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diff --git a/15158-h/15158-h.htm b/15158-h/15158-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e48b2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/15158-h/15158-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4628 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> + <title>In Time of Emergency</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + body + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + + p + {text-align: justify;} + + blockquote + {text-align: justify;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 + {text-align: center;} + + h1,h2 + {color: green;} + + hr + {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + + html>body hr + {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + + hr.full + {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full + {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + + pre + {font-size: 0.7em; color: #000; background-color: #FFF;} + + .poetry + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 0%; + text-align: left;} + + .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + + .index + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + text-align: center;} + + .figure + {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; + text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + + .lfigure + {float:left; width: 33%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; + text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .lfigure img + {border: none;} + + .rfigure + {float:right; width: 33%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; + text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .rfigure img + {border: none;} + + .date + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + text-align: right;} + + span.rightnote + {position: absolute; left: 92%; right: 1%; + font-size: 0.7em; border-bottom: solid 1px;} + + span.leftnote + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 92%; + font-size: 0.7em; border-bottom: solid 1px;} + + span.linenum + {float:right; + text-align: right; font-size: 0.7em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of In Time Of Emergency, by Department of Defense + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: In Time Of Emergency + A Citizen's Handbook On Nuclear Attack, Natural Disasters (1968) + +Author: Department of Defense + +Release Date: February 24, 2005 [EBook #15158] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN TIME OF EMERGENCY *** + + + + +Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe001" href="images/itoe001.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe001.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<blockquote> +H-14 March 1968<br /> +<br /> +<h1>in time of<br /> +EMERGENCY</h1><br /> +<br /> +a citizen's handbook on<br /> +<br /> +... NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +... NATURAL DISASTERS<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE<br /> +</blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<blockquote> +<b>This handbook is the property of:</b><br /> +<br /> +Name_____________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Address__________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +<b>Location of designated fallout shelter, or shelter nearest to:</b><br /> +<br /> +Home_____________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +School___________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Workplace________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +<b>Emergency telephone numbers:</b><sup><a href="#fn1" +name="rfn1">[1]</a></sup><br /> +<br /> +Ambulance________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Civil Defense____________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Doctors__________________________________________<br /> +<br /> + __________________________________________<br /> + +<br /> +Fire_____________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Health Department________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Hospitals________________________________________<br /> +<br /> + ________________________________________<br /> + +<br /> +Police___________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Red Cross________________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Utility Companies________________________________<br /> +<br /> + ________________________________<br /> + +<br /> +Weather Bureau___________________________________<br /> +<br /> +Other____________________________________________<br /> +</blockquote> + + +<a name="Page_i1"></a><hr /> + +<h2>IN TIME OF EMERGENCY</h2> + +<blockquote> +<b>a citizen's handbook on</b><br /> +--NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +--NATURAL DISASTERS<br /> +</blockquote> + + +<p>The Office of Civil Defense gratefully acknowledges the assistance +provided by representatives of the following agencies and organizations in +the preparation of material for this handbook:</p> + +<blockquote> +U.S. Atomic Energy Commission<br /> +<br /> +U.S. Department of Agriculture<br /> +<br /> +U.S. Department of Commerce; Environmental Science Services<br /> +Administration; Weather Bureau<br /> +<br /> +U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public<br /> +Health Service<br /> +<br /> +Office of Emergency Planning, Executive Office of the President<br /> +<br /> +American Medical Association; Committee on Disaster Medical<br /> +Care<br /> +<br /> +American National Red Cross<br /> +<br /> +National Geographic Society<br /> +<br /> +National Association of State Civil Defense Directors<br /> +<br /> +United States Civil Defense Council<br /> +</blockquote> + +<p>The Office of Civil Defense, however, is solely responsible for the +validity and accuracy of the information in the handbook.</p> + + +<a name="Page_i3"></a><hr /> + + + + +<h2>Table of Contents</h2> + + +<blockquote> +<a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a><br /> +<br /> +<a href="#PART_ONE">PART I</a>: NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_1">Chapter 1</a>--Checklist of Emergency Actions<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_2">Chapter 2</a>---Understand the Hazards of Nuclear +Attack<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_3">Chapter 3</a>--Know About Warning<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_4">Chapter 4</a>--Fallout Shelters, Public and Private<br +/> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_5">Chapter 5</a>--Improvising Fallout Protection<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_6">Chapter 6</a>--Supplies for Fallout Shelters<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_7">Chapter 7</a>--Water, Food, and Sanitation in a +Shelter<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_8">Chapter 8</a>--Fire Hazards<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_9">Chapter 9</a>--Emergency Care of the Sick and +Injured<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#PART_TWO">PART II</a>: MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_21">Chapter 1</a>--General Guidance<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_22">Chapter 2</a>--Floods and Hurricanes<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_23">Chapter 3</a>--Tornadoes<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_24">Chapter 4</a>--Winter Storms<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Chapter_25">Chapter 5</a>--Earthquakes<br /> +<br /> +<a href="#Index">Index</a><br /> +</blockquote> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a>[pg 1]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>A major emergency affecting a large number of people may occur anytime +and anywhere.</p> + +<p>It may be a peacetime disaster such as a flood, tornado, fire, +hurricane, blizzard or earthquake. It could be an enemy nuclear attack on +the United States.</p> + +<p>In any type of general disaster, lives can be saved if people are +prepared for the emergency, and know what actions to take when it +occurs.</p> + +<p>With the aid of Federal and State governments, cities and counties in +all parts of the country are developing their local civil defense +systems--the fallout shelters, supporting equipment and emergency plans +needed to reduce the loss of life from an enemy attack.</p> + +<p>While these local government systems have been set up mainly as +safeguards against nuclear attack, they have saved lives and relieved +suffering in many major peacetime disasters. People have been warned of +impending storms and similar dangers, told how to protect themselves, +sheltered from the elements, fed and clothed, treated for injury and +illness, and given help in resuming their normal lives. Experience has +shown that as cities, counties and towns develop their systems to preserve +life under nuclear attack conditions, they also become better prepared to +deal effectively with peacetime disasters.</p> + +<p>In cooperation with the U.S. Office of Civil Defense and the States, +many local governments are improving their civil defense systems by +preparing community shelter plans. These plans include instructions to +local citizens on what to do in the event of nuclear attack.</p> + +<p>This handbook, "In Time of Emergency," contains basic general +information on both nuclear attack and major natural disasters. This +general guidance supplements the specific instructions issued by local +governments. Since special conditions may exist in some communities, the +local instructions may be slightly different from this general guidance. In +those cases, the local instructions should be followed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>[pg 2]</span>Part +I (pages <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>) is concerned +with nuclear attack and basic actions to take.</p> + +<p>Part II (pages <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>) +discusses preparations and emergency actions that will help individuals +cope with major natural disasters--floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter +storms, and earthquakes.</p> + +<p>In addition to following the advice given in this handbook and the +instructions of their local governments, people can prepare themselves +better to meet any major disaster by taking training courses to develop +their "emergency skills." Especially recommended are these courses:</p> + +<p>"PERSONAL AND FAMILY SURVIVAL" (12-hour course)--A basic orientation +course in civil defense, which also tells people how to improve their +protection against the effects of a nuclear attack.</p> + +<p>"MEDICAL SELF-HELP" (16-hour course)--How to care for the sick and +injured if a doctor or nurse is not available.</p> + +<p>"FIRST AID" (courses of various lengths)--How to help the sick and +injured until professional medical assistance is obtained.</p> + +<p>"CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED" (12-hour course)--How to care for +patients after they have received professional medical treatment.</p> + +<p>Information on these free courses, which are given in most communities, +is available from local Civil Defense Offices, County Agricultural +Extension Agents, local public health departments, or American Red Cross +chapters. Special advice for rural families on emergency actions related to +crops and livestock is available from the U.S. Department of +Agriculture.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>[pg 3]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h2><b><a name="PART_ONE"></a>PART ONE</b></h2> + +<h1>NUCLEAR ATTACK</h1> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>[pg 4]</span> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>[pg 5]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h3>PART ONE</h3> + +<h2>NUCLEAR ATTACK</h2> + + +<p>A nuclear attack against the United States would take a high toll of +lives. But our losses would be much less if people were prepared to meet +the emergency, knew what actions to take, and took them.</p> + +<p>A nationwide civil defense system now exists in the United States, and +is being enlarged and improved constantly. The heart of this system is +fallout shelter to protect people from the radioactive fallout that would +result from a nuclear attack. The system also includes warning and +communications networks, preparations to measure fallout radiation, control +centers to direct lifesaving and recovery operations, emergency +broadcasting stations, local governments organized for emergency +operations, large numbers of citizens trained in emergency skills, and U.S. +military forces available to help civil authorities and the public in a +time of emergency.</p> + +<p>If an enemy should threaten to attack the United States, you would not +be alone. The entire Nation would be mobilizing to repulse the attack, +destroy the enemy, and hold down our own loss of life. Much assistance +would be available to you--from local, State and Federal governments, from +the U.S. armed forces units in your area, and from your neighbors and +fellow-Americans. If an attack should come, many lives would be saved +through effective emergency preparations and actions.</p> + +<p>You can give yourself and your family a much better chance of surviving +and recovering from a nuclear attack if you will <i>take time now +to:</i></p> + +<blockquote><p> +Understand the dangers you would face in an attack.</p> + +<p>Make your own preparations for an attack.</p> + +<p>Learn what actions you should take at the time of attack.</p> +</blockquote> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>[pg 6]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_1"></a>Chapter 1</h3> + +<h2>CHECKLIST OF EMERGENCY ACTIONS</h2> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> KNOW YOUR LOCAL +EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN</b></p> + +<blockquote><p> +<font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Find out from your local +government your local plan for +emergency action.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Determine the specific +actions you and members of your +family are expected to take.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> UNDERSTAND NUCLEAR +ATTACK HAZARDS</b> (See Chapter 2, page <a href="#Page_9">9</a>)</p> + +<p>On the widespread threat of fallout, remember:</p> + +<blockquote><p> +<font color="green" size="+2">×</font> The most dangerous period is +the first 24 hours after fallout +arrives. But you might have to use fallout shelter for up to +two weeks.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Highly dangerous amounts of +fallout are visible. They look</p> +like particles of sand or salt. + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> There is little danger that +adults could inhale or swallow</p> +enough fallout particles to hurt them. Small children, however, +could be injured by drinking contaminated water or +milk. + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> A person exposed to fallout +radiation does <i>not</i> become radioactive. +Radiation sickness is <i>not</i> contagious; one person +cannot "catch it" from another person.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> KNOW THE ATTACK WARNING +SIGNAL</b> (See Chapter 3, page <a href="#Page_17">17</a>)</p> + +<blockquote><p> +<font color="green" size="+2">×</font> On outdoor warning devices, +the Attack Warning Signal is +a <i>3- to 5-minute</i> wavering sound, or a series of short blasts +on whistles or horns.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe002" href="images/itoe002.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe002.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> This signal means: An enemy +attack against the United</p> +States has been detected. <i>Take protective action</i>. (This signal +has no other meaning, and will be used for no other purpose.) + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> On warning, don't use the +phone. Get information from radio.</p> +</blockquote> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>[pg 7]</span> + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe003" href="images/itoe003.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe003.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> KNOW THE LOCATION OF +FALLOUT SHELTER</b> (See Chapter 4, page <a href="#Page_23">23</a>)</p> + +<blockquote><p> +<font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Public shelters are marked +like this.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Good shelters can be +prepared in homes with basements.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> IF NO SHELTER IS +AVAILABLE, IMPROVISE PROTECTION</b> (See Chapter 5, page <a +href="#Page_33">33</a>)</p> + +<blockquote><p> +Remember:</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> A basement corner below +ground level, or a storm cellar, is</p> +the best place to improvise fallout protection. + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> For the best possible +protection, use heavy and dense materials</p> +for shielding. +</blockquote> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> PREPARE EMERGENCY +SUPPLIES</b> (See Chapter 6, page <a href="#Page_39">39</a>)</p> + +<blockquote><p> +Especially important are:</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Water and other +liquids.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Food requiring no +cooking.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Special medicines.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> CONSERVE EMERGENCY +SUPPLIES; MAINTAIN SANITATION</b> (See Chapter 7, page <a +href="#Page_45">45</a>)</p> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> REDUCE FIRE HAZARDS</b> +(See Chapter 8, page <a href="#Page_51">51</a>)</p> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> KNOW THE BASICS OF +EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE</b> (See Chapter 9, page <a +href="#Page_55">55</a>)</p> + +<blockquote><p> +If no doctor is available, especially important are actions to:</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Restore breathing.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Stop serious bleeding.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Treat for shock.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> Treat broken bones and +burns.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><b><font color="green" size="+2">×</font> FOLLOW OFFICIAL +INSTRUCTIONS</b></p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>[pg 8]</span> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>[pg 9]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_2"></a>Chapter 2</h3> + +<h2>UNDERSTAND THE HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR ATTACK</h2> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + +<p>1. The main hazards of a nuclear attack are blast, heat, fire, and +fallout radiation.</p> + +<p>2. You <i>may</i> be able to protect yourself against blast and heat by + getting inside a shelter or taking cover, before the nuclear explosions + occur. You may be able to avoid fire injuries by putting out small +fires or escaping from large fires that might occur in your area.</p> + +<p>3. You <i>can</i> protect yourself against fallout radiation by getting + inside a fallout shelter--if possible, before fallout particles begin +drifting down--and by staying there until you are told to come out by +authorities who have the equipment to measure radiation levels.</p> + +<p>4. After a nuclear attack, food and water would be available to most +people, and it would be usable. If any fallout particles have collected, +they could be removed before the food is eaten or the water is drunk. +People suffering from extreme hunger or thirst should not be denied food +or water, even if the available supplies are not known to be free of +fallout particles or other radioactive substances.</p> + +<p>5. Infants and small children should be fed canned or powdered milk +(if available) for awhile after the attack, unless the regular milk +supply is uncontaminated. They should not be given water that may +contain radioactive substances, if other water known to be pure is +available.</p> + +<p>6. A person cannot "catch" radiation sickness from another person.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>[pg +10]</span><h2>UNDERSTAND THE HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR ATTACK</h2> + +<p>When a nuclear bomb or missile explodes, the main effects produced are +intense light (flash), heat, blast, and radiation. How strong these effects +are depends on the size and type of the weapon; how far away the explosion +is; the weather conditions (sunny or rainy, windy or still); the terrain +(whether the ground is flat or hilly); and the height of the explosion +(high in the air, or near the ground).</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe004a" href="images/itoe004a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe004a.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe004b" href="images/itoe004b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe004b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>All nuclear explosions cause light, heat and blast, which occur +immediately. In addition, explosions that are on or close to the ground +would create large quantities of dangerous radioactive fallout particles, +most of which would fall to earth during the first 24 hours. Explosions +high in the air would create smaller radioactive particles, which would not +have any real effect on humans until many months or years later, if at +all.<sup><a href="#fn2" name="rfn2">[2]</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>What Would Happen in an Enemy Attack</b></p> + +<p>If the U.S. should be attacked, the people who happened to be close to a +nuclear, explosion--in the area of heavy destruction--probably would be +killed or seriously injured by the blast, or by the heat of the nuclear +fireball.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe004c" href="images/itoe004c.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe004c.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>[pg +11]</span>People a few miles away--in the "fringe area" of the +explosion--would be endangered by the blast and heat, and by fires that the +explosion might start. However, it is likely that most of the people in the +fringe area would survive these hazards.