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diff --git a/15158.txt b/15158.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef1c089 --- /dev/null +++ b/15158.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3486 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of In Time Of Emergency, by Department of Defense + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: In Time Of Emergency + A Citizen's Handbook On Nuclear Attack, Natural Disasters (1968) + +Author: Department of Defense + +Release Date: February 24, 2005 [EBook #15158] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN TIME OF EMERGENCY *** + + + + +Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + +in time of +EMERGENCY + +a citizen's handbook on + +... NUCLEAR ATTACK +... NATURAL DISASTERS + + +DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE + + * * * * * + +THIS HANDBOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF: + +Name_____________________________________________ + +Address__________________________________________ + +LOCATION OF DESIGNATED FALLOUT SHELTER, OR SHELTER NEAREST TO: + +Home_____________________________________________ + +School___________________________________________ + +Workplace________________________________________ + +EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS:[1] + +Ambulance________________________________________ + +Civil Defense____________________________________ + +Doctors__________________________________________ + + __________________________________________ + +Fire_____________________________________________ + +Health Department________________________________ + +Hospitals________________________________________ + + ________________________________________ + +Police___________________________________________ + +Red Cross________________________________________ + +Utility Companies________________________________ + + ________________________________ + +Weather Bureau___________________________________ + +Other____________________________________________ + + + * * * * * + +IN TIME OF EMERGENCY + + A CITIZEN'S HANDBOOK ON + --NUCLEAR ATTACK + --NATURAL DISASTERS + + +The Office of Civil Defense gratefully acknowledges the assistance +provided by representatives of the following agencies and organizations +in the preparation of material for this handbook: + + U.S. Atomic Energy Commission + + U.S. Department of Agriculture + + U.S. Department of Commerce; Environmental Science Services + Administration; Weather Bureau + + U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public + Health Service + + Office of Emergency Planning, Executive Office of the President + + American Medical Association; Committee on Disaster Medical + Care + + American National Red Cross + + National Geographic Society + + National Association of State Civil Defense Directors + + United States Civil Defense Council + +The Office of Civil Defense, however, is solely responsible for the +validity and accuracy of the information in the handbook. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + +Introduction + +PART I: NUCLEAR ATTACK + + Chapter 1--Checklist of Emergency Actions + + Chapter 2---Understand the Hazards of Nuclear Attack + + Chapter 3--Know About Warning + + Chapter 4--Fallout Shelters, Public and Private + + Chapter 5--Improvising Fallout Protection + + Chapter 6--Supplies for Fallout Shelters + + Chapter 7--Water, Food, and Sanitation in a Shelter + + Chapter 8--Fire Hazards + + Chapter 9--Emergency Care of the Sick and Injured + + +PART II: MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS + + Chapter 1--General Guidance + + Chapter 2--Floods and Hurricanes + + Chapter 3--Tornadoes + + Chapter 4--Winter Storms + + Chapter 5--Earthquakes + +Index + + * * * * * + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +A major emergency affecting a large number of people may occur anytime +and anywhere. + +It may be a peacetime disaster such as a flood, tornado, fire, +hurricane, blizzard or earthquake. It could be an enemy nuclear attack +on the United States. + +In any type of general disaster, lives can be saved if people are +prepared for the emergency, and know what actions to take when it +occurs. + +With the aid of Federal and State governments, cities and counties in +all parts of the country are developing their local civil defense +systems--the fallout shelters, supporting equipment and emergency plans +needed to reduce the loss of life from an enemy attack. + +While these local government systems have been set up mainly as +safeguards against nuclear attack, they have saved lives and relieved +suffering in many major peacetime disasters. People have been warned of +impending storms and similar dangers, told how to protect themselves, +sheltered from the elements, fed and clothed, treated for injury and +illness, and given help in resuming their normal lives. Experience has +shown that as cities, counties and towns develop their systems to +preserve life under nuclear attack conditions, they also become better +prepared to deal effectively with peacetime disasters. + +In cooperation with the U.S. Office of Civil Defense and the States, +many local governments are improving their civil defense systems by +preparing community shelter plans. These plans include instructions to +local citizens on what to do in the event of nuclear attack. + +This handbook, "In Time of Emergency," contains basic general +information on both nuclear attack and major natural disasters. This +general guidance supplements the specific instructions issued by local +governments. Since special conditions may exist in some communities, the +local instructions may be slightly different from this general guidance. +In those cases, the local instructions should be followed. + +Part I (pages 3-68) is concerned with nuclear attack and basic actions +to take. + +Part II (pages 69-86) discusses preparations and emergency actions that +will help individuals cope with major natural disasters--floods, +hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, and earthquakes. + +In addition to following the advice given in this handbook and the +instructions of their local governments, people can prepare themselves +better to meet any major disaster by taking training courses to develop +their "emergency skills." Especially recommended are these courses: + +"PERSONAL AND FAMILY SURVIVAL" (12-hour course)--A basic orientation +course in civil defense, which also tells people how to improve their +protection against the effects of a nuclear attack. + +"MEDICAL SELF-HELP" (16-hour course)--How to care for the sick and +injured if a doctor or nurse is not available. + +"FIRST AID" (courses of various lengths)--How to help the sick and +injured until professional medical assistance is obtained. + +"CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED" (12-hour course)--How to care for +patients after they have received professional medical treatment. + +Information on these free courses, which are given in most communities, +is available from local Civil Defense Offices, County Agricultural +Extension Agents, local public health departments, or American Red Cross +chapters. Special advice for rural families on emergency actions related +to crops and livestock is available from the U.S. Department of +Agriculture. + + * * * * * + + + + +PART ONE + +NUCLEAR ATTACK + + +A nuclear attack against the United States would take a high toll of +lives. But our losses would be much less if people were prepared to meet +the emergency, knew what actions to take, and took them. + +A nationwide civil defense system now exists in the United States, and +is being enlarged and improved constantly. The heart of this system is +fallout shelter to protect people from the radioactive fallout that +would result from a nuclear attack. The system also includes warning and +communications networks, preparations to measure fallout radiation, +control centers to direct lifesaving and recovery operations, emergency +broadcasting stations, local governments organized for emergency +operations, large numbers of citizens trained in emergency skills, and +U.S. military forces available to help civil authorities and the public +in a time of emergency. + +If an enemy should threaten to attack the United States, you would not +be alone. The entire Nation would be mobilizing to repulse the attack, +destroy the enemy, and hold down our own loss of life. Much assistance +would be available to you--from local, State and Federal governments, +from the U.S. armed forces units in your area, and from your neighbors +and fellow-Americans. If an attack should come, many lives would be +saved through effective emergency preparations and actions. + +You can give yourself and your family a much better chance of surviving +and recovering from a nuclear attack if you will _take time now to:_ + + + Understand the dangers you would face in an attack. + + Make your own preparations for an attack. + + Learn what actions you should take at the time of attack. + + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 1 + +CHECKLIST OF EMERGENCY ACTIONS + + +* KNOW YOUR LOCAL EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN + + * Find out from your local government your local plan for + emergency action. + + * Determine the specific actions you and members of your + family are expected to take. + + +* UNDERSTAND NUCLEAR ATTACK HAZARDS (See Chapter 2, page 9) + +On the widespread threat of fallout, remember: + + * The most dangerous period is the first 24 hours after + fallout arrives. But you might have to use fallout shelter + for up to two weeks. + + * Highly dangerous amounts of fallout are visible. They look + like particles of sand or salt. + + * There is little danger that adults could inhale or swallow + enough fallout particles to hurt them. Small children, + however, could be injured by drinking contaminated water or + milk. + + * A person exposed to fallout radiation does _not_ become + radioactive. Radiation sickness is _not_ contagious; one + person cannot "catch it" from another person. + + +* KNOW THE ATTACK WARNING SIGNAL (See Chapter 3, page 17) + + * On outdoor warning devices, the Attack Warning Signal is + a _3- to 5-minute_ wavering sound, or a series of short blasts + on whistles or horns. + + * This signal means: An enemy attack against the United + States has been detected. _Take protective action_. (This + signal + has no other meaning, and will be used for no other purpose.) + + * On warning, don't use the phone. Get information from radio. + + +* KNOW THE LOCATION OF FALLOUT SHELTER (See Chapter 4, page 23) + + * Public shelters are marked like this. + + * Good shelters can be prepared in homes with basements. + + +* IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE, IMPROVISE PROTECTION (See Chapter 5, page +33) + + Remember: + + * A basement corner below ground level, or a storm cellar, is + the best place to improvise fallout protection. + + * For the best possible protection, use heavy and dense + materials + for shielding. + + +* PREPARE EMERGENCY SUPPLIES (See Chapter 6, page 39) + + Especially important are: + + * Water and other liquids. + + * Food requiring no cooking. + + * Special medicines. + + +* CONSERVE EMERGENCY SUPPLIES; MAINTAIN SANITATION (See Chapter 7, page +45) + +* REDUCE FIRE HAZARDS (See Chapter 8, page 51) + +* KNOW THE BASICS OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE (See Chapter 9, page 55) + + If no doctor is available, especially important are actions + to: + + * Restore breathing. + + * Stop serious bleeding. + + * Treat for shock. + + * Treat broken bones and burns. + + +* FOLLOW OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS + + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 2 + +UNDERSTAND THE HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR ATTACK + + +SUMMARY + +1. The main hazards of a nuclear attack are blast, heat, fire, and +fallout radiation. + +2. You _may_ be able to protect yourself against blast and heat by +getting inside a shelter or taking cover, before the nuclear explosions + occur. You may be able to avoid fire injuries by putting out small +fires or escaping from large fires that might occur in your area. + +3. You _can_ protect yourself against fallout radiation by getting +inside a fallout shelter--if possible, before fallout particles begin +drifting down--and by staying there until you are told to come out by +authorities who have the equipment to measure radiation levels. + +4. After a nuclear attack, food and water would be available to most +people, and it would be usable. If any fallout particles have collected, + they could be removed before the food is eaten or the water is +drunk. People suffering from extreme hunger or thirst should not be +denied food or water, even if the available supplies are not known to +be free of fallout particles or other radioactive substances. + +5. Infants and small children should be fed canned or powdered milk +(if available) for awhile after the attack, unless the regular milk +supply is uncontaminated. They should not be given water that may +contain radioactive substances, if other water known to be pure is +available. + +6. A person cannot "catch" radiation sickness from another person. + + +UNDERSTAND THE HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR ATTACK + +When a nuclear bomb or missile explodes, the main effects produced are +intense light (flash), heat, blast, and radiation. How strong these +effects are depends on the size and type of the weapon; how far away the +explosion is; the weather conditions (sunny or rainy, windy or still); +the terrain (whether the ground is flat or hilly); and the height of the +explosion (high in the air, or near the ground). + +All nuclear explosions cause light, heat and blast, which occur +immediately. In addition, explosions that are on or close to the ground +would create large quantities of dangerous radioactive fallout +particles, most of which would fall to earth during the first 24 hours. +Explosions high in the air would create smaller radioactive particles, +which would not have any real effect on humans until many months or +years later, if at all.