Robert Graham Dun (1826-1900), +mercantile credit expert, was grandson of Rev. James Dun, minister in +Glasgow, who emigrated to Virginia, c. 1815. + +Robert Burns Beath (1839-1914), President of the United Firemens' +Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and author of the "History of the +Grand Army of the Republic" (1888), was of Scots parentage. William C. +Alexander (1806-74), President of the Equitable Life Insurance +Company, was second son of Dr. Archibald Alexander of Princeton. His +son James Waddell Alexander (1839-1915), was also President of the +same Company. John Augustine McCall (1849-1906), President of the New +York Life Insurance Company, was of Ulster Scot descent. + +Men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent have had a prominent place +in the development of the railroads of the United States from their +inception to the present day. It was a Scot, Peter Fleming, Surveyor +of the upper part of New York city, who laid out the grades for the +first railroad in the state. John Inslee (or Insley) Blair (1802-99), +founder of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company (1846), financier and +founder of the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad, was a descendant of +Samuel Blair who came from Scotland in 1720. Blairstown, New Jersey, +is named in his honor. He gave half a million dollars to various +Presbyterian institutions. Samuel Sloan (1817-1907), President of the +Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad (1867-99), was born in Lisburn of +Ulster Scot ancestry. John T. Grant (1813-87), railroad builder in +Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, was of +Scottish origin; and so also was Thomas Alexander Scott (1824-81), +Vice-President and President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Assistant +Secretary of War (1861-62), and President of the Texas Pacific +Railroad. James McCrea (b. 1836), descended from James McCrea, an +Ulster Scot who came to America in 1776, was one of the ablest +Presidents of the Pennsylvania Railroad. John Edgar Thompson, third +President, Frank Thompson, sixth Vice-President of the Pennsylvania +system, were also of Scottish descent. Alexander Johnson Cassatt, +seventh President, was Scottish on his mother's side. Another +prominent Scot connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad was Robert +Pitcairn, born at Johnstone, near Paisley, in 1836. Angus Archibald +McLeod (b. 1847), re-organizer of the Philadelphia and Reading +Railroad was also a Scot; and George Devereux Mackay (b. 1854), banker +and railroad builders, was descended from John Mackay who came from +Caithness in 1760. John Allan Muir (1852-1904), railroad promoter of +California, was of Scottish parentage. + + + + +SCOTS AS JOURNALISTS, PUBLISHERS AND TYPEFOUNDERS + + +The first newspaper printed in North America, _The Boston News-Letter_ +for April 24, 1704, was published by a Scot, John Campbell +(1653-1728), bookseller and postmaster of Boston. John Mein and John +Fleming, the founders and publishers of _The Boston Chronicle_ (1767) +were both born in Scotland. The paper was printed "on a new and +handsome type, a broad faced long primer, from an Edinburgh foundry, +and typographically far surpassed any paper that had appeared before +it in New England." David Hall (c. 1714-1772), born in Edinburgh, +emigrated to America shortly after 1740, became a partner of Benjamin +Franklin in 1748. He was printer of the _Pennsylvania Gazette_, one of +the few leading newspapers of the day, and one of the founders of the +St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. His son, William (died 1831), +who carried on the printing business, was one of the original members +of the "Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia," afterwards known as +"The First City Troop," and served in the Continental Army during the +Revolutionary War. Robert Aitken (1734-1802), born in Dalkeith, +Scotland, printer and publisher in Philadelphia in 1769, was publisher +of the _Pennsylvania Magazine_ from January 1775 to June 1776, the +first magazine in Philadelphia containing illustrations, most of which +were engraved by Aitken himself. He also published, at his own +expense, in 1782, the first English Bible printed in America. Major +Andrew Brown (c. 1744-1797), born in the north of Ireland of Scottish +parents, was publisher of the _Federal Gazette_, later (1793) changed +to _Philadelphia Gazette_. He is credited with being the first +newspaper man to employ a reporter for the debates in Congress. It may +here be mentioned that the publisher of the first directory of +Philadelphia and its suburbs (1782), was a Scot, Captain John +Macpherson (1726-92). James Adams, Delaware's first printer (1761), +was an Ulster Scot who learned the art of printing in Londonderry and +founded the _Wilmington Courant_ in 1762. Col. Eleazer Oswald +(1755-1795), of Scottish origin, though born in England, rendered +brilliant service on the side of the colonies during the Revolution. +In 1779 he became associated with William Goddard in the _Maryland +Journal_, the first newspaper printed in Baltimore. Later removing to +Philadelphia he issued the first number of the _Independent Gazetteer, +or the Chronicle of Freedom_, April 13, 1782, and at the same time he +also conducted in New York _The Independent Gazetteer, or New York +Journal_ (1782-87). The first daily paper published in Baltimore +(1791) was by David Graham. Alexander Purdie, a native of Scotland, +was editor of the _Virginia Gazette_ from March 1766 to December 1774. +Shortly after this date he started a Gazette of his own, and in the +issue of his paper for June 7, 1776, he printed the heraldic device of +a shield, on which is a rattlesnake coiled, with supporters, dexter, a +bear collared and chained, sinister, a stag. The crest is a woman's +head crowned and the motto: _Don't tread on me_. Adam Boyd +(1738-1803), colonial printer and preacher, purchased the printing +outfit of another Scot, Andrew Stuart, who had set up the first +printing press in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1763. In 1769 (Oct. +13) Boyd issued the first number of the _Cape Fear Mercury_, and +continued it till 1776. James Johnston, born in Scotland, was the +first to establish a printing press in Georgia (1762) and in April, +1763, began publication of _The Georgia Gazette_, which was published +by him for twenty-seven years. His successor (1793) was another Scot, +Alexander M'Millan, "Printer to the State." Robert Wells (1728-94), +born in Scotland, was a publisher and bookseller in South Carolina for +many years, and published the _South Carolina and American General +Gazette_. John Wells, Florida's first printer (1784), born in +Charleston, served his apprenticeship at Donaldson's printing house in +Edinburgh. Matthew Duncan, son of Major Joseph Duncan, of Scottish +ancestry, introduced printing into Illinois in 1809, and published the +first newspaper there. Major Nathaniel McLean, brother of John McLean, +one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, was one +of the first publishers in Minnesota (1849, the same year in which +printing was introduced into the state). The township of McLean, +Ramsey county, was named in honor of him. There is mention of a +printing press being set up in Michigan in 1785 by Alexander and +William Macomb, but nothing further is known of it. The first book +printed in Montana was in 1864, and in August of the same year John +Buchanan founded the _Montana Post_ at Virginia City. John Dunlap +(1747-1812), an Ulster Scot born in Strabane, was Congressional +Printer and first printed the Declaration of Independence. + +Thomas Ritchie (1778-1854), born of Scottish parentage. He wielded a +powerful influence for good in both the national and state politics of +Virginia, and his funeral was attended by nearly all the distinguished +men of the times, including the President. Ritchie County, West +Virginia, was named in his honor. Francis Preston Blair (1791-1876), +political writer, negotiator of peace conference at Hampton Roads in +1864, and editor of the Washington _Globe_, was a descendant of +Commissary Blair of Virginia. James Gordon Bennett (1795-1872), born +near Keith, Banffshire, pioneer of modern American journalism and +founder of the New York _Herald_, a newspaper which has long wielded a +great influence on political affairs. Horace Greeley (1811-72), +founder of the New York _Tribune_, unsuccessful candidate for the +Presidency in 1872, anti-slavery leader, and author of "The American +Conflict" (1864-66), was of Ulster Scot descent. Of the same origin +was Joseph Medill (1823-99), proprietor of the Chicago _Tribune_ +(1874); and Robert Bonner (1824-99), founder of the New York _Ledger_ +(1851), was born in Londonderry of Ulster Scot origin. James Thompson +Callender (d. 1806), a political exile from Scotland, a controversial +writer of great power, a severe critic of the administration of John +Adams, founded the _Richmond Recorder_, predecessor of the _Richmond +Enquirer_. John Swinton (1829-1901), born in Haddingtonshire, was +editorial writer for the New York _Times_ (1860-70), and _Sun_ +(1875-83, 1893-97). He took an active interest in social and +industrial questions and was Progressive Labor Party's candidate for +State Senator in 1887. James Redpath (1833-91), journalist and author, +born in Berwick-on-Tweed, was prominently identified with the +abolition movement, was organizer of the school system of South +Carolina, founder of the Boston Lyceum Bureau, war correspondent for +Northern newspapers during the Civil War, and author of several +histories and biographical works. William Andrew Ure (b. 1839), of +Scottish parentage, by his energy made the Newark, New Jersey, _Sunday +Call_, one of the leading newspapers in the state. Whitelaw Reid is +noted under Ambassadors. St. Clair McKelway (b. 1845), who became +Regent and Vice-Chancellor of the University of the State of New York, +was of Scots parentage. Andrew McLean, born in Renton, Dumbartonshire, +in 1848, is editor-in-chief of the _Brooklyn Citizen_, which under his +guidance has become an influential paper. Washington McLean and his +son, John R. McLean, established one of the greatest newspapers in the +Middle West, the _Cincinnati Enquirer_. David Alexander Munro +(1848-1910), a native of Maryburgh, Ross-shire, educated at Edinburgh +University, editor for many years of the _North American Review_. John +Foord, born in Perthshire, came to the U.S. in 1869; became editorial +writer on the _New York Times_ and later editor-in-chief; after 1883, +editor and publisher of the _Brooklyn Union_; editor of _Harper's +Weekly_; leader writer on _Journal of Commerce_, and editor of +_Asia_. Other journalists who may be mentioned are William Cauldwell +(b. 1824) of New York, of Scottish parentage on both sides; George +Dawson (1813-83) of Albany, born in Falkirk, Scotland; William Wiston +Seaton (1785-1866) of Washington, D.C., a Regent of the Smithsonian +Institution; and George Horace Lorimer (b. 1867), journalist and +author of "Letters from a Self-made Merchant to His Son" (1902), etc. +John J. McElhone (1832-90), famous as a stenographer and chief +Official Reporter of the House of Representatives, was of Scottish +ancestry. + +Thomas Dobson, publisher of the first American edition of the +_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ (1791), was a Scot who gave a great impulse +to printing in the United States. Robert Carter (1807-89), publisher +and founder of the house of Robert Carter and Brothers, so long and +honorably known in New York city, was born in Earlston, Berwickshire. +Henry Ivison (1808-84), born in Glasgow, became a prominent publisher +in New York. His son, David Brinkerhoff Ivison, born in 1835, was also +a prominent publisher and founder of the American Book Company. John +Wilson (1802-68), born in Glasgow, was founder of the famous printing +firm of John Wilson and Son of Cambridge, Massachusetts, now Harvard +University Press. George Munro (1825-96), publisher of the _Seaside +Library, Fireside Companion_, etc., was of Scottish descent. In the +course of his life he gave away half a million dollars for educational +purposes. Whatever may be thought of his appropriating the works of +British authors without compensation it cannot be denied that he did a +great deal to raise the literary taste among the poorer classes in +this country. George William Quids (1829-94), publisher and proprietor +of the _Philadelphia Public Ledger_, was of Scottish descent. Robert +Clarke (1829-99), founded of the great Cincinnati publishing house of +Robert Clarke and Co., was born in the town of Annan in Dumfriesshire. +Norman Leslie Munro (1842-94), publisher of the _Family Story Paper_ +and founder of Munro's Publishing House, was born in Nova Scotia of +Scottish ancestry. + +John Baine, born in St. Andrews, in partnership with his grandson, +established the first type-foundry in Philadelphia in 1787. Their firm +cast the types for a portion of the American edition of the +_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, reprinted in Philadelphia in 1791. +Archibald Binny, (1763-1838), born in Portobello, near Edinburgh, and +James Ronaldson (d. 1841), also born in Scotland, succeeded to and +carried on the business established by Baine. In 1797 they cast the +first $ sign used in this country. The quality and art of their +product was in no wise inferior to the European and the sale of +foreign made types ceased shortly after they established their +business. Their foundry kept pace with the growth of the country and +in the seventies of last century became the best and most extensive +letter-foundry in the world. Archibald Binny loaned the United States +Government the sum of 50,000 dollars for use in the war of 1812-14. +Ronaldson was first president of the Franklin Institute in +Philadelphia (1824-41), an institution in which he took a great +interest, and in 1831 presented to Philadelphia the beautiful cemetery +bearing his name. He was described as "an upright, frugal and honest +man, and a lover of his adopted country." George Bruce (1781-1866), +born in Edinburgh, along with his brother David introduced the art of +stereotyping, the secret of which David secured in Edinburgh. In 1816 +they purchased a foundry for type making and stereotyping, and George +Bruce in his seventy-eighth year of age produced type which has rarely +been excelled for beauty of design and neatness of finish. "He did +much toward facilitating American printing and towards making it a +fine art, inventing, with the assistance of his nephew, David Bruce, +Jr., a successful type-casting machine which has come into general +use." Thomas Mackellar (1812-1899), printer and poet, also one of the +leading type founders, was of Scottish parentage. William Vincent +McKean, born in 1820 of Ulster Scot descent, was another distinguished +type-founder and editor-in-chief of the _Philadelphia Public Ledger_ +for many years. Another individual who may be included under this head +is Adam Ramage who was born in Scotland and died at an advanced age in +Philadelphia in 1850. He was distinguished as a manufacturer of +printing presses in the beginning of last century, and patented the +"Ramage" press in 1818. + + + + +SOME PROMINENT SCOTS IN NEW YORK CITY + + +Many names mentioned in other sections apply equally to New York city +but for lack of space they are not here again referred to. David +Jamison, one of the early Colonial lawyers in New York, was born in +Scotland. In 1707 he defended Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian +clergyman, when he was arrested for preaching in the city without a +license, and in 1710 he became Chief Justice of New Jersey. James +Graham (died c. 1700), Recorder of the city, was also a native of +Scotland. John Watts (1749-1836), of Scots parentage, was the last +Royal Recorder of the city, Speaker of the New York Assembly, Member +of Congress, 1793-96, and founder of the Leake and Watts Orphan +Asylum. Archibald Gracie, born in Dumfries, emigrated to America about +1778. Through his business enterprise he largely developed the +commercial importance of the port of New York. He was also founder of +the first Savings Bank in America, founder of the Lying-in Hospital of +the Cedar Street Presbyterian Church, President of the Chamber of +Commerce for twenty years, etc. Cadwallader David Golden (1769-1834), +grandson of Cadwallader Colden, was Mayor of the city from 1818 to +1821, and made an enviable record in that office. James Lenox +(1800-80), merchant, philanthropist, bibliophile, and founder of the +Lenox Library, now incorporated in the New York Public Library, was +one of the most useful citizens New York ever possessed. His public +benefactions were numerous, but only the largest were made public. +Among these were the Lenox Library, formerly at Fifth Avenue and +Seventieth Street; the Presbyterian Hospital, and liberal endowments +to Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary. Alexander +Turney Stewart (1803-76), merchant and philanthropist, born in Ireland +of Scots parents, established the great dry goods business now owned +by John Wanamaker. He was nominated as Secretary of the Treasury +(1869) but was not confirmed. Hugh Maxwell (1787-1873), born in +Paisley, was Assistant Junior Advocate General in 1814, District +Attorney for the city from 1819 to 1829, and Collector of the Port +(1849-52). Robert L. Stuart (1806-82) and his brother Alexander +(1810-79), sugar refiners, both gave large sums, estimated at over two +million dollars, to many charities, and the library, pictures, and +mineral and shell collections of the former are preserved in a +separate room of the New York Public Library. Hugh Auchincloss +(1817-90) and John Auchincloss, his brother, sons of Hugh Auchincloss +of Paisley, were prominent merchants in the city. Robert Lenox Kennedy +(b. 1822), banker and public spirited citizen, grandson of a Scot, was +President of the Trustees of the New York Public Library, an +institution largely Scottish in its foundation and endowment. James +Gibb, born in Scotland in 1829, a successful merchant, was President +of Brooklyn Park Commission. James Cruikshank (b. 1831), of Scottish +descent, was noted for his activity in furthering education in +Brooklyn. Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), of Scottish parentage, was +Member of Congress from New York (1875-79, 1881-86), and Mayor of the +city (1887-88). John Stewart Kennedy (1830-1909), financier and +philanthropist, born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, gave one million +dollars to the Presbyterian Hospital as his golden wedding anniversary +gift, five hundred thousand dollars to Columbia University, besides +innumerable gifts to other institutions. His will left over +sixty-seven million dollars, nearly half of it for charitable +purposes. Alexander Ector Orr (1831-1914), President of New York Rapid +Transit Commission, Vice-President of many financial institutions, was +of Ulster Scot descent. Thomas Fitchie (1834-1905), of Scottish +parentage, was an earnest worker for purity in civil life in Brooklyn. +Charles A. Lamont (1835-1904), son of Neil Lamont from Scotland, was +one of the original members of the Republican Party and of the Union +League prominent in city affairs. He was the originator of the Ramapo +scheme of water supply for the city. Robert Maclay (b. 1836), of +Scottish parentage, was President of the Knickerbocker Ice Company +(1875), Commissioner of Education, Rapid Transit Commissioner, etc. +Dr. Albert Prescott Marble (1836-1906), a recognized leader in +educational matters, President of the Board of Superintendents of the +New York Department of Education, was a descendant of one of the Scots +settlers of Maine. Robert Macy Galloway (b. 1837), merchant and +banker, had a considerable part in developing the elevated railroads +of the city. Eugene Gilbert Blackford (1839-1904), merchant and +ichthyologist, of Scottish descent, "did more to advance the interests +of fish culture in this country than any other man." He wrote much on +the subject and to his efforts was due the creation of the Aquarium at +the Battery. Alexander Taylor, born in Leith, Scotland, in 1821, was +founder of the firm of Alexander Taylor's Sons. Walter Scott, managing +Director of Butler Brothers, born in Canada, of Scottish parentage, is +widely known as a liberal promoter of education, art, athletics, and +patriotism. + + + + +SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES + + +That the Scots in America have not been solely devoted to business and +the promotion of their own selfish welfare is evidenced by the +remarkable growth of their numerous Societies based upon the extension +of fellowship among Scots in the New World and for the collection and +distribution of charitable funds among the poor and needy of their +countrymen. The oldest of these Societies, the Scots' Charitable +Society of Boston, was founded January 6, 1657, with twenty-seven +members. It was followed by the St. Andrew's Club of Charleston, S.C. +(the first to bear the name of St. Andrew), 1729; the St. Andrew's +Society of Philadelphia, December 7, 1749; the St. Andrew's Society of +Savannah, Ga., 1750; the St. Andrew's Society of the Province, +afterward of the State of New York, November 19, 1756; and the St. +Andrew's Society of Albany, N.Y., November 10, 1803; until at the +present time, there is no city of any size or importance in the +country that does not have its St. Andrew's Society, or Burns or +Caledonian Club, which serves to keep alive the memories of the +home-land, to instil patriotism toward the adopted country, and to aid +the distressed among their kinsfolk. There are now more than one +thousand of these Societies in America, including the Order of +Scottish Clans (organized, 1878) a successful fraternal, patriotic and +beneficial order, with more than one hundred separate clans, and the +Daughters of Scotia, a rapidly growing order for women of Scottish +blood, organized in 1898. + + + + +CONCLUSION + + +"It is the knowledge that Scotsmen have done their share in building +up the great Republic that makes them proud of its progress and +inspires them to add to its glories and advantages in every way. +Scotsmen, as a nationality, are everywhere spoken of as good and loyal +citizens, while Americans who can trace a family residence of a +century in the country are proud if they can count among their +ancestors some one who hailed from the land of Burns, and it is a +knowledge of all this, in turn, that makes the American Scot of to-day +proud of his country's record and his citizenship and impels him to be +as devoted to the new land as it was possible for him to have been to +the old had he remained in it. In America, the old traditions, the old +blue flag with its white cross, the old Doric, are not forgotten, but +are nourished, and preserved, and honored, and spoken by Scotsmen on +every side with the kindliest sentiments on the part of those to whom +they are alien. Americans know and acknowledge that the traditions and +flag and homely speech have long been conserved to the development of +that civil and religious liberty on which the great confederation of +sovereign republican States has been founded. In the United States, +Sir Walter Scott has more readers and quite as enthusiastic admirers +as in Scotland, and if Americans were asked which of the world's poets +came nearest to their hearts, the answer would undoubtedly be--Robert +Burns." + + + + +LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO + + +_Appleton_. Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York, 1887-89. +6v. + +_Bingham_. Early History of Michigan. Lansing, 1888. + +_Breed_. Presbyterians and the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1876. + +_Campbell_, The Puritan in Holland, England, and America. New +York, 1892. + +_Casson_. The Sons of Old Scotland in America. New York, 1906. + +_Charlton_. The Making of Georgia. Savannah, 1905. + +_Craighead_. Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil. Philadelphia, +1879. + +_Dinsmore_. The Scotch-Irish in America. Chicago, 1906. + +_Dyer_. Early American Craftsmen. New York, 1915. + +_Ford_. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton, 1915. + +_Green_. The Scotch-Irish in America. Worcester, 1895. + +_Hanna_. The Scotch-Irish. New York, 1902. 2 v. + +_Harrison_. The Scot in Ulster. Edinburgh, 1888. + +_Jones_. History of Georgia. Boston, 1883. + +_Kelly and Burrage_. American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, +1920. + +_Lewis_. Great American Lawyers. Philadelphia, 1907-09. 8 v. + +_Maclean_. Historical Account of the Settlements of Scottish Highlanders +in America Prior to the Peace of 1783. Cleveland, 1900. + +_National Cyclopædia, of American Biography_. New York, 1898-1906. +16 v. + +_Parker_. History of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Boston, 1851. + +_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_. Edinburgh, v. 8, 9. + +_Reid_. The Scot in America and the Ulster Scot. London, 1911. + +_Roberts_. New York-Boston, 1904. + +_Ross_. The Scot in America. New York, 1896. + +_Scotch-Irish in America_. Proceeding of Scotch-Irish Congresses. + +_Scots Magazine_. Edinburgh, 1768-1774. + +_Slaughter_. History of Bristol Parish. Richmond, 1879. + +_Smith_. History of the Colony of Nova Cæsaria or New Jersey. +Burlington, 1765. + +_Smith_. History of New York. Philadelphia, 1792. + +_White_. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. New York, 1911. + + + + +INDEX + + +Abercrombie, James, 21. + +Abernethy, Gov. George, 59. + +Adair, Gov. John, 56. + +Adair, John Johnstone, 30. + +Adair, William, 71. + +Adams, James, 108. + +Addison, Alexander, 49. + +Agnew, Dr. David Hayes, 74. + +Ainslie, Hew, 81. + +Aitken, Robert, 108. + +Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, 91. + +Alexander, Archibald, 78. + +Alexander, Dr. Archibald, 106. + +Alexander, Cosmo, 88. + +Alexander, James, 29. + +Alexander, James Waddell, 78, 106. + +Alexander, John, 70. + +Alexander, John White, 89. + +Alexander, Joseph Addison, 78. + +Alexander, Gov. Nathaniel, 55. + +Alexander, Stephen, 70. + +Alexander, Brig.-Gen. William, 62. + +Alexander, William C., 106. + +Allison, Francis, 76. + +Allen, Adam, 70. + +Allerdyce, Samuel, 90. + +Anderson, Dr. Alexander, 90. + +Anderson, Charles, 29. + +Anderson, Hugh, 90. + +Anderson, Gov. Hugh Johnston, 53. + +Anderson, Lt.-Col. Richard C., 60. + +Arbuckle, John, 102. + +Armour, James, 103. + +Armours of Chicago, 103. + +Armstrong, Brig.-Gen. John. 61. + +Arthur, Pres. Chester Alan, 40. + +Astor, John Jacob, 28. + +Auchincloss, Hugh, Jr., 114. + +Auchincloss, Hugh, Sr., 114. + +Auchincloss, John, 114. + +Auchmuty, Robert, 87. + +Auchmuty, Rev. Samuel, 84. + + +Bain, George, 105. + +Baine, John, 111. + +Baird, George W., 97. + +Baird, Matthew, 102. + +Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 68. + +Bancroft, George, 4. + +Barbour, Edwin Hinckley, 70. + +Barbour, Geo. Harrison, 103. + +Barbour, Gov. James, 54. + +Barbour, William, 104. + +Barclay, Alexander, 30. + +Barclay, David, 16. + +Barclay, David Robert, 87. + +Barclay, Rev. Henry, 84. + +Barclay, John, 16, 84, 87. + +Barclay, John Charles, 97. + +Barclay, Gov. Robert, 16, 32. + +Barclay, Col. Thomas, 99. + +Baron, Alexander, 21. + +Barr, William, 102. + +Bartram, Gen. George, 28. + +Baxter, George, 19. + +Beall, Col. Ninian, 21. + +Bean, Dr. James, 31. + +Bean, John, 26. + +Bean, Russell, 31. + +Bean, Capt. William, 31. + +Beath, Robert Burns, 106. + +Beatty, John Wesley, 89. + +Beck, Senator, James Burnie, 46. + +Bell, Alexander Graham, 97. + +Bell, Alex. Melville, 79. + +Bell, Gov. Charles Henry, 53. + +Bell, Gov. Charles James, 53. + +Bell, John, 25. + +Bell, John, 42. + +Bell, Gov. John, 53. + +Bell, Luther V., 25. + +Bell, Gov. Peter Hansborough, 58. + +Bell, Gov. Samuel, 49, 53. + +Bell, Samuel Dana, 49. + +Bell, Thomas Sloan, 49. + +Bennett, James Gordon, 110. + +Berkeley, Sir William, 34. + +Bethune, Divie, 82. + +Bethune, Mrs. Divie, 86. + +Bethune, Rev. Geo. W., 82. + +Beveridge, Gov. John Lourie, 57. + +Bigger, Gov. Samuel, 57. + +Binny, Archibald, 111, 112. + +Birney, Gen. David Bell, 62. + +Birney, James Gillespie, 62. + +Black, Gavin, 17. + +Blackburn, Gideon, 19. + +Blackford, Eugene G., 114. + +Blaine, James Gillespie, 43. + +Blair, Dr. Archibald, 34. + +Blair, Asso. Justice, 48. + +Blair, Gov. 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Walter, 56. + +Gilchrist, Nimrod, 56. + +Gilchrist, Wm. Wallace, 93. + +Gilfillan, James, 49. + +Gillespie, Rev. George, 84. + +Gilmer, Dr. George, 54, 55. + +Gilmer, Gov. Geo. Rockingham, 55. + +Gilmer, Gov. Thomas Walker, 54. + +Gilmor, Robert, Sr., 101. + +Gilmor, Robert, Jr., 101. + +Gilmore, Mrs., 19. + +Gilmour, Neil, 79. + +Gilmour, Bishop Richard, 86. + +Glassel, Andrew, 105. + +Glen, Gov. James. 35. + +Glenn, Gustavus R., 79. + +Glenn, Nicholas, 79. + +Goddard, William, 108. + +Gordon, Gov. John Brown, 46, 56, 62. + +Gordon, John George, 62. + +Gordon, Gov. Patrick, 33. + +Gordon, Robert, 16. + +Gordon, Thomas, 29. + +Gordon, Thomas, 76. + +Gordon, Rev. Thomas, 84. + +Gordon, Thomas F., 84. + +Gordon, Hon. Thomas Knox, 20, 21. + +Gordon, Walter Scott, 31. + +Gordon, William, 76. + +Gordon, Wm. Fitzhugh, 47. + +Gorrie, Rev. Peter Douglas, 85. + +Gouinlock, Dr. Wm. Chalk, 102. + +Gracie, Archibald, 113. + +Graeme, David, 20. + +Graeme, Hon. 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McC., 52. + +Harvey, Stuart, 52. + +Harvie, Andrew, 78. + +Harvie, John, 30. + +Hay, Sir Alexander. 13. + +Hay, John, 43. + +Hayes, George. 40. + +Hayes, Pres. Rutherford B., 40. + +Henderson, David. 93. + +Henderson, David Bremner, 47. + +Henderson, J., 93. + +Henderson, John, 104. + +Henderson, Peter, 71. + +Henderson, Thomas, 104. + +Hendricks, Gov. Thomas Andrews, 41, 57. + +Hendry, James. 22. + +Henry, Joseph, 67. + +Henry, Patrick, 5, 28, 34, 36. + +Henry, Theodore Crosby, 99. + +Henry, Gen. Wm. Wirt, 60. + +Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, 105. + +Hepburn, Dr. Neil Jamieson, 75. + +Hepburn, Patrick, 105. + +Hewitt, Abram S., 114. + +Hinschelwood, Robert, 90. + +Hogg, Gov. James Stephen, 58. + +Hogg, William James. 103. + +Hooper, William (Signer), 30. + +Hope, James, 88. + +Hosack, Dr. David, 67. + +Houston, Gov. George Smith, 56. + +Houston, John, 58 + +Houston, Gov. John, 35. + +Houston, John Wallace, 49. + +Houston, Sir Patrick, 30, 35, 47. + +Houston, Samuel, 19, 56, 58. + +Houston. William, 30, 47. + +Hume, Robert, 21. + +Humphreys, Alex. Crombie, 68. + +Hunter, Anne Nancy, 57. + +Hunter, Gov. Robert, 32, 33. + +Hunter, Whiteside Godfrey, 52. + +Hunter, William, 51. + +Hutchins, Elizabeth, 40. + +Hutchins, Thomas. 99. + +Hyslop, George, 80. + +Hyslop, James Hervey, 79. + + +"Ik Marvel," 82. + +Imlan, Gilbert, 81. + +Inglis, Mungo, 76. + +Inglis, William, 17. + +Ingraham, Edward D., 87. + +Innes, Harry, 50. + +Innes. James, 76. + +Innes. Col. James, 31. + +Inness, George, 89. + +Irving, Washington, 81. + +Irwin, Theodore, 102. + +Ivison, David B., 111. + +Ivison, Henry, 111. + + +Jackson, Pres. Andrew, 40. + +Jackson. Gen. Thomas, Jr., 63. + +Jaffray, Jean, 67. + +Jameson, Dr. David, 74. + +Jameson, Dr. Horatio G., 74. + +Jamison, David, 113. + +Jay Chief Justice John, 4. + +Jefferson, Thomas, 30. + +John, Sir Augustus, 21. + +Johnson, Gov. James, 56. + +Johnson, Sir William, 23. + +Johnson, Gen. Albert Sydney, 28. + +Johnston, Bartlett, 27. + +Johnston, Prof. Christopher, 28. + +Johnston, Dr. Christopher, 28. + +Johnston, Gov. Gabriel, 18, 27, 34, 76. + +Johnston, Gilbert, 27. + +Johnston, James, 27. + +Johnston, Col. James, 27. + +Johnston, Capt. James, 27. + +Johnston, James, 109. + +Johnston, Bishop James S., 86. + +Johnston, John, 27. + +Johnston, John, 28. + +Johnston, John Humphreys, 89. + +Johnston, Lt.-Col. Joseph Eccleston, 28. + +Johnston, Gov. Joseph Forney, 27, 56. + +Johnston, Mary, 83 + +Johnston, Peter, 28. + +Johnston, Peter, 83. + +Johnston, Robert, 28. + +Johnston, Brig.-Gen. Robert, 27. + +Johnston, Gov. Samuel, 27, 34. + +Johnston, Col. William, 27. + +Johnston, Dr. William, 27. + +Johnston, Gov. William Freame, 54. + +Johnstone, Gov. George, 35. + +Johnstone, John, 16. + +Jones, Admiral John. Paul, 65. + + +Kasson, John Adam, 51. + +Kay, William, 83. + +Keith, Benjamin Franklin, 94. + +Keith, Rev. 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Henry, 15, 60. + + +Laidlaw, William Grant, 47. + +Laird, Samuel, 31. + +Lamont, Charles A., 114. + +Lamont, Daniel Scott, 42. + +Lamont, Neil, 114. + +Lamont, Thomas W., 105. + +Lauder, George, 102. + +Laurie, James, 99. + +Lawrie, Gawen (Gavin), 16. + +"Lawrie Todd," 71. + +Lawson, Alexander, 90. + +Lawson, Helen E., 91. + +Lawson, James, 82. + +Lawson, John, 81. + +Lawson, Oscar A., 90. + +Lee, Col. Henry, 28. + +Lee, James P., 97. + +Leiper, Thomas, 28. + +Lenox, James, 113. + +Leisley, J. Peter, 69. + +Lewis, Andrew, 20. + +Lewis, Ellis, 48. + +Lewis, Gen. Morgan, 25. + +Lindsay, Donald, 101. + +Lindsay, E.J., 103. + +Lindsay, James Edwin, 101. + +Lindsay, John, 22. + +Lindsay, Gov. Robert Burns, 56. + +Linen, James Alex., 106. + +Living, Dr. John, 73. + +Littlejohn, Bishop Abram N., 85. + +Littlejohn, Hugh, 85. + +Livingston, Adam, 47. + +Livingston, Edward, 25. + +Livingston, Col. James, 61. + +Livingston, Rev. 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Alexander, 82, 85. + +McLeod, Angus A., 107. + +Macleod, Donald, 82. + +Macleod, Xavier Donald, 82. + +Maclien (McLean), Allen, 22. + +Maclure, William, 68. + +McMillan, Alexander, 109. + +McMillan, Senator Samuel Hugh, 46. + +McMillan, John ("The Upright"), 46. + +Macmillan, Sen. Sam. Jas. Renwick, 46. + +Macmillan, William, 71. + +McMillin, Gov. Benton, 56. + +McMinn, Gov. Joseph. 56. + +MacMonnies, Fred William, 91. + +McMurtry. George Gibson, 101. + +McNair, Gov. Alexander, 58. + +McNair, Fred. V., 66. + +McNair, Samuel, 66. + +McNaught, William, 25. + +McNaughton, Dr. James, 74. + +MacNeil, Herman Atkins, 91. + +McNeil, Brig.-Gen. John, 63. + +McNeill, Neill, 17. + +McNeill, Wm. Gibbs, 99. + +McNess, John, 21. + +MacNutt, Capt. John, 55. + +McPheeters, William, 19. + +Macpherson, Angus Neilson, 101. + +Macpherson, Isaac, 21. + +Macpherson, Gen. James B., 63. + +Macpherson, Major John, 60. + +Macpherson, Capt. 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Eleazar, 108. + +Owen, David Dale, 69. + +Owen, Richard, 69. + +Owen, Robert Dale, 86. + + +(Page), Robert, 19. + +Parsons, Wm. Barclay, 99. + +Paterson, Maj.-Gen. John, 62. + +Paterson, Matthew, 31. + +Paterson, Gov. William, 33, 49. + +Patillo, Rev. Henry, 30. + +Paton, John, 17. + +Patterson, Carlile Pollock, 68. + +Patterson, James Kennedy, 79. + +Patterson, Robert, 77. + +Patterson, Robert M., 77. + +Pattison, Dr. Granville Sharp, 74. + +Patton, Gov. John Mercer, 54. + +Patton, Robert, 54. + +Patton, Gov. Robert Miller, 56. + +Peckover, James, 97. + +Perth, James Drummond, Earl of, 16. + +Pettigrew, Bishop Charles, 85. + +Pharr, Gov. John Newton, 58. + +Pharr, Walter, 58. + +Phillips, Wm. Addison, 64. + +Phyfe, Duncan, 93. + +Pickens, Gen. Andrew, 55, 61. + +Pickens, Gov. Andrew, 55. + +Pickens, Gov. Israel, 56. + +Pinkerton, Allan, 28. + +Pitcairn, Robert, 102, 107. + +Poage, Robert, 19. + +Polk, Gov. Charles, 54. + +Polk, Pres. James Knox, 40. + +Polk, Robert, 40. + +Polk, Gov. Trusten, 58. + +Pollock, Gov. James, 54. + +Pollock, Robert, 40. + +Preston, Col. William, 20. + +Pringle, Robert, 21. + +Purdie, Alex., 109. + + +Ralston, Wm. Chapman, 102. + +Ramage, Adam, 112. + +Ramsay, David, 81. + +Ramsay, Rear Adm'l Francis M., 66. + +Ramsay, Patrick, 66. + +Ramsey, Gov. Alexander, 58 + +Rankine, William Birch, 87. + +Rantoul, Robert, 86, 87. + +Rattray, Hon. John, 20, 21. + +Read (of Delaware), 36. + +Read, Adm'l George Campbell, 65. + +Redpath, James, 110. + +Reed, Gov. Joseph, 33. + +Reed, Joseph, 37. + +Reed, William Bradford, 51. + +Reid, James Douglas, 102. + +Reid, Whitelaw, 4, 12, 51, 110. + +Renwick, Edward Sabine, 67. + +Renwick, Henry Brevoort, 67, 99. + +Renwick, Prof. James, 67, 99. + +Renwick, James (architect), 67, 92. + +Reyburn, John Edgar, 47. + +Rhind, Rear Adm'l Alex. Colden, 65. + +Rhind, David, 77. + +Rhind, John Massey, 91. + +Richardson, Henry H., 92. + +Riddle, John Wallace, 52. + +Ridpath, John Clark, 83. + +Ritchie, Alexander Hay, 88. + +Ritchie, Thomas, 109. + +Roberts, John, 91. + +Robertson, George, 48. + +Robertson, James, 31. + +Robertson, Gov. James, 32. + +Robertson, John, 22. + +Robertson, Adj.-Gen. John, 64. + +Robertson, Wm. Joseph, 49 + +Robinson, Gov. James Fisher, 57. + +Rodgers, Capt. John, 65. + +Rogers, Henry Darwin, 69. + +Rogers, William Barton, 69. + +Rollins, James Sidney, 78. + +Ronald, Gen. Andrew, 30. + +Ronald, William, 30. + +Ronaldson, James, 111, 112. + +Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, 17, 27, 40. + +Ross, Betsy, 38. + +Ross, Elizabeth (Griscom), 38. + +Ross, George (Signer), 21, 38. + +Ross, John, 30. + +Ross, John D., 83. + +Ross, Thomas, 22. + +Rowan, Gov. Matthew, 34. + +Russell, Gov. David Lindsay, 55. + +Rutherford, Gen., 27. + +Rutherford, Gov. 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William E., 57. + +Smith, William R., 71. + +Smith, Xanthus, 88. + +Spalding, Alexander. 22. + +Spence, Dr. John, 73. + +Spotswood, Lt.-Gov. Alexander, 33. + +Stark, Gen. John, 15, 61. + +Stephen, Dr. Adam, 73. + +Stephens, Gov. Alex. Hamilton, 56. + +Stephens, Henry Morse, 83. + +Stevenson, Adlai E., 41, 44. + +Stevenson, Charles, 21. + +Stevenson, Dr. John, 31. + +Stevenson, John James, 70. + +Stevenson, Gov. Wm. Erskine, 54. + +Steward, David, 22. + +Stewart, Alexander Turney, 113. + +Stewart, Gen. Daniel, 62. + +Stewart, James Fleming, 47. + +Stewart, John Aikman, 105. + +Stewart, Gov. John Wolcott, 53. + +Stewart, Rachel, 40. + +"Stirling," Wm. Alexander, "Lord," 62. + +Stobo, Rev. Archibald, 17, 27. + +Stobo, Jean, 27. + +Stobo, Major Richard, 29. + +Stoddart, James H., 94. + +Stoddert, Benjamin, 43. + +"Stonewall" Jackson, 63. + +Stoot, Hugh Gordon, 99. + +Stuart, Alexander, 113. + +Stuart, Alex. Hugh Holmes, 43. + +Stuart, Andrew, 109. + +Stuart, Archibald, 43, 54. + +Stuart, Senator, Charles E., 45. + +Stuart, Daniel, 45. + +Stuart, Dr. Ferdinand C., 74. + +Stuart, Gilbert Charles, 88. + +Stuart, Gov. Henry Carter, 54. + +Stuart, Hon. John, 20. + +Stuart, Robert, 2. + +Stuart, Robert, 104. + +Stuart, Robert L., 113. + +Swinton, William, 82. + +Syme, John, 17. + +Synge, Archbishop, 14. + + +Tait, John Robinson, 89. + +Taylor, Alexander, 114. + +Taylor, George, 38. + +Taylor, Dr. James Ridley, 75. + +Taylor, John, 75. + +Taylor, Rev. Nathaniel, 22. + +Taylor, Thomas, 96. + +Telfair, Gov. Edward, 35. + +Tennant, Rev. William, 21, 36. + +Tennant, Families, 103. + +Thompson, Gov. David P., 59. + +Thompson, Frank, 106. + +Thompson, Bishop Hugh Miller, 86. + +Thompson, John Edgar, 106. + +Thompson, Robert M., 103. + +Thomson, T. Kennard, 99. + +Thorburn, Grant, 71. + +Thornton, Matthew, 15, 36, 38. + +Tilghman, Chief Justice, 37. + +Todd, Thomas, 48. + +Torrance, David, 50. + +Traill, Rev. William, 22, 84. + +Trimble, Gov. Allen, 57. + +Troup, Gov. Geo. McIntosh, 55. + +Turnbull, Dr. Chas. Smith, 75. + +Turnbull, Fred'k, 93. + +Turnbull, Rev. Robert, 82. + +Turnbull, Wm. Paterson, 68. + +Tweedale, William, 99. + + +Umphraville, Angus, 82. + +Ure, William Agnew, 110. + +Urie, Robert, 17. + +Urquhart, Edmond, 102. + + +Vallance, John, 90. + +Verplanck, Gulian C., 37. + + +Waddell, Rev. James, 19, 84. + +Waddell, Moses, 78. + +Waldo, Gen. Samuel, 15. + +Walker, George, 31. + +Walker, Lt.-Gov. James A., 64. + +Walker, John, 64. + +Walker, William, 29. + +Wallace, Charles William, 83. + +Wallace, Gov. David, 57. + +Wallace, John Findley, 100. + +Wallace, Gen. Lew, 82. + +Wallace, William Ross, 82. + +Warden, William Grey, 101. + +Watson, Dr. John, 74. + +Watson, Dr. William, 67. + +Watts, John, 113. + +Weir, John Ferguson, 90. + +Weir, Robert Walter, 88. + +Wells, John, 109. + +Wells, Robert, 109. + +Wellstood, John Geikie, 90. + +Wellstood, William, 91. + +White, Alexander, 31. + +Wilkeson, Samuel, 31. + +Williamson, Dr. Hugh, 67. + +Williamson, John, 89. + +Willocks, George, 16. + +Wilson, Alexander, 67, 90. + +Wilson Henry, 22. + +Wilson, V.-Pres. Henry, 41. + +Wilson, Rev. James, 36. + +Wilson, James (Signer), 38, 48. + +Wilson, James, 40. + +Wilson, James, 43. + +Wilson, James, 91. + +Wilson, James Grant, 82. + +Wilson, John, 111. + +Wilson, John Cochrane, 80. + +Wilson, Peter, 77. + +Wilson, William, 82. + +Wilson, William Bauchop, 43. + +Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 40. + +Windrim, James Hamilton, 92. + +Winton, Alexander, 98. + +Witherspoon, John, 4, 36, 37, 39. + +Wood, Mary, 28. + +Woodrow, Janet, 40. + +Woodrow, Rev. Thomas, 40. + +Wright, Fanny, 86. + +Wylie, Samuel Brown, 78. + + +Young, David, 99. + +Young, John, 17. + +Yule, George, 102. + + +Zenger, John Peter, 29. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Scotland's Mark on America, by George Fraser Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA *** + +***** This file should be named 15162-8.txt or 15162-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/6/15162/ + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University +Libraries, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scotland's Mark on America + +Author: George Fraser Black + +Release Date: February 24, 2005 [EBook #15162] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA *** + + + + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University +Libraries, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + + + + + +<h1><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" />SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA</h1> + +<h2>By GEORGE FRASER BLACK, PH.D.</h2> + +<h3>With a Foreword By JOHN FOORD</h3> + +<h5><i>Published by</i></h5> + +<h4>The Scottish Section of "America's Making" New York, 1921</h4> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD" /><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" />FOREWORD</h2> + + +<p>It has been said that the Scot is never so much at home as when he is +abroad. Under this half-jesting reference to one of the +characteristics of our race, there abides a sober truth, namely, that +the Scotsman carries with him from his parent home into the world +without no half-hearted acceptance of the duties required of him in +the land of his adoption. He is usually a public-spirited citizen, a +useful member of society, wherever you find him. But that does not +lessen the warmth of his attachment to the place of his birth, or the +land of his forbears. Be his connection with Scotland near or remote, +there is enshrined in the inner sanctuary of his heart, memories, +sentiments, yearnings, that are the heritage of generations with whom +love of their country was a dominant passion, and pride in the deeds +that her children have done an incentive to effort and an antidote +against all that was base or ignoble.</p> + +<p>It is a fact that goes to the core of the secular struggle for human +freedom that whole-hearted Americanism finds no jarring note in the +sentiment of the Scot, be that sentiment ever so intense. In the +sedulous cultivation of the Scottish spirit there is nothing alien, +and, still more emphatically, nothing harmful, to the institutions +under which we live. The things that nourish the one, engender +attachment and loyalty to the other. So, as we cherish the memories of +the Motherland, keep in touch with the simple annals of our +childhood's home, or the home of our kin, bask in the fireside glow of +its homely humor, or dwell in imagination amid the haunts of old +romance, we are the better Americans for the Scottish heritage from +which heart and mind alike derive inspiration and delight.</p> + +<p>It is as difficult to separate the current of Scottish migration to +the American Colonies, or to the United States that grew out of them, +from the larger stream which issued from England, as it is to +distinguish during the last two hundred years the contributions by +Scotsmen from those of Englishmen to the great body of English +literature. We have the first census of the new Republic, in the year +1790, and an investigator who classified this enumeration according to +what he conceived to be the nationality of the names, found that the +total free, white, population numbering 3,250,000 contained 2,345,844 +people of English origin; 188,589 of Scottish origin, and 44,273 of +Irish origin. <a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" />The system of classification is manifestly loose, and +the distribution of parent nationalities entirely at variance with +known facts. That part of the population described as Irish was +largely Ulster-Scottish, the true Irish never having emigrated in any +considerable numbers until they felt the pressure of the potato +famine, fifty years later. There is excellent authority for the +statement that, at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War one-third of +the entire population of Pennsylvania was of Ulster-Scottish origin. A +New England historian, quoted by Whitelaw Reid, counts that between +1730 and 1770 at least half a million souls were transferred from +Ulster to the Colonies—more than half of the Presbyterian population +of Ulster—and that at the time of the Revolution they made one-sixth +of the total population of the nascent Republic. Another authority +fixes the inhabitants of Scottish ancestry in the nine Colonies south +of New England at about 385,000. He counts that less than half of the +entire population of the Colonies was of English origin, and that +nearly, or quite one-third of it, had a direct Scottish ancestry.</p> + +<p>These conclusions find powerful support in the number of distinguished +men whom the Scots and the Ulstermen contributed to the Revolutionary +struggle, and to the public life of the early days of the United +States. Out of Washington's twenty-two brigadier generals, nine were +of Scottish descent, and one of the greatest achievements of the +war—the rescue of Kentucky and the whole rich territory northwest of +the Ohio, from which five States were formed—was that of General +George Rogers Clark, a Scottish native of Albert County, Virginia. +When the Supreme Court of the United States was first organized by +Washington three of the four Associate Justices were of the same +blood—one a Scot and two Ulster-Scots. When the first Chief Justice, +John Jay, left the bench, his successor, John Rutledge, was an +Ulster-Scot. Washington's first cabinet contained four members—two of +them were Scotch and the third was an Ulster-Scot. Out of the +fifty-six members who composed the Congress that adopted the +Declaration of Independence eleven were of Scottish descent. It was in +response to the appeal of a Scot, John Witherspoon, that the +Declaration was signed; it is preserved in the handwriting of an +Ulster-Scot who was Secretary of the Congress; it was first publicly +read to the people by an Ulster-Scot, and first printed by a third +member of the same vigorous body of early settlers.</p> + +<p>George Bancroft will hardly be accused of holding a brief for the Scot +in American history but, with all his New England predilections, he +frankly records this conclusion: "We shall find the first voice +publicly raised in America to dissolve all connection with Great +Britain, came not from the Puritans of New England, or the Dutch of +New <a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" />York, or the planters of Virginia, but from Scotch-Irish +Presbyterians." It was Patrick Henry, a Scot, who kindled the popular +flame for independence. The foremost, the most irreconcilable, the +most determined in pushing the quarrel to the last extremity, were +those whom the bishops and Lord Donegal & Company had been pleased to +drive out of Ulster.</p> + +<p>The distinguished place which men of Scottish or of Ulster origin had +asserted for themselves in the councils of the Colonies was not lost +when the Colonies became independent States. Among the first of the +thirteen original States two-thirds were of either Scottish or +Ulster-Scottish origin. Of the men who have filled the great office of +President of the United States, eleven out of the whole twenty-five +come under the same category. About half the Secretaries of the +Treasury of the Government of the United States have been of Scottish +descent, and nearly a third of the Secretaries of State.</p> + +<p>But it is perhaps in the intangible things that go to the making of +national character that the Scottish contribution to the making of +America has been most notable. In 1801, the population of the whole of +Scotland was but little over a million and a half, and behind that +there were at least eight centuries of national history. Behind that, +too, were all the long generations of toil and strife in which the +Scottish character was being molded into the forms that Scott and +Burns made immortal. It is a character full of curious contrasts, with +its strong predilection for theology and metaphysics on one side, and +for poetry and romance on the other. Hard, dry and practical in its +attitude to the ordinary affairs of life, it is apt to catch fire from +a sudden enthusiasm, as if volatility were its dominant note and +instability its only fixed attribute. And so it has come about that +side by side with tomes of Calvinistic divinity, there has been +transmitted to Scotsmen an equally characteristic product of the mind +of their race—a body of folksong, of ballad poetry, of legend and of +story in that quaint and copious Doric speech which makes so direct an +appeal to the hearts of men whether they are to the manner born or +not. It is surely a paradox that a nation which, in the making, had +the hardest kind of work to extract a scanty living from a stubborn +soil, and still harder work to defend their independence, their +liberties, their faith from foes of their own kindred, should be best +known to the world for the romantic ideals they have cherished and the +chivalrous follies for which their blood has been shed.</p> + +<p>But, it is well to remember that long before the Reformers of the +sixteenth century founded the parish school system of Scotland, the +monasteries had their schools and so had the parish churches; there +were high schools in the burghs and song schools of remarkable +excellence. <a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" />The light of learning may have waxed dim at times, but it +was not from an illiterate land that Scottish scholars carried into +Europe all through the Middle Ages the name and fame of their country, +any more than it was from a people unversed in the arts of war that +Scottish soldiers went abroad to fight foreign battles, giving now a +Constable to France, a General-in-Chief to Russia and still again a +Lieutenant to Gustavus Adolphus. If evidence were needed of the vigor +of the Scottish race, it is readily forthcoming in the fact that for +five hundred years the Land O'Cakes enriched the world with the +surplus of her able men.</p> + +<p>Nurse of heroes, nurse of martyrs, nurse of freemen, are titles which +belong of right to our Motherland and she has been justified of her +children, at home and abroad. The rolls of honor of many countries and +many climes bear their names; there is no field of distinction whether +it be of thought or of action that has not witnessed their triumphs. +That Scotland has yielded more than her share of the men who have gone +forth to the conquest of the world is largely due to the fact that it +was part of her discipline that men must first conquer themselves. The +weakest of them felt that restraining influence, and the striving +after the Scottish ideal, however feeble, has been a protection +against sinking into utter baseness. The most wayward scions of the +Scottish family have known that influence, and have borne testimony to +the beauty of the homely virtues which they failed to practice and the +nobility of aspirations which fell short of controlling their life.</p> + +<p>It belongs to the character and antecedents of Scotsmen that the +attribute of national independence should take so high a place among +the objects of human effort and desire. It was because Scotland +settled for all time, six hundred years ago, her place as an +independent State that she proved herself capable of begetting men +like John Knox, Robert Burns and Walter Scott. It is because the vigor +of the Scottish race and the adaptiveness of the Scottish genius +remain to-day unimpaired, that the lustre of Scottish-names shone so +brilliantly during the World War. It may be confidently asserted that, +whether regarded as a race or a people no members of the great +English-speaking family did more promptly, more cheerfully or more +courageously make the sacrifices required to perform their full part +in the struggle to defend the freedom that belongs to our common +heritage and to preserve the ideals without which we should not regard +life as worth living. The union, centuries old, in the Scottish mind +and heart of the most uncompromising devotion to individual liberty +with the most fervid patriotism, is a sentiment of which the world +stands greatly in need to-day. We need not go far to find evidence <a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" />of +how perilous it is to sink regard for the great conception of human +brotherhood in a narrow, nationalistic concern for individual +interests. In the Scottish conception of liberty, <i>duties</i> have always +been rated as highly as <i>rights</i>; it has been a constructive, not a +destructive formula; it has been an inspiration to raise men out of +themselves, not to prompt them to indulge in antics of promiscuous +leveling. The kind of democracy for which Scotsmen have deemed that +the world should be made safe is a human brotherhood, indeed, but a +brotherhood imbued with the generous rivalry of effort, the enthusiasm +of emulous achievement, and not one of inglorious, monotonous and +colorless equality.</p> + +<p>JOHN FOORD</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS" /><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" />CONTENTS</h2> + +<table summary="Table of Contents"> + +<tr> <td><a href="#FOREWORD"><b>Foreword</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTTISH_EMIGRATION_TO_THE_AMERICAN_COLONIES"><b>Scottish Emigration to the American Colonies</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SOME_PROMINENT_SCOTS_AND_SCOTS_FAMILIES"><b>Some Prominent Scots and Scots Families</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_COLONIAL_AND_PROVINCIAL_GOVERNORS"><b>Scots as Colonial and Provincial Governors</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AND_THE_DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE"><b>Scots and the Declaration of Independence</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_SIGNERS_OF_THE_DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE"><b>Scots as Signers of the Declaration of Independence</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_PRESIDENCY"><b>Scots in the Presidency</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_VICE_PRESIDENTS"><b>Scots as Vice-Presidents</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_CABINET_OFFICERS"><b>Scots as Cabinet Officers</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_SENATE"><b>Scots in the Senate</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_HOUSE_OF_REPRESENTATIVES"><b>Scots in the House of Representatives</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_JUDICIARY"><b>Scots in the Judiciary</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_AMBASSADORS"><b>Scots as Ambassadors</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_STATE_GOVERNORS"><b>Scots as State Governors</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_ARMY"><b>Scots in the Army</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_NAVY"><b>Scots in the Navy</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_SCIENTISTS"><b>Scots as Scientists</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_67'>67</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_PHYSICIANS"><b>Scots as Physicians</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_EDUCATION"><b>Scots in Education</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_LITERATURE"><b>Scots in Literature</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_THE_CHURCH_AND_SOCIAL_WELFARE"><b>Scots in the Church and Social Welfare</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_LAWYERS"><b>Scots as Lawyers</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_ART_ARCHITECTURE_ETC"><b>Scots in Art, Architecture, etc.</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_INVENTORS"><b>Scots as Inventors</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_95'>95</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_ENGINEERS"><b>Scots as Engineers</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_99'>99</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_INDUSTRIES"><b>Scots in Industries</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_IN_BANKING_FINANCE_INSURANCE_AND_RAILROADS"><b>Scots in Banking, Finance, Insurance and Railroads</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_105'>105</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTS_AS_JOURNALISTS_PUBLISHERS_AND_TYPEFOUNDERS"><b>Scots as Journalists, Publishers and Typefounders</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_108'>108</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SOME_PROMINENT_SCOTS_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY"><b>Some Prominent Scots in New York City</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#SCOTTISH_SOCIETIES_IN_THE_UNITED_STATES"><b>Scottish Societies in the United States</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#CONCLUSION"><b>Conclusion</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_116'>116</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#LIST_OF_PRINCIPAL_AUTHORITIES_REFERRED_TO"><b>List of Principal Authorities Referred to</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td><a href="#INDEX"><b>Index</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></td> </tr> +</table> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" />No people so few in number have scored so deep a mark in the world's +history as the Scots have done. No people have a greater right to be +proud of their blood."—<i>James Anthony Froude</i>.</p></div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTTISH_EMIGRATION_TO_THE_AMERICAN_COLONIES" id="SCOTTISH_EMIGRATION_TO_THE_AMERICAN_COLONIES" /><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" />SCOTTISH EMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAN COLONIES</h2> + + +<p>Scottish emigration to America came in two streams—one direct from +the motherland and the other through the province of Ulster in the +north of Ireland. Those who came by this second route are usually +known as "Ulster Scots," or more commonly as "Scotch-Irish," and they +have been claimed as Irishmen by Irish writers in the United States. +This is perhaps excusable but hardly just. Throughout their residence +in Ireland the Scots settlers preserved their distinctive Scottish +characteristics, and generally described themselves as "the Scottish +nation in the north of Ireland." They, of course, like the early +pioneers in this country, experienced certain changes through the +influence of their new surroundings, but, as one writer has remarked, +they "remained as distinct from the native population as if they had +never crossed the Channel. They were among the Irish but not of them." +Their sons, too, when they attended the classes in the University of +Glasgow, signed the matriculation register as "A Scot of Ireland." +They did not intermarry with the native Irish, though they did +intermarry to some extent with the English Puritans and with the +French Huguenots. (These Huguenots were colonies driven out of France +by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and induced to +settle in the north of Ireland by William III. To this people Ireland +is indebted for its lace industry, which they introduced into that +country.)</p> + +<p>Again many Irish-American writers on the Scots Plantation of Ulster +have assumed that the Scots settlers were entirely or almost of Gaelic +origin, ignoring the fact, if they were aware of it, that the people +of the Scottish lowlands were "almost as English in racial derivation +as if they had come from the North of England." Parker, the historian +of Londonderry, New Hampshire, speaking of the early Scots settlers in +New England, has well said: "Although they came to this land from +Ireland, where their ancestors had a century before planted +themselves, yet they retained unmixed the national Scotch character. +<a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" />Nothing sooner offended them than to be called Irish. Their antipathy +to this appellation had its origin in the hostility then existing in +Ireland between the Celtic race, the native Irish, and the English and +Scotch colonists." Belknap, in his <i>History of New Hampshire</i> (Boston, +1791) quotes a letter from the Rev. James MacGregor (1677-1729) to +Governor Shute in which the writer says: "We are surprised to hear +ourselves termed Irish people, when we so frequently ventured our all +for the British Crown and liberties against the Irish papists, and +gave all tests, of our loyalty, which the government of Ireland +required, and are always ready to do the same when demanded."</p> + +<p>Down to the present day the descendants of these Ulster Scots settlers +living in the United States who have maintained an interest in their +origin, always insist that they are of Scottish and not of Irish +origin. On this point it will be sufficient to quote the late Hon. +Leonard Allison Morrison, of New Hampshire. Writing twenty-five years +ago he said: "I am one of Scotch-Irish blood and my ancestor came with +Rev. McGregor of Londonderry, and neither <i>they</i> nor any of their +descendants were willing to be called 'merely Irish.' I have twice +visited," he adds, "the parish of Aghadowney, Co. Londonderry, from +which they came, in Ireland, and all that locality is filled, not with +'Irish' but with Scotch-Irish, and this is pure Scotch blood to-day, +after more than <i>200</i> years." The mountaineers of Tennessee and +Kentucky are largely the descendants of these same Ulster Scots, and +their origin is conclusively shown by the phrase used by mothers to +their unruly children: "If you don't behave, Clavers [i.e., +Claverhouse] will get you."</p> + +<p>If we must continue to use the hyphen when referring to these early +immigrants it is preferable to use the term "Ulster Scot" instead of +"Scotch-Irish," as was pointed out by the late Whitelaw Reid, because +it does not confuse the race with the accident of birth, and because +the people preferred it themselves. "If these Scottish and +Presbyterian colonists," he says, "must be called Irish because they +had been one or two generations in the north of Ireland, then the +Pilgrim Fathers, who had been one generation or more in Holland, must +by the same reasoning be called Dutch or at the very least English +Dutch."</p> + +<p>To understand the reasons for the Scots colonization of Ulster and the +replantation in America it is necessary to look back three centuries +in British history. On the crushing of the Irish rebellion under Sir +Cahir O'Dogherty in 1607 about 500,000 acres of forfeited land in the +province of Ulster were at the disposal of the crown. At the +suggestion of King James the I. of England, Ulster was divided into +lots and offered to colonists from England. Circumstances, however, +turned <a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" />what was mainly intended to be an English enterprise into a +Scottish one. Scottish participation "which does not seem to have been +originally regarded as important," became eventually, as Ford points +out, the mainstay of the enterprise. "Although from the first there +was an understanding between [Sir Arthur] Chichester and the English +Privy Council that eventually the plantation would be opened to Scotch +settlers, no steps were taken in that direction until the plan had +been matured ... The first public announcement of any Scottish +connection with the Ulster plantation appears in a letter of March 19, +1609, from Sir Alexander Hay, the Scottish secretary resident at the +English Court, to the Scottish Privy Council at Edinburgh." In this +communication Hay announced that the king "out of his unspeikable love +and tindir affectioun" for his Scottish subjects had decided that they +were to be allowed a share, and he adds, that here is a great +opportunity for Scotland since "we haif greitt advantaige of +transporting of our men and bestiall [i.e., live stock of a farm] in +regairde we lye so neir to that coiste of Ulster." Immediately on +receipt of this letter the Scottish Privy Council made public +proclamation of the news and announced that those of them "quho ar +disposit to tak ony land in Yreland" were to present their desires and +petitions to the Council. The first application enrolled was by "James +Andirsoun portionair of Litle Govane," and by the 14th of September +seventy-seven Scots had come forward as purchasers. If their offers +had been accepted, they would have possessed among them 141,000 acres +of land. In 1611, in consequence of a rearrangement of applicants the +number of favored Scots was reduced to fifty-nine, with eighty-one +thousand acres of land at their disposal. Each of these "Undertakers," +as they were called, was accompanied to his new home by kinsmen, +friends, and tenants, as Lord Ochiltree, for instance, who is +mentioned as having arrived "accompanied with thirty-three followers, +a minister, some tenants, freeholders, [and] artificers." By the end +of 1612 the emigration from Scotland is estimated to have reached +10,000. Indeed, before the end of this year so rapidly had the traffic +increased between Scotland and Ireland that the passage between the +southwest of Scotland and Ulster "is now become a commoun and are +ordinarie ferrie," the boat-men of which were having a rare time of it +by charging what they pleased for the passage or freight. In the +selection of the settlers measures were carefully taken that they +should be "from the inwards part of Scotland," and that they should be +so located in Ulster that "they may not mix nor intermarry" with "the +mere Irish." For the most part the settlers appear to have been +selected from the shires of Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Galloway, and +Dumfries. Emigration from Scotland to Ireland appears to have +continued steadily and the <a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" />English historian Carte estimated, after +diligent documentary study, that by 1641 there were in Ulster 100,000 +Scots and 20,000 English settlers. In 1656 it was proposed by the +Irish government that persons "of the Scottish nation desiring to come +into Ireland" should be prohibited from settling in Ulster or County +Louth, but the scheme was not put into effect. Governmental opposition +notwithstanding emigration from Scotland to Ireland appears to have +continued steadily, and after the Revolution of 1688 there seems to +have been a further increase. Archbishop Synge estimated that by 1715 +not less than 50,000 Scottish families had settled in Ulster during +these twenty-seven years. It should be also mentioned that "before the +Ulster plantation began there was already a considerable Scottish +occupation of the region nearest to Scotland. These Scottish +settlements were confined to counties Down and Antrim, which were not +included in the scheme of the plantation. Their existence facilitated +Scottish emigration to the plantation and they were influential in +giving the plantation the Scottish character which it promptly +acquired. Although planned to be in the main an English settlement, +with one whole county turned over to the city of London alone, it soon +became in the main a Scottish settlement."</p> + +<p>The Scots were not long settled in Ulster before misfortune and +persecution began to harass them. The Irish rebellion of 1641, said by +some to have been an outbreak directed against the Scottish and +English settlers, regarded by the native Irish as intruders and +usurpers, caused them much suffering; and Harrison says that for +"several years afterward 12,000 emigrants annually left Ulster for the +American plantations." The Revolution of 1688 was also long and bloody +in Ireland and the sufferings of the settlers reached a climax in the +siege of Londonderry (April to August, 1688). They suffered also from +the restrictions laid upon their industries and commerce by the +English government. These restrictions, and later the falling in of +leases, rack-renting by the landlords, payment of tithes for support +of a church with which they had no connection, and several other +burdens and annoyances, were the motives which impelled emigration to +the American colonies from 1718 onwards. Five ships bearing seven +hundred Ulster Scots emigrants arrived in Boston on August 4, 1718, +under the leadership of Rev. William Boyd. They were allowed to select +a township site of twelve miles square at any place on the frontiers. +A few settled at Portland, Maine, at Wicasset, and at Worcester and +Haverhill, Massachusetts, but the greater number finally at +Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1723-4 they built a parsonage and a +church for their minister, Rev. James MacGregor. In six years they had +four schools, and within nine years Londonderry paid one-fifteenth <a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" />of +the state tax. Previous to the Revolution of 1776 ten distinct +settlements were made by colonists from Londonderry, N.H., all of +which became towns of influence and importance. Notable among the +descendants of these colonists were Matthew Thornton, Henry Knox, Gen. +John Stark, Hugh McCulloch, Horace Greeley, Gen. George B. McClellan, +Salmon P. Chase, and Asa Gray. From 1771 to 1773 "the whole emigration +from Ulster is estimated at 30,000 of whom 10,000 were weavers."</p> + +<p>In 1706 the Rev. Cotton Mather put forth a plan to settle hardy Scots +families on the frontiers of Maine and New Hampshire to protect the +towns and churches there from the French and Indians, the Puritans +evidently not being able to protect themselves. He says, "I write +letters unto diverse persons of Honour both in Scotland and in +England; to procure Settlements of Good Scotch Colonies, to the +Northward of us. This may be a thing of great consequence;" and +elsewhere he suggests that a Scottish colony might be of good service +in getting possession of Nova Scotia. In 1735, twenty-seven families, +and in 1753 a company of sixty adults and a number of children, +collected in Scotland by General Samuel Waldo, were landed at George's +River, Maine. In honor of the ancient capital of their native country, +they named their settlement Stirling.</p> + +<p>Another and an important cause of the early appearance of Scots in +America was the wars between Scotland and England during the +Commonwealth. Large numbers of Scottish prisoners taken at Dunbar +(1650) and at Worcester (1651) were sold into service in the colonies, +a shipload arriving in Boston Harbor in 1652 on the ship <i>John and +Sara</i>. The means taken to ameliorate their condition led in 1657 to +the foundation of the Scots Charitable Society of Boston—the earliest +known Scottish society in America. Its foundation may be taken as +evidence that there were already prosperous and influential Scots +living in Boston at that time. A list of the passengers of the <i>John +and Sara</i> is given in Suffolk <i>Deed Records</i> (bk. 1, pp. 5-6) and in +Drake's <i>The Founders of New England</i> (Boston, 1860, pp. 74-76). These +men, says Boulton, "worked out their terms of servitude at the Lynn +iron works and elsewhere, and founded honorable families whose Scotch +names appear upon our early records. No account exists of the Scotch +prisoners that were sent to New England in Cromwell's time; at York in +1650 were the Maxwells, McIntires, and Grants. The Mackclothlans +[i.e., Mac Lachlans], later known as the Claflins, gave a governor to +Massachusetts and distinguished merchants to New York City."</p> + +<p>The bitter persecution of Presbyterians during the periods of +episcopal rule in the latter half of the seventeenth century also +contributed <a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" />largely to Scottish emigration to the new world. A +Scottish merchant in Boston named Hugh Campbell, obtained permission +from the authorities of the Bay State Colony in February 1679-80 to +bring in a number of settlers from Scotland and to establish them in +the Nepmug country in the vicinity of Springfield, Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>So desperate had matters become in Scotland at the beginning of the +eighth decade of the seventeenth century that a number of the nobility +and gentry determined to settle in New Jersey and the Carolinas. One +of these colonies was founded in New Jersey in 1682 under the +management of James Drummond, Earl of Perth, John Drummond, Robert +Barclay the Quaker Apologist, David and John Barclay, his brothers, +Robert Gordon, Gawen Lawrie, and George Willocks. In 1684 Gawen +Lawrie, who had been for several years previously residing in the +colony, was appointed Deputy Governor of the province, and fixed his +residence at Elizabeth. In the same year Perth (so named in honor of +the Earl of Perth, one of the principal proprietors, now Perth Amboy) +was made the capital of the new Scottish settlement. During the +following century a constant stream of emigrants both from Scotland +and from Ulster came to the colony. One of the principal encouragers +of the Scottish colony in New Jersey was George Scot or Scott (d. +1685) of Pitlochrie, who had been repeatedly fined and imprisoned by +the Privy Council of Scotland for attending "Conventicles," as +clandestine religious gatherings were then called in Scotland, and in +the hope of obtaining freedom of worship in the new world he proposed +to emigrate "to the plantations." To encourage others to do the like +he printed at Edinburgh (1685) a work, now very rare, called "The +Model of the Government of the Province of East New Jersey, in +America; and Encouragement for Such as Design to be concerned there." +Scot received a grant of five hundred acres in recognition of his +having written the work, and sailed in the <i>Henry and Francis</i> for +America. A malignant fever broke out among the passengers and nearly +half on board perished including Scot and his wife. A son and daughter +survived and the proprietors a year after issued a confirmation of the +grant to Scot's daughter and her husband (John Johnstone), many of +whose descendants are still living in New Jersey.</p> + +<p>Walter Ker of Dalserf, Lanarkshire, banished in 1685, settled in +Freehold, and was active in organizing the Presbyterian Church there, +one of the oldest in New Jersey. The Scots settlers who came over at +this period occupied most of the northern counties of the state but +many went south and southwest, mainly around Princeton, and, says +Samuel Smith, the first historian of the province, "There were very +soon four towns in the Province, viz., Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown +<a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" />and Shrewsbury; and these with the country round were in a few years +plentifully inhabited by the accession of the Scotch, of whom there +came a great many." These Scots, says Duncan Campbell, largely gave +"character to this sturdy little state not the least of their +achievements being the building up if not the nominal founding of +Princeton College, which has contributed so largely to the scholarship +of America."</p> + +<p>In 1682 another company of nobles and gentlemen in Scotland arranged +for a settlement at Port Royal, South Carolina. These colonists +consisted mainly of Presbyterians banished for attending +"Conventicles." The names of some of these immigrants, whose +descendants exist in great numbers at the present day, included James +McClintock, John Buchanan, William Inglis, Gavin Black, Adam Allan, +John Gait, Thomas Marshall, William Smith, Robert Urie, Thomas Bryce, +John Syme, John Alexander, John Marshall, Matthew Machen, John Paton, +John Gibson, John Young, Arthur Cunningham, George Smith, and George +Dowart. The colony was further increased by a small remnant of the +ill-fated expedition to Darien. One of the vessels which left Darien +to return to Scotland, the <i>Rising Sun</i>, was driven out of its course +by a gale and took refuge in Charleston. Among its passengers was the +Rev. Archibald Stobo, who was asked by some people in Charleston to +preach in the town while the ship was being refitted. He accepted the +invitation and left the ship with his wife and about a dozen others. +The following day, the <i>Rising Sun</i>, while lying off the bar, was +overwhelmed in a hurricane and all on board were drowned. This Rev. +Archibald Stobo was the earliest American ancestor of the late +Theodore Roosevelt's mother. In the following year (1683) the colony +was augmented by a number of Scots colonists from Ulster led by one +Ferguson. A second Scottish colony in the same year under Henry +Erskine, Lord Cardross, founded Stuartstown (so named in honor of his +wife). Another colony from Ulster was that of Williamsburgh township +(1732-34), who named their principal village Kingstree.</p> + +<p>There were settlements of Scots Highlanders in North Carolina, on the +Cape Fear River, as early as 1729; some indeed are said to have +settled there as early as 1715. Neill McNeill of Jura brought over a +colony of more than 350 from Argyllshire in 1739, and large numbers in +1746, after Culloden, and settled them on the Cape Fear River. Cross +Creek, now Fayetteville, was the center of these Highland settlements, +and hither came the Scottish heroine, Flora MacDonald, in 1775. The +mania for emigration to North Carolina affected all classes in +Scotland and continued for many years. The <i>Scots Magazine</i> for May +1768 records that a number of settlers from the <a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" />Western Isles had +embarked for Carolina and Georgia, including forty or fifty families +from Jura alone. In September of following year it is stated that a +hundred families of Highlanders had arrived at Brunswick, North +Carolina, and "two vessels are daily expected with more." In August +1769 the ship <i>Mally</i> sailed from Islay full of passengers for North +Carolina, which was the third or fourth emigration from Argyll "since +the conclusion of the late war." In August 1770 it was stated that +since the previous April six vessels carrying about twelve hundred +emigrants had sailed from the western Highlands for North Carolina. In +February of the following year the same magazine states that five +hundred souls in Islay and adjacent islands were preparing to emigrate +to America in the following summer. In September of the same year +three hundred and seventy persons sailed from Skye for North Carolina, +and two entries in the magazine for 1772 record the emigration of +numbers from Sutherland and Loch Erribol. In the same year a writer +says the people who have emigrated from the Western Isles since the +year 1768 "have carried with them at least ten thousand pounds in +specie. Notwithstanding this is a great loss to us, yet the +depopulation by these emigrations is a much greater.... Besides, the +continual emigrations from Ireland and Scotland, will soon render our +colonies independent on the mother-country." In August, 1773, three +gentlemen of the name of Macdonell, with their families and four +hundred Highlanders from Inverness-shire sailed for America to take +possession of a grant of land "in Albany." On the 22d of June +previously between seven and eight hundred people from the Lewis +sailed from Stornoway for the colonies. On the first of September, +1773, four hundred and twenty-five men, women and children from +Inverness-shire sailed for America. "They are the finest set of +fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they carried at least 6000 +pounds Sterling in ready cash with them." In 1774 farmers and heads of +families in Stirlingshire were forming societies to emigrate to the +colonies and the fever had also extended to Orkney and Shetland and +the north of England. In 1753 it was estimated that there were one +thousand Scots in the single county of Cumberland capable of bearing +arms, of whom the Macdonalds were the most numerous. Gabriel Johnston, +governor of the province of North Carolina from 1734 to 1752, appears +to have done more to encourage the settlement of Scots in the colony +than all its other colonial governors combined.</p> + +<p>In 1735 a body of one hundred and thirty Highlanders with fifty women +and children sailed from Inverness and landed at Savannah in January +1736. They were under the leadership of Lieutenant Hugh Mackay. Some +Carolinians endeavoured to dissuade them from going <a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" />to the South by +telling them that the Spaniards would attack them from their houses in +the fort near where they were to settle, to which they replied, "Why, +then, we will beat them out of their fort, and shall have houses ready +built to live in." "This valiant spirit," says Jones, "found +subsequent expression in the efficient military service rendered by +these Highlanders during the wars between the Colonists and the +Spaniards, and by their descendants in the American Revolution. To +John 'More' McIntosh, Captain Hugh Mackay, Ensign Charles Mackay, Col. +John McIntosh, General Lachlan McIntosh, and their gallant comrades +and followers, Georgia, both as a Colony and a State, owes a large +debt of gratitude. This settlement was subsequently augmented from +time to time by fresh arrivals from Scotland.... Its men were prompt +and efficient in arms, and when the war cloud descended upon the +southern confines of the province no defenders were more alert or +capable than those found in the ranks of these Highlanders." "No +people," says Walter Glasco Charlton, "ever came to Georgia who took +so quickly to the conditions under which they were to live or remained +more loyal to her interests" than the Highlanders. "These men," says +Jones, "were not reckless adventurers or reduced emigrants +volunteering through necessity, or exiled through insolvency or want. +They were men of good character, and were carefully selected for their +military qualities.... Besides this military band, others among the +Mackays, the Dunbars, the Baillies, and the Cuthberts applied for +large tracts of land in Georgia which they occupied with their own +servants. Many of them went over in person and settled in the +province."</p> + +<p>Among the immigrants who flocked into Virginia in 1729 and 1740 we +find individuals named Alexander Breckinridge, David Logan, Hugh +Campbell, William Graham, James Waddell (the "Blind Preacher"), John +McCue, Benjamin Erwin, Gideon Blackburn, Samuel Houston, Archibald +Scott, Samuel Carrack, John Montgomery, George Baxter, William +McPheeters, and Robert Poage (Page?), and others bearing the names of +Bell, Trimble (Turnbull), Hay, Anderson, Patterson, Scott, Wilson, and +Young. John McDowell and eight of his men were killed by Indians in +1742. Among the members of his company was his venerable father +Ephraim McDowell. In 1763 the Indians attacked a peaceful settlement +and carried off a number of captives. After traveling some distance +and feeling safe from pursuit they demanded that their captives should +sing for their entertainment, and it was a Scotswoman, Mrs. Gilmore, +who struck up Rouse's version of the one hundred and thirty-seventh +psalm:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" /> +<span>"By Babel's streams we sat and wept,<br /></span> +<span class="i3">When Zion we thought on,<br /></span> +<span>In midst thereof we hanged our harps<br /></span> +<span class="i3">The willow tree thereon.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span>"For there a song required they,<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Who did us captive bring;<br /></span> +<span>Our spoilers called for mirth, and said:<br /></span> +<span class="i3">'A song of Zion sing.'"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>In the following year Colonel Henry Bouquet led a strong force against +the Indians west of the Ohio, and compelled them to desist from their +predatory warfare, and deliver up the captives they had taken. One of +his companies was made up of men from the Central Valley of Virginia, +largely composed of Scots or men of Ulster Scot descent, and commanded +by Alexander McClanahan, a good Galloway surname. Ten years later +occurred the battle of Point Pleasant when men of the same race under +the command of Andrew Lewis defeated the Shawnee Indians.</p> + +<p>In January 1775, the freeholders of Fincastle presented an address to +the Continental Congress, declaring their purpose to resist the +oppressive measures of the home government. Among the signers were +William Christian, Rev. Charles Cummings, Arthur Campbell, William +Campbell, William Edmundson, William Preston and others. Several other +counties in the same state, inhabited mainly by Scots or people of +Scottish descent, adopted like resolutions. During the Revolutionary +war, in addition to large numbers of men of Scottish origin serving in +the Continental army from this state, the militia were also constantly +in service under the leadership of such men as Colonels Samuel +McDowell, George Moffett, William Preston, John and William Bowyer, +Samson Mathews, etc.</p> + +<p>The following Scots were members of His Majesty's Council in South +Carolina under the royal government, from 1720 to 1776: Alexander +Skene, James Kinloch (1729), John Cleland, James Graeme, George Saxby, +James Michie, John Rattray (1761), Thomas Knox Gordon, and John +Stuart. Andrew Rutledge was Speaker of the Commons' House of Assembly +from 1749 to 1752. David Graeme, attorney at law in 1754, was +Attorney-General of the State from 1757 to 1764. James Graeme, most +probably a relation of the preceding, was elected to the Assembly from +Port Royal in 1732, became Judge of the Court of Vice Admiralty from +1742 to 1752, and Chief Justice from 1749 to 1752. James Michie was +Speaker of the Assembly from 1752 to 1754, Judge of the Court of +Admiralty from 1752 <a name="Page_21" id="Page_21" />to 1754, and Chief Justice from 1759 to 1761. +William Simpson served as Chief Justice 1761-1762. Thomas Knox Gordon +was appointed Chief Justice in 1771 and served till 1776, and in 1773 +he also appears as Member of Council. John Murray was appointed +Associate Justice in 1771 and died in 1774. William Gregory was +appointed by His Majesty's mandamus to succeed him in 1774. Robert +Hume was Speaker of the Assembly in 1732-1733. Robert Brisbane was +Associate Justice in 1764, and Robert Pringle appears in the same +office in 1760 and 1766. John Rattray was Judge of the Court of +Vice-Admiralty in 1760-61, and James Abercrombie appears as +Attorney-General in 1731-32. James Simpson was Clerk of the Council in +1773, Surveyor-General of Land in 1772, Attorney-General in 1774-75, +and Judge of Vice-Admiralty in the absence of Sir Augustus Johnson in +1769. John Carwood was Assistant Justice in 1725. Thomas Nairne was +employed in 1707 "as resident agent among the Indians, with power to +settle all disputes among traders ... to arrest traders who were +guilty of misdemeanors and send them to Charleston for trial, to take +charge of the goods of persons who were committed to prison, and to +exercise the power of a justice of the peace." This Thomas Nairne is +probably the same individual who published, anonymously, "A letter +from South Carolina; giving an account of the soil ... product ... +trade ... government [etc.] of that province. Written by a Swiss +Gentleman to his friend at Bern," the first edition of which was +published in London in 1710 (second ed. in 1732).</p> + +<p>Among the names of the seventeen corporate members of the Charleston +Library Society established in 1743 occur those of the following +Scots: Robert Brisbane, Alexander M'Cauley, Patrick M'Kie, William +Logan, John Sinclair, James Grindlay, Alexander Baron, and Charles +Stevenson.</p> + +<p>Of the members of the Provincial Congress held at Charleston in +January, 1775, the following were Scotsmen or men of Scottish +ancestry: Major John Caldwell, Patrick Calhoun (ancestor of +Vice-President Calhoun), George Haig of the family of Bemersyde, +Charles Elliott, Thomas Ferguson, Adam Macdonald, Alexander M'Intosh, +John M'Ness, Isaac MacPherson, Col. William Moultrie, David Oliphant, +George Ross, Thomas Rutledge, James Sinkler, James Skirving, senior, +James Skirving, junior, William Skirving, and Rev. William Tennent.</p> + +<p>In Maryland there seems to have been a colony of Scots about 1670 +under Colonel Ninian Beall, settled between the Potomac and the +Patuxent, and gradually increased by successive additions. Through his +influence a church was established at Patuxent in 1704, the members +<a name="Page_22" id="Page_22" />of which included several prominent Fifeshire families. Many other +small Scottish colonies were settled on the eastern shore of Maryland +and Virginia, particularly in Accomac, Dorchester, Somerset, Wicomico, +and Worcester counties. To minister to them the Rev. Francis Makemie +and the Rev. William Traill were sent out by the Presbytery of Laggan +in Ulster. Upper Marlborough, Maryland, was founded by a company of +Scottish immigrants and were ministered to by the Rev. Nathaniel +Taylor, also from Scotland.</p> + +<p>Two shiploads of Scottish Jacobites taken at Preston in 1716 were sent +over in the ships <i>Friendship</i> and <i>Good Speed</i> to Maryland to be sold +as servants. The names of some of these sufficiently attest their +Scottish origin, as, Dugall Macqueen, Alexander Garden, Henry Wilson, +John Sinclair, William Grant, Alexander Spalding, John Robertson, +William MacBean, William McGilvary, James Hindry, Allen Maclien, +William Cummins, David Steward, John Maclntire, David Kennedy, John +Cameron, Alexander Orrach [Orrock?], Finloe Maclntire, Daniel Grant, +etc. Another batch taken in the Rising of the '45 and also shipped to +Maryland include such names as John Grant, Alexander Buchanan, Patrick +Ferguson, Thomas Ross, John Cameron, William Cowan, John Bowe, John +Burnett, Duncan Cameron, James Chapman, Thomas Claperton, Sanders +Campbell, Charles Davidson, John Duff, James Erwyn, Peter Gardiner, +John Gray, James King, Patrick Murray, William Melvil, William +Murdock, etc.