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe005" href="images/itoe005.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe005.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>People who were <i>outside</i> the fringe area would not be affected by +the blast, heat or fire. Department of Defense studies show that in any +nuclear attack an enemy might launch against us, tens of millions of +Americans would be outside the fringe areas. To them--and to people in the +fringe areas who survived the blast, heat and fire--radioactive fallout +would be the main danger. Protective measures against this danger can be +taken.</p> + + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe006" href="images/itoe006.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe006.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><b>What Is Fallout?</b></p> + +<p>When a nuclear weapon explodes near the ground, great quantities of +pulverized earth and other debris are sucked up into the nuclear cloud. +There the radioactive gases produced by the explosion condense on and into +this debris, producing radioactive fallout particles. Within a short time, +these particles fall back to earth--the larger ones first, the smaller ones +later. On the way down, and after they reach the ground, the radioactive +particles give off invisible gamma rays--like X-rays--too much of which can +kill or injure people. These particles give off most of their radiation +quickly; therefore the first few hours or days after an attack would be the +most dangerous period.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>[pg 12]</span> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe007" href="images/itoe007.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe007.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>In dangerously affected areas the particles themselves would look like +grains of salt or sand; but the <i>rays</i> they would give off could not +be seen, tasted, smelled or felt. Special instruments would be required to +detect the rays and measure their intensity.</p> + + +<p><b>Fallout Would Be Widespread</b></p> + +<p>The distribution of fallout particles after a nuclear attack would +depend on wind currents, weather conditions and other factors. There is no +way of predicting in advance what areas of the country would be affected by +fallout, or how soon the particles would fall back to earth at a particular +location.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe008" href="images/itoe008.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe008.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Some communities might get a heavy accumulation of fallout, while +others--even in the same general area--might get little or none. No area in +the U.S. could be sure of <i>not</i> getting fallout, and it is probable +that some fallout particles would be deposited on most of the country.</p> + +<p>Areas close to a nuclear explosion might receive fallout within 15-30 +minutes. It might take 5-10 hours or more for the particles to drift down +on a community 100 or 200 miles away.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe009" href="images/itoe009.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe009.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Generally, the first 24 hours after fallout began to settle would be the +most dangerous period to a community's residents. The heavier particles +falling during that time would still be highly radioactive and give off +strong rays. The lighter particles falling later would have lost much of +their radiation high in the atmosphere.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>[pg +13]</span><b>Fallout Causes Radiation Sickness</b></p> + +<p>The invisible gamma rays given off by fallout particles can cause +radiation sickness--that is, illness caused by physical and chemical +changes in the cells of the body. If a person receives a large dose of +radiation, he will die. But if he receives only a small or medium dose, his +body will repair itself and he will get well. The same dose received over a +short period of time is more damaging than if it is received over a longer +period. Usually, the effects of a given dose of radiation are more severe +in very young and very old persons, and those not in good health.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe010a" href="images/itoe010a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe010a.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>No special clothing can protect people against gamma radiation, and no +special drugs or chemicals can prevent large doses of radiation from +causing damage to the cells of the body. However, antibiotics and other +medicines are helpful in treating infections that sometimes follow +excessive exposure to radiation (which weakens the body's ability to fight +infections).</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe010b" href="images/itoe010b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe010b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Almost all of the radiation that people would absorb from fallout +particles would come from particles <i>outside</i> their own bodies. Only +simple precautions would be necessary to avoid swallowing the particles, +and because of their size (like grains of sand) it would be practically +impossible to inhale them.</p> + +<p>People exposed to fallout radiation do <i>not</i> become radioactive and +thereby dangerous to other people. Radiation sickness is not contagious or +infectious, and one person cannot "catch it" from another person.</p> + + +<p><b>Protection Is Possible</b></p> + +<p>People can protect themselves against fallout radiation, and have a good +chance of surviving it, by staying inside a fallout shelter. In most cases, +the fallout radiation level outside the shelter would decrease rapidly +enough to permit people to leave the shelter within a few days.</p> + +<p>Even in communities that received heavy accumulations of fallout +particles, people soon might be able to leave shelter for a few minutes or +a few hours at a time in order to perform emergency tasks. In most places, +it is unlikely that full-time shelter occupancy would be required for more +than a week or two.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>[pg +14]</span><b>Many Kinds of Fallout Shelters</b></p> + +<p>The farther away you are from the fallout particles outside, the less +radiation you will receive. Also, the building materials (concrete, brick, +lumber, etc.) that are between you and the fallout particles serve to +absorb many of the gamma rays and keep them from reaching you.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe011" href="images/itoe011.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe011.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>A fallout shelter, therefore, does not need to be a special type of +building or an underground bunker. It can be <i>any space</i>, provided the +walls and roof are thick or heavy enough to absorb many of the rays given +off by the fallout particles outside, and thus keep dangerous amounts of +radiation from reaching the people inside the structure.</p> + +<p>A shelter can be the basement or inner corridor of any large building; +the basement of a private home; a subway or tunnel; or even a backyard +trench with some kind of shielding material (heavy lumber, earth, bricks, +etc.) serving as a roof.</p> + +<p>In addition to protecting people from fallout radiation, most fallout +shelters also would provide some limited protection against the blast and +heat effects of nuclear explosions that were not close by.</p> + +<p>Chapter 4 (pages <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a>) +discusses the various types of fallout shelters that people can use to +protect themselves in case of nuclear attack.</p> + + +<p><b>Food and Water Would Be Available and Usable</b></p> + +<p>From many studies, the Federal Government has determined that enough +food and water would be available after an attack to sustain our surviving +citizens. However, temporary food shortages might occur in some areas, +until food was shipped there from other areas.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>[pg 15]</span> + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe012a" href="images/itoe012a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe012a.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Most of the Nation's remaining food supplies would be usable after an +attack. Since radiation passing through food does not contaminate it, the +only danger would be the actual swallowing of fallout particles that +happened to be on the food itself (or on the can or package containing the +food), and these could be wiped or washed off. Reaping, threshing, canning +and other processing would prevent any dangerous quantities of fallout +particles from getting into processed foods. If necessary to further +protect the population, special precautions would be taken by food +processors.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe012b" href="images/itoe012b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe012b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Water systems might be affected somewhat by radioactive fallout, but the +risk would be small, especially if a few simple precautions were taken. +Water stored in covered containers and water in covered wells would not be +contaminated after an attack, because the fallout particles could not get +into the water. Even if the containers were not covered (such as buckets or +bathtubs filled with emergency supplies of water), as long as they were +indoors it is highly unlikely that fallout particles would get into +them.</p> + +<p>Practically all of the particles that dropped into open reservoirs, +lakes, and streams (or into open containers or wells) would settle to the +bottom. Any that didn't would be removed when the water was filtered before +being pumped to consumers. A small amount of radioactive material might +dissolve in the water, but at most this would be of concern for only a few +weeks.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>[pg 16]</span> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe013" href="images/itoe013.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe013.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Milk contamination from fallout is not expected to be a serious problem +after an attack. If cows graze on contaminated pasture and swallow fallout +particles that contain some radioactive elements, their milk might be +harmful to the thyroid glands of infants and small children. Therefore, if +possible, they should be given canned or powdered milk for a few weeks if +authorities say the regular milk supply is contaminated by radioactive +elements.</p> + +<p>In summary, the danger of people receiving harmful doses of fallout +radiation through food, water or milk is very small. People suffering from +extreme hunger or thirst should not be denied these necessities after an +attack, even if the only available supplies might contain fallout particles +or other radioactive substances.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>[pg 17]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_3"></a>Chapter 3</h3> + +<h2>KNOW ABOUT WARNING</h2> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Learn what outdoor warning signals are used in your community, what +they sound like, what they mean, and what actions you should take when you +hear them.</p> + +<p>2. Make sure you know the difference between the Attack Warning Signal +and the Attention or Alert Signal (if both are used in your community).</p> + + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. When you hear the warning signals, or warning information is +broadcast, take prompt action.</p> + +<p>2. If the Attack Warning Signal sounds, go to a fallout shelter +immediately (unless your local government has told you to do something +else). After you are in shelter, listen to a radio for more information and +instructions.</p> + +<p>3. If there is no public or private shelter you can go to, try to +improvise some fallout protection. As a last resort, take cover in the best +available place.</p> + +<p>4. If there should be a nuclear flash--especially if you feel the warmth +from it--take cover <i>instantly</i>, and then move to a fallout shelter +later.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>[pg +18]</span><h2>KNOW ABOUT WARNING</h2> + +<p>An enemy attack on the United States probably would be preceded by a +period of international tension or crisis. This crisis period would help +alert all citizens to the <i>possibility</i> of attack.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe014" href="images/itoe014.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe014.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>If an attack actually occurs, it is almost certain that incoming enemy +planes and missiles would be detected by our networks of warning stations +in time for citizens to get into shelters or at least take cover. This +warning time might be as little as 5-15 minutes in some locations, or as +much as an hour or more in others.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe015" href="images/itoe015.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe015.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>How you received warning of an attack would depend on where you happened +to be at that time. You might hear the warning given on radio or +television, or even by word-of-mouth. Or your first notice of attack might +come from the outdoor warning system in your own city, town or village.</p> + +<p>Many U.S. cities and towns have outdoor warning systems, using sirens, +whistles, horns or bells. Although they have been installed mainly to warn +citizens of enemy attack, some local governments also use them in +connection with natural disasters and other peacetime catastrophes.</p> + +<p>Different cities and towns are using their outdoor warning systems in +different ways. Most local governments, however, have decided to use a +certain signal to warn people of an enemy attack, and a different signal to +notify them of a peacetime disaster.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>[pg +19]</span><b>The Standard Warning Signals</b></p> + +<p>The two "standard" signals that have been adopted in <i>most</i> +communities are these:</p> + +<p><b>THE ATTACK WARNING SIGNAL.</b> This will be sounded only in case of +enemy attack. The signal itself is a 3- to 5-minute <i>wavering sound</i> +on the sirens, or a <i>series of short blasts</i> on whistles, horns or +other devices, repeated as deemed necessary. The Attack Warning Signal +means that an actual enemy attack against the United States has been +detected, and that protective action should be taken immediately. This +signal has no other meaning, and will be used for no other purpose.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe016" href="images/itoe016.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe016.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><b>THE ATTENTION OR ALERT SIGNAL.</b> This is used by some local +governments to get the attention of citizens in a time of threatened or +impending natural disaster, or some other peacetime emergency. The signal +itself is a 3-to 5-minute <i>steady blast</i> on sirens, whistles, horns or +other devices. In most places, the Attention or Alert Signal means that the +local government wants to broadcast important information on radio or +television concerning a peacetime disaster. (See Chapter 1 of Major Natural +Disasters section of this handbook.)</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe017" href="images/itoe017.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe017.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><b>What To Do When Signals Sound</b></p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe018" href="images/itoe018.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe018.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>1. <i>If you should hear the Attack Warning Signal</i>--unless your +local government has instructed you otherwise--go immediately to a public +fallout shelter marked like this, or to your home fallout shelter. Turn on +a radio, tune it to any local station that is broadcasting, and listen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>[pg 20]</span>for +official information. Follow whatever instructions are given.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe019" href="images/itoe019.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe019.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>If you are at home and there is no public or private shelter available, +you may be able to improvise some last-minute protection for yourself and +your family by following the suggestions in Chapter 5 (pages <a +href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a>) of this handbook. As a +last resort, take cover anywhere you can.</p> + +<p>2. If you should hear the Attention or Alert Signal, turn on a radio or +TV set, tune it to any local station, and follow the official instructions +being broadcast.</p> + + +<p><b>Don't Use the Telephone</b></p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe020" href="images/itoe020.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe020.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Whichever signal is sounding, <i>don't</i> use the telephone to obtain +further information and advice about the emergency. Depend on the radio or +television, since the government will be broadcasting all the information +it has available. The telephone lines will be needed for official calls. +Help keep them open.</p> + + +<p><b>Learn Your Community's Signals Now</b></p> + +<p>As mentioned before not all communities in the U.S. have outdoor warning +systems, and not all communities with warning systems have adopted the two +"standard" warning signals.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe021" href="images/itoe021.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe021.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>You should therefore <i>find out now</i> from your local Civil Defense +Office what signals are being used, in <i>your</i> community; what they +sound like; what they mean; and what actions you should take when you hear +them. Then memorize this information, or write it down on a card to carry +with you at all times. Also, post it in your home. Check at least once each +year to see if there are any changes.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>[pg +21]</span><b>If There Is a Nuclear Flash</b></p> + +<p>It is possible--but extremely unlikely--that your first warning of an +enemy attack might be the flash of a nuclear explosion in the sky some +distance away. Or there might be a flash after warning had been given, +possibly while you were on your way to shelter.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe022" href="images/itoe022.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe022.png" /></a><br /></p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe023" href="images/itoe023.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe023.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> TAKE COVER INSTANTLY. If +there should be a nuclear flash--especially if you are outdoors and feel +warmth at the same time--take cover <i>instantly</i> in the best place you +can find. By getting inside or under something within a few <i>seconds</i>, +you might avoid being seriously burned by the heat or injured by the blast +wave of the nuclear explosion. If the explosion were some distance away, +you might have 5 to 15 <i>seconds</i> before being seriously injured by the +heat, and perhaps 30 to 60 <i>seconds</i> before the blast wave arrived. +Getting under cover within these time limits might save your life or avoid +serious injury. Also, to avoid injuring your eyes, <i>never look at the +flash of an explosion or the nuclear fireball</i>.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>[pg 22]</span> + + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe024a" href="images/itoe024a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe024a.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> WHERE TO TAKE COVER. You +could take cover in any kind of a building, a storm cellar or fruit cellar, +a subway station or tunnel--or even in a ditch or culvert alongside the +road, a highway underpass, a storm sewer, a cave or outcropping of rock, a +pile of heavy materials, a trench or other excavation. Even getting under a +parked automobile, bus or train, or a heavy piece of furniture, would +protect you to some extent. If no cover is available, simply lie down on +the ground and curl up. The important thing is to avoid being burned by the +heat, thrown about by the blast, or struck by flying objects.</p> + + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> BEST POSITION AFTER TAKING +COVER. After taking cover you should lie on your side in a curled-up +position, and cover your head with your arms and hands. This would give you +some additional protection.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe024b" href="images/itoe024b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe024b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> MOVE TO A FALLOUT SHELTER +LATER. If you protected yourself against the blast and heat waves by +instantly taking cover, you could get protection from the radioactive +fallout (which would arrive later) by moving to a fallout shelter.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>[pg 23]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_4"></a>Chapter 4</h3> + +<h2>FALLOUT SHELTERS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE</h2> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Learn the locations of the public fallout shelters that your local +government wants you to go to in a time of attack. If no instructions of +this kind have been issued, learn the locations of the public shelters +nearest to you when you are at home, work, or school. Make sure each member +of the family knows these locations.</p> + +<p>2. If there is no public fallout shelter near your home, prepare a +permanent or preplanned family shelter at home.