[2] + + +WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN AN ENEMY ATTACK + +If the U.S. should be attacked, the people who happened to be close to a +nuclear, explosion--in the area of heavy destruction--probably would be +killed or seriously injured by the blast, or by the heat of the nuclear +fireball. + +People a few miles away--in the "fringe area" of the explosion--would +be endangered by the blast and heat, and by fires that the explosion +might start. However, it is likely that most of the people in the fringe +area would survive these hazards. + +People who were _outside_ the fringe area would not be affected by the +blast, heat or fire. Department of Defense studies show that in any +nuclear attack an enemy might launch against us, tens of millions of +Americans would be outside the fringe areas. To them--and to people in +the fringe areas who survived the blast, heat and fire--radioactive +fallout would be the main danger. Protective measures against this +danger can be taken. + + +WHAT IS FALLOUT? + +When a nuclear weapon explodes near the ground, great quantities of +pulverized earth and other debris are sucked up into the nuclear cloud. +There the radioactive gases produced by the explosion condense on and +into this debris, producing radioactive fallout particles. Within a +short time, these particles fall back to earth--the larger ones first, +the smaller ones later. On the way down, and after they reach the +ground, the radioactive particles give off invisible gamma rays--like +X-rays--too much of which can kill or injure people. These particles +give off most of their radiation quickly; therefore the first few hours +or days after an attack would be the most dangerous period. + +In dangerously affected areas the particles themselves would look like +grains of salt or sand; but the _rays_ they would give off could not be +seen, tasted, smelled or felt. Special instruments would be required to +detect the rays and measure their intensity. + + +FALLOUT WOULD BE WIDESPREAD + +The distribution of fallout particles after a nuclear attack would +depend on wind currents, weather conditions and other factors. There is +no way of predicting in advance what areas of the country would be +affected by fallout, or how soon the particles would fall back to earth +at a particular location. + +Some communities might get a heavy accumulation of fallout, while +others--even in the same general area--might get little or none. No area +in the U.S. could be sure of _not_ getting fallout, and it is probable +that some fallout particles would be deposited on most of the country. + +Areas close to a nuclear explosion might receive fallout within 15-30 +minutes. It might take 5-10 hours or more for the particles to drift +down on a community 100 or 200 miles away. + +Generally, the first 24 hours after fallout began to settle would be the +most dangerous period to a community's residents. The heavier particles +falling during that time would still be highly radioactive and give off +strong rays. The lighter particles falling later would have lost much of +their radiation high in the atmosphere. + + +FALLOUT CAUSES RADIATION SICKNESS + +The invisible gamma rays given off by fallout particles can cause +radiation sickness--that is, illness caused by physical and chemical +changes in the cells of the body. If a person receives a large dose of +radiation, he will die. But if he receives only a small or medium dose, +his body will repair itself and he will get well. The same dose received +over a short period of time is more damaging than if it is received over +a longer period. Usually, the effects of a given dose of radiation are +more severe in very young and very old persons, and those not in good +health. + +No special clothing can protect people against gamma radiation, and no +special drugs or chemicals can prevent large doses of radiation from +causing damage to the cells of the body. However, antibiotics and other +medicines are helpful in treating infections that sometimes follow +excessive exposure to radiation (which weakens the body's ability to +fight infections). + +Almost all of the radiation that people would absorb from fallout +particles would come from particles _outside_ their own bodies. Only +simple precautions would be necessary to avoid swallowing the particles, +and because of their size (like grains of sand) it would be practically +impossible to inhale them. + +People exposed to fallout radiation do _not_ become radioactive and +thereby dangerous to other people. Radiation sickness is not contagious +or infectious, and one person cannot "catch it" from another person. + + +PROTECTION IS POSSIBLE + +People can protect themselves against fallout radiation, and have a good +chance of surviving it, by staying inside a fallout shelter. In most +cases, the fallout radiation level outside the shelter would decrease +rapidly enough to permit people to leave the shelter within a few days. + +Even in communities that received heavy accumulations of fallout +particles, people soon might be able to leave shelter for a few minutes +or a few hours at a time in order to perform emergency tasks. In most +places, it is unlikely that full-time shelter occupancy would be +required for more than a week or two. + + +MANY KINDS OF FALLOUT SHELTERS + +The farther away you are from the fallout particles outside, the less +radiation you will receive. Also, the building materials (concrete, +brick, lumber, etc.) that are between you and the fallout particles +serve to absorb many of the gamma rays and keep them from reaching you. + +A fallout shelter, therefore, does not need to be a special type of +building or an underground bunker. It can be _any space_, provided the +walls and roof are thick or heavy enough to absorb many of the rays +given off by the fallout particles outside, and thus keep dangerous +amounts of radiation from reaching the people inside the structure. + +A shelter can be the basement or inner corridor of any large building; +the basement of a private home; a subway or tunnel; or even a backyard +trench with some kind of shielding material (heavy lumber, earth, +bricks, etc.) serving as a roof. + +In addition to protecting people from fallout radiation, most fallout +shelters also would provide some limited protection against the blast +and heat effects of nuclear explosions that were not close by. + +Chapter 4 (pages 23-32) discusses the various types of fallout shelters +that people can use to protect themselves in case of nuclear attack. + + +FOOD AND WATER WOULD BE AVAILABLE AND USABLE + +From many studies, the Federal Government has determined that enough +food and water would be available after an attack to sustain our +surviving citizens. However, temporary food shortages might occur in +some areas, until food was shipped there from other areas. + +Most of the Nation's remaining food supplies would be usable after an +attack. Since radiation passing through food does not contaminate it, +the only danger would be the actual swallowing of fallout particles that +happened to be on the food itself (or on the can or package containing +the food), and these could be wiped or washed off. Reaping, threshing, +canning and other processing would prevent any dangerous quantities of +fallout particles from getting into processed foods. If necessary to +further protect the population, special precautions would be taken by +food processors. + +Water systems might be affected somewhat by radioactive fallout, but the +risk would be small, especially if a few simple precautions were taken. +Water stored in covered containers and water in covered wells would not +be contaminated after an attack, because the fallout particles could not +get into the water. Even if the containers were not covered (such as +buckets or bathtubs filled with emergency supplies of water), as long as +they were indoors it is highly unlikely that fallout particles would get +into them. + +Practically all of the particles that dropped into open reservoirs, +lakes, and streams (or into open containers or wells) would settle to +the bottom. Any that didn't would be removed when the water was filtered +before being pumped to consumers. A small amount of radioactive material +might dissolve in the water, but at most this would be of concern for +only a few weeks. + +Milk contamination from fallout is not expected to be a serious problem +after an attack. If cows graze on contaminated pasture and swallow +fallout particles that contain some radioactive elements, their milk +might be harmful to the thyroid glands of infants and small children. +Therefore, if possible, they should be given canned or powdered milk for +a few weeks if authorities say the regular milk supply is contaminated +by radioactive elements. + +In summary, the danger of people receiving harmful doses of fallout +radiation through food, water or milk is very small. People suffering +from extreme hunger or thirst should not be denied these necessities +after an attack, even if the only available supplies might contain +fallout particles or other radioactive substances. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 3 + +KNOW ABOUT WARNING + + +SUMMARY + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. Learn what outdoor warning signals are used in your community, what +they sound like, what they mean, and what actions you should take when +you hear them. + +2. Make sure you know the difference between the Attack Warning Signal +and the Attention or Alert Signal (if both are used in your community). + + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. When you hear the warning signals, or warning information is +broadcast, take prompt action. + +2. If the Attack Warning Signal sounds, go to a fallout shelter +immediately (unless your local government has told you to do something +else). After you are in shelter, listen to a radio for more information +and instructions. + +3. If there is no public or private shelter you can go to, try to +improvise some fallout protection. As a last resort, take cover in the +best available place. + +4. If there should be a nuclear flash--especially if you feel the warmth +from it--take cover _instantly_, and then move to a fallout shelter +later. + +KNOW ABOUT WARNING + +An enemy attack on the United States probably would be preceded by a +period of international tension or crisis. This crisis period would help +alert all citizens to the _possibility_ of attack. + +If an attack actually occurs, it is almost certain that incoming enemy +planes and missiles would be detected by our networks of warning +stations in time for citizens to get into shelters or at least take +cover. This warning time might be as little as 5-15 minutes in some +locations, or as much as an hour or more in others. + +How you received warning of an attack would depend on where you happened +to be at that time. You might hear the warning given on radio or +television, or even by word-of-mouth. Or your first notice of attack +might come from the outdoor warning system in your own city, town or +village. + +Many U.S. cities and towns have outdoor warning systems, using sirens, +whistles, horns or bells. Although they have been installed mainly to +warn citizens of enemy attack, some local governments also use them in +connection with natural disasters and other peacetime catastrophes. + +Different cities and towns are using their outdoor warning systems in +different ways. Most local governments, however, have decided to use a +certain signal to warn people of an enemy attack, and a different signal +to notify them of a peacetime disaster. + + +THE STANDARD WARNING SIGNALS + +The two "standard" signals that have been adopted in _most_ communities +are these: + +THE ATTACK WARNING SIGNAL. This will be sounded only in case of enemy +attack. The signal itself is a 3- to 5-minute _wavering sound_ on the +sirens, or a _series of short blasts_ on whistles, horns or other +devices, repeated as deemed necessary. The Attack Warning Signal means +that an actual enemy attack against the United States has been detected, +and that protective action should be taken immediately. This signal has +no other meaning, and will be used for no other purpose. + +THE ATTENTION OR ALERT SIGNAL. This is used by some local governments to +get the attention of citizens in a time of threatened or impending +natural disaster, or some other peacetime emergency. The signal itself +is a 3-to 5-minute _steady blast_ on sirens, whistles, horns or other +devices. In most places, the Attention or Alert Signal means that the +local government wants to broadcast important information on radio or +television concerning a peacetime disaster. (See Chapter 1 of Major +Natural Disasters section of this handbook.) + + +WHAT TO DO WHEN SIGNALS SOUND + +1. _If you should hear the Attack Warning Signal_--unless your local +government has instructed you otherwise--go immediately to a public +fallout shelter marked like this, or to your home fallout shelter. Turn +on a radio, tune it to any local station that is broadcasting, and +listen for official information. Follow whatever instructions are +given. + +If you are at home and there is no public or private shelter available, +you may be able to improvise some last-minute protection for yourself +and your family by following the suggestions in Chapter 5 (pages 33-38) +of this handbook. As a last resort, take cover anywhere you can. + +2. If you should hear the Attention or Alert Signal, turn on a radio or +TV set, tune it to any local station, and follow the official +instructions being broadcast. + + +DON'T USE THE TELEPHONE + +Whichever signal is sounding, _don't_ use the telephone to obtain +further information and advice about the emergency. Depend on the radio +or television, since the government will be broadcasting all the +information it has available. The telephone lines will be needed for +official calls. Help keep them open. + + +LEARN YOUR COMMUNITY'S SIGNALS NOW + +As mentioned before not all communities in the U.S. have outdoor warning +systems, and not all communities with warning systems have adopted the +two "standard" warning signals. + +You should therefore _find out now_ from your local Civil Defense Office +what signals are being used, in _your_ community; what they sound like; +what they mean; and what actions you should take when you hear them. +Then memorize this information, or write it down on a card to carry with +you at all times. Also, post it in your home. Check at least once each +year to see if there are any changes. + + +IF THERE IS A NUCLEAR FLASH + +It is possible--but extremely unlikely--that your first warning of an +enemy attack might be the flash of a nuclear explosion in the sky some +distance away. Or there might be a flash after warning had been given, +possibly while you were on your way to shelter. + +* TAKE COVER INSTANTLY. If there should be a nuclear flash--especially +if you are outdoors and feel warmth at the same time--take cover +_instantly_ in the best place you can find. By getting inside or under +something within a few _seconds_, you might avoid being seriously burned +by the heat or injured by the blast wave of the nuclear explosion. If +the explosion were some distance away, you might have 5 to 15 _seconds_ +before being seriously injured by the heat, and perhaps 30 to 60 +_seconds_ before the blast wave arrived. Getting under cover within +these time limits might save your life or avoid serious injury. Also, to +avoid injuring your eyes, _never look at the flash of an explosion or +the nuclear fireball_. + +* WHERE TO TAKE COVER. You could take cover in any kind of a building, a +storm cellar or fruit cellar, a subway station or tunnel--or even in a +ditch or culvert alongside the road, a highway underpass, a storm sewer, +a cave or outcropping of rock, a pile of heavy materials, a trench or +other excavation. Even getting under a parked automobile, bus or train, +or a heavy piece of furniture, would protect you to some extent. If no +cover is available, simply lie down on the ground and curl up. The +important thing is to avoid being burned by the heat, thrown about by +the blast, or struck by flying objects. + +* BEST POSITION AFTER TAKING COVER. After taking cover you should lie on +your side in a curled-up position, and cover your head with your arms +and hands. This would give you some additional protection. + +* MOVE TO A FALLOUT SHELTER LATER. If you protected yourself against the +blast and heat waves by instantly taking cover, you could get protection +from the radioactive fallout (which would arrive later) by moving to a +fallout shelter. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 4 + +FALLOUT SHELTERS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE + + +SUMMARY + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. Learn the locations of the public fallout shelters that your local +government wants you to go to in a time of attack. If no instructions of +this kind have been issued, learn the locations of the public shelters +nearest to you when you are at home, work, or school. Make sure each +member of the family knows these locations. + +2. If there is no public fallout shelter near your home, prepare a +permanent or preplanned family shelter at home. + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. When you are warned of an enemy attack, go immediately to a public +fallout shelter or to your own home shelter, unless your local +government has given you other instructions. + +2. Stay in shelter until you receive official notice that it is safe to +come out. + + +FALLOUT SHELTERS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE + +After a nuclear attack, fallout particles would drift down on most areas +of this country. To protect themselves from the radiation given off by +these particles, people in affected areas would have to stay in fallout +shelters for 2 or 3 days to as long as 2 weeks. Many people would go to +public fallout shelters, while others--through choice or +necessity--would take refuge in private or home fallout shelters. + + +IDENTIFYING PUBLIC SHELTERS + +Most communities now have public fallout shelters that would protect +many of their residents against fallout radiation. Where there are still +not enough public shelters to accommodate all citizens, efforts are +being made to provide more. In the meantime, local governments plan to +make use of the best available shelter. + +Most of the existing public shelters are located in larger buildings and +are marked with this standard yellow-and-black fallout shelter sign. +Other public shelters are in smaller buildings, subways, tunnels, mines +and other facilities. These also are marked with shelter signs, or would +be marked in a time of emergency. + + +LEARN THE LOCATIONS OF PUBLIC SHELTERS + +An attack might come at any hour of the day or night. Therefore you +should find out _now_ the locations of those public fallout shelters +designated by your local government for your use. If no designations +have yet been made, learn the locations of public shelters that are +nearest to you when you are at home, work, school, or any other place +where you spend considerable time. + +This advice applies to all members of the family. Your children +especially should be given clear instructions _now_ on where to find a +fallout shelter at all times of the day, and told what other actions +they should take in case an attack should occur. + + +A HOME SHELTER MAY SAVE YOUR LIFE + +Public fallout shelters usually offer some advantages over home +shelters. However, in many places--especially suburban and rural +areas--there are few public shelters. If there is none near you, a home +fallout shelter may save your life. + +The basements of some homes are usable as family fallout shelters as +they now stand, without any alterations or changes--especially if the +house has two or more stories, and its basement is below ground level. + +However, most home basements would need some improvements in order to +shield their occupants adequately from the radiation given off by +fallout particles. Usually, householders can make these improvements +themselves, with moderate effort and at low cost. Millions of homes have +been surveyed for the U.S. Office of Civil Defense by the U.S. Census +Bureau, and these householders have received information on how much +fallout protection their basements would provide, and how to improve +this protection. + + +SHIELDING MATERIAL IS REQUIRED + +In setting up any home fallout shelter, the basic aim is to place enough +"shielding material" between the people in the shelter and the fallout +particles outside. + +Shielding material is any substance that would absorb and deflect the +invisible rays given off by fallout particles outside the house, and +thus reduce the amount of radiation reaching the occupants of the +shelter. The thicker or denser the shielding material is, the more it +would protect the shelter occupants. + +Some radiation protection is provided by the existing, standard walls +and ceiling of a basement. But if they are not thick or dense enough, +other shielding material will have to be added. + +Concrete, bricks, earth and sand are some of the materials that are +dense or heavy enough to provide fallout protection. For comparative +purposes, 4 inches of concrete would provide the same shielding density +as: + + --5 to 6 inches of bricks. + --6 inches of sand or gravel . .\ May be packed into bags, cartons, boxes, + --7 inches or earth. . . . . . ./ or other containers for easier + handling. + --8 inches of hollow concrete blocks (6 inches if filled with sand). + --10 inches of water. + --14 inches of books or magazines. + --18 inches of wood. + + +HOW TO PREPARE A HOME SHELTER + +If there is no public fallout shelter near your home, or if you would +prefer to use a family-type shelter in a time of attack, you should +prepare a home fallout shelter. Here is how to do it: + +* A PERMANENT BASEMENT SHELTER. If your home basement--or one corner of +it--is below ground level, your best and easiest action would be to +prepare a permanent-type family shelter there. The required shielding +material would cost perhaps $100-$200, and if you have basic carpentry +or masonry skills you probably could do the work yourself in a short +time. + +Here are three methods of providing a permanent family shelter in the +"best" corner of your home basement--that is, the corner which is most +below ground level. If you decide to set up one of these shelters, +_first get the free plan for it_ by writing to Civil Defense, Army +Publications Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd. (Middle River), Baltimore, Md. +21220. In ordering a plan, use the full name shown for it. + + +CEILING MODIFICATION PLAN A + +If nearly all your basement is below ground level, you can use this plan +to build a fallout shelter area in one corner of it, without changing +the appearance of it or interfering with its normal peacetime use. + +However, if 12 inches or more of the basement wall is above ground +level, this plan should _not_ be used unless you add the "optional +walls" shown in the sketch. + +Overhead protection is obtained by screwing plywood sheets securely to +the joists, and then filling the spaces between the joists with bricks +or concrete blocks. An extra beam and a screwjack column may be needed +to support the extra weight. + +Building this shelter requires some basic woodworking skills and about +$150-$200 for materials. It can be set up while the house is being +built, or afterward. + + +ALTERNATE CEILING MODIFICATION PLAN B + +This is similar to Plan A, except that new extra joists are fitted into +part of the basement ceiling to support the added weight of the +shielding (instead of using a beam and a screwjack column). + +The new wooden joists are cut to length and notched at the ends, then +installed between the existing joists. + +After plywood panels are screwed securely to the joists, bricks or +concrete blocks are then packed tightly into the spaces between the +joists. The bricks or blocks, as well as the joists themselves, will +reduce the amount of fallout radiation penetrating downward into the +basement. + +Approximately one-quarter of the total basement ceiling should be +reinforced with extra joists and shielding material. + +_Important:_ This plan (like Plan A) should _not_ be used if 12 inches +or more of your basement wall is above ground level, unless you add the +"optional walls" inside your basement that are shown in the Plan A +sketch. + + +PERMANENT CONCRETE BLOCK OR BRICK SHELTER PLAN C + +This shelter will provide excellent protection, and can be constructed +easily at a cost of $150 in most parts of the country. + +Made of concrete blocks or bricks, the shelter should be located in the +corner of your basement that is most below ground level. It can be built +low, to serve as a "sitdown" shelter; or by making it higher you can +have a shelter in which people can stand erect. + +The shelter ceiling, however, should _not_ be higher than the outside +ground level of the basement corner where the shelter is located. + +The higher your basement is above ground level, the thicker you should +make the walls and roof of this shelter, since your regular basement +walls will provide only limited shielding against outside radiation. + +Natural ventilation is provided by the shelter entrance, and by the air +vents shown in the shelter wall. + +This shelter can be used as a storage room or for other useful purposes +in non-emergency periods. + + +A PREPLANNED BASEMENT SHELTER. If your home has a basement but you do +not wish to set up a permanent-type basement shelter, the next best +thing would be to arrange to assemble a "preplanned" home shelter. This +simply means gathering together, in advance, the shielding material you +would need to make your basement (or one part of it) resistant to +fallout radiation. This material could be stored in or around your home, +ready for use whenever you decided to set up your basement shelter. + +Here are two kinds of preplanned basement shelters. If you want to set +up one of these, be sure to _get the free plan for it first_ by writing +to Civil Defense, Army Publications Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd. (Middle +River), Baltimore, Md. 21220. Mention the full name of the plan you +want. + + +PREPLANNED SNACK BAR SHELTER PLAN D + +This is a snack bar built of bricks or concrete blocks, set in mortar, +in the "best" corner of your basement (the corner that is most below +ground level). It can be converted quickly into a fallout shelter by +lowering a strong, hinged "false ceiling" so that it rests on the snack +bar. + +When the false ceiling is lowered into place in a time of emergency, the +hollow sections of it can be filled with bricks or concrete blocks. +These can be stored conveniently nearby, or can be used as room dividers +or recreation room furniture (see bench in sketch). + + +PREPLANNED TILT-UP STORAGE UNIT PLAN E + +A tilt-up storage unit in the best corner of your basement is another +method of setting up a "preplanned" family fallout shelter. + +The top of the storage unit should be hinged to the wall. In peacetime, +the unit can be used as a bookcase, pantry, or storage facility. + +In a time of emergency, the storage unit can be tilted so that the +bottom of it rests on a wall of bricks or concrete blocks that you have +stored nearby. + +Other bricks or blocks should then be placed in the storage unit's +compartments, to provide an overhead shield against fallout radiation. + +The fallout protection offered by your home basement also can be +increased by adding shielding material to the outside, exposed portion +of your basement walls, and by covering your basement windows with +shielding material. + +You can cover the above-ground portion of the basement walls with earth, +sand, bricks, concrete blocks, stones from your patio, or other +material. + +You also can use any of these substances to block basement windows and +thus prevent outside fallout radiation from entering your basement in +that manner. + +* A PERMANENT OUTSIDE SHELTER. If your home has no basement, or if you +prefer to have a permanent-type home shelter in your yard, you can +obtain instructions on how to construct several different kinds of +outside fallout shelters by writing to the U.S. Office of Civil Defense, +Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. 20310. There is no charge for +these. + + +WHEN TO LEAVE SHELTER + +You should not come out of shelter until you are told by authorities +that it is safe to do so. Special instruments are needed to detect +fallout radiation and to measure its intensity. Unless you have these +instruments, you will have to depend on your local government to tell +you when to leave shelter. + +This information probably would be given on the radio, which is one +reason why you should keep on hand a battery-powered radio that works in +your shelter area. + +If you came out of shelter too soon, while the fallout particles outside +were still highly radioactive, you might receive enough radiation to +make you sick or even kill you. + +Remember that _fallout particles_ can be seen, but the _rays_ they give +off cannot be seen. If you see unusual quantities of gritty particles +outside (on window ledges, sidewalks, cars, etc.) after an attack, you +should assume that they are fallout particles, and therefore stay inside +your shelter until you are told it is safe to come out. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 5 + +IMPROVISING FALLOUT PROTECTION + + +SUMMARY + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. If there is no public fallout shelter near your home and you have +decided _not_ to prepare a permanent or preplanned shelter in your +basement or yard, make sure that you have on hand _now_ the materials +and tools needed to improvise an emergency shelter at home. These would +include shielding material (for an inside shelter), and lumber and a +shovel (for an outside shelter). + + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. If you have no better shelter to go to, improvise an emergency +shelter at home. + +2. Usually, the best place for an improvised shelter would be in your +basement or storm cellar. + +3. If you don't have a basement or storm cellar, you might be able to +improvise a shelter in the crawl space under your house, outside in your +yard, or (as a last resort) on the ground floor of your house. In some +places, a boat would provide some fallout protection. + + +IMPROVISING FALLOUT PROTECTION + +If an enemy attack should occur when you are at home, and you have made +no advance shelter preparations, you still might be able to improvise a +shelter either inside or outside your house. In a time of emergency, the +radio broadcasts may tell you whether you have time to improvise a +shelter or should take cover immediately. + +An improvised shelter probably would not give you as much protection as +a permanent or a preplanned family shelter, but any protection is better +than none, and might save your life. + +The best place to improvise a shelter would be the basement or storm +cellar, if your home has one. + + +SHIELDING MATERIAL NEEDED + +To improvise a shelter you would need shielding materials such as those +mentioned on page 25--concrete blocks, bricks, sand, etc. Other things +could also be used as shielding material, or to support shielding +material, such as: + +--House doors that have been taken off their hinges (especially heavy +outside doors). + +--Dressers and chests (fill the drawers with sand or earth after they +are placed in position, so they won't be too heavy to carry and won't +collapse while being carried). + +--Trunks, boxes and cartons (fill them with sand or earth after they are +placed in position). + +--Tables and bookcases. + +--Large appliances (such as washers and dryers). + +--Books, magazines, and stacks of firewood or lumber. + +--Flagstones from outside walks and patios. + + +IMPROVISING A BASEMENT SHELTER + +Here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in the basement of a +home: + +Set up a large, sturdy table or workbench in the corner of your basement +that is most below ground level. + +On the table, pile as much shielding material as it will hold without +collapsing. Around the table, place as much shielding material as +possible. + +When family members are "inside the shelter"--that is, under the +table--block the opening with other shielding material. + +If you don't have a large table or workbench available--or if more +shelter space is needed--place furniture or large appliances in the +corner of the basement so they will serve as the "walls" of your +shelter. + +As a "ceiling" for it, use doors from the house that have been taken off +their hinges. On top of the doors, pile as much shielding material as +they will support. Stack other shielding material around the "walls" of +your shelter. + +When all persons are inside the shelter space, block the opening with +shielding material. + + +USING A STORM CELLAR FOR FALLOUT PROTECTION + +A below-ground storm cellar can be used as an improvised fallout +shelter, but additional shielding material may be needed to provide +adequate protection from fallout radiation. + +If the existing roof of the storm cellar is made of wood or other light +material, it should be covered with one foot of earth or an equivalent +thickness of other shielding material (see page 25) for overhead +shielding from fallout. More posts or braces may be needed to support +the extra weight. + +After the roof has been shielded, better protection can be provided by +blocking the entrance way with 8-inch concrete blocks or an equivalent +thickness of sandbags, bricks, earth or other shielding material, after +all occupants are inside the shelter. A few inches should be left open +at the top for air. After particles have stopped falling, the outside +door may be left open to provide better ventilation. + +If shielding material is not available for the entrance way, shelter +occupants should stay as far away from it as possible. They also should +raise the outside door of the storm cellar now and then to knock off any +fallout particles that may have collected on it. + + +USING THE CRAWL SPACE UNDER YOUR HOUSE + +Some homes without basements have "crawl space" between the first floor +and the ground underneath the house. If you have this space under your +house--and if the house is set on foundation walls, rather than on +pillars--you can improvise fallout protection for your family there. + +First, get access to the crawl space through the floor or through the +outside foundation wall. (A trapdoor or other entry could be made now, +before an emergency occurs.) + +As the location for your shelter, select a crawl-space area that is +under the center of the house, as far away from the outside foundation +walls as possible. + +Around the selected shelter area, place shielding material-- preferably +bricks or blocks, or containers filled with sand or earth--from the +ground level up to the first floor of the house, so that the shielding +material forms the "walls" of your shelter area. On the floor above, +place other shielding material to form a "roof" for the shelter area. + +If time permits, dig out more earth and make the shelter area deeper, so +you can stand erect or at least sit up in it. + + +IMPROVISING AN OUTSIDE SHELTER + +If your home has no basement, no storm cellar and no protected crawl +space, here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in your yard: + +* Dig an L-shaped trench, about 4 feet deep and 3 feet wide. One side of +the L, which will be the shelter area, should be long enough to +accommodate all family members. The other side of the L can be shorter, +since its purpose is to serve as an entrance-way and to reduce the +amount of radiation getting into the shelter area. + +Cover the entire trench with lumber (or with house doors that have been +taken off their hinges), except for about 2 feet on the short side of +the L, to provide access and ventilation. + +On top of the lumber or doors, pile earth 1 to 2 feet high, or cover +them with other shielding material. + +If necessary, support or "shore up" the walls of the trench, as well as +the lumber or doors, so they will not collapse. + +* Dig a shallow ditch, 6 inches deep and 6 inches wide, parallel to and +4 feet from the outside wall of your house. + +Remove the heaviest doors from the house. Place the bottoms of the doors +in the ditch (so they won't slip), and lean the doors against the wall +of the house. + +On the doors, pile 12 to 18 inches of earth or sand. Stack or pile other +shielding material at the sides of the doors, and also on the other side +of the house wall (to protect you against radiation coming from that +direction). + +If possible, make the shelter area deeper by digging out more earth +inside it. Also dig some other shallow ditches, to allow rain water to +drain away. + + +AN IMPROVISED SHELTER ON THE GROUND FLOOR + +If your home has no basement or storm cellar (and no crawl space that is +surrounded by foundation walls up to the first floor), you can get some +limited fallout protection by improvising a fallout shelter on the first +or ground floor of your house. However, this type of shelter probably +would not give you nearly as much protection as the other types of +improvised shelters described in this chapter. + +Use an inner hall, inner room or large clothes closet on the ground +floor, away from outside walls and windows. + +With doors, furniture and appliances, plus stacks of other shielding +material, you can create an enclosure large enough to live in for a +short time. If possible, use boxes filled with sand or earth as +shielding material, and fill drawers and trunks with sand or earth. + +If there is not room for the shielding material in the limited space of +a closet or small room, you can place the material on the other sides of +the walls, or on the floor overhead. + + +BOATS AS IMPROVISED SHELTERS + +If no better fallout protection is available, a boat with an enclosed +cabin could be used. However, in addition to emergency supplies such as +food, drinking water and a battery-powered radio, you should have aboard +the items you would need (a broom, bucket, or pump-and-hose) to sweep +off or flush off any fallout particles that might collect on the boat. + +The boat should be anchored or cruised slowly at least 200 feet +offshore, where the water is at least 5 feet deep. This distance from +shore would protect you from radioactive fallout particles that had +fallen on the nearby land. A 5-foot depth would absorb the radiation +from particles falling into the water and settling on the bottom. + +If particles drift down on the boat, stay inside the cabin most of the +time. Go outside now and then, and sweep or flush off any particles that +have collected on the boat. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 6 + +SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS + + +SUMMARY + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. If you intend to go to a _public_ fallout shelter in a time of +attack, find out _now_ whether it has emergency supplies in it. + +--If it _has_ emergency supplies, always keep on hand at home (or in +your car) those few additional supplies you would need to take with you. + +--If it _does not have_ emergency supplies, always keep on hand at home +all the supplies you would need to take with you. + +2. If you intend to use a family fallout shelter at home, always keep on +hand, in and around your home, all the supplies and equipment you would +need for a shelter stay of two weeks. + + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. If you are going to a _public_ fallout shelter, take with you the +supplies you will need. + +2. If you are going to your _home_ fallout shelter, gather up the +supplies and equipment you want to take to the shelter area with you. + + +SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS + +People gathered in public and private fallout shelters to escape fallout +radiation after a nuclear attack would have to stay there--at least part +of the time--for a week or two. + +During this time they would need certain supplies and equipment in order +to stay alive and well, and to cope with emergency situations that might +occur in their shelters. + +This chapter tells you what supplies and equipment to take with you if +you go to a public fallout shelter, and what items you should keep on +hand if you plan to use a family fallout shelter at home. + + +WHAT TO TAKE TO A PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTER + +To augment the supply of food and liquids usually found in large +buildings, most public fallout shelters are stocked--and others are +being stocked--with emergency supplies. These include water containers, +emergency food rations, sanitation items, basic medical supplies, and +instruments to measure the radiation given off by fallout particles. + +If the public shelter you will use in a time of attack contains these or +other emergency supplies, you should plan to take with you only these +additional items: + +--Special medicines or foods required by members of your family, such as +insulin, heart tablets, dietetic food or baby food. + +--A blanket for each family member. + +--A battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries. + +If the public shelter you are going to does _not_ contain emergency +supplies, you should take with you all the above items, _plus_ as much +potable liquids (water, fruit and vegetable juices, etc.) and +ready-to-eat food as you can carry to the shelter. + + +STOCKS FOR A HOME SHELTER + +If you intend to use a home fallout shelter, you should _gather together +now_ all the things you and your family would need for 2 weeks, even +though you probably wouldn't have to remain inside shelter for that +entire period. + +All these items need not be stocked in your home shelter area. They can +be stored elsewhere in or around your house, as long as you could find +them easily and move them to your shelter area quickly in a time of +emergency. + +* THE ABSOLUTE NECESSITIES. There are a few things you _must_ have. They +are water, food, sanitation supplies, and any special medicines or foods +needed by family members such as insulin, heart tablets, dietetic food +and baby food. + +* THE COMPLETE LIST. In addition to the absolute necessities, there are +other important items. Some of them may be needed to save lives. At the +least, they will be helpful to you. Here is a list of all major +items--both essential and desirable. + +WATER. This is even more important than food. Enough water should be +available to give each person at least one quart per day for 14 days. +Store it in plastic containers, or in bottles or cans. All should have +tight stoppers. Part of your water supply might be "trapped" water in +the pipes of your home plumbing system, and part of it might be in the +form of bottled or canned beverages, fruit or vegetable juices, or milk. +A water-purifying agent (either water-purifying tablets, or 2 percent +tincture of iodine, or a liquid chlorine household bleach) should also +be stored, in case you need to purify any cloudy or "suspicious" water +that may contain bacteria. + +FOOD. Enough food should be kept on hand to feed all shelter occupants +for 14 days, including special foods needed by infants, elderly persons, +and those on limited diets. Most people in shelter can get along on +about half as much food as usual. If possible store canned or +sealed-package foods, preferably those not requiring refrigeration or +cooking. These should be replaced periodically. Here is a table showing +the suggested replacement periods, in months, for some of the types of +food suitable to store for emergency use.[3] + + Milk: _Months_ + Evaporated 6 + Nonfat dry or whole dry milk, + in metal container 6 + Canned meat, poultry, fish: + Meat, poultry 18 + Fish 12 + Mixtures of meats, vegetables, + cereal products 18 + Condensed meat-and-vegetable + soups 8 + Fruits and vegetables: + Berries and sour cherries, + canned 6 + Citrus fruit juices, canned 6 + Other fruits and fruit juices, + canned 18 + Dried fruit, in metal container 6 + Tomatoes, sauerkraut, canned 6 + Other vegetables, canned + (including dry beans and + dry peas) 18 + Cereals and baked goods: + Ready-to-eat cereals: + In metal container 12 + In original paper package 1 + Uncooked cereal (quick-cooking + or instant): + In metal container 24 + In original paper package 12 + Hydrogenated (or antioxidant-treated) + fats, vegetable oil 12 + Sugars, sweets, nuts: + Sugar will keep indefinitely + Hard candy, gum 18 + Nuts, canned 12 + Instant puddings 12 + + Miscellaneous: + Coffee, tea, cocoa (instant) 18 + Dry cream product (instant) 12 + Bouillon products 12 + Flavored beverage powders 24 + Salt will keep indefinitely + Flavoring extracts (e.g., pepper) 24 + Soda, baking powder 12 + + +SANITATION SUPPLIES. Since you may not be able to use your regular +bathroom during a period of emergency, you should keep on hand these +sanitation supplies: A metal container with a tight-fitting lid, to use +as an emergency toilet; one or two large garbage cans with covers (for +human wastes and garbage); plastic bags to line the toilet container; +disinfectant; toilet paper; soap; wash cloths and towels; a pail or +basin; and sanitary napkins. + +MEDICINES AND FIRST AID SUPPLIES. This should include any medicines +being regularly taken, or likely to be needed, by family members. First +aid supplies should include all those found in a good first aid kit +(bandages, antiseptics, etc.), plus all the items normally kept in a +well-stocked home medicine chest (aspirin, thermometer, baking soda, +petroleum jelly, etc.). A good first aid handbook is also recommended. + +INFANT SUPPLIES. Families with babies should keep on hand a two-week +stock of infant supplies such as canned milk or baby formula, disposable +diapers, bottles and nipples, rubber sheeting, blankets and baby +clothing. Because water for washing might be limited, baby clothing and +bedding should be stored in larger-than-normal quantities. + +COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Emergency supplies should include pots, +pans, knives, forks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, paper towels, +measuring cup, bottle opener, can opener, and pocket knife. If possible, +disposable items should be stored. A heat source also might be helpful, +such as an electric hot plate (for use if power is available), or a camp +stove or canned-heat stove (in case power is shut off). However, if a +stove is used indoors, adequate ventilation is needed. + +CLOTHING. Several changes of clean clothing--especially undergarments +and socks or stockings--should be ready for shelter use, in case water +for washing should be scarce. + +BEDDING. Blankets are the most important items of bedding that would be +needed in a shelter, but occupants probably would be more comfortable if +they also had available pillows, sheets, and air mattresses or sleeping +bags. + +FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT. Simple fire fighting tools, and knowledge of +how to use them, may be very useful. A hand-pumped fire extinguisher of +the inexpensive, 5-gallon, water type is preferred. Carbon tetrachloride +and other vaporizing-liquid type extinguishers are not recommended for +use in small enclosed spaces, because of the danger of fumes. Other +useful fire equipment for home use includes buckets filled with sand, a +ladder, and a garden hose. + +GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS. The essential items in this category are a +battery-powered radio and a flashlight or lantern, with spare batteries. +The radio might be your only link with the outside world, and you might +have to depend on it for all your information and instructions, +especially for advice on when to leave shelter. + +Other useful items: a shovel, broom, axe, crowbar, kerosene lantern, +short rubber hose for siphoning, coil of half-inch rope at least 25 feet +long, coil of wire, hammer, pliers, screwdriver, wrench, nails and +screws. + +MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. In addition to such practical items as matches, +candles, and civil defense instructions, some personal convenience items +could be brought into the home shelter if space permits. These might +include books and magazines, writing materials, a clock and calendar, +playing cards and hobby materials, a sewing kit, and toiletries such as +toothbrushes, cosmetics, and shaving supplies. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 7 + +WATER, FOOD, AND SANITATION IN A SHELTER + + +SUMMARY + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. Read this chapter fully, and learn how you would have to manage your +water, food and sanitation problems if you had to spend a week or two in +a fallout shelter, especially a home shelter. + + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. If you are in a _public_ fallout shelter, do exactly what the shelter +manager tells you to do. He will take care of you to the best of his +ability. + +2. If you are in a _home_ shelter, follow the advice given in this +chapter concerning water, food and sanitation. Take care of your water +and food supplies, keep them clean, and make them last for the period +you may have to stay in shelter. If necessary, set up an emergency +toilet, keep it clean, and make sure it is used properly. + + +WATER, FOOD, AND SANITATION IN A SHELTER + +At all times and under all conditions, human beings must have sufficient +water, adequate food and proper sanitation in order to stay alive and +healthy. When people are living in a fallout shelter--even for a week or +two--water and food may be scarce, and it may be difficult to maintain +normal sanitary conditions. Water and food supplies may have to be +"managed"--that is, taken care of, kept clean, and rationed to each +person in the shelter. Sanitation also may have to be managed and +controlled, perhaps by setting up emergency toilets and rules to insure +that they are used properly. + +If you go to a _public_ fallout shelter in a time of attack, you +probably would not need to know a great deal about managing water, food, +and sanitation. A shelter manager and his assistants would handle these +problems with the cooperation of all in the shelter. He would make the +best use of whatever water and food supplies were available, provide +emergency toilets if necessary, set up rules for living in the shelter, +arrange for the shelter occupants to carry on various activities +necessary for health and well-being, and decide when it was safe for the +group to leave shelter and for how long at a time. + +In a _home_ fallout shelter, however, you and your family would be +largely on your own. You would have to take care of yourselves, solve +your own problems, make your own living arrangements, subsist on the +supplies you had previously stocked, and find out for yourself (probably +by listening to the radio) when it was safe to leave shelter. In this +situation, one of your most important tasks would be to manage your +water and food supplies, and maintain sanitation. The following guidance +is intended to help you do this. + + +CARE AND USE OF WATER SUPPLIES + +The average person in a shelter would need at least 1 quart of water or +other liquids per day to drink, but more would be useful (to allow some +for washing, etc.). Therefore a rationing plan might be required in your +home shelter, so as to make your available liquids last for 14 days. +(Many communities may continue to have potable water available, and +families could relax their rationing plans.) + +In addition to water stored in containers, there is usually other water +available in most homes that is drinkable, such as: + +--Water and other liquids normally found in the kitchen, including ice +cubes, milk, soft drinks, and fruit and vegetable juices. + +--Water (20 to 60 gallons) in the hot water tank. + +--Water in the _flush tanks_ (not the bowls) of home toilets. + +--Water in the pipes of your home plumbing system. In a time of nuclear +attack, local authorities may instruct householders to _turn off_ the +main water valves in their homes to avoid having water drain away in +case of a break and loss of pressure in the water mains. With the main +valve in your house closed, all the pipes in the house would still be +full of water. To use this water, _turn on_ the faucet that is located +at the _highest_ point in your house, to let air into the system; and +then draw water, as needed, from the faucet that is located at the +_lowest_ point in your house. + +In a home shelter, occupants should drink first the water they know is +uncontaminated, such as that mentioned above. Of course, if local +authorities tell you the regular water is drinkable, it should be used. + +If necessary, "suspicious" water--such as cloudy water from regular +faucets or perhaps some muddy water from a nearby stream or pond--can be +used after it has been purified. This is how to purify it: + +1. Strain the water through a paper towel or several thicknesses of +clean cloth, to remove dirt and fallout particles, if any. Or else let +the water "settle" in a container for 24 hours, by which time any solid +particles would have sunk to the bottom. A handful of clay soil in each +gallon of water would help this settling process. + +2. After the solid particles have been removed, boil the water if +possible for 3 to 5 minutes, or add a water-purifying agent to it. This +could be either: (_a_) water-purifying tablets, available at drug +stores, or (_b_) two percent tincture of iodine, or (_c_) liquid +chlorine household bleach, provided the label says that it contains +hypochlorite as its _only_ active ingredient. For each gallon of water, +use 4 water-purifying tablets, or 12 drops of tincture of iodine, or 8 +drops of liquid chlorine bleach. If the water is cloudy, these amounts +should be doubled. + +There would not be much danger of drinking radioactive particles in +water, as they would sink quickly to the bottom of the container or +stream. Very few would dissolve in the water. Although open reservoirs +might contain some radioactive iodine in the first few days after an +attack, this danger is considered minor except to very young children. + + +CARE AND USE OF FOOD SUPPLIES + +Food also should be rationed carefully in a home shelter, to make it +last for at least a 2-week period of shelter occupancy. Usually, half +the normal intake would be adequate, except for growing children or +pregnant women. + +In a shelter, it is especially important to be sanitary in the storing, +handling and eating of food, so as to avoid digestive upsets or other +more serious illness, and to avoid attracting vermin. Be sure to: + +--Keep all food in covered containers. + +--Keep cooking and eating utensils clean. + +--Keep all garbage in a closed container, or dispose of it outside the +home when it is safe to go outside. If possible, bury it. Avoid letting +garbage or trash accumulate inside the shelter, both for fire and +sanitation reasons. + + +EMERGENCY TOILET FACILITIES + +In many home shelters, people would have to use emergency toilets until +it was safe to leave shelter for brief periods of time. + +An emergency toilet, consisting of a watertight container with a +snug-fitting cover, would be necessary. It could be a garbage container, +or a pail or bucket. If the container is small, a larger container, also +with a cover, should be available to empty the contents into for later +disposal. If possible, both containers should be lined with plastic +bags. + +This emergency toilet could be fitted with some kind of seat, especially +for children or elderly persons. Or it may be possible to remove the +seat from a wooden chair, cut a hole in it, and place the container +underneath. For privacy, the toilet could be screened from view. + +Every time someone uses the toilet, he should pour or sprinkle into it a +small amount of regular household disinfectant, such as creosol or +chlorine bleach, to keep down odors and germs. After each use, the lid +should be put back on. + +When the toilet container needs to be emptied, and outside radiation +levels permit, the contents should be buried outside in a hole 1 or 2 +feet deep. This would prevent the spread of disease by rats and insects. + +If the regular toilets inside the home--or the sewer lines--are not +usable for any reason, an outside toilet should be built when it is safe +to do so. + +If anyone has been outside and fallout particles have collected on his +shoes or clothing, they should be brushed off before he enters the +shelter area again. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 8 + +FIRE HAZARDS + +SUMMARY + + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. Follow the normal fire prevention rules given in this chapter. + +2. Keep on hand at home the basic fire fighting tools mentioned in +this chapter. + + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. Close doors, windows, venetian blinds, shades, and drapes in your +house. + +2. Unless otherwise advised, fill buckets and other containers with +water, for emergency fire fighting as well as other purposes. + +3. If a fire should occur, fight it promptly, following the recommended + procedures. + + +FIRE HAZARDS + +Fire, always a danger, could be even more of a disaster during a nuclear +attack emergency when the fire department might not be available to help +you. Also, the risk of fire would be greater at that time. + +Normal fire-prevention rules are of special importance in an emergency. +They include familiar commonsense precautions such as not allowing trash +to accumulate, especially near heat sources; exercising extreme caution +in the use of flammable fluids such as gasoline, naphtha, etc.; storage +of such fluids outdoors when possible; care in the use of electricity; +repairing of faulty wiring and avoiding overloaded circuits; and repair +of faulty heating systems. + +These special fire precautions should be taken in a time of nuclear +emergency, especially if you plan to use a home shelter: + +(1) Keep some of the intense heat rays from nuclear explosions from +entering your house by closing your doors, windows, venetian blinds, +window shades and drapes. If the climate will not permit this for an +extended period of time, close as many as possible, then close the rest +when the Attack Warning Signal is given. + +(2) Unless local authorities advise otherwise, fill buckets, bathtubs +and other containers with water, for use in emergency fire fighting. + +If a fire does occur, your home might be saved if you know how to fight +fires, and have on hand some basic firefighting tools. These should +include a garden hose, a ladder, buckets filled with sand, containers +filled with water, and a fire extinguisher. Keep in mind that +vaporizing-liquid types of fire extinguishers can produce dangerous +fumes when used in small enclosed spaces. + +Remember the 3 basic ways to put out a fire: + +* Take away its fuel. + +* Take away its air (smother it). + +* Cool it with water or fire-extinguisher chemicals. + + +_Ordinary fires_ should be fought by: + +--Getting the burning material out of the house (carry it out, or throw +it out of a door or window if you can); or + +--Putting out the fire with water, sand, earth or fire-extinguisher +chemicals; or + +--Smothering the fire with a rug or blanket, preferably wet. + +_Special types of fires_ require special methods: + +--If it is an _electrical fire_, be sure to shut off the electricity +first. Then put out the flames with water or anything else available. If +you can't shut off the electricity, don't use water on an electrical +fire. + +--If it is an _oil or grease fire_, shut off the supply of whatever is +burning. Then smother the flames with sand, earth, rugs, or other heavy +materials. Don't use water. + +--If it is a _gas fire_, shut off the gas supply. Then use water, sand, +or earth to put out whatever is burning. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 9 + +EMERGENCY CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED + +SUMMARY + +BEFORE AN EMERGENCY + +1. Take the Medical Self-Help course, or a First Aid course. + +2. If this is not possible, obtain a good first aid manual, study it, +and keep it at home; or study the emergency medical instructions given +in this chapter, and keep this handbook at home. + +3. Obtain a good first aid kit, and keep your home medicine chest well +stocked with supplies you may need in a time of emergency. + + +DURING AN EMERGENCY + +1. Try to get a doctor or nurse (or at least a person trained in first +aid) to treat anyone who is injured or sick. + +2. If no one better qualified is available, take charge yourself. + + +EMERGENCY CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED + +A nuclear attack on the United States would cause great numbers of +casualties, and there would be fewer doctors, nurses and hospitals +available to care for them. Even in areas where no nuclear weapons +exploded, radioactive fallout could prevent doctors and nurses from +reaching injured or sick persons for a considerable period of time. + +People would have to help each other during the emergency. Those in a +stocked public fallout shelter would have available the basic medical +kit stored there, and perhaps one or more shelter occupants might be a +doctor, nurse, or trained first-aider. But persons in a home shelter +would have only the medical supplies available at home, and would have +to depend on their own knowledge of first aid and emergency medical +care. + +Both adults and teenagers can acquire these valuable skills now by +taking free courses that are offered in many communities, such as the +Medical Self-Help course or a First Aid course. + +The following information is no substitute for one of these courses. +This basic guidance may save lives during a nuclear emergency, however, +by helping untrained persons take care of the sick and injured when +professional medical assistance may not be immediately available. + + +GENERAL RULES FOR ANY MEDICAL EMERGENCY + +1. First of all, _do no harm_. Often, well-meaning but untrained persons +worsen the injury or illness in their attempts to help. Get competent +medical assistance, if possible. Do not assume responsibility for a +patient if you can get the help of a doctor, nurse, or experienced +first-aid worker. But if no one better qualified is available, take +charge yourself. + +2. _Look for stoppage of breathing, and for serious bleeding._ These are +the two most life-threatening conditions you can do something about. +They demand _immediate_ treatment (see pages 58 and 61). + +8. _Prevent shock, or treat it._ Shock, a serious condition of acute +circulatory failure, usually accompanies a severe or painful injury, a +serious loss of blood, or a severe emotional upset. If you _expect_ +shock, and take prompt action, you can prevent it or lessen its +severity. This may save the patient's life. (Treatment of shock is +discussed on page 62). + +4. _Don't move the patient immediately_. Unless there is real danger of +the patient receiving further injury where he is, he should not be moved +until breathing is restored, bleeding is stopped, and suspected broken +bones are splinted. + +5. _Keep calm, and reassure the patient._ Keep him lying down and +comfortably warm, but do not apply heat to his body, or make him sweat. + +6. _Never attempt to give liquids to an unconscious person_. If he is +not able to swallow, he may choke to death or drown. Also, don't give +him any liquids to drink if he has an abdominal injury. + + +IF THE PATIENT HAS STOPPED BREATHING + +Quick action is required. You must get air into his lungs again +immediately or he may die. The best and simplest way of doing this is to +use mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Here is how to do it: + +1. Place the patient on his back. Loosen his collar. + +2. Open his mouth and use your fingers to remove any food or foreign +matter. If he has false teeth or removable dental bridges, take them +out. + +3. Tilt the patient's head back so that his chin points upward. Lift his +lower jaw from beneath and behind so that it juts out. This will move +his tongue away from the back of his throat, so it does not block the +air passage to his lungs. Placing a pillow or something else under his +shoulders will help get his head into the right position. Some patients +will start breathing as soon as you take these steps, and no further +help is necessary. + +4. Open your mouth as wide as possible, and place it tightly over the +patient's mouth, so his mouth is completely covered by yours. With one +hand, pinch his nostrils shut. With your other hand, hold his lower jaw +in a thrust-forward position and keep his head tilted back. With a baby +or small child, place your mouth over both his nose and mouth, making a +tight seal. + +5. Blow