</p> + +<p>A strong infusion of Scottish blood in New York State came through +settlements made there in response to a proclamation issued in 1735 by +the Governor, inviting "loyal protestant Highlanders" to settle the +lands between the Hudson River and the northern lakes. Attracted by +this offer Captain Lauchlin Campbell of Islay, in 1738-40, brought +over eighty-three families of Highlanders to settle on a grant of +thirty thousand acres in what is now Washington County. "By this +immigration," says E.H. Roberts, "the province secured a much needed +addition to its population, and these Highlanders must have sent +messages home not altogether unfavorable, for they were the pioneers +of a multitude whose coming in successive years were to add strength +and thrift and intelligence beyond the ratio of their numbers to the +communities in which they set up their homes." Many Scottish +immigrants settled in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange County, in 1720, +and by 1729 had organized and built two churches. A second colony +arrived from the north of Ireland in 1731. At the same time as the +grant was made to Lauchlin Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor Clarke +granted to John Lindsay, a Scottish gentleman, and three associates, a +tract of eighty thousand acres in Cherry Valley, in Otsego County. +Lindsay afterwards purchased the rights of his associates <a name="Page_23" id="Page_23" />and sent +out families from Scotland and Ulster to the valley of the +Susquehanna. These were augmented by pioneers from Londonderry, New +Hampshire, under the Rev. Samuel Dunlop, who, in 1743 established in +his own house the first classical school west of the Hudson. Ballston +in Saratoga County was settled in 1770 by a colony of Presbyterians +who removed from Bedford, New York, with their pastor, and were +afterwards joined by many Scottish immigrants from Scotland, Ulster, +New Jersey, and New England. The first Presbyterian Church was +organized in Albany in 1760 by Scottish immigrants who had settled in +that vicinity.</p> + +<p>Sir William Johnson for his services in the French War (1755-58) +received from the Crown a grant of one hundred thousand acres in the +Mohawk Valley, near Johnstown, which he colonized with Highlanders in +1773-74.</p> + +<p>In New York City about the end of the eighteenth century there was a +colony of several hundred Scottish weavers, mainly from Paisley. They +formed a community apart in what was then the village of Greenwich. In +memory of their old home they named the locality "Paisley Place." A +view of some of their old dwellings in Seventeenth Street between +Sixth and Seventh Avenues, as they existed in 1863, is given in +Valentine's <i>Manual</i> for that year.</p> + +<p>Although many Scots came to New England and New York they never +settled there in such numbers as to leave their impress on the +community so deeply as they did in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, +and the south. There were Presbyterian churches in Lewes, Newcastle +(Delaware), and Philadelphia previous to 1698, and from that time +forward the province of Pennsylvania was the chief centre of Scottish +settlement both from Scotland direct and by way of Ulster. By 1720 +these settlers had reached the mouth of the Susquehanna, and three +years later the present site of Harrisburg. Between 1730 and 1745 they +settled the Cumberland Valley and still pushing westward, in 1768-69 +the present Fayette, Westmoreland, Allegheny, and Washington counties. +In 1773 they penetrated to and settled in Kentucky, and were followed +by a stream of Todds, Flemings, Morrisons, Barbours, Breckinridges, +McDowells, and others. By 1790 seventy-five thousand people were in +the region and Kentucky was admitted to the Federal Union in 1792. By +1779 they had crossed the Ohio River into the present state of Ohio. +Between the years 1730 and 1775 the Scottish immigration into +Pennsylvania often reached ten thousand a year.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SOME_PROMINENT_SCOTS_AND_SCOTS_FAMILIES" id="SOME_PROMINENT_SCOTS_AND_SCOTS_FAMILIES" /><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24" />SOME PROMINENT SCOTS AND SCOTS FAMILIES</h2> + + +<p>Lord Bacon expressed his regret that the lives of eminent men were not +more frequently written, and added that, "though kings, princes, and +great personages be few, yet there are many excellent men who deserve +better fate than vague reports and barren elegies." Of no country is +this more true than the United States. An examination of the +innumerable early biographical dictionaries with which the shelves of +our public libraries are cumbered, will show that the bulk of the life +sketches of the individuals therein commemorated are vague and +unsatisfactory. In nearly every case little or no information is given +of the parentage or origin of the subject, and indeed one work goes so +far as to say that such information is unnecessary, the mere fact of +American birth being sufficient. However pleasing such statements may +be from an ultra patriotic viewpoint it is very unsatisfactory from +the biological or historical side of the question, which is +undoubtedly the most important to be considered. The neglect of these +items of origin, etc., makes the task of positively identifying +certain individuals as of Scottish origin or descent a very difficult +one. One may feel morally certain that a particular individual from +his name or features (if there be a portrait) is of Scottish origin, +but without a definite statement to that effect the matter must in +most cases be left an open question. One other cause of uncertainty, +and it is a very annoying one, is the careless method of many +biographers in putting down a man's origin as "Irish," "from Ireland," +"from the north of Ireland," etc., where they clearly mean to state +that the individual concerned is descended from one of the many +thousands of Scots who settled in Ulster in the seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries. Notwithstanding this uncertainty the proportion +of men of undoubted Scottish origin who have reached high distinction, +and whose influence has had such far reaching scope in the United +States, is phenomenal. "Let anyone," says Dinsmore, "scrutinize the +list of names of distinguished men in our annals; names of men eminent +in public life from President down; men distinguished in the Church, +in the Army, in the Navy, at the Bar, on the Bench, in Medicine and +Surgery, in Education, trade, commerce, invention, discovery—in any +<a name="Page_25" id="Page_25" />and all of the arts which add to the freedom, enlightenment, and +wealth of the world, and the convenience and comfort of mankind; names +which have won luster in every honorable calling—let him scrutinize +the list" and he will be astonished to find how large a proportion of +these names represent men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent. In +these pages it is obviously impossible to mention every Scot who has +achieved distinction—to do so would require a large biographical +dictionary. We can here only select a few names in each class from +early colonial times to the present day.</p> + +<p>The most famous family of Colonial times was that of the Livingstons +of Livingston Manor, famed alike for their ability and their +patriotism. The first of the family in America was Robert Livingston +(1654-1725), born at Ancrum, Roxburghshire, who came to America about +1672. He married Alida (Schuyler) Van Rensselaer. His eldest son, +Philip (1686-1749), second Lord of the Manor, succeeded him and added +greatly to the family wealth and lands by his business enterprise. +Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710-92), second son of Philip, was +President of the first Provincial Congress. Another son, Philip +(1716-78), was Member of the General Assembly for the City of New +York, Member of Congress in 1774 and 1776, and one of the Signers of +the Declaration of Independence. A third son was William (1723-90), +Governor of New Jersey. Other prominent members of this family were +Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813), and Edward (1764-1836). The former +was Member of the Continental Congress, Chancellor of the State of New +York (1777-1801), Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1781-83), Minister to +France (1801-05), and Negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). He +administered the oath of office to George Washington on his assuming +the office of President. Edward was Member of Congress from New York +(1795-1801), Mayor of New York City (1801-03), Member of Congress from +Louisiana (1823-29), United States Senator (1829-31), Secretary of +State (1831-33), and Minister to France (1833-35). Robert Fulton, the +inventor, married a daughter of the Livingstons and thus got the +necessary financial backing to make the <i>Clermont</i> a success. A sister +of Edward was married to General Montgomery of Quebec fame, another to +Secretary of War Armstrong, and a third to General Morgan Lewis.</p> + +<p>The Bells of New Hampshire descended from John Bell, the Londonderry +settler of 1718, gave three governors to New Hampshire and one to +Vermont. Luther V. Bell, formerly Superintendent of the McLean Asylum, +Somerville, Massachusetts, was another of his descendants. The McNutts +of Londonderry, New Hampshire, are descended from William McNaught, +who settled there in 1718. The McNaughts <a name="Page_26" id="Page_26" />came originally from +Kilquhanite in Galloway. The Bean family, descended from John Bean who +came to America in 1660, were pioneers in new settlements in New +Hampshire and Maine, and bore the burden of such a life and profited +by it. About one hundred of them were soldiers in the Revolutionary +War. The Macdonough family of Delaware is also of Scottish descent. +Thomas Macdonough, the famous naval officer, was of the third +generation in this country. The Corbit family of Delaware are +descended from Daniel Corbit, a Quaker born in Scotland in 1682. The +Forsyths of Georgia are descended from Robert Forsyth, born in +Scotland about 1754, who entered the Congressional Army and became a +Captain of Lee's Light Horse in 1776. The Forsyths of New York State +trace their descent to two brothers from Aberdeenshire (John and +Alexander). The bulk of the Virginia Gordons appear to have been from +Galloway.</p> + +<p>Alexander Breckenridge, a Scot, came to America about 1728, settling +in Pennsylvania and later in Virginia. One of his sons, Robert, was an +energetic Captain of Rangers during the Indian wars, and died before +the close of the Revolutionary War. By his second wife, also of +Scottish descent, he had several sons who achieved fame and success. +One of these sons, John Breckenridge (1760-1808), became +Attorney-General of Kentucky in 1795; served in the state legislature +1797-1800; drafted the famous Kentucky resolutions in 1798; was United +States Senator from Kentucky (1801-05) and Attorney-General in +Jefferson's Cabinet from 1805 till his death. Among the sons of John +Breckenridge were Robert Jefferson Breckenridge (1800-71), clergyman +and author, and Joseph Cabell Breckenridge. John Cabell Breckenridge, +son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was Vice-President of the United States +(1857-61), candidate of the Southern Democrats for President in 1860, +General in the Confederate Armies (1862-64), Confederate Secretary of +War till 1865. Joseph Cabell Breckenridge (b. 1840), son of Robert J. +Breckenridge, also served with distinction in the Civil War, and took +an active part in the Santiago campaign during the Spanish-American +War. Henry Breckenridge (b. 1886), son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was +Assistant Secretary of War, and served with the American Expeditionary +Forces in the Argonne. William Campbell Preston Breckenridge +(1837-1904), son of Robert J. Breckenridge, was Member of the +Forty-ninth Congress.</p> + +<p>The descendants of James McClellan, kin of the McClellans of Galloway, +Scotland, who was appointed Constable at the town meeting held in +Worcester in March, 1724, have written their name large in the medical +and military annals of this country. Some of his descendants are +noticed under Physicians. The most famous of the family was General +George Brinton MacClellan (1826-85), Major-General <a name="Page_27" id="Page_27" />in the United +States Army during the Civil War, unsuccessful candidate of the +Democratic Party for President in 1864, and Governor of New Jersey +from 1878 to 1881. The General's son, George B. McClellan (b. 1865), +was Mayor of New York (1903 and 1905) and is now a Professor in +Princeton. James Bulloch, born in Scotland c. 1701, emigrated to +Charleston, South Carolina, c. 1728. In the following year he married +Jean Stobo, daughter of the Rev. Archibald Stobo, and was the first +ancestor of the late President Roosevelt's mother. His son, Archibald +Bulloch (d. 1777), was Colonial Governor of Georgia and Commander of +the State's forces in 1776-77, and signed the first Constitution of +Georgia as President. He would have been one of the Signers of the +Declaration of Independence had not official duties called him, home. +A descendant of his, James Dunwoody Bulloch, uncle of the late +President Roosevelt, was Lieutenant in the Confederate Navy and +Confederate States Naval Agent abroad. Irvine S. Bulloch, another +uncle of Roosevelt's, was Sailing Master of the Alabama when in battle +with the U.S.S. Kearsarge. Another of this family was William B. +Bulloch (1776-1852), lawyer and State Senator of Georgia. The Chambers +family of Trenton, New Jersey, are descended from two brothers, John +and Robert Chambers, who came over in the ship <i>Henry and Francis</i> in +1685.</p> + +<p>In the eighteenth century many natives of Dumfriesshire emigrated to +the American colonies, and of these perhaps the most prominent were +those descended from John Johnston of Stapleton, Dumfriesshire, an +officer in a Scottish regiment in the French service. His second son, +Gabriel, became Governor of North Carolina. In the house of the +Governor's brother, Gilbert, it is stated that General Marion signed +the commission for the celebrated band known as "Marion's Men." Among +the more prominent descendants of Gilbert Johnston are: (1) James, who +became a Colonel on the staff of General Rutherford during the +Revolution and served in several engagements; (2) William, M.D., who +married a daughter of General Peter Forney, and died in 1855. This +William had five sons: (1) James, a Captain in the Confederate Army; +(2) Robert, a Brigadier-General; (3) William, a Colonel; (4) Joseph +Forney, born in 1843, Captain in the Confederate Army, Governor of +Alabama from 1896 to 1900, and United States Senator for Alabama in +1907; (5) Bartlett, an officer in the Confederate Navy. Samuel +Johnston, a nephew of Gilbert's, was the Naval Officer of North +Carolina in 1775, Treasurer during the Revolution, and Governor of +North Carolina from 1787 to 1789, President of the Convention that +finally adopted the State Constitution, and first Senator elected by +his state in the United States Congress in 1789. His son, James, was +the largest planter in the <a name="Page_28" id="Page_28" />United States on his death in 1865. +Gilbert's brother Robert, was an attorney and civil engineer. His son, +Peter, served as Lieutenant in the legion which Colonel Henry Lee +recruited in Virginia, and after the war became Judge of the +South-Western Circuit in Virginia, and Speaker of the Virginia House +of Delegates. He married Mary Wood, a niece of Patrick Henry. Their +eighth son, Joseph Eccleston Johnston, born in 1807, graduated from +West Point in 1829, served in the Federal Army in all its campaigns, +up to the time of the Civil War. Although holding the rank of +Lieutenant-Colonel and Quarter-Master-General, he resigned and joined +the Confederate Army, and rendered brilliant service in its ranks. +Another eminent individual of this name was General Albert Sydney +Johnston, the son of a physician, John Johnston, the descendant of a +Scottish family long settled in Connecticut. Christopher Johnston +(1822-1891), a descendant of the Poldean branch of the Annandale +Johnstons, was professor of surgery in the University of Maryland. His +son, also named Christopher (d. 1914), graduated M.D., practised for +eight years, studied ancient and modern languages, and eventually +became Professor of Oriental History and Archaeology in Johns Hopkins +University. He was one of the most distinguished Oriental scholars +this country has produced.</p> + +<p>Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), one of the founders of the Republic, +served with distinction in the Revolutionary War, but it was as a +Statesman of the highest ability that he acquired his great fame. He +was one of the most prominent Members of the Continental Congress +(1782-83), of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and Secretary of +the Treasury (1789-95). He was born in the West Indies, the son of a +Scots father and a French mother.</p> + +<p>Thomas Leiper (1745-1825), born in Strathaven, Lanarkshire, emigrated +to Maryland in 1763, was one of the first to favor separation from the +mother country, and raised a fund for open resistance to the Crown.</p> + +<p>Robert Stuart (1785-1848), pioneer and fur-trader, born at Callander, +Perthshire, a grandson of Rob Roy's bitterest enemy. In 1810, in +company with his uncle, John Jacob Astor, and several others, he +founded the fur-trading colony of Astoria. His share in this +undertaking is fully described in Washington Irving's <i>Astoria</i>. In +1817 Stuart settled at Mackinac as agent of the American Fur Company, +and also served as Commissioner for the Indian tribes. General George +Bartram, of Scottish parentage, was one of the "Committee of +Correspondence" appointed to take action on the "Chesapeake Affair" in +1807, when war with Britain seemed imminent, and was active in +military affairs during the war of 1812. Allan Pinkerton (1819-84), +born in the Gorbals, Glasgow, organized the United States <a name="Page_29" id="Page_29" />Secret +Service Division of the United States Army in 1861, discovered the +plot to assassinate President Lincoln on his way to his inauguration +in 1861, and also broke up the "Molly Maguires," etc. William Walker +(1824-60), the filibuster, was born in Tennessee of Scots parentage.</p> + +<p>Rev. George Keith, a native of Aberdeen, became Surveyor-General of +New Jersey in 1684. He founded the town of Freehold and marked out the +dividing line between East and West Jersey. In 1693 he issued the +first printed protest against human slavery, "An Exhortation & Caution +to Friends concerning Buying and Keeping of Negroes," New York, 1693. +James Alexander (1690-1756), a Scot, was disbarred for attempting the +defense of John Peter Zenger, the printer, in 1735. Along with +Benjamin Franklin he was one of the founders of the American +Philosophical Society. Andrew Hamilton (1676-1741), the most eminent +lawyer of his time, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and chief +Commissioner for building Independence Hall in Philadelphia, was born +in Scotland. For his championship of the freedom of the press and his +successful defense of Zenger he was hailed by Governor Morris as "the +day-star of the Revolution." His son James Hamilton, was the first +native-born Governor of Pennsylvania and Mayor of Philadelphia. James +Breghin or Brechin, Missionary, born in Scotland, took a prominent +part in the affairs of Virginia (1705-19) and was an active supporter +of Commissary Blair. Charles Anderson, another Missionary, probably a +graduate of Aberdeen, served in Virginia from 1700 to 1719, was also a +supporter of Blair. James Graham, first Recorder of the city of New +York (1683-1700) and Speaker of Assembly (1691-99) was born in +Scotland. Thomas Gordon (d. Perth Amboy, 1722), born in Pitlochrie, +was Attorney-General of the Eastern District (1698), Chief Secretary +and Registrar in 1702, later Speaker of Assembly, and in 1709 Chief +Justice and Receiver-General and Treasurer of the province. Alexander +Skene, who previously held office in Barbadoes, settled in North +Carolina about 1696. In 1717 he was Member of Council and Assistant to +the Judge of Admiralty to try a number of pirates. In 1719 he was +elected Member of the New House of Assembly and became leader of the +movement for the Proprietary Government. He was "looked upon as a man +that understood public affairs very well." Major Richard Stobo +(1727-c. 1770), a native of Glasgow, served in the Canadian campaign +against the French. It was he who guided the Fraser Highlanders up the +Heights of Abraham. Archibald Kennedy (c. 1687-1763), a relative of +the Earl of Cassilis, was Collector of Customs of the Port of New York +and Member of the Provincial Council. In his letters to headquarters +and in his reports he urged <a name="Page_30" id="Page_30" />the importance of the American Colonies +to the mother country and advocated measures which, if carried out, +would undoubtedly have strengthened their loyalty and added to their +wealth and prosperity. Alexander Barclay, grandson of the Apologist of +the Quakers, was Comptroller of the Customs under the Crown in +Philadelphia from 1762 till his death in 1771. William Ronald, a +native of Scotland, was a delegate in the Virginia Convention of 1788. +His brother, General Andrew Ronald, was one of the Counsel +representing the British merchants in the so-called British Debts +Case. William Houston, son of Sir Patrick Houston, was a Delegate to +the Continental Congress (1784-87) and a Depute from Georgia to the +Convention for revising the Federal Constitution. His portrait, as +well as that of his brother's, was destroyed by fire during the Civil +War. Sir William Dunbar (c. 1740-1810), a pioneer of Louisiana, held +important trusts under the Federal government and was a correspondent +of Thomas Jefferson. Rev. Henry Patillo (1736-1801), born in Scotland, +advocated separation from the mother country on every possible +occasion, and was a Member of the Provincial Council in 1775. John +Dickinson (1732-1808), Member of the Continental Congress of 1765, of +the Federal Convention of 1787, and President of Pennsylvania +(1782-85), was also the founder of Dickinson College, Carlisle, +Pennsylvania. The Dickinsons came from Dundee in early colonial times. +John Ross, purchasing agent for the Continental Army, was born in +Tain, Ross-shire. He lost about one hundred thousand dollars by his +services to his adopted country, but managed to avoid financial +shipwreck. John Harvie, born at Gargunnock, died 1807, was Member of +the Continental Congress (1777), signer of the Articles of +Confederation the following year, and in 1788 was appointed Secretary +of the Commonwealth. John McDonnell (1779-1846), born in Scotland, was +in business in Detroit in 1812, and "thoroughly Americanized." He +opposed the British commander's orders after the surrender of Hull, +and redeemed many captives from the Indians. Became Member of State +Constitutional Convention (1835), State Senator (1835-37), and +Collector of the Port of Detroit (1839-41). John Johnstone Adair (b. +1807), graduate of Glasgow University, settled in Michigan, filled +several important positions and became State Treasurer, State Senator, +and Auditor General. Colonel James Burd (1726-93), born at Ormiston, +Midlothian, took part with General Forbes in the expedition to redeem +the failure of Braddock. General John Forbes (1710-59), born in +Pittencrieff, Fifeshire, was founder of Pittsburgh. He was noted for +his obstinacy and strength of character, and may have been the +prototype of the Scotsman of the prayer: "Grant, O Lord, that the +Scotchman may be right; for, if wrong, <a name="Page_31" id="Page_31" />he is eternally wrong." +Captain William Bean was the first white man to bring his family to +Tennessee. His son, Russell Bean, was the first white child born in +the state. His descendant, Dr. James Bean, died in a snowstorm on Mont +Blanc while collecting specimens for the Smithsonian Institution.</p> + +<p>George Rogers Clark (1752-1818), to whose prowess is due the +possession of the territory Northwest of the Ohio, secured by the +peace of 1783, was of Scottish descent. David Crockett (1786-1836), +was most probably of the same origin, though vaguely said to be "son +of an Irishman." The name is distinctly Scottish (Dumfriesshire). +Samuel McDowell (1735-1817), took an active part in the movement +leading to the War of Independence and was President of the first +State Constitutional Convention of Kentucky (1792). Colonel James +Innes, born in Canisbay, Caithness, was appointed Commander-in-Chief +of all the forces in the expedition to the Ohio in 1754 by Governor +Dinwiddie.</p> + +<p>Isaac Magoon, a Scot, was the first settler of the town of Scotland +(c. 1700), and gave it the name of his native country. Dr. John +Stevenson, a Scot, pioneer merchant and developer of Baltimore, if not +indeed its actual founder, was known as the "American Romulus." George +Walker, a native of Clackmannanshire, pointed out the advantages of +the present site of the Capital of the United States, and George +Buchanan, another Scot, laid out Baltimore town in 1730. John Kinzie +(1763-1828), the founder of Chicago, was born in Canada of Scottish +parentage, the son of John MacKenzie. It is not known why he dropped +the "Mac." Samuel Wilkeson (1781-1848), the man who developed Buffalo +from a village to a city, was of Scottish descent. Alexander White +(1814-72), born in Elgin, Scotland, was one of the earliest settlers +of Chicago and did much to develop the city. Major Hugh McAlister, who +served in the Revolutionary War, later founded the town of +McAlisterville, Pennsylvania, was of Scots parentage. James Robertson +(1742-1814), founder of Nashville, Tennessee, was of Scottish origin. +His services are ranked next to Sevier's in the history of his adopted +state. Walter Scott Gordon (1848-86), founder of Sheffield, Alabama, +was the great-grandson of a Scot. The town of Paterson, in Putnam +county, New York, was settled by Matthew Paterson, a Scottish +stone-mason, in the middle of the eighteenth century, and was named +after him. Lairdsville, in New York state, was named from Samuel +Laird, son of a Scottish immigrant, in beginning of the eighteenth +century. Paris Gibson (b. 1830), grandson of a Scot, founded and +developed the town of Great Falls.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_COLONIAL_AND_PROVINCIAL_GOVERNORS" id="SCOTS_AS_COLONIAL_AND_PROVINCIAL_GOVERNORS" /><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32" />SCOTS AS COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS</h2> + + +<p>Of the colonial Governors sent from Britain to the American Colonies +before the Revolution and of Provincial Governors from that time to +1789, a large number were of Scottish birth or descent. Among them may +be mentioned the following:</p> + +<p>NEW YORK. Robert Hunter, Governor (1710-19), previously Governor of +Virginia, was a descendant of the Hunters of Hunterston, Ayrshire. He +died Governor of Jamaica (1734). He was described as one of the ablest +of the men sent over from Britain to fill public positions. William +Burnet (1688-1729), Governor in 1720, was also Governor of +Massachusetts (1720-1729). He was the eldest son of Gilbert Burnet, +Bishop of Sarum. Smith, the historian of New York, calls him "a man of +sense and polite breeding, a well bred scholar." John Montgomerie, +Governor of New York and New Jersey (1728-31), was born in Scotland. +John Hamilton, Governor (1736). Cadwallader Golden (1688-1776), +Lieutenant-Governor (1761-1776), born in Duns, Berwickshire, was +distinguished as physician, botanist, mathematician, and did much to +develop the resources of the state. O'Callaghan in his "Documentary +History of the State of New York," says: "Posterity will not fail to +accord justice to the character and memory of a man to whom this +country is most deeply indebted for much of its science and for many +of its most important institutions, and of whom the State of New York +may well be proud." John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor +(1770-71), afterwards Governor of Virginia. James Robertson +(1710-1788), born in Fifeshire, was Governor in 1780. Andrew Elliot, +born in Scotland in 1728, was Lieutenant-Governor and administered the +royalist government from 1781 to November, 1783.</p> + +<p>NEW JERSEY. Robert Barclay of the Quaker family of Barclay of Ury was +appointed Governor of East New Jersey in 1682, but never visited his +territory. Lord Neil Campbell, son of the ninth Earl of Argyll, was +appointed Governor in 1687, but meddled little in the affairs of the +colony. Andrew Hamilton (c. 1627-1703), his deputy, born in Edinburgh, +on Lord Neil Campbell's departure, became Acting Governor. He was an +active, energetic officer, who rendered good <a name="Page_33" id="Page_33" />service to the state, +and organized the first postal service in the colonies. John Hamilton, +son of Andrew, was Acting Governor for a time and died at Perth Amboy +in 1746. William Livingston (1723-90), the "Don Quixote of New +Jersey," grandson of Robert Livingston of Ancrum, Scotland, founder of +the Livingston family in America, so famous in the history of New York +State, was Governor from 1776 to 1790. William Paterson (1745-1806), +of Ulster Scot birth, studied at Princeton, admitted to the New Jersey +bar in November, 1767, Attorney-General in 1776, first Senator from +New Jersey to first Congress (1789), succeeded Livingston as Governor +(1790-92), and in 1793 became Justice of the Supreme Court. The city +of Paterson is named after him.</p> + +<p>PENNSYLVANIA. Andrew Hamilton, Governor (1701-03), was previously +Governor of East and West Jersey. Sir William Keith (1680-1751), born +in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Deputy Governor from 1717 to 1726. +Patrick Gordon (1644-1736), Governor (1726-28). James Logan +(1674-1751), born in County Armagh, son of Patrick Logan, of Scottish +parentage, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from +1731 to 1739, and President of the Council (1736-38). He bequeathed +his library of over two thousand volumes to Philadelphia, and they now +form the "Loganian Library" in the Philadelphia Public Library. James +Hamilton (c. 1710-1783), son of Andrew Hamilton, champion of the +liberty of the press, was elected Member of the Provincial Assembly +when but twenty years of age, and was re-elected five times. He was +Deputy Governor 1748-54 and 1759-63. Robert Hunter Morris, of the +famous New Jersey family of that name, Deputy Governor (1745-56). +Joseph Reed, of Ulster Scot descent, Governor (1778-81). John +Dickinson was President from 1782 to 1785.</p> + +<p>DELAWARE. Dr. John McKinly (1721-96), first Governor of the state +(1777), was of Ulster Scot birth. (All the above Governors of +Pennsylvania except Reed also held the governorship of Delaware along +with that of Pennsylvania.)</p> + +<p>VIRGINIA. Robert Hunter (1707). (<i>See above under New York.</i>) +Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor (1710-22), a scion of the +Spotswood of that Ilk. He was one of the ablest and most popular +representatives of the crown authority in the Colonies and was the +principal encourager of the growth of tobacco which laid the +foundation of Virginia's wealth. Hugh Drysdale, Lieutenant-Governor +(1722-26), was strongly opposed to the introduction of slavery into +the colony. Commissary James Blair (1655-1743), President of Council +(1740-41), was born in Scotland. Robert Dinwiddie, born in Glasgow in +1693, was Governor from 1751 to 1758. He recommended <a name="Page_34" id="Page_34" />the annexation +of the Ohio Valley and so secured that great territory to the United +States. To him is also due the credit of calling George Washington to +the service of his country. Dinwiddie county is named after him. John +Campbell, Earl of Loudon (1705-82), Governor (1756-58), does not +appear to have come to this colony. John Blair, Governor (1768), son +of Dr. Archibald Blair and nephew of Rev. James Blair, the Commissary. +Many of his descendants have distinguished themselves in the annals of +Virginia. John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor (1771-75), was +previously Governor of New York. Patrick Henry (1736-99), Governor +(1776-79, 1784-86), was born in Hanover County, Virginia, of Scottish +parentage, his father being a native of Aberdeen, his grandmother a +cousin of William Robertson the historian. He became a lawyer in 1760 +and in 1763 found his opportunity, when having been employed to plead +against an unpopular tax, his great eloquence seemed suddenly to +develop itself. This defence placed him at once in the front rank of +American orators, and in 1765 he entered the Virginia House of +Burgesses, immediately thereafter becoming leader in Virginia of the +political agitation which preceded the Declaration of Independence. On +the passage of the Stamp Act his voice was the first that rose in a +clear, bold call to resistance, and in May, 1773, he assisted in +procuring the passage of the resolution establishing a Committee of +Correspondence for intercourse with the other colonies. In the +Continental Congress which met in Philadelphia in 1774 he delivered a +fiery and eloquent speech worthy of so momentous a meeting. In 1776 he +carried the vote of the Virginia Convention for independence. He was +an able administrator, a wise and far-seeing legislator, but it is as +an orator that he will forever live in American history. William +Fleming (1729-95), surgeon, soldier, and statesman, Councillor and +Acting-Governor (1781), was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire.</p> + +<p>NORTH CAROLINA. William Drummond, Governor of "Albemarle County +Colony" (i.e., North Carolina), was a native of Perthshire, a +strenuous upholder of the rights of the people, and ranks as one of +the earliest of American patriots. He took a prominent part in +"Bacon's Rebellion" in 1676, "an insurrection that was brought about +by the insolence and pig-headedness of Sir William Berkeley, then +Governor of Virginia," and was executed the same year. Gabriel +Johnston (1699-1752), Governor (1734-52), was born in Scotland, and +held the Professorship of Oriental Languages in St. Andrews University +before coming to the colonies. Johnston County is named after him. +Matthew Rowan was President of Council and Acting Governor in 1753. +Alexander Martin (1740-1807), was fourth and Acting Governor, 1782-84, +and from 1789 to 1792. Samuel Johnston <a name="Page_35" id="Page_35" />(1733-1816), sixth Governor +(1788-89), four years Senator, and Justice of the Supreme Court from +1800-1803. Bancroft says the movement for freedom was assisted by "the +calm wisdom of Samuel Johnston, a native of Dundee, in Scotland, a man +revered for his integrity, thoroughly opposed to disorder and +revolution, if revolution could be avoided without yielding to +oppression."</p> + +<p>SOUTH CAROLINA. Richard Kirk, Governor (1684). James Glen, born in +Linlithgow in 1701, Governor (1743-56). Lord William Campbell, third +brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll, Governor (1775). John Rutledge +(1739-1800), brother of Edward Rutledge the Signer, was President of +South Carolina (1776-78) and first Governor (1779-82). He was later a +delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Associate Justice +of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), Chief Justice of South +Carolina (1791-95), and in 1795 appointed Chief Justice of the United +States Supreme Court.</p> + +<p>GEORGIA. William Erwin or Ewen, born in England in 1775. John Houston, +son of Sir Patrick Houston, one of the prime instigators and +organizers of the Sons of Liberty (1774), was Governor in 1774-76, +1778. His portrait was destroyed by fire during the Civil War. Houston +County was named in his honor. Edward Telfair, born in the Stewartry +of Kirkcudbright in 1735 and died at Savannah in 1807. When the +revolutionary troubles commenced he earnestly espoused the side of the +colonies, and became known locally as an ardent advocate of liberty. +He was regarded as the foremost citizen of his adopted state, and his +death was deeply mourned throughout the state.</p> + +<p>FLORIDA. George Johnstone, a member of the family of Johnstone of +Westerhall, was nominal Governor of Florida when that colony was ceded +by Spain to Great Britain in 1763. He was one of the Commissioners +appointed by the British government to try and restore peace in +America in 1778.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AND_THE_DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE" id="SCOTS_AND_THE_DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE" /><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36" />SCOTS AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</h2> + + +<p>Presbyterians in the Colonies, being dissenters, were untrammeled and +free to speak their mind in defence of their country's right, and +history shows that they did not fail their opportunity: the doctrine +of passive obedience never finding favor with them. In the Colonies +the Presbyterian ministers claimed equal rights, religious freedom, +and civil liberty. Their teaching had great influence, particularly in +the South, and Patrick Henry of Virginia, David Caldwell, Dr. Ephraim +Brevard, Rev. Alexander Craighead (d. 1766), and James Hall of North +Carolina, the two Rutledges and Tennant of South Carolina, William +Murdoch of Maryland, James Wilson and Thomas Craighead of +Pennsylvania, Witherspoon of New Jersey, Read and McKean of Delaware, +Livingston of New York, and Thornton of New Hampshire, with their +associates had prepared the people for the coming conflict. In +Maryland the lower house of the General Assembly was a fortress of +popular rights and of civil liberty. Its resolutions and messages, +beginning in 1733, and in an uninterrupted chain until 1755 +continually declared "that it is the peculiar right of his Majesty's +subjects not to be liable to any tax or other imposition but what is +laid on them by laws to which they themselves are a party." These +principles were reiterated and recorded upon the journals of every +Assembly until 1771. The resolutions, addresses, and messages of the +lower house during this period discuss with remarkable fullness and +accuracy the fundamental principles of free government, and most of +them emanated from William Murdoch, born in Scotland (c. 1720), who +was one of the leading spirits and the directing force of the +discussion. He led in the resistance to the Stamp Act and in other +ways he united his colony in solid resistance to the attempt to levy +taxes and imposts without their consent. In May, 1775, the General +Synod of the Presbyterian Church met in Philadelphia and issued its +famous "Pastoral Letter," which was sent broadcast throughout the +Colonies, urging the people to adhere to the resolutions of Congress, +and to make earnest prayer to God for guidance in all measures looking +to the defense of the country. This powerful letter was also sent to +the legislature in every colony. <a name="Page_37" id="Page_37" />Adolphus in his "History of England +from the Accession of George III. to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783," +published in London in 1802, declared that the Synod and their +circular was the chief cause which led the Colonies to determine on +resistance. There is no question that from the Scots Presbyterians and +their descendants came many of the leaders in the struggle for +independence, as Bancroft has well pointed out in the following words: +"The first voice publicly raised in America to dissolve all connection +with Great Britain came not from the Puritans of New England, nor the +Dutch of New York, nor the planters of Virginia, but from the +Scotch-Irish Presbyterians." Joseph Galloway (1730-1803), the +Loyalist, than whom, says Ford, "there could be no better informed +witness," "held that the underlying cause of the American Revolution +was the activity and influence of the Presbyterian interest," and +further, that "it was the Presbyterians who supplied the Colonial +resistance a lining without which it would have collapsed." And Joseph +Reed of Philadelphia, himself an Episcopalian, said: "The part taken +by the Presbyterians in the contest with the mother country was +indeed, at the time, often made a ground of reproach, and the +connection between their efforts for the security of religious liberty +and opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament, was then +distinctly seen. A Presbyterian loyalist was a thing unheard of." +Parker, the historian, quotes a writer who says: "When the sages of +America came to settle the forms of our government, they did but copy +into every constitution the simple elements of representative +republicanism, as found in the Presbyterian system. It is a matter of +history that cannot be denied, that Presbyterianism as found in the +Bible and the standards of the several Presbyterian churches, gave +character to our free institutions." Ranke, the German historian, +declared that "Calvin was the founder of the American Government;" and +Gulian C. Verplanck of New York, in a public address, traced the +origin of our Declaration of Independence to the National Covenant of +Scotland. Chief Justice Tilghman (1756-1827) stated that the framers +of the Constitution of the United States were through the agency of +Dr. Witherspoon much indebted to the standards of the Presbyterian +Church of Scotland in molding that instrument.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_SIGNERS_OF_THE_DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE" id="SCOTS_AS_SIGNERS_OF_THE_DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE" /><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38" />SCOTS AS SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</h2> + + +<p>Of the fifty-six Signers of the Declaration of Independence, no less +than nine can be claimed as directly or indirectly of Scottish origin. +Edward Rutledge (1749-1800), the youngest Signer, was a son of Dr. +John Rutledge who emigrated from Ulster to South Carolina in 1735. The +Rutledges were a small Border clan in Roxburghshire. William Hooper +(1742-1790), was the son of a Scottish minister, who was born near +Kelso and died in Boston in 1767. Hooper early displayed marked +literary ability and entered Harvard University when fifteen years of +age. At twenty-six he was one of the leading lawyers of the colony of +North Carolina. George Ross (1730-79), was also of Scottish parentage. +His nephew's wife, Elizabeth (Griscom) Ross (1752-1832), better known +as "Betsy Ross," was maker of the first national flag. Matthew +Thornton (1714-1803), the distinguished New Hampshire statesman and +physician, was brought to this country from the north of Ireland by +his father when about three years of age. He accompanied the +expedition against Louisburg in 1745, was President of the Provincial +Convention in 1775 and Speaker in January, 1776. In September, 1776, +he was elected to Congress, and in November following signed the +Declaration of Independence, although he had not been one of the +framers. Thomas McKean (1734-1817), was a great-grandson of William +McKean of Argyllshire who moved to Ulster about the middle of the +seventeenth century. He was a member of Congress from Delaware +(1774-83), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania (1777-99), and Governor of +the state from 1799 to 1808. George Taylor (1716-81), described as the +son of a clergyman and "born in Ireland," was most probably an Ulster +Scot. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania from +1764 to 1770 and again in 1775. James Wilson (1742-1798), whose fame +was to become as wide and lasting as the nation, was born in St. +Andrews, the old university city of Fifeshire. He was a Delegate to +Congress from Pennsylvania in 1776, Member of the Constitutional +Convention of 1787, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme +Court from 1789 till his death. He strongly advocated independence as +the only possible means of escape from the evils which <a name="Page_39" id="Page_39" />had brought +the various commonwealths into such a state of turmoil and +dissatisfaction. Philip Livingston (1716-1778), grandson of Robert +Livingston, the first of the American family of the name, was Member +of Congress from New York in 1776. "His life was distinguished for +inflexible rectitude and devotion to the interests of his country."</p> + +<p>Last but greatest of all to be mentioned is the Rev. John Witherspoon +(1722-94). Born in Yester, Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, minister +in Paisley, he was called in 1768 to be President of the College of +New Jersey, now Princeton University. He said he had "become an +American the moment he landed." He took an active part in the public +affairs of the colony of New Jersey, and in the convention which met +to frame a constitution he displayed great knowledge of legal +questions and urged the abolition of religious tests. In June, 1776, +he was elected to the Continental Congress, and in the course of the +debates he displayed little patience with those who urged half +measures. When John Dickinson of Pennsylvania said the country was not +ripe for independence, Witherspoon broke in upon the speaker +exclaiming, "Not ripe, Sir! In my judgment we are not only ripe, but +rotting. Almost every colony has dropped from its parent stem and your +own province needs no more sunshine to mature it." He further declared +that he would rather be hanged than desert his country's cause. One of +his sons was killed at the battle of Germantown.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_PRESIDENCY" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_PRESIDENCY" /><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40" />SCOTS IN THE PRESIDENCY</h2> + + +<p>Of the twenty-nine Presidents of the United States five (Monroe, +Grant, Hayes, Roosevelt, and Wilson) are of Scottish descent, and four +(omitting Jackson who has been also claimed as Scottish by some +writers) are of Ulster Scot descent, namely, Polk, Buchanan, Arthur, +and McKinley. Jackson may possibly have been of Ulster Scot descent as +his father belonged to Carrickfergus while his, mother's maiden name, +Elizabeth Hutchins, or Hutchinson, is Scottish. She came of a family +of linen weavers. Benjamin Harrison might also have been included as +he had some Scottish (Gordon) blood. His wife, Caroline Scott +Harrison, was of Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>James Monroe, fifth President, was descended from Andrew Monroe, who +emigrated from Scotland in the middle of the seventeenth century. +President Grant was a descendant of Matthew Grant, who came from +Scotland to Dorchester, Mass., in 1630. George Hayes, ancestor of +Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President, was a Scot who settled in +Windsor prior to 1680. Theodore Roosevelt was Dutch on his father's +side and Scottish on his mother's. His mother was descended from James +Bulloch, born in Scotland about 1701, who emigrated to Charleston, c. +1728, and founded a family which became prominent in the annals of +Georgia. Woodrow Wilson's paternal grandfather, James Wilson, came +from county Down in 1807. His mother, Janet (or Jessie) Woodrow, was a +daughter of Rev. Thomas Woodrow, a native of Paisley, Scotland. James +Knox Polk, eleventh President, was a great-great-grandson of Robert +Polk or Pollok, who came from Ayrshire through Ulster. Many kinsmen of +President Polk have distinguished themselves in the annals of this +country. James Buchanan, fifteenth President, was of Ulster Scot +parentage. Chester Alan Arthur, twenty-first President, was the son of +a Belfast minister of Scottish descent. William McKinley, twenty-fifth +President, was descended from David McKinley, an Ulster Scot, born +about 1730, and his wife, Rachel Stewart. The surname McKinley in +Ireland occurs only in Ulster Scot territory.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_VICE_PRESIDENTS" id="SCOTS_AS_VICE_PRESIDENTS" /><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41" />SCOTS AS VICE-PRESIDENTS</h2> + + +<p>Of the Vice-Presidents of the United States six at least were of +Scottish or Ulster Scot descent.</p> + +<p>John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850), of Scottish descent on both sides. +Previous to becoming Vice-President he was Secretary of War in +Monroe's cabinet, and later was Secretary of State in the cabinet of +President Tyler. He was one of the chief instruments in securing the +annexation of Texas. George Mifflin Dallas (1792-1864), son of +Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, was Minister to +Russia in 1837-39, and subsequent to his Vice-Presidency was Minister +to Great Britain (1856-61). John Cabell Breckenridge (1821-75), of +direct Scottish descent, was Vice-President from 1857-61, candidate +for President in 1860, Major-General in the Confederate Army +(1862-64), and Confederate Secretary of War (1864-65). Henry Wilson +(1812-75), of Ulster Scot descent, had a distinguished career as +United States Senator before his election to the Vice-Presidency +(1873-75). His original name was Jeremiah Jones Colbraith (i.e., +Galbraith). He was also a distinguished author, his most important +work being the "History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in +America" (1872-75). Thomas Andrews Hendricks (1819-85), who held the +Vice-Presidency only for a few months (March to November, 1885), was +of Scottish descent on his mother's side. Adlai Ewing Stevenson +(1835-1914) was Member of Congress from Illinois (1875-77), and First +Assistant Postmaster-General (1885-89), previous to becoming +Vice-President (1893-97).</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_CABINET_OFFICERS" id="SCOTS_AS_CABINET_OFFICERS" /><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42" />SCOTS AS CABINET OFFICERS</h2> + + +<p>WAR. William Harris Crawford (1772-1834), descended from David +Crawford, who came from Scotland to Virginia, c. 1654. Secretary of +War (1615-16), Secretary of the Treasury (1816-25), and save for an +unfortunate attack of paralysis, would have been President in 1824. He +was also United States Senator from Georgia (1807-13) and Minister to +France (1813-15). John Bell (1797-1869), Secretary (1841), Senator +(1847-59), and candidate of the Constitutional Union Party for +President in 1860, was probably of Scottish descent. George Washington +Crawford, Secretary of War, was also Governor of Georgia. Simon +Cameron (1799-1889), of Scottish parentage or descent, Senator +(1845-49), Secretary of War in cabinet of Lincoln (1861-62), United +States Minister to Russia (1862-63), and again Senator (1866-77). +James Donald Cameron (1833-1918), son of the preceding, was Secretary +under Grant for a year and United States Senator from 1877 to 1897. +Daniel Scott Lamont (1851-1905), journalist and Secretary under +Cleveland, was of Ulster Scot origin.</p> + +<p>TREASURY. George Washington Campbell (1768-1848), Secretary (1814), +was also Minister to Russia (1810-20). Alexander James Dallas +(1759-1817), Secretary (1814-16), was the son of a Scottish physician, +Dr. Robert C. Dallas. During 1815-16 he also discharged the functions +of Secretary of War. Had a distinguished career as a statesman. Louis +McLane (1776-1857), son of Allen McLane, a Revolutionary soldier and +Speaker of the Legislature of Delaware, had a distinguished career as +Senator from Delaware (1827-29), Minister to Great Britain (1829-31), +Secretary of the Treasury (1831-33), and Secretary of State (1833-34). +His son, Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), had a distinguished career +as a diplomat. James Guthrie (1792-1869), Secretary in the cabinet of +President Pierce (1853-57). Thomas Ewing (1789-1871), was United +States Senator from Ohio (1831-37), Secretary of the Treasury (1841), +Secretary of the Interior (1849-50). He traced his descent from +Findlay Ewing, a native of Loch Lomond, who distinguished himself in +the Revolution of 1688 under William of Orange. Hugh McCulloch +(1808-95), descended from Hugh McCulloch, Bailie of Dornoch, +Sutherlandshire, was Comptroller of the Currency (1863-65), Secretary +of the Treasury <a name="Page_43" id="Page_43" />(1865-69, 1884-85). He funded the National Debt +during his first term as Secretary. Charles Foster (1825-1904), +Governor of Ohio (1880-84), was Secretary of the Treasury from 1891 to +1893. Franklin MacVeagh (b. 1837), of Scottish ancestry, also held the +office under President Taft.</p> + +<p>INTERIOR. Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart (b. 1807), Secretary in +President Fillmore's cabinet, was son of Archibald Stuart, a Scot who +fought in Revolutionary War. Thomas Ewing is already referred to +(under Treasury). Samuel Jordan Kirkwood, Secretary of the Interior +under Garfield, was also three times Governor of Iowa.</p> + +<p>NAVY. Benjamin Stoddert (1751-1813), Secretary (1798-1801), was +grandson of a Scot. William Alexander Graham (1804-75), Secretary +(1850), was also Governor of North Carolina. He projected the +expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. James Cochrane Dobbin +(1814-57). Paul Morton (1857-1911), Secretary (1904-05), was said to +be descended from Richard Morton, a blacksmith and ironmaster of +Scottish birth, who came to America about the middle of the eighteenth +century.</p> + +<p>STATE. James Gillespie Blaine (1830-93), Secretary (1881, 1889-92) and +unsuccessful candidate for President in 1884. John Hay (1838-1905), +one of the ablest Secretaries of State (1898-1905) this country ever +had, was also of Scottish descent. He also held several diplomatic +posts in Europe (1865-70), culminating in Ambassador to Great Britain +(1897-98).</p> + +<p>AGRICULTURE. James Wilson (1835-1920), Secretary (1897-1913) under +McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft, was born in Ayrshire, Scotland. He was +Regent of Iowa State University, and in 1891 was elected to the chair +of Practical Agriculture in the College of Agriculture and Director of +the State Experiment Stations. He was wonderfully successful in the +expansion and administration of the "most useful public department in +the world."</p> + +<p>LABOR. William Bauchop Wilson, born in Blantyre, near Glasgow, +Scotland, in 1862, Secretary-Treasurer of the United Mine Workers of +America (1900-09); Member of Congress (1907-13), and Chairman of the +Committee on Labor in the sixty-second Congress, Secretary of Labor +(1913).</p> + +<p>POSTMASTER-GENERAL. The first postal service in the Colonies was +organized by Andrew Hamilton, a native of Edinburgh, who obtained a +patent for a postal scheme from the British Crown in 1694. A memorial +stone on the southwest corner of the New York Post Office at +Thirty-third Street commemorates the fact. John Maclean (1785-1861), +Postmaster-General from 1823 to 1829, was <a name="Page_44" id="Page_44" />later Associate Justice of +the United States Supreme Court of Ohio, and unsuccessful candidate +for the Republican nomination for President in 1856 and again in 1860. +He took part in the famous Dred Scott case, in which he dissented from +Taney, maintaining that slavery had its origin merely in power and was +against right. James Campbell (1812-93), of Ulster Scot parentage, +Postmaster-General in the cabinet of President Pierce, made a record +by reducing the rate of postage and introducing the registry system. +Montgomery Blair (1813-83) was Postmaster-General in the cabinet of +President Lincoln. Adlai Ewing Stevenson, Assistant +Postmaster-General, later became Vice-President.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_SENATE" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_SENATE" /><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45" />SCOTS IN THE SENATE</h2> + + +<p>John Ewing Colhoun (1749-1802), Member of State Legislature of South +Carolina and Senator from the same state (1801), was of the same +family as John C. Calhoun. George Logan (1753-1821), a man of high +scientific attainments, grandson of James Logan, Quaker Governor of +Pennsylvania, went to France in 1798 with the design of averting war +with that country, Senator from Pennsylvania (1801-07). John +Rutherfurd (1760-1840) was grandson of Sir John Rutherfurd of +Edgerston, Scotland. James Brown (1766-1835), Senator and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to France, was of Scottish descent. Jacob +Burnet (1770-1853), Jurist and Senator, was the grandson of a Scot. +His father, William Burnet (1730-91), was a skilful physician and +Member of Congress. John Leeds Kerr (1780-1844), lawyer and Senator, +was the son of James Kerr of Monreith. Alexander Campbell (1779-1857), +Senator, was of Argyllshire descent. Walter Lowrie (1784-1868), +Senator (1819-35) and thereafter Secretary of the Senate for twelve +years, was born in Edinburgh. His four sons all became prominent in +law and theology. Simon Cameron (1799-1889), grandson of a Cameron who +fought at Culloden. His ancestor emigrated to America soon after the +'45 and fought tinder Wolfe against the French at Quebec. Simon +Cameron was also for a time Secretary of War in Lincoln's Cabinet and +Minister to Russia. He named his residence at Harrisburg "Lochiel." +His brother James was Colonel of the New York Volunteers, the 79th +Highlanders, in the Civil War. James Donald Cameron (b. 1833), son of +Simon Cameron, was President of the Northern Central Railroad of +Pennsylvania (1863-74), Secretary of War Under General Grant, and +Senator from Pennsylvania. Charles E. Stuart (1810-87), Lawyer and +Senator, was a descendant of Daniel Stuart who came to America before +1680. Stephen Arnold Douglas (1813-61), Senator and unsuccessful +candidate of the Democratic party for the Presidency in 1860, was of +Scottish origin. Joseph Ewing MacDonald (1819-91), who held a foremost +place among constitutional lawyers and was Democratic candidate for +Governor of Indiana in 1864, was of Scottish ancestry. Francis +Montgomery Blair (1821-75), a descendant of Commissary Blair of +Virginia, was Senator from Missouri (1871-73), <a name="Page_46" id="Page_46" />and Democratic +candidate for Vice-President in 1868. James Burnie Beck (1822-90), +born in Dumfriesshire, was Member of Congress (1867-75) and Senator +from 1876 to 1890. He served on many important committees. Joseph +McIlvaine (1765-1826), United States Senator from 1823 to 1826, was +grandson of a Scot. His father fought on the Colonial side in the +Revolution. Randall Lee Gibson (1822-92), of Scottish ancestry, +Major-General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, was United +States Senator from Louisiana from 1883 till his death. His +grandfather, Randall Gibson, was one of the founders of Jefferson +College, Mississippi. John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), +Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army, thirty-fifth Governor of +Georgia and United States Senator, was grandson of a Scot. Marcus +Alonzo Hanna (1837-1904) was also partly Scottish descent. Calvin +Stewart Brice (1845-1898), Chairman of the Democratic Campaign +Committee (1888) and Senator from Ohio (1891-97), claimed descent from +Bruce of Kinnaird. Daniel Hugh McMillan (b. 1846), was much identified +with the welfare of Buffalo. His grandfather was "John the Upright," +arbiter of the Hollanders of the Mohawk Valley during the latter part +of the eighteenth century. Alexander McDonald (d. 1903), Senator from +Arkansas (1868-71), was the son of John McDonald who came to the +United States in 1827, and was one of the first to discover and +develop bituminous coal mines on the west branch of the Susquehanna +River in Pennsylvania. John Lendrum Mitchell (1842-1904), grandson of +John Mitchell, farmer of Aberdeenshire, was State Senator of +Wisconsin, Member of Congress from Wisconsin (1891-93), and Senator +from the same state (1893-99), was also noted as a capitalist. Samuel +James Renwick MacMillan (d. 1897), Chairman of the Committee of +Commerce, was of Covenanting descent.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_HOUSE_OF_REPRESENTATIVES" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_HOUSE_OF_REPRESENTATIVES" /><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47" />SCOTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES</h2> + + +<p>Only a very few names of Members of Congress of Scottish birth of +descent can be dealt with here. Some additional names will be found in +other sections of this work. William Houston (b. about 1755), son of +Sir Patrick Houston, was a Member of the Continental Congress. John +Morin Scott (1730-84), grandson of the second son of Sir John Scott of +Ancrum was Brigadier-General of New York State troops at the Battle of +Long Island and Member of Congress from 1779 to 1783. William Burnet +(1730-91), of Scottish parentage, physician and Member of Congress. +Among his sons the following are worthy of notice: Dr. William Burnet +of New Jersey, Major Ichabod Burnet of Georgia, Jacob Burnet, pioneer +of Ohio, and David G. Burnet, Provisional President of the Republic of +Texas. William Crawford (1760-1823), Member of Congress from 1809 to +1817, was born in Paisley. William Fitzhugh Gordon (1787-1858), Member +from Virginia (1829-35), of Scottish descent, is said to have been the +originator of the Sub-Treasury system. The town of Gordonsville, +Virginia, was named after him or after his family. Leonidas Felix +Livingston (b. 1832), grandson of Adam Livingston from Scotland, who +served in the Revolutionary War, was a Member of the Georgia +Legislature and Member of Congress. John Louis Macdonald (b. 1838), +newspaper editor, State Senator, etc., was born in Glasgow. James +Buchanan (b. 1839) of Scottish descent, was Member from New Jersey to +49th, 50th, 51st and 52nd Congress. David Bremner Henderson +(1840-1906), born at Old Deer, Aberdeenshire, served in the Civil War +and lost a leg at Corinth, was Member from Iowa (1880-99), and Speaker +of the House of Representatives (1899-1906). William Grant Laidlaw, +born near Jedburgh, Scotland, in 1840, served in the Civil War and was +Member of Congress from 1887 to 1891. John Edgar Reyburn (b. 1845), +Member State Senate of Pennsylvania, Member of Congress 1890-1907; and +James Fleming Stewart (1851-1904), were both of Scottish descent.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_JUDICIARY" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_JUDICIARY" /><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48" />SCOTS IN THE JUDICIARY</h2> + + +<p>As with the medical and theological professions the legal has shared +the dominating influence of Scotland, and indeed it is perhaps not too +much to say that much of the distinctive character of American +jurisprudence is due to the influence of men of Scottish blood at the +bench and bar. The second Chief Justice of the United States Supreme +Court (John Rutledge) and two of the four original Associate Justices, +Blair and Wilson, were of Scottish origin. The mother of John +Marshall, the great Chief Justice, was of Scottish origin (Keith). Of +fifty judges of the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1882, at +least fifteen were of Scottish birth or descent. We have space here to +deal with only a selection of the most prominent names.</p> + +<p>Andrew Kirkpatrick (1756-1831), Chief Justice of New Jersey for +twenty-one years, whose "decisions especially those on realty matters, +show a depth of research, a power of discrimination, and a justness of +reasoning which entitle him to rank among the first American jurists," +was of Scottish parentage, descended from the Kirkpatricks of +Dumfriesshire. His son, also named Andrew, was President Judge of the +Court of Common Pleas of Essex County (1885-96) and United States +District Judge (1896-1904). George Robertson (1790-1874), Chief +Justice of Kentucky (1829-43), "whose name stands first in the list of +great men who have occupied and adorned the Appellate bench of +Kentucky," and who declined the offer of the governorship of Arkansas, +was of Scottish ancestry. Robert Cooper Grier (1794-1870), Associate +Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut (1846-70) was of same +origin. Eugenius Aristides Nisbet (1803-71), descended from Murdoch +Nisbet, a Lollard of Kyle, after a brilliant career in the state +legislature became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. +Thomas Todd (1765-1826), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court +(1807-26). The first Chief Justice of Delaware, William Killen +(1722-1805), was born in the north of Ireland of Scottish parentage. +John J. Milligan (1795-1875), grandson of a Scottish emigrant from +Ayrshire, was Associate Justice of Delaware, and refused, on account +of ill health, the portfolio of Secretary of the Interior in the +cabinet of President Fillimore. Ellis Lewis <a name="Page_49" id="Page_49" />(1798-1871), Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1855-57) was of Scottish +descent. Alexander Addison (1759-1807), born in Scotland, became +President Judge of the fifth judicial district of Pennsylvania under +the constitution of 1770. Robert Hunter Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of +Pennsylvania, was Chief Justice of New Jersey for twenty-one years. +John McLean (1785-1861), Associate Justice, is noticed under Scots in +the Presidential Cabinet; and William Paterson, Associate Justice +(1793-1806), is mentioned under Colonial Governors. Samuel Nelson +(1792-1873), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, was of Ulster +Scot descent. "His decisions have stood the test of time and the +searching analysis of the most able lawyers." Thomas Douglas +(1790-1853), first Chief Justice of Florida, was of Scots ancestry. +William Wallace Campbell (1806-81), great-grandson of an Ulster Scot, +was distinguished as a jurist and as a historian of New York State. He +was author of <i>Annals of Tryon County</i> (1831), <i>Border Warfare of New +York</i> (1849), <i>Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton</i> (1849), etc. +During a visit to Scotland in 1848 he was elected an honorary member +of the Clan Campbell at a great gathering at Inveraray. Thomas +Drummond (1809-90), grandson of a Scot from Falkirk, was Justice of +the Illinois Supreme Court. John Archibald Campbell (1811-89), +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1853-61), was Assistant +Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet, and in 1865 took part in +the "Hampton Roads Conference." John Wallace Houston (1841-95), +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Delaware, was of Scots +descent. His ancestors first settled in New York city, and Houston +Street is named after one of them. Other Associate Justices of +Delaware of Scottish descent are Charles Mason Cullen (1829-1903), and +George Gray (b. 1840), Attorney-General (1879-85), United States +Senator, Member of the Russo-Japanese Peace Commission of 1898, and +Member of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission of 1902. James +Gilfillan (1829-94), born at Bannockburn, Stirlingshire, "a profound +scholar, and as a jurist was distinguished for his ability, firmness, +and absolute impartiality." William Joseph Robertson (1817-98), born +in Virginia of Scottish parents, was Judge of the Supreme Court of +Virginia and Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals (1859). Thomas +Sloan Bell (1800-61), of Scottish parentage, became President Judge of +the Judicial District of the counties of Wayne, Pike, Carbon, and +Monroe, in Pennsylvania, in 1855, and held many other important +positions. Samuel Dana Bell, son of Samuel Bell, Governor of New +Hampshire, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire +(1859-64). Matthew Hall McAllister (1800-65), for several years Mayor +of Savannah, Georgia, afterwards United States Circuit Judge of +<a name="Page_50" id="Page_50" />California, LL.D. of Columbia University, was of Scottish ancestry. +Thomas Ewing (1829-96), son of Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the +Treasury, at the age of twenty-nine was elected first Chief Justice of +the Supreme Court of Ohio. During the Civil War he took a conspicuous +part and rose to the rank of General. William Harper (1790-1847), born +in Antigua, Leeward Islands, of Scottish parents, was Chancellor of +the University of South Carolina (1828-30, 1835-47) and Judge of the +Court of Appeals of South Carolina (1830-35). John Bannister Gibson +(1780-1853), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, was of Ulster Scot +descent. Harry Innes (1752-1816), of Scottish parentage, was one of +the Commissioners appointed to draft a constitution for Kentucky, +being chosen by Washington because of his integrity. He was also +appointed first Chief Justice of Kentucky but declined the office. +John Buchanan (1772-1844), of Scottish ancestry, was Chief Justice of +Maryland, and Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals for thirty-seven +years. His brother, Thomas, was associated with him on the bench. +David Torrance (1840-1906), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of +Connecticut, was born in Edinburgh.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_AMBASSADORS" id="SCOTS_AS_AMBASSADORS" /><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51" />SCOTS AS AMBASSADORS</h2> + + +<p>Some of those who have represented this country at foreign courts +previously held office in the Cabinet or were Members of the Senate +are noted under these headings:</p> + +<p>John Graham (1774-1820), Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil (1819), +was brother of George Graham, Acting Secretary of War in the cabinets +of Madison and Monroe. Charles Johnston McCurdy (b. 1797), of Ulster +Scot descent, was Minister to Austria (1851-52) and Justice of the +Supreme Court. Miller Grieve (1801-78), born in Edinburgh, +Representative in the Georgia Legislature, Chairman of Board of +Trustees of Oglethorpe University, was Chargé d'Affaires at +Copenhagen. William Hunter (1774-1849), of Scottish parentage, a +scholar and linguist, United States Senator from Rhode Island +(1812-20), was Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil in 1834. William +Bradford Reed (1806-76) was Envoy-Extraordinary and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to China. Lewis Davis Campbell (1811-82), +Chairman Ways and Means Committee in the thirty-fourth Congress, was +United States Minister to Mexico. Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), +son of Allen McLane, was United States Minister to China (1853-55), +Mexico (1859-60), and France (1885-88). John M. Forbes (d. 1831), +descendant of the Scottish family of Forbes, was Secretary of Legation +to Buenos Ayres (1823) and Chargé d'Affaires (1825-31). James Hepburn +Campbell (1820-95) Member of Congress and Minister to Sweden and +Norway (1864-67). John Adam Kasson (1822-1910), descendant of Adam +Kasson (1721) from Argyllshire, had a distinguished career, the list +of honors held by him is long. Whitelaw Reid (1837-1912), one of the +half dozen most distinguished representatives of this country abroad +was of Scottish descent on both sides. Wayne MacVeagh (b. 1833), of +Scottish origin, was United States Minister to Turkey (1870-71), +Ambassador to Italy (1893-97), and was also Attorney-General under +President Garfield. Thomas Barker Ferguson (b. 1841), diplomat and +inventor, was great-grandson of James Ferguson who emigrated from +Scotland at end of seventeenth century. He was Commissioner of Fish +and Fisheries (1878-87), Envoy-Extraordinary and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway (1893-97), etc. His +grandfather was a <a name="Page_52" id="Page_52" />Member of the South Carolina Provincial Legislature +and Member of the Council of Safety. Whiteside Godfrey Hunter, born in +Londonderry in 1841, of Scottish ancestry, was a Member of Congress +and Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Guatemala and +Honduras. Richard Renshaw Neill (b. 1845), was Secretary of United +States Legation at Lima, Peru, and has been Chargé d'Affaires there +eight different times. Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (b. 1850), of Ulster +Scot origin, was Minister Resident and Consul General in Corea +(1887-90) and later Member of Congress (1892-1906). John Wallace +Riddle (b. 1864), held several diplomatic posts culminating in +becoming Ambassador to Russia (1906-09). Thomas Cleland Dawson (b. +1865), son of a native of Clackmannan, was Secretary of the American +Legation to Brazil (1897-1904), Minister Resident and Consul General +to Santo Domingo (1904), and author of "South American Republics," a +standard work (2 v. 1903-4). George Brinton McClellan Harvey the +present Ambassador to Great Britain is descended from Stuart Harvey +who came from Scotland in 1820.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_STATE_GOVERNORS" id="SCOTS_AS_STATE_GOVERNORS" /><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53" />SCOTS AS STATE GOVERNORS</h2> + + +<p>MAINE. Robert Pinckney Dunlap (1794-1859), eighth governor, and Hugh +Johnston Anderson (1801-81), fourteenth Governor (1844-47), were of +Ulster Scot descent. Abner Coburn (1803-85), twenty-fourth Governor, +was also most probably of Scottish or Ulster Scot descent.</p> + +<p>NEW HAMPSHIRE. Jeremiah Smith, fourth Governor (1809-10), was of +Ulster Scot parentage. His son, of the same name, was an Associate +Justice of the Supreme Court of the state. Samuel Bell (1770-1850), a +descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718, was three times +elected Governor (1819-23) with little or no opposition. John Bell +(1765-1836), his brother, was thirteenth Governor (1828-29). Joseph +Merrill Harper (1789-1865), who served as acting Governor in 1831, was +of Ulster Scot descent. Samuel Dinsmoor (1766-1835), sixteenth +Governor (1831-33), a distinguished factor in the history of his +state, was of Ulster Scot descent on both sides. His eldest son +(1799-1869), also named Samuel, served as twenty-fourth Governor +(1849-52). Noah Martin (1801-63), of Ulster Scot descent on both +sides, was the twenty-fifth Governor. Charles Henry Bell (1823-93), +son of Governor John Bell, was forty-first Governor of the state. John +Butler Smith, forty-seventh Governor (1893-95), was a descendant of +one of the settlers of 1718. John McLane (1852-1911) fifty-seventh +Governor (1905-06), was born in Lennoxtown, Scotland. He was host at +the Russian-Japanese Conference at Portsmouth.</p> + +<p>VERMONT. Charles James Bell, fiftieth Governor (1905), was descended +from one of the Londonderry, N.H., settlers of 1718. John Wolcott +Stewart, thirty-third Governor (1870-72), was descended from Robert +Stewart who went from Edinburgh to Londonderry, Ireland, and whose son +was one of those who emigrated from there to Londonderry, N.H., in +1718. His grandfather fought in the Revolutionary War.</p> + +<p>MASSACHUSETTS. William Claflin (1818-1905), twenty-third Governor, was +a descendant of one of the Scots prisoners taken at the battle of +Dunbar in 1650.</p> + +<p>RHODE ISLAND. General Ambrose E. Burnside (1824-81), Governor +<a name="Page_54" id="Page_54" />(1867-69). William Gregory (1849-1901), forty-second Governor +(1900-01), was of direct Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>CONNECTICUT. George Payne McLean, forty-first Governor (1901-03), was +of Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>DELAWARE. Charles Polk (1788-1857), thirteenth Governor (1827-30), and +President of the Constitutional Convention of his state in 1831, was +of Ulster Scot descent. John P. Cochran (1809-98), twenty-sixth +Governor (1875-79), was of the same origin.</p> + +<p>PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas McKean, Governor (1799-1808), is already noticed +under Signers of the Declaration of Independence. William Findlay +(1768-1846), fourth Governor (1817-20), of Ulster Scot descent, was +also United States Senator and Treasurer of the Mint at Philadelphia. +William Freame Johnston (1802-72), Governor from 1848 to 1852, was of +Scottish parentage. He did much to develop the oil region of +Pennsylvania, and was also President of the Allegheny Valley Railroad. +James Pollock (1810-90), Governor (1855-58). It was through his +efforts that "In God we trust" was placed on the coinage. John White +Geary (1819-73), Governor from 1867 to 1873, was of Ulster Scot +descent.</p> + +<p>MARYLAND. John Francis Mercer (1759-1821), eleventh Governor +(1801-03), was a descendant of the Mercers of Aldie, Perthshire. +Robert Bowie (1749-1818), twelfth and fifteenth Governor (1803-06, +1811-12), and Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), forty-second Governor +(1884-85), were of direct Scottish descent. Frank Brown, forty-fifth +Governor (1892-96), was descended from Abel Brown who emigrated from +Dumfries, c. 1730.</p> + +<p>VIRGINIA. James Barbour (1776-1842) was eleventh Governor (1812-14). +Barbour County, Florida, was named in his honor. David Campbell +(1779-1859), twenty-first Governor (1837-40), was of Scottish descent +on both sides. Thomas Walker Gilmer (1802-44), twenty-second Governor +(1840-41) was a descendant of the Scottish physician, Dr. George +Gilmer. John Mercer Patton (1797-1858), Lieutenant-Governor and acting +Governor (1841), was son of Robert Patton who emigrated from Scotland. +His mother was a daughter of Gen. Hugh Mercer. John Rutherford +(1792-1865), twenty-third Governor (1841-42), was most probably of +Scottish descent. William Ewan Cameron, thirty-sixth Governor +(1882-86) descended from the Rev. John Cameron, a graduate of Aberdeen +University, who came to America, c. 1770. Henry Carter Stuart (b. +1855), Governor (1914-18), descended from Archibald Stuart who fled +from Scotland for political reasons and settled in Virginia in 1726.</p> + +<p>WEST VIRGINIA. William Erskine Stevenson (1820-1883), second Governor +(1869-71) was born of Ulster Scot parentage. William <a name="Page_55" id="Page_55" />Alexander Mac +Corkle (b. 1857), eighth Governor (1893-97) is of Scottish descent. +His grandfathers, Captain John MacCorkle and Captain John McNutt, fell +at the battle of Cowpens, 1781.</p> + +<p>NORTH CAROLINA. Nathaniel Alexander (1756-1808), thirteenth Governor +(1805-07), was of Scottish descent. William Alexander Graham +(1804-75), thirtieth Governor (1845-49), was son of Gen. Joseph +Graham, a Revolutionary officer. He was also Secretary of the Navy in +1850, and projected the expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. Tod +R. Caldwell (1818-74), fortieth Governor (1871-74), and David Lindsay +Russell, forty-eighth Governor (1897-1901), were both of direct +Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>SOUTH CAROLINA. General William Moultrie, son of Dr. Moultrie, was +Governor in 1785-87 and 1794-96. Edward Rutledge, tenth Governor +(1798-1800), is already noticed under the Signers of the Declaration +of Independence. "No measure of importance was adopted by the +legislature without his taking part in it, while many originated with +himself." Andrew Pickens, (1779-1838), nineteenth Governor (1816-18), +was a son of Andrew Pickens, the noted Revolutionary general. John +Geddes (1777-1828), twentieth Governor (1818-20), was of Scottish +descent. Stephen Decatur Miller (1787-1838), twenty-fifth Governor +(1828-30), also served as United States Senator. George McDuffie +(1790-1851), twenty-eighth Governor, the greatest orator and statesman +of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage on both sides. McDuffie County +in Georgia is so named in his honor. Patrick Noble (1787-1840), +thirtieth Governor (1838-40), was grandson of an Ulster Scot +immigrant. Robert Kingston Scott (1826-1900), forty-fifth Governor +(1868-72), was the grandson or great-grandson of a refugee from +Culloden.</p> + +<p>GEORGIA. David Brodie Mitchell (1766-1837), ninth Governor (1809-11, +1815-17), was born in Scotland. He was described as "a conscientious, +cultured, and conservative man, of great energy, public spirit, and +animated by the purest patriotism." George McIntosh Troup (1780-1856), +the "Hercules of State Rights," fourteenth Governor (1823-27), was of +Scottish descent on both sides. He was one of Georgia's most +illustrious Chief Magistrates. A county in the state is named after +him. John Forsyth (1780-1841), fifteenth Governor (1827-29), was also +United States Secretary of State. George Rockingham Gilmer +(1790-1859), sixteenth Governor (1829-31, 1837-39), was the grandson +of a Scottish physician, Dr. George Gilmer. He was also Member of +Congress. He also wrote a work, "Georgians," 1855, containing much +valuable matter relating to the early settlers of his state. Charles +James McDonald (1793-1860), nineteenth Governor <a name="Page_56" id="Page_56" />(1839-43), and George +Washington Crawford (1798-1872), twentieth Governor (1843-47), were +both of Scottish descent. James Johnson, twenty-fifth Governor (1861), +was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. He rendered great service to his +state in its reconstruction after the war. Alexander Hamilton Stephens +(1812-83), grandson of an adherent of Prince Charles Edward, was +Vice-President of the Confederacy (1861-65), chief Confederate +Commissioner in the Hampton Roads Conference in February, 1865, Member +of Congress from Georgia (1873-82), Governor of the state (1883), and +author of "The War Between the States" (1868-70) and of a "History of +the United States" (1883). John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), thirty-fifth +Governor (1886-90), was the great-grandson of one of seven brothers +who emigrated from Scotland, all of whom served in the Revolutionary +Army. As Governor his administration was faultless, and the New York +Sun declared his inauguration "worthy of Thomas Jefferson."</p> + +<p>FLORIDA. Francis Philip Fleming (b. 1841), fourteenth Governor +(1889-93), was of Scottish descent. Alexander Walker Gilchrist, +nineteenth Governor (1909), a descendant of Nimrod Gilchrist, who came +from Glasgow in 1750.</p> + +<p>ALABAMA. Israel Pickens (1780-1827), third Governor (1821-25), +Democratic Member of Congress from North Carolina (1811-17), United +States Senator (1826), was of Scottish descent. Reuben Chapman +(1802-82), eleventh Governor (1847-49), was also of Scottish ancestry. +Robert Miller Patton (1809-85), seventeenth Governor (1865-68), was +Ulster Scot on his father's side and Scottish on his mother's. Robert +Burns Lindsay, born in Dumfriesshire in 1824, a linguist and a +scholar, educated at the University of St. Andrews, was nineteenth +Governor (1870-72). George Smith Houston (1811-79), twenty-first +Governor, and Joseph Forney Johnston (b. 1843), twenty-seventh +Governor (1896-1900), were both of Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>TENNESSEE. Joseph McMinn (d. 1824), fifth Governor (1815-21), was most +probably of Scottish descent. Samuel Houston, seventh Governor +(1827-28), is noticed under Texas. Neil S. Brown, fourteenth Governor +(1847-49), was grandson of Angus Brown, a Scot who fought in the +Revolutionary War under Gen. Francis Marion. William Bowen Campbell +(1807-67), sixteenth Governor (1851-53), was also of Scottish descent. +Benton McMillin (b. 1845), Governor (1899-1903), Envoy-Extraordinary +and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Peru in 1913, of Ulster Scot descent.</p> + +<p>KENTUCKY. John Adair (1797-1840), eighth Governor (1820-24), was of +Scottish parentage. "His term was marked by great legislative +<a name="Page_57" id="Page_57" />activity for the promotion of education in the state, and by the +abolition of imprisonment for debt." The state library was founded +under his auspices. Adair county was so named in his honor. John +Breathitt (1786-1834), Lieutenant-Governor (1828-32), and eleventh +Governor (1832-34), was the son of a Scottish emigrant. "A man of high +character and his public career irreproachable." Breathitt county was +named after him. James Fisher Robinson (1800-92), twenty-second +Governor, was of English and Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>OHIO. Duncan McArthur (1772-1840), an early Governor (1830-32), was of +Scottish ancestry. He also held the rank of General in the war of +1812. Jeremiah Morrow (1770-1852), Governor (1822-26), and Allen +Trimble (1783-1870), Governor (1826-30), were both Ulster Scot +descent. James E. Campbell (b. 1843), Governor (1890-92), was +previously Member of Congress. James M. Cox (b. 1870), forty-sixth +Governor (1913-15) is of Scottish ancestry.</p> + +<p>INDIANA. Noah Noble, fifth Governor (1831-37), was grandson of a +Scottish immigrant. David Wallace (1799-1859), sixth Governor +(1837-40), and Samuel Bigger (1802-46), were also of Scottish +ancestry. Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Governor from 1873 to 1877, is +already noticed under Vice-Presidents.</p> + +<p>MICHIGAN. Robert McClelland (1807-80), Governor (1851-53), afterwards +Secretary of the Interior; and Austin Blair (1814-94), war Governor, +who sent over 83,000 soldiers from his state during the Civil War, +were both of Scottish ancestry.</p> + +<p>WISCONSIN. The mother of Henry Dodge, first and fourth Governor +(1836-41, 1845-48), was Anne Nancy Hunter, of Ulster Scot parentage. +William E. Smith (1824-83), thirteenth Governor (1878-82), was born in +Scotland.</p> + +<p>ILLINOIS. William Lee Davidson Ewing (1795-1846), Senator and acting +Governor (1834), was of Ulster Scot descent. Joseph Duncan +(1794-1844), fifth Governor (1834-38), who greatly encouraged +education in his state, was of Scottish ancestry. John Lourie +Beveridge (b. 1824) fifteenth Governor, was grandson of a Scot who +came to the United States about 1770. His "administration was +vigorous, just, and impartial."</p> + +<p>MISSISSIPPI. John J. McRae (1815-68), nineteenth Governor (1854-58), +was of Scottish descent. William McWillie (1795-1869), twentieth +Governor (1858-60), and Anselm Joseph McLaurin (b. 1848), +thirty-second Governor (1896-1900), were-both grandsons of Scots.</p> + +<p>LOUISIANA. John McEnery (1833-91), nineteenth (unrecognized) Governor +(1873), was of Scottish descent. Samuel Douglas McEnery <a name="Page_58" id="Page_58" />(b. 1837), +brother of the preceding, was twenty-second Governor (1881-88). John +Newton Pharr (1829-1903), elected Governor in 1896 but not seated on +account of the negro question, was descended from Walter Pharr who +came from Scotland in 1765.</p> + +<p>MISSOURI. Alexander McNair (1774-1826), first state Governor +(1820-24), most probably was of Scottish birth or descent. Trusten +Polk (1811-76), of same origin as President Polk, was eleventh +Governor (1857). Benjamin Gratz Brown (1826-85), also of Scottish +descent, was Governor from 1871 to 1873, and unsuccessful candidate +for Vice-President in 1872.</p> + +<p>IOWA. John Chambers (1780-1852), second Governor of the territory of +Iowa was of Scottish descent on both sides. James Wilson Grimes +(1816-72), third Governor (1854-58), was of Ulster Scot descent. +Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (1813-94), three times Governor of his state +(1860-64, 1876-77), was descended from a brother of Captain Robert +Kirkwood, a Delaware soldier of the Revolution. He was also Secretary +of the Interior under Garfield. John Henry Gear (1825-1900), eleventh +Governor (1878-82), Assitsant Secretary of United States Treasury +(1892-93), and Senator (1895-1900), was of Scottish ancestry. Albert +Baird Cummins, eighteenth Governor, of Ulster Scot ancestry.</p> + +<p>MINNESOTA. Alexander Ramsey, first territorial and second state +Governor (1849-53, 1860-64), was grandson of an Ulster Scot who served +in the Revolutionary War.</p> + +<p>NEBRASKA. James E. Boyd (b. 1834), eighth Governor (1891-92), was born +in county Tyrone of Ulster Scot ancestry.</p> + +<p>KANSAS. John Alexander Martin (1839-89), ninth Governor (1885-89), was +of Ulster Scot descent.</p> + +<p>TEXAS. Samuel Houston (1793-1863) was a descendant of John Houston who +settled in Philadelphia in 1689. He was Member of Congress from +Tennessee (1823-27), Governor of Tennessee (1827-28), and as +Commander-in-Chief of the Texans he defeated the Mexicans under Santa +Anna in 1836 on the banks of the San Jacinto, and by this one blow +achieved the independence of Texas. He was elected first President of +the new republic in the same year, was re-elected in 1841, and in 1859 +was elected Governor of the state. Houston, the capital of Harris +County, Texas, was named in his honor. Peter Hansborough Bell +(1812-98), third Governor (1849-53), was of Ulster Scot ancestry, as +was also James Edward Ferguson (b. 1871). James Stephen Hogg, +nineteenth Governor and Thomas Mitchell Campbell, twenty-third +Governor, were of Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>COLORADO. Edward Moody McCook, fifth and seventh Governor <a name="Page_59" id="Page_59" />(1869-73, +1874-75), was of Scottish descent. He also served in the Civil War and +attained the rank of Brigadier-General. James Benton Grant, tenth +Governor (1883-85), was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. Jesse Fuller +McDonald, twenty-third Governor (1905-07), a descendant of James +McDonald who emigrated from Scotland early in the eighteenth century +and settled in Maine.</p> + +<p>WYOMING. Thomas Moonlight (1833-99), sixth territorial Governor +(1887-90), was born in Forfarshire.</p> + +<p>UTAH. Eli Houston Murray (b. 1841), Governor (1880-84), of Scottish +ancestry.</p> + +<p>IDAHO. John Henry Brady (b. 1862), eighth Governor (1910-11), is of +Ulster Scot descent. David P. Thompson, ninth Governor of the state +(1874-76), also of Ulster Scot descent, built the first railroad in +Oregon, and was twice Mayor of Portland.</p> + +<p>SOUTH DAKOTA. Corie Isaac Crawford, sixth Governor (1907-08) is of +Ulster Scot descent.</p> + +<p>CALIFORNIA. John McDougall (1818-66) was Lieutenant-Governor (1849) +and afterwards Governor. Peter Hardeman Burnett (b. 1807) was first +Governor of the state (1849-51). Both were of Scottish origin.