</p> + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. When you are warned of an enemy attack, go immediately to a public +fallout shelter or to your own home shelter, unless your local government +has given you other instructions.</p> + +<p>2. Stay in shelter until you receive official notice that it is safe to +come out.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>[pg +24]</span><h2>FALLOUT SHELTERS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE</h2> + + +<p>After a nuclear attack, fallout particles would drift down on most areas +of this country. To protect themselves from the radiation given off by +these particles, people in affected areas would have to stay in fallout +shelters for 2 or 3 days to as long as 2 weeks. Many people would go to +public fallout shelters, while others--through choice or necessity--would +take refuge in private or home fallout shelters.</p> + + +<p><b>Identifying Public Shelters</b></p> + +<p>Most communities now have public fallout shelters that would protect +many of their residents against fallout radiation. Where there are still +not enough public shelters to accommodate all citizens, efforts are being +made to provide more. In the meantime, local governments plan to make use +of the best available shelter.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe025" href="images/itoe025.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe025.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Most of the existing public shelters are located in larger buildings and +are marked with this standard yellow-and-black fallout shelter sign. Other +public shelters are in smaller buildings, subways, tunnels, mines and other +facilities. These also are marked with shelter signs, or would be marked in +a time of emergency.</p> + + +<p><b>Learn the Locations of Public Shelters</b></p> + +<p>An attack might come at any hour of the day or night. Therefore you +should find out <i>now</i> the locations of those public fallout shelters +designated by your local government for your use. If no designations have +yet been made, learn the locations of public shelters that are nearest to +you when you are at home, work, school, or any other place where you spend +considerable time.</p> + +<p>This advice applies to all members of the family. Your children +especially should be given clear instructions <i>now</i> on where to find a +fallout shelter at all times of the day, and told what other actions they +should take in case an attack should occur.</p> + + +<p><b>A Home Shelter May Save Your Life</b></p> + +<p>Public fallout shelters usually offer some advantages over home +shelters. However, in many places--especially suburban and rural +areas--there are few public shelters. If there is none near you, a home +fallout shelter may save your life.</p> + +<p>The basements of some homes are usable as family fallout shelters as +they now stand, without any alterations or changes--especially if <span +class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>[pg 25]</span>the house +has two or more stories, and its basement is below ground level.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe026" href="images/itoe026.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe026.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>However, most home basements would need some improvements in order to +shield their occupants adequately from the radiation given off by fallout +particles. Usually, householders can make these improvements themselves, +with moderate effort and at low cost. Millions of homes have been surveyed +for the U.S. Office of Civil Defense by the U.S. Census Bureau, and these +householders have received information on how much fallout protection their +basements would provide, and how to improve this protection.</p> + + +<p><b>Shielding Material Is Required</b></p> + +<p>In setting up any home fallout shelter, the basic aim is to place enough +"shielding material" between the people in the shelter and the fallout +particles outside.</p> + +<p>Shielding material is any substance that would absorb and deflect the +invisible rays given off by fallout particles outside the house, and thus +reduce the amount of radiation reaching the occupants of the shelter. The +thicker or denser the shielding material is, the more it would protect the +shelter occupants.</p> + +<p>Some radiation protection is provided by the existing, standard walls +and ceiling of a basement. But if they are not thick or dense enough, other +shielding material will have to be added.</p> + +<p>Concrete, bricks, earth and sand are some of the materials that are +dense or heavy enough to provide fallout protection. For comparative +purposes, 4 inches of concrete would provide the same shielding density +as:</p> + +<blockquote> +--5 to 6 inches of bricks.<br /> +--6 inches of sand or gravel . . . .\ May be packed into bags, cartons, +boxes,<br /> +--7 inches or earth. . . . . . . . ./ or other containers for easier +handling.<br /> +--8 inches of hollow concrete blocks (6 inches if filled with sand).<br /> +--10 inches of water.<br /> +--14 inches of books or magazines.<br /> +--18 inches of wood.<br /> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>[pg +26]</span><b>How To Prepare a Home Shelter</b></p> + +<p>If there is no public fallout shelter near your home, or if you would +prefer to use a family-type shelter in a time of attack, you should prepare +a home fallout shelter. Here is how to do it:</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> A PERMANENT BASEMENT +SHELTER. If your home basement--or one corner of it--is below ground level, +your best and easiest action would be to prepare a permanent-type family +shelter there. The required shielding material would cost perhaps +$100-$200, and if you have basic carpentry or masonry skills you probably +could do the work yourself in a short time.</p> + +<p>Here are three methods of providing a permanent family shelter in the +"best" corner of your home basement--that is, the corner which is most +below ground level. If you decide to set up one of these shelters, <i>first +get the free plan for it</i> by writing to Civil Defense, Army Publications +Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd. (Middle River), Baltimore, Md. 21220. In +ordering a plan, use the full name shown for it.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe027" href="images/itoe027.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe027.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>[pg +27]</span><b>Ceiling Modification Plan A</b></p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe028" href="images/itoe028.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe028.png" /></a><br /></p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe029" href="images/itoe029.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe029.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>If nearly all your basement is below ground level, you can use this plan +to build a fallout shelter area in one corner of it, without changing the +appearance of it or interfering with its normal peacetime use.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe030" href="images/itoe030.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe030.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>However, if 12 inches or more of the basement wall is above ground +level, this plan should <i>not</i> be used unless you add the "optional +walls" shown in the sketch.</p> + +<p>Overhead protection is obtained by screwing plywood sheets securely to +the joists, and then filling the spaces between the joists with bricks or +concrete blocks. An extra beam and a screwjack column may be needed to +support the extra weight.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe031" href="images/itoe031.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe031.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Building this shelter requires some basic woodworking skills and about +$150-$200 for materials. It can be set up while the house is being built, +or afterward.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>[pg +28]</span><b>Alternate Ceiling Modification Plan B</b></p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe032" href="images/itoe032.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe032.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>This is similar to Plan A, except that new extra joists are fitted into +part of the basement ceiling to support the added weight of the shielding +(instead of using a beam and a screwjack column).</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe033" href="images/itoe033.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe033.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>The new wooden joists are cut to length and notched at the ends, then +installed between the existing joists.</p> + +<p>After plywood panels are screwed securely to the joists, bricks or +concrete blocks are then packed tightly into the spaces between the joists. +The bricks or blocks, as well as the joists themselves, will reduce the +amount of fallout radiation penetrating downward into the basement.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe034" href="images/itoe034.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe034.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Approximately one-quarter of the total basement ceiling should be +reinforced with extra joists and shielding material.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe035" href="images/itoe035.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe035.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><i>Important:</i> This plan (like Plan A) should <i>not</i> be used if +12 inches or more of your basement wall is above ground level, unless you +add the "optional walls" inside your basement that are shown in the Plan A +sketch.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>[pg +29]</span><b>Permanent Concrete Block or Brick Shelter Plan C</b></p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe036a" href="images/itoe036a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe036a.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>This shelter will provide excellent protection, and can be constructed +easily at a cost of $150 in most parts of the country.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe036b" href="images/itoe036b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe036b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Made of concrete blocks or bricks, the shelter should be located in the +corner of your basement that is most below ground level. It can be built +low, to serve as a "sitdown" shelter; or by making it higher you can have a +shelter in which people can stand erect.</p> + +<p>The shelter ceiling, however, should <i>not</i> be higher than the +outside ground level of the basement corner where the shelter is +located.</p> + +<p>The higher your basement is above ground level, the thicker you should +make the walls and roof of this shelter, since your regular basement walls +will provide only limited shielding against outside radiation.</p> + +<p>Natural ventilation is provided by the shelter entrance, and by the air +vents shown in the shelter wall.</p> + +<p>This shelter can be used as a storage room or for other useful purposes +in non-emergency periods.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>[pg 30]</span>A +PREPLANNED BASEMENT SHELTER. If your home has a basement but you do not +wish to set up a permanent-type basement shelter, the next best thing would +be to arrange to assemble a "preplanned" home shelter. This simply means +gathering together, in advance, the shielding material you would need to +make your basement (or one part of it) resistant to fallout radiation. This +material could be stored in or around your home, ready for use whenever you +decided to set up your basement shelter.</p> + +<p>Here are two kinds of preplanned basement shelters. If you want to set +up one of these, be sure to <i>get the free plan for it first</i> by +writing to Civil Defense, Army Publications Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd. +(Middle River), Baltimore, Md. 21220. Mention the full name of the plan you +want.</p> + + +<p><b>Preplanned Snack Bar Shelter Plan D</b></p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe038" href="images/itoe038.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe038.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>This is a snack bar built of bricks or concrete blocks, set in mortar, +in the "best" corner of your basement (the corner that is most below ground +level). It can be converted quickly into a fallout shelter by lowering a +strong, hinged "false ceiling" so that it rests on the snack bar.</p> + +<p>When the false ceiling is lowered into place in a time of emergency, the +hollow sections of it can be filled with bricks or concrete blocks. These +can be stored conveniently nearby, or can be used as room dividers or +recreation room furniture (see bench in sketch).</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>[pg +31]</span><b>Preplanned Tilt-Up Storage Unit Plan E</b></p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe040" href="images/itoe040.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe040.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>A tilt-up storage unit in the best corner of your basement is another +method of setting up a "preplanned" family fallout shelter.</p> + +<p>The top of the storage unit should be hinged to the wall. In peacetime, +the unit can be used as a bookcase, pantry, or storage facility.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe041" href="images/itoe041.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe041.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>In a time of emergency, the storage unit can be tilted so that the +bottom of it rests on a wall of bricks or concrete blocks that you have +stored nearby.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>[pg 32]</span> + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe042" href="images/itoe042.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe042.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Other bricks or blocks should then be placed in the storage unit's +compartments, to provide an overhead shield against fallout radiation.</p> + +<p>The fallout protection offered by your home basement also can be +increased by adding shielding material to the outside, exposed portion of +your basement walls, and by covering your basement windows with shielding +material.</p> + +<p>You can cover the above-ground portion of the basement walls with earth, +sand, bricks, concrete blocks, stones from your patio, or other +material.</p> + +<p>You also can use any of these substances to block basement windows and +thus prevent outside fallout radiation from entering your basement in that +manner.</p> + + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> A PERMANENT OUTSIDE SHELTER. +If your home has no basement, or if you prefer to have a permanent-type +home shelter in your yard, you can obtain instructions on how to construct +several different kinds of outside fallout shelters by writing to the U.S. +Office of Civil Defense, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. 20310. +There is no charge for these.</p> + + +<p><b>When To Leave Shelter</b></p> + +<p>You should not come out of shelter until you are told by authorities +that it is safe to do so. Special instruments are needed to detect fallout +radiation and to measure its intensity. Unless you have these instruments, +you will have to depend on your local government to tell you when to leave +shelter.</p> + +<p>This information probably would be given on the radio, which is one +reason why you should keep on hand a battery-powered radio that works in +your shelter area.</p> + +<p>If you came out of shelter too soon, while the fallout particles outside +were still highly radioactive, you might receive enough radiation to make +you sick or even kill you.</p> + +<p>Remember that <i>fallout particles</i> can be seen, but the <i>rays</i> +they give off cannot be seen. If you see unusual quantities of gritty +particles outside (on window ledges, sidewalks, cars, etc.) after an +attack, you should assume that they are fallout particles, and therefore +stay inside your shelter until you are told it is safe to come out.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>[pg 33]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_5"></a>Chapter 5</h3> + +<h2>IMPROVISING FALLOUT PROTECTION</h2> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. If there is no public fallout shelter near your home and you have +decided <i>not</i> to prepare a permanent or preplanned shelter in your +basement or yard, make sure that you have on hand <i>now</i> the materials +and tools needed to improvise an emergency shelter at home. These would +include shielding material (for an inside shelter), and lumber and a shovel +(for an outside shelter).</p> + + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. If you have no better shelter to go to, improvise an emergency +shelter at home.</p> + +<p>2. Usually, the best place for an improvised shelter would be in your +basement or storm cellar.</p> + +<p>3. If you don't have a basement or storm cellar, you might be able to +improvise a shelter in the crawl space under your house, outside in your +yard, or (as a last resort) on the ground floor of your house. In some +places, a boat would provide some fallout protection.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>[pg +34]</span><h2>IMPROVISING FALLOUT PROTECTION</h2> + +<p>If an enemy attack should occur when you are at home, and you have made +no advance shelter preparations, you still might be able to improvise a +shelter either inside or outside your house. In a time of emergency, the +radio broadcasts may tell you whether you have time to improvise a shelter +or should take cover immediately.</p> + +<p>An improvised shelter probably would not give you as much protection as +a permanent or a preplanned family shelter, but any protection is better +than none, and might save your life.</p> + +<p>The best place to improvise a shelter would be the basement or storm +cellar, if your home has one.</p> + + +<p><b>Shielding Material Needed</b></p> + +<p>To improvise a shelter you would need shielding materials such as those +mentioned on page <a href="#Page_25">25</a>--concrete blocks, bricks, sand, +etc. Other things could also be used as shielding material, or to support +shielding material, such as:</p> + +<p>--House doors that have been taken off their hinges (especially heavy +outside doors).</p> + +<p>--Dressers and chests (fill the drawers with sand or earth after they +are placed in position, so they won't be too heavy to carry and won't +collapse while being carried).</p> + +<p>--Trunks, boxes and cartons (fill them with sand or earth after they are +placed in position).</p> + +<p>--Tables and bookcases.</p> + +<p>--Large appliances (such as washers and dryers).</p> + +<p>--Books, magazines, and stacks of firewood or lumber.</p> + +<p>--Flagstones from outside walks and patios.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe043" href="images/itoe043.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe043.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>[pg +35]</span><b>Improvising a Basement Shelter</b></p> + +<p>Here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in the basement of a +home:</p> + +<p>Set up a large, sturdy table or workbench in the corner of your basement +that is most below ground level.</p> + +<p>On the table, pile as much shielding material as it will hold without +collapsing. Around the table, place as much shielding material as +possible.</p> + +<p>When family members are "inside the shelter"--that is, under the +table--block the opening with other shielding material.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe044" href="images/itoe044.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe044.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>If you don't have a large table or workbench available--or if more +shelter space is needed--place furniture or large appliances in the corner +of the basement so they will serve as the "walls" of your shelter.</p> + +<p>As a "ceiling" for it, use doors from the house that have been taken off +their hinges. On top of the doors, pile as much shielding material as they +will support. Stack other shielding material around the "walls" of your +shelter.</p> + +<p>When all persons are inside the shelter space, block the opening with +shielding material.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe045" href="images/itoe045.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe045.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>[pg +36]</span><b>Using a Storm Cellar for Fallout Protection</b></p> + +<p>A below-ground storm cellar can be used as an improvised fallout +shelter, but additional shielding material may be needed to provide +adequate protection from fallout radiation.</p> + +<p>If the existing roof of the storm cellar is made of wood or other light +material, it should be covered with one foot of earth or an equivalent +thickness of other shielding material (see page <a href="#Page_25">25</a>) +for overhead shielding from fallout. More posts or braces may be needed to +support the extra weight.</p> + +<p>After the roof has been shielded, better protection can be provided by +blocking the entrance way with 8-inch concrete blocks or an equivalent +thickness of sandbags, bricks, earth or other shielding material, after all +occupants are inside the shelter. A few inches should be left open at the +top for air. After particles have stopped falling, the outside door may be +left open to provide better ventilation.</p> + +<p>If shielding material is not available for the entrance way, shelter +occupants should stay as far away from it as possible. They also should +raise the outside door of the storm cellar now and then to knock off any +fallout particles that may have collected on it.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe046" href="images/itoe046.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe046.