a good lungful of air into an adult patient's mouth, continuing +to keep his head tilted back and his jaw jutting out so that the air +passage is kept open. (Air can be blown through an unconscious person's +teeth, even though they may be clenched tightly together.) Watch his +chest as you blow. When you see his chest rise, you will know that you +are getting air into his lungs. + +6. Remove your mouth from the patient's mouth, and listen for him to +breathe out the air you breathed into him. You also may feel his breath +on your cheek and see his chest sink as he exhales. + +7. Continue your breathing for the patient. If he is an adult, blow a +good breath into his mouth every 5 seconds, or 12 times a minute, and +listen for him to breathe it back out again. _Caution_: If the patient +is an infant or small child, blow _small puffs_ of air into him about 20 +times a minute. You may rupture his lung if you blow in too much air at +one time. Watch his chest rise to make sure you are giving him the right +amount of air with each puff. + +8. If you are _not_ getting air into the patient's lungs, or if he is +not breathing out the air you blew into him, first make sure that his +head is tilted back and his jaw is jutting out in the proper position. +Then use your fingers to make sure nothing in his mouth or throat is +obstructing the air passage to his lungs. If this does not help, turn +him on his side and strike him sharply with the palm of your hand +several times between his shoulder blades. This should dislodge any +obstruction in the air passage. Then place him again on his back, with +his head tilted back and his jaw jutting out, and resume blowing air +into his mouth. If this doesn't work, try closing his mouth and blowing +air through his nose into his lungs. + +9. If you wish to avoid placing your mouth directly on the patient's +face, you may hold a cloth (handkerchief, gauze or other porous +material) over his mouth and breathe through the cloth. But don't waste +precious time looking for a cloth if you don't have one. + +10. _Important_: Even if the patient does not respond, continue your +efforts for 1 hour or longer, or until you are completely sure he is +dead. If possible, have this confirmed by at least one other person. + + +TO STOP SERIOUS BLEEDING + +1. Apply firm, even pressure to the wound with a dressing, clean cloth, +or sanitary napkin. If you don't have any of these, use your bare hand +until you can get something better. Remember, you must keep blood from +running out of the patient's body. Loss of 1 or 2 quarts will seriously +endanger his life. + +2. Hold the dressing in place with your hand until you can bandage the +dressing in place. In case of an arm or leg wound, make sure the bandage +is not so tight as to cut off circulation; and raise the arm or leg +above the level of the patient's heart. (But if the arm or leg appears +broken, be sure to splint it first.) + +3. Treat the patient for shock (see page 62). + +4. If blood soaks through the dressing, do _not_ remove the dressing. +Apply more dressings. + +5. SPECIAL ADVICE ON TOURNIQUETS: Never use a tourniquet unless you +cannot stop excessive, life-threatening bleeding by any other method. +Using a tourniquet increases the chances that the arm or leg will have +to be amputated later. If you are _forced_ to use a tourniquet to keep +the patient from bleeding to death (for example, when a hand or foot has +been accidentally cut off), follow these instructions carefully: + +--Place the tourniquet _as close to the wound as possible_, between the +wound and the patient's heart. + +--After the tourniquet has been applied, do not permit it to be loosened +(even temporarily, or even though the bleeding has stopped) by anyone +except a physician, who can control the bleeding by other methods and +replace the blood that the patient has lost. + +--Get a physician to treat the patient as soon as possible. + + +PREVENTING AND TREATING SHOCK + +Being "in shock" means that a person's circulatory system is not working +properly, and not enough blood is getting to the vital centers of his +brain and spinal cord. + +These are the symptoms of shock: The patient's pulse is weak or rapid, +or he may have no pulse that you can find. His skin may be pale or blue, +cold, or moist. His breathing may be shallow or irregular. He may have +chills. He may be thirsty. He may get sick at his stomach and vomit. + +A person can be "in shock" whether he is conscious or unconscious. + +_Important: All seriously-injured persons should be treated for shock, +even though they appear normal and alert_. Shock may cause death if not +treated promptly, even though the injuries which brought on shock might +not be serious enough to cause death. In fact, persons may go into shock +without having any physical injuries. + +Here is how to treat any person who may be in shock: + +1. Keep him lying down and keep him from chilling, but do _not_ apply a +hot water bottle or other heat to his body. Also, loosen his clothing. + +2. Keep his head a little lower than his legs and hips. But if he has a +head or chest injury, or has difficulty in breathing, keep his head and +shoulders slightly higher than the rest of his body. + +3. Encourage him to drink fluids if he is conscious and not nauseated, +and if he does not have abdominal injuries. Every 15 minutes give him a +half-glass of this solution until he no longer wants it: One teaspoonful +of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to one quart of water. + +4. Do _not_ give him alcohol. + + +BROKEN BONES + +Any break in a bone is called a fracture. If you think a person may have +a fracture, treat it as though it were one. Otherwise, you may cause +further injury. For example, if an arm or leg is injured and bleeding, +splint it as well as bandage it. + +With any fracture, first look for bleeding and control it. Keep the +patient comfortably warm and quiet, preferably lying down. If you have +an ice bag, apply it to the fracture to ease the pain. Do not move the +patient (unless his life is in danger where he is) without first +applying a splint or otherwise immobilizing the bone that may be +fractured. Treat the patient for shock. + +A FRACTURED ARM OR LEG should be straightened out as much as possible, +preferably by having 2 persons gently stretch it into a normal position. +Then it should be "splinted"--that is, fastened to a board or something +else to prevent motion and keep the ends of the broken bone together. As +a splint, use a board, a trimmed branch from a tree, a broomstick, an +umbrella, a roll of newspapers, or anything else rigid enough to keep +the arm or leg straight. Fasten the arm or leg to the splint with +bandages, strips of cloth, handkerchiefs, neckties, or belts. After +splinting, keep the injured arm or leg a little higher than the rest of +the patient's body. From time to time, make sure that the splint is not +too tight, since the arm or leg may swell, and the blood circulation +might be shut off. If the broken bone is sticking out through the skin +but the exposed part of it is clean, allow it to slip back naturally +under the skin (but don't push it in) when the limb is being +straightened. However, if the exposed part of the bone is dirty, cover +it with a clean cloth and bandage the wound to stop the bleeding. Then +splint the arm or leg without trying to straighten it out, and try to +find a doctor or nurse to treat the patient. + +A FRACTURED COLLAR-BONE should also be prevented from moving, until the +patient can get professional medical attention. It can be immobilized by +placing the arm on that side in a sling and then binding the arm close +to the body. + +A FRACTURED RIB should be suspected if the patient has received a chest +injury or if he has pain when he moves his chest, breathes, or coughs. +Strap the injured side of his chest with 2-inch adhesive tape if +available, or with a cloth bandage or towel wrapped around and around +his entire chest. + +Fractured bones in the NECK OR BACK are very serious, because they may +injure the patient's spinal cord and paralyze him or even kill him. He +should not be moved until a doctor comes (or a person trained in first +aid), unless it is absolutely necessary to move him to prevent further +injury. If a person with a back injury has to be moved, he should be +placed gently on his back on a stiff board, door or stretcher. His head, +back, and legs should be kept in a straight line at all times. + +A person with a neck injury should be moved gently with his head, neck, +and shoulders kept in the same position they were when he was found. His +neck should not be allowed to bend when he is being moved. + + +BURNS + +Non-serious or superficial (first degree) burns should not be +covered--in fact, nothing need be done for them. However, if a first +degree burn covers a large area of the body, the patient should be given +fluids to drink as mentioned in item 2 following. + +The most important things to do about serious (second or third degree) +burns are: _(a)_ Treat the patient for shock, _(b)_ Prevent infection, +and _(c)_ Relieve pain. These specific actions should be taken: + +1. Keep the patient lying down, with his head a little lower than his +legs and hips unless he has a head or chest wound, or has difficulty in +breathing. + +2. Have him drink a half-glass every 15 minutes of a salt-and-soda +solution (one teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda +to a quart of water). Give him additional plain water to drink if he +wants it. + +3. Cover the burned area with a _dry_, sterile gauze dressing. If gauze +is not available, use a clean cloth, towel or pad. + +4. With soap and water, wash the area _around_ the burn (not the burn +itself) for a distance of several inches, wiping _away_ from the burn. +The dressing will help prevent surface washings from getting into the +burned area. + +5. Use a bandage to hold the dry dressing firmly in place against the +burned area. This will keep moving air from reaching the burn, and will +lessen the pain. Leave dressings and bandage in place as long as +possible. + +6. If adjoining surfaces of skin are burned, separate them with gauze or +cloth to keep them from sticking together (such as between toes or +fingers, ears and head, arms and chest). + +7. If the burn was caused by a chemical--or by fallout particles +sticking to the skin or hair--wash the chemical or the fallout particles +away with generous amounts of plain water, then treat the burn as +described above. + +_What NOT to do about burns_: + +--Don't pull clothing over the burned area (cut it away, if necessary). + +--Don't try to remove any pieces of cloth, or bits of dirt or debris, +that may be sticking to the burn. + +--Don't try to clean the burn; don't use iodine or other antiseptics on +it; and don't open any blisters that may form on it. + +--Don't use grease, butter, ointment, salve, petroleum jelly, or any +type of medication on severe burns. Keeping them dry is best. + +--Don't breathe on a burn, and don't touch it with anything except a +sterile or clean dressing. + +--Don't change the dressings that were initially applied to the burn, +until absolutely necessary. Dressings may be left in place for a week, +if necessary. + + +RADIATION SICKNESS + +Radiation sickness is caused by the invisible rays given off by +particles of radioactive fallout. If a person has received a large dose +of radiation in a short period of time--generally, less than a week--he +will become seriously ill and probably will die. But if he has received +only a small or medium dose, his body will repair itself and he will get +well. No special clothing can protect a person from gamma radiation, and +no special medicines can protect him or cure him of radiation sickness. + +Symptoms of radiation sickness may not be noticed for several days. The +early symptoms are lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness +and headache. Later, the patient may have sore mouth, loss of hair, +bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and diarrhea. But these same +symptoms can be caused by other diseases, and not everyone who has +radiation sickness shows all these symptoms, or shows them all at once. + +If the patient has headache or general discomfort, give him one or two +aspirin tablets every 3 or 4 hours (half a tablet, for a child under +12). If he is nauseous, give him "motion sickness tablets," if +available. If his mouth is sore or his gums are bleeding, have him use a +mouth wash made up of a half-teaspoonful of salt to 1 quart of water. If +there is vomiting or diarrhea, he should drink slowly several glasses +each day of a salt-and-soda solution (one teaspoonful of salt and +one-half teaspoonful of baking soda to 1 quart of cool water), plus +bouillon or fruit juices. If available, a mixture of kaolin and pectin +should be given for diarrhea. Whatever his symptoms, the patient should +be kept lying down, comfortably warm, and resting. + +Remember that radiation sickness is _not_ contagious or infectious, and +one person cannot "catch it" from another person. + + * * * * * + + + + +PART TWO + +MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS + + +Many of the actions recommended in Part I of this handbook to help you +prepare for and live through a nuclear attack--such as learning the +warning signals, stocking emergency supplies, taking a course in +emergency skills, and knowing how to fight fires at home--also would +help you in case a major natural disaster occurs in your area. If you +are prepared for nuclear attack, you are also prepared to cope with most +peacetime disasters--disasters that kill hundreds of Americans every +year, injure thousands, inflict widespread suffering and hardship, and +cause great economic loss. + +Part II of this handbook (pages 69-86) is intended to help you prepare +for those natural disasters that may occur in your area, and tell you +the right actions to take if they occur. Chapter 1 (pages 71-74) gives +general guidance applicable to various types of natural disasters. +Succeeding chapters give special advice on floods, hurricanes, +tornadoes, winter storms, and earthquakes. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 1 + +GENERAL GUIDANCE + + +There are certain things you can learn and do that will help you get +ready for, and cope with, almost any type of natural disaster. + +Perhaps the most basic thing to remember is to _keep calm_. This may +mean the difference between life and death. In many disasters, people +have been killed or injured needlessly because they took thoughtless +actions when they should have done something else--or done nothing at +all just then. + +In a time of emergency, taking proper action may save your life. _Take +time to think_, and then take the considered action that the situation +calls for. Usually, this will be the action you have planned in advance, +or the action you are instructed to take by responsible authorities. + +Here is other guidance that applies to most types of natural disasters. + + +WARNING + +LEARN YOUR COMMUNITY'S WARNING SIGNALS. In most communities having +outdoor warning systems, the Attack Warning Signal is a wavering sound +on the sirens, or a series of short blasts on whistles, horns, or other +devices. This signal will be used only to warn of an attack against the +United States. + +Many communities also are using an _Attention or Alert Signal_, usually +a 3- to 5-minute _steady blast_ to get the attention of their people in +a time of threatened or impending peacetime emergency. In most places, +the Attention or Alert Signal means that people should turn on their +radio or television sets to hear important emergency information being +broadcast. + +You should find out now, before any emergency occurs, what warning +signals are being used in your community, what they sound like, what +they mean, and what actions you should take when you hear them. + +Also, whenever a major storm or other peacetime disaster threatens, keep +your radio or television set turned on to hear Weather Bureau reports +and forecasts (issued by the Environmental Science Services +Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce), as well as other +information and advice that may be broadcast by your local government. + +When you are warned of an emergency, get your information on the radio +or television. Use your telephone only to _report_ important events +(such as fires, flash floods, or tornado sightings) to the local +authorities. If you tie up the telephone lines simply to get +information, you may prevent emergency calls from being completed. + + +EMERGENCY SUPPLIES + +A major disaster of almost any kind may interfere with your normal +supplies of water, food, heat, and other day-to-day necessities. You +should keep on hand, in or around your home, a stock of emergency +supplies sufficient to meet your needs for a few days or preferably for +a week. + +If you stayed at home during the disaster, these supplies would help you +live through the period of emergency without hardship. If you had to +evacuate your home and move temporarily to another location, your +emergency supplies could be taken with you and used en route or after +you arrived at the new location (where regular supplies might not be +available). Even if you only had to move to an emergency shelter station +set up by a local agency, these supplies might be helpful to you, or +make your stay easier. + +The most important items to keep on hand are water (preferably in +plastic jugs or other stoppered containers); canned or sealed-package +foods that do not require refrigeration or heat for cooking; medicines +needed by family members, and a first aid kit; blankets or sleeping +bags; flashlights or lanterns; a battery-powered radio; and perhaps a +covered container to use as an emergency toilet. In addition, an +automobile in good operating condition with an ample supply of gasoline +may be necessary in case you have to leave your home. + +In those parts of the country subject to hurricanes or floods, it is +also wise to keep on hand certain emergency materials you may need to +protect your home from wind and water--such as plywood sheeting or +lumber to board up your windows and doors, and plastic sheeting or +tarpaulins to protect furniture and appliances. + + +FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING + +Fires are a special hazard in a time of disaster. They may start more +readily, and the help of the fire department may not be available +quickly. Therefore, it is essential that you: + +1. Follow the fire prevention rules given on page 52, and be especially +careful not to start fires. + +2. Know how to put out small fires yourself. (See pages 52-54.) + +3. Have on hand simple tools and equipment needed for fire fighting. +(See page 43.) + + +AFTER A NATURAL DISASTER + +_Use extreme caution in entering or working in buildings_ that may have +been damaged or weakened by the disaster, as they may collapse without +warning. Also, there may be gas leaks or electrical short circuits. + +_Don't bring lanterns, torches or lighted cigarettes_ into buildings +that have been flooded or otherwise damaged by a natural disaster, since +there may be leaking gas lines or flammable material present. + +_Stay away from fallen or damaged electric wires_, which may still be +dangerous. + +_Check for leaking gas pipes in your home_. Do this by _smell only_-- +don't use matches or candles. If you smell gas, do this: (1) Open all +windows and doors, (2) Turn off the main gas valve at the meter, (3) +Leave the house immediately, (4) Notify the gas company or the police or +fire department, (5) Don't re-enter the house until you are told it is +safe to do so. + +_If any of your electrical appliances are wet_, first turn off the main +power switch in your house, then unplug the wet appliance, dry it out, +reconnect it, and finally, turn on the main power switch. (Caution: +Don't do any of these things while _you_ are wet or standing in water.) +If fuses blow when the electric power is restored, turn off the main +power switch again and then inspect for short circuits in your home +wiring, appliances and equipment. + +_Check your food and water supplies before using them_. Foods that +require refrigeration may be spoiled if electric power has been off for +some time. Also, don't eat food that has come in contact with flood +waters. Be sure to follow the instructions of local authorities +concerning the use of food and water supplies. + +_If needed, get food, clothing, medical care or shelter_ at Red Cross +stations or from local government authorities. + +_Stay away from disaster areas_. Sightseeing could interfere with first +aid or rescue work, and may be dangerous as well. + +_Don't drive unless necessary_, and drive with caution. Watch for +hazards to yourself and others, and report them to local authorities. + +_Write, telegraph or telephone your relatives_, after the emergency is +over, so they will know you are safe. Otherwise local authorities may +waste time locating you--or if you have evacuated to a safer location, +they may not be able to find you. (However, do not tie up the phone +lines if they are still needed for official emergency calls.) + +_Do not pass on rumors_ or exaggerated reports of damage. + +_Follow the advice and instructions of your local government_ on ways to +help yourself and your community recover from the emergency. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 2 + +FLOODS AND HURRICANES + + +In addition to the general guidance in Chapter 1 of this section, there +are certain emergency actions particularly associated with major floods, +hurricanes, and storm tides or surges. These types of disasters usually +are preceded by extended periods of warning. People living in areas +likely to be most severely affected often are warned to move to safer +locations. + + +EVACUATION + +If you are warned to evacuate your home and move to another location +temporarily, there are certain things to remember and do. Here are the +most important ones: + +* FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS AND ADVICE OF YOUR LOCAL GOVERNMENT. If you +are told to evacuate, do so promptly. If you are instructed to move to a +certain location, go there--don't go anywhere else. If certain travel +routes are specified or recommended, use those routes rather than trying +to find short cuts of your own. (It will help if you have previously +become familiar with the routes likely to be used.) If you are told to +shut off your water, gas or electric service before leaving home, do so. +Also find out on the radio where emergency housing and mass feeding +stations are located, in case you need to use them. + +* SECURE YOUR HOME BEFORE LEAVING. If you have time, and if you have not +received other instructions from your local government, you should take +the following actions before leaving your home: + +--Bring outside possessions inside the house, or tie them down securely. +This includes outdoor furniture, garbage cans, garden tools, signs, and +other movable objects that might be blown or washed away. + +--Board up your windows so they won't be broken by high winds, water, +flying objects or debris. + +--If flooding is likely, move furniture and other movable objects to the +upper floor of your house. Disconnect any electrical appliances or +equipment that cannot be moved--but don't touch them if you are wet or +are standing in water. + +--Do _not_ stack sandbags around the outside walls of your house to keep +flood waters out of your basement. Water seeping downward through the +earth (either beyond the sandbags or over them) may collect around the +basement walls and under the floor, creating pressure that could damage +the walls or else raise the entire basement and cause it to "float" out +of the ground. In most cases it is better to permit the flood waters to +flow freely into the basement (or flood the basement yourself with clean +water, if you feel sure it will be flooded anyway). This will equalize +the water pressure on the inside and outside of the basement walls and +floor, and thus avoid structural damage to the foundation and the house. + +--Lock house doors and windows. Park your car in the garage or driveway, +close the windows, and lock it (unless you are driving to your new +temporary location). + +* TRAVEL WITH CARE. If your local government is arranging transportation +for you, precautions will be taken for your safety. But if you are +walking or driving your own car to another location, keep in mind these +things: + +--Leave early enough so as not to be marooned by flooded roads, fallen +trees, and wires. + +--Make sure you have enough gasoline in your car. + +--Follow recommended routes. + +--As you travel, keep listening to the radio for additional information +and instructions from your local government. + +--Watch for washed-out or undermined roadways, earth slides, broken +sewer or water mains, loose or downed electric wires, and falling or +fallen objects. + +--Watch out for areas where rivers or streams may flood suddenly. + +--Don't try to cross a stream or a pool of water unless you are certain +that the water will not be above your knees (or above the middle of your +car's wheels) _all the way across_. Sometimes the water will hide a +bridge or a part of the road that has been washed out. If you decide it +is safe to drive across it, put your car in low gear and drive very +slowly, to avoid splashing water into your engine and causing it to +stop. Also, remember that your brakes may not work well after the wheels +of your car have been in deep water. Try them out a few times when you +reach the other side. + + +DURING A HURRICANE + +--If your house is on high ground and you haven't been instructed to +evacuate, stay indoors. Don't try to travel, since you will be in danger +from flying debris, flooded roads, and downed wires. + +--Keep listening to your radio or television set for further information +and advice. If the center or "eye" of the hurricane passes directly over +you, there will be a temporary lull in the wind, lasting from a few +minutes to perhaps a half-hour or more. _Stay in a safe place during +this lull_. The wind will return--perhaps with even greater force--from +the _opposite_ direction. + + +SPECIAL ADVICE ON FLASH FLOODS + +In many areas, unusually heavy rains may cause quick or "flash" floods. +Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or even +low-lying grounds frequently flood very quickly and endanger people, +sometimes before any warning can be given. + +In a period of heavy rains, be aware of this hazard and be prepared to +protect yourself against it. If you see any possibility of a flash flood +occurring where you are, move immediately to a safer location (don't +wait for instructions to move), and then notify your local authorities +of the danger, so other people can be warned. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 3 + +TORNADOES + + +* _When a tornado watch (forecast) is announced_, this means that +tornadoes are expected in or near your area. Keep your radio or +television set tuned to a local station for information and advice from +your local government or the Weather Bureau. Also, keep watching the +sky, especially to the south and southwest. (When a tornado watch is +announced during the approach of a hurricane, however, keep watching the +sky to the east.) If you see any revolving, funnel-shaped clouds, report +them by telephone immediately to your local police department, sheriff's +office or Weather Bureau office. But do not use the phone to get +information and advice--depend on radio or TV. + +* _When a tornado warning is issued, take shelter immediately_. The +warning means that a tornado has actually been sighted, and this (or +other tornadoes) may strike in your vicinity. You must take action to +protect yourself from being blown away, struck by falling objects, or +injured by flying debris. Your best protection is an underground shelter +or cave, or a substantial steel-framed or reinforced-concrete building. +But if none of these is available, there are other places where you can +take refuge: + +--If you are _at home_, go to your underground storm cellar or your +basement fallout shelter, if you have one. If not, go to a corner of +your home basement and take cover under a sturdy workbench or table (but +not underneath heavy appliances on the floor above). If your home has no +basement, take cover under heavy furniture on the ground floor in the +center part of the house, or in a small room on the ground floor that is +away from outside walls and windows. (As a last resort, go outside to a +nearby ditch, excavation, culvert or ravine.) Doors and windows on the +sides of your house _away from_, the tornado may be left open to help +reduce damage to the building, but stay away from them to avoid flying +debris. Do not remain in a trailer or mobile home if a tornado is +approaching; take cover elsewhere. + +--If you are _at work_ in an office building, go to the basement or to +an inner hallway on a lower floor. In a factory, go to a shelter area, +or to the basement if there is one. + +--If you are _outside in open country_, drive away from the tornado's +path, at a right angle to it. If there isn't time to do this--or if you +are walking--take cover and lie flat in the nearest depression, such as +a ditch, culvert, excavation, or ravine. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 4 + +WINTER STORMS + + +Here is advice that will help you protect yourself and your family +against the hazards of winter storms--blizzards, heavy snows, ice +storms, freezing rain, or sleet. + +* KEEP POSTED ON WEATHER CONDITIONS. Use your radio, television and +newspapers to keep informed of current weather conditions and forecasts +in your area. Even a few hours' warning of a storm may enable you to +avoid being caught outside in it, or at least be better prepared to cope +with it. You should also understand the terms commonly used in weather +forecasts: + +--A _blizzard_ is the most dangerous of all winter storms. It combines +cold air, heavy snow, and strong winds that blow the snow about and may +reduce visibility to only a few yards. A _blizzard warning_ is issued +when the Weather Bureau expects considerable snow, winds of 35 miles an +hour or more, and temperatures of 20 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. A +_severe blizzard warning_ means that a very heavy snowfall is expected, +with winds of at least 45 miles an hour and temperatures of 10 degrees +or lower. + +--A _heavy snow warning_ usually means an expected snowfall of 4 inches +or more in a 12-hour period, or 6 inches or more in a 24-hour period. +Warnings of _snow flurries, snow squalls_, or _blowing and drifting +snow_ are important mainly because visibility may be reduced and roads +may become slippery or blocked. + +--_Freezing rain or freezing drizzle_ is forecast when expected rain is +likely to freeze as soon as it strikes the ground, putting a coating of +ice or glaze on roads and everything else that is exposed. If a +substantial layer of ice is expected to accumulate from the freezing +rain, an _ice storm_ is forecast. + +--_Sleet_ is small particles of ice, usually mixed with rain. If enough +sleet accumulates on the ground, it will make the roads slippery. + +* BE PREPARED FOR ISOLATION AT HOME. If you live in a rural area, make +sure you could survive at home for a week or two in case a storm +isolated you and made it impossible for you to leave. You should: + +--Keep an adequate supply of heating fuel on hand and use it sparingly, +as your regular supplies may be curtailed by storm conditions. If +necessary, conserve fuel by keeping the house cooler than usual, or by +"closing off" some rooms temporarily. Also, have available some kind of +_emergency_ heating equipment and fuel so you could keep at least one +room of your house warm enough to be livable. This could be a camp stove +with fuel, or a supply of wood or coal if you have a fireplace. If your +furnace is controlled by a thermostat and your electricity is cut off by +a storm, the furnace probably would not operate and you would need +emergency heat. + +--Stock an emergency supply of food and water, as well as emergency +cooking equipment such as a camp stove. Some of this food should be of +the type that does not require refrigeration or cooking. + +--Make sure you have a battery-powered radio and extra batteries on +hand, so that if your electric power is cut off you could still hear +weather forecasts, information and advice broadcast by local +authorities. Also, flashlights or lanterns would be needed. + +--Consult page 72 of this handbook for other supplies and equipment that +you may need if isolated at home. Be sure to keep on hand the simple +tools and equipment needed to fight a fire. Also, be certain that all +family members know how to take precautions that would prevent fire at +such a time, when the help of the fire department may not be available. + +* TRAVEL ONLY IF NECESSARY. Avoid all unnecessary trips. If you must +travel, use public transportation if possible. However, if you are +forced to use your automobile for a trip of any distance, take these +precautions: + +--Make sure your car is in good operating condition, properly serviced, +and equipped with chains or snow tires. + +--Take another person with you if possible. + +--Make sure someone knows where you are going, your approximate +schedule, and your estimated time of arrival at your destination. + +--Have emergency "winter storm supplies" in the car, such as a container +of sand, shovel, windshield scraper, tow chain or rope, extra gasoline, +and a flashlight. It also is good to have with you heavy gloves or +mittens, overshoes, extra woolen socks, and winter headgear to cover +your head and face. + +--Travel by daylight and use major highways if you can. Keep the car +radio turned on for weather information and advice. + +--Drive with all possible caution. Don't try to save time by travelling +faster than road and weather conditions permit. + +--Don't be daring or foolhardy. Stop, turn back, or seek help if +conditions threaten that may test your ability or endurance, rather than +risk being stalled, lost or isolated. If you are caught in a _blizzard_, +seek refuge immediately. + +* KEEP CALM IF YOU GET IN TROUBLE. If your car breaks down during a +storm, or if you become stalled or lost, don't panic. Think the problem +through, decide what's the safest and best thing to do, and then do it +slowly and carefully. If you are on a well-traveled road, show a trouble +signal. Set your directional lights to flashing, raise the hood of your +car, or hang a cloth from the radio aerial or car window. Then stay in +your car and wait for help to arrive. If you run the engine to keep +warm, remember to open a window enough to provide ventilation and +protect you from carbon monoxide poisoning. + +Wherever you are, if there is no house or other source of help in sight, +do not leave your car to search for assistance, as you may become +confused and get lost. + +* AVOID OVEREXERTION. Every winter many unnecessary deaths occur because +people--especially older persons, but younger ones as well--engage in +more strenuous physical activity than their bodies can stand. Cold +weather itself, _without_ any physical exertion, puts an extra strain on +your heart. If you add to this physical exercise, especially exercise +that you are not accustomed to--such as shovelling snow, pushing an +automobile, or even walking fast or far--you are risking a heart attack, +a stroke, or other damage to your body. In winter weather, and +especially in winter storms, be aware of this danger, and avoid +overexertion. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER 5 + +EARTHQUAKES + + +If your area is one of the places in the United States where earthquakes +occur, keep these points in mind: + +--When an earthquake happens, _keep calm_. Don't run or panic. If you +take the proper precautions, the chances are you will not be hurt. + +--REMAIN WHERE YOU ARE. If you are outdoors, stay outdoors; if indoors, +stay indoors. In earthquakes, most injuries occur as people are entering +or leaving buildings (from falling walls, electric wires, etc.). + +--If you are indoors, sit or stand against an inside wall (preferably in +the basement), or in an inside doorway; or else take cover under a desk, +table or bench (in case the wall or ceiling should fall). Stay away from +windows and outside doors. + +--If you are outdoors, stay away from overhead electric wires, poles or +anything else that might shake loose and fall (such as the cornices of +tall buildings). + +--If you are _driving an automobile_, pull off the road and stop (as +soon as possible, and with caution). Remain in the car until the +disturbance subsides. When you drive on, watch for hazards created by +the earthquake, such as fallen or falling objects, downed electric +wires, and broken or undermined roadways. + + +AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE + +For your own safety and that of others, you should follow carefully the +advice given in the section, "After a Natural Disaster" (page 73). + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX + +Air raid _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK + +Air raid shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS + +ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION 58-60 + +Atomic bomb attack _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK + +Attack, nuclear _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK + +ATTACK WARNING: 17-22 + Actions to take 19-20, 21-22 + Attack warning signal 19 + Attack warning time 18, 21 + Taking cover 21-22 + +ATTENTION OR ALERT SIGNAL (for natural disasters) 19-20, 71-72 + +Basements (for use as fallout shelters) _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS + +Blast from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of + +BLEEDING, How to stop 61 + +Blizzards _see_ STORMS, Winter + +BOATS (use as improvised fallout shelters) 33, 38 + +Bomb shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS + +BREATHING, How to restore 58-60 + +BROADCASTING, Radio and television: + In time of natural disaster 72, 75, 77, 81, 83 + In time of nuclear attack 17-18, 32, 34 + +BROKEN BONES, How to treat 63-65 + +BURNS, How to treat 65-66 + +CHECKLIST OF EMERGENCY ACTIONS 6-7 + +CHILDREN, Special precautions for: + Avoiding contaminated water and milk 6, 9, 16 + Effects of radiation on children 13, 16 + Finding fallout shelter at all times 24 + Giving artificial respiration to children 59, 60 + Infant supplies to be stored for shelter use 43 + +Construction of home fallout shelters _see_ PLANS FOR HOME + FALLOUT SHELTERS + +Cover _see_ TAKING COVER + +CRAWL SPACE (use as improvised fallout shelter) 33, 36 + +DRIVING IN A TIME OF NATURAL DISASTER: + Car may be needed for evacuation 72 + Driving after a natural disaster has occurred 74 + Driving at the time of a flood or hurricane 75, 76, 77, 78 + Driving at the time of an earthquake 86 + Driving during a winter storm 82-84 + If you see a tornado while driving 80 + +EARTHQUAKES 85-86 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) + +Effects of nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of + +ELECTRIC SERVICE 75,82 + +ELECTRIC WIRES, Downed 73, 77, 78, 86 + +ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 73, 76 + +ELECTRICITY (as related to fires) 52, 54 + +EMERGENCY ACTIONS CHECKLIST 6-7 + +EMERGENCY SKILLS: + Need for 2, 5, 55, 56 + Training courses in 2, 55 + +EVACUATION IN A TIME OF NATURAL DISASTER: 75-78 + Securing your home before leaving 75-76 + +EXERTION, Physical: + Avoiding overexertion during a storm 84 + +FALLOUT, Radioactive 5, 6, 10-13, 15, 16 + +FALLOUT SHELTERS: + _General information_ 13-14, 23-25 + Home shelters 24-25, how to prepare 26-32 + Improvised shelters 33-38 + Public shelters 23-24, how to identify 24 + Some protection provided against blast and heat 14 + Supplies for fallout shelters 39-44 + Taking cover before going to fallout shelter 21-22 + When to leave shelter 13, 24, 32 + +FIRE: + Firefighting at home 52-54 + Firefighting supplies needed at home 43, 53 + Fire from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of + Fire in connection with natural disasters 73 + Fire prevention at home 51-54 + Special fire precautions in time of attack 52-53 + +Fireball, nuclear _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of + +FIRST AID: 55-67 + _General rules_ 57 + Bleeding, how to stop it 61-62 + Breathing, how to restore it 58-60 + Broken bones 63-65 + Burns 65-66 + Radiation sickness 66-67 + Shock, how to prevent and treat it 62-63 + Supplies 42 + Training courses 2, 55-56 + +Flash from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of + +FLOODS: 75-78 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) + Special advice on flash floods 78 + Using sandbags to protect home not recommended 76 + +FOOD: + Available and usable after an attack 14-16 + Care and use of food supplies in shelter 42, 46, 48 + Food supplies in time of natural disaster 72, 82 + Food to take to shelter 40, 42 + Use of food after a natural disaster 73 + _see also_ SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS + +Gamma radiation _see_ FALLOUT, Radioactive + +GAS SERVICE, Turnoff by householders 75 + +GAS PIPES, Leaking 73 + +Heat from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, + Effects of + +HEATING, in time of winter storms 82 + +HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS: + How to prepare a home shelter: 26-32 + Outside type 32 + Permanent type 26-29 + Preplanned type 30-32 + Importance of 24-25 + Improvised home shelters 33-38 + Managing water, food, and sanitation in 45-49 + Supplies and equipment for 41-44 + When to leave shelter 13, 24, 32 + +HURRICANES: 75-78 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) + "Eye" of a hurricane 78 + +Ice storm _see_ STORMS, Winter + +Improvised fallout shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS + +Infants _see_ CHILDREN, Special precautions for + +Injuries, treatment of _see_ FIRST AID + +MEDICAL CARE IN EMERGENCIES 55-67 _see also_ FIRST AID + +MEDICAL SELF-HELP COURSE 2, 55, 56 + +MEDICINES AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES: + Importance of having available 55, 56 + What to keep on hand for natural disasters 72 + What to store for home shelter use 42 + What to take to a public fallout shelter 40 + +MILK CONTAMINATION FROM FALLOUT 9, 16 + +Missiles, nuclear _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK _and_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, + Effects of + +MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION 58-60 + +NATURAL DISASTERS: 69-86 + _General guidance_ 71-74 + Earthquakes 85, 86 + Emergency feeding and shelter stations 75 + Floods and hurricanes 75-78 + Supplies for 72, 82, 83 + Tornadoes 79, 80 + Value of preparations 70, 71 + Warning 71-72, 75, 79, 81 + Winter Storms 81-84 + +NATURAL DISASTER WARNING 17, 18, 19, 71-72 + +NUCLEAR ATTACK: 3-67 + Areas of damage 10-11 + Assistance available in time of attack 5 + Checklist of emergency actions 6-7 + Deaths and injuries 5, 10-11 + Hazards of an attack 9-16 + Importance of following local instructions 1, 2, 6, 7 + Survivors 10-11 + Taking cover if there should be a nuclear flash 21-22 + Warning 6, 17-22 + +NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of 9-13 + +Outside fallout shelters _see_ HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS + +PLANS FOR HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS: 26-32 + Improvised home shelters, description of 33-38 + +Preparations for natural disasters _see_ NATURAL DISASTERS + +Preparations for nuclear attack _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK + +Protective materials against fallout _see_ SHIELDING MATERIALS + +PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTERS: + How to identify 7, 24 + Supplies to take to public shelter 40 + Water, food and sanitation in public shelter 45-46 + When to leave shelter 13, 24, 32 + +Radiation _see_ FALLOUT, Radioactive + +RADIATION SICKNESS: 11-13, 32 + How to recognize and treat it 66-67 + +Radio _see_ BROADCASTING, Radio and television + +Radioactive fallout _see_ FALLOUT, Radioactive + +SANITATION 41-42, 45-49 + +Shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS + +SHIELDING MATERIALS 14, 25, 34 + Comparison of various materials 25 + +SHOCK, How to recognize and treat 62-63 + +Sick and injured, care of the _see_ FIRST AID + +Sign, public fallout shelter _see_ PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTERS + +SIGNALS, Warning: 18-20 _see also_ ATTACK WARNING _and_ + NATURAL DISASTER WARNING + +Sirens, warning _see_ SIGNALS, Warning + +Snow storms _see_ STORMS, Winter + +STORM CELLARS: + For protection from tornadoes 80 + Use as fallout shelters 36 + +STORMS, Winter 81-84 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) + +STORM TIDES OR SURGES 75-78 + +SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS: 39-44 + Home shelters 39, 41-44, care and use of supplies 45-49 + Public shelters 40, 46 + +SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR NATURAL DISASTERS 72, 82-83 + +TAKING COVER: + For protection from tornadoes 79-80 + In time of nuclear attack 21-22 + +TELEPHONE, Restricted use in a time of emergency 6, 20, 72, 74, 79 + +Television _see_ BROADCASTING, Radio and television + +TOILETS, Emergency 42, 45-46, 48-49 + +TORNADOES 79-80 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) + +TOURNIQUETS, Special advice on 61-62 + +Training courses _see_ EMERGENCY SKILLS + +WARNING: 17-22 _see also_ ATTACK WARNING _and_ NATURAL DISASTER WARNING + +WATER: + Available and usable after an attack 14-16 + Care and use of water supplies in shelter 46-48 + Possible danger of contaminated water to children 6, 9, 16 + Precautions on use of water after a natural disaster 73 + To store for home shelter use 41 + To store for use in a natural disaster 72, 82 + To take to public fallout shelter 40 + Water service, turnoff by householders 75 + _see also_ SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS + +Winter storms _see_ STORMS, Winter + + * * * * * + + + + KEEP THIS HANDBOOK + WITH OTHER EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS + YOU RECEIVE + + + +U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1968--O-297-579 + + * * * * * + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +Footnote 1: In a time of nuclear attack or major natural disaster, don't +use the telephone to get information or advice. Depend on radio or +television. + +Footnote 2: These smaller particles would drift to earth more slowly, +losing much of their radioactivity before they reached the ground, and +would be spread by the upper winds over vast areas of the world. + +Footnote 3: This table, and other suggestions concerning emergency +supplies of food and water, is contained in "Family Food Stockpile for +Survival," Home and Garden Bulletin No. 77, U.S. Department of +Agriculture. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, +D.C. 20402, price 10 cents. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's In Time Of Emergency, by Department of Defense + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN TIME OF EMERGENCY *** + +***** This file should be named 15158.txt or 15158.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/5/15158/ + +Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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