</p> + +<p>OREGON. James Shields, first territorial Governor (1848), was born in +Dungannon, County Tyrone, of Ulster Scot parentage. George Abernethy +(1807-77), territorial Governor (1845-49), was born in New York city +of Scottish parentage. "As a governor he was patriotic, efficient, and +unselfish."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_ARMY" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_ARMY" /><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60" />SCOTS IN THE ARMY</h2> + + +<p>REVOLUTION. Alexander MacDougall (1731-86), born in Islay, +successively Colonel, Brigadier-General, and Major-General in the +Revolutionary War, and later Delegate to the Continental Congress in +1780 and 1784, was described by Washington as "a brave soldier and +distinguished patriot." Before the outbreak of the war he was a +successful merchant, a leader of the "Sons of Liberty," and was the +first American imprisoned for his utterances in behalf of +independence. Macdougal Street, New York city, commemorates his name. +Robert Erskine (1735-1780), geographer and Chief of Engineers on the +staff of Washington, was a son of Rev. Ralph Erskine of Dunfermline. +Washington erected a stone over his grave at Ringwood, New Jersey. +Henry Knox (1750-1806), General of Artillery and Secretary of War +(1785-95). Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Clough Anderson (1750-1826) was +grandson of a Scottish emigrant. General James Ewing (c. 1736-1806), +of Ulster Scot descent, served in Braddock's campaign and also during +the Revolution. General William Wirt Henry was descended from an +Ulster Scot who came between 1718 and 1722 to Massachusetts. General +Richard Montgomery (1736-75), a descendant of the Montgomeries of +Ayrshire, was killed while leading the attack on Quebec; and Major +John Macpherson (1754-75), of Scots parentage, killed beside +Montgomery, was the first soldier of prominence from Pennsylvania to +be killed in the war. Bancroft calls him "the pure-minded, youthful +enthusiast for liberty." Colonel Allan McLane (1746-1829), of Scottish +origin, repeatedly referred to in Dr. Weir Mitchell's "Hugh Wynne," +was one of the "Rough Riders" who patrolled the country around +Philadelphia to prevent provisions reaching the British troops in the +city. His flight and escape from the British in one of these raids was +the subject of a painting by James Peale. General Hugh Mercer (c. +1725-1777), born in Aberdeen, died of wounds received at the battle of +Princeton, also served with distinction in the Braddock and Forbes +campaigns in western Pennsylvania. His life was a strenuous one, full +of exacting and unselfish work for others, and as Judge Goolrick says +in his "Life of Mercer," he "is entitled to the gratitude of all +liberty-loving America." Mercer county, New Jersey, was named in his +honor. <a name="Page_61" id="Page_61" />John Armstrong (1725-95), born in the North of Ireland of +Scottish ancestry, served in the French and Indian War (1755-56), was +Brigadier-General in the Continental Army (1776-77), and Delegate to +the Continental Congress (1778-80, 1787-88). Colonel James Livingston +(1747-1832), by his timely shot drove the British warship "Vulture" +from her anchorage in the North River "thus securing the capture of +André, effecting the discomfiture of Arnold's treason, and assuring +the safety of West Point, the key of the Revolution." James Chrystie +(1750-1807), born in or near Edinburgh, joined the Revolutionary Army +and served with high reputation till the end of the war. On the +discovery of Arnold's plot at West Point he was entrusted with a +delicate mission by Washington, which he executed successfully. His +son, Lieutenant-Colonel James Chrystie, earned a name for himself at +the Battle of Queenstown in the war of 1812. William Davidson +(1746-1781), born in Pennsylvania of Scottish parentage or descent, +was a Brigadier-General in the Revolutionary Army, and was killed in +the fight at the ford over Catawba River, January 31, 1781. Congress +voted five hundred dollars for a monument to his memory, and Davidson +College, North Carolina, is named in his honor. General William +Macpherson (1756-1813), born in Philadelphia of Scottish parents, was +in the British service at the time of the Revolution, but resigned and +joined the colonies, and served faithfully under Washington. Major +Robert Kirkwood was killed in the battle against the Miami Indians in +1792, the thirty-third time he had risked his life for his country. +Lachlan McIntosh (1727-1806), of the family of MacIntosh of Borlum, +was born in Badenoch, Inverness-shire, and came to America with his +father who settled in Georgia. He volunteered his services on the +outbreak of the Revolution, becoming General in 1776. He was second in +command at Savannah and took part in the defence of Charleston. +McIntosh county, Georgia, is named after his family, "whose members +have illustrated the state, in both field and forum, since the days of +Oglethorpe." William Moultrie (1731-1805), born in England or South +Carolina, son of the Scottish physician, Dr. John Moultrie, ancestor +of the Moultries of South Carolina, repulsed the attack on Sullivan's +Island in 1776 and defended Charleston in 1779. Fort Moultrie was +named in his honor. Andrew Pickens (1739-1817), of Scottish parentage, +was noted as a partizan commander in South Carolina (1779-81), served +with distinction at Cowpens in 1781, and captured Atlanta, Georgia, in +the same year. Pickens county, Georgia, bears his name. John Stark +(1728-1822), one of the most noted Generals of the Revolution, serving +with distinction in several campaigns, was a member of the Court +Martial which condemned Major André. Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818), +born at Thurso, <a name="Page_62" id="Page_62" />Caithness, took part in many battles of the +Revolution, was President of Congress in 1787, and Governor of the +Northwest Territory (1789-1802). William Alexander (1726-83), titular +Lord Stirling, born in Albany of Scottish parentage, commanded a +Brigade at the Battle of Long Island, and also served at Trenton, +Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. John Paterson (1744-1808), +grandson of a Dumfriesshire emigrant, took part in many battles of the +Revolution, commissioned Major-General in 1783, the youngest one of +that rank in the army, and was one of the organizers of the Society of +Cincinnati. General Daniel Stewart was another patriot of the +Revolution. A county in Georgia is named in his honor.</p> + +<p>MEXICAN WAR. Winfield Scott (1786-1866), grandson of a Scot who fought +at Culloden, was born in Virginia, and entered the army in 1808. He +served with great ability in the War of 1812, later became +Major-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Army in 1841. During the +war with Mexico he held chief command of the Army, and became +Lieutenant-General in 1847. John Munroe (c. 1796-1861), born in +Ross-shire, entered the United States Army, saw service against the +Florida Indians, became Chief of Artillery under General Zachary +Taylor in the Mexican War, and was subsequently Military and Civil +Governor of New Mexico (1849-50). James Bowie (1795-1836), of Scottish +descent and of "Bowie-knife" celebrity, took part in the Texan +Revolution and was killed at the Alamo in 1836. Bowie county and the +town of Bowie in Montague county, Texas, perpetuate his name. The +Bowies were a prominent family in Maryland, occupying high positions +in politics, jurisprudence, and society.</p> + +<p>CIVIL WAR. General David Bell Birney (1825-64), son of James Gillespie +Birney, served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac. General +Ambrose Everett Burnside (1824-81), later Governor of Rhode Island +(1867-69), and United States Senator (1875-81), was grandson of a Scot +who emigrated to South Carolina at end of the eighteenth century. +Samuel Wylie Crawford (1829-92), of Scottish ancestry, was brevetted +Major-General of Volunteers for conspicuous gallantry, and wrote +"Genesis of the Civil War" (1887). Major-General Thomas Ewing +(1829-96), was descendant of Thomas Ewing who emigrated to New Jersey +in 1715. James Lorraine Geddes (1829-87), born in Edinburgh, brevetted +Brigadier-General for his services, was also a poet, and wrote "The +Soldier's Battle Prayer," "The Stars and Stripes," etc. John Brown +Gordon (1832-1904), Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army and +later Governor of Georgia, was descendant of John George Gordon and +his wife Mary Chapman, emigrants from Scotland. General Charles Smith +Hamilton (1822-96), of Scottish descent, also served with distinction +in the <a name="Page_63" id="Page_63" />Mexican War. General Grant ascribed the success of the repulse +at Corinth to him. Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824-63), "Stonewall +Jackson," the noted Confederate General, was of Ulster Scot descent. +John Alexander Logan (1826-86), of Ulster Scot parentage, was later +unsuccessful candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1884, United States +Senator (1871-77, 1879-86), and author of "The Great Conflict" (1866). +Major-General Robert McAllister (1813-91), great-grandson of Archibald +McAllister from Scotland, 1732. Charles Lafayette McArthur (1824-98), +soldier, politician, and journalist, was of Scots parentage. General +Arthur McArthur (1845-1912), of Scots parentage, son of Arthur +McArthur the Jurist, later served in the Philippines, became in 1906 +Lieutenant-General, being the twelfth officer in the history of the +Army to attain that rank. Described as "our best read and best +informed soldier." His son, Douglas, served with distinction in the +Great War. John McArthur, born in Erskine, Scotland, in 1826, +emigrated to United States in 1849, was brevetted Major-General for +gallantry. General George Archibald McCall (1802-68), served in the +Florida and Mexican Wars, and also rendered distinguished service in +the Civil War. Daniel Craig McCallum (1815-78), born in Renfrewshire, +Superintendent of the Erie Railroad (1855-56), was Director of +Military Roads in the United States (1862-65), and became +Major-General in 1866. "He introduced the inflexible arched truss, +which has probably been in more general use in the United States than +any other system of timber bridges." The McCooks, of Scottish descent, +two Ohio families with a remarkable military record, often +distinguished as the "Tribe of Dan" and "Tribe of John" from their +respective heads—two brothers, Major Daniel and Dr. John McCook. All +the sons, fourteen in number, served either in the Army or Navy, and +all but one were commanding officers. Clinton Dugald McDougal (b. +1839), Major-General and later Member of Congress (1872-77), was born +in Scotland. Irvin McDowell (1818-85), served in the Mexican War, in +the Civil War had command of the Army of the Potomac, Major-General in +1872, was descendant of emigrant from Londonderry shortly after the +siege in which his ancestor took part. General John Bankhead Magruder +(1810-71) and Commander George Magruder of the Confederate Army were +said to be "direct descendants of the illustrious Rob Roy McGregor." +Alexander Mackenzie (b. 1844), Chief of Engineers, was of Scots +parentage. David McMurtrie Gregg (b. 1833), served with distinction in +battles of the Wilderness, and was afterwards Auditor-General of +Pennsylvania. John McNeil (1813-91), Brigadier-General, was born in +Halifax, Nova Scotia, of Scots parentage. General James Birdseye +Macpherson (1828-64), of Ulster Scot descent, took a most prominent +part in <a name="Page_64" id="Page_64" />many battles. General Grant said at his death: "The country +has lost one of its best soldiers, and I have lost my best friend." +William Macrae (1834-82), of Scottish descent, Brigadier-General in +the Confederate Army was afterwards General Superintendent of the +Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. William Addison Phillips +(1824-93), soldier, statesman, and author, born in Paisley, refused to +leave his command to accept the nomination for Governor of his state +(Kansas). He was author of "Labor, Land, and Law" (1886). John +Robertson (1814-87), born in Banffshire, was Adjutant-General of +Michigan from 1861 to 1887. He was author of "The Flags of Michigan," +"Michigan in the War," etc. James Alexander Walker (1832-1901), +descendant of John Walker who came from Wigtown (c. 1730), was also +Member of Congress (1895-99) and Lieutenant Governor of Virginia +(1877).</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_NAVY" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_NAVY" /><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65" />SCOTS IN THE NAVY</h2> + + +<p>John Paul Jones (1747-92), perhaps the most famous Scottish name in +the annals of the American Navy, was the son of a Scottish gardener, +and was born at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire. The details of his naval +career are so well known that there is little use of repeating them +here. James Craig (1735-1800), a Scot, Was appointed by Congress a +Commissioner of naval stores in 1776. He was owner of a number of +armed privateering vessels, took several prizes, and also aided in +fitting out several other vessels as privateers. The Nicholson family, +of Scottish parentage, was famous in the naval annals of the United +States for three generations, from the Revolution to the Civil War. +Alexander Murray (1755-1821), grandson of a Scot, took an active part +in the naval battles of the Revolution and commanded a squadron +against the Barbary pirates in 1820. John Rodgers (1771-1838), of +Scottish parentage, had a distinguished part in the war against +Tripoli, the government of which he compelled to sign a treaty +abolishing slavery of Christians and the levying of tribute on +European powers. In the war of 1812 he fired the first gun, June 23, +1812, at the British frigate "Belvidere." He was afterwards offered, +but declined, the office of Secretary of the Navy. George Campbell +Read (c. 1788-1862), Admiral, of Ulster Scot descent, took part in the +fight between the "Constitution" and "Guerrière" in 1812. Isaac +McKeever (1794-1856), Commodore and Commandant of the Navy Yard at +Portsmouth, Virginia, was of Scottish parentage. John Berrien +Montgomery (1794-1873), descended from William Montgomery of Bridgend, +Ayrshire (1701), served in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and while +too old for active service in the Civil War, was in charge of Boston +Navy Yard, then one of the most important supply stations of the navy. +Rear Admiral Andrew Bryson (1822-1892), of Scottish descent, took part +in Civil War, and retired after forty-three years' continuous service. +John McIntosh Kell (1823-1900), Executive Officer of the Confederate +Cruiser "Alabama" and author of "Cruise and Combats of the 'Alabama'" +was of Scottish origin. Rear Admiral Alexander Colden Rhind (1821-97), +who served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, was also of Scottish +descent. William Penn McCann (1830-1906), a descendant of John +McKeand, <a name="Page_66" id="Page_66" />a native of Whithorn, Wigtownshire, who settled here before +the Revolution, was called "Father of the White Squadron" from his +having the warships painted white. Francis Munroe Ramsay (1835-1914), +Rear Admiral and Chief of the Bureau of Navigation (1889), Member of +the Court of Inquiry which investigated the conduct of Rear Admiral +Schley during the war with Spain, was a grandson of Patrick Ramsay who +came from Scotland, c. 1750. Frederick Vallete McNair (1839-1900), +Superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, was descended from +Samuel McNair (1732). Rear Admiral George Wallace Melville +(1841-1912), who saw considerable service in the Civil War and later +achieved world wide fame as an Arctic explorer, was the grandson of a +Scot from Stirling; and Admiral John Donaldson Ford (1840-1917), who +fought in the Civil War and took a prominent part in the capture of +Manila and destruction of the batteries at Cavite during the +Spanish-American War, was of Scottish parentage.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_SCIENTISTS" id="SCOTS_AS_SCIENTISTS" /><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67" />SCOTS AS SCIENTISTS</h2> + + +<p>Alexander Wilson (1766-1813), born in Paisley, the first naturalist to +study American birds in their native haunts, and author of "American +Ornithology" (1803-13), was also distinguished as a poet. David Hosack +(1769-1835), one of the most distinguished surgeons and scientists of +his day, fourth President of the New York Historical Society, was son +of a native of Morayshire. Samuel Guthrie (1782-1848), physician and +chemist, was descendant of John Guthrie, who came to America in 1661. +He was one of the pioneers who introduced vaccination, produced the +first successful percussion powder (after many experiments), invented +the "punch lock" which superseded the flint-lock musket, and, in 1831, +discovered the anæsthetic chloroform. Hugh Williamson (1735-1819), +statesman and scientist, born in Pennsylvania and educated in +Edinburgh. He studied theology and was licensed but never preached, +was Professor of Mathematics in the College of Philadelphia (1760-63), +studied medicine in Edinburgh and Utrecht, practised successfully, +served as surgeon in the Revolutionary War, delegate to the Convention +that framed the Constitution of the United States (1787), and was +afterwards Member of the first Congress. John McLean (1771-1814), born +in Glasgow, became Professor of Chemistry in Princeton (1775) and +later Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in William and +Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia. His son, John, became President +of Princeton. Dr. William Watson (d. 1828), a Scot, was physician and +friend of Chancellor Livingston, and one of the early promoters of +scientific agriculture in America. He was founder of the Farmers' Club +of Dutchess and Columbia Counties, the pioneer of Agricultural +Societies in New York. James Renwick (1790-1862), born in Liverpool of +Scottish parents, was Professor of Physics in Columbia University, +author of several scientific works, and one of the Commissioners who +laid out the early boundary line of the Province of New Brunswick. His +mother was the Jeannie Jaffray of several of Burns's poems. James +Renwick, the architect, was his son. Other gifted sons were Edward +Sabine Renwick and Henry Brevoort Renwick. Joseph Henry (1797-1878), +the "Nestor of American Science," and organizer of the American +Academy of Sciences otherwise the Smithsonian Institution in +Washington, was of Scottish' origin. His paternal <a name="Page_68" id="Page_68" />and maternal +grandparents emigrated from Scotland together and are said to have +landed the day before the Battle of Bunker Hill. The McAllisters of +Philadelphia (father and son) were famous as makers of optical and +mathematical instruments, and the son was the first to study and fit +astigmatic lenses, and was also the introducer of the system of +numbering buildings according to the numbers of the streets, assigning +one hundred numbers to each block. Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-87), +Naturalist and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was also of +Scottish origin. His works, including scientific papers, number over +one thousand titles. Carlile Pollock Patterson (1816-81) did much to +develop the United States Coast Survey. William Paterson Turnbull +(1830-71), ornithologist, author of the "Birds of East Pennsylvania +and New Jersey," a model of patient and accurate research, was born at +Fala, near Edinburgh. Edward Duncan Montgomery, biologist and +philosopher, was born in Edinburgh in 1835. Marshall MacDonald +(1835-95), ichthyologist, pisciculturist, and inventor, engineer in +charge of the siege of Vicksburg during the Civil War, and inventor of +automatic hatching jars, was the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. +Peter Smith Michie (1839-1901), soldier and scientist, born in +Brechin, Forfarshire, graduated from West Point in 1863, served as +Engineer in the Federal Army, and was afterwards Professor of Natural +and Experimental Philosophy at West Point. William Healey Dall (b. +1845), palæontologist to the United States Geological Survey, author +of "Alaska and Its Resources," and author of hundreds of articles on +Natural History subjects, was a grandson of William Dall of +Forfarshire. Thomas Harrison Montgomery (1873-1912), specialist in +zoology and embryology, was of Scottish origin. Robert Gibson Eccles, +physician and chemist, born in Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, in 1848, discovered +that benzoic acid and the benzoates are excellent preservatives of +food. He has been Chemist of the Department of Indian Affairs, +Professor of Chemistry in the New York School of Social Economics, +President of the New York Pharmaceutical Association, etc., and has +written largely on philosophy and science. Stephen Alfred Forbes (b. +1844), naturalist, educator, and writer on entomology and zoology, is +of Scottish origin. Thomas Craig (1853-1900), Mathematician and Editor +of the American Journal of Mathematics, was of Scottish parentage. +Alexander Crombie Humphreys, born in Edinburgh in 1851, became +President of Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, in 1902. +Anstruther Davidson, born in Caithness in 1860, Associate Professor of +Dermatology in the University of Southern California, is also +distinguished as a botanist and entomologist.</p> + +<p>William Maclure (1763-1840), the "Father of American Geology," <a name="Page_69" id="Page_69" />was +born in Ayr, Scotland, and after acquiring a fortune in London, he +came in 1796 to the United States. Having studied geology in Europe he +was attracted by the imposing scale of the geological structure of his +adopted country, and in the course of some years made many journeys +across the eastern states. He recorded his geological observations on +a map, and in 1809 communicated his researches to the American +Philosophical Society. In 1817, having extended his knowledge during +the intervening eight years he presented his map to the Society, and +it was then published. This was the first geological survey of the +United States, and it was carried out unsustained by government aid or +patronage. It was also chiefly through Maclure's aid that the new +Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia was built and endowed. Dr. +Archibald Bruce (1777-1818), the first scientific mineralogist in +America, and founder of the <i>American Mineralogical Magazine</i> (1810), +was born in New York city, son of Dr. William Bruce, head of the +medical department of the British Armies. Henry Darwin Rogers +(1808-66), born in Philadelphia of Ulster Scot parentage, Professor of +Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, State +Geologist of Pennsylvania, published important works on the geology of +Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He removed to Edinburgh in 1855 and three +years later became Professor of Natural History in the University of +Glasgow. His elder brother, William Barton Rogers (1804-1882), was +also a distinguished physicist and geologist. David Dale Owen +(1807-60), born in Lanarkshire, was brought to the United States by +his father in 1823. In 1848 he took charge of the Geological Survey of +Wisconsin and Iowa, and that of Minnesota in 1852. His brother, +Richard Owen (1810-90), also born in Lanarkshire, had a distinguished +career in this country as a geologist. J. Peter Lesley (1819-1903), +also of Scottish descent, was another distinguished geologist who by +his researches and surveys in Pennsylvania, vastly aided in the +economic development of that state. Persifor Frazer (1844-1909), son +of John Fries Frazer and great-grandson of Lieutenant-Colonel Persifor +Frazer of Revolutionary times, was author of the Geological Survey of +Pennsylvania (5 vols.) William John McGee (1853-1912), geologist and +anthropologist, claimed descent from the MacGregors. He was Geologist +of the United States Geological Survey from 1883 to 1893, Ethnologist +in Charge of the Bureau of Ethnology from 1893 to 1903, and in 1907 +was appointed a Member of the Inland Waterways Commission. Washington +Carruthers Kerr (1827-85), educator and scientist of Ulster Scot +parentage, was State Geologist of North Carolina (1866-82), and +published many papers and reports on his subject. John Muir +(1838-1914), geologist, explorer, naturalist, and author, was born in +Dunbar. "No <a name="Page_70" id="Page_70" />man since Thoreau ever had keener sympathy with nature, a +quicker vision for her mysteries, or a surer speech for their +interpretation." The establishment of the Yosemite and Sequoia +National Parks and the great Sierra Forest Reservation are due to his +writings. The famous Muir Glacier in Alaska, discovered by him in +1879, will forever blazon his name. Other distinguished geologists who +may be briefly mentioned are: Samuel Calvin (1840-1911), Professor of +Geology in the University of Iowa, born in Wigtownshire; John James +Stevenson (b. 1841), educator and geologist, of Scottish parentage; +Erwin Hinckly Barbour (b. 1856), professor of Geology in the +University of Nebraska; and William Berryman Scott (b. 1858), the +distinguished geologist and palæontologist of Princeton University.</p> + +<p>Asa Gray (1810-88), the greatest of American botanists, was a +descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718. Dr. Alexander +Garden (1728-92), famous as a physician and botanist, was Professor of +Botany in King's College (now Columbia University). His son was a +distinguished Revolutionary officer. Thomas Huston Macbride (b. 1848), +President Emeritus of the State University of Iowa, who has written +much of value on botany, is of Scottish ancestry. Beverly Thomas +Galloway (b. 1863), descended from John Galloway, an emigrant from +Scotland in 1680, Chief of the Division of Plant Industry of the +United States Department of Agriculture, Assistant Secretary of +Agriculture in 1913-14, is the author of several works on plant +diseases. David Trembly Macdougal (b. 1865), Director of the Botanical +Research Department of the Carnegie Institution of Washington since +1905, is the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. His studies relate +especially to plant physiology, heredity, and organic evolution.</p> + +<p>Stephen Alexander (1806-83), son of a native of Scotland, wrote much +on astronomy, and was chief of the expedition to the coast of Labrador +to observe the solar eclipse in August, 1869. James Ferguson +(1797-1867), an Engineer employed on the construction of the Erie +Canal, was born in Perthshire. He was later Assistant Astronomer at +the United States Naval Observatory, and discovered three asteroids, +for which he received medals from the French Academy of Sciences. +Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810-62), who was Director of the Cincinnati +Observatory (1845) and later of the Dudley Observatory (1859), +inventor of the chronograph and other astronomical apparatus, and +became a General in the Civil War, was probably also of Scottish +origin. Maria Mitchell (1818-89), daughter of William Mitchell +(1791-1868), also an astronomer, became Professor of Astronomy in +Vassar College, LL.D. of Columbia University (1887), and was the first +woman elected to the American <a name="Page_71" id="Page_71" />Academy of Sciences. Lewis Morris +Rutherfurd (1816-92), one of the most distinguished astronomers on the +American Continent, obtained important results in astronomical +photography, and by means of a ruling engine, designed by him in 1870, +constructed the finest diffraction-gratings which had, up to that +time, been made, was of Scottish ancestry. George Davidson +(1825-1911), born in England of Scottish parentage, geodetist and +astronomer, one of the founders of the Geographical Society of the +Pacific, Regent of the University of California, was retired after +fifty years' active field service of incalculable value to the cause +of science. William Harkness (1837-1903), born in Ecclefechan, +Dumfriesshire, was executive officer of the Transit of Venus +Commission (1882). The task of reducing the observations and the +hundreds of photographs was successfully undertaken by him although +declared impossible by eminent British and German astronomers. He was +later Astronomical Director of the Naval Observatory and in 1897 made +head of the Nautical Almanac. Williamina (Mina) Paton Fleming +(1857-1911), born in Dundee, discovered many new stars and wrote much +of permanent value on her subject. William Wallace Campbell (b. 1862), +of Scottish ancestry, has been Director of Lick Observatory since +1901, and has written much on astronomy.</p> + +<p>The most interesting Scot in connection with horticulture in the +United States is Grant Thorburn (1773-1861), who was born in Dalkeith +and left his native country for political reasons in 1794. After +trying a number of occupations he finally established himself as a +seed merchant in New York, and the business is still carried on under +his name. Under the pen name of "Lawrie Todd" he contributed to the +<i>Knickerbocker Magazine</i> and other New York periodicals, and supplied +John Galt, the novelist, with much of the information incorporated in +his "Lawrie Todd; or, Settlers in the New World." Thorburn also +published two volumes of reminiscences, "Forty Years' Residence in +America," and "Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York." William Adair, +born near Glasgow in 1815, developed a profitable business as gardener +and horticulturist in Michigan, and served as State Senator from 1861 +to 1865, 1869-70. Peter Henderson (1822-90), born at Pathhead near +Edinburgh, founded the firm of Peter Henderson and Co., +horticulturists and seedsmen, one of the largest firms of its kind in +existence. William Saunders (1822-1900), born in St. Andrews, planted +and laid out several large estates, beautified Fairmount and Hunting +Parks in Philadelphia, and the park and garden system of Washington, +D.C., the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, etc. William Macmillan, +born in Nairnshire, laid out the public parks of Buffalo, and William +R. Smith, a native of Haddingtonshire, <a name="Page_72" id="Page_72" />was for many years +Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Washington. Robert Buist +(1805-80), born in Edinburgh, was also one of the greatest +horticulturists in the United States.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_PHYSICIANS" id="SCOTS_AS_PHYSICIANS" /><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73" />SCOTS AS PHYSICIANS</h2> + + +<p>A prominent physician of early colonial times was Dr. Gustavus Brown +(1689-1765), born in Dalkeith, and died in Maryland. Dr. Gustavus +Richard Brown (1747-1804), born in Maryland and educated at Edinburgh +University, his son, also made a reputation for himself as a physician +of ability. Dr. Gustavus Brown (1744-1801), grandson of the first +named, was summoned to attend President Washington in his last +illness. Dr. John Lining (1708-1760), born in Scotland, settled in +Charleston, S.C., in 1730, gained a large practice through his skill +as a physician, and a distinguished reputation in Europe as a +scientist from his experiments in electricity, etc. His meteorological +observations were probably the first ever published. In 1751 he issued +his "History of the Yellow Fever," "which was the first that had been +given to the public from the American continent." Dr. Lionel Chalmers +(1715-1777), born in Argyllshire, practised in South Carolina for more +than forty years, and was the first to treat of the soil, climate, +weather, and diseases of that state. He "left behind him the name of a +skilful, humane physician." Dr. James Craik (1731-1814), +physician-general of the United States Army, was born at Arbigland, +near Dumfries, and for nearly forty years was the intimate friend of +Washington, and his physician in his last illness. One of the earliest +introducers of vaccination into America and an original investigator +into the cause of disease was Dr. John Crawford (1746-1813), of Ulster +Scots birth. As early as 1790 he had conceived what is now known as +the germ theory of disease. Dr. Adam Stephen, born in Scotland, died +at Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 1791, took part in the French and +Indian wars and was an active participant in the Revolutionary War on +the side of the colonists. The town of Martinsburg in Berkeley County +was laid out by him. Dr. George Buchanan (1763-1808), founder of the +Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, was a grandson of George +Buchanan, the Scot who laid out Baltimore town in 1730. Dr. John +Spence (1766-1829), born in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh +University, settled in Virginia in 1791, and obtained a high +reputation as a judicious and successful practitioner. The "father of +ovariotomy," Dr. Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830), was born in Virginia of +Scots ancestry and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. +James <a name="Page_74" id="Page_74" />Brown McCaw (1772-1846), one of the leading surgeons in +Virginia for over thirty years, studied medicine in Edinburgh. He was +one of the first, if not the first, to tie the external carotid +artery, an operation he performed in 1807. He came of a race of +doctors, being the great-grandson of James McCaw, a surgeon who +emigrated from Wigtownshire in 1771. George McClellan (1796-1847) the +eminent surgeon and founder of the Jefferson Medical College at +Philadelphia, was of Scottish descent. His son, John Hill Brinton +McClellan (1823-74), was professor of anatomy in Pennsylvania Medical +College, and his grandson was George McClellan (1849-1913), the +eminent Philadelphia anatomist. Dr. Peter Middleton (d. 1781), a +native of Scotland, made the first dissection on record in this +country before a class of students and in 1767 established a Medical +School in New York which was subsequently merged in the King's (now +Columbia) College. Dr. William Currie (1754-1823), served in the +medical service during the Revolutionary War, and was reputed one of +the most gifted men of his time as physician and classical scholar. +Horatio Gates Jameson (1778-1855), distinguished physician and +surgeon, was son of Dr. David Jameson who had emigrated to Charleston +in 1740 in company with Dr. (afterwards General) Hugh Mercer. +Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851), anatomist, born near Glasgow, +held several professional appointments in this country and founded the +Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. Dr. John +Kearsley Mitchell (1793-1858), poet, botanist, and eminent physician +of Philadelphia, was son of Dr. Alexander Mitchell who came from +Scotland in 1786. His son, Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, born in 1829, was +distinguished for his researches in toxicology, the nervous system, +etc., and as one of the most distinguished of American authors. One of +the founders of the City Hospital, Albany, and Surgeon-General of New +York State, was Dr. James McNaughton (1796-1874), born at Kenmore, +Aberfeldy. Dr. Daniel McRuer (1802-73), born in Knapdale, Argyllshire, +"a typical Scotchman with a 'burr' in his talk," performed great +service in the Civil War as an army Surgeon. Dr. John Watson +(1807-1863), organizer of one of the first dispensaries for the +treatment of skin diseases and introducer of reforms in the New York +Hospital, was an Ulster Scot. John Murray Carnochan (1817-87), one of +the most distinguished surgeons of his day, was of Scottish parentage. +Ferdinand Campbell Stuart (b. 1815), inventor of various instruments +used in genito-urinary diseases and one of the founders of the New +York Academy of Medicine, was grandson of Rev. Archibald Campbell of +Argyllshire. Dr. David Hayes Agnew (1818-92) was of Scottish descent. +In his work "he attained a degree of eminence which has rarely, if +ever, been equaled, and to which our <a name="Page_75" id="Page_75" />own times and generation furnish +no parallel." William Thomas Green Morton (1819-68), the discoverer of +anaesthesia, was also of Scottish origin. Dr. Robert Alexander Kinloch +(1826-91), of Scottish parentage, was the first American surgeon to +resect the knee joint for chronic cases, also the first to treat +fractures of the lower jaw and other bones by wiring the fragments, +and was also the first in any country to perform a laparotomy for +gunshot wounds in the abdomen without protrusion of the viscera. Dr. +George Troup Maxwell (1827-1879), was inventor of the laryngoscope. +James Ridley Taylor (1821-1895), who entered the medical profession +after middle life, at the end of a long career passed as a mechanical +engineer, and achieved success and fame in his profession, was born in +Ayr, Scotland. He probably inherited his mechanical skill from his +uncle, John Taylor of Dalswinton, who constructed the steam engine +along with Symington. James Henry McLean (1829-86), physician and +Member of Congress, was born in Scotland. Dr. James Craig (1834-88), +obstetrician, born in Glasgow, graduated at the University of the City +of New York, attended over four thousand cases without the loss of a +mother, was inventor of several surgical appliances, and was the first +to demonstrate hydriodic acid as a curative in acute inflammatory +rheumatism. Professor Alexander Johnson Chalmers Skene (1837-1900), of +Brooklyn, born in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was perhaps the most famous +Gynecologist in America. He was author of many treatises on his +special subject. Prof. Charles McBurney (b. 1845), the famous surgeon, +was of Scottish ancestry. Neil Jamieson Hepburn, born in Orkney in +1846, oculist and aurist, held many positions of responsibility. +Charles Smith Turnbull (b. 1847), oculist and eminent specialist in +diseases of the ear, was of Scottish parentage. Alexander Hugh +Ferguson (1853-1911), the famous Chicago surgeon of Scottish +parentage, was decorated by the King of Portugal for his skill in +surgery. Other prominent doctors and surgeons of Scottish origin whom +we have only space to name are: John Barclay Crawford (1828-94); +William Smith Forbes (1831-1905), grandson of Dr. David Forbes of +Edinburgh; John Minson Gait (d. 1808), and his son Alexander D. Gait +(1777-1841); Robert Ramsey Livingston (1827-88), the most prominent of +Nebraska's early physicians; and James Macdonald (1803-49), resident +physician of Bloomingdale Asylum.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_EDUCATION" id="SCOTS_IN_EDUCATION" /><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76" />SCOTS IN EDUCATION</h2> + + +<p>The Scots have largely contributed to raise the standard of education +and culture in the United States. They furnished most of the principal +schoolmasters in the Revolutionary Colonies south of New York, and +many of the Revolutionary leaders were trained by them. While Harvard +still continued under the charge of a president and tutors and had but +one "professor," William and Mary College had had for many years a +full faculty of professors, graduates of the Scottish and English +universities. The Scots established the "Log College" at Nashaminy, +Pennsylvania, Jefferson College, Mercer College, Wabash College, and +Dickinson College; and in many places, before the cabins disappeared +from the roadside and the stumps from the fields, a college was +founded. The "Log College" was the seed from which Princeton College +sprang. The University for North Carolina, founded and nurtured by +Scots in 1793, and the University of Pennsylvania and Princeton +University are indebted to the same source for their present position. +William Gordon and Thomas Gordon, who founded a free school in the +county of Middlesex, Virginia, in the latter half of the seventeenth +century, were Scots; and Hugh Campbell, another Scot, an +Attorney-at-law in Norfolk county, Virginia, in 1691, deeded two +hundred acres of land in each of the counties of Norfolk, Isle of +Wight, and Nansemond, for free schools. James Innes, who came to +America from Canisbay, Caithness, in 1734, by his will gave his +plantation, a considerable personal estate, his library, and one +hundred pounds "for the use of a free school for the benefit of the +youth of North Carolina," the first private bequest for education in +the state. One of the first public acts of Gabriel Johnston, +Provincial Governor of North Carolina (1734-52), was to insist upon +the need of making adequate provision for a thorough school system in +the colony. Out of the host of names which present themselves in this +field of public service we have room only for the following:</p> + +<p>James Blair (1656-1743), born in Edinburgh, was the chief founder and +first President of William and Mary College, and Mungo Inglis was the +first Grammar Master there till 1712. Francis Alison (1705-99), an +Ulster Scot educated in Glasgow, was Vice-Provost of the College of +Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania. David <a name="Page_77" id="Page_77" />Rhind, tutor +of John Rutledge, "an excellent classical scholar, and one of the most +successful of the early instructors of youth in Carolina," was of +Scottish birth. The tutor of Thomas Jefferson was also a Scot. Samuel +Finley (1715-66), born in Armagh of Scots ancestry, S.T.D. of Glasgow +University, 1763, was President of the College of New Jersey, and one +of the ancestors of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, inventor of the Morse +system of telegraphy. In educational work in the eighteenth century no +name stands higher than that of William Smith (1727-1803), born in +Aberdeen, first Provost of the College of Philadelphia. He was the +introducer of the system of class records now used in all American +universities. Isabella Graham (1742-1814), born in Lanarkshire, ranked +as one of the most successful teachers in New York at the end of the +eighteenth century. James Dunlap (1744-1818), of Scottish descent, was +President of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. William Graham +(1745-99), was first President of Washington College (now Washington +and Lee University). Robert Patterson (1743-1824), a Scot of Ulster, +was Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1810-13), and +Director of the United States Mint in Philadelphia (1805-24). His son, +Robert M. Patterson, succeeded him as Vice-Provost in 1828. Peter +Wilson (1746-1825), born at Ordiquhill, Aberdeenshire, published +several important text-books on Latin and Greek, was Member of the New +Jersey Legislature in 1777, and in 1783 was appointed to revise and +codify the laws of the state of New York. Thomas Craighead +(1750-1825), first President of Davidson Academy (1785-1809), +afterwards the University of Nashville, was great-grandson of Rev. +Robert Craighead who went from Scotland to Donoghmore in Ireland. +Joseph McKeen (1757-1807), first President of Bowdoin College, was of +Ulster Scot origin (1718). John Kemp (1763-1812), born at Auchlossan, +Aberdeenshire, became Professor of Mathematics in Columbia University. +He "had an important influence in moulding the views of De Witt +Clinton on topics of internal improvement and national policy." John +Brown (1763-1842), Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy in the +University of South Carolina, was afterwards third President of the +University of Georgia. Joseph Caldwell (1773-1835) was Founder and +President of the University of North Carolina. Jesse Mercer +(1769-1841), Founder of Mercer University, was the grandson of a +Scottish emigrant to Virginia. Robert Finley (1772-1817), Trustee of +the College of New Jersey (1807-17) and fourth President of the +University of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage. John Mitchell Mason +(1770-1829), fourth President of Dickinson College and for several +years Foreign Secretary of the American Bible Society, was the son of +Dr. John Mason, born in Linlithgow. Both were ministers of the +<a name="Page_78" id="Page_78" />Associate Church in New York. Archibald Alexander (1772-1851), fourth +President of Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia (1796-1806), and +Professor in Princeton Theological Seminary (1812-51), was of Scottish +parentage. James Waddell Alexander (1804-59), Professor of Rhetoric +and Belles-Lettres at Princeton (1833-44) and of Ecclesiastical +History and Church Government in Princeton Theological Seminary +(1844-51) was his son. Joseph Addison Alexander (1809-60), Orientalist +and Biblical critic, was another son of Archibald Alexander. Moses +Waddell (1770-1840), born in Iredell county, North Carolina, of +Scottish parentage, fifth President of the University of Georgia, was +one of the foremost teachers of his day. Samuel Brown Wylie +(1773-1852), Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1834-45), +was born in Antrim of Scottish parents and educated in Glasgow. Joseph +McKean (1776-1818), Boyleston Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard +University (1809-18) was of Scottish parentage. Charles Macalister +(1798-1873), born in Philadelphia of Scottish parentage, intimate +friend of five Presidents, Government Director of the United States +Bank, was founder of Macalister College, Minneapolis. John Dempster +(1794-1863), President of the Illinois Wesleyan University, was of +Scottish parentage. Daniel Curry (1809-87) was President of De Pauw +University (1855-59). Andrew Harvie, born in Scotland before 1810, +became Principal of the Tecumseh branch of the State University of +Michigan (1839-40), Master of Chancery (1848), State Senator +(1850-51). Described as a "man of ability and thorough culture." +Nathaniel Macon Crawford (1811-71), fourth President of Mercer +University and afterwards President of Georgetown College, Kentucky, +was a son of William H. Crawford the statesman. John Forsyth +(1811-86), clergyman, author, and Professor of Latin in Rutgers +College, was of Scottish parentage, and received his education in +Edinburgh and Glasgow. James McCosh (1811-94), born at Carskeoch, +Ayrshire, was President of Princeton University from 1868 to 1888, and +was the author of many works on philosophy. John Fries Frazer +(1812-72), Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1858-68), +was of Scottish ancestry. Louis Agassiz described him as "the first of +American physicists of his time." James Sidney Rollins (1812-88), of +Ulster Scot origin, for his efforts on behalf of education in his +state was declared by the Curators of the University of Missouri to +have won the honorable title of "Pater Universitatis Missouriensis." +Daniel Kirkwood (1814-95), mathematician and educator, grandson of +Robert Kirkwood who came from Scotland c. 1731, was Professor of +Mathematics at Indiana University (1856-86). David Chassel, "of Scotch +descent and Scotch characteristics," was tutor to Professor James +Hadley, America's <a name="Page_79" id="Page_79" />greatest Greek scholar. Joshua Hall McIlvaine +(1815-97), a distinguished comparative philologist, was President of +Evelyn College, Princeton. Alexander Melville Bell (1819-1905), the +"Nestor of elocutionary science," inventor of the method of phonetic +notation of "visible speech," was born in Edinburgh. Alexander Martin +(1822-93), sixth President of De Pauw University, was born in Nairn, +Scotland. John Fraser (c. 1823-1878), second Chancellor of the +University of Arkansas, was born in Cromarty, Scotland. Malcolm +MacVicar, born in Argyllshire in 1829, was famous as an educator, +writer of text-books, and inventor of many devices to illustrate +principles in arithmetic, astronomy and geography. John Maclean +(1798-1886), tenth President of Princeton University, was of Scottish +parentage. Matthew Henry Buckham (b. 1832), eleventh President of the +University of Vermont, was born in England of Scottish parentage. +James Kennedy Patterson (b. 1833), first President of the Agricultural +and Mechanical College of Kentucky (1880-1901), was born in Glasgow. +David French Boyd (1834-99), second President of Louisiana State +University, and his brother, Thomas Duckett Boyd, also a University +President, were descended from John Boyd of Ayrshire, who emigrated to +Maryland in 1633. William Henry Scott (b. 1840), third President of +Ohio State University and Professor of Philosophy there, was of +Scottish ancestry. Neil Gilmour, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1840, +was Superintendent of Public Instruction of New York State; and James +MacAlister (1840-1913), born in Glasgow, was the first Superintendent +of Schools in Philadelphia, where he introduced many reforms, notably +in the Kindergarten and in co-ordination of teaching. In 1891 he +became President of the Drexel Institute and was also author of +several works on education. Thomas Davidson (1840-1900), philosopher, +educator, and author, was born at Deer, Aberdeenshire. John McLaren +McBride (b. 1846), of Scottish parentage, was President of the +University of South Carolina. Gustavus Richard Glenn (b. 1848) +descended from Nicholas Glenn, an emigrant from Scotland, filled +several important educational positions and was afterwards President +of North Georgia Agricultural College. George Edwin Maclean (b. 1850), +a distinguished English and Anglo-Saxon scholar, was fifth Chancellor +of the University of Nebraska. William Milligan Sloan (b. 1850), +author, educator, and Professor of History in Columbia University, is +descended from William Sloane, a native of Ayr, who settled here in +the beginning of the nineteenth century. James Cameron Mackenzie (b. +1852), born in Aberdeen, is founder of the Mackenzie School for Boys +at Dobbs Ferry (1901) and a frequent contributor to educational +publications. James Hervey Hyslop (b. 1854), philosopher, +psychologist, and educator, was grandson <a name="Page_80" id="Page_80" />of George Hyslop of +Roxburghshire. He devoted many years to psychical research. James +Geddes (b. 1858), philologist and Professor of Romance Languages in +Boston University, is of Scottish parentage. Andrew Armstrong +Kincannon (1859-1917), Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, +was descendant of James Kincannon who came from Scotland c. 1720. +Edwin Boone Craighead (b. 1861), Professor of Greek at Wofford +College, South Carolina, and afterwards third President of Tulane +University, is of Scottish descent. John Huston Finley (b. 1863), +President of the College of the City of New York and New York State +Commissioner of Education, is a descendant of a brother of Samuel +Finley, President of Princeton College. Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, +born in 1861, Professor of American History in the University of +Michigan, is the son of a Peebles lawyer. Duncan Black Macdonald, +Professor of Semitic Languages at Hartford Theological Seminary, was +born in Glasgow in 1863. Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (1870-1920), +seventh President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was born +in Lindean, Selkirkshire. George Hutcheson Denny (b. 1870), Professor +of Latin in Washington and Lee University, and later President of the +same institution, and James Gray McAllister (b. 1872), sixteenth +President of Hampden-Sidney College, are both of Scottish descent. +William Allan Neilson, born in Doune, Perthshire, was Professor of +English in Harvard University (1906-17), and is now President of Smith +College, Northampton, Massachusetts. William Douglas Mackenzie, +President of Hartford Theological Seminary Foundation, is a son of +John Mackenzie of Knockando, Morayshire, and was born in Fauresmith, +South Africa, in 1859.</p> + +<p>As librarians may legitimately be included under the head of +educators, the following individuals may be mentioned: John Forbes +(1771-1824), born in Scotland, was Librarian of the New York Society +Library. His son, Philip Jones Forbes (1807-77), was Librarian of the +same institution from 1828 to 1855, and his son, John born in 1846, +afterwards became Librarian there. Morris Robeson Hamilton (b. 1820), +State Librarian of New Jersey, was descendant of John Hamilton, acting +Governor of New Jersey (d. 1746). John Cochrane Wilson (1828-1905), +Librarian of the Law Library of the Equitable Life Assurance Company. +Miss Catherine Wolf Bruce established a Free Circulating Library in +Forty-second Street in memory of her father, George Bruce the +type-founder, in 1888. It is now a branch of the New York Public +Library.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_LITERATURE" id="SCOTS_IN_LITERATURE" /><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81" />SCOTS IN LITERATURE</h2> + + +<p>John Lawson (c. 1658-1711), Surveyor-General of North Carolina, a +native of Aberdeen, published "A New Voyage to Carolina," in 1709, +reprinted 1714, 1718, 1737, 1860, and twice translated into German +(1712, 1722). Lawson was cruelly murdered by the Tuscaroras. Hugh +Henry Brackenridge (1748-1816), born near Campbeltown, Argyllshire, +Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, was author of a political +satire, "Modern Chivalry," a work now extremely rare. David Ramsay +(1749-1815), physician and patriot, of Ulster Scot descent, Delegate +to the Continental Congress, was author of historical works relating +to the Revolution and to South Carolina. Gilbert Imlay, born about +1755 in New Jersey of Scottish parents, was the first Kentucky +novelist, author of "The History of an Expatriated Family" (1793), +etc. Robert Dinsmoor (1757-1836), poet, was brother of Governor +Dinsmoor of New Hampshire. Hugh McCall (1767-1824), author of the +first "History of Georgia," (published in 2 v., 1811-16), was of +Scottish descent. His ancestor emigrated from Dumbartonshire to Ulster +along with the ancestor of J.C. Calhoun. The ancestors of both +remained two generations in Ulster before coming to America. The +greatest name in American literature is that of the son of the +Orcadian farmer, Washington Irving (1783-1859). He was the first who +won international honors for American literature. John Mellish or +Melish (1771-1822), born in Perthshire, died in Philadelphia, traveled +extensively in the United States and published several volumes of his +travels and also published many topographical and military maps. James +Murdock (1776-1856), of Ulster Scot descent, translated and edited +Mosheim's "Institutes of Ecclesiastical History," Milman's "History of +Christianity," etc. Henry Marie Brackenridge (1786-1871), author and +jurist, was son of the author of "Modern Chivalry." Thomas F. Gordon +(1789-1860), lawyer and historian of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc., +was of Scottish ancestry. Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), +lawyer, newspaper editor, author of "Georgia Scenes" (1840), etc., was +son of the inventor. Lydia (Huntley) Sigourney (1791-1865), poet and +miscellaneous writer, was partly of Scots descent. Hew Ainslie +(1792-1878), author of a "Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns," etc., was +born in Ayrshire. David Paul Brown (1795-1872), born in Philadelphia +of <a name="Page_82" id="Page_82" />Scottish parents, was author of "The Forum; or Forty Years of +Practice at the Philadelphia Bar." James Lawson (1799-1880), newspaper +editor and dramatist, was born in Glasgow and died in Yonkers. Angus +Umphraville of Missouri, the unknown author of "Missourian Lays" (St. +Louis, 1821), was most probably a Scot. His verses are described as +"simply wonderful." Maria J. McIntosh (1803-78), authoress, was +descended from the McIntoshes of Georgia. George Washington Bethune +(1805-62) of New York, a graceful poet and eloquent orator, was the +son of Divie Bethune, a native of Dingwall. Robert Shelton Mackenzie +(1808-80), born in Dublin of Scottish parentage, was editor of the +standard edition of "Noctes Ambrosianæ," and in 1834 became the first +regular salaried correspondent of an American newspaper, the New York +"Evening Star." Rev. Robert Turnbull (1809-77), born at Whitburn, +Linlithgowshire, edited the "Christian Review" for many years and was +author of several works. James C. Moffat (1811-90), orientalist, poet, +and Professor of Classics in Lafayette College, author of "Comparative +History of Religions," etc., was born in Glencree, Wigtownshire. +Robert Macfarlane (1812-83), Editor of the "Scientific American," and +author of two or three technical treatises, was born in Rutherglen. +John Milton Mackie (1813-94), of Scottish ancestry, was author of +several important biographical works. William Secular (1814-72), born +in Kilbarchan, Editor of the Lowell "Courier" (1841-47), published the +"History of Massachusetts in the Civil War" (1868-71). Arthur +MacArthur (1815-96), Jurist and Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin +(1856-58), born in Glasgow, was author of "Education in Relation to +Manual Industry" (1884) and "Biography of the English Language" +(1889). William Ross Wallace (1819-81), author of "Perdita," etc., was +described by Bryant as "a born poet." Donald Macleod (1821-65), son of +the Rev. Alexander Macleod of Mull, Professor of Rhetoric in Mount St. +Mary's College, Ohio, was author of historical and other works. His +brother, Xavier Donald Macleod, was a poet and miscellaneous writer. +Donald Grant Mitchell (1822-1908), "Ik Marvel," was of Scottish +descent, and so was General Lew Wallace (1827-1905), author of "Ben +Hur," etc. James Grant Wilson (1832-1914), son of the poet publisher, +William Wilson, of Poughkeepsie, was born in Edinburgh, and attained +the rank of General in the Civil War. He was afterwards author of +several important biographical and historical works. William Swinton +(1833-92), journalist, was correspondent of New York "Times" +(1862-64), and author, was born in Haddingtonshire. He "produced many +educational works which were widely adopted in both private and public +schools throughout the country." Henry Ward Beecher called him the +"American Napier" from the vividness <a name="Page_83" id="Page_83" />of his historical descriptions. +David Gray (1836-88), editor of the Buffalo "Courier" and poet, was +born in Edinburgh. John Clark Ridpath (1841-1900), educator, +historian, and author, was decended from the old Border family of +Redpath. He was the author of "Great Races of Mankind" (1893), +"History of the World" (1898), etc. Katherine Margaret Brownlee (b. +1841), a descendant of the Brownlees of Torwood, was author of several +volumes of poetry. Leonard Allison Morrison (b. 1843) of New +Hampshire, was a descendant of John Morrison who went from Scotland to +Londonderry and thence to Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1723. Always +devoted to literary studies, as a historical and genealogical writer +he has earned an enviable reputation. James Morrison Steele Mackaye +(1842-94), actor and dramatist, was grandson of William Kay who came +from Scotland about 1800. His son, Percy Wallace Mackaye (b. 1875) is +a distinguished dramatist and poet. Wallace Bruce (b. 1844), poet and +essayist, was descended from George Bruce who came from Scotland in +1635. While United States Consul at Edinburgh (1889-93) he secured the +erection of a statue of Lincoln in the Calton Burial Ground, to +commemorate the services of Scottish-American soldiers in the Civil +War. James Kennedy, born at Aberlemno, Forfarshire, in 1850, is a +well-known poet, author, and lecturer. John D. Ross, born in Edinburgh +in 1853, is author of several literary works particularly relating to +Scotland. Francis Marion Crawford (1854-1909), the novelist, son of +Thomas Crawford the sculptor, was also of Scottish descent. Henry +Morse Stephens, the historian, was born in Edinburgh in 1857. Ernest +Evan Seton-Thompson (b. 1860), artist, author, and naturalist, and +Charles William Wallace (b. 1865), philologist and Shakespearean +scholar, are both of Scottish descent. John Hanson Thomas McPherson +(b. 1865), historian and educator, author of "History of Liberia" +(1891), is a descendant of Robert McPherson who came from Scotland in +1738. George Barr McCutcheon (b. 1866), author of many widely read +works of fiction ("Graustark," "Brewster's Millions," etc.) is a +descendant of John McCutcheon who emigrated from Scotland in 1730. +Mary Johnston (b. 1870), author of "Prisoners of Hope" (1898), "To +have and to hold" (1899), etc., is a descendant of Peter Johnston who +emigrated to Virginia in 1727.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_THE_CHURCH_AND_SOCIAL_WELFARE" id="SCOTS_IN_THE_CHURCH_AND_SOCIAL_WELFARE" /><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84" />SCOTS IN THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL WELFARE</h2> + + +<p>Francis Makemie (c. 1658-1708), the organizer of the first American +Presbytery, was born in Ulster of Scots parentage. In 1676 he went to +Glasgow to attend the classes in the University there, and his name +still stands in the matriculation register of the University: +"Franciscus Makemius ... Scoto-Hibernus," i.e. Francis Makemie, a Scot +of Ireland. In 1683 he was ordained by the Presbytery of Laggan and +sent over to the American colonies, where he immediately began the +organization of churches and presbyteries. William Traill, another +Scot, Moderator of the Presbytery of Laggan, was sent over shortly +before Makemie but he confined his work to preaching. George Gillespie +(1683-1760), born in Glasgow, was one of the earliest ordained +ministers in New Jersey and Delaware. Alexander Garden (1685-1756), an +Episcopalian, born in Edinburgh, settled in Charleston, South +Carolina, as Rector of St. Philip's Episcopal Church. Samuel Auchmuty +(1722-77), son of the eminent Scottish lawyer of Boston, was Rector of +Trinity Church, New York city, and had charge of all the churches +there. Thomas Gordon, the "fighting parson" of Bacon's Rebellion +(1676) was a Scot. Henry Barclay (1712-64), Rector of Trinity Church, +New York, Trustee of the New York Society Library, and a Governor of +Columbia University, was the son of John Barclay, a Scot, Surveyor +General of East New Jersey. Robert Sandeman (1718-71), born in Perth, +and died in Danbury, Connecticut, was principal founder of the +Sandemanians or Glassites. John Mason, a native of Linlithgow, "one of +the most accomplished preachers and pastors of his day," was appointed +Minister of the Scotch Presbyterian Church, New York, in 1761. James +Caldwell (1734-81), soldier parson of the Revolution, was of Scots +parentage or descent. Finding the Revolutionary soldiers short of +wadding he distributed the church hymn books among them, with the +exhortation, "Now, boys, put Watts into them." His son, John E. +Caldwell, was one of the founders of the American Bible Society. +Alexander McWhorter (1734-1807), of Scottish parentage, took an active +part in Revolutionary matters and was a Trustee of Princeton College. +McWhorter Street in Newark, New Jersey, is named in his honor. James +Waddell (1739-1805), famous in Virginia as "The Blind Preacher," was +probably a grandson or great-grandson of William Waddell of Monkland +parish, Scotland, one of the prisoners captured at Bothwell <a name="Page_85" id="Page_85" />Brig in +1679. Samuel McClintock (1732-1804), minister of Greenland, New +Hampshire, of Scottish origin, was present at Bunker Hill and appears +in Trumbull's painting of the battle. Four of his sons served in the +Revolutionary war. Alexander McLeod (1774-1833), born in the island of +Mull, died in New York as Pastor of the First Reformed Church. +Described as "a powerful preacher, a man of learning and wisdom, and a +devout Christian." George Buist (1770-1808), born in Fifeshire, +Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, "one of the most eloquent and +distinguished divines of his day," was Pastor of the Scots Church in +Charleston and President of the College of Charleston. Alexander +Campbell (1786-1866), founder of the Campbellites, was born in Antrim +of Scots ancestry. Walter Scott, another of the founders, was born in +Moffat, Dumfriesshire. John Dempster (1794-1843), founder of Boston +Theological Seminary, which afterwards became the Theological School +of Boston University, was of Scots parentage. Peter Douglas Gorrie +(1813-84), clergyman, and historian of the Methodist Church in the +United States, was born in Glasgow. John McClintock (1814-70), of Drew +Theological Seminary and leading editor of McClintock and Strong's +"Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," +was of Scottish descent. Robert Stuart MacArthur, born in Canada, in +1841, of Scots parentage, Minister of Calvary Baptist Church, New +York, has published many volumes of sermons, essays, and narratives of +travel. Robert Mackenzie (b. 1845), President of San Francisco +Theological Seminary, was born in Cromarty. Robert McIntyre (b. 1851), +Methodist Episcopal Bishop of California, was born in Selkirk. Joseph +Plumb Cochran, Medical Missionary to Persia, the "Hakim Sahib" of the +natives, was grandson of a Scot. John Alexander Dowie (1848-1907), +founder of the so-called "Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in +Zion," was born in Edinburgh. Mary M. Baker Glover Eddy (1821-1910), +claimed partly Scots descent (from MacNeils of Barra).</p> + +<p>Charles Pettigrew (1743-1807), Bishop of the Diocese of North +Carolina, was of Scottish descent. James Kemp (1764-1827), second +Bishop of Maryland, was born at Keithhall in Aberdeenshire. Charles +Pettit McIlvaine (1799-1873), Bishop of Ohio (1832-73), author of +"Evidences of Christianity," 1832, was also of Scottish origin, from +the MacIlvaines of Ayrshire. William Edward McLaren (1831-1905), third +Bishop of Chicago, was grandson of a Scot. The first missionary Bishop +of Duluth, James Dow Morrison (b. 1844), was son of Rev. John Morrison +and his wife who emigrated from Glasgow in 1837. Abram Newkirk +Littlejohn (1824-91), first Bishop of Long Island, was a descendant of +Hugh Littlejohn of Perthshire. <a name="Page_86" id="Page_86" />James Steptoe Johnston (b. 1843), +second Bishop of western Texas, was of Scottish descent; and Hugh +Miller Thompson (1830-1902), second Bishop of Mississippi, was an +Ulster Scot, born in Londonderry.</p> + +<p>Richard Gilmour (1824-91), second Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese +of Cleveland (1872-91), born in Glasgow, Scotland, of Presbyterian +parents, was noted for his zeal in behalf of Catholic education. +Robert Seton (b. 1839), a descendent of the Setons of Winton, was +created Archbishop of Heliopolis in 1903. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton +(1774-1821), of the same family, was founder of the Roman Catholic +Order of Sisters of Charity (1809), of which she was the first Mother +Superior.</p> + +<p>John McLean (1759-1823), merchant and philanthropist, was founder of +McLean Asylum for Insane at Somerville, Massachusetts. Robert Rantoul +(1778-1848), of Scottish parentage, worked hard to ameliorate the +criminal legislation of the country, and took part in establishing a +charity school at Beverly, Massachusetts, which was said to be the +first Sunday School in America. Mrs. Graham, a Scotswoman, celebrated +in New York city for her benevolence and charity, founded a Sunday +School in New York for young women in 1792. The movement however +languished for some years until her daughter, Mrs. Bethune, also born +in Scotland, organized the Female Sabbath School Union of New York in +1816. By her work in this connection Mrs. Bethune earned her title of +"Mother of Sabbath Schools in America." Fanny Wright (1795-1852), +Madame Frances D'Arusmont, born in Dundee, Scotland, lectured +extensively in the United States on social, religious, and political +questions, and was the author of "Views on Society and Manners in +America," etc. Robert Dale Owen (1801-77), born in Glasgow, social +reformer, spiritualist, author, and Member of Congress from Indiana +(1843-47), was a strong advocate of negro emancipation. James Miller +McKim (1810-1874), of Ulster Scot descent, was one of the organizers +of the National Anti-Slavery Society (1835), later publishing agent of +the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and in 1865 one of the founders +of the New York "Nation." Albert Brisbane (1809-90), of Scottish and +English descent, was the "Father of American Fourierism." Albert Keith +Smiley (1828-1912), educator and reformer, was born in Maine of +Scottish ancestry; and Thomas Kirby Cree, of Ulster Scot origin, was +Secretary for twenty-five years of the International Committee of the +Young Mens' Christian Association. John MacVicar born in Canada in +1859 of Scottish parents, was one of the originators of the Commission +form of government, developing what became known as the "Des Moines +Plan." James Duncan, born in Kincardine in 1857, is the well-known +Labor Leader.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_LAWYERS" id="SCOTS_AS_LAWYERS" /><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87" />SCOTS AS LAWYERS</h2> + + +<p>John Mercer (1704-68), author of "An exact abridgment of all the +public Acts of Assembly," Williamsburg, 1737, was a descendant of the +Mercers of Aldie. Robert Auchmuty (born in Scotland, died in Boston, +1750), and his sons were distinguished lawyers of Colonial times. Hugh +Maxwell (1787-1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant Judge Advocate +General (1814) and District Attorney of New York (1819-29). Edward +Duffield Ingraham (1793-1854), of Scottish descent, was at the head of +the legal profession of his time in Philadelphia. He was also an +eminent bibliophile, possessing a library of thirty thousand volumes. +Robert Rantoul (1805-52), of Scots ancestry, was member of the first +Commission to Revise the Laws of Massachusetts, Member of the first +Massachusetts Board of Education, "an honor intended to be conferred +only on such as were well qualified by their literary acquisitions to +discharge its responsible duties." He was also a prominent agitator +against the fugitive slave law, and organizer and corporator of the +Illinois Central Railroad, the first transcontinental line projected. +John Jay McGilvra (1827-1903), of Scots parentage, took part in many +prominent enterprises for the public benefit in Washington State, and +forced the Northern Pacific Railroad to restore five million acres to +public domain. Lawrence Maxwell, born in Glasgow in 1853, was +Solicitor-General of the United States (1893-95), and also held many +other important positions. David Robert Barclay, author of the well +known "Barclay's Digest" of the decisions of the Supreme Court (St. +Louis, 1868) was of Scots descent. William Birch Rankine (1858-1905) +of Scots parentage, took up the work of developing Niagara power and +founded the Niagara Falls Power Company (1886). Thomas M. Logan (b. +1840), lawyer, soldier, and railroad officer was a descendant of Logan +of Restalrig. David Clarence Gibboney (b. 1869), Special Counsel for +the Pure Food Commission in 1906, grandson of a Scot, has also made a +reputation for prosecution of gamblers, dive-keepers, illicit liquor +dealers, etc., in Philadelphia.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_ART_ARCHITECTURE_ETC" id="SCOTS_IN_ART_ARCHITECTURE_ETC" /><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88" />SCOTS IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC.</h2> + + +<p>John Smibert (c. 1684-1751), born in Edinburgh, came to America in +1728 and settled in Boston, where he met success as a portrait +painter. He was the first painter of merit in the colonies, and +painted portraits of many of the eminent magistrates and divines of +New England and New York between 1725 and 1751, the year of his death. +His work had much influence on the American artist, John Singleton +Copley. Gilbert Charles Stuart (1755-1828), born in Rhode Island of +Scottish parents, was the foremost American portrait painter of his +day. He painted several portraits of Washington, and also portraits of +Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Justice +Story, Fisher Ames, John Jacob Astor and others. Cosmo Alexander, a +skilled portrait painter, born in Scotland, was his teacher for a +time. Charles Fraser (1782-1860), born in Charleston, South Carolina, +of Scottish ancestry, first studied law and retired with a competency. +He then took up art and achieved eminent success in miniature painting +and as a painter of landscapes, pictures of genre, still life, etc. +William Dunlap (1766-1839), artist and dramatist, founder and early +Vice-President of the National Academy of Design, was of Ulster Scot +descent. His family name was originally Dunlop. Robert Walter Weir +(1803-89), of Scots parentage, is best known for his historical +pictures, he being one of the first in America to take up this branch +of the art. "The Embarkation of the Pilgrims" (1836-40) in the Rotunda +of the Capitol at Washington is by him. Russell Smith, born in Glasgow +in 1812, was a scientific draughtsman and landscape painter. Two of +his finest landscapes, "Chocorua Peak" and "Cave at Chelton Hills" +were exhibited in the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876. His son, +Xanthus (b. 1839), was a well-known marine and landscape painter and +painted many of the naval engagements of the Civil War. James Hope, +born near Abbotsford in 1818, settled in New York in 1853, +distinguished as a landscapist, was chosen an Associate of the +National Academy in 1865. Alexander Hay Ritchie (1822-95), born in +Glasgow and educated in Edinburgh, was a most successful painter in +oils as well as an engraver in stipple and mezzotint. His paintings of +the "Death of Lincoln" and "Washington and his Generals," obtained +great popularity. As a portrait painter fine examples of his work are +"Dr. McCosh" of Princeton, "Henry <a name="Page_89" id="Page_89" />Clay," etc. He also did a good deal +of book illustrating. Thomas Lachlan Smith (d. 1884), also born in +Glasgow, was noted for his Winter scenes. Two notable pictures of his, +"The Deserted House" and "The Eve of St. Agnes," were exhibited at the +Centennial Exhibition. Still another Glasgow artist, John Williamson +(1826-85), born at the Tollcross in that famous city, became an +Associate of the National Academy, and made the scenery of the Hudson +and the Catskills his special study as shown by his "The Palisades," +"Sugar Loaf Mountain," "Autumn in the Adirondacks," etc. William Hart +(1823-94), born in Paisley, became an Academican in 1857, and was +afterwards President of the Brooklyn Academy and of the American Water +Color Society. James McDougall Hart (1828-1901), born in Kilmarnock, +brother of William Hart, already mentioned, Academican of the National +Academy of Design, was noted for his landscapes and paintings of +cattle and sheep. His "Summer Memory of Berkshire" and his "Indian +Summer" attracted considerable attention at the Paris Salon in 1878. +James David Smillie (1833-1909), son of James Smillie, the Scottish +engraver, during the Civil War made designs for government bonds and +greenbacks. In 1864 he took up landscape painting and was one of the +founders of the American Water Color Society (1867) and National +Academican in 1876. His brother, George Henry Smillie (b. 1840), was +also distinguished as a landscape painter. He made a sketching tour in +the Rocky Mountains and the Yosemite Valley in 1871, and became a +National Academican in 1882. Walter Shirlaw, born in Paisley, +Scotland, in 1838, died in Madrid, Spain, in 1909, was the first +President of the Society of American Artists. His easel pictures "are +marked by rich color and fine composition, and he is one of the few +American artists who have successfully painted the nude. His +water-colors and etchings have brought him high reputation in these +forms of expression." Walter MacEwen, born in Chicago of Scottish +parents, has painted many pictures and has received medals and +decorations for his work. In 1895-96 he painted nine large panels and +a number of small ones for the Hall of Heroes in the Library of +Congress. George Inness (1825-94), the famous American painter, is +believed to have been of Scottish ancestry. James T. Dick (1834-68), +William Keith (b. Aberdeenshire, 1839), Robert Frank Dallas (b. 1855), +John White Alexander (b. 1856), Robert Bruce Crane (b. 1857), Addison +Thomas Miller (b. 1860), and John Humpreys Johnston, are all artists +of Scottish parentage or Scottish ancestry. John Robinson Tait (b. +1834), artist and author, son of a native of Edinburgh, has written +much on art subjects. John Wesley Beatty (b. 1851), Art Director of +the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, is of Scottish parentage. John +Ward <a name="Page_90" id="Page_90" />Dunsmore (b. 1856), Director of the Detroit Museum of Arts and +Founder of the Detroit School of Arts; and John Ferguson Weir (b. +1841), Dean of the School of Fine Arts at Yale University, are of +Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>Alexander Lawson (1773-1846), born in Lanarkshire, died in +Philadelphia, was famous as the engraver of the best plates in +Alexander Wilsons's <i>Ornithology</i> and the plates on conchology for +Haldeman and Binney. His son, Oscar A. Lawson (1813-54), was chart +engraver of the United States Coast Survey, 1840-51. Samuel Allerdice +engraved a large number of plates of Dobson's edition of Rees's +<i>Cyclopædia</i>, 1794-1803. Hugh Anderson, a Scot, did good line and +stipple work in Philadelphia in the first quarter of the nineteenth +century. George Murray, born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in +1822, organized the bank-note and engraving firm of Murray, Draper, +Fairman & Co., in 1810-11, the best note engravers in this country in +their day. John Vallance, also born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia +in 1823, was one of the founders of the Association of Artists in +America, and Treasurer of the Society of Artists in Philadelphia in +1810. James Smillie (1807-85), born in Edinburgh, died in New York, +was celebrated as an engraver of bank notes and as an engraver of +landscapes. Among his best works are Cole's series "The Voyage of +Life," and Bierstadt's "Rocky Mountains." Dr. Alexander Anderson +(1775-1870), the "Bewick of America," born in New York of Scots +parentage, at the age of ninety-three engraved some illustrations for +Barbour's "Historical Collections of New Jersey." Robert Hinschelwood, +born in Edinburgh in 1812, studied under Sir William Allen, was +landscape engraver for Harpers and other New York publishers and also +engraver for the Continental Bank Note Company. John Geikie Wellstood, +born in Edinburgh in 1813, was another eminent engraver. In 1858 his +firm was merged in the American Bank Note Co., and in 1871 he founded +the Columbian Bank Note Company of Washington, D.C. He also made many +improvements in the manufacture of banknotes. Charles Burt (c. +1823-92), born in Edinburgh, died in Brooklyn, a pupil of William Home +Lizars of Edinburgh, did some fine plates and portraits for books and +for several years was one of the chief engravers for the Treasury +Department in Washington. Hezekiah Wright Smith, born in Edinburgh, in +1828, engraved portraits of Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and his +head of Washington, after the Athenæum head by Gilbert Stuart, is said +to be "the best engraving of this famous portrait ever made." +Nathaniel Orr (b. 1822), of Scottish ancestry, retired in 1888 "with +the reputation of having brought the art of wood engraving to the +highest perfection, and the signature 'Orr,' cut in the block was +always <a name="Page_91" id="Page_91" />a sure guarantee of art excellence." Robert Shaw, born in +Delaware in 1859 of Scottish parentage, has made a reputation by his +etchings of famous historical buildings. His etching, the "Old Barley +Mill" ranks as one of the best etchings made in this country. A few +other Scottish engravers who produced good work were Robert Campbell, +William Charles (d. Philadelphia, 1820), Alexander L. Dick (1805), +W.H. Dougal (he dropped the "Mac" for some reason), Helen E. Lawson +(daughter of Alexander Lawson already mentioned), John Roberts +(1768-1803), William Main Smillie (1835-88), son of James Smillie +mentioned above, and William Wellstood (1819-1900).</p> + +<p>John Crookshanks King (1806-82), born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, +emigrated to America in 1829, and died in Boston, was celebrated for +his busts of Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, Louis Agassiz, the +naturalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, etc. He also excelled as a maker of +cameo portraits. Thomas Crawford (1814-57), one of the greatest if not +the greatest sculptor of America, was of Scottish descent. His works +include "Armed Liberty" (bronze doors), Beethoven, bust of John +Quincy, Washington, "Orpheus," etc. Frederick William MacMonnies, born +in Brooklyn in 1863 of Scottish parents (his father was a native of +Whithorn, Wigtownshire), is sculptor of the statue of Nathan Hale in +City Hall Park, New York; "Victory" at West Point, etc. Robert +Ingersoll Aitken, born in San Francisco of Scottish parents, is +designer of the monuments to President McKinley at St. Helena, +Berkeley, and in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. He also designed the +monument to the American Navy in Union Square, San Francisco. In 1906 +he moved to New York and has executed busts of some of the most +prominent Americans of the day. Notable of his ideal sculptures are +"Bacchante" (1908), "The Flame" (1909), and "Fragment" (1909). John +Massey Rhind, Member of the National Sculpture Society, one of the +foremost sculptors of the present day, was born in Edinburgh in 1858. +James Wilson, Alexander Macdonald (1824-1908), and Hermon Atkins +MacNeil (1866) are also of Scottish origin.</p> + +<p>Alexander Milne Calder, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1846, began +life as a gardener, studied with Alexander Brodie and John Rhind and +in London and Paris, came to America in 1868, and is best known as +having made the sculpture for the Philadelphia City Hall including the +heroic statue of William Penn, which crowns the tower. His son, +Alexander Stirling Calder, born in Philadelphia in 1870, is also a +sculptor of note, and was acting chief of the Department of Sculpture, +Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 1913-1915. Robert Tait +MacKenzie, born in Ontario, Canada, in 1867, son of Rev. William +Mackenzie, a graduate of Edinburgh, has <a name="Page_92" id="Page_92" />created several groups of +athletes in action of great force and beauty. Dr. Mackenzie is a +physician and director of the Department of Physical Education in the +University of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>Thomas MacBean, the architect of St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway, New York +City, built in 1764-66, was a Scot who received his training under +James Gibbs (an Aberdonian), architect of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, +London. John Notman (1810-65), born in Edinburgh, designed and +constructed some of the most important buildings in Philadelphia and +also the State Capitol, Trenton. James Renwick (1818-95), born in New +York city of Scottish ancestry, planned the distributing reservoir on +Fifth Avenue, New York, where the New York Public Library now stands. +He was one of the greatest architects in this country, and the beauty +of his work—to cite only a few of his most notable creations—is +amply attested by Grace Church, Calvary Church, and St. Patrick's +Cathedral, in New York; the Smithsonian Institution and Corcoran Art +Gallery, in Washington; and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. John +McArthur (1823-90), born in Bladenoch, Wigtownshire, designed and +constructed Philadelphia City Hall, Lafayette College, the "Public +Ledger" building in Philadelphia, several hospitals, etc. Alexander +Campbell Bruce (b. 1835), of Scottish parentage, designed a number of +court-houses and other public buildings in Tennessee, Georgia, +Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina, besides schools, libraries, +churches, hotels, etc. He easily became the foremost architect of the +South. Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86), of Scottish descent, drew +the plans for many important buildings, but Trinity Protestant +Episcopal Church in Boston, is considered his masterpiece. James +Hamilton Windrim (b. 1840), architect and Director of Public Works in +Philadelphia, was of Ulster Scot parentage. His services were utilized +in the planning and construction of some of the most important +buildings in Philadelphia. The Masonic Temple in that city is believed +to be his masterpiece. The designer of many of the notable bridges of +Philadelphia was Frank Burns (1844-1913), an architectural draughtsman +of Scottish descent. Harold Van Buren Magonigle (b. 1867), designer of +the monument to the Seamen of U.S.S. <i>Maine</i> (1900), Cornell Alumni +Hall, Ithaca, the National McKinley Memorial at Canton, Ohio, etc., is +the grandson of John Magonigle of Greenock. The builder of the world +famed Smithsonian Institution in Washington was Gilbert Cameron (d. +1866), a native of Greenock, and Scottish stone-masons were largely +employed in the construction of many of the most important buildings +in the country, such as the Metropolitan Museum and Tombs in New York, +the Capitol in Albany, the State House in Boston, the City Hall in +Chicago, etc. Alexander McGaw (1831-1905), born in <a name="Page_93" id="Page_93" />Stranraer, +Wigtownshire, was famous as a bridge-builder and as builder of the +pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. John L. Hamilton +(1835-1904), born in Newmilns, Ayrshire, came to the United States in +1853, and soon became eminent as a builder.</p> + +<p>Duncan Phyfe, maker of exquisite furniture, who adapted and improved +the Sheraton style, and considered by good judges to be the equal of +Sheraton, Hipplewhite, and Adams, was a Scot who came to America about +1784. His father was John Fife of Inverness. Dyer, who devotes a +chapter of his <i>Early American Craftsmen</i> to him, says "no other +American made anything comparable to ... the exquisite furniture of +Duncan Phyfe." The name of Samuel McIntire (d. 1811) stands out +pre-eminent as master of all the artists in wood of his time. An +account of his work is given by Dyer with illustrations of his work. +In 1812, Thomas Haig, a native of Scotland, a Queensware potter, +started the Northern Liberties Pottery, and turned out a beautiful +quality of red and black earthenware. About 1829 the works of the +Jersey Porcelain and Earthenware Company (founded 1825) were purchased +by David and J. Henderson. Some of the productions of the Hendersons +are especially sought after by collectors. The firm is now known as +the Jersey City Pottery. The Scottish firm of J. and G.H. Gibson, +glass-stainers, Philadelphia, obtained a national reputation for +artistic work. Daniel and Nathaniel Munroe, clockmakers, were famous +as such in Massachusetts in the beginning of the nineteenth century. +Henry Mitchell (1810-93), born in Fifeshire, was the pioneer +wagon-builder of the west. Frederick Turnbull (1847-1909), who +introduced the art of Turkey-red dyeing into this country about 1850, +was born in Glasgow.</p> + +<p>Will C. Macfarlane (b. 1870), organist and composer, was born in +England of Scottish origin. His compositions include songs, anthems, +organ music, a Lenten Cantata, "The Message from the Cross." His +setting of Katherine Lee Bates's patriotic hymn, "America, the +Beautiful," has had nation-wide usage. William Wallace Gilchrist (b. +1846), composer, was of Scottish descent; and Edward Alexander +MacDowell (1861-1908), composer and Professor of Music in Columbia +University, was of Ulster Scot origin.</p> + +<p>Robert Campbell Maywood (1784-1856), actor and theatrical manager in +Philadelphia, was born in Greenock, Scotland. Edwin Forrest +(1806-1872), the celebrated American actor, was the son of a native of +Dumfriesshire; and Robert Bruce Mantell, who made his debut in +Rochdale, England, was born in Irvine, Ayrshire, in 1854. James Edward +Murdoch (1811-93), grandson of a Scottish immigrant, was Professor of +Elocution at Cincinnati College of Music, and later a leading actor on +the American stage. During the Civil War he devoted <a name="Page_94" id="Page_94" />his energies to +support of the Union and gave readings for the benefit of the United +States Sanitary Commission. Benjamin Franklin Keith (1846-1914), +theater proprietor, was of Scottish descent. Mary Garden, Singer and +Director of Grand Opera, was born in Aberdeen in 1877. James H. +Stoddart, the veteran actor, was also of Scottish origin.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_INVENTORS" id="SCOTS_AS_INVENTORS" /><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95" />SCOTS AS INVENTORS</h2> + + +<p>As Scotland gave to the world the knowledge of the art of logarithms, +the steam engine, the electric telegraph, the wireless telegraph, +illuminating gas, the knowledge of chloroform, and many other +important inventions, it was to be expected that the inventive faculty +of her sons would not fail when transplanted to this country.