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><b>Using the Crawl Space Under Your House</b></p> + +<p>Some homes without basements have "crawl space" between the first floor +and the ground underneath the house. If you have this space under your +house--and if the house is set on foundation walls, rather than on +pillars--you can improvise fallout protection for your family there.</p> + +<p>First, get access to the crawl space through the floor or through the +outside foundation wall. (A trapdoor or other entry could be made now, +before an emergency occurs.)</p> + +<p>As the location for your shelter, select a crawl-space area that is +under the center of the house, as far away from the outside foundation +walls as possible.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>[pg +37]</span>Around the selected shelter area, place shielding material-- +preferably bricks or blocks, or containers filled with sand or earth--from +the ground level up to the first floor of the house, so that the shielding +material forms the "walls" of your shelter area. On the floor above, place +other shielding material to form a "roof" for the shelter area.</p> + +<p>If time permits, dig out more earth and make the shelter area deeper, so +you can stand erect or at least sit up in it.</p> + + +<p><b>Improvising an Outside Shelter</b></p> + +<p>If your home has no basement, no storm cellar and no protected crawl +space, here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in your +yard:</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe047" href="images/itoe047.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe047.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> Dig an <b>L</b>-shaped +trench, about 4 feet deep and 3 feet wide. One side of the <b>L</b>, which +will be the shelter area, should be long enough to accommodate all family +members. The other side of the <b>L</b> can be shorter, since its purpose +is to serve as an entrance-way and to reduce the amount of radiation +getting into the shelter area.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe048" href="images/itoe048.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe048.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Cover the entire trench with lumber (or with house doors that have been +taken off their hinges), except for about 2 feet on the short side of the +<b>L</b>, to provide access and ventilation.</p> + +<p>On top of the lumber or doors, pile earth 1 to 2 feet high, or cover +them with other shielding material.</p> + +<p>If necessary, support or "shore up" the walls of the trench, as well as +the lumber or doors, so they will not collapse.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> Dig a shallow ditch, 6 +inches deep and 6 inches wide, parallel to and 4 feet from the outside wall +of your house.</p> + +<p>Remove the heaviest doors from the house. Place the bottoms of the doors +in the ditch (so they won't slip), and lean the doors against the wall of +the house.</p> + +<p>On the doors, pile 12 to 18 inches of earth or sand. Stack or pile other +shielding material at the sides of the doors, and also on the other side of +the house wall (to protect you against radiation coming from that +direction).</p> + +<p>If possible, make the shelter area deeper by digging out more earth +inside it. Also dig some other shallow ditches, to allow rain water to +drain away.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>[pg +38]</span><b>An Improvised Shelter on the Ground Floor</b></p> + +<p>If your home has no basement or storm cellar (and no crawl space that is +surrounded by foundation walls up to the first floor), you can get some +limited fallout protection by improvising a fallout shelter on the first or +ground floor of your house. However, this type of shelter probably would +not give you nearly as much protection as the other types of improvised +shelters described in this chapter.</p> + +<p>Use an inner hall, inner room or large clothes closet on the ground +floor, away from outside walls and windows.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe049" href="images/itoe049.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe049.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>With doors, furniture and appliances, plus stacks of other shielding +material, you can create an enclosure large enough to live in for a short +time. If possible, use boxes filled with sand or earth as shielding +material, and fill drawers and trunks with sand or earth.</p> + +<p>If there is not room for the shielding material in the limited space of +a closet or small room, you can place the material on the other sides of +the walls, or on the floor overhead.</p> + + +<p><b>Boats as Improvised Shelters</b></p> + +<p>If no better fallout protection is available, a boat with an enclosed +cabin could be used. However, in addition to emergency supplies such as +food, drinking water and a battery-powered radio, you should have aboard +the items you would need (a broom, bucket, or pump-and-hose) to sweep off +or flush off any fallout particles that might collect on the boat.</p> + +<p>The boat should be anchored or cruised slowly at least 200 feet +offshore, where the water is at least 5 feet deep. This distance from shore +would protect you from radioactive fallout particles that had fallen on the +nearby land. A 5-foot depth would absorb the radiation from particles +falling into the water and settling on the bottom.</p> + +<p>If particles drift down on the boat, stay inside the cabin most of the +time. Go outside now and then, and sweep or flush off any particles that +have collected on the boat.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>[pg 39]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_6"></a>Chapter 6</h3> + +<h2>SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS</h2> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. If you intend to go to a <i>public</i> fallout shelter in a time of +attack, find out <i>now</i> whether it has emergency supplies in it.</p> + +<p>--If it <i>has</i> emergency supplies, always keep on hand at home (or +in your car) those few additional supplies you would need to take with +you.</p> + +<p>--If it <i>does not have</i> emergency supplies, always keep on hand at +home all the supplies you would need to take with you.</p> + +<p>2. If you intend to use a family fallout shelter at home, always keep on +hand, in and around your home, all the supplies and equipment you would +need for a shelter stay of two weeks.</p> + + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. If you are going to a <i>public</i> fallout shelter, take with you +the supplies you will need.</p> + +<p>2. If you are going to your <i>home</i> fallout shelter, gather up the +supplies and equipment you want to take to the shelter area with you.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>[pg +40]</span><h2>SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS</h2> + +<p>People gathered in public and private fallout shelters to escape fallout +radiation after a nuclear attack would have to stay there--at least part of +the time--for a week or two.</p> + +<p>During this time they would need certain supplies and equipment in order +to stay alive and well, and to cope with emergency situations that might +occur in their shelters.</p> + +<p>This chapter tells you what supplies and equipment to take with you if +you go to a public fallout shelter, and what items you should keep on hand +if you plan to use a family fallout shelter at home.</p> + + +<p><b>What To Take to a Public Fallout Shelter</b></p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe050" href="images/itoe050.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe050.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>To augment the supply of food and liquids usually found in large +buildings, most public fallout shelters are stocked--and others are being +stocked--with emergency supplies. These include water containers, emergency +food rations, sanitation items, basic medical supplies, and instruments to +measure the radiation given off by fallout particles.</p> + +<p>If the public shelter you will use in a time of attack contains these or +other emergency supplies, you should plan to take with you only these +additional items:</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe051" href="images/itoe051.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe051.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Special medicines or foods required by members of your family, such as +insulin, heart tablets, dietetic food or baby food.</p> + +<p>--A blanket for each family member.</p> + +<p>--A battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries.</p> + +<p>If the public shelter you are going to does <i>not</i> contain emergency +supplies, you should take with you all the above items, <i>plus</i> as much +potable liquids (water, fruit and vegetable juices, etc.) and ready-to-eat +food as you can carry to the shelter.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>[pg +41]</span><b>Stocks for a Home Shelter</b></p> + +<p>If you intend to use a home fallout shelter, you should <i>gather +together now</i> all the things you and your family would need for 2 weeks, +even though you probably wouldn't have to remain inside shelter for that +entire period.</p> + +<p>All these items need not be stocked in your home shelter area. They can +be stored elsewhere in or around your house, as long as you could find them +easily and move them to your shelter area quickly in a time of +emergency.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe052" href="images/itoe052.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe052.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> <b>The Absolute +Necessities.</b> There are a few things you <i>must</i> have. They are +water, food, sanitation supplies, and any special medicines or foods needed +by family members such as insulin, heart tablets, dietetic food and baby +food.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> <b>The Complete List.</b> In +addition to the absolute necessities, there are other important items. Some +of them may be needed to save lives. At the least, they will be helpful to +you. Here is a list of all major items--both essential and desirable.</p> + +<p>WATER. This is even more important than food. Enough water should be +available to give each person at least one quart per day for 14 days. Store +it in plastic containers, or in bottles or cans. All should have tight +stoppers. Part of your water supply might be "trapped" water in the pipes +of your home plumbing system, and part of it might be in the form of +bottled or canned beverages, fruit or vegetable juices, or milk. A +water-purifying agent (either water-purifying tablets, or 2 percent +tincture of iodine, or a liquid chlorine household bleach) should also be +stored, in case you need to purify any cloudy or "suspicious" water that +may contain bacteria.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>[pg 42]</span> + +<p>FOOD. Enough food should be kept on hand to feed all shelter occupants +for 14 days, including special foods needed by infants, elderly persons, +and those on limited diets. Most people in shelter can get along on about +half as much food as usual. If possible store canned or sealed-package +foods, preferably those not requiring refrigeration or cooking. These +should be replaced periodically. Here is a table showing the suggested +replacement periods, in months, for some of the types of food suitable to +store for emergency use.<sup><a href="#fn3" name="rfn3">[3]</a></sup></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td>Milk:</td><td><i>Months</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Evaporated </td><td> 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Nonfat dry or whole dry milk,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> in +metal container </td><td> 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Canned meat, poultry, fish:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Meat, poultry </td><td> 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Fish </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Mixtures of meats, vegetables,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> cereal products </td><td> 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td> Condensed meat-and-vegetable</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> soups </td><td> 8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td>Fruits and vegetables:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Berries and sour cherries,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> canned </td><td> 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td> Citrus fruit juices, canned </td><td> 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Other fruits and fruit juices, +canned </td><td> 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Dried fruit, in metal container </td><td> 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Tomatoes, sauerkraut, canned </td><td> 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Other vegetables, canned</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> (including dry beans and +dry peas) </td><td> 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cereals and baked goods:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Ready-to-eat cereals:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> In metal container + </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> In original paper package + </td><td> 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Uncooked cereal (quick-cooking +or instant):</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> In metal container </td><td> 24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td> In original paper package </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td>Hydrogenated (or antioxidant-treated)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> fats, vegetable oil + </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sugars, sweets, nuts:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Sugar </td><td> will keep indefinitely</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Hard candy, gum </td><td> 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Nuts, canned </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Instant puddings </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Miscellaneous:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Coffee, tea, cocoa (instant) </td><td> 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Dry cream product (instant) </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Bouillon products </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Flavored beverage powders </td><td> 24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Salt </td><td> will keep indefinitely</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Flavoring extracts (e.g., pepper) </td><td> 24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Soda, baking powder </td><td> 12</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>SANITATION SUPPLIES. Since you may not be able to use your regular +bathroom during a period of emergency, you should keep on hand these +sanitation supplies: A metal container with a tight-fitting lid, to use as +an emergency toilet; one or two large garbage cans with covers (for human +wastes and garbage); plastic bags to line the toilet container; +disinfectant; toilet paper; soap; wash cloths and towels; a pail or basin; +and sanitary napkins.</p> + + +<p>MEDICINES AND FIRST AID SUPPLIES. This should include any medicines +being regularly taken, or likely to be needed, by family members. First aid +supplies should include all those found in a good first aid kit (bandages, +antiseptics, etc.), plus all the items normally kept in a well-stocked home +medicine chest (aspirin, thermometer, baking soda, petroleum jelly, etc.). +A good first aid handbook is also recommended.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>[pg +43]</span>INFANT SUPPLIES. Families with babies should keep on hand a +two-week stock of infant supplies such as canned milk or baby formula, +disposable diapers, bottles and nipples, rubber sheeting, blankets and baby +clothing. Because water for washing might be limited, baby clothing and +bedding should be stored in larger-than-normal quantities.</p> + +<p>COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Emergency supplies should include pots, +pans, knives, forks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, paper towels, measuring +cup, bottle opener, can opener, and pocket knife. If possible, disposable +items should be stored. A heat source also might be helpful, such as an +electric hot plate (for use if power is available), or a camp stove or +canned-heat stove (in case power is shut off). However, if a stove is used +indoors, adequate ventilation is needed.</p> + +<p>CLOTHING. Several changes of clean clothing--especially undergarments +and socks or stockings--should be ready for shelter use, in case water for +washing should be scarce.</p> + +<p>BEDDING. Blankets are the most important items of bedding that would be +needed in a shelter, but occupants probably would be more comfortable if +they also had available pillows, sheets, and air mattresses or sleeping +bags.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe053" href="images/itoe053.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe053.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT. Simple fire fighting tools, and knowledge of +how to use them, may be very useful. A hand-pumped fire extinguisher of the +inexpensive, 5-gallon, water type is preferred. Carbon tetrachloride and +other vaporizing-liquid type extinguishers are not recommended for use in +small enclosed spaces, because of the danger of fumes. Other useful fire +equipment for home use includes buckets filled with sand, a ladder, and a +garden hose.</p> + +<p>GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS. The essential items in this category are a +battery-powered radio and a flashlight or lantern, with spare batteries. +The radio might be your only link with the outside world, and you might +have to depend on it for all your information and instructions, especially +for advice on when to leave shelter.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>[pg +44]</span>Other useful items: a shovel, broom, axe, crowbar, kerosene +lantern, short rubber hose for siphoning, coil of half-inch rope at least +25 feet long, coil of wire, hammer, pliers, screwdriver, wrench, nails and +screws.</p> + +<p><b>MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS.</b> In addition to such practical items as +matches, candles, and civil defense instructions, some personal convenience +items could be brought into the home shelter if space permits. These might +include books and magazines, writing materials, a clock and calendar, +playing cards and hobby materials, a sewing kit, and toiletries such as +toothbrushes, cosmetics, and shaving supplies.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>[pg 45]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_7"></a>Chapter 7</h3> + +<h2>WATER, FOOD, AND SANITATION IN A SHELTER</h2> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Read this chapter fully, and learn how you would have to manage your +water, food and sanitation problems if you had to spend a week or two in a +fallout shelter, especially a home shelter.</p> + + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. If you are in a <i>public</i> fallout shelter, do exactly what the +shelter manager tells you to do. He will take care of you to the best of +his ability.</p> + +<p>2. If you are in a <i>home</i> shelter, follow the advice given in this +chapter concerning water, food and sanitation. Take care of your water and +food supplies, keep them clean, and make them last for the period you may +have to stay in shelter. If necessary, set up an emergency toilet, keep it +clean, and make sure it is used properly.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>[pg +46]</span><h2>WATER, FOOD, AND SANITATION IN A SHELTER</h2> + +<p>At all times and under all conditions, human beings must have sufficient +water, adequate food and proper sanitation in order to stay alive and +healthy. When people are living in a fallout shelter--even for a week or +two--water and food may be scarce, and it may be difficult to maintain +normal sanitary conditions. Water and food supplies may have to be +"managed"--that is, taken care of, kept clean, and rationed to each person +in the shelter. Sanitation also may have to be managed and controlled, +perhaps by setting up emergency toilets and rules to insure that they are +used properly.</p> + +<p>If you go to a <i>public</i> fallout shelter in a time of attack, you +probably would not need to know a great deal about managing water, food, +and sanitation. A shelter manager and his assistants would handle these +problems with the cooperation of all in the shelter. He would make the best +use of whatever water and food supplies were available, provide emergency +toilets if necessary, set up rules for living in the shelter, arrange for +the shelter occupants to carry on various activities necessary for health +and well-being, and decide when it was safe for the group to leave shelter +and for how long at a time.</p> + +<p>In a <i>home</i> fallout shelter, however, you and your family would be +largely on your own. You would have to take care of yourselves, solve your +own problems, make your own living arrangements, subsist on the supplies +you had previously stocked, and find out for yourself (probably by +listening to the radio) when it was safe to leave shelter. In this +situation, one of your most important tasks would be to manage your water +and food supplies, and maintain sanitation. The following guidance is +intended to help you do this.</p> + + +<p><b>Care and Use of Water Supplies</b></p> + +<p>The average person in a shelter would need at least 1 quart of water or +other liquids per day to drink, but more would be useful (to allow some for +washing, etc.). Therefore a rationing plan might be required in your home +shelter, so as to make your available liquids last for 14 days. (Many +communities may continue to have potable water available, and families +could relax their rationing plans.)</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe054" href="images/itoe054.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe054.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>In addition to water stored in containers, there is usually other water +available in most homes that is drinkable, such as:</p> + +<p>--Water and other liquids normally found in the kitchen, including ice +cubes, milk, soft <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" +id="Page_47"></a>[pg 47]</span>drinks, and fruit and vegetable juices.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe055a" href="images/itoe055a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe055a.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Water (20 to 60 gallons) in the hot water tank.</p> + +<p>--Water in the <i>flush tanks</i> (not the bowls) of home toilets.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe055b" href="images/itoe055b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe055b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Water in the pipes of your home plumbing system. In a time of nuclear +attack, local authorities may instruct householders to <i>turn off</i> the +main water valves in their homes to avoid having water drain away in case +of a break and loss of pressure in the water mains. With the main valve in +your house closed, all the pipes in the house would still be full of water. +To use this water, <i>turn on</i> the faucet that is located at the +<i>highest</i> point in your house, to let air into the system; and then +draw water, as needed, from the faucet that is located at the <i>lowest</i> +point in your house.</p> + +<p>In a home shelter, occupants should drink first the water they know is +uncontaminated, such as that mentioned above. Of course, if local +authorities tell you the regular water is drinkable, it should be used.</p> + +<p>If necessary, "suspicious" water--such as cloudy water from regular +faucets or perhaps some muddy water from a nearby stream or pond--can be +used after it has been purified. This is how to purify it:</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe056" href="images/itoe056.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe056.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>1. Strain the water through a paper towel or several thicknesses of +clean cloth, to remove dirt and fallout particles, if any. Or else let the +water "settle" in a container for 24 hours, by which time any solid +particles would have sunk to the bottom. A handful of clay soil in each +gallon of water would help this settling process.</p> + +<p>2. After the solid particles have been removed, boil the water if +possible for 3 to 5 minutes, or add a water-purifying agent to it. This +could be either: (<i>a</i>) water-purifying tablets, available at drug +stores, or (<i>b</i>) two percent tincture of iodine, or (<i>c</i>) liquid +chlorine household <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" +id="Page_48"></a>[pg 48]</span>bleach, provided the label says that it +contains hypochlorite as its <i>only</i> active ingredient. For each gallon +of water, use 4 water-purifying tablets, or 12 drops of tincture of iodine, +or 8 drops of liquid chlorine bleach. If the water is cloudy, these amounts +should be doubled.</p> + +<p>There would not be much danger of drinking radioactive particles in +water, as they would sink quickly to the bottom of the container or stream. +Very few would dissolve in the water. Although open reservoirs might +contain some radioactive iodine in the first few days after an attack, this +danger is considered minor except to very young children.</p> + + +<p><b>Care and Use of Food Supplies</b></p> + +<p>Food also should be rationed carefully in a home shelter, to make it +last for at least a 2-week period of shelter occupancy. Usually, half the +normal intake would be adequate, except for growing children or pregnant +women.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe057" href="images/itoe057.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe057.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>In a shelter, it is especially important to be sanitary in the storing, +handling and eating of food, so as to avoid digestive upsets or other more +serious illness, and to avoid attracting vermin. Be sure to:</p> + +<p>--Keep all food in covered containers.</p> + +<p>--Keep cooking and eating utensils clean.</p> + +<p>--Keep all garbage in a closed container, or dispose of it outside the +home when it is safe to go outside. If possible, bury it. Avoid letting +garbage or trash accumulate inside the shelter, both for fire and +sanitation reasons.</p> + + +<p><b>Emergency Toilet Facilities</b></p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe058" href="images/itoe058.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe058.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>In many home shelters, people would have to use emergency toilets until +it was safe to leave shelter for brief periods of time.</p> + +<p>An emergency toilet, consisting of a watertight container with a +snug-fitting cover, would be necessary. It could be a garbage container, or +a pail or bucket. If the container is small, a larger container, also with +a cover, should be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" +id="Page_49"></a>[pg 49]</span>available to empty the contents into for +later disposal. If possible, both containers should be lined with plastic +bags.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe059" href="images/itoe059.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe059.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>This emergency toilet could be fitted with some kind of seat, especially +for children or elderly persons. Or it may be possible to remove the seat +from a wooden chair, cut a hole in it, and place the container underneath. +For privacy, the toilet could be screened from view.</p> + +<p>Every time someone uses the toilet, he should pour or sprinkle into it a +small amount of regular household disinfectant, such as creosol or chlorine +bleach, to keep down odors and germs. After each use, the lid should be put +back on.</p> + +<p>When the toilet container needs to be emptied, and outside radiation +levels permit, the contents should be buried outside in a hole 1 or 2 feet +deep. This would prevent the spread of disease by rats and insects.</p> + +<p>If the regular toilets inside the home--or the sewer lines--are not +usable for any reason, an outside toilet should be built when it is safe to +do so.</p> + +<p>If anyone has been outside and fallout particles have collected on his +shoes or clothing, they should be brushed off before he enters the shelter +area again.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe060" href="images/itoe060.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe060.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>[pg +50]</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>[pg +51]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_8"></a>Chapter 8</h3> + +<h2>FIRE HAZARDS</h2> + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Follow the normal fire prevention rules given in this chapter.</p> + +<p>2. Keep on hand at home the basic fire fighting tools mentioned in +this chapter.</p> + + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Close doors, windows, venetian blinds, shades, and drapes in your +house.</p> + +<p>2. Unless otherwise advised, fill buckets and other containers with +water, for emergency fire fighting as well as other purposes.</p> + +<p>3. If a fire should occur, fight it promptly, following the recommended + procedures.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>[pg +52]</span><h2>FIRE HAZARDS</h2> + +<p>Fire, always a danger, could be even more of a disaster during a nuclear +attack emergency when the fire department might not be available to help +you. Also, the risk of fire would be greater at that time.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe061" href="images/itoe061.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe061.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Normal fire-prevention rules are of special importance in an emergency. +They include familiar commonsense precautions such as not allowing trash to +accumulate, especially near heat sources; exercising extreme caution in the +use of flammable fluids such as gasoline, naphtha, etc.; storage of such +fluids outdoors when possible; care in the use of electricity; repairing of +faulty wiring and avoiding overloaded circuits; and repair of faulty +heating systems.</p> + +<p>These special fire precautions should be taken in a time of nuclear +emergency, especially if you plan to use a home shelter:</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe062" href="images/itoe062.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe062.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>(1) Keep some of the intense heat rays from nuclear explosions from +entering your house by closing your doors, windows, venetian blinds, window +shades and drapes. If the climate will not permit this for an extended +period of time, close as many as possible, then close the rest when the +Attack Warning Signal is given.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>[pg 53]</span> + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe063" href="images/itoe063.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe063.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>(2) Unless local authorities advise otherwise, fill buckets, bathtubs +and other containers with water, for use in emergency fire fighting.</p> + +<p>If a fire does occur, your home might be saved if you know how to fight +fires, and have on hand some basic firefighting tools. These should include +a garden hose, a ladder, buckets filled with sand, containers filled with +water, and a fire extinguisher. Keep in mind that vaporizing-liquid types +of fire extinguishers can produce dangerous fumes when used in small +enclosed spaces.</p> + +<p>Remember the 3 basic ways to put out a fire:</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> Take away its fuel.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> Take away its air (smother +it).</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> Cool it with water or +fire-extinguisher chemicals.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe064" href="images/itoe064.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe064.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><i>Ordinary fires</i> should be fought by:</p> + +<p>--Getting the burning material out of the house (carry it out, or throw +it out of a door or window if you can); or</p> + +<p>--Putting out the fire with water, sand, earth or fire-extinguisher +chemicals; or</p> + +<p>--Smothering the fire with a rug or blanket, preferably wet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>[pg +54]</span><i>Special types of fires</i> require special methods:</p> + +<p>--If it is an <i>electrical fire</i>, be sure to shut off the +electricity first. Then put out the flames with water or anything else +available. If you can't shut off the electricity, don't use water on an +electrical fire.</p> + +<p>--If it is an <i>oil or grease fire</i>, shut off the supply of whatever +is burning. Then smother the flames with sand, earth, rugs, or other heavy +materials. Don't use water.</p> + +<p>--If it is a <i>gas fire</i>, shut off the gas supply. Then use water, +sand, or earth to put out whatever is burning.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>[pg 55]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_9"></a>Chapter 9</h3> + +<h2>EMERGENCY CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED</h2> + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + + +<p><b>Before an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Take the Medical Self-Help course, or a First Aid course.</p> + +<p>2. If this is not possible, obtain a good first aid manual, study it, +and keep it at home; or study the emergency medical instructions given in +this chapter, and keep this handbook at home.</p> + +<p>3. Obtain a good first aid kit, and keep your home medicine chest well +stocked with supplies you may need in a time of emergency.</p> + +<p><b>During an emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. Try to get a doctor or nurse (or at least a person trained in first +aid) to treat anyone who is injured or sick.</p> + +<p>2. If no one better qualified is available, take charge yourself.</p> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>[pg +56]</span><h2>EMERGENCY CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED</h2> + +<p>A nuclear attack on the United States would cause great numbers of +casualties, and there would be fewer doctors, nurses and hospitals +available to care for them. Even in areas where no nuclear weapons +exploded, radioactive fallout could prevent doctors and nurses from +reaching injured or sick persons for a considerable period of time.</p> + +<p>People would have to help each other during the emergency. Those in a +stocked public fallout shelter would have available the basic medical kit +stored there, and perhaps one or more shelter occupants might be a doctor, +nurse, or trained first-aider. But persons in a home shelter would have +only the medical supplies available at home, and would have to depend on +their own knowledge of first aid and emergency medical care.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe065" href="images/itoe065.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe065.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Both adults and teenagers can acquire these valuable skills now by +taking free courses that are offered in many communities, such as the +Medical Self-Help course or a First Aid course.</p> + +<p>The following information is no substitute for one of these courses. +This basic guidance may save lives during a nuclear emergency, however, by +helping untrained persons take care of the sick and injured when +professional medical assistance may not be immediately available.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe066" href="images/itoe066.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe066.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>[pg +57]</span><b>General Rules For Any Medical Emergency</b></p> + +<p>1. First of all, <i>do no harm</i>. Often, well-meaning but untrained +persons worsen the injury or illness in their attempts to help. Get +competent medical assistance, if possible. Do not assume responsibility for +a patient if you can get the help of a doctor, nurse, or experienced +first-aid worker. But if no one better qualified is available, take charge +yourself.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Look for stoppage of breathing, and for serious bleeding.</i> +These are the two most life-threatening conditions you can do something +about. They demand <i>immediate</i> treatment (see pages <a +href="#Page_58">58</a> and <a href="#Page_61">61</a>).</p> + +<p>8. <i>Prevent shock, or treat it.</i> Shock, a serious condition of +acute circulatory failure, usually accompanies a severe or painful injury, +a serious loss of blood, or a severe emotional upset. If you <i>expect</i> +shock, and take prompt action, you can prevent it or lessen its severity. +This may save the patient's life. (Treatment of shock is discussed on page +<a href="#Page_62">62</a>).</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe067" href="images/itoe067.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe067.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>4. <i>Don't move the patient immediately</i>. Unless there is real +danger of the patient receiving further injury where he is, he should not +be moved until breathing is restored, bleeding is stopped, and suspected +broken bones are splinted.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Keep calm, and reassure the patient.</i> Keep him lying down and +comfortably warm, but do not apply heat to his body, or make him sweat.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Never attempt to give liquids to an unconscious person</i>. If he +is not able to swallow, he may choke to death or drown. Also, don't give +him any liquids to drink if he has an abdominal injury.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>[pg +58]</span><b>If the Patient Has Stopped Breathing</b></p> + +<p>Quick action is required. You must get air into his lungs again +immediately or he may die. The best and simplest way of doing this is to +use mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Here is how to do it:</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe068" href="images/itoe068.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe068.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>1. Place the patient on his back. Loosen his collar.</p> + +<p>2. Open his mouth and use your fingers to remove any food or foreign +matter. If he has false teeth or removable dental bridges, take them +out.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe069" href="images/itoe069.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe069.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>3. Tilt the patient's head back so that his chin points upward. Lift his +lower jaw from beneath and behind so that it juts out. This will move his +tongue away from the back of his throat, so it does not block the air +passage to his lungs. Placing a pillow or something else under his +shoulders will help get his head into the right position. Some patients +will start breathing as soon as you take these steps, and no further help +is necessary.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe070" href="images/itoe070.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe070.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>4. Open your mouth as wide as possible, and place it tightly over the +patient's mouth, so his mouth is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" +id="Page_59"></a>[pg 59]</span>completely covered by yours. With one hand, +pinch his nostrils shut. With your other hand, hold his lower jaw in a +thrust-forward position and keep his head tilted back. With a baby or small +child, place your mouth over both his nose and mouth, making a tight +seal.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe071" href="images/itoe071.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe071.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>5. Blow a good lungful of air into an adult patient's mouth, continuing +to keep his head tilted back and his jaw jutting out so that the air +passage is kept open. (Air can be blown through an unconscious person's +teeth, even though they may be clenched tightly together.) Watch his chest +as you blow. When you see his chest rise, you will know that you are +getting air into his lungs.</p> + +<p>6. Remove your mouth from the patient's mouth, and listen for him to +breathe out the air you breathed into him. You also may feel his breath on +your cheek and see his chest sink as he exhales.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe072" href="images/itoe072.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe072.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>7. Continue your breathing for the patient. If he is an adult, blow a +good breath into his mouth every 5 seconds, or 12 times a minute, and +listen for him to breathe it back out again. <i>Caution</i>: If the patient +is an infant or small child, blow <i>small puffs</i> of air into him about +20 times a minute. You may rupture his lung if you blow in too much air at +one time. Watch his chest rise to make sure you are giving him the right +amount of air with each puff.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>[pg 60]</span> + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe073" href="images/itoe073.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe073.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>8. If you are <i>not</i> getting air into the patient's lungs, or if he +is not breathing out the air you blew into him, first make sure that his +head is tilted back and his jaw is jutting out in the proper position. Then +use your fingers to make sure nothing in his mouth or throat is obstructing +the air passage to his lungs. If this does not help, turn him on his side +and strike him sharply with the palm of your hand several times between his +shoulder blades. This should dislodge any obstruction in the air passage. +Then place him again on his back, with his head tilted back and his jaw +jutting out, and resume blowing air into his mouth. If this doesn't work, +try closing his mouth and blowing air through his nose into his lungs.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe074" href="images/itoe074.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe074.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>9. If you wish to avoid placing your mouth directly on the patient's +face, you may hold a cloth (handkerchief, gauze or other porous material) +over his mouth and breathe through the cloth. But don't waste precious time +looking for a cloth if you don't have one.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Important</i>: Even if the patient does not respond, continue +your efforts for 1 hour or longer, or until you are completely sure he is +dead. If possible, have this confirmed by at least one other person.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>[pg +61]</span><b>To Stop Serious Bleeding</b></p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe075" href="images/itoe075.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe075.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>1. Apply firm, even pressure to the wound with a dressing, clean cloth, +or sanitary napkin. If you don't have any of these, use your bare hand +until you can get something better. Remember, you must keep blood from +running out of the patient's body. Loss of 1 or 2 quarts will seriously +endanger his life.</p> + +<p>2. Hold the dressing in place with your hand until you can bandage the +dressing in place. In case of an arm or leg wound, make sure the bandage is +not so tight as to cut off circulation; and raise the arm or leg above the +level of the patient's heart. (But if the arm or leg appears broken, be +sure to splint it first.)