</p> + +<p>Hugh Orr (1717-98), born in Lochwinnoch, inventor of a machine for +dressing flax, took a patriotic part in the war of the Revolution by +casting guns and shot for the Continental Army, besides doing much to +encourage rope-making and spinning. His son, Robert, invented an +improved method of making scythes and was the first manufacturer of +iron shovels in New England. William Longstreet (1759-1814), a New +Jersey Scot, invented and patented an improvement in cotton-gins +called the "breast-roller," also a portable steam saw-mill. As early +as 1790 he was at work on the problem of the application of steam +power to the propulsion of boats, but lack of funds prevented +operations until 1807, the same year in which Fulton launched his +steamboat. His son, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), became +President of South Carolina College. Robert Fulton (1765-1815), of +Ayrshire origin through Ulster, was, as every one knows, the first to +successfully apply steam to navigation. Hugh Maxwell (1777-1860), +publisher and newspaper editor, of Scottish descent, invented the +"printer's roller" (patented in 1817), cast his own types and engraved +his own woodcuts. Henry Burden (1791-1871), born in Dunblane, inventor +of an improved plow and the first cultivator, was also the first to +invent and make the hook-headed railroad spike "which has since proved +itself a most important factor in railroad building in the United +States." His "cigar boat" although not a commercial success was the +fore-runner of the "whale-back" steamers now in use on the Great +Lakes. William Orr (1808-91), manufacturer and inventor, born in +Belfast of Ulster Scot parentage, was the first to manufacture +merchantable printing paper with wood fibre in it, and made several +other improvements and discoveries along similar lines. Cyrus Hall +McCormick (1809-84), inventor of the reaping machine, was descended +from James McCormick, one of the signers of the address of the city +and garrison of Londonderry presented to William III. after the siege +in 1689. Of his invention the <a name="Page_96" id="Page_96" />French Academy of Sciences declared +that by its means he had "done more for the cause of agriculture than +any other living man." James Blair (1804-84), born in Perth, Scotland, +was the inventor of the roller for printing calico; and Robert M. +Dalzell (1793-1873) was inventor of the "elevator system" in handling +and storing grain. Samuel Colt (1814-62), inventor of the Colt +revolver, and founder of the great arms factory at Hartford, Conn., +was of Scots ancestry on both sides. He was also the first to lay a +submarine electric cable (in 1843) connecting New York city with +stations on Fire Island and Coney Island. Thomas Taylor, inventor of +electric appliances for exploding powder in mining, blasting, etc., +Chief of the Division of Microscopy (1871-95), was born in Perth, +Scotland, in 1820. Duncan H. Campbell, born in Greenock in 1827, +settled in Boston as a lad, by his numerous inventions, "pegging +machines, stitching machines, a lock-stitch machine for sewing uppers, +a machine for using waxed threads, a machine for covering buttons with +cloth," laid the foundation of New England's pre-eminence in shoe +manufacturing. Gordon McKay (1821-1903), by his inventions along +similar lines also helped to build up New England's great industry. +Robert Dick, (1814-93), born in Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, died in +Buffalo, lecturer, newspaper editor, writer, preacher, and inventor, +was inventor of the mailing machine used in nearly every newspaper +office on the continent. Alexander Morton, (1820-60), the perfector if +not the inventor of gold pens, was born in Darvel, Ayrshire. James +Oliver, born in Roxburgh, Scotland, in 1823, made several important +discoveries in connection with casting and moulding iron, was the +inventor of the Oliver chilled plow, and founder of the Oliver Chilled +Plow Works, South Bend, Indiana. The business established by him is +now carried on in several cities from Rochester, New York State, to +San Francisco, and south to Dallas, Texas. William Chisholm, born in +Lochgelly, Fifeshire, in 1825, demonstrated the practicability of +making screws from Bessemer steel, organized the Union Steel Company +of Cleveland, (1871), and devised several new methods and machinery +for manufacturing steel shovels, scoops, etc. His brother, Henry, was +the first to introduce steel-making into Cleveland, and might justly +be called "The Father of Cleveland." Andrew Campbell (1821-90) was the +inventor of many improvements in printing machinery, and of a long +series of devices comprising labor-saving machinery relating to hat +manufacture, steam-engines, machinists' tools, lithographic and +printing machinery, and electrical appliances. William Ezra Ferguson +(b. 1832), merchant and inventor of the means of conveying grain on +steam shipments without shifting, was of Scottish ancestry. Alexander +Davidson (b. 1832) made many inventions <a name="Page_97" id="Page_97" />in connection with the +typewriter, one of the most important being the scale regarding the +value of the letters of the alphabet. As an inventor he was of the +front rank. Andrew Smith Hallidie (b. 1836), son of a native of +Dunfermline, was the inventor of steel-wire rope making and also the +inventor of the "Hallidie ropeway," which led up to the introduction +of cable railroads. James Lyall (1836-1901), born in Auchterarder, +invented the positive-motion shuttle (1868) which revolutionized the +manufacture of cotton goods. He also invented fabrics for pneumatic +tyres and fire-hose. James P. Lee, born in Roxburghshire in 1837, was +inventor of the Lee magazine gun which was adopted by the United +States Navy in 1895. His first weapon was a breech-loading rifle which +was adopted by the United States Government during the Civil War. +Later he organized the Lee Arms Company of Connecticut. The production +of the telephone as a practical and now universally employed method of +"annihilating time and space" in the articulate intercourse of the +human race will forever be associated with the name of Alexander +Graham Bell, born in Edinburgh in 1847. By its means he has promoted +commerce, created new industries, and has bridged continents, all the +result of "sheer hard thinking aided by unbounded genius." To Dr. +Graham Bell we are also indebted for the photophone, for the inductoin +balance, the telephone probe, and the gramophone. During the war he +designed a "submarine chaser" capable of traveling under water at a +speed of over seventy miles an hour, and he has made important +experiments in the field of aeronautics and in other arts and +sciences. The mother of Thomas Alva Edison (b. 1847), it may here be +mentioned, was of Scottish parentage (Elliott). The originator of the +duplex system in the manufacture of railroad tickets was William +Harrison Campbell (1846-1906), of Scottish parentage. William Malcolm +(1823-90), also of Scottish parentage, was the inventor of telescopic +sights, an invention adopted by all civilized governments. His +attainments were better known and appreciated in Europe than in his +own country. Daniel McFarlan Moore, electrician and inventor, of +Ulster Scot descent, was inventor of the Moore electric light. James +Peckover, born in England of Scottish and English ancestry, invented +the saw for cutting stone and a machine for cutting mouldings in +marble and granite. Rear-Admiral George W. Baird (b. 1843), naval +engineer, invented the distiller for making fresh water from sea +water, and patented many other inventions in connection with machinery +and ship ventilation. James Bennett Forsyth (b. 1850), of Scottish +parentage, took out more than fifty patents on machinery and +manufacturing processes connected with rubber and fire-hose. John +Charles Barclay, telegraph manager, descendant of John Barclay who +<a name="Page_98" id="Page_98" />emigrated from Scotland in 1684, patented the printing telegraph +"said to be the most important invention in the telegraph world since +Edison introduced the quadruplex system." Alexander Winton, born in +Grangemouth in 1860, inventor and manufacturer, successfully developed +a number of improvements in steam engines for ocean going vessels, +founded the Winton Motor Carriage Company in 1897, and patented a +number of inventions in connection with automobile mechanism. The +works of the company at Cleveland, Ohio, now cover more than thirteen +acres. The first to expound and formulate the application of the law +of conservation in illumination calculations was Addams Stratton +McAllister (b. 1875), a descendant of Hugh McAllister, who emigrated +from Scotland c. 1732. He also holds several patents for +alternating-current machinery, and has written largely on electrical +subjects. Richard Dudgeon (1820-99), born in Haddingtonshire, +Scotland, was distinguished as a machinist, inventor of the hydraulic +jack and boiler-tube expander.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_ENGINEERS" id="SCOTS_AS_ENGINEERS" /><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99" />SCOTS AS ENGINEERS</h2> + + +<p>Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789), engineer and geographer was of Scottish +origin. He was author of some topographical works and also furnished +the maps and plates of Smith's Account of Bouquet's expedition +(Philadelphia, 1765). James Geddes (1763-1838), of Scottish birth or +parentage, was surveyor of canal routes in New York State and was +chief engineer on construction of the Erie Canal (1816), and chief +engineer of the Champlain Canal (1818). "In all matters relating to +the laying out, designing and construction of canals, he was looked +upon as one of the highest authorities in the country." James Pugh +Kirkwood (1807-77), born in Edinburgh, came to United States in 1832, +was one of the most eminent engineers in the country, one of the +founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and +President (1867-68). James Laurie (1811-75), born at Bell's Mills, +Edinburgh, Chief Engineer on the New Jersey Central Railroad, +consulting engineer in connection with the Housatonic Tunnel, and +first President of the American Society of Civil Engineers. William +Tweeddale, born in Ayrshire in 1823, rendered valuable engineering +service in the Civil War, and was an authority on the sources and +character of water supply. Henry Brevoort Renwick, noted engineer and +expert in patent cases, first inspector of steam vessels for the Port +of New York, was a son of James Renwick the scientist. David Young, +born in Alloa, Scotland, in 1849, was President of the Consolidated +Traction Lines of New Jersey and General Manager of the larger +consolidated company. William Barclay Parsons (b. 1859), is partly +descended from Colonel Thomas Barclay, a Tory of the Revolution. +Hunter McDonald (b. 1860), descended from Angus McDonald, a refugee +from Culloden, is a prominent railroad engineer. T. Kennard Thomson, +born in 1864, is prominent as a bridge builder, designer of pneumatic +caissons, etc. His father came from Stranraer in 1834. Hugh Gordon +Stott, born in Orkney, in 1866, President of the American Institute of +Electrical Engineers (1907), Superintendent of motive power of +Manhattan Railway System, etc. William Gibbs McNeill (1801-53), of +Scottish parentage, was another engineer worth mentioning. Theodore +Crosby Henry (1841-1914), "<a name="Page_100" id="Page_100" />the father of irrigation in Colorado," was +also of Scottish descent. William McLean (d. 1839), brother of Judge +McLean, was mainly instrumental in extending the Ohio Canal from +Cincinnati to Cleveland. John Findley Wallace (1852-1920), of Scottish +descent, was chief-engineer of the Panama Canal (1904-05), and also +designed and constructed many important engineering works. Angus +Sinclair (1841-1919), born in Forfarshire, was an engineer, author of +several text-books on engineering, and editor of the "Railway and +Locomotive Engineering."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_INDUSTRIES" id="SCOTS_IN_INDUSTRIES" /><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101" />SCOTS IN INDUSTRIES</h2> + + +<p>Robert Gilmor (1748-1822), born in Paisley, was the founder of the +East India trade in this country. He also assisted in founding the +first bank in Baltimore (the Bank of Maryland), and the Maryland +Historical Society. His son Robert (1774-1848) was also prominent in +Baltimore business and was President of the Washington Monument +Association which laid the foundation for the Washington monument in +Baltimore in 1815 and completed it in 1829. Henry Eckford (1775-1832), +shipbuilder, was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. On the outbreak of the +War of 1812 he built several ships for the American Government for use +on the Great Lakes. In 1820 he was appointed Naval Constructor at the +Brooklyn Navy Yard and there built six ships of the line. In 1822 he +built the steamer "Robert Fulton," which made the first successful +steam voyage to New Orleans and Havana. Angus Neilson Macpherson +(1812-76), born at Cluny, Inverness-shire, was builder of the frigate +"Ironsides," and designer of the furnaces for heating large plates and +the method of affixing them to the sides of the vessel. Donald Mackay +(1810-80), born in Nova Scotia, grandson of Donald Mackay of Tain, +Ross-shire, established the shipyards at East Boston, and constructed +a number of fast sailing ships, and during the Civil War a number of +warships for the United States Government. The beauty and speed of his +clippers gave him a world wide reputation as a naval constructor. +Thomas Dickson (1822-84), President of the Delaware and Hudson Canal +Co., was born in Lauder. William Grey Warden (1831-95), born in +Pittsburgh of Scottish ancestry, was a pioneer in the refining of +petroleum in Pennsylvania, and the controlling spirit in the work of +creating the great Atlantic Refinery consolidated with the Standard +Oil Company of Ohio in 1874. George Gibson McMurtry (1838-1915), born +in Belfast of Scottish descent, steel manufacturer and philanthropist, +was "one of the big figures of that small group of men which +established the industrial independence of the United States from the +European nations of cheap labor." James Edwin Lindsay (1826-1919), +lumberman, was descended from Donald Lindsay, who settled in Argyle, +New York, in 1739. John McKesson (b. 1807), descended from the +McKessons of Argyllshire, was founder of the, wholesale <a name="Page_102" id="Page_102" />drug firm of +McKesson and Robbins; and Alfred B. Scott of the wholesale drug firm +of Scott and Bowne was also of Scottish descent. Edmond Urquhart (b. +1834) was one of the pioneers in the creation of the cotton seed oil +industry. To Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), born in Dunfermline, "the +richest and most free-handed Scot who ever lived," more than anyone +else is due the great steel and iron industry of the United States. +His innumerable gifts for public libraries, etc., are too well known +to need detailing here. To New York alone he gave over five million +dollars to establish circulating branches in connection with the New +York Public Library. In the development of the steel business of +Pittsburgh he was ably seconded by James Scott, George Lauder (his +cousin), Robert Pitcairn, Charles Lockhart, and others—all Scots. +James McClurg Guffey (b. 1839), oil producer and capitalist, was of +Galloway descent. He developed the oil fields of Kansas, Texas, +California, West Virginia, and Indian Territory. The town of Guffey, +Colorado, is named in his honor. His brother Wesley S. Guffey was also +prominent in the oil industry. John Arbuckle (1839-1912), merchant and +philanthropist, known in the trade as the "Coffee King," was born in +Scotland. Robert Dunlap (b. 1834), hat manufacturer and founder of +Dunlap Cable News Company (1891), was of Ulster Scot origin. William +Chalk Gouinlock (1844-1914), physician and manufacturer, of Scottish +ancestry, was one of the first to establish the salt industry in +Western New York (1883), and in 1887 established the first salt-pan +west of the Mississippi (at Hutcheson, Kansas). Edward Kerr, born in +Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, in 1842, was founder of the Laurenceville +Bronze Company (1891); and William Mackenzie (1841-1914), born in +Glasgow, was founder of the Standard Bleachery at Carlton Hill, New +Jersey. Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912), capitalist and manufacturer, was +of Scottish parentage. James Smith Kirk (1818-86), soap manufacturer +in Chicago, was born in Glasgow. George Yule, born in Rathen, +Aberdeenshire, in 1824, was distinguished in manufactures. William +Chapman Ralston (1826-75), developer of California, was of Scottish +ancestry. William Barr (1827-1908), merchant and philanthropist, +founder of one of the largest dry goods firms in the Middle West, was +born in Lanark. Matthew Baird (1817-77), born in Londonderry of Ulster +Scot parentage, a partner in the Baldwin Locomotive Works, in 1865 +became sole proprietor besides being a director in several other +important corporations. James Douglas Reid (1819-1901), born in +Edinburgh, superintended the construction of many of the most +important telegraph lines in the United States and founded and edited +the "National Telegraph Review." Theodore Irwin (b. 1827), grain +merchant, manufacturer, and bibliophile; and Edward Henry Kellogg <a name="Page_103" id="Page_103" />(b. +1828), manufacturer of lubricating oils, were of Scottish descent. +James Abercrombie Burden (b. 1833), ironmaster and manufacturer, was +son of the great Scottish inventor, Henry Burden. William Sloane (d. +1879), came to the United States in 1834 and established the great +carpet firm of William Sloane and Sons. The development of the tobacco +industry which so enriched Glasgow in the middle of the eighteenth +century, drew large numbers of Scots to Virginia as merchants and +manufacturers, and, says Slaughter, "it is worthy of note that Scotch +families such as the Dunlops, Tennants, Magills, Camerons, etc., are +to this day (1879) leaders of the tobacco trade of Petersburg, which +has grown so great as to swallow up her sisters, Blandford and +Pocahontas, which were merged in one corporation in 1784." David +Hunter McAlpin (b. 1816) was one of the largest tobacco manufacturers; +and Alexander Cameron, born in 1834 at Grantown-on-Spey, had an +extensive share in the tobacco business, with four large branch +factories in Australia. Alexander Macdonald (b. 1833), born at Forres, +Elginshire, was President of the Standard Oil Company of Kentucky and +Director in several other important business enterprises. James Crow, +Kentucky pioneer, (c. 1800-1859), born in Scotland and graduated as a +physician from Edinburgh University. In 1822 went from Philadelphia to +Woodford County, Kentucky, where his knowledge of chemistry enabled +him vastly to improve the methods of distilling whiskey, and he became +the founder of the great distilling industry of that state. Walter +Callender, born in Stirling in 1834, was founder of the firm of +Callender, McAuslan, and Troup, of Providence. E.J. Lindsay, born in +Dundee in 1838, was manufacturer of agricultural implements in +Wisconsin. Alexander Cochrane, born at Barrhead in 1840, was a great +chemical manufacturer. Edwin Allen Cruikshank, born in 1843 of +Scottish ancestry, was a real estate operator and one of the founders +of the Real Estate Exchange in 1883. George Harrison Barbour, born in +1843 of Scottish parentage, was Vice-President and General Manager of +the Michigan Stove Company, the largest establishment of the kind in +the world. William Marshall, born in Leith in 1848, was founder of the +Anglo-American Varnish Company (1890). Robert Means Thompson, born in +1849 of Scottish ancestry, was President of the Orford Copper Company, +one of the largest producers of nickel in the world. William James +Hogg (b. 1851), carpet manufacturer in Worcester and Auburn, +Massachusetts; and Francis Thomas Fletcher Lovejoy, Secretary of the +Carnegie Steel Company were of Scottish descent. William Howe McElwain +(b. 1867), shoe manufacturer in New England, is of Argyllshire +descent; and the Armours of Chicago, descended from James Armour, who +came from Ulster c. 1750, claim <a name="Page_104" id="Page_104" />Scottish ancestry. William Barbour +(b. 1847), thread manufacturer, was grandson of a Scot who moved from +Paisley, Scotland, to Lisburn, Ireland, in 1768, and in 1784 +established what is now the oldest linen thread manufacturing +establishment in the world. George A. Clark (1824-73), born in +Paisley, established the thread mills at Newark, New Jersey, the +business of which was carried on by his brother William (b. 1841), who +came to the United States in 1860. The great Coates Thread Mills at +Pawtucket, Rhode Island, are a branch of the firm of J. and J. Coates +of Paisley. Hugh Chalmers (b. 1873), President of the Chalmers Motor +Company, of Detroit, is descended from Thomas Chalmers who came from +Scotland early in the nineteenth century. Ramsey Crooks (1786-1859), +fur trader, born in Greenock, Scotland; came to America and settled in +Wisconsin. In 1809, he entered the service of John Jacob Astor and +made, with Donald Mackenzie and Robert Stuart, the memorable +3,500-mile trip to Astoria, on the Pacific Ocean. In 1834, he settled +in New York and engaged successfully in business. During his residence +at Mackinac Island, Mich., and on his adventurous trips he was a great +friend and confidant of the Indians. Black Hawk said he was "The best +paleface friend the red men ever had." Mention may also here be made +of the Anchor line of Steamships founded by Thomas and John Henderson +of Glasgow. The ships of this line began service between Glasgow and +New York in 1856. In 1869 they established a North Sea service between +Granton, Scotland, and Scandinavian ports and through this channel +introduced many thousands of industrious Scandinavian settlers into +the United States. In 1870 they established the first direct +communication between Italy, southern Europe and the United States, +and in 1873 they inaugurated, and were the principal carriers of, the +live cattle trade between the United States and Europe.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_IN_BANKING_FINANCE_INSURANCE_AND_RAILROADS" id="SCOTS_IN_BANKING_FINANCE_INSURANCE_AND_RAILROADS" /><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105" />SCOTS IN BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE AND RAILROADS</h2> + + +<p>In the financial and commercial field in this country the Scots have +held a foremost place and stand unrivalled for integrity, energy, +fidelity, and enterprise. Many jibes are made at the expense of the +Canny Scot, but American business men have realized his value. In +business and commercial life the success of the average Scot is +remarkable and many of the guiding spirits among America's successful +business men are Scots or men of Scottish descent.</p> + +<p>James Blair (b. 1807), brother of John Inslee Blair, was largely +identified with the development of banks and railroads in +Pennsylvania. George Smith (1808-99), born in Aberdeenshire, founded +the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company (1839) and was later a +prominent banker in Georgia. Alexander Mitchell (1817-87), financier, +railroad builder, and one of the Commissioners of Public Debt of +Milwaukee, was born near Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Brown Brothers, bankers +in New York, was founded by Alexander Brown (1764-1834) who was born +in Ballymena of Ulster Scot parentage. George Bain (1836-91), +merchant, banker, and director in many railroads, banks, and insurance +companies, was born in Stirling, Scotland. Robert Craig Chambers (b. +1831), miner, financier, and State Senator of Utah, was of Scottish +descent. John Aikman Stewart (b. 1822), President of the United States +Trust Company and Assistant Treasurer of the United States, was born +in New York city, son of a native of Stornoway, Hebrides. Alonzo +Barton Hepburn (b. 1847), descendant of Patrick Hepburn who came from +Scotland in 1736, President of the Chase National Bank, a +distinguished New York banker, has written much on financial subjects. +Thomas William Lamont (b. 1870), whose forefather came from +Argyllshire, is a member of the firm of J.P. Morgan & Co., and +prominent in international finance. Walter Edwin Frew, President of +the Corn Exchange Bank, New York, and President of the New York +Clearing House is of Scottish parentage. He was a pioneer of the +branch banking system in New York. James Berwick Forgan, born in St. +Andrews, in 1852, President of the First National Bank of Chicago, is +a pillar of finance. Andrew Glassell (1827-1901), descendant of a +Dumfriesshire emigrant <a name="Page_106" id="Page_106" />of 1756, was a prominent lawyer and banker in +Los Angeles. James Alexander Linen (b. 1840), President of the First +National Bank of Scranton, was of Scottish parentage. George Rutledge +Gibson (b. 1853), of Scottish descent, has written largely on +questions of foreign finance. John Hall McClement (b. 1862), railroad +and financial expert, is of Scottish parentage. Duncan MacInnes, born +at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, has been Chief Accountant of the City of +New York for many years, and is one of the best equipped men in +municipal finance in America. Robert Graham Dun (1826-1900), +mercantile credit expert, was grandson of Rev. James Dun, minister in +Glasgow, who emigrated to Virginia, c. 1815.</p> + +<p>Robert Burns Beath (1839-1914), President of the United Firemens' +Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and author of the "History of the +Grand Army of the Republic" (1888), was of Scots parentage. William C. +Alexander (1806-74), President of the Equitable Life Insurance +Company, was second son of Dr. Archibald Alexander of Princeton. His +son James Waddell Alexander (1839-1915), was also President of the +same Company. John Augustine McCall (1849-1906), President of the New +York Life Insurance Company, was of Ulster Scot descent.</p> + +<p>Men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent have had a prominent place +in the development of the railroads of the United States from their +inception to the present day. It was a Scot, Peter Fleming, Surveyor +of the upper part of New York city, who laid out the grades for the +first railroad in the state. John Inslee (or Insley) Blair (1802-99), +founder of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company (1846), financier and +founder of the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad, was a descendant of +Samuel Blair who came from Scotland in 1720. Blairstown, New Jersey, +is named in his honor. He gave half a million dollars to various +Presbyterian institutions. Samuel Sloan (1817-1907), President of the +Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad (1867-99), was born in Lisburn of +Ulster Scot ancestry. John T. Grant (1813-87), railroad builder in +Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, was of +Scottish origin; and so also was Thomas Alexander Scott (1824-81), +Vice-President and President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Assistant +Secretary of War (1861-62), and President of the Texas Pacific +Railroad. James McCrea (b. 1836), descended from James McCrea, an +Ulster Scot who came to America in 1776, was one of the ablest +Presidents of the Pennsylvania Railroad. John Edgar Thompson, third +President, Frank Thompson, sixth Vice-President of the Pennsylvania +system, were also of Scottish descent. Alexander Johnson Cassatt, +seventh President, was <a name="Page_107" id="Page_107" />Scottish on his mother's side. Another +prominent Scot connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad was Robert +Pitcairn, born at Johnstone, near Paisley, in 1836. Angus Archibald +McLeod (b. 1847), re-organizer of the Philadelphia and Reading +Railroad was also a Scot; and George Devereux Mackay (b. 1854), banker +and railroad builders, was descended from John Mackay who came from +Caithness in 1760. John Allan Muir (1852-1904), railroad promoter of +California, was of Scottish parentage.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTS_AS_JOURNALISTS_PUBLISHERS_AND_TYPEFOUNDERS" id="SCOTS_AS_JOURNALISTS_PUBLISHERS_AND_TYPEFOUNDERS" /><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108" />SCOTS AS JOURNALISTS, PUBLISHERS AND TYPEFOUNDERS</h2> + + +<p>The first newspaper printed in North America, <i>The Boston News-Letter</i> +for April 24, 1704, was published by a Scot, John Campbell +(1653-1728), bookseller and postmaster of Boston. John Mein and John +Fleming, the founders and publishers of <i>The Boston Chronicle</i> (1767) +were both born in Scotland. The paper was printed "on a new and +handsome type, a broad faced long primer, from an Edinburgh foundry, +and typographically far surpassed any paper that had appeared before +it in New England." David Hall (c. 1714-1772), born in Edinburgh, +emigrated to America shortly after 1740, became a partner of Benjamin +Franklin in 1748. He was printer of the <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, one of +the few leading newspapers of the day, and one of the founders of the +St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. His son, William (died 1831), +who carried on the printing business, was one of the original members +of the "Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia," afterwards known as +"The First City Troop," and served in the Continental Army during the +Revolutionary War. Robert Aitken (1734-1802), born in Dalkeith, +Scotland, printer and publisher in Philadelphia in 1769, was publisher +of the <i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i> from January 1775 to June 1776, the +first magazine in Philadelphia containing illustrations, most of which +were engraved by Aitken himself. He also published, at his own +expense, in 1782, the first English Bible printed in America. Major +Andrew Brown (c. 1744-1797), born in the north of Ireland of Scottish +parents, was publisher of the <i>Federal Gazette</i>, later (1793) changed +to <i>Philadelphia Gazette</i>. He is credited with being the first +newspaper man to employ a reporter for the debates in Congress. It may +here be mentioned that the publisher of the first directory of +Philadelphia and its suburbs (1782), was a Scot, Captain John +Macpherson (1726-92). James Adams, Delaware's first printer (1761), +was an Ulster Scot who learned the art of printing in Londonderry and +founded the <i>Wilmington Courant</i> in 1762. Col. Eleazer Oswald +(1755-1795), of Scottish origin, though born in England, rendered +brilliant service on the side of the colonies during the Revolution. +In 1779 he became associated with William Goddard in the <i>Maryland +Journal</i>, the first newspaper <a name="Page_109" id="Page_109" />printed in Baltimore. Later removing to +Philadelphia he issued the first number of the <i>Independent Gazetteer, +or the Chronicle of Freedom</i>, April 13, 1782, and at the same time he +also conducted in New York <i>The Independent Gazetteer, or New York +Journal</i> (1782-87). The first daily paper published in Baltimore +(1791) was by David Graham. Alexander Purdie, a native of Scotland, +was editor of the <i>Virginia Gazette</i> from March 1766 to December 1774. +Shortly after this date he started a Gazette of his own, and in the +issue of his paper for June 7, 1776, he printed the heraldic device of +a shield, on which is a rattlesnake coiled, with supporters, dexter, a +bear collared and chained, sinister, a stag. The crest is a woman's +head crowned and the motto: <i>Don't tread on me</i>. Adam Boyd +(1738-1803), colonial printer and preacher, purchased the printing +outfit of another Scot, Andrew Stuart, who had set up the first +printing press in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1763. In 1769 (Oct. +13) Boyd issued the first number of the <i>Cape Fear Mercury</i>, and +continued it till 1776. James Johnston, born in Scotland, was the +first to establish a printing press in Georgia (1762) and in April, +1763, began publication of <i>The Georgia Gazette</i>, which was published +by him for twenty-seven years. His successor (1793) was another Scot, +Alexander M'Millan, "Printer to the State." Robert Wells (1728-94), +born in Scotland, was a publisher and bookseller in South Carolina for +many years, and published the <i>South Carolina and American General +Gazette</i>. John Wells, Florida's first printer (1784), born in +Charleston, served his apprenticeship at Donaldson's printing house in +Edinburgh. Matthew Duncan, son of Major Joseph Duncan, of Scottish +ancestry, introduced printing into Illinois in 1809, and published the +first newspaper there. Major Nathaniel McLean, brother of John McLean, +one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, was one +of the first publishers in Minnesota (1849, the same year in which +printing was introduced into the state). The township of McLean, +Ramsey county, was named in honor of him. There is mention of a +printing press being set up in Michigan in 1785 by Alexander and +William Macomb, but nothing further is known of it. The first book +printed in Montana was in 1864, and in August of the same year John +Buchanan founded the <i>Montana Post</i> at Virginia City. John Dunlap +(1747-1812), an Ulster Scot born in Strabane, was Congressional +Printer and first printed the Declaration of Independence.</p> + +<p>Thomas Ritchie (1778-1854), born of Scottish parentage. He wielded a +powerful influence for good in both the national and state politics of +Virginia, and his funeral was attended by nearly all the distinguished +men of the times, including the President. Ritchie County, West +Virginia, was named in his honor. Francis Preston <a name="Page_110" id="Page_110" />Blair (1791-1876), +political writer, negotiator of peace conference at Hampton Roads in +1864, and editor of the Washington <i>Globe</i>, was a descendant of +Commissary Blair of Virginia. James Gordon Bennett (1795-1872), born +near Keith, Banffshire, pioneer of modern American journalism and +founder of the New York <i>Herald</i>, a newspaper which has long wielded a +great influence on political affairs. Horace Greeley (1811-72), +founder of the New York <i>Tribune</i>, unsuccessful candidate for the +Presidency in 1872, anti-slavery leader, and author of "The American +Conflict" (1864-66), was of Ulster Scot descent. Of the same origin +was Joseph Medill (1823-99), proprietor of the Chicago <i>Tribune</i> +(1874); and Robert Bonner (1824-99), founder of the New York <i>Ledger</i> +(1851), was born in Londonderry of Ulster Scot origin. James Thompson +Callender (d. 1806), a political exile from Scotland, a controversial +writer of great power, a severe critic of the administration of John +Adams, founded the <i>Richmond Recorder</i>, predecessor of the <i>Richmond +Enquirer</i>. John Swinton (1829-1901), born in Haddingtonshire, was +editorial writer for the New York <i>Times</i> (1860-70), and <i>Sun</i> +(1875-83, 1893-97). He took an active interest in social and +industrial questions and was Progressive Labor Party's candidate for +State Senator in 1887. James Redpath (1833-91), journalist and author, +born in Berwick-on-Tweed, was prominently identified with the +abolition movement, was organizer of the school system of South +Carolina, founder of the Boston Lyceum Bureau, war correspondent for +Northern newspapers during the Civil War, and author of several +histories and biographical works. William Andrew Ure (b. 1839), of +Scottish parentage, by his energy made the Newark, New Jersey, <i>Sunday +Call</i>, one of the leading newspapers in the state. Whitelaw Reid is +noted under Ambassadors. St. Clair McKelway (b. 1845), who became +Regent and Vice-Chancellor of the University of the State of New York, +was of Scots parentage. Andrew McLean, born in Renton, Dumbartonshire, +in 1848, is editor-in-chief of the <i>Brooklyn Citizen</i>, which under his +guidance has become an influential paper. Washington McLean and his +son, John R. McLean, established one of the greatest newspapers in the +Middle West, the <i>Cincinnati Enquirer</i>. David Alexander Munro +(1848-1910), a native of Maryburgh, Ross-shire, educated at Edinburgh +University, editor for many years of the <i>North American Review</i>. John +Foord, born in Perthshire, came to the U.S. in 1869; became editorial +writer on the <i>New York Times</i> and later editor-in-chief; after 1883, +editor and publisher of the <i>Brooklyn Union</i>; editor of <i>Harper's +Weekly; </i> leader writer on <i>Journal of Commerce</i>, and editor of +<i>Asia</i>. Other journalists who may be mentioned are William Cauldwell +(b. 1824) of New York, of Scottish parentage on both sides; George +Dawson <a name="Page_111" id="Page_111" />(1813-83) of Albany, born in Falkirk, Scotland; William Wiston +Seaton (1785-1866) of Washington, D.C., a Regent of the Smithsonian +Institution; and George Horace Lorimer (b. 1867), journalist and +author of "Letters from a Self-made Merchant to His Son" (1902), etc. +John J. McElhone (1832-90), famous as a stenographer and chief +Official Reporter of the House of Representatives, was of Scottish +ancestry.</p> + +<p>Thomas Dobson, publisher of the first American edition of the +<i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> (1791), was a Scot who gave a great impulse +to printing in the United States. Robert Carter (1807-89), publisher +and founder of the house of Robert Carter and Brothers, so long and +honorably known in New York city, was born in Earlston, Berwickshire. +Henry Ivison (1808-84), born in Glasgow, became a prominent publisher +in New York. His son, David Brinkerhoff Ivison, born in 1835, was also +a prominent publisher and founder of the American Book Company. John +Wilson (1802-68), born in Glasgow, was founder of the famous printing +firm of John Wilson and Son of Cambridge, Massachusetts, now Harvard +University Press. George Munro (1825-96), publisher of the <i>Seaside +Library, Fireside Companion</i>, etc., was of Scottish descent. In the +course of his life he gave away half a million dollars for educational +purposes. Whatever may be thought of his appropriating the works of +British authors without compensation it cannot be denied that he did a +great deal to raise the literary taste among the poorer classes in +this country. George William Quids (1829-94), publisher and proprietor +of the <i>Philadelphia Public Ledger</i>, was of Scottish descent. Robert +Clarke (1829-99), founded of the great Cincinnati publishing house of +Robert Clarke and Co., was born in the town of Annan in Dumfriesshire. +Norman Leslie Munro (1842-94), publisher of the <i>Family Story Paper</i> +and founder of Munro's Publishing House, was born in Nova Scotia of +Scottish ancestry.</p> + +<p>John Baine, born in St. Andrews, in partnership with his grandson, +established the first type-foundry in Philadelphia in 1787. Their firm +cast the types for a portion of the American edition of the +<i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, reprinted in Philadelphia in 1791. +Archibald Binny, (1763-1838), born in Portobello, near Edinburgh, and +James Ronaldson (d. 1841), also born in Scotland, succeeded to and +carried on the business established by Baine. In 1797 they cast the +first $ sign used in this country. The quality and art of their +product was in no wise inferior to the European and the sale of +foreign made types ceased shortly after they established their +business. Their foundry kept pace with the growth of the country and +in the seventies of last century became the best and most extensive +letter-foundry in the world. Archibald <a name="Page_112" id="Page_112" />Binny loaned the United States +Government the sum of 50,000 dollars for use in the war of 1812-14. +Ronaldson was first president of the Franklin Institute in +Philadelphia (1824-41), an institution in which he took a great +interest, and in 1831 presented to Philadelphia the beautiful cemetery +bearing his name. He was described as "an upright, frugal and honest +man, and a lover of his adopted country." George Bruce (1781-1866), +born in Edinburgh, along with his brother David introduced the art of +stereotyping, the secret of which David secured in Edinburgh. In 1816 +they purchased a foundry for type making and stereotyping, and George +Bruce in his seventy-eighth year of age produced type which has rarely +been excelled for beauty of design and neatness of finish. "He did +much toward facilitating American printing and towards making it a +fine art, inventing, with the assistance of his nephew, David Bruce, +Jr., a successful type-casting machine which has come into general +use." Thomas Mackellar (1812-1899), printer and poet, also one of the +leading type founders, was of Scottish parentage. William Vincent +McKean, born in 1820 of Ulster Scot descent, was another distinguished +type-founder and editor-in-chief of the <i>Philadelphia Public Ledger</i> +for many years. Another individual who may be included under this head +is Adam Ramage who was born in Scotland and died at an advanced age in +Philadelphia in 1850. He was distinguished as a manufacturer of +printing presses in the beginning of last century, and patented the +"Ramage" press in 1818.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SOME_PROMINENT_SCOTS_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY" id="SOME_PROMINENT_SCOTS_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY" /><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113" />SOME PROMINENT SCOTS IN NEW YORK CITY</h2> + + +<p>Many names mentioned in other sections apply equally to New York city +but for lack of space they are not here again referred to. David +Jamison, one of the early Colonial lawyers in New York, was born in +Scotland. In 1707 he defended Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian +clergyman, when he was arrested for preaching in the city without a +license, and in 1710 he became Chief Justice of New Jersey. James +Graham (died c. 1700), Recorder of the city, was also a native of +Scotland. John Watts (1749-1836), of Scots parentage, was the last +Royal Recorder of the city, Speaker of the New York Assembly, Member +of Congress, 1793-96, and founder of the Leake and Watts Orphan +Asylum. Archibald Gracie, born in Dumfries, emigrated to America about +1778. Through his business enterprise he largely developed the +commercial importance of the port of New York. He was also founder of +the first Savings Bank in America, founder of the Lying-in Hospital of +the Cedar Street Presbyterian Church, President of the Chamber of +Commerce for twenty years, etc. Cadwallader David Golden (1769-1834), +grandson of Cadwallader Colden, was Mayor of the city from 1818 to +1821, and made an enviable record in that office. James Lenox +(1800-80), merchant, philanthropist, bibliophile, and founder of the +Lenox Library, now incorporated in the New York Public Library, was +one of the most useful citizens New York ever possessed. His public +benefactions were numerous, but only the largest were made public. +Among these were the Lenox Library, formerly at Fifth Avenue and +Seventieth Street; the Presbyterian Hospital, and liberal endowments +to Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary. Alexander +Turney Stewart (1803-76), merchant and philanthropist, born in Ireland +of Scots parents, established the great dry goods business now owned +by John Wanamaker. He was nominated as Secretary of the Treasury +(1869) but was not confirmed. Hugh Maxwell (1787-1873), born in +Paisley, was Assistant Junior Advocate General in 1814, District +Attorney for the city from 1819 to 1829, and Collector of the Port +(1849-52). Robert L. Stuart (1806-82) and his brother Alexander +(1810-79), sugar refiners, both gave large sums, estimated at over two +million dollars, to many charities, and the library, pictures, <a name="Page_114" id="Page_114" />and +mineral and shell collections of the former are preserved in a +separate room of the New York Public Library. Hugh Auchincloss +(1817-90) and John Auchincloss, his brother, sons of Hugh Auchincloss +of Paisley, were prominent merchants in the city. Robert Lenox Kennedy +(b. 1822), banker and public spirited citizen, grandson of a Scot, was +President of the Trustees of the New York Public Library, an +institution largely Scottish in its foundation and endowment. James +Gibb, born in Scotland in 1829, a successful merchant, was President +of Brooklyn Park Commission. James Cruikshank (b. 1831), of Scottish +descent, was noted for his activity in furthering education in +Brooklyn. Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), of Scottish parentage, was +Member of Congress from New York (1875-79, 1881-86), and Mayor of the +city (1887-88). John Stewart Kennedy (1830-1909), financier and +philanthropist, born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, gave one million +dollars to the Presbyterian Hospital as his golden wedding anniversary +gift, five hundred thousand dollars to Columbia University, besides +innumerable gifts to other institutions. His will left over +sixty-seven million dollars, nearly half of it for charitable +purposes. Alexander Ector Orr (1831-1914), President of New York Rapid +Transit Commission, Vice-President of many financial institutions, was +of Ulster Scot descent. Thomas Fitchie (1834-1905), of Scottish +parentage, was an earnest worker for purity in civil life in Brooklyn. +Charles A. Lamont (1835-1904), son of Neil Lamont from Scotland, was +one of the original members of the Republican Party and of the Union +League prominent in city affairs. He was the originator of the Ramapo +scheme of water supply for the city. Robert Maclay (b. 1836), of +Scottish parentage, was President of the Knickerbocker Ice Company +(1875), Commissioner of Education, Rapid Transit Commissioner, etc. +Dr. Albert Prescott Marble (1836-1906), a recognized leader in +educational matters, President of the Board of Superintendents of the +New York Department of Education, was a descendant of one of the Scots +settlers of Maine. Robert Macy Galloway (b. 1837), merchant and +banker, had a considerable part in developing the elevated railroads +of the city. Eugene Gilbert Blackford (1839-1904), merchant and +ichthyologist, of Scottish descent, "did more to advance the interests +of fish culture in this country than any other man." He wrote much on +the subject and to his efforts was due the creation of the Aquarium at +the Battery. Alexander Taylor, born in Leith, Scotland, in 1821, was +founder of the firm of Alexander Taylor's Sons. Walter Scott, managing +Director of Butler Brothers, born in Canada, of Scottish parentage, is +widely known as a liberal promoter of education, art, athletics, and +patriotism.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SCOTTISH_SOCIETIES_IN_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="SCOTTISH_SOCIETIES_IN_THE_UNITED_STATES" /><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115" />SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES</h2> + + +<p>That the Scots in America have not been solely devoted to business and +the promotion of their own selfish welfare is evidenced by the +remarkable growth of their numerous Societies based upon the extension +of fellowship among Scots in the New World and for the collection and +distribution of charitable funds among the poor and needy of their +countrymen. The oldest of these Societies, the Scots' Charitable +Society of Boston, was founded January 6, 1657, with twenty-seven +members. It was followed by the St. Andrew's Club of Charleston, S.C. +(the first to bear the name of St. Andrew), 1729; the St. Andrew's +Society of Philadelphia, December 7, 1749; the St. Andrew's Society of +Savannah, Ga., 1750; the St. Andrew's Society of the Province, +afterward of the State of New York, November 19, 1756; and the St. +Andrew's Society of Albany, N.Y., November 10, 1803; until at the +present time, there is no city of any size or importance in the +country that does not have its St. Andrew's Society, or Burns or +Caledonian Club, which serves to keep alive the memories of the +home-land, to instil patriotism toward the adopted country, and to aid +the distressed among their kinsfolk. There are now more than one +thousand of these Societies in America, including the Order of +Scottish Clans (organized, 1878) a successful fraternal, patriotic and +beneficial order, with more than one hundred separate clans, and the +Daughters of Scotia, a rapidly growing order for women of Scottish +blood, organized in 1898.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONCLUSION" id="CONCLUSION" /><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116" />CONCLUSION</h2> + + +<p>"It is the knowledge that Scotsmen have done their share in building +up the great Republic that makes them proud of its progress and +inspires them to add to its glories and advantages in every way. +Scotsmen, as a nationality, are everywhere spoken of as good and loyal +citizens, while Americans who can trace a family residence of a +century in the country are proud if they can count among their +ancestors some one who hailed from the land of Burns, and it is a +knowledge of all this, in turn, that makes the American Scot of to-day +proud of his country's record and his citizenship and impels him to be +as devoted to the new land as it was possible for him to have been to +the old had he remained in it. In America, the old traditions, the old +blue flag with its white cross, the old Doric, are not forgotten, but +are nourished, and preserved, and honored, and spoken by Scotsmen on +every side with the kindliest sentiments on the part of those to whom +they are alien. Americans know and acknowledge that the traditions and +flag and homely speech have long been conserved to the development of +that civil and religious liberty on which the great confederation of +sovereign republican States has been founded. In the United States, +Sir Walter Scott has more readers and quite as enthusiastic admirers +as in Scotland, and if Americans were asked which of the world's poets +came nearest to their hearts, the answer would undoubtedly be—Robert +Burns."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_PRINCIPAL_AUTHORITIES_REFERRED_TO" id="LIST_OF_PRINCIPAL_AUTHORITIES_REFERRED_TO" /><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117" />LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO</h2> + + +<p> +<i>Appleton</i>. Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York, 1887-89.<br /> +6v.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Bingham</i>. Early History of Michigan. Lansing, 1888.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Breed</i>. Presbyterians and the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1876.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Campbell</i>, The Puritan in Holland, England, and America. New<br /> +York, 1892.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Casson</i>. The Sons of Old Scotland in America. New York, 1906.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Charlton</i>. The Making of Georgia. Savannah, 1905.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Craighead</i>. Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil. Philadelphia,<br /> +1879.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Dinsmore</i>. The Scotch-Irish in America. Chicago, 1906.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Dyer</i>. Early American Craftsmen. New York, 1915.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Ford</i>. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton, 1915.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Green</i>. The Scotch-Irish in America. Worcester, 1895.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Hanna</i>. The Scotch-Irish. New York, 1902. 2 v.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Harrison</i>. The Scot in Ulster. Edinburgh, 1888.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Jones</i>. History of Georgia. Boston, 1883.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Kelly and Burrage</i>. American Medical Biographies. Baltimore,<br /> +1920.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Lewis</i>. Great American Lawyers. Philadelphia, 1907-09. 8 v.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Maclean</i>. Historical Account of the Settlements of Scottish Highlanders<br /> +in America Prior to the Peace of 1783. Cleveland, 1900.<br /> +<br /> +<i>National Cyclopædia, of American Biography</i>. New York, 1898-1906.<br /> +16 v.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Parker</i>. History of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Boston, 1851.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland</i>. Edinburgh, v. 8, 9.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Reid</i>. The Scot in America and the Ulster Scot. London, 1911.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Roberts</i>. New York-Boston, 1904.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Ross</i>. The Scot in America. New York, 1896.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Scotch-Irish in America</i>. Proceeding of Scotch-Irish Congresses.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Scots Magazine</i>. Edinburgh, 1768-1774.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Slaughter</i>. History of Bristol Parish. Richmond, 1879.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Smith</i>. History of the Colony of Nova Cæsaria or New Jersey.<br /> +Burlington, 1765.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Smith</i>. History of New York. Philadelphia, 1792.<br /> +<br /> +<i>White</i>. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. New York, 1911.<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX" /><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118" />INDEX</h2> + +<p><a href='#A'>A</a> - <a href='#B'>B</a> - <a href='#C'>C</a> - <a href='#D'>D</a> - <a href='#E'>E</a> - <a href='#F'>F</a> - <a href='#G'>G</a> - <a href='#H'>H</a> - <a href='#I'>I</a> - <a href='#J'>J</a> - <a href='#K'>K</a> - <a href='#L'>L</a> - <a href='#Mc'>Mc/Mac</a> - <a href='#M'>M</a> - <a href='#N'>N</a> - <a href='#O'>O</a> - <a href='#P'>P</a> - Q - <a href='#R'>R</a> - <a href='#S'>S</a> - <a href='#T'>T</a> - <a href='#U'>U</a> - <a href='#V'>V</a> - <a href='#W'>W</a> - X - <a href='#Y'>Y</a> - <a href='#Z'>Z</a></p> + +<p> +<a name="A" id="A" />Abercrombie, James, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Abernethy, Gov. George, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Adair, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Adair, John Johnstone, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Adair, William, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Adams, James, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Addison, Alexander, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Agnew, Dr. David Hayes, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Ainslie, Hew, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Aitken, Robert, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Archibald, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Dr. Archibald, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Cosmo, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Alexander, James, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Alexander, James Waddell, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Alexander, John, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Alexander, John White, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Joseph Addison, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Gov. Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Stephen, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Alexander, Brig.-Gen. William, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Alexander, William C., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Allison, Francis, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Allen, Adam, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Allerdyce, Samuel, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Anderson, Dr. Alexander, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Anderson, Charles, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Anderson, Hugh, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Anderson, Gov. Hugh Johnston, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Anderson, Lt.-Col. Richard C., <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +Arbuckle, John, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Armour, James, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Armours of Chicago, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Armstrong, Brig.-Gen. John. <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Arthur, Pres. Chester Alan, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Astor, John Jacob, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Auchincloss, Hugh, Jr., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Auchincloss, Hugh, Sr., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Auchincloss, John, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Auchmuty, Robert, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Auchmuty, Rev. Samuel, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="B" id="B" />Bain, George, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Baine, John, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Baird, George W., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Baird, Matthew, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Baird, Spencer Fullerton, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Bancroft, George, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.<br /> +Barbour, Edwin Hinckley, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Barbour, Geo. Harrison, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Barbour, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Barbour, William, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Barclay, Alexander, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Barclay, David, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Barclay, David Robert, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Barclay, Rev. Henry, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Barclay, John, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Barclay, John Charles, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Barclay, Gov. Robert, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Barclay, Col. Thomas, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Baron, Alexander, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Barr, William, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Bartram, Gen. George, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Baxter, George, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Beall, Col. Ninian, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Bean, Dr. James, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Bean, John, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Bean, Russell, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Bean, Capt. William, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Beath, Robert Burns, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Beatty, John Wesley, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Beck, Senator, James Burnie, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Bell, Alexander Graham, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Bell, Alex. Melville, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Bell, Gov. Charles Henry, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Bell, Gov. Charles James, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Bell, John, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Bell, John, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Bell, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Bell, Luther V., <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Bell, Gov. Peter Hansborough, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Bell, Gov. Samuel, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Bell, Samuel Dana, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Bell, Thomas Sloan, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Bennett, James Gordon, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Berkeley, Sir William, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Bethune, Divie, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Bethune, Mrs. Divie, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Bethune, Rev. Geo. W., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Beveridge, Gov. John Lourie, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Bigger, Gov. Samuel, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Binny, Archibald, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +Birney, Gen. David Bell, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Birney, James Gillespie, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Black, Gavin, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Blackburn, Gideon, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Blackford, Eugene G., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Blaine, James Gillespie, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Blair, Dr. Archibald, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Blair, Asso. Justice, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Blair, Gov. Austin, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Blair, Senator Francis Montgomery, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Blair, Francis Preston, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Blair, James, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Blair, James, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Blair, James, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Blair, Commissary James, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Blair, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Blair, John Inslee, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Blair, Montgomery, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.<br /> +Blair, Samuel, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Bonner, Robert, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Bouquet, Col. Henry, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Bowe, (Bowie), John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Bowie, Gov. Robert, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Bowie, James, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Bowyer, Col. John, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Bowyer, Col. William, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Boyd, Adam, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Boyd, David French, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Boyd, Gov. James E., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Boyd, John, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Boyd, Thos. Duckett, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Boyd, Rev. William, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +Brady, Gov. John Henry, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Breathitt, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Brechin, James, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, Henry, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Brackenridge, Henry Marie, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Brackenridge, Hugh H., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, John, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, V.-Pres. John Cabell, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, Joseph Cabell, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, Robert, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, Robert Jefferson, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Breckenridge, Wm. Campbell Preston, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Breckinridge, Alexander, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Breghin, James, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Brevard, Dr. Ephraim, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Brice, Senator Calvin Stewart, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Brisbane, Albert, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Brisbane, Robert, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Brown, Abel, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Brown, Alexander, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Brown, Mayor Andrew, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Brown, Angus, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_119" id="Page_119" />Brown, Gov. Gratz, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Brown, Brothers, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Brown, David Paul, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Brown, Gov. Frank, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Brown, Dr. Gustavus, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Brown, Dr. Gustavus (III), <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Brown, Dr. Gustavus R., <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Brown, Senator James, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Brown, John, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Brown, Gov. Neil S., <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Brownlee, Katherine M., <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Bruce, Alex. Campbell, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Bruce, David, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +Bruce, David, Jr., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +Bruce, George (1635), <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Bruce, Dr. Archibald, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Bruce, Catherine Wolf, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Bruce, George, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +Bruce, Wallace, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Bruce, Dr. William, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Bryce, Thomas, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Bryson, Rear Admiral Andrew, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, Alexander, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, George, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, Dr. George, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, Pres. James, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, Judge John, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, John, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Buchanan, Thomas, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Buckham, Matthew Henry, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Buist, Rev. George, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Buist, Robert, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.<br /> +Bulloch, Archibald, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Bulloch, Irvine S., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Bulloch, James, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Bulloch, James Dunwoody, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Bulloch, William B., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Burd, Col. James, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Burden, Henry, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Burden, James Abercrombie, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Burnet, David G., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Major Ichabod, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Jacob, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Senator Jacob, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Burnett, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Geo. William, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Dr. William, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Burnet, Dr. Wm. (of N.J.), <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Burnett, Gov. Peter H., <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Burns, Frank, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Burt, Charles, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="C" id="C" />Calder, Alex Milne, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Calder, Alex Stirling, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, David, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, Major John, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, John E., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, Joseph, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, Gov. Tod R., <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Calhoun, V.-Pres. John Caldwell, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Calhoun, Senator John Ewing, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Calhoun, Patrick, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Callender, James Thompson, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Callender, Walter, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Calvin, Samuel, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Alexander, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Duncan, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Families, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Gilbert, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Col. James, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Senator James Donald, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Cameron, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Senator Simon, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Cameron, Gov. William Ewan, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Rev. Alexander, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Senator Alexander, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Andrew, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Rev. Archibald, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Arthur, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Gov. David, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Duncan, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Duncan H., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Geo. Washington, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Hugh, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Hugh, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Hugh, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Campbell, James, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Gov. James E., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Campbell, James Hepburn, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Campbell, John, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Campbell, John Archibald, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Campbell, John, Earl of London, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Capt. Lauchlin, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Lewis David, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Lord Neil, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Robert, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Sanders, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Gov. Thos. Mitchell, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Campbell, William, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Lord William, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Gov. Wm. Bowen, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Wm. Harrison, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Campbell, William Wallace, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Wm. Wallace, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Cardross, Henry, Lord, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Carnegie, Andrew, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Carnochan, Dr. John Murray, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Carrack, Samuel, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Carter, Robert, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Carwood, John, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Cassatt, Alex. Johnson, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Cauldwell, William, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Chalmers, Hugh, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Chalmers, Dr. Lionel, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Chalmers, Thomas, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Chambers, John, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Chambers, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Chambers, Robert, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Chambers, Robert Craig, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Chapman, James, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Chapman, Mary, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Chapman, Gov. Reuben, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Charles, William, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Charlton, Walter Glasco, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Chase, Salmon P., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.<br /> +Chassel, David, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Chichester, Sir Arthur, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.<br /> +Childs, George William, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Chisholm, Henry, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Chisholm, Hugh J., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Chisholm, William, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Christian, William, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Chrystie, Lt.-Col. James, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Claflin, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Claperton, Thomas, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Clark, George A., <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Clark, Gen. George Rogers, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Clark, William, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Clarke, Robert, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Cleland, Hon. John, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Coates, J. & J.<a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Coburn, Gov. Abner, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Cochran, Gov. John P., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Cochran, Rev. Joseph P., <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Cochrane, Alexander, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Colbraith, Jeremiah Jones, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.<br /> +Colden, Lt.-Gov. Cadwallader, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Colden, Cadwallader D., <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Colt, Samuel, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Corbit, Daniel, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Cowan, William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Cox, Gov. James M., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Craig, James, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Craig, Dr. James, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Craig, Thomas, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Craighead, Rev. Alexander, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Craighead, Edwin Boone, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Craighead, Rev. Robert, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Craighead, Thomas, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Craighead, Thomas, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Craik, Dr. James, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Crane, Robert Bruce, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Gov. Corie Isaac, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Crawford, David, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Francis Marion, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_120" id="Page_120" />Crawford, Gov. Geo. Washington, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Dr. John Barclay, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Nathl. Macon, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Maj.-Gen. Sam. Wylie, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Thomas, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Thomas, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Crawford, William, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Crawford, William Harris, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Cree, Thomas Kirby, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Crockett, David, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Crooks, Ramsey, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Crow, James, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Cruickshank, Edwin A., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Cruickshank, James, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Cullen, Charles Mason, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Cummings, Rev. Charles, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Cummins, Gov. Albert Baird, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Cummins, William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Cunningham, Arthur, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Currie, Dr. William, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Curry, Daniel, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="D" id="D" />Dall, William, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Dall, William Healey, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Dallas, Alexander James, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Dallas, V.-Pres. George Mifflin, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.<br /> +Dallas, Dr. Robert C., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Dallas, Robert Frank, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Dalzell, Robert M., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +D'Arnsmont, Mme. Francis, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Davidson, Alexander, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Davidson, Anstruther, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Davidson, Charles, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Davidson, George, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Davidson, Thomas, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Davidson, Brig.-Gen. William, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Dawson, George, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Dawson, Thomas Cleland, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Dempster, John, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Dempster, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Denny, Geo. Hutcheson, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Dick, Alexander L., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Dick, James T., <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Dick, Robert, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Dickinson, Pres. John, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.<br /> +Dickinson, Thomas, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Dinsmoor, Robert, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Sen, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Jim, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Dinsmore, Hugh Anderson, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Dobbin, James Cochrane, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Dobson, Thomas, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Dodge, Gov. Henry, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Dougal, W.H., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Douglas, Senator Stephen Arnold, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Douglas, Thomas, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Dowart, George, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Dowie, Rev. John Alex., <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Drummond, John, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Drummond, Thomas, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Drummond, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Drysdale, Lt.-Gov. Hugh, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Dudgeon, Richard, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +Duff, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Dun, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Dun, Robert Graham, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Dunbar, Sir William, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Duncan, James, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Duncan, Gov. Joseph, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Duncan, Major Joseph, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Duncan, Matthew, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Dunlap, James, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Dunlap, John, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Dunlap, Robert, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Dunlap, Gov. Robert Pinckney, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Dunlap, William, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Dunlop Families, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Dunlop, Rev. Samuel, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.<br /> +Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Dunsmore, John Ward, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="E" id="E" />Eccles, Dr. Robert Gibson, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Eckford, Henry, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Eddy, Mary M.B. Glover, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Edison, Thomas Alva, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Edmundson, William, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Elliot, Lt.-Gov. Andrew, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Elliott, Charles, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Erskine, Henry, Lord Cardross, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Erskine, Robert, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +Erwin, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Erwin (Ewen), Gov. William, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Erwyn (Irvin), James, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Ewen (Erwin), Gov. William, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Ewing, Gen. James, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +Ewing, Thomas, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Ewing, Senator Thomas, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Ewing, Gen. Thomas, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Ewing, Gov. Wm. Lee Davidson, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="F" id="F" />Ferguson, Dr. Alex. Hugh, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, James, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, James, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, Gov. James Edward, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, Patrick, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, Thomas, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, Thomas Barker, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, Wm. Ezra, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Fife, John, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Findlay, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Finlay, Samuel, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Finley, John Huston, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Finley, Robert, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Finley, Samuel, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Fitchie, Thomas, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Fleming, Gov. Francis Philip, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Fleming, John, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Fleming, Peter, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Fleming, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Fleming, Williamina P., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Foord, John, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Dr. David, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Gen. John, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Forbes, John, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Forbes, John, Jr., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Forbes, John M., <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Philip Jones, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Stephen Alfred, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Dr. Wm. Smith, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Ford, Adm. John D., <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +Forgan, James Berwick, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Forney, Gen. Peter, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Forrest, Edwin, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Forsyth, Alexander, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Forsyth, James Bennett, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Forsyth, John <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Forsyth, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Forsyth, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Forsyth, Robert, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +Foster, Gov. Charles, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Fraser, Charles, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Fraser, John, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Frazer, John Fries, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Frazer, Persifor, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Frazer, Lt.-Col. Persifor, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +Frew, Walter E., <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Fulton, Robert, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="G" id="G" />Galloway, Beverly Thomas, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Galloway, John, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Galloway, Joseph, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +Galloway, Robert Macy, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Galt, Dr. Alexander D., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Galt, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Galt, Dr. John Minson, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Garden, Alexander, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Garden, Dr. Alexander, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Garden, Rev. Alex., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Garden, Mary, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +Gardiner, Peter, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Gear, Gov, John Henry, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Geary, Gov. John White, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Geddes, James, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Geddes, James, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Geddes, Brig.-Gen. James Lorraine, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Geddes, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121" /> +Gibb, James, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Gibboney, David C., <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Gibson, Geo. Rutledge, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Gibson, J. & G.H., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Gibson, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Gibson, John Bannister, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Gibson, Paris, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Gibson, Randall, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Gibson, Senator Randall Lee, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Gilchrist Gov. Alex. Walter, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Gilchrist, Nimrod, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Gilchrist, Wm. Wallace, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Gilfillan, James, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Gillespie, Rev. George, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Gilmer, Dr. George, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Gilmer, Gov. Geo. Rockingham, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Gilmer, Gov. Thomas Walker, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Gilmor, Robert, Sr., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Gilmor, Robert, Jr., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Gilmore, Mrs., <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Gilmour, Neil, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Gilmour, Bishop Richard, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Glassel, Andrew, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Glen, Gov. James. <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Glenn, Gustavus R., <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Glenn, Nicholas, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Goddard, William, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Gov. John Brown, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Gordon, John George, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Gov. Patrick, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Robert, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Thomas, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Thomas, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Rev. Thomas, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Thomas F., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Hon. Thomas Knox, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Walter Scott, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Gordon, William, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Wm. Fitzhugh, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Gorrie, Rev. Peter Douglas, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Gouinlock, Dr. Wm. Chalk, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Gracie, Archibald, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Graeme, David, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Graeme, Hon. James, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Graeme, Judge James, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Graham, David, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Graham, George, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Graham, Isabella, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Graham, Recorder James, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Graham, John, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Graham, Gen. Joseph, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Graham, William, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Graham, William, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Graham, Gov. Wm. Alexander, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Grant, Daniel, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Grant, Gov. James Benton, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Grant, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Grant, John T., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Grant, Matthew, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Grant, Pres. U.S., <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Grant, William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Gray, Asa, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Gray, David, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Gray, George, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Gray, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Greeley, Horace, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Gregg, David McMurtrie, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Gregory, Judge William, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Gregory, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Grier, Robert Cooper, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Grieve, Miller, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Grimes, Gov. James Wilson, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Grindlay, James, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Guffey, James McClurg, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Guffey, Wesley S., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Guthrie, James, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Guthrie, John, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="H" id="H" />Hadley, Prof. James, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Haig, George, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Haig, Thomas, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Hall, David, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Hall, James, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Hall, William, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Hallidie, Andrew L., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Gen. Alexander, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Andrew, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Andrew, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Gov. Andrew, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, John L., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, Morris, R., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Hanna, Senator Marcus Alonzo, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Harkness, William, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Harper, Gov. Joseph Morrill, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Harper, William, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Harrison, Caroline Scott, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Hart, James McDougall, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Hart, William, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Harvey, Geo. B. McC., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Harvey, Stuart, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Harvie, Andrew, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Harvie, John, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Hay, Sir Alexander. <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.