</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe076" href="images/itoe076.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe076.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>3. Treat the patient for shock (see page <a href="#Page_62">62</a>).</p> + +<p>4. If blood soaks through the dressing, do <i>not</i> remove the +dressing. Apply more dressings.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe077" href="images/itoe077.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe077.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>5. SPECIAL ADVICE ON TOURNIQUETS: Never use a tourniquet unless you +cannot stop excessive, life-threatening bleeding by any other method. Using +a tourniquet increases the chances that the arm or leg will have to be +amputated later. If you are <i>forced</i> to use a tourniquet to keep the +patient from bleeding to death (for example, when a hand or foot has been +accidentally cut off), follow these instructions carefully:</p> + +<p>--Place the tourniquet <i>as close to the wound as possible</i>, between +the wound and the patient's heart.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>[pg 62]</span> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe078" href="images/itoe078.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe078.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--After the tourniquet has been applied, do not permit it to be loosened +(even temporarily, or even though the bleeding has stopped) by anyone +except a physician, who can control the bleeding by other methods and +replace the blood that the patient has lost.</p> + +<p>--Get a physician to treat the patient as soon as possible.</p> + + +<p><b>Preventing and Treating Shock</b></p> + +<p>Being "in shock" means that a person's circulatory system is not working +properly, and not enough blood is getting to the vital centers of his brain +and spinal cord.</p> + +<p>These are the symptoms of shock: The patient's pulse is weak or rapid, +or he may have no pulse that you can find. His skin may be pale or blue, +cold, or moist. His breathing may be shallow or irregular. He may have +chills. He may be thirsty. He may get sick at his stomach and vomit.</p> + +<p>A person can be "in shock" whether he is conscious or unconscious.</p> + +<p><i>Important: All seriously-injured persons should be treated for shock, +even though they appear normal and alert</i>. Shock may cause death if not +treated promptly, even though the injuries which brought on shock might not +be serious enough to cause death. In fact, persons may go into shock +without having any physical injuries.</p> + +<p>Here is how to treat any person who may be in shock:</p> + +<p>1. Keep him lying down and keep him from chilling, but do <i>not</i> +apply a hot water bottle or other heat to his body. Also, loosen his +clothing.</p> + +<p>2. Keep his head a little lower than his legs and hips. But if he has a +head or chest injury, or has difficulty in breathing, keep his head and +shoulders slightly higher than the rest of his body.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe079" href="images/itoe079.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe079.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>[pg +63]</span>3. Encourage him to drink fluids if he is conscious and not +nauseated, and if he does not have abdominal injuries. Every 15 minutes +give him a half-glass of this solution until he no longer wants it: One +teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to one quart of +water.</p> + +<p>4. Do <i>not</i> give him alcohol.</p> + + +<p><b>Broken Bones</b></p> + +<p>Any break in a bone is called a fracture. If you think a person may have +a fracture, treat it as though it were one. Otherwise, you may cause +further injury. For example, if an arm or leg is injured and bleeding, +splint it as well as bandage it.</p> + +<p>With any fracture, first look for bleeding and control it. Keep the +patient comfortably warm and quiet, preferably lying down. If you have an +ice bag, apply it to the fracture to ease the pain. Do not move the patient +(unless his life is in danger where he is) without first applying a splint +or otherwise immobilizing the bone that may be fractured. Treat the patient +for shock.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe080" href="images/itoe080.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe080.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>A FRACTURED ARM OR LEG should be straightened out as much as possible, +preferably by having 2 persons gently stretch it into a normal position. +Then it should be "splinted"--that is, fastened to a board or something +else to prevent motion and keep the ends of the broken bone together. As a +splint, use a board, a trimmed branch from a tree, a broomstick, an +umbrella, a roll of newspapers, or anything else rigid enough to keep the +arm or leg straight. Fasten the arm or leg to the splint with bandages, +strips of cloth, handkerchiefs, neckties, or belts. After splinting, keep +the injured arm or leg a little higher than the rest of the patient's body. +From time to time, make sure that the splint is not too tight, since the +arm or leg may swell, and the blood circulation might be shut off. If the +broken bone is sticking out through the skin but the exposed part of it is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>[pg +64]</span>clean, allow it to slip back naturally under the skin (but don't +push it in) when the limb is being straightened. However, if the exposed +part of the bone is dirty, cover it with a clean cloth and bandage the +wound to stop the bleeding. Then splint the arm or leg without trying to +straighten it out, and try to find a doctor or nurse to treat the +patient.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe081" href="images/itoe081.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe081.png" /></a><br /></p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe082" href="images/itoe082.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe082.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>A FRACTURED COLLAR-BONE should also be prevented from moving, until the +patient can get professional medical attention. It can be immobilized by +placing the arm on that side in a sling and then binding the arm close to +the body.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe083" href="images/itoe083.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe083.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>A FRACTURED RIB should be suspected if the patient has received a chest +injury or if he has pain when he moves his chest, breathes, or coughs. +Strap the injured side of his chest with 2-inch adhesive tape if available, +or with a cloth bandage or towel wrapped around and around his entire +chest.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe084" href="images/itoe084.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe084.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>Fractured bones in the NECK OR BACK are very serious, because they may +injure the patient's spinal cord and paralyze him or even kill him. He +should not be moved until a doctor comes (or a person trained in first +aid), unless it is absolutely necessary to move him to prevent further +injury. If a person with a back injury has to be moved, he should be placed +gently on his back on a stiff board, door or stretcher. His head, back, and +legs should be kept in a straight line at all times.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>[pg 65]</span>A +person with a neck injury should be moved gently with his head, neck, and +shoulders kept in the same position they were when he was found. His neck +should not be allowed to bend when he is being moved.</p> + + +<p><b>Burns</b></p> + +<p>Non-serious or superficial (first degree) burns should not be +covered--in fact, nothing need be done for them. However, if a first degree +burn covers a large area of the body, the patient should be given fluids to +drink as mentioned in item 2 following.</p> + +<p>The most important things to do about serious (second or third degree) +burns are: <i>(a)</i> Treat the patient for shock, <i>(b)</i> Prevent +infection, and <i>(c)</i> Relieve pain. These specific actions should be +taken:</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe085" href="images/itoe085.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe085.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>1. Keep the patient lying down, with his head a little lower than his +legs and hips unless he has a head or chest wound, or has difficulty in +breathing.</p> + +<p>2. Have him drink a half-glass every 15 minutes of a salt-and-soda +solution (one teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to +a quart of water). Give him additional plain water to drink if he wants +it.</p> + +<p>3. Cover the burned area with a <i>dry</i>, sterile gauze dressing. If +gauze is not available, use a clean cloth, towel or pad.</p> + +<p>4. With soap and water, wash the area <i>around</i> the burn (not the +burn itself) for a distance of several inches, wiping <i>away</i> from the +burn. The dressing will help prevent surface washings from getting into the +burned area.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe086" href="images/itoe086.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe086.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>5. Use a bandage to hold the dry dressing firmly in place against the +burned area. This will keep moving air from reaching the burn, and will +lessen the pain. Leave dressings and bandage in place as long as +possible.</p> + +<p>6. If adjoining surfaces of skin are burned, separate them with gauze or +cloth to keep them from sticking together (such as between toes or fingers, +ears and head, arms and chest).</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>[pg 66]</span> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe087" href="images/itoe087.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe087.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>7. If the burn was caused by a chemical--or by fallout particles +sticking to the skin or hair--wash the chemical or the fallout particles +away with generous amounts of plain water, then treat the burn as described +above.</p> + +<p><i>What NOT to do about burns</i>:</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe088" href="images/itoe088.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe088.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Don't pull clothing over the burned area (cut it away, if +necessary).</p> + +<p>--Don't try to remove any pieces of cloth, or bits of dirt or debris, +that may be sticking to the burn.</p> + +<p>--Don't try to clean the burn; don't use iodine or other antiseptics on +it; and don't open any blisters that may form on it.</p> + +<p>--Don't use grease, butter, ointment, salve, petroleum jelly, or any +type of medication on severe burns. Keeping them dry is best.</p> + +<p>--Don't breathe on a burn, and don't touch it with anything except a +sterile or clean dressing.</p> + +<p>--Don't change the dressings that were initially applied to the burn, +until absolutely necessary. Dressings may be left in place for a week, if +necessary.</p> + + +<p><b>Radiation Sickness</b></p> + +<p>Radiation sickness is caused by the invisible rays given off by +particles of radioactive fallout. If a person has received a large dose of +radiation in a short period of time--generally, less than a week--he will +become seriously ill and probably will die. But if he has received only a +small or medium dose, his body will repair itself and he will get well. No +special clothing can protect a person from gamma radiation, and no special +medicines can protect him or cure him of radiation sickness.</p> + +<p>Symptoms of radiation sickness may not be noticed for several days. The +early symptoms are lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness +and headache. Later, the patient may have sore mouth, loss of hair, +bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and diarrhea. But these same +symptoms can be caused by other diseases, and not everyone who has +radiation sickness shows all these symptoms, or shows them all at once.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>[pg +67]</span>If the patient has headache or general discomfort, give him one +or two aspirin tablets every 3 or 4 hours (half a tablet, for a child under +12). If he is nauseous, give him "motion sickness tablets," if available. +If his mouth is sore or his gums are bleeding, have him use a mouth wash +made up of a half-teaspoonful of salt to 1 quart of water. If there is +vomiting or diarrhea, he should drink slowly several glasses each day of a +salt-and-soda solution (one teaspoonful of salt and one-half teaspoonful of +baking soda to 1 quart of cool water), plus bouillon or fruit juices. If +available, a mixture of kaolin and pectin should be given for diarrhea. +Whatever his symptoms, the patient should be kept lying down, comfortably +warm, and resting.</p> + +<p>Remember that radiation sickness is <i>not</i> contagious or infectious, +and one person cannot "catch it" from another person.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>[pg +68]</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>[pg +69]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h1><a name="PART_TWO"></a>PART TWO</h1> + + +<h1>MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS</h1> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>[pg 70]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3>PART TWO</h3> + +<h2>MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS</h2> + + +<p>Many of the actions recommended in Part I of this handbook to help you +prepare for and live through a nuclear attack--such as learning the warning +signals, stocking emergency supplies, taking a course in emergency skills, +and knowing how to fight fires at home--also would help you in case a major +natural disaster occurs in your area. If you are prepared for nuclear +attack, you are also prepared to cope with most peacetime +disasters--disasters that kill hundreds of Americans every year, injure +thousands, inflict widespread suffering and hardship, and cause great +economic loss.</p> + +<p>Part II of this handbook (pages <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a +href="#Page_86">86</a>) is intended to help you prepare for those natural +disasters that may occur in your area, and tell you the right actions to +take if they occur. Chapter 1 (pages <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a +href="#Page_74">74</a>) gives general guidance applicable to various types +of natural disasters. Succeeding chapters give special advice on floods, +hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, and earthquakes.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>[pg 71]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_21"></a>Chapter 1</h3> + +<h2>GENERAL GUIDANCE</h2> + + +<p>There are certain things you can learn and do that will help you get +ready for, and cope with, almost any type of natural disaster.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most basic thing to remember is to <i>keep calm</i>. This +may mean the difference between life and death. In many disasters, people +have been killed or injured needlessly because they took thoughtless +actions when they should have done something else--or done nothing at all +just then.</p> + +<p>In a time of emergency, taking proper action may save your life. <i>Take +time to think</i>, and then take the considered action that the situation +calls for. Usually, this will be the action you have planned in advance, or +the action you are instructed to take by responsible authorities.</p> + +<p>Here is other guidance that applies to most types of natural +disasters.</p> + + +<p><b>Warning</b></p> + +<p>LEARN YOUR COMMUNITY'S WARNING SIGNALS. In most communities having +outdoor warning systems, the Attack Warning Signal is a wavering sound on +the sirens, or a series of short blasts on whistles, horns, or other +devices. This signal will be used only to warn of an attack against the +United States.</p> + +<p>Many communities also are using an <i>Attention or Alert Signal</i>, +usually a 3- to 5-minute <i>steady blast</i> to get the attention of their +people in a time of threatened or impending peacetime emergency. In most +places, the Attention or Alert Signal means that people should turn on +their radio or television sets to hear important emergency information +being broadcast.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe089" href="images/itoe089.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe089.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>You should find out now, before any emergency occurs, what warning +signals are being used in your community, what they sound like, what they +mean, and what actions you should take when you hear them.</p> + +<p>Also, whenever a major storm or other peacetime disaster threatens, keep +your radio or television set turned on to hear Weather Bureau reports and +forecasts (issued by the Environmental Science Services Administration of +the U.S. Department of Commerce), as well as other information and advice +that may be broadcast by your local government.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>[pg 72]</span> + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe090" href="images/itoe090.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe090.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>When you are warned of an emergency, get your information on the radio +or television. Use your telephone only to <i>report</i> important events +(such as fires, flash floods, or tornado sightings) to the local +authorities. If you tie up the telephone lines simply to get information, +you may prevent emergency calls from being completed.</p> + + +<p><b>Emergency Supplies</b></p> + +<p>A major disaster of almost any kind may interfere with your normal +supplies of water, food, heat, and other day-to-day necessities. You should +keep on hand, in or around your home, a stock of emergency supplies +sufficient to meet your needs for a few days or preferably for a week.</p> + +<p>If you stayed at home during the disaster, these supplies would help you +live through the period of emergency without hardship. If you had to +evacuate your home and move temporarily to another location, your emergency +supplies could be taken with you and used en route or after you arrived at +the new location (where regular supplies might not be available). Even if +you only had to move to an emergency shelter station set up by a local +agency, these supplies might be helpful to you, or make your stay +easier.</p> + +<p>The most important items to keep on hand are water (preferably in +plastic jugs or other stoppered containers); canned or sealed-package foods +that do not require refrigeration or heat for cooking; medicines needed by +family members, and a first aid kit; blankets or sleeping bags; flashlights +or lanterns; a battery-powered radio; and perhaps a covered container to +use as an emergency toilet. In addition, an automobile in good operating +condition with an ample supply of gasoline may be necessary in case you +have to leave your home.</p> + +<p>In those parts of the country subject to hurricanes or floods, it is +also wise to keep on hand certain emergency materials you may need to +protect your home from wind and water--such as plywood sheeting or lumber +to board up your windows and doors, and plastic sheeting or tarpaulins to +protect furniture and appliances.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>[pg +73]</span><b>Fire Protection and Fire Fighting</b></p> + +<p>Fires are a special hazard in a time of disaster. They may start more +readily, and the help of the fire department may not be available quickly. +Therefore, it is essential that you:</p> + +<p>1. Follow the fire prevention rules given on page <a +href="#Page_52">52</a>, and be especially careful not to start fires.</p> + +<p>2. Know how to put out small fires yourself. (See pages <a +href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>.)</p> + +<p>3. Have on hand simple tools and equipment needed for fire fighting. +(See page <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.)</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe091" href="images/itoe091.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe091.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p><b>After a Natural Disaster</b></p> + +<p><i>Use extreme caution in entering or working in buildings</i> that may +have been damaged or weakened by the disaster, as they may collapse without +warning. Also, there may be gas leaks or electrical short circuits.</p> + +<p><i>Don't bring lanterns, torches or lighted cigarettes</i> into +buildings that have been flooded or otherwise damaged by a natural +disaster, since there may be leaking gas lines or flammable material +present.</p> + +<p><i>Stay away from fallen or damaged electric wires</i>, which may still +be dangerous.</p> + +<p><i>Check for leaking gas pipes in your home</i>. Do this by <i>smell +only</i>-- don't use matches or candles. If you smell gas, do this: (1) +Open all windows and doors, (2) Turn off the main gas valve at the meter, +(3) Leave the house immediately, (4) Notify the gas company or the police +or fire department, (5) Don't re-enter the house until you are told it is +safe to do so.</p> + +<p><i>If any of your electrical appliances are wet</i>, first turn off the +main power switch in your house, then unplug the wet appliance, dry it out, +reconnect it, and finally, turn on the main power switch. (Caution: Don't +do any of these things while <i>you</i> are wet or standing in water.) If +fuses blow when the electric power is restored, turn off the main power +switch again and then inspect for short circuits in your home wiring, +appliances and equipment.</p> + +<p><i>Check your food and water supplies before using them</i>. Foods that +require refrigeration may be spoiled if electric power has been off for +some time. Also, don't eat food that has come in contact with flood waters. +Be sure to follow the instructions of local authorities concerning the use +of food and water supplies.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>[pg +74]</span><i>If needed, get food, clothing, medical care or shelter</i> at +Red Cross stations or from local government authorities.</p> + +<p><i>Stay away from disaster areas</i>. Sightseeing could interfere with +first aid or rescue work, and may be dangerous as well.</p> + +<p><i>Don't drive unless necessary</i>, and drive with caution. Watch for +hazards to yourself and others, and report them to local authorities.</p> + +<p><i>Write, telegraph or telephone your relatives</i>, after the emergency +is over, so they will know you are safe. Otherwise local authorities may +waste time locating you--or if you have evacuated to a safer location, they +may not be able to find you. (However, do not tie up the phone lines if +they are still needed for official emergency calls.)</p> + +<p><i>Do not pass on rumors</i> or exaggerated reports of damage.</p> + +<p><i>Follow the advice and instructions of your local government</i> on +ways to help yourself and your community recover from the emergency.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>[pg 75]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_22"></a>Chapter 2</h3> + +<h2>FLOODS AND HURRICANES</h2> + + +<p>In addition to the general guidance in Chapter 1 of this section, there +are certain emergency actions particularly associated with major floods, +hurricanes, and storm tides or surges. These types of disasters usually are +preceded by extended periods of warning. People living in areas likely to +be most severely affected often are warned to move to safer locations.</p> + + +<p><b>Evacuation</b></p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe092" href="images/itoe092.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe092.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>If you are warned to evacuate your home and move to another location +temporarily, there are certain things to remember and do. Here are the most +important ones:</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS AND +ADVICE OF YOUR LOCAL GOVERNMENT. If you are told to evacuate, do so +promptly. If you are instructed to move to a certain location, go +there--don't go anywhere else. If certain travel routes are specified or +recommended, use those routes rather than trying to find short cuts of your +own. (It will help if you have previously become familiar with the routes +likely to be used.) If you are told to shut off your water, gas or electric +service before leaving home, do so. Also find out on the radio where +emergency housing and mass feeding stations are located, in case you need +to use them.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> SECURE YOUR HOME BEFORE +LEAVING. If you have time, and if you have not received other instructions +from your local government, you should take the following actions before +leaving your home:</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>[pg 76]</span> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe093" href="images/itoe093.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe093.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Bring outside possessions inside the house, or tie them down securely. +This includes outdoor furniture, garbage cans, garden tools, signs, and +other movable objects that might be blown or washed away.</p> + +<p>--Board up your windows so they won't be broken by high winds, water, +flying objects or debris.</p> + +<p>--If flooding is likely, move furniture and other movable objects to the +upper floor of your house. Disconnect any electrical appliances or +equipment that cannot be moved--but don't touch them if you are wet or are +standing in water.</p> + +<p>--Do <i>not</i> stack sandbags around the outside walls of your house to +keep flood waters out of your basement. Water seeping downward through the +earth (either beyond the sandbags or over them) may collect around the +basement walls and under the floor, creating pressure that could damage the +walls or else raise the entire basement and cause it to "float" out of the +ground. In most cases it is better to permit the flood waters to flow +freely into the basement (or flood the basement yourself with clean water, +if you feel sure it will be flooded anyway). This will equalize the water +pressure on the inside and outside of the basement walls and floor, and +thus avoid structural damage to the foundation and the house.</p> + +<p>--Lock house doors and windows. Park your car in the garage or driveway, +close the windows, and lock it (unless you are driving to your new +temporary location).</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe094" href="images/itoe094.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe094.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> TRAVEL WITH CARE. If your +local government is arranging transportation for you, precautions will be +taken for your safety. But if you are walking or driving your own car to +another location, keep in mind these things:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>[pg +77]</span>--Leave early enough so as not to be marooned by flooded roads, +fallen trees, and wires.</p> + +<p>--Make sure you have enough gasoline in your car.</p> + +<p>--Follow recommended routes.</p> + +<p>--As you travel, keep listening to the radio for additional information +and instructions from your local government.</p> + +<p>--Watch for washed-out or undermined roadways, earth slides, broken +sewer or water mains, loose or downed electric wires, and falling or fallen +objects.</p> + +<p>--Watch out for areas where rivers or streams may flood suddenly.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe095" href="images/itoe095.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe095.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Don't try to cross a stream or a pool of water unless you are certain +that the water will not be above your knees (or above the middle of your +car's wheels) <i>all the way across</i>. Sometimes the water will hide a +bridge or a part of the road that has been washed out. If you decide it is +safe to drive across it, put your car in low gear and drive very slowly, to +avoid splashing water into your engine and causing it to stop. Also, +remember that your brakes may not work well after the wheels of your car +have been in deep water. Try them out a few times when you reach the other +side.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>[pg +78]</span><b>During a Hurricane</b></p> + +<p>--If your house is on high ground and you haven't been instructed to +evacuate, stay indoors. Don't try to travel, since you will be in danger +from flying debris, flooded roads, and downed wires.</p> + +<p>--Keep listening to your radio or television set for further information +and advice. If the center or "eye" of the hurricane passes directly over +you, there will be a temporary lull in the wind, lasting from a few minutes +to perhaps a half-hour or more. <i>Stay in a safe place during this +lull</i>. The wind will return--perhaps with even greater force--from the +<i>opposite</i> direction.</p> + + +<p><b>Special Advice on Flash Floods</b></p> + +<p>In many areas, unusually heavy rains may cause quick or "flash" floods. +Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or even low-lying +grounds frequently flood very quickly and endanger people, sometimes before +any warning can be given.</p> + +<p>In a period of heavy rains, be aware of this hazard and be prepared to +protect yourself against it. If you see any possibility of a flash flood +occurring where you are, move immediately to a safer location (don't wait +for instructions to move), and then notify your local authorities of the +danger, so other people can be warned.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>[pg 79]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_23"></a>Chapter 3</h3> + +<h2>TORNADOES</h2> + + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe096a" href="images/itoe096a.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe096a.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe096b" href="images/itoe096b.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe096b.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> <i>When a tornado watch +(forecast) is announced</i>, this means that tornadoes are expected in or +near your area. Keep your radio or television set tuned to a local station +for information and advice from your local government or the Weather +Bureau. Also, keep watching the sky, especially to the south and southwest. +(When a tornado watch is announced during the approach of a hurricane, +however, keep watching the sky to the east.) If you see any revolving, +funnel-shaped clouds, report them by telephone immediately to your local +police department, sheriff's office or Weather Bureau office. But do not +use the phone to get information and advice--depend on radio or TV.</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe096c" href="images/itoe096c.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe096c.png" /></a><br /></p> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe096d" href="images/itoe096d.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe096d.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> <i>When a tornado warning is +issued, take shelter immediately</i>. The warning means that a tornado has +actually been sighted, and this (or other tornadoes) may strike in your +vicinity. You must take action to protect yourself from being blown away, +struck by falling objects, or injured by flying debris. Your best +protection is an underground shelter or cave, or a substantial steel-framed +or reinforced-concrete building. But if none of these is available, there +are other places where you can take refuge:</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>[pg 80]</span> + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe097" href="images/itoe097.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe097.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--If you are <i>at home</i>, go to your underground storm cellar or your +basement fallout shelter, if you have one. If not, go to a corner of your +home basement and take cover under a sturdy workbench or table (but not +underneath heavy appliances on the floor above). If your home has no +basement, take cover under heavy furniture on the ground floor in the +center part of the house, or in a small room on the ground floor that is +away from outside walls and windows. (As a last resort, go outside to a +nearby ditch, excavation, culvert or ravine.) Doors and windows on the +sides of your house <i>away from</i>, the tornado may be left open to help +reduce damage to the building, but stay away from them to avoid flying +debris. Do not remain in a trailer or mobile home if a tornado is +approaching; take cover elsewhere.</p> + +<p>--If you are <i>at work</i> in an office building, go to the basement or +to an inner hallway on a lower floor. In a factory, go to a shelter area, +or to the basement if there is one.</p> + +<p>--If you are <i>outside in open country</i>, drive away from the +tornado's path, at a right angle to it. If there isn't time to do this--or +if you are walking--take cover and lie flat in the nearest depression, such +as a ditch, culvert, excavation, or ravine.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>[pg 81]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_24"></a>Chapter 4</h3> + +<h2>WINTER STORMS</h2> + + +<p>Here is advice that will help you protect yourself and your family +against the hazards of winter storms--blizzards, heavy snows, ice storms, +freezing rain, or sleet.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> KEEP POSTED ON WEATHER +CONDITIONS. Use your radio, television and newspapers to keep informed of +current weather conditions and forecasts in your area. Even a few hours' +warning of a storm may enable you to avoid being caught outside in it, or +at least be better prepared to cope with it. You should also understand the +terms commonly used in weather forecasts:</p> + + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe098" href="images/itoe098.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe098.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--A <i>blizzard</i> is the most dangerous of all winter storms. It +combines cold air, heavy snow, and strong winds that blow the snow about +and may reduce visibility to only a few yards. A <i>blizzard warning</i> is +issued when the Weather Bureau expects considerable snow, winds of 35 miles +an hour or more, and temperatures of 20 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. A +<i>severe blizzard warning</i> means that a very heavy snowfall is +expected, with winds of at least 45 miles an hour and temperatures of 10 +degrees or lower.</p> + +<p>--A <i>heavy snow warning</i> usually means an expected snowfall of 4 +inches or more in a 12-hour period, or 6 inches or more in a 24-hour +period. Warnings of <i>snow flurries, snow squalls</i>, or <i>blowing and +drifting snow</i> are important mainly because visibility may be reduced +and roads may become slippery or blocked.</p> + +<p>--<i>Freezing rain or freezing drizzle</i> is forecast when expected +rain is likely to freeze as soon as it strikes the ground, putting a +coating of ice or glaze on roads and everything else that is exposed. If a +substantial layer of ice is expected to accumulate from the freezing rain, +an <i>ice storm</i> is forecast.</p> + +<p>--<i>Sleet</i> is small particles of ice, usually mixed with rain. If +enough sleet accumulates on the ground, it will make the roads +slippery.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>[pg +82]</span><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> BE PREPARED FOR +ISOLATION AT HOME. If you live in a rural area, make sure you could survive +at home for a week or two in case a storm isolated you and made it +impossible for you to leave. You should:</p> + +<p>--Keep an adequate supply of heating fuel on hand and use it sparingly, +as your regular supplies may be curtailed by storm conditions. If +necessary, conserve fuel by keeping the house cooler than usual, or by +"closing off" some rooms temporarily. Also, have available some kind of +<i>emergency</i> heating equipment and fuel so you could keep at least one +room of your house warm enough to be livable. This could be a camp stove +with fuel, or a supply of wood or coal if you have a fireplace. If your +furnace is controlled by a thermostat and your electricity is cut off by a +storm, the furnace probably would not operate and you would need emergency +heat.</p> + + + +<p class="lfigure"><a name="itoe099" href="images/itoe099.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe099.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Stock an emergency supply of food and water, as well as emergency +cooking equipment such as a camp stove. Some of this food should be of the +type that does not require refrigeration or cooking.</p> + +<p>--Make sure you have a battery-powered radio and extra batteries on +hand, so that if your electric power is cut off you could still hear +weather forecasts, information and advice broadcast by local authorities. +Also, flashlights or lanterns would be needed.</p> + +<p>--Consult page <a href="#Page_72">72</a> of this handbook for other +supplies and equipment that you may need if isolated at home. Be sure to +keep on hand the simple tools and equipment needed to fight a fire. Also, +be certain that all family members know how to take precautions that would +prevent fire at such a time, when the help of the fire department may not +be available.</p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> TRAVEL ONLY IF NECESSARY. +Avoid all unnecessary trips. If you must travel, use public transportation +if possible. However, if you are forced to use your automobile for a trip +of any distance, take these precautions:</p> + +<p>--Make sure your car is in good operating condition, properly serviced, +and equipped with chains or snow tires.</p> + +<p>--Take another person with you if possible.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>[pg 83]</span> + + +<p class="rfigure"><a name="itoe100" href="images/itoe100.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe100.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--Make sure someone knows where you are going, your approximate +schedule, and your estimated time of arrival at your destination.</p> + +<p>--Have emergency "winter storm supplies" in the car, such as a container +of sand, shovel, windshield scraper, tow chain or rope, extra gasoline, and +a flashlight. It also is good to have with you heavy gloves or mittens, +overshoes, extra woolen socks, and winter headgear to cover your head and +face.</p> + +<p>--Travel by daylight and use major highways if you can. Keep the car +radio turned on for weather information and advice.</p> + +<p>--Drive with all possible caution. Don't try to save time by travelling +faster than road and weather conditions permit.</p> + +<p>--Don't be daring or foolhardy. Stop, turn back, or seek help if +conditions threaten that may test your ability or endurance, rather than +risk being stalled, lost or isolated. If you are caught in a +<i>blizzard</i>, seek refuge immediately.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe101" href="images/itoe101.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe101.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>[pg +84]</span><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> KEEP CALM IF YOU GET +IN TROUBLE. If your car breaks down during a storm, or if you become +stalled or lost, don't panic. Think the problem through, decide what's the +safest and best thing to do, and then do it slowly and carefully. If you +are on a well-traveled road, show a trouble signal. Set your directional +lights to flashing, raise the hood of your car, or hang a cloth from the +radio aerial or car window. Then stay in your car and wait for help to +arrive. If you run the engine to keep warm, remember to open a window +enough to provide ventilation and protect you from carbon monoxide +poisoning.</p> + +<p>Wherever you are, if there is no house or other source of help in sight, +do not leave your car to search for assistance, as you may become confused +and get lost.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe102" href="images/itoe102.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe102.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p><font color="green" size="+2">•</font> AVOID OVEREXERTION. Every +winter many unnecessary deaths occur because people--especially older +persons, but younger ones as well--engage in more strenuous physical +activity than their bodies can stand. Cold weather itself, <i>without</i> +any physical exertion, puts an extra strain on your heart. If you add to +this physical exercise, especially exercise that you are not accustomed +to--such as shovelling snow, pushing an automobile, or even walking fast or +far--you are risking a heart attack, a stroke, or other damage to your +body. In winter weather, and especially in winter storms, be aware of this +danger, and avoid overexertion.</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>[pg 85]</span><hr +/> + + + + +<h3><a name="Chapter_25"></a>Chapter 5</h3> + +<h2>EARTHQUAKES</h2> + + +<p>If your area is one of the places in the United States where earthquakes +occur, keep these points in mind:</p> + +<p>--When an earthquake happens, <i>keep calm</i>. Don't run or panic. If +you take the proper precautions, the chances are you will not be hurt.</p> + +<p>--REMAIN WHERE YOU ARE. If you are outdoors, stay outdoors; if indoors, +stay indoors. In earthquakes, most injuries occur as people are entering or +leaving buildings (from falling walls, electric wires, etc.).</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe103" href="images/itoe103.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe103.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--If you are indoors, sit or stand against an inside wall (preferably in +the basement), or in an inside doorway; or else take cover under a desk, +table or bench (in case the wall or ceiling should fall). Stay away from +windows and outside doors.</p> + + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe104" href="images/itoe104.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe104.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>[pg 86]</span> + + +<p class="figure"><a name="itoe105" href="images/itoe105.png"><img +width="90%" alt="Illustration: " src="images/itoe105.png" /></a><br /></p> + +<p>--If you are outdoors, stay away from overhead electric wires, poles or +anything else that might shake loose and fall (such as the cornices of tall +buildings).</p> + +<p>--If you are <i>driving an automobile</i>, pull off the road and stop +(as soon as possible, and with caution). Remain in the car until the +disturbance subsides. When you drive on, watch for hazards created by the +earthquake, such as fallen or falling objects, downed electric wires, and +broken or undermined roadways.</p> + + +<p><b>After an Earthquake</b></p> + +<p>For your own safety and that of others, you should follow carefully the +advice given in the section, "After a Natural Disaster" (page <a +href="#Page_73">73</a>).