<br /> +Hay, John, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Hayes, George. <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Hayes, Pres. Rutherford B., <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Henderson, David. <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Henderson, David Bremner, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Henderson, J., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Henderson, John, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Henderson, Peter, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Henderson, Thomas, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Hendricks, Gov. Thomas Andrews, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Hendry, James. <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Henry, Joseph, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Henry, Patrick, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Henry, Theodore Crosby, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Henry, Gen. Wm. Wirt, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Hepburn, Dr. Neil Jamieson, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Hepburn, Patrick, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Hewitt, Abram S., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Hinschelwood, Robert, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Hogg, Gov. James Stephen, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Hogg, William James. <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Hooper, William (Signer), <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Hope, James, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Hosack, Dr. David, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Houston, Gov. George Smith, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Houston, John, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.<br /> +Houston, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Houston, John Wallace, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Houston, Sir Patrick, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Houston, Samuel, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Houston, William, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Hume, Robert, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Humphreys, Alex. Crombie, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Hunter, Anne Nancy, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Hunter, Gov. Robert, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Hunter, Whiteside Godfrey, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Hunter, William, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Hutchins, Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Hutchins, Thomas. <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Hyslop, George, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Hyslop, James Hervey, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="I" id="I" />"Ik Marvel," <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Imlan, Gilbert, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Inglis, Mungo, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Inglis, William, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Ingraham, Edward D., <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Innes, Harry, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Innes. James, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Innes. Col. James, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Inness, George, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Irving, Washington, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Irwin, Theodore, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Ivison, David B., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Ivison, Henry, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="J" id="J" />Jackson, Pres. Andrew, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Jackson. Gen. Thomas, Jr., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Jaffray, Jean, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Jameson, Dr. David, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Jameson, Dr. Horatio G., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_122" id="Page_122" />Jamison, David, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Jay, Chief Justice John, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +John, Sir Augustus, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Johnson, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Johnson, Sir William, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.<br /> +Johnson, Gen. Albert Sydney, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Bartlett, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Prof. Christopher, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Dr. Christopher, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Gov. Gabriel, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Gilbert, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, James, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Col. James, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Capt. James, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, James, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Bishop James S., <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Johnston, John, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, John, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, John Humphreys, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Lt.-Col. Joseph Eccleston, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Gov. Joseph Forney, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Mary, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Peter, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Peter, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Robert, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Brig.-Gen. Robert, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Gov. Samuel, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Col. William, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Dr. William, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Johnston, Gov. William Freame, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Johnstone, Gov. George, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Johnstone, John, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Jones, Admiral John. Paul, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="K" id="K" />Kasson, John Adam, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Kay, William, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Keith, Benjamin Franklin, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +Keith, Rev. George, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Keith, William, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Keith, Sir William, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Kell, Capt. John McIntosh, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Kellogg, Edward Henry, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Kemp, Bishop James, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Kemp, John, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, Hon. Archibald, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, David, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, James, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, John S., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, Robert Lenox, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Ker, Walter, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Kerr, Edward, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Kerr, Senator John Leeds, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Kerr, Washington C., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Killen, William, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Kincannon, Andrew A., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Kincannon, James, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +King, James, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +King, John Crookshanks, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Kinloch, Hon. James, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Kinloch, Dr. Robert A., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Kinzie, John, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Kirk, James Smith <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Kirk, Gov. Richard, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Kirkpatrick, Chief Justice Andrew, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Kirkpatrick, Judge Andrew, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Kirkwood, Daniel, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Kirkwood, James Pugh, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Kirkwood, Mayor Robert, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Kirkwood, Robert, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Kirkwood, Gov. Samuel Jordan, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Knox, Gen. Henry, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="L" id="L" />Laidlaw, William Grant, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Laird, Samuel, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Lamont, Charles A., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Lamont, Daniel Scott, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +Lamont, Neil, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Lamont, Thomas W., <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Lauder, George, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Laurie, James, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Lawrie, Gawen (Gavin), <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +"Lawrie Todd," <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Lawson, Alexander, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Lawson, Helen E., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Lawson, James, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Lawson, John, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Lawson, Oscar A., <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Lee, Col. Henry, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Lee, James P., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Leiper, Thomas, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Lenox, James, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Leisley, J. Peter, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Lewis, Andrew, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Lewis, Ellis, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Lewis, Gen. Morgan, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Lindsay, Donald, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Lindsay, E.J., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Lindsay, James Edwin, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Lindsay, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Lindsay, Gov. Robert Burns, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Linen, James Alex., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Living, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Littlejohn, Bishop Abram N., <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Littlejohn, Hugh, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Adam, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Edward, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Col. James, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Leonidas Felix, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Philip, 2nd Lord, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Philip (The Signer), <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Robert, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Robert R., <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +Livingston, Dr. Robert R., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Livingston. Gov. William, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Lockhart, Charles, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Logan, David, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Logan, Senator George, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Logan, Judge James, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Logan, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Logan, Gen. John A., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Logan, Patrick, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Logan, Thomas, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Logan, William, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Longstreet, Augustus B., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Longstreet, Augustus B., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +Longstreet, William, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +Lorimer, George Horace, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +London, John Earl of, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Lovejoy, Francis T.F., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Lowrie, Senator Walter, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Lyall, James, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Mc" id="Mc" />Macalister, Charles, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Macalister, James, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +McAllister, Addams S., <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +McAllister, Archibald, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McAllister, Hugh (of 1732), <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +McAllister, Major Hugh, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +McAllister, James Gray, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +McAllister, Matthew Hall, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +McAllister, Maj.-Gen. Robert, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McAllisters of Philadelphia, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +McAlpin, David Hunter, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +McArthur, John Arthur, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Lt.-Gen. Arthur, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Lt.-Gov. Arthur, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Chas. Lafayette, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Douglas, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Gov. Duncan, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +McArthur, John, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Maj.-Gen. John, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McArthur, Rev. Robert S., <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +MacBean, Thomas, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +MacBean, William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +McBride, John McLaren, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Macbride, Thos. Huston, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +McBurney, Dr. Charles, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +McCall, Gen. Geo. Archibald, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McCall, Hugh, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +McCall, John Augustine, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +McCallum, Maj.-Gen. Daniel C., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McCann, William Penn, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +McCauley, Alexander, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +McCaw, Dr. James, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +McCaw, Dr. James Brown, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +McClanahan, Alexander, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +McClellan, Dr. George, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_123" id="Page_123" />McClellan, George (the anatomist), <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +McClellan, Gen. George B., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +McClellan, Geo. B., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +McClellan, James, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +McClellan, Prof. John Hill B., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +McClelland, Gov. Robert, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +McClement, John Hall, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +McClintock, James, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +McClintock, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +McClintock, Rev. Samuel, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +McCook, Major Daniel, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McCook, Gov. Edward Moody, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +McCook, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +MacCorkle, Capt. John, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +MacCorkle, Gov. Wm. Alexander, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +McCormack, Cyrus Hall, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +McCormack, James, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +McCosh, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +McCrea, James, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +McCue, John, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +McCulloch, Hugh, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.<br /> +McCulloch, Hugh, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +McCurdy, Charles, Johnston, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +McCutcheon, George Barr, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +McCutcheon, John, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Adam, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Alexander, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Alexander, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Senator Alexander, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Angus, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Gov. Chas. James, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Duncan Black, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Flora, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Hunter, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +McDonald, James, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Dr. James, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Gov. Jesse Fuller, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +McDonald, John, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, John Louis, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Senator Joseph Ewing, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +McDonald, Marshall, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +McDonnell, John, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Macdonough, Thomas, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br /> +McDougal, Maj.-Gen. Clinton D., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Macdougal, David Trembly, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +McDougall, Maj.-Gen. Alex, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +McDougall, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +MacDowell, Edward Alex., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +McDowell, Ephraim, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +McDowell, Dr. Ephraim, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +McDowell, Maj.-Gen. Irvin, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McDowell, John, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +McDowell, Col. Samuel, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +McDuffie, Gov. George, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +McElhone, John J., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +McElwain, William Howe, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +McEnery, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +McEnery, Gov. Samuel Douglas, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +MacEwen, Walter, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Macfarlane, Robert. <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Macfarlane, Will. C., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +McGaw, Alexander, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +McGee, William John <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +McGilvary, William, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +McGilvra, John Jay, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +MacGregor, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +McIlvaine, Bishop Chas. P., <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +McIlvaine, Senator Joseph, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +McIlvaine, Joshua Hall, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +MacInnes, Duncan, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +McIntosh, Alexander, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +McIntosh, Col. John, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +McIntosh, John "Mor," <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +McIntosh, Maria J., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +McIntire, Samuel, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +MacIntyre, Finloe (Finlay), <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +MacIntyre, John. <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +McIntyre, Rev. Robert, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Mackay, Ensign Charles, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Mackay, Donald, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Mackay, Geo. Devereux, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +McKay, Gordon, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Mackay, Capt. Hugh, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Mackay, John (of 1760), <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +Mackaye, James M. Steele, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Mackaye, Percy Wallace, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +McKean, Joseph, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +McKean, Thomas (Signer), <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +McKean, Rev. Thomas, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +McKean, William, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +McKean, William Vincent, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +McKeand, John, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +McKeen, Joseph, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +McKeever, Commodore Isaac, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +MacKellar, Thomas, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +McKelway, St. Clair, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Alexander, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Donald.<a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, James Cameron, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +McKenzie, John, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, John, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Rev. Robert. <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Robert Shelton. <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Robert Tait, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, William, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Rev. Wm. <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Wm. Douglas, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +McKesson, John, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Mackie, John Milton, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +McKie, Patrick, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +McKim, James Miller, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +McKinley, David, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +McKinley, Pres. William, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +McKinley, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +McLane, Col. Allan, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +McLane, Allen, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +McLane, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +McLane, Louis. <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +McLane, Gov. Robert Milligan, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +McLaren, Bishop Wm. Edward, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +McLaughlin, Andrew C., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +McLaurin, Gov. Anselm Joseph, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Maclaurin, Richard C., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Maclay, Robert, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +McLean, Andrew, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Maclean, George Edwin, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +McLean, Gov. George Payne. <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +McLean, Dr. James Henry, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +McLean, Dr. John, Sr., <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +McLean, Dr. John, Jr., <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +McLean, John, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +McLean, John <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +McLean, John, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +McLean, John, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +McLean, John R., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +McLean, Major Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +McLean, Washington, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +McLean, William, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +McLeod, Rev. Alexander, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +McLeod, Angus A., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +Macleod, Donald, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Macleod, Xavier Donald, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Maclien (McLean), Allen, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Maclure, William, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +McMillan, Alexander, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +McMillan, Senator Samuel Hugh, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +McMillan, John ("The Upright"), <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Macmillan, Sen. Sam. Jas. Renwick, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Macmillan, William, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +McMillin, Gov. Benton, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +McMinn, Gov. Joseph. <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +MacMonnies, Fred William, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +McMurtry. George Gibson, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +McNair, Gov. Alexander, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +McNair, Fred. V., <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +McNair, Samuel, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +McNaught, William, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +McNaughton, Dr. James, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +MacNeil, Herman Atkins, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +McNeil, Brig.-Gen. John, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +McNeill, Neill, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +McNeill, Wm. Gibbs, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +McNess, John, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +MacNutt, Capt. John, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +McPheeters, William, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Macpherson, Angus Neilson, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Macpherson, Isaac, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Macpherson, Gen. James B., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Macpherson, Major John, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_124" id="Page_124" />Macpherson, Capt. John, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +McPherson, John H.T., <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +McPherson, Robert, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Macpherson, Gen. William, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Macqueen, Dougall, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +McRae, Gov. John J., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Macrae, Brig.-Gen. William, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +McRuer, Dr. Daniel, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +McVeagh, Franklin, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +McVeagh, Wayne, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +MacVicar, John, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +McVicar, Malcolm, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +McWhorter, Rev. Alex., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +McWillie, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="M" id="M" />Machen, Matthew, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Macomb, Alexander, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Macomb, William, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Magill Families, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Magonigle, Harold Van B., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Magonigle, John, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Magoon, Isaac, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Magruder, Commander George, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Magruder, Gen. John B., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Makemie, Rev. Frances, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, 84. <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Malcolm, William, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Mantell, Robert Bruce, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Marble, Dr. Albert P., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Marion, Gen., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Marshall, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Marshall, Chief Justice John, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Marshall, Thomas, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Marshall, William, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Martin, Alexander, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Martin, Gov. Alexander, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Martin, Gov. John Alexander, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Martin, Gov. Noah, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Mason, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Mason, Rev. John Mitchell, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Mather, Rev. Cotton, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.<br /> +Mathews, Col. Samson, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Maxwell, Dr. Geo. Troup, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Maxwell, Hugh, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Maxwell, Hugh, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +Maxwell, Lawrence, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Maywood, Robert C., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Medill, Joseph, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Mein, John, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Melish or Mellish, John, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Melvil, William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Melville, Rear Admiral George W., <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +Mercer, Gen. Hugh, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Mercer, Jesse, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Mercer, John, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Mercer, Gov. John Francis, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Michie, Hon. James, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Michie, Peter Smith, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Middleton, Dr. Peter, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Millar, Addison Thomas, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Miller, Gov. Stephen Decatur, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Milligan, John J., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Mitchel, Gen. Ormsby McKnight, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Dr. Alexander, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Alexander, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Gov. David Brodie, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Donald Grant, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Henry, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Dr. John K., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Senator John Lendrum, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Maria, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, Dr. Silas Weir, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, William, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Moffat, James C., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Mouet, Col. George, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Monroe, Andrew, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Monroe, Pres. James, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Montgomerie, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, Edmund Duncan, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, John, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, Capt. John B., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, Gen. Richard, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, Thos. Harrison, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Moonlight, Gov. Thomas, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Moore, Daniel McFarlan, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Morris, Gov. Robert Hunter, 33. <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Morrison, Bishop James Dow, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Morrison, John, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Morrison, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Morrison, Leonard A., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Morrow, Gov. Jeremiah, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Morse, Samuel F.B., <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Morton, Alexander, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Morton, Paul, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Morton, Richard, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Morton, Dr. William T.G., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Moultrie, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Moultrie, Gen. William, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Muir, John, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Muir, John Allan, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +Munro, David A., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Munro, George, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Munro, Norman Leslie, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Munroe, Daniel, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Munroe, Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Murdoch, James Edward, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Murdoch, William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Murdock, James, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Murray, Capt. Alexander, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Murray, Gov. Eli Houston, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Murray, George, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Murray, John, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Murray, John, Earl of Dunmore, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Murray, Patrick, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="N" id="N" />Nairne, Thomas, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Neill, Richard Renshaw, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Neilson, Wm. Allan, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Nelson, Samuel, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Nicholson, Family, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Nisbet, Eugenius Aristides, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Noble, Gov. Noah, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Noble, Gov. Patrick, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Notman, John, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="O" id="O" />Ochiltree, Lord, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.<br /> +Oliphant, David, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Oliver, James, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Orr, Alexander Ector, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Orr, Hugh, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +Orr, Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Orr, Robert, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +Orr, William, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +Orrach (Orrock?) Alexander, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Oswald, Col. Eleazar, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +Owen, David Dale, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Owen, Richard, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Owen, Robert Dale, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="P" id="P" />(Page), Robert, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Parsons, Wm. Barclay, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Paterson, Maj.-Gen. John, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Paterson, Matthew, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Paterson, Gov. William, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +Patillo, Rev. Henry, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Paton, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Patterson, Carlile Pollock, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Patterson, James Kennedy, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Patterson, Robert, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Patterson, Robert M., <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Pattison, Dr. Granville Sharp, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Patton, Gov. John Mercer, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Patton, Robert, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Patton, Gov. Robert Miller, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Peckover, James, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +Perth, James Drummond, Earl of, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Pettigrew, Bishop Charles, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Pharr, Gov. John Newton, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Pharr, Walter, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Phillips, Wm. Addison, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +Phyfe, Duncan, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Pickens, Gen. Andrew, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Pickens, Gov. Andrew, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Pickens, Gov. Israel, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Pinkerton, Allan, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Pitcairn, Robert, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +Poage, Robert, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Polk, Gov. Charles, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Polk, Pres. James Knox, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Polk, Robert, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_125" id="Page_125" />Polk, Gov. Trusten, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +Pollock, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Pollock, Robert, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Preston, Col. William, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Pringle, Robert, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Purdie, Alex., <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="R" id="R" />Ralston, Wm. Chapman, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Ramage, Adam, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +Ramsay, David, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Ramsay, Rear Adm'l Francis M., <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +Ramsay, Patrick, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +Ramsey, Gov. Alexander, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a><br /> +Rankine, William Birch, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Rantoul, Robert, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +Rattray, Hon. John, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Read (of Delaware), <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Read, Adm'l George Campbell, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Redpath, James, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Reed, Gov. Joseph, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Reed, Joseph, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +Reed, William Bradford, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +Reid, James Douglas, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Reid, Whitelaw, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Renwick, Edward Sabine, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Renwick, Henry Brevoort, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Renwick, Prof. James, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Renwick, James (architect), <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Reyburn, John Edgar, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Rhind, Rear Adm'l Alex. Colden, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Rhind, David, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Rhind, John Massey, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Richardson, Henry H., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Riddle, John Wallace, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +Ridpath, John Clark, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Ritchie, Alexander Hay, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Ritchie, Thomas, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Roberts, John, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Robertson, George, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Robertson, James, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Robertson, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +Robertson, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Robertson, Adj.-Gen. John, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +Robertson, Wm. Joseph, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.<br /> +Robinson, Gov. James Fisher, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Rodgers, Capt. John, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +Rogers, Henry Darwin, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Rogers, William Barton, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +Rollins, James Sidney, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Ronald, Gen. Andrew, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Ronald, William, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Ronaldson, James, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Ross, Betsy, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +Ross, Elizabeth (Griscom), <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +Ross, George (Signer), <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +Ross, John, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br /> +Ross, John D., <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Ross, Thomas, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Rowan, Gov. Matthew, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +Russell, Gov. David Lindsay, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Rutherford, Gen., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Rutherford, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Rutherford, Senator John, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Rutherford, Sir John, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Rutledge, Andrew, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Rutledge, Gov. Edward, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Rutledge, Judge John, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Rutledge, Gov. John, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Rutledge, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +Rutledge, Thomas, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="S" id="S" />St. Clair, Arthur, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Sandeman, Rev. Robert, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Saunders, William, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Saxby, Hon. George, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Scott, Alfred B., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Scott, Archibald, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +Scott, George, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Scott, James, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +Scott, John Morin, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Scott, Gov. Robert Kingston, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Scott, Thomas A., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Scott, Walter, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Scott, Rev. Walter, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +Scott, Wm. Berryman, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Scott, William Henry, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Scott, Lt.-Gen. Winfield, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Scoular, William, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Seaton, William Wiston, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Seton, Elizabeth Ann B., <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Seton, Archbishop Robert, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Shaw, Robert, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Shields, Gov. James, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Shirlaw, Walter, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Sigourney, Lydia (Huntley), <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +Simpson, James, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Simpson, William, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Sinclair, Angus, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +Sinclair, John, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Sinclair, John, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Sinkler, James, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Skene, Hon. Alexander, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Skene, Dr. Alex J. Chalmers, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Skirving, James, Sen., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Skirving, James, Jun., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Skirving, William, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Sloan, Samuel, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Sloan, Wm. Milligan, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Sloane, William, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +Sloane, William, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Smibert, John, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Smiley, Albert Keith, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Smillie, George Henry, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Smillie, James, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Smillie, James, David, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Smillie, William Main, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Smith, George, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Smith, George, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Smith, Hezekiah Wright, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Smith, Gov. Jeremiah, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Smith, Judge Jeremiah, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Smith, Gov. John Butler, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Smith, Russell, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Smith, Thos. Lachlan, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Smith, William, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Smith, William, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Smith, Gov. William E., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Smith, William R., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Smith, Xanthus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Spalding, Alexander. <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Spence, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Spotswood, Lt.-Gov. Alexander, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +Stark, Gen. John, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +Stephen, Dr. Adam, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +Stephens, Gov. Alex. Hamilton, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +Stephens, Henry Morse, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Stevenson, Adlai E., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.<br /> +Stevenson, Charles, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +Stevenson, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Stevenson, John James, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +Stevenson, Gov. Wm. Erskine, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Steward, David, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Stewart, Alexander Turney, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Stewart, Gen. Daniel, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Stewart, James Fleming, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +Stewart, John Aikman, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +Stewart, Gov. John Wolcott, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +Stewart, Rachel, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +"Stirling," Wm. Alexander, "Lord," <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +Stobo, Rev. Archibald, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Stobo, Jean, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.<br /> +Stobo, Major Richard, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Stoddart, James H., <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +Stoddert, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +"Stonewall" Jackson, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +Stoot, Hugh Gordon, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Alexander, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Alex. Hugh Holmes, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Andrew, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Archibald, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Senator, Charles E., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Daniel, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Dr. Ferdinand C., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Gilbert Charles, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Gov. Henry Carter, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Hon. John, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Robert, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +<a name="Page_126" id="Page_126" />Stuart, Robert, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +Stuart, Robert L., <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Swinton, William, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Syme, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Synge, Archbishop, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="T" id="T" />Tait, John Robinson, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Taylor, Alexander, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +Taylor, George, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +Taylor, Dr. James Ridley, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Taylor, John, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Taylor, Rev. Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Taylor, Thomas, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +Telfair, Gov. Edward, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +Tennant, Rev. William, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Tennant, Families, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Thompson, Gov. David P., <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +Thompson, Frank, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Thompson, Bishop Hugh Miller, <a href='#Page_106'>86</a>.<br /> +Thompson, John Edgar, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +Thompson, Robert M., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +Thomson, T. Kennard, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Thorburn, Grant, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +Thornton, Matthew, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +Tilghman, Chief Justice, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +Todd, Thomas, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Torrance, David, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +Traill, Rev. William, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Trimble, Gov. Allen, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Troup, Gov. Geo. McIntosh, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +Turnbull, Dr. Chas. Smith, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +Turnbull, Fred'k, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +Turnbull, Rev. Robert, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Turnbull, Wm. Paterson, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +Tweedale, William, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="U" id="U" />Umphraville, Angus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Ure, William Agnew, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +Urie, Robert, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Urquhart, Edmond, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="V" id="V" />Vallance, John, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Verplanck, Gulian C., <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="W" id="W" />Waddell, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +Waddell, Moses, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +Waldo, Gen. Samuel, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.<br /> +Walker, George, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Walker, Lt.-Gov. James A., <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +Walker, John, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +Walker, William, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +Wallace, Charles William, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +Wallace, Gov. David, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +Wallace, John Findley, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +Wallace, Gen. Lew, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Wallace, William Ross, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Warden, William Grey, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +Watson, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +Watson, Dr. William, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Watts, John, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +Weir, John Ferguson, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Weir, Robert Walter, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +Wells, John, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Wells, Robert, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +Wellstood, John Geikie, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Wellstood, William, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +White, Alexander, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Wilkeson, Samuel, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +Williamson, Dr. Hugh, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +Williamson, John, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +Willocks, George, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +Wilson, Alexander, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +Wilson Henry, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.<br /> +Wilson, V.-Pres. Henry, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.<br /> +Wilson, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +Wilson, James (Signer), <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +Wilson, James, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Wilson, James, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Wilson, James, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +Wilson, James Grant, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Wilson, John, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +Wilson, John Cochrane, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +Wilson, Peter, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +Wilson, William, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +Wilson, William Bauchop, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Windrim, James Hamilton, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +Winton, Alexander, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +Witherspoon, John, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.<br /> +Wood, Mary, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.<br /> +Woodrow, Janet, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Woodrow, Rev. Thomas, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +Wright, Fanny, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +Wylie, Samuel Brown, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Y" id="Y" />Young, David, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +Young, John, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +Yule, George, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Z" id="Z" />Zenger, John Peter, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Scotland's Mark on America, by George Fraser Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA *** + +***** This file should be named 15162-h.htm or 15162-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/6/15162/ + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University +Libraries, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scotland's Mark on America + +Author: George Fraser Black + +Release Date: February 24, 2005 [EBook #15162] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA *** + + + + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University +Libraries, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + +SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA + +By GEORGE FRASER BLACK, PH.D. + +With a Foreword By JOHN FOORD + +_Published by_ + +The Scottish Section of "America's Making" New York, 1921 + + + + +FOREWORD + + +It has been said that the Scot is never so much at home as when he is +abroad. Under this half-jesting reference to one of the +characteristics of our race, there abides a sober truth, namely, that +the Scotsman carries with him from his parent home into the world +without no half-hearted acceptance of the duties required of him in +the land of his adoption. He is usually a public-spirited citizen, a +useful member of society, wherever you find him. But that does not +lessen the warmth of his attachment to the place of his birth, or the +land of his forbears. Be his connection with Scotland near or remote, +there is enshrined in the inner sanctuary of his heart, memories, +sentiments, yearnings, that are the heritage of generations with whom +love of their country was a dominant passion, and pride in the deeds +that her children have done an incentive to effort and an antidote +against all that was base or ignoble. + +It is a fact that goes to the core of the secular struggle for human +freedom that whole-hearted Americanism finds no jarring note in the +sentiment of the Scot, be that sentiment ever so intense. In the +sedulous cultivation of the Scottish spirit there is nothing alien, +and, still more emphatically, nothing harmful, to the institutions +under which we live. The things that nourish the one, engender +attachment and loyalty to the other. So, as we cherish the memories of +the Motherland, keep in touch with the simple annals of our +childhood's home, or the home of our kin, bask in the fireside glow of +its homely humor, or dwell in imagination amid the haunts of old +romance, we are the better Americans for the Scottish heritage from +which heart and mind alike derive inspiration and delight. + +It is as difficult to separate the current of Scottish migration to +the American Colonies, or to the United States that grew out of them, +from the larger stream which issued from England, as it is to +distinguish during the last two hundred years the contributions by +Scotsmen from those of Englishmen to the great body of English +literature. We have the first census of the new Republic, in the year +1790, and an investigator who classified this enumeration according to +what he conceived to be the nationality of the names, found that the +total free, white, population numbering 3,250,000 contained 2,345,844 +people of English origin; 188,589 of Scottish origin, and 44,273 of +Irish origin. The system of classification is manifestly loose, and +the distribution of parent nationalities entirely at variance with +known facts. That part of the population described as Irish was +largely Ulster-Scottish, the true Irish never having emigrated in any +considerable numbers until they felt the pressure of the potato +famine, fifty years later. There is excellent authority for the +statement that, at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War one-third of +the entire population of Pennsylvania was of Ulster-Scottish origin. A +New England historian, quoted by Whitelaw Reid, counts that between +1730 and 1770 at least half a million souls were transferred from +Ulster to the Colonies--more than half of the Presbyterian population +of Ulster--and that at the time of the Revolution they made one-sixth +of the total population of the nascent Republic. Another authority +fixes the inhabitants of Scottish ancestry in the nine Colonies south +of New England at about 385,000. He counts that less than half of the +entire population of the Colonies was of English origin, and that +nearly, or quite one-third of it, had a direct Scottish ancestry. + +These conclusions find powerful support in the number of distinguished +men whom the Scots and the Ulstermen contributed to the Revolutionary +struggle, and to the public life of the early days of the United +States. Out of Washington's twenty-two brigadier generals, nine were +of Scottish descent, and one of the greatest achievements of the +war--the rescue of Kentucky and the whole rich territory northwest of +the Ohio, from which five States were formed--was that of General +George Rogers Clark, a Scottish native of Albert County, Virginia. +When the Supreme Court of the United States was first organized by +Washington three of the four Associate Justices were of the same +blood--one a Scot and two Ulster-Scots. When the first Chief Justice, +John Jay, left the bench, his successor, John Rutledge, was an +Ulster-Scot. Washington's first cabinet contained four members--two of +them were Scotch and the third was an Ulster-Scot. Out of the +fifty-six members who composed the Congress that adopted the +Declaration of Independence eleven were of Scottish descent. It was in +response to the appeal of a Scot, John Witherspoon, that the +Declaration was signed; it is preserved in the handwriting of an +Ulster-Scot who was Secretary of the Congress; it was first publicly +read to the people by an Ulster-Scot, and first printed by a third +member of the same vigorous body of early settlers. + +George Bancroft will hardly be accused of holding a brief for the Scot +in American history but, with all his New England predilections, he +frankly records this conclusion: "We shall find the first voice +publicly raised in America to dissolve all connection with Great +Britain, came not from the Puritans of New England, or the Dutch of +New York, or the planters of Virginia, but from Scotch-Irish +Presbyterians." It was Patrick Henry, a Scot, who kindled the popular +flame for independence. The foremost, the most irreconcilable, the +most determined in pushing the quarrel to the last extremity, were +those whom the bishops and Lord Donegal & Company had been pleased to +drive out of Ulster. + +The distinguished place which men of Scottish or of Ulster origin had +asserted for themselves in the councils of the Colonies was not lost +when the Colonies became independent States. Among the first of the +thirteen original States two-thirds were of either Scottish or +Ulster-Scottish origin. Of the men who have filled the great office of +President of the United States, eleven out of the whole twenty-five +come under the same category. About half the Secretaries of the +Treasury of the Government of the United States have been of Scottish +descent, and nearly a third of the Secretaries of State. + +But it is perhaps in the intangible things that go to the making of +national character that the Scottish contribution to the making of +America has been most notable. In 1801, the population of the whole of +Scotland was but little over a million and a half, and behind that +there were at least eight centuries of national history. Behind that, +too, were all the long generations of toil and strife in which the +Scottish character was being molded into the forms that Scott and +Burns made immortal. It is a character full of curious contrasts, with +its strong predilection for theology and metaphysics on one side, and +for poetry and romance on the other. Hard, dry and practical in its +attitude to the ordinary affairs of life, it is apt to catch fire from +a sudden enthusiasm, as if volatility were its dominant note and +instability its only fixed attribute. And so it has come about that +side by side with tomes of Calvinistic divinity, there has been +transmitted to Scotsmen an equally characteristic product of the mind +of their race--a body of folksong, of ballad poetry, of legend and of +story in that quaint and copious Doric speech which makes so direct an +appeal to the hearts of men whether they are to the manner born or +not. It is surely a paradox that a nation which, in the making, had +the hardest kind of work to extract a scanty living from a stubborn +soil, and still harder work to defend their independence, their +liberties, their faith from foes of their own kindred, should be best +known to the world for the romantic ideals they have cherished and the +chivalrous follies for which their blood has been shed. + +But, it is well to remember that long before the Reformers of the +sixteenth century founded the parish school system of Scotland, the +monasteries had their schools and so had the parish churches; there +were high schools in the burghs and song schools of remarkable +excellence. The light of learning may have waxed dim at times, but it +was not from an illiterate land that Scottish scholars carried into +Europe all through the Middle Ages the name and fame of their country, +any more than it was from a people unversed in the arts of war that +Scottish soldiers went abroad to fight foreign battles, giving now a +Constable to France, a General-in-Chief to Russia and still again a +Lieutenant to Gustavus Adolphus. If evidence were needed of the vigor +of the Scottish race, it is readily forthcoming in the fact that for +five hundred years the Land O'Cakes enriched the world with the +surplus of her able men. + +Nurse of heroes, nurse of martyrs, nurse of freemen, are titles which +belong of right to our Motherland and she has been justified of her +children, at home and abroad. The rolls of honor of many countries and +many climes bear their names; there is no field of distinction whether +it be of thought or of action that has not witnessed their triumphs. +That Scotland has yielded more than her share of the men who have gone +forth to the conquest of the world is largely due to the fact that it +was part of her discipline that men must first conquer themselves. The +weakest of them felt that restraining influence, and the striving +after the Scottish ideal, however feeble, has been a protection +against sinking into utter baseness. The most wayward scions of the +Scottish family have known that influence, and have borne testimony to +the beauty of the homely virtues which they failed to practice and the +nobility of aspirations which fell short of controlling their life. + +It belongs to the character and antecedents of Scotsmen that the +attribute of national independence should take so high a place among +the objects of human effort and desire. It was because Scotland +settled for all time, six hundred years ago, her place as an +independent State that she proved herself capable of begetting men +like John Knox, Robert Burns and Walter Scott. It is because the vigor +of the Scottish race and the adaptiveness of the Scottish genius +remain to-day unimpaired, that the lustre of Scottish-names shone so +brilliantly during the World War. It may be confidently asserted that, +whether regarded as a race or a people no members of the great +English-speaking family did more promptly, more cheerfully or more +courageously make the sacrifices required to perform their full part +in the struggle to defend the freedom that belongs to our common +heritage and to preserve the ideals without which we should not regard +life as worth living. The union, centuries old, in the Scottish mind +and heart of the most uncompromising devotion to individual liberty +with the most fervid patriotism, is a sentiment of which the world +stands greatly in need to-day. We need not go far to find evidence of +how perilous it is to sink regard for the great conception of human +brotherhood in a narrow, nationalistic concern for individual +interests. In the Scottish conception of liberty, _duties_ have always +been rated as highly as _rights_; it has been a constructive, not a +destructive formula; it has been an inspiration to raise men out of +themselves, not to prompt them to indulge in antics of promiscuous +leveling. The kind of democracy for which Scotsmen have deemed that +the world should be made safe is a human brotherhood, indeed, but a +brotherhood imbued with the generous rivalry of effort, the enthusiasm +of emulous achievement, and not one of inglorious, monotonous and +colorless equality. + +JOHN FOORD + + + + +CONTENTS + +Foreword 3 + +Scottish Emigration to the American Colonies 11 + +Some Prominent Scots and Scots Families 24 + +Scots as Colonial and Provincial Governors 32 + +Scots and the Declaration of Independence 36 + +Scots as Signers of the Declaration of Independence 38 + +Scots in the Presidency 40 + +Scots as Vice-Presidents 41 + +Scots as Cabinet Officers 42 + +Scots in the Senate 45 + +Scots in the House of Representatives 47 + +Scots in the Judiciary 48 + +Scots as Ambassadors 51 + +Scots as State Governors 53 + +Scots in the Army 60 + +Scots in the Navy 65 + +Scots as Scientists 67 + +Scots as Physicians 73 + +Scots in Education 76 + +Scots in Literature 81 + +Scots in the Church and Social Welfare 84 + +Scots as Lawyers 87 + +Scots in Art, Architecture, etc. 88 + +Scots as Inventors 95 + +Scots as Engineers 99 + +Scots in Industries 101 + +Scots in Banking, Finance, Insurance and Railroads 105 + +Scots as Journalists, Publishers and Typefounders 108 + +Some Prominent Scots in New York City 113 + +Scottish Societies in the United States 115 + +Conclusion 116 + +List of Principal Authorities Referred to 117 + +Index 119 + +"No people so few in number have scored so deep a mark in the world's +history as the Scots have done. No people have a greater right to be +proud of their blood."--_James Anthony Froude_. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCOTTISH EMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAN COLONIES + + +Scottish emigration to America came in two streams--one direct from +the motherland and the other through the province of Ulster in the +north of Ireland. Those who came by this second route are usually +known as "Ulster Scots," or more commonly as "Scotch-Irish," and they +have been claimed as Irishmen by Irish writers in the United States. +This is perhaps excusable but hardly just. Throughout their residence +in Ireland the Scots settlers preserved their distinctive Scottish +characteristics, and generally described themselves as "the Scottish +nation in the north of Ireland." They, of course, like the early +pioneers in this country, experienced certain changes through the +influence of their new surroundings, but, as one writer has remarked, +they "remained as distinct from the native population as if they had +never crossed the Channel. They were among the Irish but not of them." +Their sons, too, when they attended the classes in the University of +Glasgow, signed the matriculation register as "A Scot of Ireland." +They did not intermarry with the native Irish, though they did +intermarry to some extent with the English Puritans and with the +French Huguenots. (These Huguenots were colonies driven out of France +by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and induced to +settle in the north of Ireland by William III. To this people Ireland +is indebted for its lace industry, which they introduced into that +country.) + +Again many Irish-American writers on the Scots Plantation of Ulster +have assumed that the Scots settlers were entirely or almost of Gaelic +origin, ignoring the fact, if they were aware of it, that the people +of the Scottish lowlands were "almost as English in racial derivation +as if they had come from the North of England." Parker, the historian +of Londonderry, New Hampshire, speaking of the early Scots settlers in +New England, has well said: "Although they came to this land from +Ireland, where their ancestors had a century before planted +themselves, yet they retained unmixed the national Scotch character. +Nothing sooner offended them than to be called Irish. Their antipathy +to this appellation had its origin in the hostility then existing in +Ireland between the Celtic race, the native Irish, and the English and +Scotch colonists." Belknap, in his _History of New Hampshire_ (Boston, +1791) quotes a letter from the Rev. James MacGregor (1677-1729) to +Governor Shute in which the writer says: "We are surprised to hear +ourselves termed Irish people, when we so frequently ventured our all +for the British Crown and liberties against the Irish papists, and +gave all tests, of our loyalty, which the government of Ireland +required, and are always ready to do the same when demanded." + +Down to the present day the descendants of these Ulster Scots settlers +living in the United States who have maintained an interest in their +origin, always insist that they are of Scottish and not of Irish +origin. On this point it will be sufficient to quote the late Hon. +Leonard Allison Morrison, of New Hampshire. Writing twenty-five years +ago he said: "I am one of Scotch-Irish blood and my ancestor came with +Rev. McGregor of Londonderry, and neither _they_ nor any of their +descendants were willing to be called 'merely Irish.' I have twice +visited," he adds, "the parish of Aghadowney, Co. Londonderry, from +which they came, in Ireland, and all that locality is filled, not with +'Irish' but with Scotch-Irish, and this is pure Scotch blood to-day, +after more than _200_ years." The mountaineers of Tennessee and +Kentucky are largely the descendants of these same Ulster Scots, and +their origin is conclusively shown by the phrase used by mothers to +their unruly children: "If you don't behave, Clavers [i.e., +Claverhouse] will get you." + +If we must continue to use the hyphen when referring to these early +immigrants it is preferable to use the term "Ulster Scot" instead of +"Scotch-Irish," as was pointed out by the late Whitelaw Reid, because +it does not confuse the race with the accident of birth, and because +the people preferred it themselves. "If these Scottish and +Presbyterian colonists," he says, "must be called Irish because they +had been one or two generations in the north of Ireland, then the +Pilgrim Fathers, who had been one generation or more in Holland, must +by the same reasoning be called Dutch or at the very least English +Dutch." + +To understand the reasons for the Scots colonization of Ulster and the +replantation in America it is necessary to look back three centuries +in British history. On the crushing of the Irish rebellion under Sir +Cahir O'Dogherty in 1607 about 500,000 acres of forfeited land in the +province of Ulster were at the disposal of the crown. At the +suggestion of King James the I. of England, Ulster was divided into +lots and offered to colonists from England. Circumstances, however, +turned what was mainly intended to be an English enterprise into a +Scottish one. Scottish participation "which does not seem to have been +originally regarded as important," became eventually, as Ford points +out, the mainstay of the enterprise. "Although from the first there +was an understanding between [Sir Arthur] Chichester and the English +Privy Council that eventually the plantation would be opened to Scotch +settlers, no steps were taken in that direction until the plan had +been matured ... The first public announcement of any Scottish +connection with the Ulster plantation appears in a letter of March 19, +1609, from Sir Alexander Hay, the Scottish secretary resident at the +English Court, to the Scottish Privy Council at Edinburgh." In this +communication Hay announced that the king "out of his unspeikable love +and tindir affectioun" for his Scottish subjects had decided that they +were to be allowed a share, and he adds, that here is a great +opportunity for Scotland since "we haif greitt advantaige of +transporting of our men and bestiall [i.e., live stock of a farm] in +regairde we lye so neir to that coiste of Ulster." Immediately on +receipt of this letter the Scottish Privy Council made public +proclamation of the news and announced that those of them "quho ar +disposit to tak ony land in Yreland" were to present their desires and +petitions to the Council. The first application enrolled was by "James +Andirsoun portionair of Litle Govane," and by the 14th of September +seventy-seven Scots had come forward as purchasers. If their offers +had been accepted, they would have possessed among them 141,000 acres +of land. In 1611, in consequence of a rearrangement of applicants the +number of favored Scots was reduced to fifty-nine, with eighty-one +thousand acres of land at their disposal. Each of these "Undertakers," +as they were called, was accompanied to his new home by kinsmen, +friends, and tenants, as Lord Ochiltree, for instance, who is +mentioned as having arrived "accompanied with thirty-three followers, +a minister, some tenants, freeholders, [and] artificers." By the end +of 1612 the emigration from Scotland is estimated to have reached +10,000. Indeed, before the end of this year so rapidly had the traffic +increased between Scotland and Ireland that the passage between the +southwest of Scotland and Ulster "is now become a commoun and are +ordinarie ferrie," the boat-men of which were having a rare time of it +by charging what they pleased for the passage or freight. In the +selection of the settlers measures were carefully taken that they +should be "from the inwards part of Scotland," and that they should be +so located in Ulster that "they may not mix nor intermarry" with "the +mere Irish." For the most part the settlers appear to have been +selected from the shires of Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Galloway, and +Dumfries. Emigration from Scotland to Ireland appears to have +continued steadily and the English historian Carte estimated, after +diligent documentary study, that by 1641 there were in Ulster 100,000 +Scots and 20,000 English settlers. In 1656 it was proposed by the +Irish government that persons "of the Scottish nation desiring to come +into Ireland" should be prohibited from settling in Ulster or County +Louth, but the scheme was not put into effect. Governmental opposition +notwithstanding emigration from Scotland to Ireland appears to have +continued steadily, and after the Revolution of 1688 there seems to +have been a further increase. Archbishop Synge estimated that by 1715 +not less than 50,000 Scottish families had settled in Ulster during +these twenty-seven years. It should be also mentioned that "before the +Ulster plantation began there was already a considerable Scottish +occupation of the region nearest to Scotland. These Scottish +settlements were confined to counties Down and Antrim, which were not +included in the scheme of the plantation. Their existence facilitated +Scottish emigration to the plantation and they were influential in +giving the plantation the Scottish character which it promptly +acquired. Although planned to be in the main an English settlement, +with one whole county turned over to the city of London alone, it soon +became in the main a Scottish settlement." + +The Scots were not long settled in Ulster before misfortune and +persecution began to harass them. The Irish rebellion of 1641, said by +some to have been an outbreak directed against the Scottish and +English settlers, regarded by the native Irish as intruders and +usurpers, caused them much suffering; and Harrison says that for +"several years afterward 12,000 emigrants annually left Ulster for the +American plantations." The Revolution of 1688 was also long and bloody +in Ireland and the sufferings of the settlers reached a climax in the +siege of Londonderry (April to August, 1688). They suffered also from +the restrictions laid upon their industries and commerce by the +English government. These restrictions, and later the falling in of +leases, rack-renting by the landlords, payment of tithes for support +of a church with which they had no connection, and several other +burdens and annoyances, were the motives which impelled emigration to +the American colonies from 1718 onwards. Five ships bearing seven +hundred Ulster Scots emigrants arrived in Boston on August 4, 1718, +under the leadership of Rev. William Boyd. They were allowed to select +a township site of twelve miles square at any place on the frontiers. +A few settled at Portland, Maine, at Wicasset, and at Worcester and +Haverhill, Massachusetts, but the greater number finally at +Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1723-4 they built a parsonage and a +church for their minister, Rev. James MacGregor. In six years they had +four schools, and within nine years Londonderry paid one-fifteenth of +the state tax. Previous to the Revolution of 1776 ten distinct +settlements were made by colonists from Londonderry, N.H., all of +which became towns of influence and importance. Notable among the +descendants of these colonists were Matthew Thornton, Henry Knox, Gen. +John Stark, Hugh McCulloch, Horace Greeley, Gen. George B. McClellan, +Salmon P. Chase, and Asa Gray. From 1771 to 1773 "the whole emigration +from Ulster is estimated at 30,000 of whom 10,000 were weavers." + +In 1706 the Rev. Cotton Mather put forth a plan to settle hardy Scots +families on the frontiers of Maine and New Hampshire to protect the +towns and churches there from the French and Indians, the Puritans +evidently not being able to protect themselves. He says, "I write +letters unto diverse persons of Honour both in Scotland and in +England; to procure Settlements of Good Scotch Colonies, to the +Northward of us. This may be a thing of great consequence;" and +elsewhere he suggests that a Scottish colony might be of good service +in getting possession of Nova Scotia. In 1735, twenty-seven families, +and in 1753 a company of sixty adults and a number of children, +collected in Scotland by General Samuel Waldo, were landed at George's +River, Maine. In honor of the ancient capital of their native country, +they named their settlement Stirling. + +Another and an important cause of the early appearance of Scots in +America was the wars between Scotland and England during the +Commonwealth. Large numbers of Scottish prisoners taken at Dunbar +(1650) and at Worcester (1651) were sold into service in the colonies, +a shipload arriving in Boston Harbor in 1652 on the ship _John and +Sara_. The means taken to ameliorate their condition led in 1657 to +the foundation of the Scots Charitable Society of Boston--the earliest +known Scottish society in America. Its foundation may be taken as +evidence that there were already prosperous and influential Scots +living in Boston at that time. A list of the passengers of the _John +and Sara_ is given in Suffolk _Deed Records_ (bk. 1, pp. 5-6) and in +Drake's _The Founders of New England_ (Boston, 1860, pp. 74-76). These +men, says Boulton, "worked out their terms of servitude at the Lynn +iron works and elsewhere, and founded honorable families whose Scotch +names appear upon our early records. No account exists of the Scotch +prisoners that were sent to New England in Cromwell's time; at York in +1650 were the Maxwells, McIntires, and Grants. The Mackclothlans +[i.e., Mac Lachlans], later known as the Claflins, gave a governor to +Massachusetts and distinguished merchants to New York City." + +The bitter persecution of Presbyterians during the periods of +episcopal rule in the latter half of the seventeenth century also +contributed largely to Scottish emigration to the new world. A +Scottish merchant in Boston named Hugh Campbell, obtained permission +from the authorities of the Bay State Colony in February 1679-80 to +bring in a number of settlers from Scotland and to establish them in +the Nepmug country in the vicinity of Springfield, Massachusetts. + +So desperate had matters become in Scotland at the beginning of the +eighth decade of the seventeenth century that a number of the nobility +and gentry determined to settle in New Jersey and the Carolinas. One +of these colonies was founded in New Jersey in 1682 under the +management of James Drummond, Earl of Perth, John Drummond, Robert +Barclay the Quaker Apologist, David and John Barclay, his brothers, +Robert Gordon, Gawen Lawrie, and George Willocks. In 1684 Gawen +Lawrie, who had been for several years previously residing in the +colony, was appointed Deputy Governor of the province, and fixed his +residence at Elizabeth. In the same year Perth (so named in honor of +the Earl of Perth, one of the principal proprietors, now Perth Amboy) +was made the capital of the new Scottish settlement. During the +following century a constant stream of emigrants both from Scotland +and from Ulster came to the colony. One of the principal encouragers +of the Scottish colony in New Jersey was George Scot or Scott (d. +1685) of Pitlochrie, who had been repeatedly fined and imprisoned by +the Privy Council of Scotland for attending "Conventicles," as +clandestine religious gatherings were then called in Scotland, and in +the hope of obtaining freedom of worship in the new world he proposed +to emigrate "to the plantations." To encourage others to do the like +he printed at Edinburgh (1685) a work, now very rare, called "The +Model of the Government of the Province of East New Jersey, in +America; and Encouragement for Such as Design to be concerned there." +Scot received a grant of five hundred acres in recognition of his +having written the work, and sailed in the _Henry and Francis_ for +America. A malignant fever broke out among the passengers and nearly +half on board perished including Scot and his wife. A son and daughter +survived and the proprietors a year after issued a confirmation of the +grant to Scot's daughter and her husband (John Johnstone), many of +whose descendants are still living in New Jersey. + +Walter Ker of Dalserf, Lanarkshire, banished in 1685, settled in +Freehold, and was active in organizing the Presbyterian Church there, +one of the oldest in New Jersey. The Scots settlers who came over at +this period occupied most of the northern counties of the state but +many went south and southwest, mainly around Princeton, and, says +Samuel Smith, the first historian of the province, "There were very +soon four towns in the Province, viz., Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown +and Shrewsbury; and these with the country round were in a few years +plentifully inhabited by the accession of the Scotch, of whom there +came a great many." These Scots, says Duncan Campbell, largely gave +"character to this sturdy little state not the least of their +achievements being the building up if not the nominal founding of +Princeton College, which has contributed so largely to the scholarship +of America." + +In 1682 another company of nobles and gentlemen in Scotland arranged +for a settlement at Port Royal, South Carolina. These colonists +consisted mainly of Presbyterians banished for attending +"Conventicles." The names of some of these immigrants, whose +descendants exist in great numbers at the present day, included James +McClintock, John Buchanan, William Inglis, Gavin Black, Adam Allan, +John Gait, Thomas Marshall, William Smith, Robert Urie, Thomas Bryce, +John Syme, John Alexander, John Marshall, Matthew Machen, John Paton, +John Gibson, John Young, Arthur Cunningham, George Smith, and George +Dowart. The colony was further increased by a small remnant of the +ill-fated expedition to Darien. One of the vessels which left Darien +to return to Scotland, the _Rising Sun_, was driven out of its course +by a gale and took refuge in Charleston. Among its passengers was the +Rev. Archibald Stobo, who was asked by some people in Charleston to +preach in the town while the ship was being refitted. He accepted the +invitation and left the ship with his wife and about a dozen others. +The following day, the _Rising Sun_, while lying off the bar, was +overwhelmed in a hurricane and all on board were drowned. This Rev. +Archibald Stobo was the earliest American ancestor of the late +Theodore Roosevelt's mother. In the following year (1683) the colony +was augmented by a number of Scots colonists from Ulster led by one +Ferguson. A second Scottish colony in the same year under Henry +Erskine, Lord Cardross, founded Stuartstown (so named in honor of his +wife). Another colony from Ulster was that of Williamsburgh township +(1732-34), who named their principal village Kingstree. + +There were settlements of Scots Highlanders in North Carolina, on the +Cape Fear River, as early as 1729; some indeed are said to have +settled there as early as 1715. Neill McNeill of Jura brought over a +colony of more than 350 from Argyllshire in 1739, and large numbers in +1746, after Culloden, and settled them on the Cape Fear River. Cross +Creek, now Fayetteville, was the center of these Highland settlements, +and hither came the Scottish heroine, Flora MacDonald, in 1775. The +mania for emigration to North Carolina affected all classes in +Scotland and continued for many years. The _Scots Magazine_ for May +1768 records that a number of settlers from the Western Isles had +embarked for Carolina and Georgia, including forty or fifty families +from Jura alone. In September of following year it is stated that a +hundred families of Highlanders had arrived at Brunswick, North +Carolina, and "two vessels are daily expected with more." In August +1769 the ship _Mally_ sailed from Islay full of passengers for North +Carolina, which was the third or fourth emigration from Argyll "since +the conclusion of the late war." In August 1770 it was stated that +since the previous April six vessels carrying about twelve hundred +emigrants had sailed from the western Highlands for North Carolina. In +February of the following year the same magazine states that five +hundred souls in Islay and adjacent islands were preparing to emigrate +to America in the following summer. In September of the same year +three hundred and seventy persons sailed from Skye for North Carolina, +and two entries in the magazine for 1772 record the emigration of +numbers from Sutherland and Loch Erribol. In the same year a writer +says the people who have emigrated from the Western Isles since the +year 1768 "have carried with them at least ten thousand pounds in +specie. Notwithstanding this is a great loss to us, yet the +depopulation by these emigrations is a much greater.... Besides, the +continual emigrations from Ireland and Scotland, will soon render our +colonies independent on the mother-country." In August, 1773, three +gentlemen of the name of Macdonell, with their families and four +hundred Highlanders from Inverness-shire sailed for America to take +possession of a grant of land "in Albany." On the 22d of June +previously between seven and eight hundred people from the Lewis +sailed from Stornoway for the colonies. On the first of September, +1773, four hundred and twenty-five men, women and children from +Inverness-shire sailed for America. "They are the finest set of +fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they carried at least 6000 +pounds Sterling in ready cash with them." In 1774 farmers and heads of +families in Stirlingshire were forming societies to emigrate to the +colonies and the fever had also extended to Orkney and Shetland and +the north of England. In 1753 it was estimated that there were one +thousand Scots in the single county of Cumberland capable of bearing +arms, of whom the Macdonalds were the most numerous. Gabriel Johnston, +governor of the province of North Carolina from 1734 to 1752, appears +to have done more to encourage the settlement of Scots in the colony +than all its other colonial governors combined. + +In 1735 a body of one hundred and thirty Highlanders with fifty women +and children sailed from Inverness and landed at Savannah in January +1736. They were under the leadership of Lieutenant Hugh Mackay. Some +Carolinians endeavoured to dissuade them from going to the South by +telling them that the Spaniards would attack them from their houses in +the fort near where they were to settle, to which they replied, "Why, +then, we will beat them out of their fort, and shall have houses ready +built to live in." "This valiant spirit," says Jones, "found +subsequent expression in the efficient military service rendered by +these Highlanders during the wars between the Colonists and the +Spaniards, and by their descendants in the American Revolution. To +John 'More' McIntosh, Captain Hugh Mackay, Ensign Charles Mackay, Col. +John McIntosh, General Lachlan McIntosh, and their gallant comrades +and followers, Georgia, both as a Colony and a State, owes a large +debt of gratitude. This settlement was subsequently augmented from +time to time by fresh arrivals from Scotland.... Its men were prompt +and efficient in arms, and when the war cloud descended upon the +southern confines of the province no defenders were more alert or +capable than those found in the ranks of these Highlanders." "No +people," says Walter Glasco Charlton, "ever came to Georgia who took +so quickly to the conditions under which they were to live or remained +more loyal to her interests" than the Highlanders. "These men," says +Jones, "were not reckless adventurers or reduced emigrants +volunteering through necessity, or exiled through insolvency or want. +They were men of good character, and were carefully selected for their +military qualities.... Besides this military band, others among the +Mackays, the Dunbars, the Baillies, and the Cuthberts applied for +large tracts of land in Georgia which they occupied with their own +servants. Many of them went over in person and settled in the +province." + +Among the immigrants who flocked into Virginia in 1729 and 1740 we +find individuals named Alexander Breckinridge, David Logan, Hugh +Campbell, William Graham, James Waddell (the "Blind Preacher"), John +McCue, Benjamin Erwin, Gideon Blackburn, Samuel Houston, Archibald +Scott, Samuel Carrack, John Montgomery, George Baxter, William +McPheeters, and Robert Poage (Page?), and others bearing the names of +Bell, Trimble (Turnbull), Hay, Anderson, Patterson, Scott, Wilson, and +Young. John McDowell and eight of his men were killed by Indians in +1742. Among the members of his company was his venerable father +Ephraim McDowell. In 1763 the Indians attacked a peaceful settlement +and carried off a number of captives. After traveling some distance +and feeling safe from pursuit they demanded that their captives should +sing for their entertainment, and it was a Scotswoman, Mrs. Gilmore, +who struck up Rouse's version of the one hundred and thirty-seventh +psalm: + + "By Babel's streams we sat and wept, + When Zion we thought on, + In midst thereof we hanged our harps + The willow tree thereon. + + "For there a song required they, + Who did us captive bring; + Our spoilers called for mirth, and said: + 'A song of Zion sing.'" + +In the following year Colonel Henry Bouquet led a strong force against +the Indians west of the Ohio, and compelled them to desist from their +predatory warfare, and deliver up the captives they had taken. One of +his companies was made up of men from the Central Valley of Virginia, +largely composed of Scots or men of Ulster Scot descent, and commanded +by Alexander McClanahan, a good Galloway surname. Ten years later +occurred the battle of Point Pleasant when men of the same race under +the command of Andrew Lewis defeated the Shawnee Indians. + +In January 1775, the freeholders of Fincastle presented an address to +the Continental Congress, declaring their purpose to resist the +oppressive measures of the home government. Among the signers were +William Christian, Rev. Charles Cummings, Arthur Campbell, William +Campbell, William Edmundson, William Preston and others. Several other +counties in the same state, inhabited mainly by Scots or people of +Scottish descent, adopted like resolutions. During the Revolutionary +war, in addition to large numbers of men of Scottish origin serving in +the Continental army from this state, the militia were also constantly +in service under the leadership of such men as Colonels Samuel +McDowell, George Moffett, William Preston, John and William Bowyer, +Samson Mathews, etc. + +The following Scots were members of His Majesty's Council in South +Carolina under the royal government, from 1720 to 1776: Alexander +Skene, James Kinloch (1729), John Cleland, James Graeme, George Saxby, +James Michie, John Rattray (1761), Thomas Knox Gordon, and John +Stuart. Andrew Rutledge was Speaker of the Commons' House of Assembly +from 1749 to 1752. David Graeme, attorney at law in 1754, was +Attorney-General of the State from 1757 to 1764. James Graeme, most +probably a relation of the preceding, was elected to the Assembly from +Port Royal in 1732, became Judge of the Court of Vice Admiralty from +1742 to 1752, and Chief Justice from 1749 to 1752. James Michie was +Speaker of the Assembly from 1752 to 1754, Judge of the Court of +Admiralty from 1752 to 1754, and Chief Justice from 1759 to 1761. +William Simpson served as Chief Justice 1761-1762. Thomas Knox Gordon +was appointed Chief Justice in 1771 and served till 1776, and in 1773 +he also appears as Member of Council. John Murray was appointed +Associate Justice in 1771 and died in 1774. William Gregory was +appointed by His Majesty's mandamus to succeed him in 1774. Robert +Hume was Speaker of the Assembly in 1732-1733. Robert Brisbane was +Associate Justice in 1764, and Robert Pringle appears in the same +office in 1760 and 1766. John Rattray was Judge of the Court of +Vice-Admiralty in 1760-61, and James Abercrombie appears as +Attorney-General in 1731-32. James Simpson was Clerk of the Council in +1773, Surveyor-General of Land in 1772, Attorney-General in 1774-75, +and Judge of Vice-Admiralty in the absence of Sir Augustus Johnson in +1769. John Carwood was Assistant Justice in 1725. Thomas Nairne was +employed in 1707 "as resident agent among the Indians, with power to +settle all disputes among traders ... to arrest traders who were +guilty of misdemeanors and send them to Charleston for trial, to take +charge of the goods of persons who were committed to prison, and to +exercise the power of a justice of the peace." This Thomas Nairne is +probably the same individual who published, anonymously, "A letter +from South Carolina; giving an account of the soil ... product ... +trade ... government [etc.] of that province. Written by a Swiss +Gentleman to his friend at Bern," the first edition of which was +published in London in 1710 (second ed. in 1732). + +Among the names of the seventeen corporate members of the Charleston +Library Society established in 1743 occur those of the following +Scots: Robert Brisbane, Alexander M'Cauley, Patrick M'Kie, William +Logan, John Sinclair, James Grindlay, Alexander Baron, and Charles +Stevenson. + +Of the members of the Provincial Congress held at Charleston in +January, 1775, the following were Scotsmen or men of Scottish +ancestry: Major John Caldwell, Patrick Calhoun (ancestor of +Vice-President Calhoun), George Haig of the family of Bemersyde, +Charles Elliott, Thomas Ferguson, Adam Macdonald, Alexander M'Intosh, +John M'Ness, Isaac MacPherson, Col. William Moultrie, David Oliphant, +George Ross, Thomas Rutledge, James Sinkler, James Skirving, senior, +James Skirving, junior, William Skirving, and Rev. William Tennent. + +In Maryland there seems to have been a colony of Scots about 1670 +under Colonel Ninian Beall, settled between the Potomac and the +Patuxent, and gradually increased by successive additions. Through his +influence a church was established at Patuxent in 1704, the members +of which included several prominent Fifeshire families. Many other +small Scottish colonies were settled on the eastern shore of Maryland +and Virginia, particularly in Accomac, Dorchester, Somerset, Wicomico, +and Worcester counties. To minister to them the Rev. Francis Makemie +and the Rev. William Traill were sent out by the Presbytery of Laggan +in Ulster. Upper Marlborough, Maryland, was founded by a company of +Scottish immigrants and were ministered to by the Rev. Nathaniel +Taylor, also from Scotland. + +Two shiploads of Scottish Jacobites taken at Preston in 1716 were sent +over in the ships _Friendship_ and _Good Speed_ to Maryland to be sold +as servants. The names of some of these sufficiently attest their +Scottish origin, as, Dugall Macqueen, Alexander Garden, Henry Wilson, +John Sinclair, William Grant, Alexander Spalding, John Robertson, +William MacBean, William McGilvary, James Hindry, Allen Maclien, +William Cummins, David Steward, John Maclntire, David Kennedy, John +Cameron, Alexander Orrach [Orrock?], Finloe Maclntire, Daniel Grant, +etc. Another batch taken in the Rising of the '45 and also shipped to +Maryland include such names as John Grant, Alexander Buchanan, Patrick +Ferguson, Thomas Ross, John Cameron, William Cowan, John Bowe, John +Burnett, Duncan Cameron, James Chapman, Thomas Claperton, Sanders +Campbell, Charles Davidson, John Duff, James Erwyn, Peter Gardiner, +John Gray, James King, Patrick Murray, William Melvil, William +Murdock, etc. + +A strong infusion of Scottish blood in New York State came through +settlements made there in response to a proclamation issued in 1735 by +the Governor, inviting "loyal protestant Highlanders" to settle the +lands between the Hudson River and the northern lakes. Attracted by +this offer Captain Lauchlin Campbell of Islay, in 1738-40, brought +over eighty-three families of Highlanders to settle on a grant of +thirty thousand acres in what is now Washington County. "By this +immigration," says E.H. Roberts, "the province secured a much needed +addition to its population, and these Highlanders must have sent +messages home not altogether unfavorable, for they were the pioneers +of a multitude whose coming in successive years were to add strength +and thrift and intelligence beyond the ratio of their numbers to the +communities in which they set up their homes." Many Scottish +immigrants settled in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange County, in 1720, +and by 1729 had organized and built two churches. A second colony +arrived from the north of Ireland in 1731. At the same time as the +grant was made to Lauchlin Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor Clarke +granted to John Lindsay, a Scottish gentleman, and three associates, a +tract of eighty thousand acres in Cherry Valley, in Otsego County. +Lindsay afterwards purchased the rights of his associates and sent +out families from Scotland and Ulster to the valley of the +Susquehanna. These were augmented by pioneers from Londonderry, New +Hampshire, under the Rev. Samuel Dunlop, who, in 1743 established in +his own house the first classical school west of the Hudson. Ballston +in Saratoga County was settled in 1770 by a colony of Presbyterians +who removed from Bedford, New York, with their pastor, and were +afterwards joined by many Scottish immigrants from Scotland, Ulster, +New Jersey, and New England. The first Presbyterian Church was +organized in Albany in 1760 by Scottish immigrants who had settled in +that vicinity. + +Sir William Johnson for his services in the French War (1755-58) +received from the Crown a grant of one hundred thousand acres in the +Mohawk Valley, near Johnstown, which he colonized with Highlanders in +1773-74. + +In New York City about the end of the eighteenth century there was a +colony of several hundred Scottish weavers, mainly from Paisley. They +formed a community apart in what was then the village of Greenwich. In +memory of their old home they named the locality "Paisley Place." A +view of some of their old dwellings in Seventeenth Street between +Sixth and Seventh Avenues, as they existed in 1863, is given in +Valentine's _Manual_ for that year. + +Although many Scots came to New England and New York they never +settled there in such numbers as to leave their impress on the +community so deeply as they did in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, +and the south. There were Presbyterian churches in Lewes, Newcastle +(Delaware), and Philadelphia previous to 1698, and from that time +forward the province of Pennsylvania was the chief centre of Scottish +settlement both from Scotland direct and by way of Ulster. By 1720 +these settlers had reached the mouth of the Susquehanna, and three +years later the present site of Harrisburg. Between 1730 and 1745 they +settled the Cumberland Valley and still pushing westward, in 1768-69 +the present Fayette, Westmoreland, Allegheny, and Washington counties. +In 1773 they penetrated to and settled in Kentucky, and were followed +by a stream of Todds, Flemings, Morrisons, Barbours, Breckinridges, +McDowells, and others. By 1790 seventy-five thousand people were in +the region and Kentucky was admitted to the Federal Union in 1792. By +1779 they had crossed the Ohio River into the present state of Ohio. +Between the years 1730 and 1775 the Scottish immigration into +Pennsylvania often reached ten thousand a year. + + + + +SOME PROMINENT SCOTS AND SCOTS FAMILIES + + +Lord Bacon expressed his regret that the lives of eminent men were not +more frequently written, and added that, "though kings, princes, and +great personages be few, yet there are many excellent men who deserve +better fate than vague reports and barren elegies." Of no country is +this more true than the United States. An examination of the +innumerable early biographical dictionaries with which the shelves of +our public libraries are cumbered, will show that the bulk of the life +sketches of the individuals therein commemorated are vague and +unsatisfactory. In nearly every case little or no information is given +of the parentage or origin of the subject, and indeed one work goes so +far as to say that such information is unnecessary, the mere fact of +American birth being sufficient. However pleasing such statements may +be from an ultra patriotic viewpoint it is very unsatisfactory from +the biological or historical side of the question, which is +undoubtedly the most important to be considered. The neglect of these +items of origin, etc., makes the task of positively identifying +certain individuals as of Scottish origin or descent a very difficult +one. One may feel morally certain that a particular individual from +his name or features (if there be a portrait) is of Scottish origin, +but without a definite statement to that effect the matter must in +most cases be left an open question. One other cause of uncertainty, +and it is a very annoying one, is the careless method of many +biographers in putting down a man's origin as "Irish," "from Ireland," +"from the north of Ireland," etc., where they clearly mean to state +that the individual concerned is descended from one of the many +thousands of Scots who settled in Ulster in the seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries. Notwithstanding this uncertainty the proportion +of men of undoubted Scottish origin who have reached high distinction, +and whose influence has had such far reaching scope in the United +States, is phenomenal. "Let anyone," says Dinsmore, "scrutinize the +list of names of distinguished men in our annals; names of men eminent +in public life from President down; men distinguished in the Church, +in the Army, in the Navy, at the Bar, on the Bench, in Medicine and +Surgery, in Education, trade, commerce, invention, discovery--in any +and all of the arts which add to the freedom, enlightenment, and +wealth of the world, and the convenience and comfort of mankind; names +which have won luster in every honorable calling--let him scrutinize +the list" and he will be astonished to find how large a proportion of +these names represent men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent. In +these pages it is obviously impossible to mention every Scot who has +achieved distinction--to do so would require a large biographical +dictionary. We can here only select a few names in each class from +early colonial times to the present day. + +The most famous family of Colonial times was that of the Livingstons +of Livingston Manor, famed alike for their ability and their +patriotism. The first of the family in America was Robert Livingston +(1654-1725), born at Ancrum, Roxburghshire, who came to America about +1672. He married Alida (Schuyler) Van Rensselaer. His eldest son, +Philip (1686-1749), second Lord of the Manor, succeeded him and added +greatly to the family wealth and lands by his business enterprise. +Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710-92), second son of Philip, was +President of the first Provincial Congress. Another son, Philip +(1716-78), was Member of the General Assembly for the City of New +York, Member of Congress in 1774 and 1776, and one of the Signers of +the Declaration of Independence. A third son was William (1723-90), +Governor of New Jersey. Other prominent members of this family were +Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813), and Edward (1764-1836). The former +was Member of the Continental Congress, Chancellor of the State of New +York (1777-1801), Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1781-83), Minister to +France (1801-05), and Negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). He +administered the oath of office to George Washington on his assuming +the office of President. Edward was Member of Congress from New York +(1795-1801), Mayor of New York City (1801-03), Member of Congress from +Louisiana (1823-29), United States Senator (1829-31), Secretary of +State (1831-33), and Minister to France (1833-35). Robert Fulton, the +inventor, married a daughter of the Livingstons and thus got the +necessary financial backing to make the _Clermont_ a success. A sister +of Edward was married to General Montgomery of Quebec fame, another to +Secretary of War Armstrong, and a third to General Morgan Lewis. + +The Bells of New Hampshire descended from John Bell, the Londonderry +settler of 1718, gave three governors to New Hampshire and one to +Vermont. Luther V. Bell, formerly Superintendent of the McLean Asylum, +Somerville, Massachusetts, was another of his descendants. The McNutts +of Londonderry, New Hampshire, are descended from William McNaught, +who settled there in 1718. The McNaughts came originally from +Kilquhanite in Galloway. The Bean family, descended from John Bean who +came to America in 1660, were pioneers in new settlements in New +Hampshire and Maine, and bore the burden of such a life and profited +by it. About one hundred of them were soldiers in the Revolutionary +War. The Macdonough family of Delaware is also of Scottish descent. +Thomas Macdonough, the famous naval officer, was of the third +generation in this country. The Corbit family of Delaware are +descended from Daniel Corbit, a Quaker born in Scotland in 1682. The +Forsyths of Georgia are descended from Robert Forsyth, born in +Scotland about 1754, who entered the Congressional Army and became a +Captain of Lee's Light Horse in 1776. The Forsyths of New York State +trace their descent to two brothers from Aberdeenshire (John and +Alexander). The bulk of the Virginia Gordons appear to have been from +Galloway. + +Alexander Breckenridge, a Scot, came to America about 1728, settling +in Pennsylvania and later in Virginia. One of his sons, Robert, was an +energetic Captain of Rangers during the Indian wars, and died before +the close of the Revolutionary War. By his second wife, also of +Scottish descent, he had several sons who achieved fame and success. +One of these sons, John Breckenridge (1760-1808), became +Attorney-General of Kentucky in 1795; served in the state legislature +1797-1800; drafted the famous Kentucky resolutions in 1798; was United +States Senator from Kentucky (1801-05) and Attorney-General in +Jefferson's Cabinet from 1805 till his death. Among the sons of John +Breckenridge were Robert Jefferson Breckenridge (1800-71), clergyman +and author, and Joseph Cabell Breckenridge. John Cabell Breckenridge, +son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was Vice-President of the United States +(1857-61), candidate of the Southern Democrats for President in 1860, +General in the Confederate Armies (1862-64), Confederate Secretary of +War till 1865. Joseph Cabell Breckenridge (b. 1840), son of Robert J. +Breckenridge, also served with distinction in the Civil War, and took +an active part in the Santiago campaign during the Spanish-American +War. Henry Breckenridge (b. 1886), son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was +Assistant Secretary of War, and served with the American Expeditionary +Forces in the Argonne. William Campbell Preston Breckenridge +(1837-1904), son of Robert J. Breckenridge, was Member of the +Forty-ninth Congress. + +The descendants of James McClellan, kin of the McClellans of Galloway, +Scotland, who was appointed Constable at the town meeting held in +Worcester in March, 1724, have written their name large in the medical +and military annals of this country. Some of his descendants are +noticed under Physicians. The most famous of the family was General +George Brinton MacClellan (1826-85), Major-General in the United +States Army during the Civil War, unsuccessful candidate of the +Democratic Party for President in 1864, and Governor of New Jersey +from 1878 to 1881. The General's son, George B. McClellan (b. 1865), +was Mayor of New York (1903 and 1905) and is now a Professor in +Princeton. James Bulloch, born in Scotland c. 1701, emigrated to +Charleston, South Carolina, c. 1728. In the following year he married +Jean Stobo, daughter of the Rev. Archibald Stobo, and was the first +ancestor of the late President Roosevelt's mother. His son, Archibald +Bulloch (d. 1777), was Colonial Governor of Georgia and Commander of +the State's forces in 1776-77, and signed the first Constitution of +Georgia as President. He would have been one of the Signers of the +Declaration of Independence had not official duties called him, home. +A descendant of his, James Dunwoody Bulloch, uncle of the late +President Roosevelt, was Lieutenant in the Confederate Navy and +Confederate States Naval Agent abroad. Irvine S. Bulloch, another +uncle of Roosevelt's, was Sailing Master of the Alabama when in battle +with the U.S.S. Kearsarge. Another of this family was William B. +Bulloch (1776-1852), lawyer and State Senator of Georgia. The Chambers +family of Trenton, New Jersey, are descended from two brothers, John +and Robert Chambers, who came over in the ship _Henry and Francis_ in +1685. + +In the eighteenth century many natives of Dumfriesshire emigrated to +the American colonies, and of these perhaps the most prominent were +those descended from John Johnston of Stapleton, Dumfriesshire, an +officer in a Scottish regiment in the French service. His second son, +Gabriel, became Governor of North Carolina. In the house of the +Governor's brother, Gilbert, it is stated that General Marion signed +the commission for the celebrated band known as "Marion's Men." Among +the more prominent descendants of Gilbert Johnston are: (1) James, who +became a Colonel on the staff of General Rutherford during the +Revolution and served in several engagements; (2) William, M.D., who +married a daughter of General Peter Forney, and died in 1855. This +William had five sons: (1) James, a Captain in the Confederate Army; +(2) Robert, a Brigadier-General; (3) William, a Colonel; (4) Joseph +Forney, born in 1843, Captain in the Confederate Army, Governor of +Alabama from 1896 to 1900, and United States Senator for Alabama in +1907; (5) Bartlett, an officer in the Confederate Navy. Samuel +Johnston, a nephew of Gilbert's, was the Naval Officer of North +Carolina in 1775, Treasurer during the Revolution, and Governor of +North Carolina from 1787 to 1789, President of the Convention that +finally adopted the State Constitution, and first Senator elected by +his state in the United States Congress in 1789. His son, James, was +the largest planter in the United States on his death in 1865. +Gilbert's brother Robert, was an attorney and civil engineer. His son, +Peter, served as Lieutenant in the legion which Colonel Henry Lee +recruited in Virginia, and after the war became Judge of the +South-Western Circuit in Virginia, and Speaker of the Virginia House +of Delegates. He married Mary Wood, a niece of Patrick Henry. Their +eighth son, Joseph Eccleston Johnston, born in 1807, graduated from +West Point in 1829, served in the Federal Army in all its campaigns, +up to the time of the Civil War. Although holding the rank of +Lieutenant-Colonel and Quarter-Master-General, he resigned and joined +the Confederate Army, and rendered brilliant service in its ranks. +Another eminent individual of this name was General Albert Sydney +Johnston, the son of a physician, John Johnston, the descendant of a +Scottish family long settled in Connecticut. Christopher Johnston +(1822-1891), a descendant of the Poldean branch of the Annandale +Johnstons, was professor of surgery in the University of Maryland. His +son, also named Christopher (d. 1914), graduated M.D., practised for +eight years, studied ancient and modern languages, and eventually +became Professor of Oriental History and Archaeology in Johns Hopkins +University. He was one of the most distinguished Oriental scholars +this country has produced. + +Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), one of the founders of the Republic, +served with distinction in the Revolutionary War, but it was as a +Statesman of the highest ability that he acquired his great fame. He +was one of the most prominent Members of the Continental Congress +(1782-83), of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and Secretary of +the Treasury (1789-95). He was born in the West Indies, the son of a +Scots father and a French mother. + +Thomas Leiper (1745-1825), born in Strathaven, Lanarkshire, emigrated +to Maryland in 1763, was one of the first to favor separation from the +mother country, and raised a fund for open resistance to the Crown. + +Robert Stuart (1785-1848), pioneer and fur-trader, born at Callander, +Perthshire, a grandson of Rob Roy's bitterest enemy. In 1810, in +company with his uncle, John Jacob Astor, and several others, he +founded the fur-trading colony of Astoria. His share in this +undertaking is fully described in Washington Irving's _Astoria_. In +1817 Stuart settled at Mackinac as agent of the American Fur Company, +and also served as Commissioner for the Indian tribes. General George +Bartram, of Scottish parentage, was one of the "Committee of +Correspondence" appointed to take action on the "Chesapeake Affair" in +1807, when war with Britain seemed imminent, and was active in +military affairs during the war of 1812. Allan Pinkerton (1819-84), +born in the Gorbals, Glasgow, organized the United States Secret +Service Division of the United States Army in 1861, discovered the +plot to assassinate President Lincoln on his way to his inauguration +in 1861, and also broke up the "Molly Maguires," etc. William Walker +(1824-60), the filibuster, was born in Tennessee of Scots parentage. + +Rev. George Keith, a native of Aberdeen, became Surveyor-General of +New Jersey in 1684. He founded the town of Freehold and marked out the +dividing line between East and West Jersey. In 1693 he issued the +first printed protest against human slavery, "An Exhortation & Caution +to Friends concerning Buying and Keeping of Negroes," New York, 1693. +James Alexander (1690-1756), a Scot, was disbarred for attempting the +defense of John Peter Zenger, the printer, in 1735. Along with +Benjamin Franklin he was one of the founders of the American +Philosophical Society. Andrew Hamilton (1676-1741), the most eminent +lawyer of his time, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and chief +Commissioner for building Independence Hall in Philadelphia, was born +in Scotland. For his championship of the freedom of the press and his +successful defense of Zenger he was hailed by Governor Morris as "the +day-star of the Revolution." His son James Hamilton, was the first +native-born Governor of Pennsylvania and Mayor of Philadelphia. James +Breghin or Brechin, Missionary, born in Scotland, took a prominent +part in the affairs of Virginia (1705-19) and was an active supporter +of Commissary Blair. Charles Anderson, another Missionary, probably a +graduate of Aberdeen, served in Virginia from 1700 to 1719, was also a +supporter of Blair. James Graham, first Recorder of the city of New +York (1683-1700) and Speaker of Assembly (1691-99) was born in +Scotland. Thomas Gordon (d. Perth Amboy, 1722), born in Pitlochrie, +was Attorney-General of the Eastern District (1698), Chief Secretary +and Registrar in 1702, later Speaker of Assembly, and in 1709 Chief +Justice and Receiver-General and Treasurer of the province. Alexander +Skene, who previously held office in Barbadoes, settled in North +Carolina about 1696. In 1717 he was Member of Council and Assistant to +the Judge of Admiralty to try a number of pirates. In 1719 he was +elected Member of the New House of Assembly and became leader of the +movement for the Proprietary Government. He was "looked upon as a man +that understood public affairs very well." Major Richard Stobo +(1727-c. 1770), a native of Glasgow, served in the Canadian campaign +against the French. It was he who guided the Fraser Highlanders up the +Heights of Abraham. Archibald Kennedy (c. 1687-1763), a relative of +the Earl of Cassilis, was Collector of Customs of the Port of New York +and Member of the Provincial Council. In his letters to headquarters +and in his reports he urged the importance of the American Colonies +to the mother country and advocated measures which, if carried out, +would undoubtedly have strengthened their loyalty and added to their +wealth and prosperity. Alexander Barclay, grandson of the Apologist of +the Quakers, was Comptroller of the Customs under the Crown in +Philadelphia from 1762 till his death in 1771. William Ronald, a +native of Scotland, was a delegate in the Virginia Convention of 1788. +His brother, General Andrew Ronald, was one of the Counsel +representing the British merchants in the so-called British Debts +Case. William Houston, son of Sir Patrick Houston, was a Delegate to +the Continental Congress (1784-87) and a Depute from Georgia to the +Convention for revising the Federal Constitution. His portrait, as +well as that of his brother's, was destroyed by fire during the Civil +War. Sir William Dunbar (c. 1740-1810), a pioneer of Louisiana, held +important trusts under the Federal government and was a correspondent +of Thomas Jefferson. Rev. Henry Patillo (1736-1801), born in Scotland, +advocated separation from the mother country on every possible +occasion, and was a Member of the Provincial Council in 1775. John +Dickinson (1732-1808), Member of the Continental Congress of 1765, of +the Federal Convention of 1787, and President of Pennsylvania +(1782-85), was also the founder of Dickinson College, Carlisle, +Pennsylvania. The Dickinsons came from Dundee in early colonial times. +John Ross, purchasing agent for the Continental Army, was born in +Tain, Ross-shire. He lost about one hundred thousand dollars by his +services to his adopted country, but managed to avoid financial +shipwreck. John Harvie, born at Gargunnock, died 1807, was Member of +the Continental Congress (1777), signer of the Articles of +Confederation the following year, and in 1788 was appointed Secretary +of the Commonwealth. John McDonnell (1779-1846), born in Scotland, was +in business in Detroit in 1812, and "thoroughly Americanized." He +opposed the British commander's orders after the surrender of Hull, +and redeemed many captives from the Indians. Became Member of State +Constitutional Convention (1835), State Senator (1835-37), and +Collector of the Port of Detroit (1839-41). John Johnstone Adair (b. +1807), graduate of Glasgow University, settled in Michigan, filled +several important positions and became State Treasurer, State Senator, +and Auditor General. Colonel James Burd (1726-93), born at Ormiston, +Midlothian, took part with General Forbes in the expedition to redeem +the failure of Braddock. General John Forbes (1710-59), born in +Pittencrieff, Fifeshire, was founder of Pittsburgh. He was noted for +his obstinacy and strength of character, and may have been the +prototype of the Scotsman of the prayer: "Grant, O Lord, that the +Scotchman may be right; for, if wrong, he is eternally wrong." +Captain William Bean was the first white man to bring his family to +Tennessee. His son, Russell Bean, was the first white child born in +the state. His descendant, Dr. James Bean, died in a snowstorm on Mont +Blanc while collecting specimens for the Smithsonian Institution. + +George Rogers Clark (1752-1818), to whose prowess is due the +possession of the territory Northwest of the Ohio, secured by the +peace of 1783, was of Scottish descent. David Crockett (1786-1836), +was most probably of the same origin, though vaguely said to be "son +of an Irishman." The name is distinctly Scottish (Dumfriesshire). +Samuel McDowell (1735-1817), took an active part in the movement +leading to the War of Independence and was President of the first +State Constitutional Convention of Kentucky (1792). Colonel James +Innes, born in Canisbay, Caithness, was appointed Commander-in-Chief +of all the forces in the expedition to the Ohio in 1754 by Governor +Dinwiddie. + +Isaac Magoon, a Scot, was the first settler of the town of Scotland +(c. 1700), and gave it the name of his native country. Dr. John +Stevenson, a Scot, pioneer merchant and developer of Baltimore, if not +indeed its actual founder, was known as the "American Romulus." George +Walker, a native of Clackmannanshire, pointed out the advantages of +the present site of the Capital of the United States, and George +Buchanan, another Scot, laid out Baltimore town in 1730. John Kinzie +(1763-1828), the founder of Chicago, was born in Canada of Scottish +parentage, the son of John MacKenzie. It is not known why he dropped +the "Mac." Samuel Wilkeson (1781-1848), the man who developed Buffalo +from a village to a city, was of Scottish descent. Alexander White +(1814-72), born in Elgin, Scotland, was one of the earliest settlers +of Chicago and did much to develop the city. Major Hugh McAlister, who +served in the Revolutionary War, later founded the town of +McAlisterville, Pennsylvania, was of Scots parentage. James Robertson +(1742-1814), founder of Nashville, Tennessee, was of Scottish origin. +His services are ranked next to Sevier's in the history of his adopted +state. Walter Scott Gordon (1848-86), founder of Sheffield, Alabama, +was the great-grandson of a Scot. The town of Paterson, in Putnam +county, New York, was settled by Matthew Paterson, a Scottish +stone-mason, in the middle of the eighteenth century, and was named +after him. Lairdsville, in New York state, was named from Samuel +Laird, son of a Scottish immigrant, in beginning of the eighteenth +century. Paris Gibson (b. 1830), grandson of a Scot, founded and +developed the town of Great Falls. + + + + +SCOTS AS COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS + + +Of the colonial Governors sent from Britain to the American Colonies +before the Revolution and of Provincial Governors from that time to +1789, a large number were of Scottish birth or descent. Among them may +be mentioned the following: + +NEW YORK. Robert Hunter, Governor (1710-19), previously Governor of +Virginia, was a descendant of the Hunters of Hunterston, Ayrshire. He +died Governor of Jamaica (1734). He was described as one of the ablest +of the men sent over from Britain to fill public positions. William +Burnet (1688-1729), Governor in 1720, was also Governor of +Massachusetts (1720-1729). He was the eldest son of Gilbert Burnet, +Bishop of Sarum. Smith, the historian of New York, calls him "a man of +sense and polite breeding, a well bred scholar." John Montgomerie, +Governor of New York and New Jersey (1728-31), was born in Scotland. +John Hamilton, Governor (1736). Cadwallader Golden (1688-1776), +Lieutenant-Governor (1761-1776), born in Duns, Berwickshire, was +distinguished as physician, botanist, mathematician, and did much to +develop the resources of the state. O'Callaghan in his "Documentary +History of the State of New York," says: "Posterity will not fail to +accord justice to the character and memory of a man to whom this +country is most deeply indebted for much of its science and for many +of its most important institutions, and of whom the State of New York +may well be proud." John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor +(1770-71), afterwards Governor of Virginia. James Robertson +(1710-1788), born in Fifeshire, was Governor in 1780. Andrew Elliot, +born in Scotland in 1728, was Lieutenant-Governor and administered the +royalist government from 1781 to November, 1783. + +NEW JERSEY. Robert Barclay of the Quaker family of Barclay of Ury was +appointed Governor of East New Jersey in 1682, but never visited his +territory. Lord Neil Campbell, son of the ninth Earl of Argyll, was +appointed Governor in 1687, but meddled little in the affairs of the +colony. Andrew Hamilton (c. 1627-1703), his deputy, born in Edinburgh, +on Lord Neil Campbell's departure, became Acting Governor. He was an +active, energetic officer, who rendered good service to the state, +and organized the first postal service in the colonies. John Hamilton, +son of Andrew, was Acting Governor for a time and died at Perth Amboy +in 1746. William Livingston (1723-90), the "Don Quixote of New +Jersey," grandson of Robert Livingston of Ancrum, Scotland, founder of +the Livingston family in America, so famous in the history of New York +State, was Governor from 1776 to 1790. William Paterson (1745-1806), +of Ulster Scot birth, studied at Princeton, admitted to the New Jersey +bar in November, 1767, Attorney-General in 1776, first Senator from +New Jersey to first Congress (1789), succeeded Livingston as Governor +(1790-92), and in 1793 became Justice of the Supreme Court. The city +of Paterson is named after him. + +PENNSYLVANIA. Andrew Hamilton, Governor (1701-03), was previously +Governor of East and West Jersey. Sir William Keith (1680-1751), born +in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Deputy Governor from 1717 to 1726. +Patrick Gordon (1644-1736), Governor (1726-28). James Logan +(1674-1751), born in County Armagh, son of Patrick Logan, of Scottish +parentage, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from +1731 to 1739, and President of the Council (1736-38). He bequeathed +his library of over two thousand volumes to Philadelphia, and they now +form the "Loganian Library" in the Philadelphia Public Library. James +Hamilton (c. 1710-1783), son of Andrew Hamilton, champion of the +liberty of the press, was elected Member of the Provincial Assembly +when but twenty years of age, and was re-elected five times. He was +Deputy Governor 1748-54 and 1759-63. Robert Hunter Morris, of the +famous New Jersey family of that name, Deputy Governor (1745-56). +Joseph Reed, of Ulster Scot descent, Governor (1778-81). John +Dickinson was President from 1782 to 1785. + +DELAWARE. Dr. John McKinly (1721-96), first Governor of the state +(1777), was of Ulster Scot birth. (All the above Governors of +Pennsylvania except Reed also held the governorship of Delaware along +with that of Pennsylvania.) + +VIRGINIA. Robert Hunter (1707). (_See above under New York._) +Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor (1710-22), a scion of the +Spotswood of that Ilk. He was one of the ablest and most popular +representatives of the crown authority in the Colonies and was the +principal encourager of the growth of tobacco which laid the +foundation of Virginia's wealth. Hugh Drysdale, Lieutenant-Governor +(1722-26), was strongly opposed to the introduction of slavery into +the colony. Commissary James Blair (1655-1743), President of Council +(1740-41), was born in Scotland. Robert Dinwiddie, born in Glasgow in +1693, was Governor from 1751 to 1758. He recommended the annexation +of the Ohio Valley and so secured that great territory to the United +States. To him is also due the credit of calling George Washington to +the service of his country. Dinwiddie county is named after him. John +Campbell, Earl of Loudon (1705-82), Governor (1756-58), does not +appear to have come to this colony. John Blair, Governor (1768), son +of Dr. Archibald Blair and nephew of Rev. James Blair, the Commissary. +Many of his descendants have distinguished themselves in the annals of +Virginia. John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor (1771-75), was +previously Governor of New York. Patrick Henry (1736-99), Governor +(1776-79, 1784-86), was born in Hanover County, Virginia, of Scottish +parentage, his father being a native of Aberdeen, his grandmother a +cousin of William Robertson the historian. He became a lawyer in 1760 +and in 1763 found his opportunity, when having been employed to plead +against an unpopular tax, his great eloquence seemed suddenly to +develop itself. This defence placed him at once in the front rank of +American orators, and in 1765 he entered the Virginia House of +Burgesses, immediately thereafter becoming leader in Virginia of the +political agitation which preceded the Declaration of Independence. On +the passage of the Stamp Act his voice was the first that rose in a +clear, bold call to resistance, and in May, 1773, he assisted in +procuring the passage of the resolution establishing a Committee of +Correspondence for intercourse with the other colonies. In the +Continental Congress which met in Philadelphia in 1774 he delivered a +fiery and eloquent speech worthy of so momentous a meeting. In 1776 he +carried the vote of the Virginia Convention for independence. He was +an able administrator, a wise and far-seeing legislator, but it is as +an orator that he will forever live in American history. William +Fleming (1729-95), surgeon, soldier, and statesman, Councillor and +Acting-Governor (1781), was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. + +NORTH CAROLINA. William Drummond, Governor of "Albemarle County +Colony" (i.e., North Carolina), was a native of Perthshire, a +strenuous upholder of the rights of the people, and ranks as one of +the earliest of American patriots. He took a prominent part in +"Bacon's Rebellion" in 1676, "an insurrection that was brought about +by the insolence and pig-headedness of Sir William Berkeley, then +Governor of Virginia," and was executed the same year. Gabriel +Johnston (1699-1752), Governor (1734-52), was born in Scotland, and +held the Professorship of Oriental Languages in St. Andrews University +before coming to the colonies. Johnston County is named after him. +Matthew Rowan was President of Council and Acting Governor in 1753. +Alexander Martin (1740-1807), was fourth and Acting Governor, 1782-84, +and from 1789 to 1792. Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), sixth Governor +(1788-89), four years Senator, and Justice of the Supreme Court from +1800-1803. Bancroft says the movement for freedom was assisted by "the +calm wisdom of Samuel Johnston, a native of Dundee, in Scotland, a man +revered for his integrity, thoroughly opposed to disorder and +revolution, if revolution could be avoided without yielding to +oppression." + +SOUTH CAROLINA. Richard Kirk, Governor (1684). James Glen, born in +Linlithgow in 1701, Governor (1743-56). Lord William Campbell, third +brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll, Governor (1775). John Rutledge +(1739-1800), brother of Edward Rutledge the Signer, was President of +South Carolina (1776-78) and first Governor (1779-82). He was later a +delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Associate Justice +of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), Chief Justice of South +Carolina (1791-95), and in 1795 appointed Chief Justice of the United +States Supreme Court. + +GEORGIA. William Erwin or Ewen, born in England in 1775. John Houston, +son of Sir Patrick Houston, one of the prime instigators and +organizers of the Sons of Liberty (1774), was Governor in 1774-76, +1778. His portrait was destroyed by fire during the Civil War. Houston +County was named in his honor. Edward Telfair, born in the Stewartry +of Kirkcudbright in 1735 and died at Savannah in 1807. When the +revolutionary troubles commenced he earnestly espoused the side of the +colonies, and became known locally as an ardent advocate of liberty. +He was regarded as the foremost citizen of his adopted state, and his +death was deeply mourned throughout the state. + +FLORIDA. George Johnstone, a member of the family of Johnstone of +Westerhall, was nominal Governor of Florida when that colony was ceded +by Spain to Great Britain in 1763. He was one of the Commissioners +appointed by the British government to try and restore peace in +America in 1778. + + + + +SCOTS AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE + + +Presbyterians in the Colonies, being dissenters, were untrammeled and +free to speak their mind in defence of their country's right, and +history shows that they did not fail their opportunity: the doctrine +of passive obedience never finding favor with them. In the Colonies +the Presbyterian ministers claimed equal rights, religious freedom, +and civil liberty. Their teaching had great influence, particularly in +the South, and Patrick Henry of Virginia, David Caldwell, Dr. Ephraim +Brevard, Rev. Alexander Craighead (d. 1766), and James Hall of North +Carolina, the two Rutledges and Tennant of South Carolina, William +Murdoch of Maryland, James Wilson and Thomas Craighead of +Pennsylvania, Witherspoon of New Jersey, Read and McKean of Delaware, +Livingston of New York, and Thornton of New Hampshire, with their +associates had prepared the people for the coming conflict. In +Maryland the lower house of the General Assembly was a fortress of +popular rights and of civil liberty. Its resolutions and messages, +beginning in 1733, and in an uninterrupted chain until 1755 +continually declared "that it is the peculiar right of his Majesty's +subjects not to be liable to any tax or other imposition but what is +laid on them by laws to which they themselves are a party." These +principles were reiterated and recorded upon the journals of every +Assembly until 1771. The resolutions, addresses, and messages of the +lower house during this period discuss with remarkable fullness and +accuracy the fundamental principles of free government, and most of +them emanated from William Murdoch, born in Scotland (c. 1720), who +was one of the leading spirits and the directing force of the +discussion. He led in the resistance to the Stamp Act and in other +ways he united his colony in solid resistance to the attempt to levy +taxes and imposts without their consent. In May, 1775, the General +Synod of the Presbyterian Church met in Philadelphia and issued its +famous "Pastoral Letter," which was sent broadcast throughout the +Colonies, urging the people to adhere to the resolutions of Congress, +and to make earnest prayer to God for guidance in all measures looking +to the defense of the country. This powerful letter was also sent to +the legislature in every colony. Adolphus in his "History of England +from the Accession of George III. to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783," +published in London in 1802, declared that the Synod and their +circular was the chief cause which led the Colonies to determine on +resistance. There is no question that from the Scots Presbyterians and +their descendants came many of the leaders in the struggle for +independence, as Bancroft has well pointed out in the following words: +"The first voice publicly raised in America to dissolve all connection +with Great Britain came not from the Puritans of New England, nor the +Dutch of New York, nor the planters of Virginia, but from the +Scotch-Irish Presbyterians." Joseph Galloway (1730-1803), the +Loyalist, than whom, says Ford, "there could be no better informed +witness," "held that the underlying cause of the American Revolution +was the activity and influence of the Presbyterian interest," and +further, that "it was the Presbyterians who supplied the Colonial +resistance a lining without which it would have collapsed." And Joseph +Reed of Philadelphia, himself an Episcopalian, said: "The part taken +by the Presbyterians in the contest with the mother country was +indeed, at the time, often made a ground of reproach, and the +connection between their efforts for the security of religious liberty +and opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament, was then +distinctly seen. A Presbyterian loyalist was a thing unheard of." +Parker, the historian, quotes a writer who says: "When the sages of +America came to settle the forms of our government, they did but copy +into every constitution the simple elements of representative +republicanism, as found in the Presbyterian system. It is a matter of +history that cannot be denied, that Presbyterianism as found in the +Bible and the standards of the several Presbyterian churches, gave +character to our free institutions." Ranke, the German historian, +declared that "Calvin was the founder of the American Government;" and +Gulian C. Verplanck of New York, in a public address, traced the +origin of our Declaration of Independence to the National Covenant of +Scotland. Chief Justice Tilghman (1756-1827) stated that the framers +of the Constitution of the United States were through the agency of +Dr. Witherspoon much indebted to the standards of the Presbyterian +Church of Scotland in molding that instrument. + + + + +SCOTS AS SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE + + +Of the fifty-six Signers of the Declaration of Independence, no less +than nine can be claimed as directly or indirectly of Scottish origin. +Edward Rutledge (1749-1800), the youngest Signer, was a son of Dr. +John Rutledge who emigrated from Ulster to South Carolina in 1735. The +Rutledges were a small Border clan in Roxburghshire. William Hooper +(1742-1790), was the son of a Scottish minister, who was born near +Kelso and died in Boston in 1767. Hooper early displayed marked +literary ability and entered Harvard University when fifteen years of +age. At twenty-six he was one of the leading lawyers of the colony of +North Carolina. George Ross (1730-79), was also of Scottish parentage. +His nephew's wife, Elizabeth (Griscom) Ross (1752-1832), better known +as "Betsy Ross," was maker of the first national flag. Matthew +Thornton (1714-1803), the distinguished New Hampshire statesman and +physician, was brought to this country from the north of Ireland by +his father when about three years of age. He accompanied the +expedition against Louisburg in 1745, was President of the Provincial +Convention in 1775 and Speaker in January, 1776. In September, 1776, +he was elected to Congress, and in November following signed the +Declaration of Independence, although he had not been one of the +framers. Thomas McKean (1734-1817), was a great-grandson of William +McKean of Argyllshire who moved to Ulster about the middle of the +seventeenth century. He was a member of Congress from Delaware +(1774-83), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania (1777-99), and Governor of +the state from 1799 to 1808. George Taylor (1716-81), described as the +son of a clergyman and "born in Ireland," was most probably an Ulster +Scot. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania from +1764 to 1770 and again in 1775. James Wilson (1742-1798), whose fame +was to become as wide and lasting as the nation, was born in St. +Andrews, the old university city of Fifeshire. He was a Delegate to +Congress from Pennsylvania in 1776, Member of the Constitutional +Convention of 1787, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme +Court from 1789 till his death. He strongly advocated independence as +the only possible means of escape from the evils which had brought +the various commonwealths into such a state of turmoil and +dissatisfaction. Philip Livingston (1716-1778), grandson of Robert +Livingston, the first of the American family of the name, was Member +of Congress from New York in 1776. "His life was distinguished for +inflexible rectitude and devotion to the interests of his country." + +Last but greatest of all to be mentioned is the Rev. John Witherspoon +(1722-94). Born in Yester, Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, minister +in Paisley, he was called in 1768 to be President of the College of +New Jersey, now Princeton University. He said he had "become an +American the moment he landed." He took an active part in the public +affairs of the colony of New Jersey, and in the convention which met +to frame a constitution he displayed great knowledge of legal +questions and urged the abolition of religious tests. In June, 1776, +he was elected to the Continental Congress, and in the course of the +debates he displayed little patience with those who urged half +measures. When John Dickinson of Pennsylvania said the country was not +ripe for independence, Witherspoon broke in upon the speaker +exclaiming, "Not ripe, Sir! In my judgment we are not only ripe, but +rotting. Almost every colony has dropped from its parent stem and your +own province needs no more sunshine to mature it." He further declared +that he would rather be hanged than desert his country's cause. One of +his sons was killed at the battle of Germantown. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE PRESIDENCY + + +Of the twenty-nine Presidents of the United States five (Monroe, +Grant, Hayes, Roosevelt, and Wilson) are of Scottish descent, and four +(omitting Jackson who has been also claimed as Scottish by some +writers) are of Ulster Scot descent, namely, Polk, Buchanan, Arthur, +and McKinley. Jackson may possibly have been of Ulster Scot descent as +his father belonged to Carrickfergus while his, mother's maiden name, +Elizabeth Hutchins, or Hutchinson, is Scottish. She came of a family +of linen weavers. Benjamin Harrison might also have been included as +he had some Scottish (Gordon) blood. His wife, Caroline Scott +Harrison, was of Scottish descent. + +James Monroe, fifth President, was descended from Andrew Monroe, who +emigrated from Scotland in the middle of the seventeenth century. +President Grant was a descendant of Matthew Grant, who came from +Scotland to Dorchester, Mass., in 1630. George Hayes, ancestor of +Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President, was a Scot who settled in +Windsor prior to 1680. Theodore Roosevelt was Dutch on his father's +side and Scottish on his mother's. His mother was descended from James +Bulloch, born in Scotland about 1701, who emigrated to Charleston, c. +1728, and founded a family which became prominent in the annals of +Georgia. Woodrow Wilson's paternal grandfather, James Wilson, came +from county Down in 1807. His mother, Janet (or Jessie) Woodrow, was a +daughter of Rev. Thomas Woodrow, a native of Paisley, Scotland. James +Knox Polk, eleventh President, was a great-great-grandson of Robert +Polk or Pollok, who came from Ayrshire through Ulster. Many kinsmen of +President Polk have distinguished themselves in the annals of this +country. James Buchanan, fifteenth President, was of Ulster Scot +parentage. Chester Alan Arthur, twenty-first President, was the son of +a Belfast minister of Scottish descent. William McKinley, twenty-fifth +President, was descended from David McKinley, an Ulster Scot, born +about 1730, and his wife, Rachel Stewart. The surname McKinley in +Ireland occurs only in Ulster Scot territory. + + + + +SCOTS AS VICE-PRESIDENTS + + +Of the Vice-Presidents of the United States six at least were of +Scottish or Ulster Scot descent. + +John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850), of Scottish descent on both sides. +Previous to becoming Vice-President he was Secretary of War in +Monroe's cabinet, and later was Secretary of State in the cabinet of +President Tyler. He was one of the chief instruments in securing the +annexation of Texas. George Mifflin Dallas (1792-1864), son of +Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, was Minister to +Russia in 1837-39, and subsequent to his Vice-Presidency was Minister +to Great Britain (1856-61). John Cabell Breckenridge (1821-75), of +direct Scottish descent, was Vice-President from 1857-61, candidate +for President in 1860, Major-General in the Confederate Army +(1862-64), and Confederate Secretary of War (1864-65). Henry Wilson +(1812-75), of Ulster Scot descent, had a distinguished career as +United States Senator before his election to the Vice-Presidency +(1873-75). His original name was Jeremiah Jones Colbraith (i.e., +Galbraith). He was also a distinguished author, his most important +work being the "History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in +America" (1872-75). Thomas Andrews Hendricks (1819-85), who held the +Vice-Presidency only for a few months (March to November, 1885), was +of Scottish descent on his mother's side. Adlai Ewing Stevenson +(1835-1914) was Member of Congress from Illinois (1875-77), and First +Assistant Postmaster-General (1885-89), previous to becoming +Vice-President (1893-97). + + + + +SCOTS AS CABINET OFFICERS + + +WAR. William Harris Crawford (1772-1834), descended from David +Crawford, who came from Scotland to Virginia, c. 1654. Secretary of +War (1615-16), Secretary of the Treasury (1816-25), and save for an +unfortunate attack of paralysis, would have been President in 1824. He +was also United States Senator from Georgia (1807-13) and Minister to +France (1813-15). John Bell (1797-1869), Secretary (1841), Senator +(1847-59), and candidate of the Constitutional Union Party for +President in 1860, was probably of Scottish descent. George Washington +Crawford, Secretary of War, was also Governor of Georgia. Simon +Cameron (1799-1889), of Scottish parentage or descent, Senator +(1845-49), Secretary of War in cabinet of Lincoln (1861-62), United +States Minister to Russia (1862-63), and again Senator (1866-77). +James Donald Cameron (1833-1918), son of the preceding, was Secretary +under Grant for a year and United States Senator from 1877 to 1897. +Daniel Scott Lamont (1851-1905), journalist and Secretary under +Cleveland, was of Ulster Scot origin. + +TREASURY. George Washington Campbell (1768-1848), Secretary (1814), +was also Minister to Russia (1810-20). Alexander James Dallas +(1759-1817), Secretary (1814-16), was the son of a Scottish physician, +Dr. Robert C. Dallas. During 1815-16 he also discharged the functions +of Secretary of War. Had a distinguished career as a statesman. Louis +McLane (1776-1857), son of Allen McLane, a Revolutionary soldier and +Speaker of the Legislature of Delaware, had a distinguished career as +Senator from Delaware (1827-29), Minister to Great Britain (1829-31), +Secretary of the Treasury (1831-33), and Secretary of State (1833-34). +His son, Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), had a distinguished career +as a diplomat. James Guthrie (1792-1869), Secretary in the cabinet of +President Pierce (1853-57). Thomas Ewing (1789-1871), was United +States Senator from Ohio (1831-37), Secretary of the Treasury (1841), +Secretary of the Interior (1849-50). He traced his descent from +Findlay Ewing, a native of Loch Lomond, who distinguished himself in +the Revolution of 1688 under William of Orange. Hugh McCulloch +(1808-95), descended from Hugh McCulloch, Bailie of Dornoch, +Sutherlandshire, was Comptroller of the Currency (1863-65), Secretary +of the Treasury (1865-69, 1884-85). He funded the National Debt +during his first term as Secretary. Charles Foster (1825-1904), +Governor of Ohio (1880-84), was Secretary of the Treasury from 1891 to +1893. Franklin MacVeagh (b. 1837), of Scottish ancestry, also held the +office under President Taft. + +INTERIOR. Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart (b. 1807), Secretary in +President Fillmore's cabinet, was son of Archibald Stuart, a Scot who +fought in Revolutionary War. Thomas Ewing is already referred to +(under Treasury). Samuel Jordan Kirkwood, Secretary of the Interior +under Garfield, was also three times Governor of Iowa. + +NAVY. Benjamin Stoddert (1751-1813), Secretary (1798-1801), was +grandson of a Scot. William Alexander Graham (1804-75), Secretary +(1850), was also Governor of North Carolina. He projected the +expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. James Cochrane Dobbin +(1814-57). Paul Morton (1857-1911), Secretary (1904-05), was said to +be descended from Richard Morton, a blacksmith and ironmaster of +Scottish birth, who came to America about the middle of the eighteenth +century. + +STATE. James Gillespie Blaine (1830-93), Secretary (1881, 1889-92) and +unsuccessful candidate for President in 1884. John Hay (1838-1905), +one of the ablest Secretaries of State (1898-1905) this country ever +had, was also of Scottish descent. He also held several diplomatic +posts in Europe (1865-70), culminating in Ambassador to Great Britain +(1897-98). + +AGRICULTURE. James Wilson (1835-1920), Secretary (1897-1913) under +McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft, was born in Ayrshire, Scotland. He was +Regent of Iowa State University, and in 1891 was elected to the chair +of Practical Agriculture in the College of Agriculture and Director of +the State Experiment Stations. He was wonderfully successful in the +expansion and administration of the "most useful public department in +the world." + +LABOR. William Bauchop Wilson, born in Blantyre, near Glasgow, +Scotland, in 1862, Secretary-Treasurer of the United Mine Workers of +America (1900-09); Member of Congress (1907-13), and Chairman of the +Committee on Labor in the sixty-second Congress, Secretary of Labor +(1913). + +POSTMASTER-GENERAL. The first postal service in the Colonies was +organized by Andrew Hamilton, a native of Edinburgh, who obtained a +patent for a postal scheme from the British Crown in 1694. A memorial +stone on the southwest corner of the New York Post Office at +Thirty-third Street commemorates the fact. John Maclean (1785-1861), +Postmaster-General from 1823 to 1829, was later Associate Justice of +the United States Supreme Court of Ohio, and unsuccessful candidate +for the Republican nomination for President in 1856 and again in 1860. +He took part in the famous Dred Scott case, in which he dissented from +Taney, maintaining that slavery had its origin merely in power and was +against right. James Campbell (1812-93), of Ulster Scot parentage, +Postmaster-General in the cabinet of President Pierce, made a record +by reducing the rate of postage and introducing the registry system. +Montgomery Blair (1813-83) was Postmaster-General in the cabinet of +President Lincoln. Adlai Ewing Stevenson, Assistant +Postmaster-General, later became Vice-President. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE SENATE + + +John Ewing Colhoun (1749-1802), Member of State Legislature of South +Carolina and Senator from the same state (1801), was of the same +family as John C. Calhoun. George Logan (1753-1821), a man of high +scientific attainments, grandson of James Logan, Quaker Governor of +Pennsylvania, went to France in 1798 with the design of averting war +with that country, Senator from Pennsylvania (1801-07). John +Rutherfurd (1760-1840) was grandson of Sir John Rutherfurd of +Edgerston, Scotland. James Brown (1766-1835), Senator and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to France, was of Scottish descent. Jacob +Burnet (1770-1853), Jurist and Senator, was the grandson of a Scot. +His father, William Burnet (1730-91), was a skilful physician and +Member of Congress. John Leeds Kerr (1780-1844), lawyer and Senator, +was the son of James Kerr of Monreith. Alexander Campbell (1779-1857), +Senator, was of Argyllshire descent. Walter Lowrie (1784-1868), +Senator (1819-35) and thereafter Secretary of the Senate for twelve +years, was born in Edinburgh. His four sons all became prominent in +law and theology. Simon Cameron (1799-1889), grandson of a Cameron who +fought at Culloden. His ancestor emigrated to America soon after the +'45 and fought tinder Wolfe against the French at Quebec. Simon +Cameron was also for a time Secretary of War in Lincoln's Cabinet and +Minister to Russia. He named his residence at Harrisburg "Lochiel." +His brother James was Colonel of the New York Volunteers, the 79th +Highlanders, in the Civil War. James Donald Cameron (b. 1833), son of +Simon Cameron, was President of the Northern Central Railroad of +Pennsylvania (1863-74), Secretary of War Under General Grant, and +Senator from Pennsylvania. Charles E. Stuart (1810-87), Lawyer and +Senator, was a descendant of Daniel Stuart who came to America before +1680. Stephen Arnold Douglas (1813-61), Senator and unsuccessful +candidate of the Democratic party for the Presidency in 1860, was of +Scottish origin. Joseph Ewing MacDonald (1819-91), who held a foremost +place among constitutional lawyers and was Democratic candidate for +Governor of Indiana in 1864, was of Scottish ancestry. Francis +Montgomery Blair (1821-75), a descendant of Commissary Blair of +Virginia, was Senator from Missouri (1871-73), and Democratic +candidate for Vice-President in 1868. James Burnie Beck (1822-90), +born in Dumfriesshire, was Member of Congress (1867-75) and Senator +from 1876 to 1890. He served on many important committees. Joseph +McIlvaine (1765-1826), United States Senator from 1823 to 1826, was +grandson of a Scot. His father fought on the Colonial side in the +Revolution. Randall Lee Gibson (1822-92), of Scottish ancestry, +Major-General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, was United +States Senator from Louisiana from 1883 till his death. His +grandfather, Randall Gibson, was one of the founders of Jefferson +College, Mississippi. John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), +Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army, thirty-fifth Governor of +Georgia and United States Senator, was grandson of a Scot. Marcus +Alonzo Hanna (1837-1904) was also partly Scottish descent. Calvin +Stewart Brice (1845-1898), Chairman of the Democratic Campaign +Committee (1888) and Senator from Ohio (1891-97), claimed descent from +Bruce of Kinnaird. Daniel Hugh McMillan (b. 1846), was much identified +with the welfare of Buffalo. His grandfather was "John the Upright," +arbiter of the Hollanders of the Mohawk Valley during the latter part +of the eighteenth century. Alexander McDonald (d. 1903), Senator from +Arkansas (1868-71), was the son of John McDonald who came to the +United States in 1827, and was one of the first to discover and +develop bituminous coal mines on the west branch of the Susquehanna +River in Pennsylvania. John Lendrum Mitchell (1842-1904), grandson of +John Mitchell, farmer of Aberdeenshire, was State Senator of +Wisconsin, Member of Congress from Wisconsin (1891-93), and Senator +from the same state (1893-99), was also noted as a capitalist. Samuel +James Renwick MacMillan (d. 1897), Chairman of the Committee of +Commerce, was of Covenanting descent. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES + + +Only a very few names of Members of Congress of Scottish birth of +descent can be dealt with here. Some additional names will be found in +other sections of this work. William Houston (b. about 1755), son of +Sir Patrick Houston, was a Member of the Continental Congress. John +Morin Scott (1730-84), grandson of the second son of Sir John Scott of +Ancrum was Brigadier-General of New York State troops at the Battle of +Long Island and Member of Congress from 1779 to 1783. William Burnet +(1730-91), of Scottish parentage, physician and Member of Congress. +Among his sons the following are worthy of notice: Dr. William Burnet +of New Jersey, Major Ichabod Burnet of Georgia, Jacob Burnet, pioneer +of Ohio, and David G. Burnet, Provisional President of the Republic of +Texas. William Crawford (1760-1823), Member of Congress from 1809 to +1817, was born in Paisley. William Fitzhugh Gordon (1787-1858), Member +from Virginia (1829-35), of Scottish descent, is said to have been the +originator of the Sub-Treasury system. The town of Gordonsville, +Virginia, was named after him or after his family. Leonidas Felix +Livingston (b. 1832), grandson of Adam Livingston from Scotland, who +served in the Revolutionary War, was a Member of the Georgia +Legislature and Member of Congress. John Louis Macdonald (b. 1838), +newspaper editor, State Senator, etc., was born in Glasgow. James +Buchanan (b. 1839) of Scottish descent, was Member from New Jersey to +49th, 50th, 51st and 52nd Congress. David Bremner Henderson +(1840-1906), born at Old Deer, Aberdeenshire, served in the Civil War +and lost a leg at Corinth, was Member from Iowa (1880-99), and Speaker +of the House of Representatives (1899-1906). William Grant Laidlaw, +born near Jedburgh, Scotland, in 1840, served in the Civil War and was +Member of Congress from 1887 to 1891. John Edgar Reyburn (b. 1845), +Member State Senate of Pennsylvania, Member of Congress 1890-1907; and +James Fleming Stewart (1851-1904), were both of Scottish descent. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE JUDICIARY + + +As with the medical and theological professions the legal has shared +the dominating influence of Scotland, and indeed it is perhaps not too +much to say that much of the distinctive character of American +jurisprudence is due to the influence of men of Scottish blood at the +bench and bar. The second Chief Justice of the United States Supreme +Court (John Rutledge) and two of the four original Associate Justices, +Blair and Wilson, were of Scottish origin. The mother of John +Marshall, the great Chief Justice, was of Scottish origin (Keith). Of +fifty judges of the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1882, at +least fifteen were of Scottish birth or descent. We have space here to +deal with only a selection of the most prominent names. + +Andrew Kirkpatrick (1756-1831), Chief Justice of New Jersey for +twenty-one years, whose "decisions especially those on realty matters, +show a depth of research, a power of discrimination, and a justness of +reasoning which entitle him to rank among the first American jurists," +was of Scottish parentage, descended from the Kirkpatricks of +Dumfriesshire. His son, also named Andrew, was President Judge of the +Court of Common Pleas of Essex County (1885-96) and United States +District Judge (1896-1904). George Robertson (1790-1874), Chief +Justice of Kentucky (1829-43), "whose name stands first in the list of +great men who have occupied and adorned the Appellate bench of +Kentucky," and who declined the offer of the governorship of Arkansas, +was of Scottish ancestry. Robert Cooper Grier (1794-1870), Associate +Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut (1846-70) was of same +origin. Eugenius Aristides Nisbet (1803-71), descended from Murdoch +Nisbet, a Lollard of Kyle, after a brilliant career in the state +legislature became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. +Thomas Todd (1765-1826), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court +(1807-26). The first Chief Justice of Delaware, William Killen +(1722-1805), was born in the north of Ireland of Scottish parentage. +John J. Milligan (1795-1875), grandson of a Scottish emigrant from +Ayrshire, was Associate Justice of Delaware, and refused, on account +of ill health, the portfolio of Secretary of the Interior in the +cabinet of President Fillimore. Ellis Lewis (1798-1871), Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1855-57) was of Scottish +descent. Alexander Addison (1759-1807), born in Scotland, became +President Judge of the fifth judicial district of Pennsylvania under +the constitution of 1770. Robert Hunter Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of +Pennsylvania, was Chief Justice of New Jersey for twenty-one years. +John McLean (1785-1861), Associate Justice, is noticed under Scots in +the Presidential Cabinet; and William Paterson, Associate Justice +(1793-1806), is mentioned under Colonial Governors. Samuel Nelson +(1792-1873), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, was of Ulster +Scot descent. "His decisions have stood the test of time and the +searching analysis of the most able lawyers." Thomas Douglas +(1790-1853), first Chief Justice of Florida, was of Scots ancestry. +William Wallace Campbell (1806-81), great-grandson of an Ulster Scot, +was distinguished as a jurist and as a historian of New York State. He +was author of _Annals of Tryon County_ (1831), _Border Warfare of New +York_ (1849), _Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton_ (1849), etc. +During a visit to Scotland in 1848 he was elected an honorary member +of the Clan Campbell at a great gathering at Inveraray. Thomas +Drummond (1809-90), grandson of a Scot from Falkirk, was Justice of +the Illinois Supreme Court. John Archibald Campbell (1811-89), +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1853-61), was Assistant +Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet, and in 1865 took part in +the "Hampton Roads Conference." John Wallace Houston (1841-95), +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Delaware, was of Scots +descent. His ancestors first settled in New York city, and Houston +Street is named after one of them. Other Associate Justices of +Delaware of Scottish descent are Charles Mason Cullen (1829-1903), and +George Gray (b. 1840), Attorney-General (1879-85), United States +Senator, Member of the Russo-Japanese Peace Commission of 1898, and +Member of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission of 1902. James +Gilfillan (1829-94), born at Bannockburn, Stirlingshire, "a profound +scholar, and as a jurist was distinguished for his ability, firmness, +and absolute impartiality." William Joseph Robertson (1817-98), born +in Virginia of Scottish parents, was Judge of the Supreme Court of +Virginia and Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals (1859). Thomas +Sloan Bell (1800-61), of Scottish parentage, became President Judge of +the Judicial District of the counties of Wayne, Pike, Carbon, and +Monroe, in Pennsylvania, in 1855, and held many other important +positions. Samuel Dana Bell, son of Samuel Bell, Governor of New +Hampshire, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire +(1859-64). Matthew Hall McAllister (1800-65), for several years Mayor +of Savannah, Georgia, afterwards United States Circuit Judge of +California, LL.D. of Columbia University, was of Scottish ancestry. +Thomas Ewing (1829-96), son of Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the +Treasury, at the age of twenty-nine was elected first Chief Justice of +the Supreme Court of Ohio. During the Civil War he took a conspicuous +part and rose to the rank of General. William Harper (1790-1847), born +in Antigua, Leeward Islands, of Scottish parents, was Chancellor of +the University of South Carolina (1828-30, 1835-47) and Judge of the +Court of Appeals of South Carolina (1830-35). John Bannister Gibson +(1780-1853), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, was of Ulster Scot +descent. Harry Innes (1752-1816), of Scottish parentage, was one of +the Commissioners appointed to draft a constitution for Kentucky, +being chosen by Washington because of his integrity. He was also +appointed first Chief Justice of Kentucky but declined the office. +John Buchanan (1772-1844), of Scottish ancestry, was Chief Justice of +Maryland, and Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals for thirty-seven +years. His brother, Thomas, was associated with him on the bench. +David Torrance (1840-1906), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of +Connecticut, was born in Edinburgh. + + + + +SCOTS AS AMBASSADORS + + +Some of those who have represented this country at foreign courts +previously held office in the Cabinet or were Members of the Senate +are noted under these headings: + +John Graham (1774-1820), Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil (1819), +was brother of George Graham, Acting Secretary of War in the cabinets +of Madison and Monroe. Charles Johnston McCurdy (b. 1797), of Ulster +Scot descent, was Minister to Austria (1851-52) and Justice of the +Supreme Court. Miller Grieve (1801-78), born in Edinburgh, +Representative in the Georgia Legislature, Chairman of Board of +Trustees of Oglethorpe University, was Charge d'Affaires at +Copenhagen. William Hunter (1774-1849), of Scottish parentage, a +scholar and linguist, United States Senator from Rhode Island +(1812-20), was Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil in 1834. William +Bradford Reed (1806-76) was Envoy-Extraordinary and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to China. Lewis Davis Campbell (1811-82), +Chairman Ways and Means Committee in the thirty-fourth Congress, was +United States Minister to Mexico. Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), +son of Allen McLane, was United States Minister to China (1853-55), +Mexico (1859-60), and France (1885-88). John M. Forbes (d. 1831), +descendant of the Scottish family of Forbes, was Secretary of Legation +to Buenos Ayres (1823) and Charge d'Affaires (1825-31). James Hepburn +Campbell (1820-95) Member of Congress and Minister to Sweden and +Norway (1864-67). John Adam Kasson (1822-1910), descendant of Adam +Kasson (1721) from Argyllshire, had a distinguished career, the list +of honors held by him is long. Whitelaw Reid (1837-1912), one of the +half dozen most distinguished representatives of this country abroad +was of Scottish descent on both sides. Wayne MacVeagh (b. 1833), of +Scottish origin, was United States Minister to Turkey (1870-71), +Ambassador to Italy (1893-97), and was also Attorney-General under +President Garfield. Thomas Barker Ferguson (b. 1841), diplomat and +inventor, was great-grandson of James Ferguson who emigrated from +Scotland at end of seventeenth century. He was Commissioner of Fish +and Fisheries (1878-87), Envoy-Extraordinary and +Minister-Plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway (1893-97), etc. His +grandfather was a Member of the South Carolina Provincial Legislature +and Member of the Council of Safety. Whiteside Godfrey Hunter, born in +Londonderry in 1841, of Scottish ancestry, was a Member of Congress +and Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Guatemala and +Honduras. Richard Renshaw Neill (b. 1845), was Secretary of United +States Legation at Lima, Peru, and has been Charge d'Affaires there +eight different times. Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (b. 1850), of Ulster +Scot origin, was Minister Resident and Consul General in Corea +(1887-90) and later Member of Congress (1892-1906). John Wallace +Riddle (b. 1864), held several diplomatic posts culminating in +becoming Ambassador to Russia (1906-09). Thomas Cleland Dawson (b. +1865), son of a native of Clackmannan, was Secretary of the American +Legation to Brazil (1897-1904), Minister Resident and Consul General +to Santo Domingo (1904), and author of "South American Republics," a +standard work (2 v. 1903-4). George Brinton McClellan Harvey the +present Ambassador to Great Britain is descended from Stuart Harvey +who came from Scotland in 1820. + + + + +SCOTS AS STATE GOVERNORS + + +MAINE. Robert Pinckney Dunlap (1794-1859), eighth governor, and Hugh +Johnston Anderson (1801-81), fourteenth Governor (1844-47), were of +Ulster Scot descent. Abner Coburn (1803-85), twenty-fourth Governor, +was also most probably of Scottish or Ulster Scot descent. + +NEW HAMPSHIRE. Jeremiah Smith, fourth Governor (1809-10), was of +Ulster Scot parentage. His son, of the same name, was an Associate +Justice of the Supreme Court of the state. Samuel Bell (1770-1850), a +descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718, was three times +elected Governor (1819-23) with little or no opposition. John Bell +(1765-1836), his brother, was thirteenth Governor (1828-29). Joseph +Merrill Harper (1789-1865), who served as acting Governor in 1831, was +of Ulster Scot descent. Samuel Dinsmoor (1766-1835), sixteenth +Governor (1831-33), a distinguished factor in the history of his +state, was of Ulster Scot descent on both sides. His eldest son +(1799-1869), also named Samuel, served as twenty-fourth Governor +(1849-52). Noah Martin (1801-63), of Ulster Scot descent on both +sides, was the twenty-fifth Governor. Charles Henry Bell (1823-93), +son of Governor John Bell, was forty-first Governor of the state. John +Butler Smith, forty-seventh Governor (1893-95), was a descendant of +one of the settlers of 1718. John McLane (1852-1911) fifty-seventh +Governor (1905-06), was born in Lennoxtown, Scotland. He was host at +the Russian-Japanese Conference at Portsmouth. + +VERMONT. Charles James Bell, fiftieth Governor (1905), was descended +from one of the Londonderry, N.H., settlers of 1718. John Wolcott +Stewart, thirty-third Governor (1870-72), was descended from Robert +Stewart who went from Edinburgh to Londonderry, Ireland, and whose son +was one of those who emigrated from there to Londonderry, N.H., in +1718. His grandfather fought in the Revolutionary War. + +MASSACHUSETTS. William Claflin (1818-1905), twenty-third Governor, was +a descendant of one of the Scots prisoners taken at the battle of +Dunbar in 1650. + +RHODE ISLAND. General Ambrose E. Burnside (1824-81), Governor +(1867-69). William Gregory (1849-1901), forty-second Governor +(1900-01), was of direct Scottish descent. + +CONNECTICUT. George Payne McLean, forty-first Governor (1901-03), was +of Scottish descent. + +DELAWARE. Charles Polk (1788-1857), thirteenth Governor (1827-30), and +President of the Constitutional Convention of his state in 1831, was +of Ulster Scot descent. John P. Cochran (1809-98), twenty-sixth +Governor (1875-79), was of the same origin. + +PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas McKean, Governor (1799-1808), is already noticed +under Signers of the Declaration of Independence. William Findlay +(1768-1846), fourth Governor (1817-20), of Ulster Scot descent, was +also United States Senator and Treasurer of the Mint at Philadelphia. +William Freame Johnston (1802-72), Governor from 1848 to 1852, was of +Scottish parentage. He did much to develop the oil region of +Pennsylvania, and was also President of the Allegheny Valley Railroad. +James Pollock (1810-90), Governor (1855-58). It was through his +efforts that "In God we trust" was placed on the coinage. John White +Geary (1819-73), Governor from 1867 to 1873, was of Ulster Scot +descent. + +MARYLAND. John Francis Mercer (1759-1821), eleventh Governor +(1801-03), was a descendant of the Mercers of Aldie, Perthshire. +Robert Bowie (1749-1818), twelfth and fifteenth Governor (1803-06, +1811-12), and Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), forty-second Governor +(1884-85), were of direct Scottish descent. Frank Brown, forty-fifth +Governor (1892-96), was descended from Abel Brown who emigrated from +Dumfries, c. 1730. + +VIRGINIA. James Barbour (1776-1842) was eleventh Governor (1812-14). +Barbour County, Florida, was named in his honor. David Campbell +(1779-1859), twenty-first Governor (1837-40), was of Scottish descent +on both sides. Thomas Walker Gilmer (1802-44), twenty-second Governor +(1840-41) was a descendant of the Scottish physician, Dr. George +Gilmer. John Mercer Patton (1797-1858), Lieutenant-Governor and acting +Governor (1841), was son of Robert Patton who emigrated from Scotland. +His mother was a daughter of Gen. Hugh Mercer. John Rutherford +(1792-1865), twenty-third Governor (1841-42), was most probably of +Scottish descent. William Ewan Cameron, thirty-sixth Governor +(1882-86) descended from the Rev. John Cameron, a graduate of Aberdeen +University, who came to America, c. 1770. Henry Carter Stuart (b. +1855), Governor (1914-18), descended from Archibald Stuart who fled +from Scotland for political reasons and settled in Virginia in 1726. + +WEST VIRGINIA. William Erskine Stevenson (1820-1883), second Governor +(1869-71) was born of Ulster Scot parentage. William Alexander Mac +Corkle (b. 1857), eighth Governor (1893-97) is of Scottish descent. +His grandfathers, Captain John MacCorkle and Captain John McNutt, fell +at the battle of Cowpens, 1781. + +NORTH CAROLINA. Nathaniel Alexander (1756-1808), thirteenth Governor +(1805-07), was of Scottish descent. William Alexander Graham +(1804-75), thirtieth Governor (1845-49), was son of Gen. Joseph +Graham, a Revolutionary officer. He was also Secretary of the Navy in +1850, and projected the expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. Tod +R. Caldwell (1818-74), fortieth Governor (1871-74), and David Lindsay +Russell, forty-eighth Governor (1897-1901), were both of direct +Scottish descent. + +SOUTH CAROLINA. General William Moultrie, son of Dr. Moultrie, was +Governor in 1785-87 and 1794-96. Edward Rutledge, tenth Governor +(1798-1800), is already noticed under the Signers of the Declaration +of Independence. "No measure of importance was adopted by the +legislature without his taking part in it, while many originated with +himself." Andrew Pickens, (1779-1838), nineteenth Governor (1816-18), +was a son of Andrew Pickens, the noted Revolutionary general. John +Geddes (1777-1828), twentieth Governor (1818-20), was of Scottish +descent. Stephen Decatur Miller (1787-1838), twenty-fifth Governor +(1828-30), also served as United States Senator. George McDuffie +(1790-1851), twenty-eighth Governor, the greatest orator and statesman +of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage on both sides. McDuffie County +in Georgia is so named in his honor. Patrick Noble (1787-1840), +thirtieth Governor (1838-40), was grandson of an Ulster Scot +immigrant. Robert Kingston Scott (1826-1900), forty-fifth Governor +(1868-72), was the grandson or great-grandson of a refugee from +Culloden. + +GEORGIA. David Brodie Mitchell (1766-1837), ninth Governor (1809-11, +1815-17), was born in Scotland. He was described as "a conscientious, +cultured, and conservative man, of great energy, public spirit, and +animated by the purest patriotism." George McIntosh Troup (1780-1856), +the "Hercules of State Rights," fourteenth Governor (1823-27), was of +Scottish descent on both sides. He was one of Georgia's most +illustrious Chief Magistrates. A county in the state is named after +him. John Forsyth (1780-1841), fifteenth Governor (1827-29), was also +United States Secretary of State. George Rockingham Gilmer +(1790-1859), sixteenth Governor (1829-31, 1837-39), was the grandson +of a Scottish physician, Dr. George Gilmer. He was also Member of +Congress. He also wrote a work, "Georgians," 1855, containing much +valuable matter relating to the early settlers of his state. Charles +James McDonald (1793-1860), nineteenth Governor (1839-43), and George +Washington Crawford (1798-1872), twentieth Governor (1843-47), were +both of Scottish descent. James Johnson, twenty-fifth Governor (1861), +was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. He rendered great service to his +state in its reconstruction after the war. Alexander Hamilton Stephens +(1812-83), grandson of an adherent of Prince Charles Edward, was +Vice-President of the Confederacy (1861-65), chief Confederate +Commissioner in the Hampton Roads Conference in February, 1865, Member +of Congress from Georgia (1873-82), Governor of the state (1883), and +author of "The War Between the States" (1868-70) and of a "History of +the United States" (1883). John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), thirty-fifth +Governor (1886-90), was the great-grandson of one of seven brothers +who emigrated from Scotland, all of whom served in the Revolutionary +Army. As Governor his administration was faultless, and the New York +Sun declared his inauguration "worthy of Thomas Jefferson." + +FLORIDA. Francis Philip Fleming (b. 1841), fourteenth Governor +(1889-93), was of Scottish descent. Alexander Walker Gilchrist, +nineteenth Governor (1909), a descendant of Nimrod Gilchrist, who came +from Glasgow in 1750. + +ALABAMA. Israel Pickens (1780-1827), third Governor (1821-25), +Democratic Member of Congress from North Carolina (1811-17), United +States Senator (1826), was of Scottish descent. Reuben Chapman +(1802-82), eleventh Governor (1847-49), was also of Scottish ancestry. +Robert Miller Patton (1809-85), seventeenth Governor (1865-68), was +Ulster Scot on his father's side and Scottish on his mother's. Robert +Burns Lindsay, born in Dumfriesshire in 1824, a linguist and a +scholar, educated at the University of St. Andrews, was nineteenth +Governor (1870-72). George Smith Houston (1811-79), twenty-first +Governor, and Joseph Forney Johnston (b. 1843), twenty-seventh +Governor (1896-1900), were both of Scottish descent. + +TENNESSEE. Joseph McMinn (d. 1824), fifth Governor (1815-21), was most +probably of Scottish descent. Samuel Houston, seventh Governor +(1827-28), is noticed under Texas. Neil S. Brown, fourteenth Governor +(1847-49), was grandson of Angus Brown, a Scot who fought in the +Revolutionary War under Gen. Francis Marion. William Bowen Campbell +(1807-67), sixteenth Governor (1851-53), was also of Scottish descent. +Benton McMillin (b. 1845), Governor (1899-1903), Envoy-Extraordinary +and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Peru in 1913, of Ulster Scot descent. + +KENTUCKY. John Adair (1797-1840), eighth Governor (1820-24), was of +Scottish parentage. "His term was marked by great legislative +activity for the promotion of education in the state, and by the +abolition of imprisonment for debt." The state library was founded +under his auspices. Adair county was so named in his honor. John +Breathitt (1786-1834), Lieutenant-Governor (1828-32), and eleventh +Governor (1832-34), was the son of a Scottish emigrant. "A man of high +character and his public career irreproachable." Breathitt county was +named after him. James Fisher Robinson (1800-92), twenty-second +Governor, was of English and Scottish descent. + +OHIO. Duncan McArthur (1772-1840), an early Governor (1830-32), was of +Scottish ancestry. He also held the rank of General in the war of +1812. Jeremiah Morrow (1770-1852), Governor (1822-26), and Allen +Trimble (1783-1870), Governor (1826-30), were both Ulster Scot +descent. James E. Campbell (b. 1843), Governor (1890-92), was +previously Member of Congress. James M. Cox (b. 1870), forty-sixth +Governor (1913-15) is of Scottish ancestry. + +INDIANA. Noah Noble, fifth Governor (1831-37), was grandson of a +Scottish immigrant. David Wallace (1799-1859), sixth Governor +(1837-40), and Samuel Bigger (1802-46), were also of Scottish +ancestry. Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Governor from 1873 to 1877, is +already noticed under Vice-Presidents. + +MICHIGAN. Robert McClelland (1807-80), Governor (1851-53), afterwards +Secretary of the Interior; and Austin Blair (1814-94), war Governor, +who sent over 83,000 soldiers from his state during the Civil War, +were both of Scottish ancestry. + +WISCONSIN. The mother of Henry Dodge, first and fourth Governor +(1836-41, 1845-48), was Anne Nancy Hunter, of Ulster Scot parentage. +William E. Smith (1824-83), thirteenth Governor (1878-82), was born in +Scotland. + +ILLINOIS. William Lee Davidson Ewing (1795-1846), Senator and acting +Governor (1834), was of Ulster Scot descent. Joseph Duncan +(1794-1844), fifth Governor (1834-38), who greatly encouraged +education in his state, was of Scottish ancestry. John Lourie +Beveridge (b. 1824) fifteenth Governor, was grandson of a Scot who +came to the United States about 1770. His "administration was +vigorous, just, and impartial." + +MISSISSIPPI. John J. McRae (1815-68), nineteenth Governor (1854-58), +was of Scottish descent. William McWillie (1795-1869), twentieth +Governor (1858-60), and Anselm Joseph McLaurin (b. 1848), +thirty-second Governor (1896-1900), were-both grandsons of Scots. + +LOUISIANA. John McEnery (1833-91), nineteenth (unrecognized) Governor +(1873), was of Scottish descent. Samuel Douglas McEnery (b. 1837), +brother of the preceding, was twenty-second Governor (1881-88). John +Newton Pharr (1829-1903), elected Governor in 1896 but not seated on +account of the negro question, was descended from Walter Pharr who +came from Scotland in 1765. + +MISSOURI. Alexander McNair (1774-1826), first state Governor +(1820-24), most probably was of Scottish birth or descent. Trusten +Polk (1811-76), of same origin as President Polk, was eleventh +Governor (1857). Benjamin Gratz Brown (1826-85), also of Scottish +descent, was Governor from 1871 to 1873, and unsuccessful candidate +for Vice-President in 1872. + +IOWA. John Chambers (1780-1852), second Governor of the territory of +Iowa was of Scottish descent on both sides. James Wilson Grimes +(1816-72), third Governor (1854-58), was of Ulster Scot descent. +Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (1813-94), three times Governor of his state +(1860-64, 1876-77), was descended from a brother of Captain Robert +Kirkwood, a Delaware soldier of the Revolution. He was also Secretary +of the Interior under Garfield. John Henry Gear (1825-1900), eleventh +Governor (1878-82), Assitsant Secretary of United States Treasury +(1892-93), and Senator (1895-1900), was of Scottish ancestry. Albert +Baird Cummins, eighteenth Governor, of Ulster Scot ancestry. + +MINNESOTA. Alexander Ramsey, first territorial and second state +Governor (1849-53, 1860-64), was grandson of an Ulster Scot who served +in the Revolutionary War. + +NEBRASKA. James E. Boyd (b. 1834), eighth Governor (1891-92), was born +in county Tyrone of Ulster Scot ancestry. + +KANSAS. John Alexander Martin (1839-89), ninth Governor (1885-89), was +of Ulster Scot descent. + +TEXAS. Samuel Houston (1793-1863) was a descendant of John Houston who +settled in Philadelphia in 1689. He was Member of Congress from +Tennessee (1823-27), Governor of Tennessee (1827-28), and as +Commander-in-Chief of the Texans he defeated the Mexicans under Santa +Anna in 1836 on the banks of the San Jacinto, and by this one blow +achieved the independence of Texas. He was elected first President of +the new republic in the same year, was re-elected in 1841, and in 1859 +was elected Governor of the state. Houston, the capital of Harris +County, Texas, was named in his honor. Peter Hansborough Bell +(1812-98), third Governor (1849-53), was of Ulster Scot ancestry, as +was also James Edward Ferguson (b. 1871). James Stephen Hogg, +nineteenth Governor and Thomas Mitchell Campbell, twenty-third +Governor, were of Scottish descent. + +COLORADO. Edward Moody McCook, fifth and seventh Governor (1869-73, +1874-75), was of Scottish descent. He also served in the Civil War and +attained the rank of Brigadier-General. James Benton Grant, tenth +Governor (1883-85), was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. Jesse Fuller +McDonald, twenty-third Governor (1905-07), a descendant of James +McDonald who emigrated from Scotland early in the eighteenth century +and settled in Maine. + +WYOMING. Thomas Moonlight (1833-99), sixth territorial Governor +(1887-90), was born in Forfarshire. + +UTAH. Eli Houston Murray (b. 1841), Governor (1880-84), of Scottish +ancestry. + +IDAHO. John Henry Brady (b. 1862), eighth Governor (1910-11), is of +Ulster Scot descent. David P. Thompson, ninth Governor of the state +(1874-76), also of Ulster Scot descent, built the first railroad in +Oregon, and was twice Mayor of Portland. + +SOUTH DAKOTA. Corie Isaac Crawford, sixth Governor (1907-08) is of +Ulster Scot descent. + +CALIFORNIA. John McDougall (1818-66) was Lieutenant-Governor (1849) +and afterwards Governor. Peter Hardeman Burnett (b. 1807) was first +Governor of the state (1849-51). Both were of Scottish origin. + +OREGON. James Shields, first territorial Governor (1848), was born in +Dungannon, County Tyrone, of Ulster Scot parentage. George Abernethy +(1807-77), territorial Governor (1845-49), was born in New York city +of Scottish parentage. "As a governor he was patriotic, efficient, and +unselfish." + + + + +SCOTS IN THE ARMY + + +REVOLUTION. Alexander MacDougall (1731-86), born in Islay, +successively Colonel, Brigadier-General, and Major-General in the +Revolutionary War, and later Delegate to the Continental Congress in +1780 and 1784, was described by Washington as "a brave soldier and +distinguished patriot." Before the outbreak of the war he was a +successful merchant, a leader of the "Sons of Liberty," and was the +first American imprisoned for his utterances in behalf of +independence. Macdougal Street, New York city, commemorates his name. +Robert Erskine (1735-1780), geographer and Chief of Engineers on the +staff of Washington, was a son of Rev. Ralph Erskine of Dunfermline. +Washington erected a stone over his grave at Ringwood, New Jersey. +Henry Knox (1750-1806), General of Artillery and Secretary of War +(1785-95). Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Clough Anderson (1750-1826) was +grandson of a Scottish emigrant. General James Ewing (c. 1736-1806), +of Ulster Scot descent, served in Braddock's campaign and also during +the Revolution. General William Wirt Henry was descended from an +Ulster Scot who came between 1718 and 1722 to Massachusetts. General +Richard Montgomery (1736-75), a descendant of the Montgomeries of +Ayrshire, was killed while leading the attack on Quebec; and Major +John Macpherson (1754-75), of Scots parentage, killed beside +Montgomery, was the first soldier of prominence from Pennsylvania to +be killed in the war. Bancroft calls him "the pure-minded, youthful +enthusiast for liberty." Colonel Allan McLane (1746-1829), of Scottish +origin, repeatedly referred to in Dr. Weir Mitchell's "Hugh Wynne," +was one of the "Rough Riders" who patrolled the country around +Philadelphia to prevent provisions reaching the British troops in the +city. His flight and escape from the British in one of these raids was +the subject of a painting by James Peale. General Hugh Mercer (c. +1725-1777), born in Aberdeen, died of wounds received at the battle of +Princeton, also served with distinction in the Braddock and Forbes +campaigns in western Pennsylvania. His life was a strenuous one, full +of exacting and unselfish work for others, and as Judge Goolrick says +in his "Life of Mercer," he "is entitled to the gratitude of all +liberty-loving America." Mercer county, New Jersey, was named in his +honor. John Armstrong (1725-95), born in the North of Ireland of +Scottish ancestry, served in the French and Indian War (1755-56), was +Brigadier-General in the Continental Army (1776-77), and Delegate to +the Continental Congress (1778-80, 1787-88). Colonel James Livingston +(1747-1832), by his timely shot drove the British warship "Vulture" +from her anchorage in the North River "thus securing the capture of +Andre, effecting the discomfiture of Arnold's treason, and assuring +the safety of West Point, the key of the Revolution." James Chrystie +(1750-1807), born in or near Edinburgh, joined the Revolutionary Army +and served with high reputation till the end of the war. On the +discovery of Arnold's plot at West Point he was entrusted with a +delicate mission by Washington, which he executed successfully. His +son, Lieutenant-Colonel James Chrystie, earned a name for himself at +the Battle of Queenstown in the war of 1812. William Davidson +(1746-1781), born in Pennsylvania of Scottish parentage or descent, +was a Brigadier-General in the Revolutionary Army, and was killed in +the fight at the ford over Catawba River, January 31, 1781. Congress +voted five hundred dollars for a monument to his memory, and Davidson +College, North Carolina, is named in his honor. General William +Macpherson (1756-1813), born in Philadelphia of Scottish parents, was +in the British service at the time of the Revolution, but resigned and +joined the colonies, and served faithfully under Washington. Major +Robert Kirkwood was killed in the battle against the Miami Indians in +1792, the thirty-third time he had risked his life for his country. +Lachlan McIntosh (1727-1806), of the family of MacIntosh of Borlum, +was born in Badenoch, Inverness-shire, and came to America with his +father who settled in Georgia. He volunteered his services on the +outbreak of the Revolution, becoming General in 1776. He was second in +command at Savannah and took part in the defence of Charleston. +McIntosh county, Georgia, is named after his family, "whose members +have illustrated the state, in both field and forum, since the days of +Oglethorpe." William Moultrie (1731-1805), born in England or South +Carolina, son of the Scottish physician, Dr. John Moultrie, ancestor +of the Moultries of South Carolina, repulsed the attack on Sullivan's +Island in 1776 and defended Charleston in 1779. Fort Moultrie was +named in his honor. Andrew Pickens (1739-1817), of Scottish parentage, +was noted as a partizan commander in South Carolina (1779-81), served +with distinction at Cowpens in 1781, and captured Atlanta, Georgia, in +the same year. Pickens county, Georgia, bears his name. John Stark +(1728-1822), one of the most noted Generals of the Revolution, serving +with distinction in several campaigns, was a member of the Court +Martial which condemned Major Andre. Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818), +born at Thurso, Caithness, took part in many battles of the +Revolution, was President of Congress in 1787, and Governor of the +Northwest Territory (1789-1802). William Alexander (1726-83), titular +Lord Stirling, born in Albany of Scottish parentage, commanded a +Brigade at the Battle of Long Island, and also served at Trenton, +Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. John Paterson (1744-1808), +grandson of a Dumfriesshire emigrant, took part in many battles of the +Revolution, commissioned Major-General in 1783, the youngest one of +that rank in the army, and was one of the organizers of the Society of +Cincinnati. General Daniel Stewart was another patriot of the +Revolution. A county in Georgia is named in his honor. + +MEXICAN WAR. Winfield Scott (1786-1866), grandson of a Scot who fought +at Culloden, was born in Virginia, and entered the army in 1808. He +served with great ability in the War of 1812, later became +Major-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Army in 1841. During the +war with Mexico he held chief command of the Army, and became +Lieutenant-General in 1847. John Munroe (c. 1796-1861), born in +Ross-shire, entered the United States Army, saw service against the +Florida Indians, became Chief of Artillery under General Zachary +Taylor in the Mexican War, and was subsequently Military and Civil +Governor of New Mexico (1849-50). James Bowie (1795-1836), of Scottish +descent and of "Bowie-knife" celebrity, took part in the Texan +Revolution and was killed at the Alamo in 1836. Bowie county and the +town of Bowie in Montague county, Texas, perpetuate his name. The +Bowies were a prominent family in Maryland, occupying high positions +in politics, jurisprudence, and society. + +CIVIL WAR. General David Bell Birney (1825-64), son of James Gillespie +Birney, served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac. General +Ambrose Everett Burnside (1824-81), later Governor of Rhode Island +(1867-69), and United States Senator (1875-81), was grandson of a Scot +who emigrated to South Carolina at end of the eighteenth century. +Samuel Wylie Crawford (1829-92), of Scottish ancestry, was brevetted +Major-General of Volunteers for conspicuous gallantry, and wrote +"Genesis of the Civil War" (1887). Major-General Thomas Ewing +(1829-96), was descendant of Thomas Ewing who emigrated to New Jersey +in 1715. James Lorraine Geddes (1829-87), born in Edinburgh, brevetted +Brigadier-General for his services, was also a poet, and wrote "The +Soldier's Battle Prayer," "The Stars and Stripes," etc. John Brown +Gordon (1832-1904), Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army and +later Governor of Georgia, was descendant of John George Gordon and +his wife Mary Chapman, emigrants from Scotland. General Charles Smith +Hamilton (1822-96), of Scottish descent, also served with distinction +in the Mexican War. General Grant ascribed the success of the repulse +at Corinth to him. Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824-63), "Stonewall +Jackson," the noted Confederate General, was of Ulster Scot descent. +John Alexander Logan (1826-86), of Ulster Scot parentage, was later +unsuccessful candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1884, United States +Senator (1871-77, 1879-86), and author of "The Great Conflict" (1866). +Major-General Robert McAllister (1813-91), great-grandson of Archibald +McAllister from Scotland, 1732. Charles Lafayette McArthur (1824-98), +soldier, politician, and journalist, was of Scots parentage. General +Arthur McArthur (1845-1912), of Scots parentage, son of Arthur +McArthur the Jurist, later served in the Philippines, became in 1906 +Lieutenant-General, being the twelfth officer in the history of the +Army to attain that rank. Described as "our best read and best +informed soldier." His son, Douglas, served with distinction in the +Great War. John McArthur, born in Erskine, Scotland, in 1826, +emigrated to United States in 1849, was brevetted Major-General for +gallantry. General George Archibald McCall (1802-68), served in the +Florida and Mexican Wars, and also rendered distinguished service in +the Civil War. Daniel Craig McCallum (1815-78), born in Renfrewshire, +Superintendent of the Erie Railroad (1855-56), was Director of +Military Roads in the United States (1862-65), and became +Major-General in 1866. "He introduced the inflexible arched truss, +which has probably been in more general use in the United States than +any other system of timber bridges." The McCooks, of Scottish descent, +two Ohio families with a remarkable military record, often +distinguished as the "Tribe of Dan" and "Tribe of John" from their +respective heads--two brothers, Major Daniel and Dr. John McCook. All +the sons, fourteen in number, served either in the Army or Navy, and +all but one were commanding officers. Clinton Dugald McDougal (b. +1839), Major-General and later Member of Congress (1872-77), was born +in Scotland. Irvin McDowell (1818-85), served in the Mexican War, in +the Civil War had command of the Army of the Potomac, Major-General in +1872, was descendant of emigrant from Londonderry shortly after the +siege in which his ancestor took part. General John Bankhead Magruder +(1810-71) and Commander George Magruder of the Confederate Army were +said to be "direct descendants of the illustrious Rob Roy McGregor." +Alexander Mackenzie (b. 1844), Chief of Engineers, was of Scots +parentage. David McMurtrie Gregg (b. 1833), served with distinction in +battles of the Wilderness, and was afterwards Auditor-General of +Pennsylvania. John McNeil (1813-91), Brigadier-General, was born in +Halifax, Nova Scotia, of Scots parentage. General James Birdseye +Macpherson (1828-64), of Ulster Scot descent, took a most prominent +part in many battles. General Grant said at his death: "The country +has lost one of its best soldiers, and I have lost my best friend." +William Macrae (1834-82), of Scottish descent, Brigadier-General in +the Confederate Army was afterwards General Superintendent of the +Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. William Addison Phillips +(1824-93), soldier, statesman, and author, born in Paisley, refused to +leave his command to accept the nomination for Governor of his state +(Kansas). He was author of "Labor, Land, and Law" (1886). John +Robertson (1814-87), born in Banffshire, was Adjutant-General of +Michigan from 1861 to 1887. He was author of "The Flags of Michigan," +"Michigan in the War," etc. James Alexander Walker (1832-1901), +descendant of John Walker who came from Wigtown (c. 1730), was also +Member of Congress (1895-99) and Lieutenant Governor of Virginia +(1877). + + + + +SCOTS IN THE NAVY + + +John Paul Jones (1747-92), perhaps the most famous Scottish name in +the annals of the American Navy, was the son of a Scottish gardener, +and was born at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire. The details of his naval +career are so well known that there is little use of repeating them +here. James Craig (1735-1800), a Scot, Was appointed by Congress a +Commissioner of naval stores in 1776. He was owner of a number of +armed privateering vessels, took several prizes, and also aided in +fitting out several other vessels as privateers. The Nicholson family, +of Scottish parentage, was famous in the naval annals of the United +States for three generations, from the Revolution to the Civil War. +Alexander Murray (1755-1821), grandson of a Scot, took an active part +in the naval battles of the Revolution and commanded a squadron +against the Barbary pirates in 1820. John Rodgers (1771-1838), of +Scottish parentage, had a distinguished part in the war against +Tripoli, the government of which he compelled to sign a treaty +abolishing slavery of Christians and the levying of tribute on +European powers. In the war of 1812 he fired the first gun, June 23, +1812, at the British frigate "Belvidere." He was afterwards offered, +but declined, the office of Secretary of the Navy. George Campbell +Read (c. 1788-1862), Admiral, of Ulster Scot descent, took part in the +fight between the "Constitution" and "Guerriere" in 1812. Isaac +McKeever (1794-1856), Commodore and Commandant of the Navy Yard at +Portsmouth, Virginia, was of Scottish parentage. John Berrien +Montgomery (1794-1873), descended from William Montgomery of Bridgend, +Ayrshire (1701), served in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and while +too old for active service in the Civil War, was in charge of Boston +Navy Yard, then one of the most important supply stations of the navy. +Rear Admiral Andrew Bryson (1822-1892), of Scottish descent, took part +in Civil War, and retired after forty-three years' continuous service. +John McIntosh Kell (1823-1900), Executive Officer of the Confederate +Cruiser "Alabama" and author of "Cruise and Combats of the 'Alabama'" +was of Scottish origin. Rear Admiral Alexander Colden Rhind (1821-97), +who served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, was also of Scottish +descent. William Penn McCann (1830-1906), a descendant of John +McKeand, a native of Whithorn, Wigtownshire, who settled here before +the Revolution, was called "Father of the White Squadron" from his +having the warships painted white. Francis Munroe Ramsay (1835-1914), +Rear Admiral and Chief of the Bureau of Navigation (1889), Member of +the Court of Inquiry which investigated the conduct of Rear Admiral +Schley during the war with Spain, was a grandson of Patrick Ramsay who +came from Scotland, c. 1750. Frederick Vallete McNair (1839-1900), +Superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, was descended from +Samuel McNair (1732). Rear Admiral George Wallace Melville +(1841-1912), who saw considerable service in the Civil War and later +achieved world wide fame as an Arctic explorer, was the grandson of a +Scot from Stirling; and Admiral John Donaldson Ford (1840-1917), who +fought in the Civil War and took a prominent part in the capture of +Manila and destruction of the batteries at Cavite during the +Spanish-American War, was of Scottish parentage. + + + + +SCOTS AS SCIENTISTS + + +Alexander Wilson (1766-1813), born in Paisley, the first naturalist to +study American birds in their native haunts, and author of "American +Ornithology" (1803-13), was also distinguished as a poet. David Hosack +(1769-1835), one of the most distinguished surgeons and scientists of +his day, fourth President of the New York Historical Society, was son +of a native of Morayshire. Samuel Guthrie (1782-1848), physician and +chemist, was descendant of John Guthrie, who came to America in 1661. +He was one of the pioneers who introduced vaccination, produced the +first successful percussion powder (after many experiments), invented +the "punch lock" which superseded the flint-lock musket, and, in 1831, +discovered the anaesthetic chloroform. Hugh Williamson (1735-1819), +statesman and scientist, born in Pennsylvania and educated in +Edinburgh. He studied theology and was licensed but never preached, +was Professor of Mathematics in the College of Philadelphia (1760-63), +studied medicine in Edinburgh and Utrecht, practised successfully, +served as surgeon in the Revolutionary War, delegate to the Convention +that framed the Constitution of the United States (1787), and was +afterwards Member of the first Congress. John McLean (1771-1814), born +in Glasgow, became Professor of Chemistry in Princeton (1775) and +later Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in William and +Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia. His son, John, became President +of Princeton. Dr. William Watson (d. 1828), a Scot, was physician and +friend of Chancellor Livingston, and one of the early promoters of +scientific agriculture in America. He was founder of the Farmers' Club +of Dutchess and Columbia Counties, the pioneer of Agricultural +Societies in New York. James Renwick (1790-1862), born in Liverpool of +Scottish parents, was Professor of Physics in Columbia University, +author of several scientific works, and one of the Commissioners who +laid out the early boundary line of the Province of New Brunswick. His +mother was the Jeannie Jaffray of several of Burns's poems. James +Renwick, the architect, was his son. Other gifted sons were Edward +Sabine Renwick and Henry Brevoort Renwick. Joseph Henry (1797-1878), +the "Nestor of American Science," and organizer of the American +Academy of Sciences otherwise the Smithsonian Institution in +Washington, was of Scottish' origin. His paternal and maternal +grandparents emigrated from Scotland together and are said to have +landed the day before the Battle of Bunker Hill. The McAllisters of +Philadelphia (father and son) were famous as makers of optical and +mathematical instruments, and the son was the first to study and fit +astigmatic lenses, and was also the introducer of the system of +numbering buildings according to the numbers of the streets, assigning +one hundred numbers to each block. Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-87), +Naturalist and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was also of +Scottish origin. His works, including scientific papers, number over +one thousand titles. Carlile Pollock Patterson (1816-81) did much to +develop the United States Coast Survey. William Paterson Turnbull +(1830-71), ornithologist, author of the "Birds of East Pennsylvania +and New Jersey," a model of patient and accurate research, was born at +Fala, near Edinburgh. Edward Duncan Montgomery, biologist and +philosopher, was born in Edinburgh in 1835. Marshall MacDonald +(1835-95), ichthyologist, pisciculturist, and inventor, engineer in +charge of the siege of Vicksburg during the Civil War, and inventor of +automatic hatching jars, was the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. +Peter Smith Michie (1839-1901), soldier and scientist, born in +Brechin, Forfarshire, graduated from West Point in 1863, served as +Engineer in the Federal Army, and was afterwards Professor of Natural +and Experimental Philosophy at West Point. William Healey Dall (b. +1845), palaeontologist to the United States Geological Survey, author +of "Alaska and Its Resources," and author of hundreds of articles on +Natural History subjects, was a grandson of William Dall of +Forfarshire. Thomas Harrison Montgomery (1873-1912), specialist in +zoology and embryology, was of Scottish origin. Robert Gibson Eccles, +physician and chemist, born in Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, in 1848, discovered +that benzoic acid and the benzoates are excellent preservatives of +food. He has been Chemist of the Department of Indian Affairs, +Professor of Chemistry in the New York School of Social Economics, +President of the New York Pharmaceutical Association, etc., and has +written largely on philosophy and science. Stephen Alfred Forbes (b. +1844), naturalist, educator, and writer on entomology and zoology, is +of Scottish origin. Thomas Craig (1853-1900), Mathematician and Editor +of the American Journal of Mathematics, was of Scottish parentage. +Alexander Crombie Humphreys, born in Edinburgh in 1851, became +President of Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, in 1902. +Anstruther Davidson, born in Caithness in 1860, Associate Professor of +Dermatology in the University of Southern California, is also +distinguished as a botanist and entomologist. + +William Maclure (1763-1840), the "Father of American Geology," was +born in Ayr, Scotland, and after acquiring a fortune in London, he +came in 1796 to the United States. Having studied geology in Europe he +was attracted by the imposing scale of the geological structure of his +adopted country, and in the course of some years made many journeys +across the eastern states. He recorded his geological observations on +a map, and in 1809 communicated his researches to the American +Philosophical Society. In 1817, having extended his knowledge during +the intervening eight years he presented his map to the Society, and +it was then published. This was the first geological survey of the +United States, and it was carried out unsustained by government aid or +patronage. It was also chiefly through Maclure's aid that the new +Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia was built and endowed. Dr. +Archibald Bruce (1777-1818), the first scientific mineralogist in +America, and founder of the _American Mineralogical Magazine_ (1810), +was born in New York city, son of Dr. William Bruce, head of the +medical department of the British Armies. Henry Darwin Rogers +(1808-66), born in Philadelphia of Ulster Scot parentage, Professor of +Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, State +Geologist of Pennsylvania, published important works on the geology of +Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He removed to Edinburgh in 1855 and three +years later became Professor of Natural History in the University of +Glasgow. His elder brother, William Barton Rogers (1804-1882), was +also a distinguished physicist and geologist. David Dale Owen +(1807-60), born in Lanarkshire, was brought to the United States by +his father in 1823. In 1848 he took charge of the Geological Survey of +Wisconsin and Iowa, and that of Minnesota in 1852. His brother, +Richard Owen (1810-90), also born in Lanarkshire, had a distinguished +career in this country as a geologist. J. Peter Lesley (1819-1903), +also of Scottish descent, was another distinguished geologist who by +his researches and surveys in Pennsylvania, vastly aided in the +economic development of that state. Persifor Frazer (1844-1909), son +of John Fries Frazer and great-grandson of Lieutenant-Colonel Persifor +Frazer of Revolutionary times, was author of the Geological Survey of +Pennsylvania (5 vols.) William John McGee (1853-1912), geologist and +anthropologist, claimed descent from the MacGregors. He was Geologist +of the United States Geological Survey from 1883 to 1893, Ethnologist +in Charge of the Bureau of Ethnology from 1893 to 1903, and in 1907 +was appointed a Member of the Inland Waterways Commission. Washington +Carruthers Kerr (1827-85), educator and scientist of Ulster Scot +parentage, was State Geologist of North Carolina (1866-82), and +published many papers and reports on his subject. John Muir +(1838-1914), geologist, explorer, naturalist, and author, was born in +Dunbar. "No man since Thoreau ever had keener sympathy with nature, a +quicker vision for her mysteries, or a surer speech for their +interpretation." The establishment of the Yosemite and Sequoia +National Parks and the great Sierra Forest Reservation are due to his +writings. The famous Muir Glacier in Alaska, discovered by him in +1879, will forever blazon his name. Other distinguished geologists who +may be briefly mentioned are: Samuel Calvin (1840-1911), Professor of +Geology in the University of Iowa, born in Wigtownshire; John James +Stevenson (b. 1841), educator and geologist, of Scottish parentage; +Erwin Hinckly Barbour (b. 1856), professor of Geology in the +University of Nebraska; and William Berryman Scott (b. 1858), the +distinguished geologist and palaeontologist of Princeton University. + +Asa Gray (1810-88), the greatest of American botanists, was a +descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718. Dr. Alexander +Garden (1728-92), famous as a physician and botanist, was Professor of +Botany in King's College (now Columbia University). His son was a +distinguished Revolutionary officer. Thomas Huston Macbride (b. 1848), +President Emeritus of the State University of Iowa, who has written +much of value on botany, is of Scottish ancestry. Beverly Thomas +Galloway (b. 1863), descended from John Galloway, an emigrant from +Scotland in 1680, Chief of the Division of Plant Industry of the +United States Department of Agriculture, Assistant Secretary of +Agriculture in 1913-14, is the author of several works on plant +diseases. David Trembly Macdougal (b. 1865), Director of the Botanical +Research Department of the Carnegie Institution of Washington since +1905, is the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. His studies relate +especially to plant physiology, heredity, and organic evolution. + +Stephen Alexander (1806-83), son of a native of Scotland, wrote much +on astronomy, and was chief of the expedition to the coast of Labrador +to observe the solar eclipse in August, 1869. James Ferguson +(1797-1867), an Engineer employed on the construction of the Erie +Canal, was born in Perthshire. He was later Assistant Astronomer at +the United States Naval Observatory, and discovered three asteroids, +for which he received medals from the French Academy of Sciences. +Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810-62), who was Director of the Cincinnati +Observatory (1845) and later of the Dudley Observatory (1859), +inventor of the chronograph and other astronomical apparatus, and +became a General in the Civil War, was probably also of Scottish +origin. Maria Mitchell (1818-89), daughter of William Mitchell +(1791-1868), also an astronomer, became Professor of Astronomy in +Vassar College, LL.D. of Columbia University (1887), and was the first +woman elected to the American Academy of Sciences. Lewis Morris +Rutherfurd (1816-92), one of the most distinguished astronomers on the +American Continent, obtained important results in astronomical +photography, and by means of a ruling engine, designed by him in 1870, +constructed the finest diffraction-gratings which had, up to that +time, been made, was of Scottish ancestry. George Davidson +(1825-1911), born in England of Scottish parentage, geodetist and +astronomer, one of the founders of the Geographical Society of the +Pacific, Regent of the University of California, was retired after +fifty years' active field service of incalculable value to the cause +of science. William Harkness (1837-1903), born in Ecclefechan, +Dumfriesshire, was executive officer of the Transit of Venus +Commission (1882). The task of reducing the observations and the +hundreds of photographs was successfully undertaken by him although +declared impossible by eminent British and German astronomers. He was +later Astronomical Director of the Naval Observatory and in 1897 made +head of the Nautical Almanac. Williamina (Mina) Paton Fleming +(1857-1911), born in Dundee, discovered many new stars and wrote much +of permanent value on her subject. William Wallace Campbell (b. 1862), +of Scottish ancestry, has been Director of Lick Observatory since +1901, and has written much on astronomy. + +The most interesting Scot in connection with horticulture in the +United States is Grant Thorburn (1773-1861), who was born in Dalkeith +and left his native country for political reasons in 1794. After +trying a number of occupations he finally established himself as a +seed merchant in New York, and the business is still carried on under +his name. Under the pen name of "Lawrie Todd" he contributed to the +_Knickerbocker Magazine_ and other New York periodicals, and supplied +John Galt, the novelist, with much of the information incorporated in +his "Lawrie Todd; or, Settlers in the New World." Thorburn also +published two volumes of reminiscences, "Forty Years' Residence in +America," and "Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York." William Adair, +born near Glasgow in 1815, developed a profitable business as gardener +and horticulturist in Michigan, and served as State Senator from 1861 +to 1865, 1869-70. Peter Henderson (1822-90), born at Pathhead near +Edinburgh, founded the firm of Peter Henderson and Co., +horticulturists and seedsmen, one of the largest firms of its kind in +existence. William Saunders (1822-1900), born in St. Andrews, planted +and laid out several large estates, beautified Fairmount and Hunting +Parks in Philadelphia, and the park and garden system of Washington, +D.C., the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, etc. William Macmillan, +born in Nairnshire, laid out the public parks of Buffalo, and William +R. Smith, a native of Haddingtonshire, was for many years +Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Washington. Robert Buist +(1805-80), born in Edinburgh, was also one of the greatest +horticulturists in the United States. + + + + +SCOTS AS PHYSICIANS + + +A prominent physician of early colonial times was Dr. Gustavus Brown +(1689-1765), born in Dalkeith, and died in Maryland. Dr. Gustavus +Richard Brown (1747-1804), born in Maryland and educated at Edinburgh +University, his son, also made a reputation for himself as a physician +of ability. Dr. Gustavus Brown (1744-1801), grandson of the first +named, was summoned to attend President Washington in his last +illness. Dr. John Lining (1708-1760), born in Scotland, settled in +Charleston, S.C., in 1730, gained a large practice through his skill +as a physician, and a distinguished reputation in Europe as a +scientist from his experiments in electricity, etc. His meteorological +observations were probably the first ever published. In 1751 he issued +his "History of the Yellow Fever," "which was the first that had been +given to the public from the American continent." Dr. Lionel Chalmers +(1715-1777), born in Argyllshire, practised in South Carolina for more +than forty years, and was the first to treat of the soil, climate, +weather, and diseases of that state. He "left behind him the name of a +skilful, humane physician." Dr. James Craik (1731-1814), +physician-general of the United States Army, was born at Arbigland, +near Dumfries, and for nearly forty years was the intimate friend of +Washington, and his physician in his last illness. One of the earliest +introducers of vaccination into America and an original investigator +into the cause of disease was Dr. John Crawford (1746-1813), of Ulster +Scots birth. As early as 1790 he had conceived what is now known as +the germ theory of disease. Dr. Adam Stephen, born in Scotland, died +at Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 1791, took part in the French and +Indian wars and was an active participant in the Revolutionary War on +the side of the colonists. The town of Martinsburg in Berkeley County +was laid out by him. Dr. George Buchanan (1763-1808), founder of the +Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, was a grandson of George +Buchanan, the Scot who laid out Baltimore town in 1730. Dr. John +Spence (1766-1829), born in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh +University, settled in Virginia in 1791, and obtained a high +reputation as a judicious and successful practitioner. The "father of +ovariotomy," Dr. Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830), was born in Virginia of +Scots ancestry and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. +James Brown McCaw (1772-1846), one of the leading surgeons in +Virginia for over thirty years, studied medicine in Edinburgh. He was +one of the first, if not the first, to tie the external carotid +artery, an operation he performed in 1807. He came of a race of +doctors, being the great-grandson of James McCaw, a surgeon who +emigrated from Wigtownshire in 1771. George McClellan (1796-1847) the +eminent surgeon and founder of the Jefferson Medical College at +Philadelphia, was of Scottish descent. His son, John Hill Brinton +McClellan (1823-74), was professor of anatomy in Pennsylvania Medical +College, and his grandson was George McClellan (1849-1913), the +eminent Philadelphia anatomist. Dr. Peter Middleton (d. 1781), a +native of Scotland, made the first dissection on record in this +country before a class of students and in 1767 established a Medical +School in New York which was subsequently merged in the King's (now +Columbia) College. Dr. William Currie (1754-1823), served in the +medical service during the Revolutionary War, and was reputed one of +the most gifted men of his time as physician and classical scholar. +Horatio Gates Jameson (1778-1855), distinguished physician and +surgeon, was son of Dr. David Jameson who had emigrated to Charleston +in 1740 in company with Dr. (afterwards General) Hugh Mercer. +Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851), anatomist, born near Glasgow, +held several professional appointments in this country and founded the +Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. Dr. John +Kearsley Mitchell (1793-1858), poet, botanist, and eminent physician +of Philadelphia, was son of Dr. Alexander Mitchell who came from +Scotland in 1786. His son, Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, born in 1829, was +distinguished for his researches in toxicology, the nervous system, +etc., and as one of the most distinguished of American authors. One of +the founders of the City Hospital, Albany, and Surgeon-General of New +York State, was Dr. James McNaughton (1796-1874), born at Kenmore, +Aberfeldy. Dr. Daniel McRuer (1802-73), born in Knapdale, Argyllshire, +"a typical Scotchman with a 'burr' in his talk," performed great +service in the Civil War as an army Surgeon. Dr. John Watson +(1807-1863), organizer of one of the first dispensaries for the +treatment of skin diseases and introducer of reforms in the New York +Hospital, was an Ulster Scot. John Murray Carnochan (1817-87), one of +the most distinguished surgeons of his day, was of Scottish parentage. +Ferdinand Campbell Stuart (b. 1815), inventor of various instruments +used in genito-urinary diseases and one of the founders of the New +York Academy of Medicine, was grandson of Rev. Archibald Campbell of +Argyllshire. Dr. David Hayes Agnew (1818-92) was of Scottish descent. +In his work "he attained a degree of eminence which has rarely, if +ever, been equaled, and to which our own times and generation furnish +no parallel." William Thomas Green Morton (1819-68), the discoverer of +anaesthesia, was also of Scottish origin. Dr. Robert Alexander Kinloch +(1826-91), of Scottish parentage, was the first American surgeon to +resect the knee joint for chronic cases, also the first to treat +fractures of the lower jaw and other bones by wiring the fragments, +and was also the first in any country to perform a laparotomy for +gunshot wounds in the abdomen without protrusion of the viscera. Dr. +George Troup Maxwell (1827-1879), was inventor of the laryngoscope. +James Ridley Taylor (1821-1895), who entered the medical profession +after middle life, at the end of a long career passed as a mechanical +engineer, and achieved success and fame in his profession, was born in +Ayr, Scotland. He probably inherited his mechanical skill from his +uncle, John Taylor of Dalswinton, who constructed the steam engine +along with Symington. James Henry McLean (1829-86), physician and +Member of Congress, was born in Scotland. Dr. James Craig (1834-88), +obstetrician, born in Glasgow, graduated at the University of the City +of New York, attended over four thousand cases without the loss of a +mother, was inventor of several surgical appliances, and was the first +to demonstrate hydriodic acid as a curative in acute inflammatory +rheumatism. Professor Alexander Johnson Chalmers Skene (1837-1900), of +Brooklyn, born in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was perhaps the most famous +Gynecologist in America. He was author of many treatises on his +special subject. Prof. Charles McBurney (b. 1845), the famous surgeon, +was of Scottish ancestry. Neil Jamieson Hepburn, born in Orkney in +1846, oculist and aurist, held many positions of responsibility. +Charles Smith Turnbull (b. 1847), oculist and eminent specialist in +diseases of the ear, was of Scottish parentage. Alexander Hugh +Ferguson (1853-1911), the famous Chicago surgeon of Scottish +parentage, was decorated by the King of Portugal for his skill in +surgery. Other prominent doctors and surgeons of Scottish origin whom +we have only space to name are: John Barclay Crawford (1828-94); +William Smith Forbes (1831-1905), grandson of Dr. David Forbes of +Edinburgh; John Minson Gait (d. 1808), and his son Alexander D. Gait +(1777-1841); Robert Ramsey Livingston (1827-88), the most prominent of +Nebraska's early physicians; and James Macdonald (1803-49), resident +physician of Bloomingdale Asylum. + + + + +SCOTS IN EDUCATION + + +The Scots have largely contributed to raise the standard of education +and culture in the United States. They furnished most of the principal +schoolmasters in the Revolutionary Colonies south of New York, and +many of the Revolutionary leaders were trained by them. While Harvard +still continued under the charge of a president and tutors and had but +one "professor," William and Mary College had had for many years a +full faculty of professors, graduates of the Scottish and English +universities. The Scots established the "Log College" at Nashaminy, +Pennsylvania, Jefferson College, Mercer College, Wabash College, and +Dickinson College; and in many places, before the cabins disappeared +from the roadside and the stumps from the fields, a college was +founded. The "Log College" was the seed from which Princeton College +sprang. The University for North Carolina, founded and nurtured by +Scots in 1793, and the University of Pennsylvania and Princeton +University are indebted to the same source for their present position. +William Gordon and Thomas Gordon, who founded a free school in the +county of Middlesex, Virginia, in the latter half of the seventeenth +century, were Scots; and Hugh Campbell, another Scot, an +Attorney-at-law in Norfolk county, Virginia, in 1691, deeded two +hundred acres of land in each of the counties of Norfolk, Isle of +Wight, and Nansemond, for free schools. James Innes, who came to +America from Canisbay, Caithness, in 1734, by his will gave his +plantation, a considerable personal estate, his library, and one +hundred pounds "for the use of a free school for the benefit of the +youth of North Carolina," the first private bequest for education in +the state. One of the first public acts of Gabriel Johnston, +Provincial Governor of North Carolina (1734-52), was to insist upon +the need of making adequate provision for a thorough school system in +the colony. Out of the host of names which present themselves in this +field of public service we have room only for the following: + +James Blair (1656-1743), born in Edinburgh, was the chief founder and +first President of William and Mary College, and Mungo Inglis was the +first Grammar Master there till 1712. Francis Alison (1705-99), an +Ulster Scot educated in Glasgow, was Vice-Provost of the College of +Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania. David Rhind, tutor +of John Rutledge, "an excellent classical scholar, and one of the most +successful of the early instructors of youth in Carolina," was of +Scottish birth. The tutor of Thomas Jefferson was also a Scot. Samuel +Finley (1715-66), born in Armagh of Scots ancestry, S.T.D. of Glasgow +University, 1763, was President of the College of New Jersey, and one +of the ancestors of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, inventor of the Morse +system of telegraphy. In educational work in the eighteenth century no +name stands higher than that of William Smith (1727-1803), born in +Aberdeen, first Provost of the College of Philadelphia. He was the +introducer of the system of class records now used in all American +universities. Isabella Graham (1742-1814), born in Lanarkshire, ranked +as one of the most successful teachers in New York at the end of the +eighteenth century. James Dunlap (1744-1818), of Scottish descent, was +President of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. William Graham +(1745-99), was first President of Washington College (now Washington +and Lee University). Robert Patterson (1743-1824), a Scot of Ulster, +was Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1810-13), and +Director of the United States Mint in Philadelphia (1805-24). His son, +Robert M. Patterson, succeeded him as Vice-Provost in 1828. Peter +Wilson (1746-1825), born at Ordiquhill, Aberdeenshire, published +several important text-books on Latin and Greek, was Member of the New +Jersey Legislature in 1777, and in 1783 was appointed to revise and +codify the laws of the state of New York. Thomas Craighead +(1750-1825), first President of Davidson Academy (1785-1809), +afterwards the University of Nashville, was great-grandson of Rev. +Robert Craighead who went from Scotland to Donoghmore in Ireland. +Joseph McKeen (1757-1807), first President of Bowdoin College, was of +Ulster Scot origin (1718). John Kemp (1763-1812), born at Auchlossan, +Aberdeenshire, became Professor of Mathematics in Columbia University. +He "had an important influence in moulding the views of De Witt +Clinton on topics of internal improvement and national policy." John +Brown (1763-1842), Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy in the +University of South Carolina, was afterwards third President of the +University of Georgia. Joseph Caldwell (1773-1835) was Founder and +President of the University of North Carolina. Jesse Mercer +(1769-1841), Founder of Mercer University, was the grandson of a +Scottish emigrant to Virginia. Robert Finley (1772-1817), Trustee of +the College of New Jersey (1807-17) and fourth President of the +University of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage. John Mitchell Mason +(1770-1829), fourth President of Dickinson College and for several +years Foreign Secretary of the American Bible Society, was the son of +Dr. John Mason, born in Linlithgow. Both were ministers of the +Associate Church in New York. Archibald Alexander (1772-1851), fourth +President of Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia (1796-1806), and +Professor in Princeton Theological Seminary (1812-51), was of Scottish +parentage. James Waddell Alexander (1804-59), Professor of Rhetoric +and Belles-Lettres at Princeton (1833-44) and of Ecclesiastical +History and Church Government in Princeton Theological Seminary +(1844-51) was his son. Joseph Addison Alexander (1809-60), Orientalist +and Biblical critic, was another son of Archibald Alexander. Moses +Waddell (1770-1840), born in Iredell county, North Carolina, of +Scottish parentage, fifth President of the University of Georgia, was +one of the foremost teachers of his day. Samuel Brown Wylie +(1773-1852), Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1834-45), +was born in Antrim of Scottish parents and educated in Glasgow. Joseph +McKean (1776-1818), Boyleston Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard +University (1809-18) was of Scottish parentage. Charles Macalister +(1798-1873), born in Philadelphia of Scottish parentage, intimate +friend of five Presidents, Government Director of the United States +Bank, was founder of Macalister College, Minneapolis. John Dempster +(1794-1863), President of the Illinois Wesleyan University, was of +Scottish parentage. Daniel Curry (1809-87) was President of De Pauw +University (1855-59). Andrew Harvie, born in Scotland before 1810, +became Principal of the Tecumseh branch of the State University of +Michigan (1839-40), Master of Chancery (1848), State Senator +(1850-51). Described as a "man of ability and thorough culture." +Nathaniel Macon Crawford (1811-71), fourth President of Mercer +University and afterwards President of Georgetown College, Kentucky, +was a son of William H. Crawford the statesman. John Forsyth +(1811-86), clergyman, author, and Professor of Latin in Rutgers +College, was of Scottish parentage, and received his education in +Edinburgh and Glasgow. James McCosh (1811-94), born at Carskeoch, +Ayrshire, was President of Princeton University from 1868 to 1888, and +was the author of many works on philosophy. John Fries Frazer +(1812-72), Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1858-68), +was of Scottish ancestry. Louis Agassiz described him as "the first of +American physicists of his time." James Sidney Rollins (1812-88), of +Ulster Scot origin, for his efforts on behalf of education in his +state was declared by the Curators of the University of Missouri to +have won the honorable title of "Pater Universitatis Missouriensis." +Daniel Kirkwood (1814-95), mathematician and educator, grandson of +Robert Kirkwood who came from Scotland c. 1731, was Professor of +Mathematics at Indiana University (1856-86). David Chassel, "of Scotch +descent and Scotch characteristics," was tutor to Professor James +Hadley, America's greatest Greek scholar. Joshua Hall McIlvaine +(1815-97), a distinguished comparative philologist, was President of +Evelyn College, Princeton. Alexander Melville Bell (1819-1905), the +"Nestor of elocutionary science," inventor of the method of phonetic +notation of "visible speech," was born in Edinburgh. Alexander Martin +(1822-93), sixth President of De Pauw University, was born in Nairn, +Scotland. John Fraser (c. 1823-1878), second Chancellor of the +University of Arkansas, was born in Cromarty, Scotland. Malcolm +MacVicar, born in Argyllshire in 1829, was famous as an educator, +writer of text-books, and inventor of many devices to illustrate +principles in arithmetic, astronomy and geography. John Maclean +(1798-1886), tenth President of Princeton University, was of Scottish +parentage. Matthew Henry Buckham (b. 1832), eleventh President of the +University of Vermont, was born in England of Scottish parentage. +James Kennedy Patterson (b. 1833), first President of the Agricultural +and Mechanical College of Kentucky (1880-1901), was born in Glasgow. +David French Boyd (1834-99), second President of Louisiana State +University, and his brother, Thomas Duckett Boyd, also a University +President, were descended from John Boyd of Ayrshire, who emigrated to +Maryland in 1633. William Henry Scott (b. 1840), third President of +Ohio State University and Professor of Philosophy there, was of +Scottish ancestry. Neil Gilmour, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1840, +was Superintendent of Public Instruction of New York State; and James +MacAlister (1840-1913), born in Glasgow, was the first Superintendent +of Schools in Philadelphia, where he introduced many reforms, notably +in the Kindergarten and in co-ordination of teaching. In 1891 he +became President of the Drexel Institute and was also author of +several works on education. Thomas Davidson (1840-1900), philosopher, +educator, and author, was born at Deer, Aberdeenshire. John McLaren +McBride (b. 1846), of Scottish parentage, was President of the +University of South Carolina. Gustavus Richard Glenn (b. 1848) +descended from Nicholas Glenn, an emigrant from Scotland, filled +several important educational positions and was afterwards President +of North Georgia Agricultural College. George Edwin Maclean (b. 1850), +a distinguished English and Anglo-Saxon scholar, was fifth Chancellor +of the University of Nebraska. William Milligan Sloan (b. 1850), +author, educator, and Professor of History in Columbia University, is +descended from William Sloane, a native of Ayr, who settled here in +the beginning of the nineteenth century. James Cameron Mackenzie (b. +1852), born in Aberdeen, is founder of the Mackenzie School for Boys +at Dobbs Ferry (1901) and a frequent contributor to educational +publications. James Hervey Hyslop (b. 1854), philosopher, +psychologist, and educator, was grandson of George Hyslop of +Roxburghshire. He devoted many years to psychical research. James +Geddes (b. 1858), philologist and Professor of Romance Languages in +Boston University, is of Scottish parentage. Andrew Armstrong +Kincannon (1859-1917), Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, +was descendant of James Kincannon who came from Scotland c. 1720. +Edwin Boone Craighead (b. 1861), Professor of Greek at Wofford +College, South Carolina, and afterwards third President of Tulane +University, is of Scottish descent. John Huston Finley (b. 1863), +President of the College of the City of New York and New York State +Commissioner of Education, is a descendant of a brother of Samuel +Finley, President of Princeton College. Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, +born in 1861, Professor of American History in the University of +Michigan, is the son of a Peebles lawyer. Duncan Black Macdonald, +Professor of Semitic Languages at Hartford Theological Seminary, was +born in Glasgow in 1863. Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (1870-1920), +seventh President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was born +in Lindean, Selkirkshire. George Hutcheson Denny (b. 1870), Professor +of Latin in Washington and Lee University, and later President of the +same institution, and James Gray McAllister (b. 1872), sixteenth +President of Hampden-Sidney College, are both of Scottish descent. +William Allan Neilson, born in Doune, Perthshire, was Professor of +English in Harvard University (1906-17), and is now President of Smith +College, Northampton, Massachusetts. William Douglas Mackenzie, +President of Hartford Theological Seminary Foundation, is a son of +John Mackenzie of Knockando, Morayshire, and was born in Fauresmith, +South Africa, in 1859. + +As librarians may legitimately be included under the head of +educators, the following individuals may be mentioned: John Forbes +(1771-1824), born in Scotland, was Librarian of the New York Society +Library. His son, Philip Jones Forbes (1807-77), was Librarian of the +same institution from 1828 to 1855, and his son, John born in 1846, +afterwards became Librarian there. Morris Robeson Hamilton (b. 1820), +State Librarian of New Jersey, was descendant of John Hamilton, acting +Governor of New Jersey (d. 1746). John Cochrane Wilson (1828-1905), +Librarian of the Law Library of the Equitable Life Assurance Company. +Miss Catherine Wolf Bruce established a Free Circulating Library in +Forty-second Street in memory of her father, George Bruce the +type-founder, in 1888. It is now a branch of the New York Public +Library. + + + + +SCOTS IN LITERATURE + + +John Lawson (c. 1658-1711), Surveyor-General of North Carolina, a +native of Aberdeen, published "A New Voyage to Carolina," in 1709, +reprinted 1714, 1718, 1737, 1860, and twice translated into German +(1712, 1722). Lawson was cruelly murdered by the Tuscaroras. Hugh +Henry Brackenridge (1748-1816), born near Campbeltown, Argyllshire, +Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, was author of a political +satire, "Modern Chivalry," a work now extremely rare. David Ramsay +(1749-1815), physician and patriot, of Ulster Scot descent, Delegate +to the Continental Congress, was author of historical works relating +to the Revolution and to South Carolina. Gilbert Imlay, born about +1755 in New Jersey of Scottish parents, was the first Kentucky +novelist, author of "The History of an Expatriated Family" (1793), +etc. Robert Dinsmoor (1757-1836), poet, was brother of Governor +Dinsmoor of New Hampshire. Hugh McCall (1767-1824), author of the +first "History of Georgia," (published in 2 v., 1811-16), was of +Scottish descent. His ancestor emigrated from Dumbartonshire to Ulster +along with the ancestor of J.C. Calhoun. The ancestors of both +remained two generations in Ulster before coming to America. The +greatest name in American literature is that of the son of the +Orcadian farmer, Washington Irving (1783-1859). He was the first who +won international honors for American literature. John Mellish or +Melish (1771-1822), born in Perthshire, died in Philadelphia, traveled +extensively in the United States and published several volumes of his +travels and also published many topographical and military maps. James +Murdock (1776-1856), of Ulster Scot descent, translated and edited +Mosheim's "Institutes of Ecclesiastical History," Milman's "History of +Christianity," etc. Henry Marie Brackenridge (1786-1871), author and +jurist, was son of the author of "Modern Chivalry." Thomas F. Gordon +(1789-1860), lawyer and historian of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc., +was of Scottish ancestry. Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), +lawyer, newspaper editor, author of "Georgia Scenes" (1840), etc., was +son of the inventor. Lydia (Huntley) Sigourney (1791-1865), poet and +miscellaneous writer, was partly of Scots descent. Hew Ainslie +(1792-1878), author of a "Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns," etc., was +born in Ayrshire. David Paul Brown (1795-1872), born in Philadelphia +of Scottish parents, was author of "The Forum; or Forty Years of +Practice at the Philadelphia Bar." James Lawson (1799-1880), newspaper +editor and dramatist, was born in Glasgow and died in Yonkers. Angus +Umphraville of Missouri, the unknown author of "Missourian Lays" (St. +Louis, 1821), was most probably a Scot. His verses are described as +"simply wonderful." Maria J. McIntosh (1803-78), authoress, was +descended from the McIntoshes of Georgia. George Washington Bethune +(1805-62) of New York, a graceful poet and eloquent orator, was the +son of Divie Bethune, a native of Dingwall. Robert Shelton Mackenzie +(1808-80), born in Dublin of Scottish parentage, was editor of the +standard edition of "Noctes Ambrosianae," and in 1834 became the first +regular salaried correspondent of an American newspaper, the New York +"Evening Star." Rev. Robert Turnbull (1809-77), born at Whitburn, +Linlithgowshire, edited the "Christian Review" for many years and was +author of several works. James C. Moffat (1811-90), orientalist, poet, +and Professor of Classics in Lafayette College, author of "Comparative +History of Religions," etc., was born in Glencree, Wigtownshire. +Robert Macfarlane (1812-83), Editor of the "Scientific American," and +author of two or three technical treatises, was born in Rutherglen. +John Milton Mackie (1813-94), of Scottish ancestry, was author of +several important biographical works. William Secular (1814-72), born +in Kilbarchan, Editor of the Lowell "Courier" (1841-47), published the +"History of Massachusetts in the Civil War" (1868-71). Arthur +MacArthur (1815-96), Jurist and Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin +(1856-58), born in Glasgow, was author of "Education in Relation to +Manual Industry" (1884) and "Biography of the English Language" +(1889). William Ross Wallace (1819-81), author of "Perdita," etc., was +described by Bryant as "a born poet." Donald Macleod (1821-65), son of +the Rev. Alexander Macleod of Mull, Professor of Rhetoric in Mount St. +Mary's College, Ohio, was author of historical and other works. His +brother, Xavier Donald Macleod, was a poet and miscellaneous writer. +Donald Grant Mitchell (1822-1908), "Ik Marvel," was of Scottish +descent, and so was General Lew Wallace (1827-1905), author of "Ben +Hur," etc. James Grant Wilson (1832-1914), son of the poet publisher, +William Wilson, of Poughkeepsie, was born in Edinburgh, and attained +the rank of General in the Civil War. He was afterwards author of +several important biographical and historical works. William Swinton +(1833-92), journalist, was correspondent of New York "Times" +(1862-64), and author, was born in Haddingtonshire. He "produced many +educational works which were widely adopted in both private and public +schools throughout the country." Henry Ward Beecher called him the +"American Napier" from the vividness of his historical descriptions. +David Gray (1836-88), editor of the Buffalo "Courier" and poet, was +born in Edinburgh. John Clark Ridpath (1841-1900), educator, +historian, and author, was decended from the old Border family of +Redpath. He was the author of "Great Races of Mankind" (1893), +"History of the World" (1898), etc. Katherine Margaret Brownlee (b. +1841), a descendant of the Brownlees of Torwood, was author of several +volumes of poetry. Leonard Allison Morrison (b. 1843) of New +Hampshire, was a descendant of John Morrison who went from Scotland to +Londonderry and thence to Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1723. Always +devoted to literary studies, as a historical and genealogical writer +he has earned an enviable reputation. James Morrison Steele Mackaye +(1842-94), actor and dramatist, was grandson of William Kay who came +from Scotland about 1800. His son, Percy Wallace Mackaye (b. 1875) is +a distinguished dramatist and poet. Wallace Bruce (b. 1844), poet and +essayist, was descended from George Bruce who came from Scotland in +1635. While United States Consul at Edinburgh (1889-93) he secured the +erection of a statue of Lincoln in the Calton Burial Ground, to +commemorate the services of Scottish-American soldiers in the Civil +War. James Kennedy, born at Aberlemno, Forfarshire, in 1850, is a +well-known poet, author, and lecturer. John D. Ross, born in Edinburgh +in 1853, is author of several literary works particularly relating to +Scotland. Francis Marion Crawford (1854-1909), the novelist, son of +Thomas Crawford the sculptor, was also of Scottish descent. Henry +Morse Stephens, the historian, was born in Edinburgh in 1857. Ernest +Evan Seton-Thompson (b. 1860), artist, author, and naturalist, and +Charles William Wallace (b. 1865), philologist and Shakespearean +scholar, are both of Scottish descent. John Hanson Thomas McPherson +(b. 1865), historian and educator, author of "History of Liberia" +(1891), is a descendant of Robert McPherson who came from Scotland in +1738. George Barr McCutcheon (b. 1866), author of many widely read +works of fiction ("Graustark," "Brewster's Millions," etc.) is a +descendant of John McCutcheon who emigrated from Scotland in 1730. +Mary Johnston (b. 1870), author of "Prisoners of Hope" (1898), "To +have and to hold" (1899), etc., is a descendant of Peter Johnston who +emigrated to Virginia in 1727. + + + + +SCOTS IN THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL WELFARE + + +Francis Makemie (c. 1658-1708), the organizer of the first American +Presbytery, was born in Ulster of Scots parentage. In 1676 he went to +Glasgow to attend the classes in the University there, and his name +still stands in the matriculation register of the University: +"Franciscus Makemius ... Scoto-Hibernus," i.e. Francis Makemie, a Scot +of Ireland. In 1683 he was ordained by the Presbytery of Laggan and +sent over to the American colonies, where he immediately began the +organization of churches and presbyteries. William Traill, another +Scot, Moderator of the Presbytery of Laggan, was sent over shortly +before Makemie but he confined his work to preaching. George Gillespie +(1683-1760), born in Glasgow, was one of the earliest ordained +ministers in New Jersey and Delaware. Alexander Garden (1685-1756), an +Episcopalian, born in Edinburgh, settled in Charleston, South +Carolina, as Rector of St. Philip's Episcopal Church. Samuel Auchmuty +(1722-77), son of the eminent Scottish lawyer of Boston, was Rector of +Trinity Church, New York city, and had charge of all the churches +there. Thomas Gordon, the "fighting parson" of Bacon's Rebellion +(1676) was a Scot. Henry Barclay (1712-64), Rector of Trinity Church, +New York, Trustee of the New York Society Library, and a Governor of +Columbia University, was the son of John Barclay, a Scot, Surveyor +General of East New Jersey. Robert Sandeman (1718-71), born in Perth, +and died in Danbury, Connecticut, was principal founder of the +Sandemanians or Glassites. John Mason, a native of Linlithgow, "one of +the most accomplished preachers and pastors of his day," was appointed +Minister of the Scotch Presbyterian Church, New York, in 1761. James +Caldwell (1734-81), soldier parson of the Revolution, was of Scots +parentage or descent. Finding the Revolutionary soldiers short of +wadding he distributed the church hymn books among them, with the +exhortation, "Now, boys, put Watts into them." His son, John E. +Caldwell, was one of the founders of the American Bible Society. +Alexander McWhorter (1734-1807), of Scottish parentage, took an active +part in Revolutionary matters and was a Trustee of Princeton College. +McWhorter Street in Newark, New Jersey, is named in his honor. James +Waddell (1739-1805), famous in Virginia as "The Blind Preacher," was +probably a grandson or great-grandson of William Waddell of Monkland +parish, Scotland, one of the prisoners captured at Bothwell Brig in +1679. Samuel McClintock (1732-1804), minister of Greenland, New +Hampshire, of Scottish origin, was present at Bunker Hill and appears +in Trumbull's painting of the battle. Four of his sons served in the +Revolutionary war. Alexander McLeod (1774-1833), born in the island of +Mull, died in New York as Pastor of the First Reformed Church. +Described as "a powerful preacher, a man of learning and wisdom, and a +devout Christian." George Buist (1770-1808), born in Fifeshire, +Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, "one of the most eloquent and +distinguished divines of his day," was Pastor of the Scots Church in +Charleston and President of the College of Charleston. Alexander +Campbell (1786-1866), founder of the Campbellites, was born in Antrim +of Scots ancestry. Walter Scott, another of the founders, was born in +Moffat, Dumfriesshire. John Dempster (1794-1843), founder of Boston +Theological Seminary, which afterwards became the Theological School +of Boston University, was of Scots parentage. Peter Douglas Gorrie +(1813-84), clergyman, and historian of the Methodist Church in the +United States, was born in Glasgow. John McClintock (1814-70), of Drew +Theological Seminary and leading editor of McClintock and Strong's +"Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," +was of Scottish descent. Robert Stuart MacArthur, born in Canada, in +1841, of Scots parentage, Minister of Calvary Baptist Church, New +York, has published many volumes of sermons, essays, and narratives of +travel. Robert Mackenzie (b. 1845), President of San Francisco +Theological Seminary, was born in Cromarty. Robert McIntyre (b. 1851), +Methodist Episcopal Bishop of California, was born in Selkirk. Joseph +Plumb Cochran, Medical Missionary to Persia, the "Hakim Sahib" of the +natives, was grandson of a Scot. John Alexander Dowie (1848-1907), +founder of the so-called "Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in +Zion," was born in Edinburgh. Mary M. Baker Glover Eddy (1821-1910), +claimed partly Scots descent (from MacNeils of Barra). + +Charles Pettigrew (1743-1807), Bishop of the Diocese of North +Carolina, was of Scottish descent. James Kemp (1764-1827), second +Bishop of Maryland, was born at Keithhall in Aberdeenshire. Charles +Pettit McIlvaine (1799-1873), Bishop of Ohio (1832-73), author of +"Evidences of Christianity," 1832, was also of Scottish origin, from +the MacIlvaines of Ayrshire. William Edward McLaren (1831-1905), third +Bishop of Chicago, was grandson of a Scot. The first missionary Bishop +of Duluth, James Dow Morrison (b. 1844), was son of Rev. John Morrison +and his wife who emigrated from Glasgow in 1837. Abram Newkirk +Littlejohn (1824-91), first Bishop of Long Island, was a descendant of +Hugh Littlejohn of Perthshire. James Steptoe Johnston (b. 1843), +second Bishop of western Texas, was of Scottish descent; and Hugh +Miller Thompson (1830-1902), second Bishop of Mississippi, was an +Ulster Scot, born in Londonderry. + +Richard Gilmour (1824-91), second Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese +of Cleveland (1872-91), born in Glasgow, Scotland, of Presbyterian +parents, was noted for his zeal in behalf of Catholic education. +Robert Seton (b. 1839), a descendent of the Setons of Winton, was +created Archbishop of Heliopolis in 1903. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton +(1774-1821), of the same family, was founder of the Roman Catholic +Order of Sisters of Charity (1809), of which she was the first Mother +Superior. + +John McLean (1759-1823), merchant and philanthropist, was founder of +McLean Asylum for Insane at Somerville, Massachusetts. Robert Rantoul +(1778-1848), of Scottish parentage, worked hard to ameliorate the +criminal legislation of the country, and took part in establishing a +charity school at Beverly, Massachusetts, which was said to be the +first Sunday School in America. Mrs. Graham, a Scotswoman, celebrated +in New York city for her benevolence and charity, founded a Sunday +School in New York for young women in 1792. The movement however +languished for some years until her daughter, Mrs. Bethune, also born +in Scotland, organized the Female Sabbath School Union of New York in +1816. By her work in this connection Mrs. Bethune earned her title of +"Mother of Sabbath Schools in America." Fanny Wright (1795-1852), +Madame Frances D'Arusmont, born in Dundee, Scotland, lectured +extensively in the United States on social, religious, and political +questions, and was the author of "Views on Society and Manners in +America," etc. Robert Dale Owen (1801-77), born in Glasgow, social +reformer, spiritualist, author, and Member of Congress from Indiana +(1843-47), was a strong advocate of negro emancipation. James Miller +McKim (1810-1874), of Ulster Scot descent, was one of the organizers +of the National Anti-Slavery Society (1835), later publishing agent of +the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and in 1865 one of the founders +of the New York "Nation." Albert Brisbane (1809-90), of Scottish and +English descent, was the "Father of American Fourierism." Albert Keith +Smiley (1828-1912), educator and reformer, was born in Maine of +Scottish ancestry; and Thomas Kirby Cree, of Ulster Scot origin, was +Secretary for twenty-five years of the International Committee of the +Young Mens' Christian Association. John MacVicar born in Canada in +1859 of Scottish parents, was one of the originators of the Commission +form of government, developing what became known as the "Des Moines +Plan." James Duncan, born in Kincardine in 1857, is the well-known +Labor Leader. + + + + +SCOTS AS LAWYERS + + +John Mercer (1704-68), author of "An exact abridgment of all the +public Acts of Assembly," Williamsburg, 1737, was a descendant of the +Mercers of Aldie. Robert Auchmuty (born in Scotland, died in Boston, +1750), and his sons were distinguished lawyers of Colonial times. Hugh +Maxwell (1787-1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant Judge Advocate +General (1814) and District Attorney of New York (1819-29). Edward +Duffield Ingraham (1793-1854), of Scottish descent, was at the head of +the legal profession of his time in Philadelphia. He was also an +eminent bibliophile, possessing a library of thirty thousand volumes. +Robert Rantoul (1805-52), of Scots ancestry, was member of the first +Commission to Revise the Laws of Massachusetts, Member of the first +Massachusetts Board of Education, "an honor intended to be conferred +only on such as were well qualified by their literary acquisitions to +discharge its responsible duties." He was also a prominent agitator +against the fugitive slave law, and organizer and corporator of the +Illinois Central Railroad, the first transcontinental line projected. +John Jay McGilvra (1827-1903), of Scots parentage, took part in many +prominent enterprises for the public benefit in Washington State, and +forced the Northern Pacific Railroad to restore five million acres to +public domain. Lawrence Maxwell, born in Glasgow in 1853, was +Solicitor-General of the United States (1893-95), and also held many +other important positions. David Robert Barclay, author of the well +known "Barclay's Digest" of the decisions of the Supreme Court (St. +Louis, 1868) was of Scots descent. William Birch Rankine (1858-1905) +of Scots parentage, took up the work of developing Niagara power and +founded the Niagara Falls Power Company (1886). Thomas M. Logan (b. +1840), lawyer, soldier, and railroad officer was a descendant of Logan +of Restalrig. David Clarence Gibboney (b. 1869), Special Counsel for +the Pure Food Commission in 1906, grandson of a Scot, has also made a +reputation for prosecution of gamblers, dive-keepers, illicit liquor +dealers, etc., in Philadelphia. + + + + +SCOTS IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC. + + +John Smibert (c. 1684-1751), born in Edinburgh, came to America in +1728 and settled in Boston, where he met success as a portrait +painter. He was the first painter of merit in the colonies, and +painted portraits of many of the eminent magistrates and divines of +New England and New York between 1725 and 1751, the year of his death. +His work had much influence on the American artist, John Singleton +Copley. Gilbert Charles Stuart (1755-1828), born in Rhode Island of +Scottish parents, was the foremost American portrait painter of his +day. He painted several portraits of Washington, and also portraits of +Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Justice +Story, Fisher Ames, John Jacob Astor and others. Cosmo Alexander, a +skilled portrait painter, born in Scotland, was his teacher for a +time. Charles Fraser (1782-1860), born in Charleston, South Carolina, +of Scottish ancestry, first studied law and retired with a competency. +He then took up art and achieved eminent success in miniature painting +and as a painter of landscapes, pictures of genre, still life, etc. +William Dunlap (1766-1839), artist and dramatist, founder and early +Vice-President of the National Academy of Design, was of Ulster Scot +descent. His family name was originally Dunlop. Robert Walter Weir +(1803-89), of Scots parentage, is best known for his historical +pictures, he being one of the first in America to take up this branch +of the art. "The Embarkation of the Pilgrims" (1836-40) in the Rotunda +of the Capitol at Washington is by him. Russell Smith, born in Glasgow +in 1812, was a scientific draughtsman and landscape painter. Two of +his finest landscapes, "Chocorua Peak" and "Cave at Chelton Hills" +were exhibited in the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876. His son, +Xanthus (b. 1839), was a well-known marine and landscape painter and +painted many of the naval engagements of the Civil War. James Hope, +born near Abbotsford in 1818, settled in New York in 1853, +distinguished as a landscapist, was chosen an Associate of the +National Academy in 1865. Alexander Hay Ritchie (1822-95), born in +Glasgow and educated in Edinburgh, was a most successful painter in +oils as well as an engraver in stipple and mezzotint. His paintings of +the "Death of Lincoln" and "Washington and his Generals," obtained +great popularity. As a portrait painter fine examples of his work are +"Dr. McCosh" of Princeton, "Henry Clay," etc. He also did a good deal +of book illustrating. Thomas Lachlan Smith (d. 1884), also born in +Glasgow, was noted for his Winter scenes. Two notable pictures of his, +"The Deserted House" and "The Eve of St. Agnes," were exhibited at the +Centennial Exhibition. Still another Glasgow artist, John Williamson +(1826-85), born at the Tollcross in that famous city, became an +Associate of the National Academy, and made the scenery of the Hudson +and the Catskills his special study as shown by his "The Palisades," +"Sugar Loaf Mountain," "Autumn in the Adirondacks," etc. William Hart +(1823-94), born in Paisley, became an Academican in 1857, and was +afterwards President of the Brooklyn Academy and of the American Water +Color Society. James McDougall Hart (1828-1901), born in Kilmarnock, +brother of William Hart, already mentioned, Academican of the National +Academy of Design, was noted for his landscapes and paintings of +cattle and sheep. His "Summer Memory of Berkshire" and his "Indian +Summer" attracted considerable attention at the Paris Salon in 1878. +James David Smillie (1833-1909), son of James Smillie, the Scottish +engraver, during the Civil War made designs for government bonds and +greenbacks. In 1864 he took up landscape painting and was one of the +founders of the American Water Color Society (1867) and National +Academican in 1876. His brother, George Henry Smillie (b. 1840), was +also distinguished as a landscape painter. He made a sketching tour in +the Rocky Mountains and the Yosemite Valley in 1871, and became a +National Academican in 1882. Walter Shirlaw, born in Paisley, +Scotland, in 1838, died in Madrid, Spain, in 1909, was the first +President of the Society of American Artists. His easel pictures "are +marked by rich color and fine composition, and he is one of the few +American artists who have successfully painted the nude. His +water-colors and etchings have brought him high reputation in these +forms of expression." Walter MacEwen, born in Chicago of Scottish +parents, has painted many pictures and has received medals and +decorations for his work. In 1895-96 he painted nine large panels and +a number of small ones for the Hall of Heroes in the Library of +Congress. George Inness (1825-94), the famous American painter, is +believed to have been of Scottish ancestry. James T. Dick (1834-68), +William Keith (b. Aberdeenshire, 1839), Robert Frank Dallas (b. 1855), +John White Alexander (b. 1856), Robert Bruce Crane (b. 1857), Addison +Thomas Miller (b. 1860), and John Humpreys Johnston, are all artists +of Scottish parentage or Scottish ancestry. John Robinson Tait (b. +1834), artist and author, son of a native of Edinburgh, has written +much on art subjects. John Wesley Beatty (b. 1851), Art Director of +the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, is of Scottish parentage. John +Ward Dunsmore (b. 1856), Director of the Detroit Museum of Arts and +Founder of the Detroit School of Arts; and John Ferguson Weir (b. +1841), Dean of the School of Fine Arts at Yale University, are of +Scottish descent. + +Alexander Lawson (1773-1846), born in Lanarkshire, died in +Philadelphia, was famous as the engraver of the best plates in +Alexander Wilsons's _Ornithology_ and the plates on conchology for +Haldeman and Binney. His son, Oscar A. Lawson (1813-54), was chart +engraver of the United States Coast Survey, 1840-51. Samuel Allerdice +engraved a large number of plates of Dobson's edition of Rees's +_Cyclopaedia_, 1794-1803. Hugh Anderson, a Scot, did good line and +stipple work in Philadelphia in the first quarter of the nineteenth +century. George Murray, born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in +1822, organized the bank-note and engraving firm of Murray, Draper, +Fairman & Co., in 1810-11, the best note engravers in this country in +their day. John Vallance, also born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia +in 1823, was one of the founders of the Association of Artists in +America, and Treasurer of the Society of Artists in Philadelphia in +1810. James Smillie (1807-85), born in Edinburgh, died in New York, +was celebrated as an engraver of bank notes and as an engraver of +landscapes. Among his best works are Cole's series "The Voyage of +Life," and Bierstadt's "Rocky Mountains." Dr. Alexander Anderson +(1775-1870), the "Bewick of America," born in New York of Scots +parentage, at the age of ninety-three engraved some illustrations for +Barbour's "Historical Collections of New Jersey." Robert Hinschelwood, +born in Edinburgh in 1812, studied under Sir William Allen, was +landscape engraver for Harpers and other New York publishers and also +engraver for the Continental Bank Note Company. John Geikie Wellstood, +born in Edinburgh in 1813, was another eminent engraver. In 1858 his +firm was merged in the American Bank Note Co., and in 1871 he founded +the Columbian Bank Note Company of Washington, D.C. He also made many +improvements in the manufacture of banknotes. Charles Burt (c. +1823-92), born in Edinburgh, died in Brooklyn, a pupil of William Home +Lizars of Edinburgh, did some fine plates and portraits for books and +for several years was one of the chief engravers for the Treasury +Department in Washington. Hezekiah Wright Smith, born in Edinburgh, in +1828, engraved portraits of Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and his +head of Washington, after the Athenaeum head by Gilbert Stuart, is said +to be "the best engraving of this famous portrait ever made." +Nathaniel Orr (b. 1822), of Scottish ancestry, retired in 1888 "with +the reputation of having brought the art of wood engraving to the +highest perfection, and the signature 'Orr,' cut in the block was +always a sure guarantee of art excellence." Robert Shaw, born in +Delaware in 1859 of Scottish parentage, has made a reputation by his +etchings of famous historical buildings. His etching, the "Old Barley +Mill" ranks as one of the best etchings made in this country. A few +other Scottish engravers who produced good work were Robert Campbell, +William Charles (d. Philadelphia, 1820), Alexander L. Dick (1805), +W.H. Dougal (he dropped the "Mac" for some reason), Helen E. Lawson +(daughter of Alexander Lawson already mentioned), John Roberts +(1768-1803), William Main Smillie (1835-88), son of James Smillie +mentioned above, and William Wellstood (1819-1900). + +John Crookshanks King (1806-82), born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, +emigrated to America in 1829, and died in Boston, was celebrated for +his busts of Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, Louis Agassiz, the +naturalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, etc. He also excelled as a maker of +cameo portraits. Thomas Crawford (1814-57), one of the greatest if not +the greatest sculptor of America, was of Scottish descent. His works +include "Armed Liberty" (bronze doors), Beethoven, bust of John +Quincy, Washington, "Orpheus," etc. Frederick William MacMonnies, born +in Brooklyn in 1863 of Scottish parents (his father was a native of +Whithorn, Wigtownshire), is sculptor of the statue of Nathan Hale in +City Hall Park, New York; "Victory" at West Point, etc. Robert +Ingersoll Aitken, born in San Francisco of Scottish parents, is +designer of the monuments to President McKinley at St. Helena, +Berkeley, and in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. He also designed the +monument to the American Navy in Union Square, San Francisco. In 1906 +he moved to New York and has executed busts of some of the most +prominent Americans of the day. Notable of his ideal sculptures are +"Bacchante" (1908), "The Flame" (1909), and "Fragment" (1909). John +Massey Rhind, Member of the National Sculpture Society, one of the +foremost sculptors of the present day, was born in Edinburgh in 1858. +James Wilson, Alexander Macdonald (1824-1908), and Hermon Atkins +MacNeil (1866) are also of Scottish origin. + +Alexander Milne Calder, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1846, began +life as a gardener, studied with Alexander Brodie and John Rhind and +in London and Paris, came to America in 1868, and is best known as +having made the sculpture for the Philadelphia City Hall including the +heroic statue of William Penn, which crowns the tower. His son, +Alexander Stirling Calder, born in Philadelphia in 1870, is also a +sculptor of note, and was acting chief of the Department of Sculpture, +Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 1913-1915. Robert Tait +MacKenzie, born in Ontario, Canada, in 1867, son of Rev. William +Mackenzie, a graduate of Edinburgh, has created several groups of +athletes in action of great force and beauty. Dr. Mackenzie is a +physician and director of the Department of Physical Education in the +University of Pennsylvania. + +Thomas MacBean, the architect of St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway, New York +City, built in 1764-66, was a Scot who received his training under +James Gibbs (an Aberdonian), architect of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, +London. John Notman (1810-65), born in Edinburgh, designed and +constructed some of the most important buildings in Philadelphia and +also the State Capitol, Trenton. James Renwick (1818-95), born in New +York city of Scottish ancestry, planned the distributing reservoir on +Fifth Avenue, New York, where the New York Public Library now stands. +He was one of the greatest architects in this country, and the beauty +of his work--to cite only a few of his most notable creations--is +amply attested by Grace Church, Calvary Church, and St. Patrick's +Cathedral, in New York; the Smithsonian Institution and Corcoran Art +Gallery, in Washington; and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. John +McArthur (1823-90), born in Bladenoch, Wigtownshire, designed and +constructed Philadelphia City Hall, Lafayette College, the "Public +Ledger" building in Philadelphia, several hospitals, etc. Alexander +Campbell Bruce (b. 1835), of Scottish parentage, designed a number of +court-houses and other public buildings in Tennessee, Georgia, +Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina, besides schools, libraries, +churches, hotels, etc. He easily became the foremost architect of the +South. Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86), of Scottish descent, drew +the plans for many important buildings, but Trinity Protestant +Episcopal Church in Boston, is considered his masterpiece. James +Hamilton Windrim (b. 1840), architect and Director of Public Works in +Philadelphia, was of Ulster Scot parentage. His services were utilized +in the planning and construction of some of the most important +buildings in Philadelphia. The Masonic Temple in that city is believed +to be his masterpiece. The designer of many of the notable bridges of +Philadelphia was Frank Burns (1844-1913), an architectural draughtsman +of Scottish descent. Harold Van Buren Magonigle (b. 1867), designer of +the monument to the Seamen of U.S.S. _Maine_ (1900), Cornell Alumni +Hall, Ithaca, the National McKinley Memorial at Canton, Ohio, etc., is +the grandson of John Magonigle of Greenock. The builder of the world +famed Smithsonian Institution in Washington was Gilbert Cameron (d. +1866), a native of Greenock, and Scottish stone-masons were largely +employed in the construction of many of the most important buildings +in the country, such as the Metropolitan Museum and Tombs in New York, +the Capitol in Albany, the State House in Boston, the City Hall in +Chicago, etc. Alexander McGaw (1831-1905), born in Stranraer, +Wigtownshire, was famous as a bridge-builder and as builder of the +pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. John L. Hamilton +(1835-1904), born in Newmilns, Ayrshire, came to the United States in +1853, and soon became eminent as a builder. + +Duncan Phyfe, maker of exquisite furniture, who adapted and improved +the Sheraton style, and considered by good judges to be the equal of +Sheraton, Hipplewhite, and Adams, was a Scot who came to America about +1784. His father was John Fife of Inverness. Dyer, who devotes a +chapter of his _Early American Craftsmen_ to him, says "no other +American made anything comparable to ... the exquisite furniture of +Duncan Phyfe." The name of Samuel McIntire (d. 1811) stands out +pre-eminent as master of all the artists in wood of his time. An +account of his work is given by Dyer with illustrations of his work. +In 1812, Thomas Haig, a native of Scotland, a Queensware potter, +started the Northern Liberties Pottery, and turned out a beautiful +quality of red and black earthenware. About 1829 the works of the +Jersey Porcelain and Earthenware Company (founded 1825) were purchased +by David and J. Henderson. Some of the productions of the Hendersons +are especially sought after by collectors. The firm is now known as +the Jersey City Pottery. The Scottish firm of J. and G.H. Gibson, +glass-stainers, Philadelphia, obtained a national reputation for +artistic work. Daniel and Nathaniel Munroe, clockmakers, were famous +as such in Massachusetts in the beginning of the nineteenth century. +Henry Mitchell (1810-93), born in Fifeshire, was the pioneer +wagon-builder of the west. Frederick Turnbull (1847-1909), who +introduced the art of Turkey-red dyeing into this country about 1850, +was born in Glasgow. + +Will C. Macfarlane (b. 1870), organist and composer, was born in +England of Scottish origin. His compositions include songs, anthems, +organ music, a Lenten Cantata, "The Message from the Cross." His +setting of Katherine Lee Bates's patriotic hymn, "America, the +Beautiful," has had nation-wide usage. William Wallace Gilchrist (b. +1846), composer, was of Scottish descent; and Edward Alexander +MacDowell (1861-1908), composer and Professor of Music in Columbia +University, was of Ulster Scot origin. + +Robert Campbell Maywood (1784-1856), actor and theatrical manager in +Philadelphia, was born in Greenock, Scotland. Edwin Forrest +(1806-1872), the celebrated American actor, was the son of a native of +Dumfriesshire; and Robert Bruce Mantell, who made his debut in +Rochdale, England, was born in Irvine, Ayrshire, in 1854. James Edward +Murdoch (1811-93), grandson of a Scottish immigrant, was Professor of +Elocution at Cincinnati College of Music, and later a leading actor on +the American stage. During the Civil War he devoted his energies to +support of the Union and gave readings for the benefit of the United +States Sanitary Commission. Benjamin Franklin Keith (1846-1914), +theater proprietor, was of Scottish descent. Mary Garden, Singer and +Director of Grand Opera, was born in Aberdeen in 1877. James H. +Stoddart, the veteran actor, was also of Scottish origin. + + + + +SCOTS AS INVENTORS + + +As Scotland gave to the world the knowledge of the art of logarithms, +the steam engine, the electric telegraph, the wireless telegraph, +illuminating gas, the knowledge of chloroform, and many other +important inventions, it was to be expected that the inventive faculty +of her sons would not fail when transplanted to this country. + +Hugh Orr (1717-98), born in Lochwinnoch, inventor of a machine for +dressing flax, took a patriotic part in the war of the Revolution by +casting guns and shot for the Continental Army, besides doing much to +encourage rope-making and spinning. His son, Robert, invented an +improved method of making scythes and was the first manufacturer of +iron shovels in New England. William Longstreet (1759-1814), a New +Jersey Scot, invented and patented an improvement in cotton-gins +called the "breast-roller," also a portable steam saw-mill. As early +as 1790 he was at work on the problem of the application of steam +power to the propulsion of boats, but lack of funds prevented +operations until 1807, the same year in which Fulton launched his +steamboat. His son, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), became +President of South Carolina College. Robert Fulton (1765-1815), of +Ayrshire origin through Ulster, was, as every one knows, the first to +successfully apply steam to navigation. Hugh Maxwell (1777-1860), +publisher and newspaper editor, of Scottish descent, invented the +"printer's roller" (patented in 1817), cast his own types and engraved +his own woodcuts. Henry Burden (1791-1871), born in Dunblane, inventor +of an improved plow and the first cultivator, was also the first to +invent and make the hook-headed railroad spike "which has since proved +itself a most important factor in railroad building in the United +States." His "cigar boat" although not a commercial success was the +fore-runner of the "whale-back" steamers now in use on the Great +Lakes. William Orr (1808-91), manufacturer and inventor, born in +Belfast of Ulster Scot parentage, was the first to manufacture +merchantable printing paper with wood fibre in it, and made several +other improvements and discoveries along similar lines. Cyrus Hall +McCormick (1809-84), inventor of the reaping machine, was descended +from James McCormick, one of the signers of the address of the city +and garrison of Londonderry presented to William III. after the siege +in 1689. Of his invention the French Academy of Sciences declared +that by its means he had "done more for the cause of agriculture than +any other living man." James Blair (1804-84), born in Perth, Scotland, +was the inventor of the roller for printing calico; and Robert M. +Dalzell (1793-1873) was inventor of the "elevator system" in handling +and storing grain. Samuel Colt (1814-62), inventor of the Colt +revolver, and founder of the great arms factory at Hartford, Conn., +was of Scots ancestry on both sides. He was also the first to lay a +submarine electric cable (in 1843) connecting New York city with +stations on Fire Island and Coney Island. Thomas Taylor, inventor of +electric appliances for exploding powder in mining, blasting, etc., +Chief of the Division of Microscopy (1871-95), was born in Perth, +Scotland, in 1820. Duncan H. Campbell, born in Greenock in 1827, +settled in Boston as a lad, by his numerous inventions, "pegging +machines, stitching machines, a lock-stitch machine for sewing uppers, +a machine for using waxed threads, a machine for covering buttons with +cloth," laid the foundation of New England's pre-eminence in shoe +manufacturing. Gordon McKay (1821-1903), by his inventions along +similar lines also helped to build up New England's great industry. +Robert Dick, (1814-93), born in Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, died in +Buffalo, lecturer, newspaper editor, writer, preacher, and inventor, +was inventor of the mailing machine used in nearly every newspaper +office on the continent. Alexander Morton, (1820-60), the perfector if +not the inventor of gold pens, was born in Darvel, Ayrshire. James +Oliver, born in Roxburgh, Scotland, in 1823, made several important +discoveries in connection with casting and moulding iron, was the +inventor of the Oliver chilled plow, and founder of the Oliver Chilled +Plow Works, South Bend, Indiana. The business established by him is +now carried on in several cities from Rochester, New York State, to +San Francisco, and south to Dallas, Texas. William Chisholm, born in +Lochgelly, Fifeshire, in 1825, demonstrated the practicability of +making screws from Bessemer steel, organized the Union Steel Company +of Cleveland, (1871), and devised several new methods and machinery +for manufacturing steel shovels, scoops, etc. His brother, Henry, was +the first to introduce steel-making into Cleveland, and might justly +be called "The Father of Cleveland." Andrew Campbell (1821-90) was the +inventor of many improvements in printing machinery, and of a long +series of devices comprising labor-saving machinery relating to hat +manufacture, steam-engines, machinists' tools, lithographic and +printing machinery, and electrical appliances. William Ezra Ferguson +(b. 1832), merchant and inventor of the means of conveying grain on +steam shipments without shifting, was of Scottish ancestry. Alexander +Davidson (b. 1832) made many inventions in connection with the +typewriter, one of the most important being the scale regarding the +value of the letters of the alphabet. As an inventor he was of the +front rank. Andrew Smith Hallidie (b. 1836), son of a native of +Dunfermline, was the inventor of steel-wire rope making and also the +inventor of the "Hallidie ropeway," which led up to the introduction +of cable railroads. James Lyall (1836-1901), born in Auchterarder, +invented the positive-motion shuttle (1868) which revolutionized the +manufacture of cotton goods. He also invented fabrics for pneumatic +tyres and fire-hose. James P. Lee, born in Roxburghshire in 1837, was +inventor of the Lee magazine gun which was adopted by the United +States Navy in 1895. His first weapon was a breech-loading rifle which +was adopted by the United States Government during the Civil War. +Later he organized the Lee Arms Company of Connecticut. The production +of the telephone as a practical and now universally employed method of +"annihilating time and space" in the articulate intercourse of the +human race will forever be associated with the name of Alexander +Graham Bell, born in Edinburgh in 1847. By its means he has promoted +commerce, created new industries, and has bridged continents, all the +result of "sheer hard thinking aided by unbounded genius." To Dr. +Graham Bell we are also indebted for the photophone, for the inductoin +balance, the telephone probe, and the gramophone. During the war he +designed a "submarine chaser" capable of traveling under water at a +speed of over seventy miles an hour, and he has made important +experiments in the field of aeronautics and in other arts and +sciences. The mother of Thomas Alva Edison (b. 1847), it may here be +mentioned, was of Scottish parentage (Elliott). The originator of the +duplex system in the manufacture of railroad tickets was William +Harrison Campbell (1846-1906), of Scottish parentage. William Malcolm +(1823-90), also of Scottish parentage, was the inventor of telescopic +sights, an invention adopted by all civilized governments. His +attainments were better known and appreciated in Europe than in his +own country. Daniel McFarlan Moore, electrician and inventor, of +Ulster Scot descent, was inventor of the Moore electric light. James +Peckover, born in England of Scottish and English ancestry, invented +the saw for cutting stone and a machine for cutting mouldings in +marble and granite. Rear-Admiral George W. Baird (b. 1843), naval +engineer, invented the distiller for making fresh water from sea +water, and patented many other inventions in connection with machinery +and ship ventilation. James Bennett Forsyth (b. 1850), of Scottish +parentage, took out more than fifty patents on machinery and +manufacturing processes connected with rubber and fire-hose. John +Charles Barclay, telegraph manager, descendant of John Barclay who +emigrated from Scotland in 1684, patented the printing telegraph +"said to be the most important invention in the telegraph world since +Edison introduced the quadruplex system." Alexander Winton, born in +Grangemouth in 1860, inventor and manufacturer, successfully developed +a number of improvements in steam engines for ocean going vessels, +founded the Winton Motor Carriage Company in 1897, and patented a +number of inventions in connection with automobile mechanism. The +works of the company at Cleveland, Ohio, now cover more than thirteen +acres. The first to expound and formulate the application of the law +of conservation in illumination calculations was Addams Stratton +McAllister (b. 1875), a descendant of Hugh McAllister, who emigrated +from Scotland c. 1732. He also holds several patents for +alternating-current machinery, and has written largely on electrical +subjects. Richard Dudgeon (1820-99), born in Haddingtonshire, +Scotland, was distinguished as a machinist, inventor of the hydraulic +jack and boiler-tube expander. + + + + +SCOTS AS ENGINEERS + + +Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789), engineer and geographer was of Scottish +origin. He was author of some topographical works and also furnished +the maps and plates of Smith's Account of Bouquet's expedition +(Philadelphia, 1765). James Geddes (1763-1838), of Scottish birth or +parentage, was surveyor of canal routes in New York State and was +chief engineer on construction of the Erie Canal (1816), and chief +engineer of the Champlain Canal (1818). "In all matters relating to +the laying out, designing and construction of canals, he was looked +upon as one of the highest authorities in the country." James Pugh +Kirkwood (1807-77), born in Edinburgh, came to United States in 1832, +was one of the most eminent engineers in the country, one of the +founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and +President (1867-68). James Laurie (1811-75), born at Bell's Mills, +Edinburgh, Chief Engineer on the New Jersey Central Railroad, +consulting engineer in connection with the Housatonic Tunnel, and +first President of the American Society of Civil Engineers. William +Tweeddale, born in Ayrshire in 1823, rendered valuable engineering +service in the Civil War, and was an authority on the sources and +character of water supply. Henry Brevoort Renwick, noted engineer and +expert in patent cases, first inspector of steam vessels for the Port +of New York, was a son of James Renwick the scientist. David Young, +born in Alloa, Scotland, in 1849, was President of the Consolidated +Traction Lines of New Jersey and General Manager of the larger +consolidated company. William Barclay Parsons (b. 1859), is partly +descended from Colonel Thomas Barclay, a Tory of the Revolution. +Hunter McDonald (b. 1860), descended from Angus McDonald, a refugee +from Culloden, is a prominent railroad engineer. T. Kennard Thomson, +born in 1864, is prominent as a bridge builder, designer of pneumatic +caissons, etc. His father came from Stranraer in 1834. Hugh Gordon +Stott, born in Orkney, in 1866, President of the American Institute of +Electrical Engineers (1907), Superintendent of motive power of +Manhattan Railway System, etc. William Gibbs McNeill (1801-53), of +Scottish parentage, was another engineer worth mentioning. Theodore +Crosby Henry (1841-1914), "the father of irrigation in Colorado," was +also of Scottish descent. William McLean (d. 1839), brother of Judge +McLean, was mainly instrumental in extending the Ohio Canal from +Cincinnati to Cleveland. John Findley Wallace (1852-1920), of Scottish +descent, was chief-engineer of the Panama Canal (1904-05), and also +designed and constructed many important engineering works. Angus +Sinclair (1841-1919), born in Forfarshire, was an engineer, author of +several text-books on engineering, and editor of the "Railway and +Locomotive Engineering." + + + + +SCOTS IN INDUSTRIES + + +Robert Gilmor (1748-1822), born in Paisley, was the founder of the +East India trade in this country. He also assisted in founding the +first bank in Baltimore (the Bank of Maryland), and the Maryland +Historical Society. His son Robert (1774-1848) was also prominent in +Baltimore business and was President of the Washington Monument +Association which laid the foundation for the Washington monument in +Baltimore in 1815 and completed it in 1829. Henry Eckford (1775-1832), +shipbuilder, was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. On the outbreak of the +War of 1812 he built several ships for the American Government for use +on the Great Lakes. In 1820 he was appointed Naval Constructor at the +Brooklyn Navy Yard and there built six ships of the line. In 1822 he +built the steamer "Robert Fulton," which made the first successful +steam voyage to New Orleans and Havana. Angus Neilson Macpherson +(1812-76), born at Cluny, Inverness-shire, was builder of the frigate +"Ironsides," and designer of the furnaces for heating large plates and +the method of affixing them to the sides of the vessel. Donald Mackay +(1810-80), born in Nova Scotia, grandson of Donald Mackay of Tain, +Ross-shire, established the shipyards at East Boston, and constructed +a number of fast sailing ships, and during the Civil War a number of +warships for the United States Government. The beauty and speed of his +clippers gave him a world wide reputation as a naval constructor. +Thomas Dickson (1822-84), President of the Delaware and Hudson Canal +Co., was born in Lauder. William Grey Warden (1831-95), born in +Pittsburgh of Scottish ancestry, was a pioneer in the refining of +petroleum in Pennsylvania, and the controlling spirit in the work of +creating the great Atlantic Refinery consolidated with the Standard +Oil Company of Ohio in 1874. George Gibson McMurtry (1838-1915), born +in Belfast of Scottish descent, steel manufacturer and philanthropist, +was "one of the big figures of that small group of men which +established the industrial independence of the United States from the +European nations of cheap labor." James Edwin Lindsay (1826-1919), +lumberman, was descended from Donald Lindsay, who settled in Argyle, +New York, in 1739. John McKesson (b. 1807), descended from the +McKessons of Argyllshire, was founder of the, wholesale drug firm of +McKesson and Robbins; and Alfred B. Scott of the wholesale drug firm +of Scott and Bowne was also of Scottish descent. Edmond Urquhart (b. +1834) was one of the pioneers in the creation of the cotton seed oil +industry. To Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), born in Dunfermline, "the +richest and most free-handed Scot who ever lived," more than anyone +else is due the great steel and iron industry of the United States. +His innumerable gifts for public libraries, etc., are too well known +to need detailing here. To New York alone he gave over five million +dollars to establish circulating branches in connection with the New +York Public Library. In the development of the steel business of +Pittsburgh he was ably seconded by James Scott, George Lauder (his +cousin), Robert Pitcairn, Charles Lockhart, and others--all Scots. +James McClurg Guffey (b. 1839), oil producer and capitalist, was of +Galloway descent. He developed the oil fields of Kansas, Texas, +California, West Virginia, and Indian Territory. The town of Guffey, +Colorado, is named in his honor. His brother Wesley S. Guffey was also +prominent in the oil industry. John Arbuckle (1839-1912), merchant and +philanthropist, known in the trade as the "Coffee King," was born in +Scotland. Robert Dunlap (b. 1834), hat manufacturer and founder of +Dunlap Cable News Company (1891), was of Ulster Scot origin. William +Chalk Gouinlock (1844-1914), physician and manufacturer, of Scottish +ancestry, was one of the first to establish the salt industry in +Western New York (1883), and in 1887 established the first salt-pan +west of the Mississippi (at Hutcheson, Kansas). Edward Kerr, born in +Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, in 1842, was founder of the Laurenceville +Bronze Company (1891); and William Mackenzie (1841-1914), born in +Glasgow, was founder of the Standard Bleachery at Carlton Hill, New +Jersey. Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912), capitalist and manufacturer, was +of Scottish parentage. James Smith Kirk (1818-86), soap manufacturer +in Chicago, was born in Glasgow. George Yule, born in Rathen, +Aberdeenshire, in 1824, was distinguished in manufactures. William +Chapman Ralston (1826-75), developer of California, was of Scottish +ancestry. William Barr (1827-1908), merchant and philanthropist, +founder of one of the largest dry goods firms in the Middle West, was +born in Lanark. Matthew Baird (1817-77), born in Londonderry of Ulster +Scot parentage, a partner in the Baldwin Locomotive Works, in 1865 +became sole proprietor besides being a director in several other +important corporations. James Douglas Reid (1819-1901), born in +Edinburgh, superintended the construction of many of the most +important telegraph lines in the United States and founded and edited +the "National Telegraph Review." Theodore Irwin (b. 1827), grain +merchant, manufacturer, and bibliophile; and Edward Henry Kellogg (b. +1828), manufacturer of lubricating oils, were of Scottish descent. +James Abercrombie Burden (b. 1833), ironmaster and manufacturer, was +son of the great Scottish inventor, Henry Burden. William Sloane (d. +1879), came to the United States in 1834 and established the great +carpet firm of William Sloane and Sons. The development of the tobacco +industry which so enriched Glasgow in the middle of the eighteenth +century, drew large numbers of Scots to Virginia as merchants and +manufacturers, and, says Slaughter, "it is worthy of note that Scotch +families such as the Dunlops, Tennants, Magills, Camerons, etc., are +to this day (1879) leaders of the tobacco trade of Petersburg, which +has grown so great as to swallow up her sisters, Blandford and +Pocahontas, which were merged in one corporation in 1784." David +Hunter McAlpin (b. 1816) was one of the largest tobacco manufacturers; +and Alexander Cameron, born in 1834 at Grantown-on-Spey, had an +extensive share in the tobacco business, with four large branch +factories in Australia. Alexander Macdonald (b. 1833), born at Forres, +Elginshire, was President of the Standard Oil Company of Kentucky and +Director in several other important business enterprises. James Crow, +Kentucky pioneer, (c. 1800-1859), born in Scotland and graduated as a +physician from Edinburgh University. In 1822 went from Philadelphia to +Woodford County, Kentucky, where his knowledge of chemistry enabled +him vastly to improve the methods of distilling whiskey, and he became +the founder of the great distilling industry of that state. Walter +Callender, born in Stirling in 1834, was founder of the firm of +Callender, McAuslan, and Troup, of Providence. E.J. Lindsay, born in +Dundee in 1838, was manufacturer of agricultural implements in +Wisconsin. Alexander Cochrane, born at Barrhead in 1840, was a great +chemical manufacturer. Edwin Allen Cruikshank, born in 1843 of +Scottish ancestry, was a real estate operator and one of the founders +of the Real Estate Exchange in 1883. George Harrison Barbour, born in +1843 of Scottish parentage, was Vice-President and General Manager of +the Michigan Stove Company, the largest establishment of the kind in +the world. William Marshall, born in Leith in 1848, was founder of the +Anglo-American Varnish Company (1890). Robert Means Thompson, born in +1849 of Scottish ancestry, was President of the Orford Copper Company, +one of the largest producers of nickel in the world. William James +Hogg (b. 1851), carpet manufacturer in Worcester and Auburn, +Massachusetts; and Francis Thomas Fletcher Lovejoy, Secretary of the +Carnegie Steel Company were of Scottish descent. William Howe McElwain +(b. 1867), shoe manufacturer in New England, is of Argyllshire +descent; and the Armours of Chicago, descended from James Armour, who +came from Ulster c. 1750, claim Scottish ancestry. William Barbour +(b. 1847), thread manufacturer, was grandson of a Scot who moved from +Paisley, Scotland, to Lisburn, Ireland, in 1768, and in 1784 +established what is now the oldest linen thread manufacturing +establishment in the world. George A. Clark (1824-73), born in +Paisley, established the thread mills at Newark, New Jersey, the +business of which was carried on by his brother William (b. 1841), who +came to the United States in 1860. The great Coates Thread Mills at +Pawtucket, Rhode Island, are a branch of the firm of J. and J. Coates +of Paisley. Hugh Chalmers (b. 1873), President of the Chalmers Motor +Company, of Detroit, is descended from Thomas Chalmers who came from +Scotland early in the nineteenth century. Ramsey Crooks (1786-1859), +fur trader, born in Greenock, Scotland; came to America and settled in +Wisconsin. In 1809, he entered the service of John Jacob Astor and +made, with Donald Mackenzie and Robert Stuart, the memorable +3,500-mile trip to Astoria, on the Pacific Ocean. In 1834, he settled +in New York and engaged successfully in business. During his residence +at Mackinac Island, Mich., and on his adventurous trips he was a great +friend and confidant of the Indians. Black Hawk said he was "The best +paleface friend the red men ever had." Mention may also here be made +of the Anchor line of Steamships founded by Thomas and John Henderson +of Glasgow. The ships of this line began service between Glasgow and +New York in 1856. In 1869 they established a North Sea service between +Granton, Scotland, and Scandinavian ports and through this channel +introduced many thousands of industrious Scandinavian settlers into +the United States. In 1870 they established the first direct +communication between Italy, southern Europe and the United States, +and in 1873 they inaugurated, and were the principal carriers of, the +live cattle trade between the United States and Europe. + + + + +SCOTS IN BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE AND RAILROADS + + +In the financial and commercial field in this country the Scots have +held a foremost place and stand unrivalled for integrity, energy, +fidelity, and enterprise. Many jibes are made at the expense of the +Canny Scot, but American business men have realized his value. In +business and commercial life the success of the average Scot is +remarkable and many of the guiding spirits among America's successful +business men are Scots or men of Scottish descent. + +James Blair (b. 1807), brother of John Inslee Blair, was largely +identified with the development of banks and railroads in +Pennsylvania. George Smith (1808-99), born in Aberdeenshire, founded +the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company (1839) and was later a +prominent banker in Georgia. Alexander Mitchell (1817-87), financier, +railroad builder, and one of the Commissioners of Public Debt of +Milwaukee, was born near Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Brown Brothers, bankers +in New York, was founded by Alexander Brown (1764-1834) who was born +in Ballymena of Ulster Scot parentage. George Bain (1836-91), +merchant, banker, and director in many railroads, banks, and insurance +companies, was born in Stirling, Scotland. Robert Craig Chambers (b. +1831), miner, financier, and State Senator of Utah, was of Scottish +descent. John Aikman Stewart (b. 1822), President of the United States +Trust Company and Assistant Treasurer of the United States, was born +in New York city, son of a native of Stornoway, Hebrides. Alonzo +Barton Hepburn (b. 1847), descendant of Patrick Hepburn who came from +Scotland in 1736, President of the Chase National Bank, a +distinguished New York banker, has written much on financial subjects. +Thomas William Lamont (b. 1870), whose forefather came from +Argyllshire, is a member of the firm of J.P. Morgan & Co., and +prominent in international finance. Walter Edwin Frew, President of +the Corn Exchange Bank, New York, and President of the New York +Clearing House is of Scottish parentage. He was a pioneer of the +branch banking system in New York. James Berwick Forgan, born in St. +Andrews, in 1852, President of the First National Bank of Chicago, is +a pillar of finance. Andrew Glassell (1827-1901), descendant of a +Dumfriesshire emigrant of 1756, was a prominent lawyer and banker in +Los Angeles. James Alexander Linen (b. 1840), President of the First +National Bank of Scranton, was of Scottish parentage. George Rutledge +Gibson (b. 1853), of Scottish descent, has written largely on +questions of foreign finance. John Hall McClement (b. 1862), railroad +and financial expert, is of Scottish parentage. Duncan MacInnes, born +at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, has been Chief Accountant of the City of +New York for many years, and is one of the best equipped men in +municipal finance in America. Robert Graham Dun (1826-1900), +mercantile credit expert, was grandson of Rev. James Dun, minister in +Glasgow, who emigrated to Virginia, c. 1815. + +Robert Burns Beath (1839-1914), President of the United Firemens' +Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and author of the "History of the +Grand Army of the Republic" (1888), was of Scots parentage. William C. +Alexander (1806-74), President of the Equitable Life Insurance +Company, was second son of Dr. Archibald Alexander of Princeton. His +son James Waddell Alexander (1839-1915), was also President of the +same Company. John Augustine McCall (1849-1906), President of the New +York Life Insurance Company, was of Ulster Scot descent. + +Men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent have had a prominent place +in the development of the railroads of the United States from their +inception to the present day. It was a Scot, Peter Fleming, Surveyor +of the upper part of New York city, who laid out the grades for the +first railroad in the state. John Inslee (or Insley) Blair (1802-99), +founder of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company (1846), financier and +founder of the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad, was a descendant of +Samuel Blair who came from Scotland in 1720. Blairstown, New Jersey, +is named in his honor. He gave half a million dollars to various +Presbyterian institutions. Samuel Sloan (1817-1907), President of the +Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad (1867-99), was born in Lisburn of +Ulster Scot ancestry. John T. Grant (1813-87), railroad builder in +Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, was of +Scottish origin; and so also was Thomas Alexander Scott (1824-81), +Vice-President and President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Assistant +Secretary of War (1861-62), and President of the Texas Pacific +Railroad. James McCrea (b. 1836), descended from James McCrea, an +Ulster Scot who came to America in 1776, was one of the ablest +Presidents of the Pennsylvania Railroad. John Edgar Thompson, third +President, Frank Thompson, sixth Vice-President of the Pennsylvania +system, were also of Scottish descent. Alexander Johnson Cassatt, +seventh President, was Scottish on his mother's side. Another +prominent Scot connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad was Robert +Pitcairn, born at Johnstone, near Paisley, in 1836. Angus Archibald +McLeod (b. 1847), re-organizer of the Philadelphia and Reading +Railroad was also a Scot; and George Devereux Mackay (b. 1854), banker +and railroad builders, was descended from John Mackay who came from +Caithness in 1760. John Allan Muir (1852-1904), railroad promoter of +California, was of Scottish parentage. + + + + +SCOTS AS JOURNALISTS, PUBLISHERS AND TYPEFOUNDERS + + +The first newspaper printed in North America, _The Boston News-Letter_ +for April 24, 1704, was published by a Scot, John Campbell +(1653-1728), bookseller and postmaster of Boston. John Mein and John +Fleming, the founders and publishers of _The Boston Chronicle_ (1767) +were both born in Scotland. The paper was printed "on a new and +handsome type, a broad faced long primer, from an Edinburgh foundry, +and typographically far surpassed any paper that had appeared before +it in New England." David Hall (c. 1714-1772), born in Edinburgh, +emigrated to America shortly after 1740, became a partner of Benjamin +Franklin in 1748. He was printer of the _Pennsylvania Gazette_, one of +the few leading newspapers of the day, and one of the founders of the +St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. His son, William (died 1831), +who carried on the printing business, was one of the original members +of the "Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia," afterwards known as +"The First City Troop," and served in the Continental Army during the +Revolutionary War. Robert Aitken (1734-1802), born in Dalkeith, +Scotland, printer and publisher in Philadelphia in 1769, was publisher +of the _Pennsylvania Magazine_ from January 1775 to June 1776, the +first magazine in Philadelphia containing illustrations, most of which +were engraved by Aitken himself. He also published, at his own +expense, in 1782, the first English Bible printed in America. Major +Andrew Brown (c. 1744-1797), born in the north of Ireland of Scottish +parents, was publisher of the _Federal Gazette_, later (1793) changed +to _Philadelphia Gazette_. He is credited with being the first +newspaper man to employ a reporter for the debates in Congress. It may +here be mentioned that the publisher of the first directory of +Philadelphia and its suburbs (1782), was a Scot, Captain John +Macpherson (1726-92). James Adams, Delaware's first printer (1761), +was an Ulster Scot who learned the art of printing in Londonderry and +founded the _Wilmington Courant_ in 1762. Col. Eleazer Oswald +(1755-1795), of Scottish origin, though born in England, rendered +brilliant service on the side of the colonies during the Revolution. +In 1779 he became associated with William Goddard in the _Maryland +Journal_, the first newspaper printed in Baltimore. Later removing to +Philadelphia he issued the first number of the _Independent Gazetteer, +or the Chronicle of Freedom_, April 13, 1782, and at the same time he +also conducted in New York _The Independent Gazetteer, or New York +Journal_ (1782-87). The first daily paper published in Baltimore +(1791) was by David Graham. Alexander Purdie, a native of Scotland, +was editor of the _Virginia Gazette_ from March 1766 to December 1774. +Shortly after this date he started a Gazette of his own, and in the +issue of his paper for June 7, 1776, he printed the heraldic device of +a shield, on which is a rattlesnake coiled, with supporters, dexter, a +bear collared and chained, sinister, a stag. The crest is a woman's +head crowned and the motto: _Don't tread on me_. Adam Boyd +(1738-1803), colonial printer and preacher, purchased the printing +outfit of another Scot, Andrew Stuart, who had set up the first +printing press in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1763. In 1769 (Oct. +13) Boyd issued the first number of the _Cape Fear Mercury_, and +continued it till 1776. James Johnston, born in Scotland, was the +first to establish a printing press in Georgia (1762) and in April, +1763, began publication of _The Georgia Gazette_, which was published +by him for twenty-seven years. His successor (1793) was another Scot, +Alexander M'Millan, "Printer to the State." Robert Wells (1728-94), +born in Scotland, was a publisher and bookseller in South Carolina for +many years, and published the _South Carolina and American General +Gazette_. John Wells, Florida's first printer (1784), born in +Charleston, served his apprenticeship at Donaldson's printing house in +Edinburgh. Matthew Duncan, son of Major Joseph Duncan, of Scottish +ancestry, introduced printing into Illinois in 1809, and published the +first newspaper there. Major Nathaniel McLean, brother of John McLean, +one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, was one +of the first publishers in Minnesota (1849, the same year in which +printing was introduced into the state). The township of McLean, +Ramsey county, was named in honor of him. There is mention of a +printing press being set up in Michigan in 1785 by Alexander and +William Macomb, but nothing further is known of it. The first book +printed in Montana was in 1864, and in August of the same year John +Buchanan founded the _Montana Post_ at Virginia City. John Dunlap +(1747-1812), an Ulster Scot born in Strabane, was Congressional +Printer and first printed the Declaration of Independence. + +Thomas Ritchie (1778-1854), born of Scottish parentage. He wielded a +powerful influence for good in both the national and state politics of +Virginia, and his funeral was attended by nearly all the distinguished +men of the times, including the President. Ritchie County, West +Virginia, was named in his honor. Francis Preston Blair (1791-1876), +political writer, negotiator of peace conference at Hampton Roads in +1864, and editor of the Washington _Globe_, was a descendant of +Commissary Blair of Virginia. James Gordon Bennett (1795-1872), born +near Keith, Banffshire, pioneer of modern American journalism and +founder of the New York _Herald_, a newspaper which has long wielded a +great influence on political affairs. Horace Greeley (1811-72), +founder of the New York _Tribune_, unsuccessful candidate for the +Presidency in 1872, anti-slavery leader, and author of "The American +Conflict" (1864-66), was of Ulster Scot descent. Of the same origin +was Joseph Medill (1823-99), proprietor of the Chicago _Tribune_ +(1874); and Robert Bonner (1824-99), founder of the New York _Ledger_ +(1851), was born in Londonderry of Ulster Scot origin. James Thompson +Callender (d. 1806), a political exile from Scotland, a controversial +writer of great power, a severe critic of the administration of John +Adams, founded the _Richmond Recorder_, predecessor of the _Richmond +Enquirer_. John Swinton (1829-1901), born in Haddingtonshire, was +editorial writer for the New York _Times_ (1860-70), and _Sun_ +(1875-83, 1893-97). He took an active interest in social and +industrial questions and was Progressive Labor Party's candidate for +State Senator in 1887. James Redpath (1833-91), journalist and author, +born in Berwick-on-Tweed, was prominently identified with the +abolition movement, was organizer of the school system of South +Carolina, founder of the Boston Lyceum Bureau, war correspondent for +Northern newspapers during the Civil War, and author of several +histories and biographical works. William Andrew Ure (b. 1839), of +Scottish parentage, by his energy made the Newark, New Jersey, _Sunday +Call_, one of the leading newspapers in the state. Whitelaw Reid is +noted under Ambassadors. St. Clair McKelway (b. 1845), who became +Regent and Vice-Chancellor of the University of the State of New York, +was of Scots parentage. Andrew McLean, born in Renton, Dumbartonshire, +in 1848, is editor-in-chief of the _Brooklyn Citizen_, which under his +guidance has become an influential paper. Washington McLean and his +son, John R. McLean, established one of the greatest newspapers in the +Middle West, the _Cincinnati Enquirer_. David Alexander Munro +(1848-1910), a native of Maryburgh, Ross-shire, educated at Edinburgh +University, editor for many years of the _North American Review_. John +Foord, born in Perthshire, came to the U.S. in 1869; became editorial +writer on the _New York Times_ and later editor-in-chief; after 1883, +editor and publisher of the _Brooklyn Union_; editor of _Harper's +Weekly_; leader writer on _Journal of Commerce_, and editor of +_Asia_. Other journalists who may be mentioned are William Cauldwell +(b. 1824) of New York, of Scottish parentage on both sides; George +Dawson (1813-83) of Albany, born in Falkirk, Scotland; William Wiston +Seaton (1785-1866) of Washington, D.C., a Regent of the Smithsonian +Institution; and George Horace Lorimer (b. 1867), journalist and +author of "Letters from a Self-made Merchant to His Son" (1902), etc. +John J. McElhone (1832-90), famous as a stenographer and chief +Official Reporter of the House of Representatives, was of Scottish +ancestry. + +Thomas Dobson, publisher of the first American edition of the +_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ (1791), was a Scot who gave a great impulse +to printing in the United States. Robert Carter (1807-89), publisher +and founder of the house of Robert Carter and Brothers, so long and +honorably known in New York city, was born in Earlston, Berwickshire. +Henry Ivison (1808-84), born in Glasgow, became a prominent publisher +in New York. His son, David Brinkerhoff Ivison, born in 1835, was also +a prominent publisher and founder of the American Book Company. John +Wilson (1802-68), born in Glasgow, was founder of the famous printing +firm of John Wilson and Son of Cambridge, Massachusetts, now Harvard +University Press. George Munro (1825-96), publisher of the _Seaside +Library, Fireside Companion_, etc., was of Scottish descent. In the +course of his life he gave away half a million dollars for educational +purposes. Whatever may be thought of his appropriating the works of +British authors without compensation it cannot be denied that he did a +great deal to raise the literary taste among the poorer classes in +this country. George William Quids (1829-94), publisher and proprietor +of the _Philadelphia Public Ledger_, was of Scottish descent. Robert +Clarke (1829-99), founded of the great Cincinnati publishing house of +Robert Clarke and Co., was born in the town of Annan in Dumfriesshire. +Norman Leslie Munro (1842-94), publisher of the _Family Story Paper_ +and founder of Munro's Publishing House, was born in Nova Scotia of +Scottish ancestry. + +John Baine, born in St. Andrews, in partnership with his grandson, +established the first type-foundry in Philadelphia in 1787. Their firm +cast the types for a portion of the American edition of the +_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, reprinted in Philadelphia in 1791. +Archibald Binny, (1763-1838), born in Portobello, near Edinburgh, and +James Ronaldson (d. 1841), also born in Scotland, succeeded to and +carried on the business established by Baine. In 1797 they cast the +first $ sign used in this country. The quality and art of their +product was in no wise inferior to the European and the sale of +foreign made types ceased shortly after they established their +business. Their foundry kept pace with the growth of the country and +in the seventies of last century became the best and most extensive +letter-foundry in the world. Archibald Binny loaned the United States +Government the sum of 50,000 dollars for use in the war of 1812-14. +Ronaldson was first president of the Franklin Institute in +Philadelphia (1824-41), an institution in which he took a great +interest, and in 1831 presented to Philadelphia the beautiful cemetery +bearing his name. He was described as "an upright, frugal and honest +man, and a lover of his adopted country." George Bruce (1781-1866), +born in Edinburgh, along with his brother David introduced the art of +stereotyping, the secret of which David secured in Edinburgh. In 1816 +they purchased a foundry for type making and stereotyping, and George +Bruce in his seventy-eighth year of age produced type which has rarely +been excelled for beauty of design and neatness of finish. "He did +much toward facilitating American printing and towards making it a +fine art, inventing, with the assistance of his nephew, David Bruce, +Jr., a successful type-casting machine which has come into general +use." Thomas Mackellar (1812-1899), printer and poet, also one of the +leading type founders, was of Scottish parentage. William Vincent +McKean, born in 1820 of Ulster Scot descent, was another distinguished +type-founder and editor-in-chief of the _Philadelphia Public Ledger_ +for many years. Another individual who may be included under this head +is Adam Ramage who was born in Scotland and died at an advanced age in +Philadelphia in 1850. He was distinguished as a manufacturer of +printing presses in the beginning of last century, and patented the +"Ramage" press in 1818. + + + + +SOME PROMINENT SCOTS IN NEW YORK CITY + + +Many names mentioned in other sections apply equally to New York city +but for lack of space they are not here again referred to. David +Jamison, one of the early Colonial lawyers in New York, was born in +Scotland. In 1707 he defended Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian +clergyman, when he was arrested for preaching in the city without a +license, and in 1710 he became Chief Justice of New Jersey. James +Graham (died c. 1700), Recorder of the city, was also a native of +Scotland. John Watts (1749-1836), of Scots parentage, was the last +Royal Recorder of the city, Speaker of the New York Assembly, Member +of Congress, 1793-96, and founder of the Leake and Watts Orphan +Asylum. Archibald Gracie, born in Dumfries, emigrated to America about +1778. Through his business enterprise he largely developed the +commercial importance of the port of New York. He was also founder of +the first Savings Bank in America, founder of the Lying-in Hospital of +the Cedar Street Presbyterian Church, President of the Chamber of +Commerce for twenty years, etc. Cadwallader David Golden (1769-1834), +grandson of Cadwallader Colden, was Mayor of the city from 1818 to +1821, and made an enviable record in that office. James Lenox +(1800-80), merchant, philanthropist, bibliophile, and founder of the +Lenox Library, now incorporated in the New York Public Library, was +one of the most useful citizens New York ever possessed. His public +benefactions were numerous, but only the largest were made public. +Among these were the Lenox Library, formerly at Fifth Avenue and +Seventieth Street; the Presbyterian Hospital, and liberal endowments +to Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary. Alexander +Turney Stewart (1803-76), merchant and philanthropist, born in Ireland +of Scots parents, established the great dry goods business now owned +by John Wanamaker. He was nominated as Secretary of the Treasury +(1869) but was not confirmed. Hugh Maxwell (1787-1873), born in +Paisley, was Assistant Junior Advocate General in 1814, District +Attorney for the city from 1819 to 1829, and Collector of the Port +(1849-52). Robert L. Stuart (1806-82) and his brother Alexander +(1810-79), sugar refiners, both gave large sums, estimated at over two +million dollars, to many charities, and the library, pictures, and +mineral and shell collections of the former are preserved in a +separate room of the New York Public Library. Hugh Auchincloss +(1817-90) and John Auchincloss, his brother, sons of Hugh Auchincloss +of Paisley, were prominent merchants in the city. Robert Lenox Kennedy +(b. 1822), banker and public spirited citizen, grandson of a Scot, was +President of the Trustees of the New York Public Library, an +institution largely Scottish in its foundation and endowment. James +Gibb, born in Scotland in 1829, a successful merchant, was President +of Brooklyn Park Commission. James Cruikshank (b. 1831), of Scottish +descent, was noted for his activity in furthering education in +Brooklyn. Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), of Scottish parentage, was +Member of Congress from New York (1875-79, 1881-86), and Mayor of the +city (1887-88). John Stewart Kennedy (1830-1909), financier and +philanthropist, born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, gave one million +dollars to the Presbyterian Hospital as his golden wedding anniversary +gift, five hundred thousand dollars to Columbia University, besides +innumerable gifts to other institutions. His will left over +sixty-seven million dollars, nearly half of it for charitable +purposes. Alexander Ector Orr (1831-1914), President of New York Rapid +Transit Commission, Vice-President of many financial institutions, was +of Ulster Scot descent. Thomas Fitchie (1834-1905), of Scottish +parentage, was an earnest worker for purity in civil life in Brooklyn. +Charles A. Lamont (1835-1904), son of Neil Lamont from Scotland, was +one of the original members of the Republican Party and of the Union +League prominent in city affairs. He was the originator of the Ramapo +scheme of water supply for the city. Robert Maclay (b. 1836), of +Scottish parentage, was President of the Knickerbocker Ice Company +(1875), Commissioner of Education, Rapid Transit Commissioner, etc. +Dr. Albert Prescott Marble (1836-1906), a recognized leader in +educational matters, President of the Board of Superintendents of the +New York Department of Education, was a descendant of one of the Scots +settlers of Maine. Robert Macy Galloway (b. 1837), merchant and +banker, had a considerable part in developing the elevated railroads +of the city. Eugene Gilbert Blackford (1839-1904), merchant and +ichthyologist, of Scottish descent, "did more to advance the interests +of fish culture in this country than any other man." He wrote much on +the subject and to his efforts was due the creation of the Aquarium at +the Battery. Alexander Taylor, born in Leith, Scotland, in 1821, was +founder of the firm of Alexander Taylor's Sons. Walter Scott, managing +Director of Butler Brothers, born in Canada, of Scottish parentage, is +widely known as a liberal promoter of education, art, athletics, and +patriotism. + + + + +SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES + + +That the Scots in America have not been solely devoted to business and +the promotion of their own selfish welfare is evidenced by the +remarkable growth of their numerous Societies based upon the extension +of fellowship among Scots in the New World and for the collection and +distribution of charitable funds among the poor and needy of their +countrymen. The oldest of these Societies, the Scots' Charitable +Society of Boston, was founded January 6, 1657, with twenty-seven +members. It was followed by the St. Andrew's Club of Charleston, S.C. +(the first to bear the name of St. Andrew), 1729; the St. Andrew's +Society of Philadelphia, December 7, 1749; the St. Andrew's Society of +Savannah, Ga., 1750; the St. Andrew's Society of the Province, +afterward of the State of New York, November 19, 1756; and the St. +Andrew's Society of Albany, N.Y., November 10, 1803; until at the +present time, there is no city of any size or importance in the +country that does not have its St. Andrew's Society, or Burns or +Caledonian Club, which serves to keep alive the memories of the +home-land, to instil patriotism toward the adopted country, and to aid +the distressed among their kinsfolk. There are now more than one +thousand of these Societies in America, including the Order of +Scottish Clans (organized, 1878) a successful fraternal, patriotic and +beneficial order, with more than one hundred separate clans, and the +Daughters of Scotia, a rapidly growing order for women of Scottish +blood, organized in 1898. + + + + +CONCLUSION + + +"It is the knowledge that Scotsmen have done their share in building +up the great Republic that makes them proud of its progress and +inspires them to add to its glories and advantages in every way. +Scotsmen, as a nationality, are everywhere spoken of as good and loyal +citizens, while Americans who can trace a family residence of a +century in the country are proud if they can count among their +ancestors some one who hailed from the land of Burns, and it is a +knowledge of all this, in turn, that makes the American Scot of to-day +proud of his country's record and his citizenship and impels him to be +as devoted to the new land as it was possible for him to have been to +the old had he remained in it. In America, the old traditions, the old +blue flag with its white cross, the old Doric, are not forgotten, but +are nourished, and preserved, and honored, and spoken by Scotsmen on +every side with the kindliest sentiments on the part of those to whom +they are alien. Americans know and acknowledge that the traditions and +flag and homely speech have long been conserved to the development of +that civil and religious liberty on which the great confederation of +sovereign republican States has been founded. In the United States, +Sir Walter Scott has more readers and quite as enthusiastic admirers +as in Scotland, and if Americans were asked which of the world's poets +came nearest to their hearts, the answer would undoubtedly be--Robert +Burns." + + + + +LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO + + +_Appleton_. Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York, 1887-89. +6v. + +_Bingham_. Early History of Michigan. Lansing, 1888. + +_Breed_. Presbyterians and the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1876. + +_Campbell_, The Puritan in Holland, England, and America. New +York, 1892. + +_Casson_. The Sons of Old Scotland in America. New York, 1906. + +_Charlton_. The Making of Georgia. Savannah, 1905. + +_Craighead_. Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil. Philadelphia, +1879. + +_Dinsmore_. The Scotch-Irish in America. Chicago, 1906. + +_Dyer_. Early American Craftsmen. New York, 1915. + +_Ford_. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton, 1915. + +_Green_. The Scotch-Irish in America. Worcester, 1895. + +_Hanna_. The Scotch-Irish. New York, 1902. 2 v. + +_Harrison_. The Scot in Ulster. Edinburgh, 1888. + +_Jones_. History of Georgia. Boston, 1883. + +_Kelly and Burrage_. American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, +1920. + +_Lewis_. Great American Lawyers. Philadelphia, 1907-09. 8 v. + +_Maclean_. Historical Account of the Settlements of Scottish Highlanders +in America Prior to the Peace of 1783. Cleveland, 1900. + +_National Cyclopaedia, of American Biography_. New York, 1898-1906. +16 v. + +_Parker_. History of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Boston, 1851. + +_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_. Edinburgh, v. 8, 9. + +_Reid_. The Scot in America and the Ulster Scot. London, 1911. + +_Roberts_. New York-Boston, 1904. + +_Ross_. The Scot in America. New York, 1896. + +_Scotch-Irish in America_. Proceeding of Scotch-Irish Congresses. + +_Scots Magazine_. Edinburgh, 1768-1774. + +_Slaughter_. History of Bristol Parish. Richmond, 1879. + +_Smith_. History of the Colony of Nova Caesaria or New Jersey. +Burlington, 1765. + +_Smith_. History of New York. Philadelphia, 1792. + +_White_. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. New York, 1911. + + + + +INDEX + + +Abercrombie, James, 21. + +Abernethy, Gov. George, 59. + +Adair, Gov. John, 56. + +Adair, John Johnstone, 30. + +Adair, William, 71. + +Adams, James, 108. + +Addison, Alexander, 49. + +Agnew, Dr. David Hayes, 74. + +Ainslie, Hew, 81. + +Aitken, Robert, 108. + +Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, 91. + +Alexander, Archibald, 78. + +Alexander, Dr. Archibald, 106. + +Alexander, Cosmo, 88. + +Alexander, James, 29. + +Alexander, James Waddell, 78, 106. + +Alexander, John, 70. + +Alexander, John White, 89. + +Alexander, Joseph Addison, 78. + +Alexander, Gov. Nathaniel, 55. + +Alexander, Stephen, 70. + +Alexander, Brig.-Gen. William, 62. + +Alexander, William C., 106. + +Allison, Francis, 76. + +Allen, Adam, 70. + +Allerdyce, Samuel, 90. + +Anderson, Dr. Alexander, 90. + +Anderson, Charles, 29. + +Anderson, Hugh, 90. + +Anderson, Gov. Hugh Johnston, 53. + +Anderson, Lt.-Col. Richard C., 60. + +Arbuckle, John, 102. + +Armour, James, 103. + +Armours of Chicago, 103. + +Armstrong, Brig.-Gen. John. 61. + +Arthur, Pres. Chester Alan, 40. + +Astor, John Jacob, 28. + +Auchincloss, Hugh, Jr., 114. + +Auchincloss, Hugh, Sr., 114. + +Auchincloss, John, 114. + +Auchmuty, Robert, 87. + +Auchmuty, Rev. Samuel, 84. + + +Bain, George, 105. + +Baine, John, 111. + +Baird, George W., 97. + +Baird, Matthew, 102. + +Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 68. + +Bancroft, George, 4. + +Barbour, Edwin Hinckley, 70. + +Barbour, Geo. Harrison, 103. + +Barbour, Gov. James, 54. + +Barbour, William, 104. + +Barclay, Alexander, 30. + +Barclay, David, 16. + +Barclay, David Robert, 87. + +Barclay, Rev. Henry, 84. + +Barclay, John, 16, 84, 87. + +Barclay, John Charles, 97. + +Barclay, Gov. Robert, 16, 32. + +Barclay, Col. Thomas, 99. + +Baron, Alexander, 21. + +Barr, William, 102. + +Bartram, Gen. George, 28. + +Baxter, George, 19. + +Beall, Col. Ninian, 21. + +Bean, Dr. James, 31. + +Bean, John, 26. + +Bean, Russell, 31. + +Bean, Capt. William, 31. + +Beath, Robert Burns, 106. + +Beatty, John Wesley, 89. + +Beck, Senator, James Burnie, 46. + +Bell, Alexander Graham, 97. + +Bell, Alex. Melville, 79. + +Bell, Gov. Charles Henry, 53. + +Bell, Gov. Charles James, 53. + +Bell, John, 25. + +Bell, John, 42. + +Bell, Gov. John, 53. + +Bell, Luther V., 25. + +Bell, Gov. Peter Hansborough, 58. + +Bell, Gov. Samuel, 49, 53. + +Bell, Samuel Dana, 49. + +Bell, Thomas Sloan, 49. + +Bennett, James Gordon, 110. + +Berkeley, Sir William, 34. + +Bethune, Divie, 82. + +Bethune, Mrs. Divie, 86. + +Bethune, Rev. Geo. W., 82. + +Beveridge, Gov. John Lourie, 57. + +Bigger, Gov. Samuel, 57. + +Binny, Archibald, 111, 112. + +Birney, Gen. David Bell, 62. + +Birney, James Gillespie, 62. + +Black, Gavin, 17. + +Blackburn, Gideon, 19. + +Blackford, Eugene G., 114. + +Blaine, James Gillespie, 43. + +Blair, Dr. Archibald, 34. + +Blair, Asso. Justice, 48. + +Blair, Gov. Austin, 57. + +Blair, Senator Francis Montgomery, 45. + +Blair, Francis Preston, 110. + +Blair, James, 76. + +Blair, James, 96. + +Blair, James, 105. + +Blair, Commissary James, 29, 33, 34. + +Blair, Gov. John, 34. + +Blair, John Inslee, 105, 106. + +Blair, Montgomery, 44. + +Blair, Samuel, 106. + +Bonner, Robert, 110. + +Bouquet, Col. Henry, 20. + +Bowe, (Bowie), John, 22. + +Bowie, Gov. Robert, 54. + +Bowie, James, 62. + +Bowyer, Col. John, 20. + +Bowyer, Col. William, 20. + +Boyd, Adam, 109. + +Boyd, David French, 79. + +Boyd, Gov. James E., 58. + +Boyd, John, 79. + +Boyd, Thos. Duckett, 79. + +Boyd, Rev. William, 14. + +Brady, Gov. John Henry, 59. + +Breathitt, Gov. John, 57. + +Brechin, James, 29. + +Breckenridge, Henry, 26. + +Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 81. + +Brackenridge, Hugh H., 81. + +Breckenridge, John, 26. + +Breckenridge, V.-Pres. John Cabell, 26, 41. + +Breckenridge, Joseph Cabell, 26. + +Breckenridge, Robert, 26. + +Breckenridge, Robert Jefferson, 26. + +Breckenridge, Wm. Campbell Preston, 26. + +Breckinridge, Alexander, 19, 26. + +Breghin, James, 29. + +Brevard, Dr. Ephraim, 36. + +Brice, Senator Calvin Stewart, 46. + +Brisbane, Albert, 86. + +Brisbane, Robert, 21. + +Brown, Abel, 54. + +Brown, Alexander, 105. + +Brown, Mayor Andrew, 108. + +Brown, Angus, 56. + +Brown, Gov. Gratz, 58. + +Brown, Brothers, 105. + +Brown, David Paul, 81. + +Brown, Gov. Frank, 54. + +Brown, Dr. Gustavus, 73. + +Brown, Dr. Gustavus (III), 73. + +Brown, Dr. Gustavus R., 73. + +Brown, Senator James, 45. + +Brown, John, 77. + +Brown, Gov. Neil S., 56. + +Brownlee, Katherine M., 83. + +Bruce, Alex. Campbell, 92. + +Bruce, David, 112. + +Bruce, David, Jr., 112. + +Bruce, George (1635), 83. + +Bruce, Dr. Archibald, 69. + +Bruce, Catherine Wolf, 80. + +Bruce, George, 80, 112. + +Bruce, Wallace, 83. + +Bruce, Dr. William, 69. + +Bryce, Thomas, 17. + +Bryson, Rear Admiral Andrew, 65. + +Buchanan, Alexander, 22. + +Buchanan, George, 31, 73. + +Buchanan, Dr. George, 73. + +Buchanan, Pres. James, 40, 47. + +Buchanan, John, 17. + +Buchanan, Judge John, 50. + +Buchanan, John, 109. + +Buchanan, Thomas, 50. + +Buckham, Matthew Henry, 79. + +Buist, Rev. George, 85. + +Buist, Robert, 72. + +Bulloch, Archibald, 27. + +Bulloch, Irvine S., 27. + +Bulloch, James, 27, 40. + +Bulloch, James Dunwoody, 27. + +Bulloch, William B., 27. + +Burd, Col. James, 30. + +Burden, Henry, 95, 103. + +Burden, James Abercrombie, 103. + +Burnet, David G., 47. + +Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 32. + +Burnet, Major Ichabod, 47. + +Burnet, Jacob, 47. + +Burnet, Senator Jacob, 45. + +Burnett, John, 22. + +Burnet, Geo. William, 32. + +Burnet, Dr. William, 45, 47. + +Burnet, Dr. Wm. (of N.J.), 47. + +Burnett, Gov. Peter H., 59. + +Burns, Frank, 92. + +Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., 53, 62. + +Burt, Charles, 90. + + +Calder, Alex Milne, 91. + +Calder, Alex Stirling, 91. + +Caldwell, David, 36. + +Caldwell, Rev. James, 84. + +Caldwell, Major John, 21. + +Caldwell, John E., 84. + +Caldwell, Joseph, 77. + +Caldwell, Gov. Tod R., 55. + +Calhoun, V.-Pres. John Caldwell, 41, 81. + +Calhoun, Senator John Ewing, 45. + +Calhoun, Patrick, 21. + +Callender, James Thompson, 110. + +Callender, Walter, 103. + +Calvin, Samuel, 70. + +Cameron, Alexander, 103. + +Cameron, Duncan, 22. + +Cameron, Families, 103. + +Cameron, Gilbert, 92. + +Cameron, Col. James, 45. + +Cameron, Senator James Donald, 42, 45. + +Cameron, John, 22. + +Cameron, Rev. John, 54. + +Cameron, Senator Simon, 42, 45. + +Cameron, Gov. William Ewan, 54. + +Campbell, Rev. Alexander, 85. + +Campbell, Senator Alexander, 45. + +Campbell, Andrew, 96. + +Campbell, Rev. Archibald, 74. + +Campbell, Arthur, 20. + +Campbell, Gov. David, 54. + +Campbell, Duncan, 17. + +Campbell, Duncan H., 96. + +Campbell, Geo. Washington, 42. + +Campbell, Hugh, 16. + +Campbell, Hugh, 19. + +Campbell, Hugh, 76. + +Campbell, James, 44. + +Campbell, Gov. James E., 57. + +Campbell, James Hepburn, 51. + +Campbell, John, 108. + +Campbell, John Archibald, 49. + +Campbell, John, Earl of London, 34. + +Campbell, Capt. Lauchlin, 22. + +Campbell, Lewis David, 51. + +Campbell, Lord Neil, 32. + +Campbell, Robert, 91. + +Campbell, Sanders, 22. + +Campbell. Gov. Thos. Mitchell, 58. + +Campbell, William, 20. + +Campbell, Lord William, 35. + +Campbell, Gov. Wm. Bowen, 56. + +Campbell, Wm. Harrison, 97. + +Campbell, William Wallace, 49. + +Campbell, Wm. Wallace, 71. + +Cardross, Henry, Lord, 17. + +Carnegie, Andrew, 102. + +Carnochan, Dr. John Murray, 74. + +Carrack, Samuel, 19. + +Carter, Robert, 111. + +Carwood, John, 21. + +Cassatt, Alex. Johnson, 106. + +Cauldwell, William, 110. + +Chalmers, Hugh, 104. + +Chalmers, Dr. Lionel, 73. + +Chalmers, Thomas, 104. + +Chambers, John, 27. + +Chambers, Gov. John, 58. + +Chambers, Robert, 27. + +Chambers, Robert Craig, 105. + +Chapman, James, 22. + +Chapman, Mary, 62. + +Chapman, Gov. Reuben, 56. + +Charles, William, 91. + +Charlton, Walter Glasco, 19. + +Chase, Salmon P., 15. + +Chassel, David, 78. + +Chichester, Sir Arthur, 13. + +Childs, George William, 111. + +Chisholm, Henry, 96. + +Chisholm, Hugh J., 102. + +Chisholm, William, 96. + +Christian, William, 20. + +Chrystie, Lt.-Col. James, 61. + +Claflin, Gov. William, 53. + +Claperton, Thomas, 22. + +Clark, George A., 104. + +Clark, Gen. George Rogers, 4, 31. + +Clark, William, 104. + +Clarke, Robert, 111. + +Cleland, Hon. John, 20. + +Coates, J. & J. 104. + +Coburn, Gov. Abner, 53. + +Cochran, Gov. John P., 54. + +Cochran, Rev. Joseph P., 85. + +Cochrane, Alexander, 103. + +Colbraith, Jeremiah Jones, 41. + +Colden, Lt.-Gov. Cadwallader, 32, 113. + +Colden, Cadwallader D., 113. + +Colt, Samuel, 96. + +Corbit, Daniel, 26. + +Cowan, William, 22. + +Cox, Gov. James M., 57. + +Craig, James, 65. + +Craig, Dr. James, 75. + +Craig, Thomas, 68. + +Craighead, Rev. Alexander, 36. + +Craighead, Edwin Boone, 80. + +Craighead, Rev. Robert, 77. + +Craighead, Thomas, 36. + +Craighead, Thomas, 77. + +Craik, Dr. James, 73. + +Crane, Robert Bruce, 89. + +Crawford, Gov. Corie Isaac, 59. + +Crawford, David, 42. + +Crawford, Francis Marion, 83. + +Crawford, Gov. Geo. Washington, 42, 56. + +Crawford, Dr. John, 73. + +Crawford, Dr. John Barclay, 75. + +Crawford, Nathl. Macon, 78. + +Crawford, Maj.-Gen. Sam. Wylie, 62. + +Crawford, Thomas, 83. + +Crawford, Thomas, 91. + +Crawford, William, 47. + +Crawford, William Harris, 42, 78. + +Cree, Thomas Kirby, 86. + +Crockett, David, 31. + +Crooks, Ramsey, 104. + +Crow, James, 103. + +Cruickshank, Edwin A., 103. + +Cruickshank, James, 114. + +Cullen, Charles Mason, 49. + +Cummings, Rev. Charles, 20. + +Cummins, Gov. Albert Baird, 58. + +Cummins, William, 22. + +Cunningham, Arthur, 17. + +Currie, Dr. William, 74. + +Curry, Daniel, 78. + + +Dall, William, 68. + +Dall, William Healey, 68. + +Dallas, Alexander James, 41, 42. + +Dallas, V.-Pres. George Mifflin, 41. + +Dallas, Dr. Robert C., 42. + +Dallas, Robert Frank, 89. + +Dalzell, Robert M., 96. + +D'Arnsmont, Mme. Francis, 86. + +Davidson, Alexander, 96. + +Davidson, Anstruther, 68. + +Davidson, Charles, 22. + +Davidson, George, 71. + +Davidson, Thomas, 79. + +Davidson, Brig.-Gen. William, 61. + +Dawson, George, 110. + +Dawson, Thomas Cleland, 52. + +Dempster, John, 78. + +Dempster, Rev. John, 85. + +Denny, Geo. Hutcheson, 80. + +Dick, Alexander L., 91. + +Dick, James T., 89. + +Dick, Robert, 96. + +Dickinson, Pres. John, 30, 33, 39. + +Dickinson, Thomas, 101. + +Dinsmoor, Robert, 81. + +Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Sen, 53, 81. + +Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Jim, 53. + +Dinsmore, Hugh Anderson, 52. + +Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, 31, 33. + +Dobbin, James Cochrane, 43. + +Dobson, Thomas, 111. + +Dodge, Gov. Henry, 57. + +Dougal, W.H., 91. + +Douglas, Senator Stephen Arnold, 45. + +Douglas, Thomas, 49. + +Dowart, George, 17. + +Dowie, Rev. John Alex., 85. + +Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, 16. + +Drummond, John, 16. + +Drummond, Thomas, 49. + +Drummond, Gov. William, 34. + +Drysdale, Lt.-Gov. Hugh, 33. + +Dudgeon, Richard, 98. + +Duff, John, 22. + +Dun, Rev. James, 106. + +Dun, Robert Graham, 106. + +Dunbar, Sir William, 30. + +Duncan, James, 86. + +Duncan, Gov. Joseph, 57. + +Duncan, Major Joseph, 57. + +Duncan, Matthew, 109. + +Dunlap, James, 77. + +Dunlap, John, 109. + +Dunlap, Robert, 102. + +Dunlap, Gov. Robert Pinckney, 53. + +Dunlap, William, 88. + +Dunlop Families, 103. + +Dunlop, Rev. Samuel, 23. + +Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 32, 34. + +Dunsmore, John Ward, 90. + + +Eccles, Dr. Robert Gibson, 68. + +Eckford, Henry, 101. + +Eddy, Mary M.B. Glover, 85. + +Edison, Thomas Alva, 97. + +Edmundson, William, 20. + +Elliot, Lt.-Gov. Andrew, 32. + +Elliott, Charles, 21. + +Erskine, Henry, Lord Cardross, 17. + +Erskine, Robert, 60. + +Erwin, Benjamin, 19. + +Erwin (Ewen), Gov. William, 35. + +Erwyn (Irvin), James, 22. + +Ewen (Erwin), Gov. William, 35. + +Ewing, Gen. James, 60. + +Ewing, Thomas, 62. + +Ewing, Senator Thomas, 42, 50. + +Ewing, Gen. Thomas, 50, 62. + +Ewing, Gov. Wm. Lee Davidson, 57. + + +Ferguson, Dr. Alex. Hugh, 75. + +Ferguson, James, 51. + +Ferguson, James, 70. + +Ferguson, Gov. James Edward, 58. + +Ferguson, Patrick, 22. + +Ferguson, Thomas, 21. + +Ferguson, Thomas Barker, 51. + +Ferguson, Wm. Ezra, 96. + +Fife, John, 93. + +Findlay, Gov. William, 54. + +Finlay, Samuel, 80. + +Finley, John Huston, 80. + +Finley, Robert, 77. + +Finley, Samuel, 77. + +Fitchie, Thomas, 114. + +Fleming, Gov. Francis Philip, 56. + +Fleming, John, 108. + +Fleming, Peter, 106. + +Fleming, Gov. William, 34. + +Fleming, Williamina P., 71. + +Foord, John, 110. + +Forbes, Dr. David, 75. + +Forbes, Gen. John, 30. + +Forbes, John, 80. + +Forbes, John, Jr., 80. + +Forbes, John M., 51. + +Forbes, Philip Jones, 80. + +Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 68. + +Forbes, Dr. Wm. Smith, 75. + +Ford, Adm. John D., 66. + +Forgan, James Berwick, 105. + +Forney, Gen. Peter, 27. + +Forrest, Edwin, 93. + +Forsyth, Alexander, 26. + +Forsyth, James Bennett, 97. + +Forsyth, John 26. + +Forsyth, Gov. John, 55. + +Forsyth, Rev. John, 78. + +Forsyth, Robert, 26. + +Foster, Gov. Charles, 43. + +Franklin, Benjamin, 29. + +Fraser, Charles, 88. + +Fraser, John, 79. + +Frazer, John Fries, 69, 78. + +Frazer, Persifor, 69. + +Frazer, Lt.-Col. Persifor, 69 + +Frew, Walter E., 105. + +Fulton, Robert, 25, 95. + + +Galloway, Beverly Thomas, 70. + +Galloway, John, 70. + +Galloway, Joseph, 37. + +Galloway, Robert Macy, 114. + +Galt, Dr. Alexander D., 75. + +Galt, John, 17. + +Galt, Dr. John Minson, 75. + +Garden, Alexander, 22. + +Garden, Dr. Alexander, 70. + +Garden, Rev. Alex., 84. + +Garden, Mary, 94. + +Gardiner, Peter, 22. + +Gear, Gov, John Henry, 58. + +Geary, Gov. John White, 54. + +Geddes, James, 80. + +Geddes, James, 99. + +Geddes, Brig.-Gen. James Lorraine, 62. + +Geddes, Gov. John, 55. + +Gibb, James, 114. + +Gibboney, David C., 87. + +Gibson, Geo. Rutledge, 106. + +Gibson, J. & G.H., 93. + +Gibson, John, 17. + +Gibson, John Bannister, 50. + +Gibson, Paris, 31. + +Gibson, Randall, 46. + +Gibson, Senator Randall Lee, 46. + +Gilchrist Gov. Alex. Walter, 56. + +Gilchrist, Nimrod, 56. + +Gilchrist, Wm. Wallace, 93. + +Gilfillan, James, 49. + +Gillespie, Rev. George, 84. + +Gilmer, Dr. George, 54, 55. + +Gilmer, Gov. Geo. Rockingham, 55. + +Gilmer, Gov. Thomas Walker, 54. + +Gilmor, Robert, Sr., 101. + +Gilmor, Robert, Jr., 101. + +Gilmore, Mrs., 19. + +Gilmour, Neil, 79. + +Gilmour, Bishop Richard, 86. + +Glassel, Andrew, 105. + +Glen, Gov. James. 35. + +Glenn, Gustavus R., 79. + +Glenn, Nicholas, 79. + +Goddard, William, 108. + +Gordon, Gov. John Brown, 46, 56, 62. + +Gordon, John George, 62. + +Gordon, Gov. Patrick, 33. + +Gordon, Robert, 16. + +Gordon, Thomas, 29. + +Gordon, Thomas, 76. + +Gordon, Rev. Thomas, 84. + +Gordon, Thomas F., 84. + +Gordon, Hon. Thomas Knox, 20, 21. + +Gordon, Walter Scott, 31. + +Gordon, William, 76. + +Gordon, Wm. Fitzhugh, 47. + +Gorrie, Rev. Peter Douglas, 85. + +Gouinlock, Dr. Wm. Chalk, 102. + +Gracie, Archibald, 113. + +Graeme, David, 20. + +Graeme, Hon. James, 20. + +Graeme, Judge James, 20. + +Graham, David, 109. + +Graham, George, 51. + +Graham, Isabella, 77, 86. + +Graham, Recorder James, 29, 113. + +Graham, John, 51. + +Graham, Gen. Joseph, 55. + +Graham, William, 19. + +Graham, William, 77. + +Graham, Gov. Wm. Alexander, 43, 55. + +Grant, Daniel, 22. + +Grant, Gov. James Benton, 59. + +Grant, John, 22. + +Grant, John T., 106. + +Grant, Matthew, 40. + +Grant, Pres. U.S., 40. + +Grant, William, 22. + +Gray, Asa, 15, 70. + +Gray, David, 83. + +Gray, George, 49. + +Gray, John, 22. + +Greeley, Horace, 15, 110. + +Gregg, David McMurtrie, 63. + +Gregory, Judge William, 21. + +Gregory, Gov. William, 54. + +Grier, Robert Cooper, 48. + +Grieve, Miller, 51. + +Grimes, Gov. James Wilson, 58. + +Grindlay, James, 21. + +Guffey, James McClurg, 102. + +Guffey, Wesley S., 102. + +Guthrie, James, 42. + +Guthrie, John, 67. + +Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, 67. + + +Hadley, Prof. James, 78. + +Haig, George, 21. + +Haig, Thomas, 93. + +Hall, David, 108. + +Hall, James, 36. + +Hall, William, 108. + +Hallidie, Andrew L., 97. + +Hamilton, Gen. Alexander, 28. + +Hamilton, Andrew, 29. + +Hamilton, Andrew, 43. + +Hamilton, Gov. Andrew, 32, 33. + +Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., 62. + +Hamilton, Gov. James, 29, 33. + +Hamilton, Gov. John, 32, 33, 80. + +Hamilton, John L., 93. + +Hamilton, Morris, R., 80. + +Hanna, Senator Marcus Alonzo, 46. + +Harkness, William, 71. + +Harper, Gov. Joseph Morrill, 53. + +Harper, William, 50. + +Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, 40. + +Harrison, Caroline Scott, 40. + +Hart, James McDougall, 89. + +Hart, William, 89. + +Harvey, Geo. B. McC., 52. + +Harvey, Stuart, 52. + +Harvie, Andrew, 78. + +Harvie, John, 30. + +Hay, Sir Alexander. 13. + +Hay, John, 43. + +Hayes, George. 40. + +Hayes, Pres. Rutherford B., 40. + +Henderson, David. 93. + +Henderson, David Bremner, 47. + +Henderson, J., 93. + +Henderson, John, 104. + +Henderson, Peter, 71. + +Henderson, Thomas, 104. + +Hendricks, Gov. Thomas Andrews, 41, 57. + +Hendry, James. 22. + +Henry, Joseph, 67. + +Henry, Patrick, 5, 28, 34, 36. + +Henry, Theodore Crosby, 99. + +Henry, Gen. Wm. Wirt, 60. + +Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, 105. + +Hepburn, Dr. Neil Jamieson, 75. + +Hepburn, Patrick, 105. + +Hewitt, Abram S., 114. + +Hinschelwood, Robert, 90. + +Hogg, Gov. James Stephen, 58. + +Hogg, William James. 103. + +Hooper, William (Signer), 30. + +Hope, James, 88. + +Hosack, Dr. David, 67. + +Houston, Gov. George Smith, 56. + +Houston, John, 58 + +Houston, Gov. John, 35. + +Houston, John Wallace, 49. + +Houston, Sir Patrick, 30, 35, 47. + +Houston, Samuel, 19, 56, 58. + +Houston. William, 30, 47. + +Hume, Robert, 21. + +Humphreys, Alex. Crombie, 68. + +Hunter, Anne Nancy, 57. + +Hunter, Gov. Robert, 32, 33. + +Hunter, Whiteside Godfrey, 52. + +Hunter, William, 51. + +Hutchins, Elizabeth, 40. + +Hutchins, Thomas. 99. + +Hyslop, George, 80. + +Hyslop, James Hervey, 79. + + +"Ik Marvel," 82. + +Imlan, Gilbert, 81. + +Inglis, Mungo, 76. + +Inglis, William, 17. + +Ingraham, Edward D., 87. + +Innes, Harry, 50. + +Innes. James, 76. + +Innes. Col. James, 31. + +Inness, George, 89. + +Irving, Washington, 81. + +Irwin, Theodore, 102. + +Ivison, David B., 111. + +Ivison, Henry, 111. + + +Jackson, Pres. Andrew, 40. + +Jackson. Gen. Thomas, Jr., 63. + +Jaffray, Jean, 67. + +Jameson, Dr. David, 74. + +Jameson, Dr. Horatio G., 74. + +Jamison, David, 113. + +Jay Chief Justice John, 4. + +Jefferson, Thomas, 30. + +John, Sir Augustus, 21. + +Johnson, Gov. James, 56. + +Johnson, Sir William, 23. + +Johnson, Gen. Albert Sydney, 28. + +Johnston, Bartlett, 27. + +Johnston, Prof. Christopher, 28. + +Johnston, Dr. Christopher, 28. + +Johnston, Gov. Gabriel, 18, 27, 34, 76. + +Johnston, Gilbert, 27. + +Johnston, James, 27. + +Johnston, Col. James, 27. + +Johnston, Capt. James, 27. + +Johnston, James, 109. + +Johnston, Bishop James S., 86. + +Johnston, John, 27. + +Johnston, John, 28. + +Johnston, John Humphreys, 89. + +Johnston, Lt.-Col. Joseph Eccleston, 28. + +Johnston, Gov. Joseph Forney, 27, 56. + +Johnston, Mary, 83 + +Johnston, Peter, 28. + +Johnston, Peter, 83. + +Johnston, Robert, 28. + +Johnston, Brig.-Gen. Robert, 27. + +Johnston, Gov. Samuel, 27, 34. + +Johnston, Col. William, 27. + +Johnston, Dr. William, 27. + +Johnston, Gov. William Freame, 54. + +Johnstone, Gov. George, 35. + +Johnstone, John, 16. + +Jones, Admiral John. Paul, 65. + + +Kasson, John Adam, 51. + +Kay, William, 83. + +Keith, Benjamin Franklin, 94. + +Keith, Rev. George, 29. + +Keith, William, 89. + +Keith, Sir William, 33. + +Kell, Capt. John McIntosh, 65. + +Kellogg, Edward Henry, 102. + +Kemp, Bishop James, 85. + +Kemp, John, 77. + +Kennedy, Hon. Archibald, 29. + +Kennedy, David, 22. + +Kennedy, James, 83. + +Kennedy, John S., 114. + +Kennedy, Robert Lenox, 114. + +Ker, Walter, 16. + +Kerr, Edward, 102. + +Kerr, Senator John Leeds, 45. + +Kerr, Washington C., 69. + +Killen, William, 48. + +Kincannon, Andrew A., 80. + +Kincannon, James, 80. + +King, James, 22. + +King, John Crookshanks, 91. + +Kinloch, Hon. James, 20. + +Kinloch, Dr. Robert A., 75. + +Kinzie, John, 31. + +Kirk, James Smith 102. + +Kirk, Gov. Richard, 53. + +Kirkpatrick, Chief Justice Andrew, 48. + +Kirkpatrick, Judge Andrew, 48. + +Kirkwood, Daniel, 78. + +Kirkwood, James Pugh, 99. + +Kirkwood, Mayor Robert, 58, 61. + +Kirkwood, Robert, 78. + +Kirkwood, Gov. Samuel Jordan, 43, 58. + +Knox, Gen. Henry, 15, 60. + + +Laidlaw, William Grant, 47. + +Laird, Samuel, 31. + +Lamont, Charles A., 114. + +Lamont, Daniel Scott, 42. + +Lamont, Neil, 114. + +Lamont, Thomas W., 105. + +Lauder, George, 102. + +Laurie, James, 99. + +Lawrie, Gawen (Gavin), 16. + +"Lawrie Todd," 71. + +Lawson, Alexander, 90. + +Lawson, Helen E., 91. + +Lawson, James, 82. + +Lawson, John, 81. + +Lawson, Oscar A., 90. + +Lee, Col. Henry, 28. + +Lee, James P., 97. + +Leiper, Thomas, 28. + +Lenox, James, 113. + +Leisley, J. Peter, 69. + +Lewis, Andrew, 20. + +Lewis, Ellis, 48. + +Lewis, Gen. Morgan, 25. + +Lindsay, Donald, 101. + +Lindsay, E.J., 103. + +Lindsay, James Edwin, 101. + +Lindsay, John, 22. + +Lindsay, Gov. Robert Burns, 56. + +Linen, James Alex., 106. + +Living, Dr. John, 73. + +Littlejohn, Bishop Abram N., 85. + +Littlejohn, Hugh, 85. + +Livingston, Adam, 47. + +Livingston, Edward, 25. + +Livingston, Col. James, 61. + +Livingston, Rev. 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John, 59. + +MacDowell, Edward Alex., 93. + +McDowell, Ephraim, 19. + +McDowell, Dr. Ephraim, 73. + +McDowell, Maj.-Gen. Irvin, 63. + +McDowell, John, 19. + +McDowell, Col. Samuel, 20, 31. + +McDuffie, Gov. George, 55. + +McElhone, John J., 111. + +McElwain, William Howe, 103. + +McEnery, Gov. John, 57. + +McEnery, Gov. Samuel Douglas, 57. + +MacEwen, Walter, 89. + +Macfarlane, Robert. 82. + +Macfarlane, Will. C., 93. + +McGaw, Alexander, 92. + +McGee, William John 69. + +McGilvary, William, 42. + +McGilvra, John Jay, 87. + +MacGregor, Rev. James, 12, 14. + +McIlvaine, Bishop Chas. P., 85. + +McIlvaine, Senator Joseph, 46. + +McIlvaine, Joshua Hall, 79. + +Maclnnes, Duncan, 106. + +McIntosh, Alexander, 21. + +McIntosh, Col. John, 19. + +McIntosh, John "Mor," 109. + +McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, 19, 61. + +McIntosh, Maria J., 82. + +McIntire, Samuel, 93. + +MacIntyre, Finloe (Finlay), 22. + +MacIntyre, John. 22. + +McIntyre, Rev. 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Alexander, 82, 85. + +McLeod, Angus A., 107. + +Macleod, Donald, 82. + +Macleod, Xavier Donald, 82. + +Maclien (McLean), Allen, 22. + +Maclure, William, 68. + +McMillan, Alexander, 109. + +McMillan, Senator Samuel Hugh, 46. + +McMillan, John ("The Upright"), 46. + +Macmillan, Sen. Sam. Jas. Renwick, 46. + +Macmillan, William, 71. + +McMillin, Gov. Benton, 56. + +McMinn, Gov. Joseph. 56. + +MacMonnies, Fred William, 91. + +McMurtry. George Gibson, 101. + +McNair, Gov. Alexander, 58. + +McNair, Fred. V., 66. + +McNair, Samuel, 66. + +McNaught, William, 25. + +McNaughton, Dr. James, 74. + +MacNeil, Herman Atkins, 91. + +McNeil, Brig.-Gen. John, 63. + +McNeill, Neill, 17. + +McNeill, Wm. Gibbs, 99. + +McNess, John, 21. + +MacNutt, Capt. John, 55. + +McPheeters, William, 19. + +Macpherson, Angus Neilson, 101. + +Macpherson, Isaac, 21. + +Macpherson, Gen. James B., 63. + +Macpherson, Major John, 60. + +Macpherson, Capt. John, 108. + +McPherson, John H.T., 83. + +McPherson, Robert, 83. + +Macpherson, Gen. William, 61. + +Macqueen, Dougall, 22. + +McRae, Gov. John J., 57. + +Macrae, Brig.-Gen. William, 64. + +McRuer, Dr. Daniel, 74. + +McVeagh, Franklin, 43. + +McVeagh, Wayne, 51. + +MacVicar, John, 86. + +McVicar, Malcolm, 79. + +McWhorter, Rev. Alex., 84. + +McWillie, Gov. William, 57. + + +Machen, Matthew, 17. + +Macomb, Alexander, 109. + +Macomb, William, 109. + +Magill Families, 103. + +Magonigle, Harold Van B., 92. + +Magonigle, John, 92. + +Magoon, Isaac, 31. + +Magruder, Commander George, 63. + +Magruder, Gen. John B., 63. + +Makemie, Rev. Frances, 22, 84. 113. + +Malcolm, William, 97. + +Mantell, Robert Bruce, 93. + +Marble, Dr. Albert P., 114. + +Marion, Gen., 27. + +Marshall, John, 17. + +Marshall, Chief Justice John, 48. + +Marshall, Thomas, 17. + +Marshall, William, 103. + +Martin, Alexander, 79. + +Martin, Gov. Alexander, 34. + +Martin, Gov. John Alexander, 58. + +Martin, Gov. Noah, 53. + +Mason, Rev. John, 77, 84. + +Mason, Rev. John Mitchell, 77. + +Mather, Rev. Cotton, 15. + +Mathews, Col. Samson, 20. + +Maxwell, Dr. Geo. Troup, 75. + +Maxwell, Hugh, 87, 113. + +Maxwell, Hugh, 95. + +Maxwell, Lawrence, 87. + +Maywood, Robert C., 93. + +Medill, Joseph, 110. + +Mein, John, 108. + +Melish or Mellish, John, 81. + +Melvil, William, 22. + +Melville, Rear Admiral George W., 66. + +Mercer, Gen. Hugh, 54, 60, 74. + +Mercer, Jesse, 77. + +Mercer, John, 87. + +Mercer, Gov. John Francis, 54. + +Michie, Hon. James, 20. + +Michie, Peter Smith, 68. + +Middleton, Dr. Peter, 74. + +Millar, Addison Thomas, 89. + +Miller, Gov. Stephen Decatur, 55. + +Milligan, John J., 48. + +Mitchel, Gen. Ormsby McKnight, 70. + +Mitchell, Dr. Alexander, 74. + +Mitchell, Alexander, 105. + +Mitchell, Gov. David Brodie, 55. + +Mitchell, Donald Grant, 82. + +Mitchell, Henry, 93. + +Mitchell, Dr. John K., 74. + +Mitchell, Senator John Lendrum, 46. + +Mitchell, Maria, 70. + +Mitchell, Dr. Silas Weir, 74. + +Mitchell, William, 70. + +Moffat, James C., 82. + +Mouet, Col. George, 20. + +Monroe, Andrew, 40. + +Monroe, Pres. James, 40. + +Montgomerie, Gov. John, 32. + +Montgomery, Edmund Duncan, 68. + +Montgomery, John, 19. + +Montgomery, Capt. John B., 65. + +Montgomery, Gen. Richard, 25, 60. + +Montgomery, Thos. Harrison, 68. + +Moonlight, Gov. Thomas, 59. + +Moore, Daniel McFarlan, 97. + +Morris, Gov. Robert Hunter, 33. 49. + +Morrison, Bishop James Dow, 85. + +Morrison, John, 83. + +Morrison, Rev. John, 85. + +Morrison, Leonard A., 12, 83. + +Morrow, Gov. Jeremiah, 57. + +Morse, Samuel F.B., 77. + +Morton, Alexander, 96. + +Morton, Paul, 43. + +Morton, Richard, 43. + +Morton, Dr. William T.G., 75. + +Moultrie, Dr. John, 55, 61. + +Moultrie, Gen. William, 21, 55, 61. + +Muir, John, 69. + +Muir, John Allan, 107. + +Munro, David A., 110. + +Munro, George, 111. + +Munro, Norman Leslie, 111. + +Munroe, Daniel, 93. + +Munroe, Nathaniel, 93. + +Murdoch, James Edward, 93. + +Murdoch, William, 22, 36. + +Murdock, James, 81. + +Murray, Capt. Alexander, 65. + +Murray, Gov. Eli Houston, 59. + +Murray, George, 90. + +Murray, John, 21. + +Murray, John, Earl of Dunmore, 32, 34. + +Murray, Patrick, 22. + + +Nairne, Thomas, 21. + +Neill, Richard Renshaw, 52. + +Neilson, Wm. Allan, 80. + +Nelson, Samuel, 49. + +Nicholson, Family, 65. + +Nisbet, Eugenius Aristides, 48. + +Noble, Gov. Noah, 57. + +Noble, Gov. Patrick, 55. + +Notman, John, 92. + + +Ochiltree, Lord, 13. + +Oliphant, David, 21. + +Oliver, James, 96. + +Orr, Alexander Ector, 114. + +Orr, Hugh, 95. + +Orr, Nathaniel, 90. + +Orr, Robert, 95. + +Orr, William, 95. + +Orrach (Orrock?) Alexander, 22. + +Oswald, Col. Eleazar, 108. + +Owen, David Dale, 69. + +Owen, Richard, 69. + +Owen, Robert Dale, 86. + + +(Page), Robert, 19. + +Parsons, Wm. Barclay, 99. + +Paterson, Maj.-Gen. John, 62. + +Paterson, Matthew, 31. + +Paterson, Gov. William, 33, 49. + +Patillo, Rev. Henry, 30. + +Paton, John, 17. + +Patterson, Carlile Pollock, 68. + +Patterson, James Kennedy, 79. + +Patterson, Robert, 77. + +Patterson, Robert M., 77. + +Pattison, Dr. Granville Sharp, 74. + +Patton, Gov. John Mercer, 54. + +Patton, Robert, 54. + +Patton, Gov. Robert Miller, 56. + +Peckover, James, 97. + +Perth, James Drummond, Earl of, 16. + +Pettigrew, Bishop Charles, 85. + +Pharr, Gov. John Newton, 58. + +Pharr, Walter, 58. + +Phillips, Wm. Addison, 64. + +Phyfe, Duncan, 93. + +Pickens, Gen. Andrew, 55, 61. + +Pickens, Gov. Andrew, 55. + +Pickens, Gov. Israel, 56. + +Pinkerton, Allan, 28. + +Pitcairn, Robert, 102, 107. + +Poage, Robert, 19. + +Polk, Gov. Charles, 54. + +Polk, Pres. James Knox, 40. + +Polk, Robert, 40. + +Polk, Gov. 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Colden, 65. + +Rhind, David, 77. + +Rhind, John Massey, 91. + +Richardson, Henry H., 92. + +Riddle, John Wallace, 52. + +Ridpath, John Clark, 83. + +Ritchie, Alexander Hay, 88. + +Ritchie, Thomas, 109. + +Roberts, John, 91. + +Robertson, George, 48. + +Robertson, James, 31. + +Robertson, Gov. James, 32. + +Robertson, John, 22. + +Robertson, Adj.-Gen. John, 64. + +Robertson, Wm. Joseph, 49 + +Robinson, Gov. James Fisher, 57. + +Rodgers, Capt. John, 65. + +Rogers, Henry Darwin, 69. + +Rogers, William Barton, 69. + +Rollins, James Sidney, 78. + +Ronald, Gen. Andrew, 30. + +Ronald, William, 30. + +Ronaldson, James, 111, 112. + +Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, 17, 27, 40. + +Ross, Betsy, 38. + +Ross, Elizabeth (Griscom), 38. + +Ross, George (Signer), 21, 38. + +Ross, John, 30. + +Ross, John D., 83. + +Ross, Thomas, 22. + +Rowan, Gov. Matthew, 34. + +Russell, Gov. David Lindsay, 55. + +Rutherford, Gen., 27. + +Rutherford, Gov. John, 54. + +Rutherford, Senator John, 45. + +Rutherford, Sir John, 45. + +Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris, 71. + +Rutledge, Andrew, 20. + +Rutledge, Gov. Edward, 35, 36, 38, 55. + +Rutledge, Judge John, 4, 48. + +Rutledge, Gov. John, 35, 36. + +Rutledge, Dr. John, 38. + +Rutledge, Thomas, 21. + + +St. Clair, Arthur, 61. + +Sandeman, Rev. Robert, 84. + +Saunders, William, 71. + +Saxby, Hon. George, 20. + +Scott, Alfred B., 102. + +Scott, Archibald, 19. + +Scott, George, 16. + +Scott, James, 102. + +Scott, John Morin, 47. + +Scott, Gov. Robert Kingston, 55. + +Scott, Thomas A., 106. + +Scott, Walter, 114. + +Scott, Rev. Walter, 85. + +Scott, Wm. Berryman, 70. + +Scott, William Henry, 79. + +Scott, Lt.-Gen. Winfield, 62. + +Scoular, William, 82. + +Seaton, William Wiston, 111. + +Seton, Elizabeth Ann B., 86. + +Seton, Archbishop Robert, 86. + +Shaw, Robert, 91. + +Shields, Gov. 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Hugh Holmes, 43. + +Stuart, Andrew, 109. + +Stuart, Archibald, 43, 54. + +Stuart, Senator, Charles E., 45. + +Stuart, Daniel, 45. + +Stuart, Dr. Ferdinand C., 74. + +Stuart, Gilbert Charles, 88. + +Stuart, Gov. Henry Carter, 54. + +Stuart, Hon. John, 20. + +Stuart, Robert, 2. + +Stuart, Robert, 104. + +Stuart, Robert L., 113. + +Swinton, William, 82. + +Syme, John, 17. + +Synge, Archbishop, 14. + + +Tait, John Robinson, 89. + +Taylor, Alexander, 114. + +Taylor, George, 38. + +Taylor, Dr. James Ridley, 75. + +Taylor, John, 75. + +Taylor, Rev. Nathaniel, 22. + +Taylor, Thomas, 96. + +Telfair, Gov. Edward, 35. + +Tennant, Rev. William, 21, 36. + +Tennant, Families, 103. + +Thompson, Gov. David P., 59. + +Thompson, Frank, 106. + +Thompson, Bishop Hugh Miller, 86. + +Thompson, John Edgar, 106. + +Thompson, Robert M., 103. + +Thomson, T. Kennard, 99. + +Thorburn, Grant, 71. + +Thornton, Matthew, 15, 36, 38. + +Tilghman, Chief Justice, 37. + +Todd, Thomas, 48. + +Torrance, David, 50. + +Traill, Rev. William, 22, 84. + +Trimble, Gov. Allen, 57. + +Troup, Gov. Geo. McIntosh, 55. + +Turnbull, Dr. Chas. Smith, 75. + +Turnbull, Fred'k, 93. + +Turnbull, Rev. Robert, 82. + +Turnbull, Wm. Paterson, 68. + +Tweedale, William, 99. + + +Umphraville, Angus, 82. + +Ure, William Agnew, 110. + +Urie, Robert, 17. + +Urquhart, Edmond, 102. + + +Vallance, John, 90. + +Verplanck, Gulian C., 37. + + +Waddell, Rev. James, 19, 84. + +Waddell, Moses, 78. + +Waldo, Gen. Samuel, 15. + +Walker, George, 31. + +Walker, Lt.-Gov. James A., 64. + +Walker, John, 64. + +Walker, William, 29. + +Wallace, Charles William, 83. + +Wallace, Gov. David, 57. + +Wallace, John Findley, 100. + +Wallace, Gen. Lew, 82. + +Wallace, William Ross, 82. + +Warden, William Grey, 101. + +Watson, Dr. John, 74. + +Watson, Dr. William, 67. + +Watts, John, 113. + +Weir, John Ferguson, 90. + +Weir, Robert Walter, 88. + +Wells, John, 109. + +Wells, Robert, 109. + +Wellstood, John Geikie, 90. + +Wellstood, William, 91. + +White, Alexander, 31. + +Wilkeson, Samuel, 31. + +Williamson, Dr. Hugh, 67. + +Williamson, John, 89. + +Willocks, George, 16. + +Wilson, Alexander, 67, 90. + +Wilson Henry, 22. + +Wilson, V.-Pres. Henry, 41. + +Wilson, Rev. James, 36. + +Wilson, James (Signer), 38, 48. + +Wilson, James, 40. + +Wilson, James, 43. + +Wilson, James, 91. + +Wilson, James Grant, 82. + +Wilson, John, 111. + +Wilson, John Cochrane, 80. + +Wilson, Peter, 77. + +Wilson, William, 82. + +Wilson, William Bauchop, 43. + +Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 40. + +Windrim, James Hamilton, 92. + +Winton, Alexander, 98. + +Witherspoon, John, 4, 36, 37, 39. + +Wood, Mary, 28. + +Woodrow, Janet, 40. + +Woodrow, Rev. Thomas, 40. + +Wright, Fanny, 86. + +Wylie, Samuel Brown, 78. + + +Young, David, 99. + +Young, John, 17. + +Yule, George, 102. + + +Zenger, John Peter, 29. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Scotland's Mark on America, by George Fraser Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA *** + +***** This file should be named 15162.txt or 15162.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/6/15162/ + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University +Libraries, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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