</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>[pg +87]</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>[pg +88]</span><hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="Index"></a>Index</h2> + +<blockquote> +Air raid <i>see</i> NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +<br /> +Air raid shelters <i>see</i> FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION <a href="#Page_58">58</a>-<a +href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Atomic bomb attack <i>see</i> NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +<br /> +Attack, nuclear <i>see</i> NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +<br /> +ATTACK WARNING: <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + Actions to take <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a +href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a +href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + Attack warning signal <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br +/> + Attack warning time <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a +href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + Taking cover <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a +href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +ATTENTION OR ALERT SIGNAL (for natural disasters) <a +href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a +href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Basements (for use as fallout shelters) <i>see</i> FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +Blast from nuclear explosions <i>see</i> NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of<br +/> +<br /> +BLEEDING, How to stop <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Blizzards <i>see</i> STORMS, Winter<br /> +<br /> +BOATS (use as improvised fallout shelters) <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a +href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Bomb shelters <i>see</i> FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +BREATHING, How to restore <a href="#Page_58">58</a>-<a +href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +BROADCASTING, Radio and television:<br /> + In time of natural disaster <a +href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a +href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a +href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + In time of nuclear attack <a +href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a +href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +BROKEN BONES, How to treat <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a +href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +BURNS, How to treat <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a><br +/> +<br /> +CHECKLIST OF EMERGENCY ACTIONS <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a +href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +CHILDREN, Special precautions for:<br /> + Avoiding contaminated water and milk <a +href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br +/> + Effects of radiation on children <a +href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + Finding fallout shelter at all times <a +href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + Giving artificial respiration to children <a +href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + Infant supplies to be stored for shelter use <a +href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Construction of home fallout shelters <i>see</i> PLANS FOR HOME<br /> + FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +Cover <i>see</i> TAKING COVER<br /> +<br /> +CRAWL SPACE (use as improvised fallout shelter) <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, +<a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +DRIVING IN A TIME OF NATURAL DISASTER:<br /> + Car may be needed for evacuation <a +href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + Driving after a natural disaster has occurred <a +href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + Driving at the time of a flood or hurricane <a +href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a +href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + Driving at the time of an earthquake <a +href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> + Driving during a winter storm <a +href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> + If you see a tornado while driving <a +href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>[pg 89]</span><br +/> +EARTHQUAKES <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a> <i>see +also</i> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a> (General +Guidance)<br /> +<br /> +Effects of nuclear explosions <i>see</i> NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of<br +/> +<br /> +ELECTRIC SERVICE <a href="#Page_75">75</a>,<a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +ELECTRIC WIRES, Downed <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a +href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a +href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a +href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +ELECTRICITY (as related to fires) <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a +href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +EMERGENCY ACTIONS CHECKLIST <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a +href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +EMERGENCY SKILLS:<br /> + Need for <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a +href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a +href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + Training courses in <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a +href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +EVACUATION IN A TIME OF NATURAL DISASTER: <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a +href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + Securing your home before leaving <a +href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +EXERTION, Physical:<br /> + Avoiding overexertion during a storm <a +href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +FALLOUT, Radioactive <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a +href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a +href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +FALLOUT SHELTERS:<br /> + <i>General information</i> <a +href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a +href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + Home shelters <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a +href="#Page_25">25</a>, how to prepare <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a +href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + Improvised shelters <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a +href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + Public shelters <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a +href="#Page_24">24</a>, how to identify <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + Some protection provided against blast and heat <a +href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + Supplies for fallout shelters <a +href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + Taking cover before going to fallout shelter <a +href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + When to leave shelter <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a +href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +FIRE:<br /> + Firefighting at home <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a +href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + Firefighting supplies needed at home <a +href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + Fire from nuclear explosions <i>see</i> NUCLEAR +EXPLOSIONS, Effects of<br /> + Fire in connection with natural disasters <a +href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + Fire prevention at home <a +href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + Special fire precautions in time of attack <a +href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Fireball, nuclear <i>see</i> NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of<br /> +<br /> +FIRST AID: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <i>General rules</i> <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br +/> + Bleeding, how to stop it <a +href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + Breathing, how to restore it <a +href="#Page_58">58</a>-<a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + Broken bones <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a +href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + Burns <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a +href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + Radiation sickness <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a +href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + Shock, how to prevent and treat it <a +href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + Supplies <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + Training courses <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a +href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Flash from nuclear explosions <i>see</i> NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of<br +/> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>[pg 90]</span><br +/> +FLOODS: <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a> <i>see also</i> +<a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a> (General Guidance)<br +/> + Special advice on flash floods <a +href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + Using sandbags to protect home not recommended <a +href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +FOOD:<br /> + Available and usable after an attack <a +href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + Care and use of food supplies in shelter <a +href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a +href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + Food supplies in time of natural disaster <a +href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> + Food to take to shelter <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, +<a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + Use of food after a natural disaster <a +href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <i>see also</i> SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +Gamma radiation <i>see</i> FALLOUT, Radioactive<br /> +<br /> +GAS SERVICE, Turnoff by householders <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +GAS PIPES, Leaking <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Heat from nuclear explosions <i>see</i> NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS,<br /> + Effects of<br /> +<br /> +HEATING, in time of winter storms <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS:<br /> + How to prepare a home shelter: <a +href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + Outside type <a +href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + Permanent type <a +href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + Preplanned type <a +href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + Importance of <a +href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + Improvised home shelters <a +href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + Managing water, food, and +sanitation in <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + Supplies and equipment for +<a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + When to leave shelter <a +href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a +href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +HURRICANES: <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a> <i>see +also</i> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a> (General +Guidance)<br /> + "Eye" of a hurricane <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br +/> +<br /> +Ice storm <i>see</i> STORMS, Winter<br /> +<br /> +Improvised fallout shelters <i>see</i> FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +Infants <i>see</i> CHILDREN, Special precautions for<br /> +<br /> +Injuries, treatment of <i>see</i> FIRST AID<br /> +<br /> +MEDICAL CARE IN EMERGENCIES <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a +href="#Page_67">67</a> <i>see also</i> FIRST AID<br /> +<br /> +MEDICAL SELF-HELP COURSE <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a +href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +MEDICINES AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES:<br /> + Importance of having available <a +href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + What to keep on hand for natural disasters <a +href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + What to store for home shelter use <a +href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + What to take to a public fallout shelter <a +href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +MILK CONTAMINATION FROM FALLOUT <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a +href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Missiles, nuclear <i>see</i> NUCLEAR ATTACK <i>and</i> NUCLEAR +EXPLOSIONS,<br /> + Effects of<br /> +<br /> +MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION <a href="#Page_58">58</a>-<a +href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +NATURAL DISASTERS: <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a><br +/> + <i>General guidance</i> <a +href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + Earthquakes <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a +href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>[pg 91]</span><br +/> + Emergency feeding and shelter stations <a +href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + Floods and hurricanes <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a +href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + Supplies for <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a +href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + Tornadoes <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a +href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> + Value of preparations <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a +href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + Warning <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a +href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a +href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> + Winter Storms <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a +href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +NATURAL DISASTER WARNING <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a +href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a +href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +NUCLEAR ATTACK: <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + Areas of damage <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a +href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + Assistance available in time of attack <a +href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + Checklist of emergency actions <a +href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> + Deaths and injuries <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a +href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + Hazards of an attack <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a +href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + Importance of following local instructions <a +href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a +href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> + Survivors <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a +href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + Taking cover if there should be a nuclear flash <a +href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + Warning <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a +href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a +href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Outside fallout shelters <i>see</i> HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +PLANS FOR HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS: <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a +href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + Improvised home shelters, description of <a +href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Preparations for natural disasters <i>see</i> NATURAL DISASTERS<br /> +<br /> +Preparations for nuclear attack <i>see</i> NUCLEAR ATTACK<br /> +<br /> +Protective materials against fallout <i>see</i> SHIELDING MATERIALS<br /> +<br /> +PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTERS:<br /> + How to identify <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a +href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + Supplies to take to public shelter <a +href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + Water, food and sanitation in public shelter <a +href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + When to leave shelter <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a +href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Radiation <i>see</i> FALLOUT, Radioactive<br /> +<br /> +RADIATION SICKNESS: <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a +href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + How to recognize and treat it <a +href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Radio <i>see</i> BROADCASTING, Radio and television<br /> +<br /> +Radioactive fallout <i>see</i> FALLOUT, Radioactive<br /> +<br /> +SANITATION <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a +href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Shelters <i>see</i> FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +SHIELDING MATERIALS <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + Comparison of various materials <a +href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +SHOCK, How to recognize and treat <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a +href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Sick and injured, care of the <i>see</i> FIRST AID<br /> +<br /> +Sign, public fallout shelter <i>see</i> PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +SIGNALS, Warning: <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a> +<i>see also</i> ATTACK WARNING <i>and</i><br /> + NATURAL DISASTER WARNING<br /> +<br /> +Sirens, warning <i>see</i> SIGNALS, Warning<br /> +<br /> +Snow storms <i>see</i> STORMS, Winter<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>[pg 92]</span><br +/> +STORM CELLARS:<br /> + For protection from tornadoes <a +href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> + Use as fallout shelters <a +href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +STORMS, Winter <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a> <i>see +also</i> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a> (General +Guidance)<br /> +<br /> +STORM TIDES OR SURGES <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a +href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a +href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + Home shelters <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a +href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, care and use of supplies +<a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + Public shelters <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a +href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR NATURAL DISASTERS <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a +href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +TAKING COVER:<br /> + For protection from tornadoes <a +href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> + In time of nuclear attack <a +href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +TELEPHONE, Restricted use in a time of emergency <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, +<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a +href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Television <i>see</i> BROADCASTING, Radio and television<br /> +<br /> +TOILETS, Emergency <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a +href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a +href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +TORNADOES <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a> <i>see +also</i> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a> (General +Guidance)<br /> +<br /> +TOURNIQUETS, Special advice on <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a +href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Training courses <i>see</i> EMERGENCY SKILLS<br /> +<br /> +WARNING: <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a> <i>see +also</i> ATTACK WARNING <i>and</i> NATURAL DISASTER WARNING<br /> +<br /> +WATER:<br /> + Available and usable after an attack <a +href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + Care and use of water supplies in shelter <a +href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + Possible danger of contaminated water to children +<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a +href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + Precautions on use of water after a natural +disaster <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + To store for home shelter use <a +href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + To store for use in a natural disaster <a +href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> + To take to public fallout shelter <a +href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + Water service, turnoff by householders <a +href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <i>see also</i> SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS<br /> +<br /> +Winter storms <i>see</i> STORMS, Winter<br /> +</blockquote> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>[pg 93]</span><hr +/> + + + +<blockquote> +<b>KEEP THIS HANDBOOK</b><br /> +<b>WITH OTHER EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS</b><br /> +<b>YOU RECEIVE</b><br /> +</blockquote> + + + +<p>U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1968--O-297-579</p> + + + +<p><a href="#rfn1" name="fn1">1.</a> In a time of nuclear attack or major +natural disaster, don't use the telephone to get information or advice. +Depend on radio or television.</p> + +<p><a href="#rfn2" name="fn2">2.</a> These smaller particles would drift +to earth more slowly, losing much of their radioactivity before they +reached the ground, and would be spread by the upper winds over vast areas +of the world.</p> + +<p><a href="#rfn3" name="fn3">3.</a> This table, and other suggestions +concerning emergency supplies of food and water, is contained in "Family +Food Stockpile for Survival," Home and Garden Bulletin No. 77, U.S. +Department of Agriculture. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, +Washington, D.C. 20402, price 10 cents.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's In Time Of Emergency, by Department of Defense + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN TIME OF EMERGENCY *** + +***** This file should be named 15158-h.htm or 15158-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/5/15158/ + +Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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